The utility model discloses a tanning mechanism for a leather tanning device, relating to the technical field of leather machining equipment. The tanning mechanism is arranged in a tanning drum. The tanning mechanism is characterized by comprising a tanning rotary drum, the upper end surface and the side surface of the tanning rotary drum are open, tanning plates are arranged in the tanning rotary drum, a reinforcing plate is connected between every two tanning plates, and connection shafts are connected to the both ends of the tanning rotary drum. The tanning mechanism disclosed by the utility model is simple in structure, good in tanning effect and low in manufacturing cost, does not cause damage to leather during a tanning process, and is capable of effectively improving the quality of finished leather products.


C social ontology is a burgeoning enterprise in the philosophy of social science that amounts to something like a synthesis of two seemingly disparate traditions of inquiry: namely, "critical theory," broadly construed, and "ontology" or "metaphysics." Like critical theorists, critical social ontologists understand their theoretical work to be formally conditioned by the fundamental project of human emancipation and social transformation.1 And, like metaphysicians, critical social ontologists concern themselves with questions about the being of the things they investigate.2 Following Michael J. Thompson, we might stipulatively define critical social ontology as a theoretical enterprise founded upon the conviction that "normative claims [e.g., claims about social injustice, oppression, etc.] are critical only to the extent that they carry descriptive claims about the essential structures of sociality within them" (2017: 18). In other words, the basic idea is that we need to attend to the distinctive being, essences and powers of social phenomena if we are to account adequately for their effects, especially those bearing on matters of social justice. Simply put, as Emmanuel Renault has noted, "different ontological assumptions can lead to distinct conceptions of social transformation" (2016: 29). This being the case, I take it as obvious that, among other things, critical social ontologists should affirm what Katherine Ritchie (2015) calls "group realism,"


This final degree project aims to investigate the relationship that exists between two programs: performing arts and architecture. Both have close relationships such as: rhythm, movement, tonality, among others...


Abstract : A model for the formation and evolution of three-dimensional sedimentary structures such as longshore sand ridges, on the continental shelf in water deeper than that of the shoaling region, is proposed. The model is based on the interaction between surficial or internal weakly nonlinear shallow water waves having weak span-wise spatial dependence and the bottom topography. While these ridges are not the result of a single formative agent, it is argued that the mechanism proposed in this study does contribute significantly to their generation and evolution. Testing the hypothesis, however. is as difficult as formulating it. Comparisons of this model with oceanographic data must wait for sufficient, data to become available. In conjunction with developing the sand ridge model, this study proposes a new mathematical equation, properties of which are explored here in some detail. This equation potentially applies to other physical processes and raises questions which are themselves good avenues for further research. The numerical implementation of the model combines fixed point methods with finite difference techniques, resulting in a scheme which is found to be superior to conventional finite difference techniques in economy of computational resources and speed. Details of the scheme's inner workings and its performance are included. Sand ridges, continental shelf, sedimentary structure, model, non-linear, shallow water waves, finite difference.


The research on DC-side voltage of active power filter(APF) are focused on how to implement the stable control of the voltage,and the minimum value of DC-side voltage of APF,by which the conditions could be met,is seldom researched.Allusion to the concrete setting of DC-side voltage of APF,referencing to the concept of voltage utilization ratio for inverters the DC-side voltage of APF under triangular PWM control and that under space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM) control are calculated respectively,and then the difference between the two calculation results are attained.To determine conditions to be satisfied for the calculation of DC-side voltage of APF under SVPWM control,mathematical formulae describing the mechanism of action of DC-side voltages of single-phase and three-phase APFs are derived respectively,and finally the calculation formula for DC-side voltages of APF is obtained.Through a lot of simulation,the statistical optimal variation range of DC-side voltages of APF that basically copes with the result of theoretical calculation is achieved,thus the reasonableness of theoretical derivation is verified.


Skin rejuvenation is a common request among patients and a strong driver for the development of new, energy‐based devices in dermatology. Various procedures exist for skin rejuvenation. Patients prefer methods of skin rejuvenation with few sessions, minimal downtime, no adverse events, and lasting results. Extensive research has been conducted on radiofrequency (RF)‐based skin tightening due to its noninvasive, tolerable, and effective mechanism. Different RF technologies directed toward skin rejuvenation exist. Effective treatment and skin rejuvenation have been achieved with RF technologies, but more potential exists in combination treatments which can be adjusted for patients according to specific skin types, skin conditions, and patients' preferences. In this review, we discuss eight RF‐based protocols directed toward skin rejuvenation. These treatment combinations can be applied in any dermatology clinic and can lead to excellent results with highly satisfied patients.


Pipelines have a widely spread applications in industry. Water, sewage, flammable liquid, high pressure gasses and oil are transported using pipelines. These pipelines are long, interconnected and may be constructed underground or underwater. This makes their monitoring, periodic maintenance and repair a hard job when done by human operators. Hence, a robot system capable of carrying out these complicated operations in pipelines is extremely requested.in this papers a mechanical design and a prototype of an in-pipe robot system for cleaning 0.5 m inner diameter water pipes is presented. The proposed robot system is designed to perform cleaning operations for straight horizontal water pipes based on abrasion concept. The in-pipe robot system have three modules; forward and backward motion module, two identical cleaning modules which can move in rotational motion and radial motion (in and out) module. These three modules are designed to have the robot's two main positions: open position (for cleaning) and closed position (while entering and getting out of the pipe). A 3D model has been built using Solid works software, then a finite element analysis was carried out on robot's frame using two materials: Steel and Aluminium. However, the Steel material has been selected due to its high rigidity. The robot control system was done using Adriano software. Robot dynamics were simulated in Simulink environment. The real time robot testing and measurements showed that the proposed robot mechanism can complete the cleaning operations effectively. The developed robot is expected to minimize maintenance time, effort, and cost.


Pricing and hedging strategy for European options of jump-type asset models, which are derived from a stochastic differential equations, are discussed.


The pressure sensitive adhesion characteristic of a protein complex extracted from squid ring teeth (SRT), which exhibits an unusual and reversible transition from a solid to a melt, is studied. The native SRT is an elastomeric protein complex that has standard amino acids, and it does not function as adhesives in nature. The SRT can be thermally shaped into any 3D geometry (e.g., thin films, ribbons, colloids), and it has a glass transition temperature of 32 °C in water. Underwater adhesion strength of the protein film is approximately 1.5–2.5 MPa. The thermoplastic protein film could potentially be used in an array of fields, including dental resins, bandages for wound healing, and surgical sutures in the body.


Objective  To investigate the effect of progesterone on multidrug‐resistant urothelial cell lines, as the failure of intravesical chemotherapeutic drugs is often caused by multidrug resistance (MDR), mediated by the drug efflux pump P‐glycoprotein (PGP), the function of which can be down‐regulated by various compounds including steroid hormones.


We propose a quantum Otto cycle model without the weak coupling assumption that the interaction between the system and reservoirs is negligible. Our model replaces the thermalization process in the weak coupling model with a process comprising thermalization and decoupling. We analytically calculate the efficiency of our model and show that in the weak interaction limit, when the contribution of the interaction terms is neglected, the efficiency reduces to that of the earlier model. We derive the sufficient condition for the efficiency of our model not to surpass that of the weak coupling model and find that the condition is satisfied when the decoupling processes have a positive cost. Using a simple two-level system, we numerically examine the relation between the interaction strength and the efficiency of our model, and demonstrate that our model does not exceed the efficiency of the weak coupling model.


Purpose – The polymer air-drawing model of spunbonding nonwovens has been established. The influence of the density and the specific heat capacity of polymer melt at constant pressure changing with polymer temperature on the fiber diameter have also been studied. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – TDMA method is used to solve the difference equations. Findings – It can be concluded that a lower polymer throughput rate, a higher polymer melt initial temperature, a higher air initial temperature, and a higher air initial velocity can all produce finer fibers. Originality/value – The results also reveal the great potential for this research in the computer-assisted design of spunbonding technology.


This study compared the acute toxicity of Cd and Zn on juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei when administered at different salinities. It also evaluated the effect of sublethal Cd and Zn concentrations on the osmoregulatory capacity (OC) of the juvenile shrimp. Tolerance to Cd and Zn increased progressively with increasing salinity. Cadmium was more toxic than zinc. The 96 h LC50's of cadmium to juvenile L. vannamei were 450, 690, and 1020 µg Cd L−1 at 5, 15, and 27 ppt salinity, respectively. The 96 h LC50's of zinc were 3780, 5520, and 8910 µg Zn L−1 at 5, 15, and 27 ppt, respectively. Exposure to sublethal concentration of Cd and Zn reduced the hyper-OC of exposed shrimp at 5 and 15 ppt salinity, and increased the hypo-OC of exposed animals at 27 ppt salinity.


This chapter reviews the main issues related to the short-term impact of structural reforms in different macroeconomic contexts and takes stock of existing theoretical and empirical studies. Taking reforms introduced in "normal" times as a benchmark, it reviews the available evidence on the impact of reforms that are implemented in "bad" times – i.e. in the presence of a sizeable negative output gap and persistently weak demand – as well as under different assumptions regarding the availability or effectiveness of macroeconomic policies in supporting the reforms. In doing so the chapter focuses on the key channels through which different reforms influence short-term activity via the main components of demand and discusses how these channels operate under different macro conditions.


This report reviews the concept and measurement of agricultural productivity with special references to USDA multifactor productivity statistics. An American Agricultural Economics Association task force has examined the sources and procedures used in constructing the existing statistics and recommends that USDA: (1) place greater emphasis on improving methodology; (2) move further toward a complete factor productivity measure; (3) replace the requirements approach by direct sampling in constructing the labor input; (4) use the product approach in defining the agricultural sector; (5) improve accounting for quality change in inputs; and (6) adopt a series of specific improvements for constructing specific inputs and aggregating procedures.


(1) Background: Pediatric spinal surgery is a blood-intensive procedure. In order to introduce a rational blood management program, identifying the risk factors for transfusions is mandatory. (2) Methods: Data from the national database covering the period from January 2015 to July 2017 were analyzed. The available data included the demographics, characteristics of the surgeries performed, length of stay, and in-house mortality. (3) Results: The total number of patients used for the analysis was 2302. The primary diagnosis was a spinal deformity (88.75%). Most fusions were long, with four levels or more (89.57%). A total of 938 patients received a transfusion; thus, the transfusion rate was 40.75%. The present study identified several risk factors; the most significant was a number of levels fused greater than 4 (RR 5.51; CI95% 3.72–8.15; p < 0.0001), followed by the deformity as the main diagnosis (RR 2.69; CI95% 1.98–3.65; p < 0.0001). These were the two most significant factors increasing the odds of a transfusion. Other factors associated with an increased risk of transfusion were elective surgery, the female sex, and an anterior approach. The mean length of stay in days was 11.42 (SD 9.93); this was greater in the transfused group (14.20 vs. 9.50; p < 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: The rate of transfusions in pediatric spinal surgery remains high. A new patient blood management program is necessary to improve this situation.


An empirical model is developed for describing the time‐dependent variation of the hydraulic resistance coefficient of a river's ice cover as a function of weather and flow conditions. The physical implications of the model formulation are discussed along with its development. Sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the effect of error in the input variables on the flow resistance and the relative importance of model variables. The model is applicable to river reaches with or without an open water area, and is useful in the simulation of winter flow conditions of large rivers.


The cell-free extract of Pseudomonas K95 gwown on 1,12-diaminododecane (DAD) could oxidize all tested alkyl diamines, from C4 to C12. The cell-free extract contained an amine dehydrogenase. The amine dehydrogenase was purified 1700-fold to homogeneity from Pseudomonas K95 grown on DAD as the sole carbon source. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 56,000, on gel filtration, and 47,000, on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis; no evidence was obtained for subunits. The enzyme is able to utilize only phenazine methosulphate as an electron acceptor. The enzyme is markedly nonspecific, readily oxidizing both short and long chain primary monoamines and diamines, polyamines, l-noradrenaline, histamine, benzylamine and di-n-hexylamine. The enzyme was inhibited by the carbonyl reagents, semicarbazide and isoniazid. The optimum pH for the oxidation of DAD was 7.0 and that for 12-aminododecanoic acid (ADA) was 8.0. The Km value for DAD at pH 7.0 was 3 μ and that for ADA was 33μm. The difference ...


With respect to the maternally inherited large subunit of fraction I protein, Chen et al. (1) found that Triticum boeoticum and T. urartu had identical polypeptide patterns, and Aegilops speltoides had a different one identical with that of the tetraploid wheats. From this evidence they inferred that Ae. speltoides. but neither T. boeoticum nor T. urartu, could have been the maternal parent of the tetraploids. The evidence was obtained from a single accession (the progeny of a single plant) per species, and rests on the tacit assumption that there is no variation within species with reference to the large subunit pattern. In support of that assumption Chen et al. refer to data (2) showing no variation in the large subunit pattern among six accessions of Nicotiana glauca and nine of N. tabacum. Nevertheless, the basic assumption is questionable. It requires that large subunit mutations presumed to distinguish one species from another within a genus (in this case Ae. squarrosa from Ae. speltoides) cannot occur within a given species. One accession of Ae. speltoides suffices to show that it could have been the maternal parent of the tetraploids. but one accession of T. boeoticum is inadequate to show that it could not have been the maternal parent. Our evidence from 742 reciprocal crosses (3) shows that if T. boeoticum and T. urartu are, in fact, the parents of the tetraploids (4). then T. boeoticum must be the maternal parent. Triticum urartu carries a cytoplasmic lethal factor which results in nonviable seed when it is used as the maternal parent in crosses with T. boeoticum or the tetraploid species. B . LENNART JOHNSON Department ofPlant Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92502


The paper focuses on downhole vibration source used for wave generation in an oil stratum in order to increase oil recovery and stimulate hydrocarbon flow in a well. Simulation results of pre-shock compressive vacuum resistance to a hammer in an electromagnetic shock unit in a downhole vibration source are presented. The effect of axial hole in a hammer on induced compression is analyzed. Experimental data on changes in coil electromagnetic traction are presented depending on axial hole diameter in the hammer. Based on the effect of hammer hole diameter on compressive vacuum resistance and coil electromagnetic traction the present research findings can be of great use in designing an electromagnetic shock unit.


Results of researches, which have been lead to last 15 years, of culture of two groups of Siberian Tatars in XX the beginning of XXI centuries are considered in the article. Changes in culture of these groups are considered in article on materials of a funeral ceremony and necropolises. The author distinguishes in the sphere of culture of this population concerning burials a stable basis XIX the beginnings of XX century and traces its transformation in XX the beginning of XXI century, plans possible directions of development.


Item factor analysis of the Italian version of the Work Importance Study (WIS/SVP) - The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial structure of the Italian version of the Work Importance Study (WIS/SVP). The questionnaire was administered to 1883 high schools students. Based on results from exploratory factor analysis, it seems that the questionnaire presents a seven factors structure. The internal consistency of these dimensions is acceptable. The factors interpretation appears consistent with recent theoric findings. Other studies are needed to furtherly verify construct validity of the questionnaire. Keywords: work values, factorial structure, construct validity, Work Importance Study (WIS/SVP).


This article examines the emergence and development of the institution of charity of the poor in Russia and its transformation from the sphere of social activity to the state authority body responsible for the implementation of a set of measures on social protection of the population Orders of public charity (1775-1864).


Localization is one of the important requirements in wireless sensor networks for tracking and analyzing the sensor nodes. It helps in identifying the geographical area where an event occurred. The event information without its position information has no meaning. In range‐free localization techniques, DV‐hop is one of the main algorithm which estimates the position of nodes using distance vector algorithm. In this paper, a multiobjective DV‐hop localization based Non‐Sorting Genetic Algorithm‐II (NSGA‐II) is proposed in WSNs. Here, we consider six different single‐objective functions to make three multiobjective functions as the combination of two each. Localization techniques based on proposed multiobjective functions has been evaluated on the basis of average localization error and localization error variance. Simulation results demonstrate that the localization scheme based on proposed multiobjective functions can achieve good accuracy and efficiency as compared to state‐of‐the‐art single‐ and multiobjective GA DV‐hop localization scheme.


Reed beds (subsurface flow constructed wetlands) have been employed as secondary treatment devices in on-site and decentralised wastewater management systems in the north east of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) for over a decade. Regular monitoring of beds since 1995 has led to the establishment of a database of performance data for removal of a number of pollutants. A total of 28 studies on reed beds treating a variety of commonly encountered wastewater streams yielded the following mean pollutant removal efficiencies: total suspended solids (TSS) 83%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 81%, total nitrogen (TN) 57%, total phosphorus (TP) 35% and and faecal coliforms (FC) 1.9 logs. With combined wastewater, secondary treated quality can usually be expected after 5 days (approximately 4 m/EP) and a halving of TN after 7 days residence (approximately 5 m/EP). An annual crop factor relative to Class A Pan Evaporation of 2.6 was measured in a study on four reed beds planted with Phragmites australis in its second year. A study of six reed beds found six different species of earthworm present, mainly Perionyx excavatus (Indian Blue). A mesocosm experiment subsequently showed that the worms were translocating clogging material from the substrate interstices to the surface of the bed thereby indicating a possible method for prolonging reed bed life.


[Formula 1] The present invention relates to novel pyrimidine derivatives of formula (I), a method of manufacturing the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, and such compounds to provide a method for use in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Wherein, R1-R11, Z and Y are defined specifically. .BACKGROUND


Opinion mining on tweets is a challenge: short texts, implicit topics, inventive spellings and new vocabulary are the rule. We aim at efficiently determining the stance of tweets towards a given target. We propose a method using the concept of contextonyms and contextosets in order to disambiguate implicit content and improve a given stance classifier. Contextonymy is extracted from a word co-occurrence graph, and allows to grasp the sense of a word according to its surrounding words. We evaluate our method on a freely available annotated tweet corpus, used to benchmark stance detection on tweets during SemEval2016.


It is an important measure for the international society establishing the emergency shelter to deal with the emergent events and victims.And also,the emergency shelter is the temporary living place for people in modern big cities to avoid the danger of natural disasters,such as the earthquake,fire,explosion,flood,and so on.In this paper,based on the layout rule of the emergency shelter and the emergency location,the ascertain method of the amount and the volume emergency shelter is developed.Beside that,the optimize network model is also studied to solve emergency shelter location problems.


The growth of Telkom University students increased every year. This was followed by the growth in the number of stalls around Telkom University. Increasing the number of stalls and students encourages stall owners to innovate by providing a variety of food menus and food delivery services around the Telkom University that can be ordered through social messanger such as WhatsApp, LINE, or SMS. The more variety of food menus certainly makes the stall owner confused by the management of incoming orders and if at any time there is a change in the price of the stall owner requires more effort to notify consumers namely Telkom University students and surrounding communities. By using the Iterative Incremental method in the process of developing android applications on startup Campus for order management and information about stalls. The results of this study are android applications on startup campus to help shop owners in marketing their food and simplify the management of incoming orders ordered through the Bot Bot Line. In addition, researchers conducted testing using the black box testing method which aims to assess the level of application availability that gets results, that the application can be run on the Android operating system with a minimum version of Jelly Bean.


The consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with increased mortality from chronic diseases, including cancer, and its production causes a significant portion of food-related greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. One policy response is to regulate red and processed meat consumption similar to other foods of public health concerns. Here we describe a market-based approach of taxing red and processed meat according to its health impacts.


This paper theorizes that the Big Bang was the result of a collision between two singularities and that dark energy is the result of gravitational forces of singularities outside of the visible universe. Because of the conditions immediately following the Big Bang, it can be theorized that the Big Bang was caused by the collision of two supermassive singularities. Evidence for this collision event is found in cosmic inflation and how dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the universe.


This article describes the mechanism of action of topical decongestants from the perspective of their efficient and safe use in paediatric otorhinolaryngology. It also presents the structure of the most common nosologies in the outpatient unit of otorhinolaryngological practice.


With the expansion ofpollution-prevention initiatives in the government sector, development of certification and eco-labeling mechanisms in foreign trade, and the emergence of green market drivers for consumer demand, industry is under increasing pressure to evaluate the life-cycle waste streams which emanate from their products and manufacturing processes. While much research has been devoted to the study of system-level design-for-environment (i.e. design for disassembly, serviceability, modularity), little attention has been given to the influence of planning and design decisions at the unit manufacturing process level, which has a significant impact on waste streams through material, catalyst, parameter and feature selection decisions. One of the most pressing issues in environmentally-conscious manufacturing is the ability to compare the environmental impacts of dissimilar waste streams to formulate the above decisions. This paper presents an overview of the hierarchical levels of comparative waste assessment which links process-level emissions to immediate, site-wide, and eco-system impacts. Significant issues to be addressed are: (1) the aggregation of data collection required for each level of decision-making, (2) the range of environmental effects needed to be analyzed at each level, (3) the uncertainty present at different levels of data aggregation, (4) the influence of site-specific (fate and transport) factors, and (5) the transformation of environmental information into metrics usable in detailed design and planning of products and processes. Case studies in the fabrication of metal parts and printed circuit boards are presented.


- The statutory definition of officer is easy to recite but not always easy to apply. - High Court in King averts moral hazard by adopting an expansive view of who is a company officer. - King bridges the accountability gap in decision-making below board level. - King has great potential to shape and influence governance standards.


I. INTRODUCTIONTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 19641 was enacted by Congress during the peak of the civil rights movement, primarily to aid in the eradication of racism. In fact, the addition of "sex" as a protected Title VII category2 was somewhat of an afterthought, added at the last minute on the House of Representatives floor by Congressman Howard Smith of Virginia.3 Some have even opined that the inclusion of sex was a Southern conservative ploy intended to dissuade members of Congress from voting in favor of the Act.4Not only is sex an integral part of Title VII at present, but the view of what constitutes "discriminat[ion] . . . because of . . . sex"5 in violation of Title VII is rapidly expanding. The original proponents of including "sex" as a protected category in Title VII would no doubt be astounded by the unintended consequences of their action and the breadth of the protections now provided by this single word.This article addresses the evolution of the word "sex" and, in particular, the expanding view of "sex" protections in Title VII cases following the Supreme Court's decision in Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.6 Courts have moved from the original reading of the statute as protecting females from differential treatment in employment decisions when compared to males to recognizing sexual harassment as a violation of Title VII, as described in Parts II and III of this article. Part IV of this article explores the courts' expansive reading of the statute to include sexual stereotyping in the traditional sex discrimination sense (i.e., comparing opposite genders) and same-sex sexual harassment. More recently, these concepts have been combined to afford protection to individuals who are harassed because of their failure to comport with stereotypical notions of dress and behavior expected of their gender and, at least in the Ninth Circuit, even when the behavior at issue is not motivated by either sexual desire or sexual animus. Part V provides a circuit-by-circuit analysis of the continuing struggle to define discrimination because of sex in same-sex harassment cases post-Oncale. Finally, given the chain of events, it is interesting to speculate, as is done in Parts VI and VII of this article, about the potential uses of the word "sex" to provide additional protections in the future.II. EARLY DECISIONS ADDRESSING "DISCRIMINAT[ION] . . . BECAUSE OF . . . SEX"The earliest decisions addressing "discriminatfion] . . . because of . . . sex" typically involved "traditional" sex discrimination claims-those addressing differential treatment between males and females in the workplace. In Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., for example, the complaint alleged that the employer discriminated against female employees by imposing a thirty-five pound weight-lifting limit on female employees and utilizing separate seniority lists for males and females during a layoff.7 In Sprogis v. United Air Lines, Inc., another Seventh Circuit opinion, the court ruled that United Air Lines, Inc.'s no-marriage rule for female flight attendants (then "stewardesses") discriminated on the basis of sex and did not constitute a bona fide occupational qualification.8Similarly, in Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation, the plaintiff alleged that the employer's policy of refusing to hire women with preschool-age children constituted sex discrimination.9 The Supreme Court vacated and remanded the decision of the Fifth Circuit granting summary judgment for the employer. The Court held that the record did not provide sufficient evidence to resolve the question of whether the existence of family obligations was "demonstrably more relevant to job performance for a woman than for a man," and therefore, "could arguably be a basis for distinction under [§] 703(e) of the Act."10 For the first time, the Supreme Court recognized a "sex plus" theory of discrimination-sex considered in conjunction with a second characteristic (here, sex plus children). …


With the ever-progressing power industry restructuring, application-oriented research and empirical analysis on Life Cycle Asset Management (LCAM) have received more and more attention. Asset Depreciation (AD), as a cost in the accounting sense, needs to be considered in LCAM. Therefore, it is necessary to study the AD strategies for devices in a given power system. This paper first introduces the Fixed Asset Depreciation (FAD), relevant policies and regulations, and device service life assessment. Then, the impacts of various AD years on the profit of a power grid company are analyzed, based on the cost-plus-income profit mode which is widely employed for transmission and distribution pricing around the globe. Next, the impacts of Asset Early Depreciation (AED) on the income of the power grid company are addressed. Finally, a numerical example is served for demonstration.


: Concrete is one of the composite material consisting of Coarse Aggregate, Fine aggregate, cement and water to cement ratio. All the components of the concrete are very important and affect the properties of the concrete at both fresh stage and hardened stage. Fresh properties of the cement and concrete such as setting time, heat of hydration, consistency and soundness. Various fresh properties of the concrete are Segregation, Bleeding, Hydration and Setting Time. There is great effect of type of water on the both properties of fresh and hardened concrete. There is greater requirement of large quantity of the water for the preparation of the concrete along with its curing. It is always not economical and technically feasible to provide fresh water at the construction site.Hence, waste water is used at the construction site for the preparation of the fresh concrete. Effect of the waste water on the physical properties of the cement and concrete are studied. It is found that there is improvement in the physical properties of the cement and concrete such as setting time, heat of hydration, consistency and soundness.


Based on a thermodynamic calculation and an analysis of kinetic data, a method for preserving the equipment of the second circuit of a nuclear power station equipped with a VVER reactor is proposed. It is recommended that the equipment be treated with a flow of water oxygenated to a concentration within 30 μg/dm 3 .


…anyone who leaves behind him a written manual, and likewise anyone who receives it, in the belief that such writing will be clear and certain, must be exceedingly simple-minded…Plato (427BC-347BC)...


Pony Malta is a vitaminized energy drink product that delivers nutrients for physical growth and development. As the nutritional traffic light indicator was placed on mass consumption products' tags, the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of Education consequently presented a ban on selling this energy drink product within educational institutions. This caused parents not to include these types of energy drinks in their children's lunch boxes.

Since this beverage is heavily dependent on the "school-aged" consumption, Pony Malta Plus (which contains a "yellow light" on the nutritional traffic light indicator for moderate sugar amount) was considered for launch. If allowed to be commercialized within the school-aged market, the original product's consumption should be reconsidered, since it has not been sold in educational establishments in over a year……


A new approach for self-testing of analog parts terminated by analog-to-digital converters in mixed-signal electronic microsystems controlled by microcontrollers is presented. It is based upon a new fault diagnosis method using a transformation of the set of voltage samples of the time response of a tested analog part to a square impulse into localization curves placed in a multidimensional measurement space. The method can be used for fault detection and single soft fault localization. Modified digital Fourier transform formulas are used for conversion of the measurement results to the form used by the fault detection and localization algorithm during the self-testing of the system and also for creation of the fault dictionary. In this paper, the results of experimental verification of the approach are included.


Objective To investigate the characteristics of distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in our hospital in 2012.Methods Disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility,and the results were judged according to the American CLSI2012 standard.The WHONET5.4 software and the SPSS13.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results Of all clinical isolates,Klebsiella pneumoniae strains accounted for 9.6%,12.4%,12.4%,and 12.8%; and the rate of ESBLs was 38.2%,24.7%,36.3%,and 36.9% in the four quarters,respectively.The rate of antimicrobial resistance for the ESBLs-producing strains was higher than those without ESBLs,with statistical difference (P<0.05).The susceptibility of ESBLs-producing strains to antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitor decreased.Conclusions Klebsiella pneumoniae distributed widely and ESBLs-producing strains were highly prevalent in Nanhai area,with a rising tendency.Carbapenems can be the first choice for the empirical treatment of ESBLs-producing strains,and antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitor can also be used.Intensified surveillance of bacterial resistance is of important significance for rational clinical uses of antibacterials and for the control of spread of the drug-resistance bacteria.

Key words:
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Distribution; Bacterial resistance


Objective: To assess the accuracy of a skin-mounted device to measure lumbar spinal rotations in rowers. Methods: Nine subjects were each imaged in 12 extremes of lateral flexion and rotation in an open MR scanner, and the movement between external MR markers fixed to the skin, and the underlying vertebral bodies was quantified. Results: The average error in measuring the changes in the lateral flexion and rotation between the MR markers and the underlying vertebral bodies was ±5.0° (95% CI 3.5–6.4°, S.E. 0.7°) for lateral flexion and 4.4° (95% CI 3.2–5.6°, S.E 0.6°) for lateral rotation (nine subjects). Conclusions: This study has demonstrated the accuracy of using an externally mounted device to measure out-of-plane rotations for the extremes of motion achieved during a rowing activity, allowing this system to be used to quantify deviations in rowing technique. The method could be applied to other repetitive activities of the spine.


The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is more than a set of goals and targets. Together with the agenda's means of implementation and follow-up and review mechanisms, these objectives reflect distinctive approaches to development policymaking that are integral to accomplishing its ambitious long-term vision. Understanding the components of such a policymaking framework is not only relevant to national governments committed to attaining the 17 SDGs, but also to subnational governments, as these are important actors in a new agenda that seeks to "leave no one behind." Through a review of recent international literature, this paper proposes key concepts and implications of adopting the 2030 Agenda as a policymaking framework at the subnational level, including expected demands on capacity building. It then succinctly analyzes the case of Peruvian regional governments facing some similar demands in the context of state decentralization since 2002, to illustrate concrete challenges that may lie ahead.


We present a novel automated approach for the computation and verification of preferences in an abstract argumentation system. Various argumentation semantics have been developed for identifying acceptable sets of arguments, however, there is a lack of explanatory justification for their acceptability based on preferences. We present an algorithm which takes an abstract argumentation framework and a single extension (conflict-free set of arguments) as input, and outputs preference relations that explain why a set of arguments are acceptable as opposed to their attackers. We also present an algorithm to verify that the output preferences when used with the given argumentation framework induce the input extension.


Ian Hamilton and Jo Carlowe discuss mental health problems and substance use co-occurring, the lack of data on young people's substance use and risk factors and pathways to support.


This paper reports on the absorption, visible and near-infrared luminescence properties of Er3+, Nd3+, Pr3+ and Ho3+-doped alkali fluoride zinc boro germanate glasses. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) profiles of the host glass have been carried out, to confirm its structure and thermal stability. From the measured absorption spectra, Judd–Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6) have been calculated for all the studied ions. For Pr3+ and Ho3+-doped glasses, upconversion emission spectra have also been measured. Decay curves were measured for the visible emissions of Er3+, Pr3+ and Ho3+ ions at 547 nm (Er3+: green), 604 nm and 641 nm (Pr3+: orange and red) and 658 nm (Ho3+: red), respectively. The near-infrared emission spectra of Er3+/Yb3+ and Nd3+-doped glasses have shown full width at half maximum (FWHM) around 95 nm (for the transition) and 63 nm (for the transition), respectively. The measured maximum decay times of transition (at wavelength 1.51 µm) are about 5.72 ms and 6.14 ms for 1.0Er3+ and 1.0Er3+/ 2Yb3+ (mol%)-codoped glasses, respectively. The maximum stimulated emission cross sections for transition of Er3+ and Er3+/Yb3+ are 5.447 × 10−21 cm2 and 4.540 × 10−21 cm2. These glasses with better thermal stability, bright visible emissions and broad near-infrared emissions should have potential applications in broadly tunable laser sources, interesting optical luminescent materials and broadband optical amplification in low-loss telecommunication windows.


Lensfree on-chip digital holographic microscope (LFOCDHM) is a simple and efficient miniaturized digital microscope with unique advantages of compact structure, large field-of-view (FOV), and high numerical aperture (NA), which is promising for Internet-of-Medical-Things applications. LFOCDHM imaging generally includes two processes: hologram generation and image reconstruction. In common applications that image stained cells or blood smear samples with relatively high contrast, the threshold segmentation algorithm can be applied to find an object support region (OSR) in the reconstruction process. However, for label-free and low contrast samples, the threshold segmentation algorithm will be unreliable in finding an optimized OSR, which then seriously affects the quality of the reconstruction process. To tackle this problem, the effects of OSR on image reconstruction were studied and an optimized OSR determination method for LFOCDHM was proposed in this work. The results showed that the proposed method can have a 50% lower variance in intensity profiles of reconstructed images compared with traditional threshold segmentation methods.


a b s t r a c t Thispaperanalyzesthepropertiesofsubsampling,hybridsubsampling,andsize-correctionmethodsin twonon-regularmodels.ThelattertwoproceduresareintroducedinAndrewsandGuggenberger(2009a). Themodelsarenon-regularinthesensethattheteststatisticsofinterestexhibitadiscontinuityintheir limit distribution as a function of a parameter in the model. The first model is a linear instrumental variables (IV) model with possibly weak IVs estimated using two-stage least squares (2SLS). In this case, the discontinuity occurs when the concentration parameter is zero. The second model is a linear regressionmodelinwhichtheparameterofinterestmaybenearaboundary.Inthiscase,thediscontinuity occurswhentheparameterisontheboundary.


The exponential data traffic growth cannot be satisfied anymore with traditional ways by building new Base Stations (BS) or leasing new spectrum bands, which is costly from the operator's point of view. In order to accommodate with this high data proliferation, the Third Generation Partner Ship Project (3GPP) has introduced Long Term Evolution (LTE). An LTE network can handle more traffic with reduced cost and complexity, by adding new spectrum and wider bands. Researchers are more interested in coping with increased capacity by involving a heterogeneous network along with LTE as a better solution. The focus of this research is to discuss a specific variation of heterogeneous networks, which is Multi Radio Access Technology (RAT), as multiple RATs can be operating jointly with an LTE network. The target scenario is to evaluate the performance of incorporating Wi-Fi Access Points (AP) along with an LTE network. The performance of two Wi-Fi offloading algorithms is compared with the Optimized Wi-Fi Offloading algorithm proposed by the authors. The first offloading algorithm is Wi-Fi if coverage and the second is Fixed SNR Threshold.


The invention provides a communication terminal and a network switching method thereof, and relates to the field of communication technology. The communication terminal comprises a first clamping slot, a first baseband processing circuit, a second baseband processing circuit, a first radio frequency circuit, a second radio frequency circuit and an antenna. The first clamping slot is used for placing a first user identification card. The first baseband processing circuit is connected with the first clamping slot and used for reading telephone numbers, first network identifying codes and second network identifying codes from the first user identification card. The second baseband processing circuit is connected with the first baseband processing circuit through a data interactive bus and used for receiving the telephone numbers and the second network identifying codes transmitted by the first baseband processing circuit. The first radio frequency circuit is connected with the first baseband processing circuit. The second radio frequency circuit is connected with the second baseband processing circuit. The antenna is connected with the first radio frequency circuit and the second radio frequency circuit. The communication terminal simplifies operations of users and improves user experience in network switching process.


This study focuses on the effects that solicitation and closeness of relationship have on reactions to the provision of support in interpersonal situations. The provision of social support can be either solicited or unsolicited, and whether or not support provided in a particular situation is solicited can have a substantial influence on reactions to the support (Goldsmith & Fitch, 1997). In addition, this study investigates the effects of closeness of relationship on instances of social support provision and subsequent reactions. 72 Georgetown University undergraduate students completed a vignette survey designed to measure the effects that solicitation and closeness of relationship, when present in social support provision situations, have on support recipients' levels of satisfaction, perceptions of support providers' interpersonal motives as well as of their own, and levels of support advice incorporation. Results revealed significant main effects of closeness of relationship on the extent to which participants perceived interpersonal love motives in their support providers and interpersonal face-saving motives of their own, as well as those of their support providers. It was found that subjects perceived a higher level of love motives in support providers who were described as having a close relationship with participants, as opposed to a more distant one. It was also found that participants perceived that both they, themselves, as well as their support providers were motivated to a greater degree by matters regarding each person saving his or her own face in vignettes for which the relationships between subjects and support providers were described as being more distant. Social Support Provision 3 Social Support Provision: Effects of Solicitation and Closeness of Relationship Background and Literature. "Social support" is defined as being "an exchange of resources...perceived by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient" (Shumaker & Brownell, 1984), and it is critical for physical and psychological well-being (Matthews, Conger & Wiekrama, 1996; Uchino, Cacioppo & Kiecoh-Glaser, 1996). Indeed, there is an immensely robust body of literature that has linked the presence of social support to a wide variety of positive outcomes such as benefits to mental and physical health, abilities to more effectively cope with stressful life experiences, and even survival in the context of a life threatening illness (Beach & Gupta, 2006; Cuningham & Barbee, 2000; Cutrona, 1996). However, a number of studies have revealed that social support can also lead to negative outcomes like increased stress levels or restrictions to freedom of choice (e.g., Fisher et al., 1982; Fisher & Nadler, 1974; Merton, 1968; Nadler & Fisher, 1986). One important factor in determining whether an instance of social support provision will elicit a negative reaction is whether the support is solicited (i.e., "person A," the support recipient, actively seeks and/or asks for support from "person B," the support provider) or unsolicited ("person B," the support provider, is the one who initiates the provision of support) (Boutin & Foster, 2005; Brehm & Brehm, 1981; Deelstra et al., 2003; Fisher et al., 1982; Goldsmith & Fitch, 1997). On the basis of the threat-to-self-esteem model, social support is more likely to be perceived negatively if it is unsolicited (Deelstra et al., 2003). According to the threat-to-self-esteem model, if a person perceives an instance of social support provision as highly self-threatening and not very self-supportive, the person's reaction to the support will likely be negative (Fisher et al., 1982; Nadler & Fisher, 1986). One factor that causes social Social Support Provision 4 support to be perceived as self-threatening is restriction to freedom of choice (Brehm, 1996; Brehm & Brehm, 1981; Fisher et al., 1982; Nadler & Fisher, 1986). This could imply that unsolicited support may be perceived more negatively than the absence of support, because imposing unsolicited support restricts the support recipient's freedom of choice to a greater degree (Caldwell, 2004; Deelstra et al., 2003). Existing research has also identified two primary dimensions along which interpersonal behaviors vary. The first is frequently referred to as communion, affiliation, warmth, nurturance, or love; the second is frequently referred to as agency, control, dominance, influence, or status (Horowitz et al., 1997; Horowitz et al., 2001). The various types of social support, and the perceptions of the interpersonal motives that drive them, can be put into two broad categories that correspond to these two dimensions. With regard to the unsolicited provision of social support, literature provides two analogous models for the interpretation of interpersonal motives: the "butting-in" model (i.e., imposed support is interpreted to be indicative of a desire to dominate others interpersonal motives of this type correspond to the dominance dimension of interpersonal behavior) (Goldsmith & Fitch, 1997), and the "being friendly" model (i.e., imposed support is interpreted to be indicative of a desire to be connected to others interpersonal motives of this type correspond to the love dimension of interpersonal behavior) (Caldwell, 2004). In addition to whether or not social support is solicited, the current study aims to examine the effects that closeness of relationship has on interpersonal situations in which social support is provided. Although existing literature with regard to this matter is not as extensive as the literature surrounding the effects of solicitation on social support provision, closeness of relationship has been suggested to be an important influencing factor on peoples' reactions to the Social Support Provision 5 provision of social support, be it solicited or unsolicited (Feng & MacGeorge, 2006; Goldsmith & MacGeorge, 2000). The present study aims to investigate the ways in which these two factors influence situations of social support provision. It has been shown in a number of different contexts that whether or not support is sought by its recipient can have a substantial impact on how the person reacts to the support. The same may be said of nature and closeness of the relationship between the support provider and recipient; however, this has been examined largely in context of advisor-client relationships, or relationships of a similar nature, in which the perceived level of expertise of the support provider plays a very important role in the situation. It was expected that isolating these two factors to examine their effects would contribute a worthwhile addition to the well-founded, and growing, body of research and knowledge in this area of psychology. The effects of solicitation and closeness of relationship were evaluated through participants' levels of satisfaction (i.e., degree of satisfaction participants derive from a particular social support provision interaction), their perceptions of the interpersonal motives behind both their own actions during the support provision interaction, as well as those of their support providers, and the extent to which they felt the advice offered by support providers was valuable. Factors considered in the assessment of levels of satisfaction with the interaction included participants' responses to a general measure of satisfaction, how emotionally comforting they perceived the interaction to be, and a measure of how helpful they felt the interaction was. Interpersonal motives were evaluated along sub-scales of dominance and love vector motives and face-saving motives. Advice incorporation was assessed through participants' reports of how likely they would be to take the advice provided into account when making a final decision regarding the interaction, as well as the weight they would likely give to the advice provided (i.e., the extent to Social Support Provision 6 which the advice would influence their decisions vs. the extent to which decisions would be based upon their own, pre-existing thoughts and beliefs) should they need to make such a decision. Hypotheses. Hypothesis 1) It is hypothesized that participants will report higher levels of satisfaction, more favorable (i.e., more congruent with the "being friendly" model of the perception of interpersonal motives than with the "butting-in" model) perceptions of motives (both of their own motives, as well as the motives of the provider of the social support), and higher levels of "advice incorporation" for scenarios in which the social support provided is solicited. Hypothesis 2) It is hypothesized that participants will report higher levels of satisfaction, more favorable (i.e., again, tending toward the "being friendly" model, as opposed to the "butting-in" model) perceptions of motives (both own and others'), and higher levels of advice incorporation for scenarios in which the social support provided is provided by a "best friend" (someone with a high closeness of relationship to the participant), as opposed to a coworker (someone with a low closeness of relationship). Hypothesis 3) It is hypothesized that there will be an interaction between the effects of these two variables as well. More specifically, it is anticipated that, for instance, the difference between levels of interpersonal love vector motives perceived in the actions of co-worker support providers in solicited vs. unsolicited social support provision scenarios will be far greater than the corresponding difference between levels of interpersonal love vector motives perceived in the actions of best friend support providers in solicited vs. unsolicited support provision scenarios. Social Support Provision 7 Method Participants Participants were 72 current Georgetown University undergraduate students. The sample included both male and female participants who were between the ages of 18-24 years. In the end, there were 21 males a


Hypothesis / aims of study Alpha1-blockers improve the storage symptoms as well as the voiding symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH), but the mechanism of action of the agents for improvement of the storage symptoms is still unclear. Recently there has been increasing evidence suggesting that the activation of afferent pathway of the bladder results in the storage symptoms in overactive bladder patients. Previous reports have shown that c-Fos immunoreactivity in the L6 spinal cord is commonly used as an indicator of afferent neuronal input from an irritated bladder in the rat. The present study was designed to determine whether bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) increases the afferent activation resulting from a continuous saline infusion into the bladder and the α1-blocker prazosin inhibits increases in that afferent activation resulting from a continuous saline into the bladder and the α1-blocker prazosin inhibits increases in that afferent activation. We also investigated whether changes in the afferent activation alter the storage or voiding function of the bladder.


Water relations, rates of photosynthesis and respiration, and patterns of CO2 fixation were studied in four salt marsh species: two grasses, Spartina foliosa Trin. and Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, and two succulents, Salicornia europea L. and Batis maritima L. Mean water potentials (ψw) of all four species ranged from -29.82 to -42.20 atm. The Δψw between the plant and external medium was of such a magnitude that water uptake did not appear to be a problem. Mean osmotic potentials (ψπ) ranged from -41.65 to -52.52 atm. The grasses showed moderately high relative phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activity. This observation and the distinct Kranz anatomy of the grass leaves indicated the presence of C4 metabolism. Succulents lacked dark acidification, and day/night tests of PEP carboxylase gave the same enzyme activity as in C3 plants; therefore, these succulents are not CAM plants. The ψπ of the growth medium from 0 to -25.4 atm appeared to have little effect on respiration rates. The photosynthetic response to varying osmotic potentials of the growth medium was different in both groups of plants. Photosynthetic rates in the succulents decreased slightly or not at all with decreasing ψπ. Distichlis was very strongly affected even by ψπ of -12.5 atm, while photosynthetic rates in Spartina decreased significantly only at ψπ of -25.4 atm.


A periodic arrangement of 1-D slits carved in a perfect electric conductor is investigated, and an equivalent model which features sinusoidal surface conductivity on its upper and lower interfaces is derived. Therefore, and in sheer contrast to all the previous attempts that were successful in mimicking only the zeroth-order diffracted waves, it is capable of emulating both specular and nonspecular diffraction orders. The accuracy of the model is verified by the full-wave simulations. The proposed model is used to study the sharp Fano-type extraordinary transmission resonances arising in the structure. The transmission spectrum near these resonances is derived in terms of Fano resonance parameters. Furthermore, our model is used to explain the plasma-like behavior of the cut-through metallic slits in terms of the band bending caused by the periodicity of the surface conductivity. The analysis and design of applications which are devised based on the characteristics of higher Bloch orders can also be facilitated by this model.


Abstract Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy has ushered cancer treatment into a potentially curative era. However, infectious complications remain largely unknown and the few studies that described infectious complications associated with ICI had no comparative control groups. We assessed the rate of infections in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with ICI plus conventional chemotherapy (CC) vs. CC alone. Methods We performed a comparative single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with NSCLC who received de novo treatment with either Pembrolizumab or Nivolumab, and/or Ipilimumab combined with CC including Pemetrexed and Carboplatin vs. patients treated with CC alone between August 2016 and January 2019. We excluded all patients who were switched from CC to ICI or vice-versa. We evaluated patients' characteristics, treatment modality, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and outcome. Infections were defined by clinical signs and symptoms, microbiologic documentation, and/or imaging studies. Results A group of 126 patients who received ICI concurrently with CC were compared with 126 patients who received CC alone (control group). Patients in the ICI group were more likely to have stage IV NSCLC compared with the control group (P < 0.0001). Pembrolizumab was most commonly used as a single ICI agent in 107 patients (85%), followed by Ipilimumab and Nivolumab as dual therapy (9%). Confirmed infections were identified in 20 (16%) patients in the ICI group and 18 (14%) in the control group (P = 0.7). The control group had a higher rate of multiple infections at different times compared with the ICI group (P = 0.014). However, there was no significant difference in the types of infections (bacterial, fungal or viral) that occurred between the two groups. The irAEs were reported in 14 (11%) patients, 13 of them received corticosteroids with a median duration of 32 days (range, 15–64 days). Out of these patients, three (21%) developed confirmed infections of which two were viral upper respiratory tract infections and one was a bacterial urinary tract infection. Conclusion Patients with NSCLC treated with the combination of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors plus Conventional Chemotherapy have comparable risk of developing infections compared with those on Conventional Chemotherapy alone. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


Abstract The crack theory in conventional linear elasticity fracture mechanics is extended to quasicrystal linear elasticity fracture mechanics. A decagonal quasicrystal containing a Griffith crack penetrating through the solid along the period direction is considered. By means of a general solution, the analytical expressions for the entire stress field are obtained. The asymptotic behaviour of the stress around the crack tip indicates that the stress near the crack tip exhibits the square root singularity. The singularity in the phason stress field arises from that the phonon and phason fields couple with each other. The crack strain energy and energy release rate are also given.


The modern world is entering a new state of its development associated with the digitalization process. It affects all aspects of society, changes the traditional foundations and imposes new requirements for the educational process. National educational systems cannot remain aloof from this process. The purpose of this article is to study the digitalization process and its impact on the education system of the world and the Russian Federation. The methodology of the article is based on a systemic and structural-functional approach. The validity of the results of the study is based on the use of popular scientific and special methods, including analysis, synthesis, historical and comparative analysis. On the basis of the analysis of scientific literature, the authors formed an overall picture of the problem under consideration. The work analyzes the processes occurring in the world associated with the beginning of a new historical period. The new time also imposes new requirements on various branches of knowledge, updates approaches to the use of modern and future information technologies. A particular place is given to the synergistic approach, which is an optimistic alternative to mastering the knowledge and competencies of the digital education. In the article the authors point to the lag in the theoretical base of the digitalization process, the lag in infrastructure, shortcomings in the organization of the educational process, reveal cognitive contradictions and, at the same time, show possible ways to solve them.


groups of cultionation charaters of plywood in 21 paulownia clones have been studied by means of canonical correlation analysis.The results show that there exist varying correlations between the 4 groups of characters.The correlation of trunk extension character and that of tree crown character are the highest in all character groups. Much difference exists in the characters of growth,stem form.trunk extension and tree crown in the 21 Paulownia clones.


The guiding document for incorporating the IO section into the unit is the IBCT Organizational and Operational Concept... The IO section was created to facilitate incorporating nonlethal effects, providing planners for IO, CA, PSYOP, and electronic attack (EA). Additionally, a brigade operational law team provides legal support to all aspects of IO. We need to find new ways to deter new adversaries .... We need to make the leap into the information age, which is the critical foundation of our transformation efforts. -Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld THE FIRST OF SEVEN planned interim brigade combat teams (IBC-Ts) is fielded with its complement of interim armored vehicles (IAVs) and digitized command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. Using current off-the-shelf equipment combined with a unique organizational structure, the 3d IBCT, 2d Infantry Division, has capabilities unlike any other brigade combat team. In October 1999, the Army's leadership unveiled the Army Vision, outlining a need to transform the Army based on emerging security challenges and the requirement to respond more rapidly across the full spectrum of operations. IBCTs are designed as early entry forces capable of deploying within 96 hours to fight and win small-scale contingency operations in complex and urban terrain. Keeping pace with the changing face of warfare, the IBCT employs both conventional and asymmetric capabilities. The IBCTs provide the commander in chief with a new option of decisive contingency response. The IBCT cannot conduct forced-entry operations, but it does give the joint force commander an improved capability to arrive immediately behind forced-entry forces and to begin operations to shape the battlespace. The IBCT's major fighting components are three mechanized infantry battalions, which use highly mobile, medium-weight IAVs. The brigade's effectiveness is enhanced by a field artillery battalion; a robust reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition squadron; military intelligence, antiarmor, engineer, and signal companies; and a brigade support battalion. These elements also use the IAV with variants for mobile gun systems; antiarmor carriers; 105-millimeter (mm) artillery; engineer mobility support vehicles; medical support vehicles; nuclear, biological, and chemical reconnaissance; and command and control (C2) carriers. The field artillery has 155mm towed artillery assets. The IBCT headquarters staff closely mirrors that of a division, given the unit's enhanced organic capabilities. Beyond the coordinating staff group consisting of the S1, S2, S3, S4, and S6, there are several special staffs and staff groups in the IBCT, including-- * Medical personnel in the IBCT surgeon's section. * Military police and engineers in the maneuver support coordination cell. * Air defense artillery and aviation personnel in the air defense and air space management section. * Field artillery personnel in the fires and effects coordination cell (FECC). * Information operations (IO), civil affairs (CA), psychological operations (PSYOP), and legal personnel in the IO section. Although these special staff elements are at the brigade headquarters, the total number of personnel authorized has been kept to a minimum, 111 total, to facilitate deployability. The IBCT has the most advanced C4ISR technologies available. This technology gives commanders and their staffs a digital, fully dimensional common operating picture (COP) of the battlefield. This digital view enables commanders to locate and track critical targets precisely, conduct simultaneous operations with lethal and nonlethal means, operate with joint and multinational forces, and recognize and protect their own forces and other friendly forces. Each IBCT element is equipped with an appropriate type of Army Battle Command System (ABCS). …


The photoluminescence of carbon quantum dots synthesized from natural honey and mixtures of honey and sugar has been studied. An increase in the sugar content leads to a decrease in the photoluminescence intensity without changing the shape of the luminescence spectrum of these quantum dots aqueous solutions, which is associated with a decrease in the yield of their synthesis in the sugar presence. The discovered effect can be used to detect sugar in honey. When examining five different market samples of flower honey using this method, two of them showed a significant decrease in the photoluminescence intensity. A laboratory test for compliance with GOST 19792-2017 Standard requirements established an excess of the sucrose content in these samples. Luminescent determination of sugar in honey does not require complicated equipment and can be used to develop a new analytical method for determining the sugar content in counterfeit natural honey.


A review was given on the determination of trace elements in rubber by digestion emulsification and digestion ammonia dissolution-flame atomic spectrometry.The pretreatment method of sample,dissolubility of digested product,choices of solvent and emulsifyer,influence factors and its elimination methods,the examination method of identity of viscosity for test solution and its blank solution were analyzed.


Objective To determine the mechanism of protective effects of heparin on myocardicem,so as to provide reference for reasonable use of heparin in coronary heart disease.Methods Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups(n=16 for each group):normal saline group(NS),N-acetylheparin group(N-Hep) and heparin group(Hep).Two hours after venous administration of above drugs,rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion was reproduced.Myocardial infarction size was determined by TTC stain.Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα) and malondialdehyde (MDA)in serum were respectively measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and thiobarbituric acid assay.Results (1) Myocardial infarction size in both Hep group and N-Hep group was lower significantly than that in NS group (P 0.001); (2) There was no difference in activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT) among three groups before administration of drugs,but 30 min and 120 min after drug administration,aPTT in Hep group was longer significantly than that in both NS group and N-Hep group (P0.001);(3) Serum levels of MDA and TNFα in Hep group and N-Hep group were higher significantly than those in NS group,but there was no significant difference between Hep group and N-Hep group.Conclusions Cardioprotective effect of heparin may not depend on its anticoagulation property. Cardioprotective effects of heparin and N-acetylheparin may be related to their inhibition of TNFα expression in myocardium and reduction of free radical injury of myocardium.


In this paper, the energy management at sugar industry is presented with manipulating and controlling at different sections in the plant. A case study on a sugar plant directs an innovative application of saving power and cost by using vapor absorption chillier is discussed. The implementation of Vapour Absoption Chiller (VAC) can be done by manipulation in co-generation and sugar processing. This manipulation is achieved by implement of proportional integral derivative(PID) controller in cascade loop at co-generation and design manipulations at sugar processing. The tuning of these modified sections is carried out by Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) method. Since every industry tries to minimize its power consumption, it is one of method to reduce power and manage energy in industry.


Abstract In the present scenario, biogenic production of gold and silver nanoparticles has evoked considerable interest in terms of their diverse biomedi0058cal applications because of their extremely small size and large surface to volume ratio. Hence, the aims of the current study were to use plant extract for the biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activity in vitro. First, aqueous silver nitrate and chloroauric acid solutions have been treated with Wheat bran extract;reduction of the silver and chloroaurate ions is witnessed resulting in the formation of highly stable silver and gold nanoparticles in solution. Characterization of synthesized silver and gold nanospheres is made using UV-visible,SEMandTEManalysis, indicated that they ranged from 30 to 55 nm and 45 to 70 nm in size respectively.  The free radical scavenging potential has been investigated using DPPH assay, examined by a UV-visible spectrophotometer and found that AgNPs AuNPs exhibited exceptional potential- compared to wheat bran extract alone. Antimicrobial efficacy against dental disease causing pathogens - Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443) and Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497) was tested using agar diffusion method. The synthesized AgNPs and AuNPs efficiently inhibited the growth of respective pathogens. It could be concluded that these nanospheres can be act as potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for commercial application. Keywords: AgNPS, AuNPS, Wheat Bran, DPPH Scavenging Assay, Antioxidant Activity, Antimicrobial Activity, SEM, TEM


A simple, accurate, precise, rapid, economical and sensitive ultraviolet spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Furosemide in pharmaceutical preparations, which shows maximum absorbance at 228 nm in. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 1 -10 μg/ ml, with molar absorptivity of 3.5×104 L.mol-1.cm-1, relative standard deviation of the method was less than 1.4%, and accuracy (average recovery %) was 100 ± 1.0. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Furosemide in some pharmaceutical formulations (tablets, Oral solution and injection) samples. The proposed method was validated by sensitivity and precision which proves suitability for the routine analysis of Furosemide in true samples.


By means of the conception of partition of unity and the structure theory of kernel function,an abstract partition of unity is introduced and a kernel function is constructed on a bounded domain with piecewise smooth boundaries in Cn.Then,using the extensional Koppelman formula and Stokes formula,the author obtained an abstract integral representation formula of(0,q)-form and the continuous solution of -equation on a bounded domain with piecewise smooth boundaries in Cn.From this abstract integral formula,we can obtain many other integral formulas and extensional formulas,when the vector functions and parameters are suitablly chosen.


Let F be a compact subset of the n-dimensional Euclidean space R represented by (finitely or infinitely many) quadratic inequalities. We propose two methods, one based on successive semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxations and the other on successive linear programming (LP) relaxations. Each of our methods generates a sequence of compact convex subsets Ck (k = 1, 2, . . . ) of R such that (a) the convex hull of F ⊆ Ck+1 ⊆ Ck (monotonicity), (b) ∩ k=1 Ck = the convex hull of F (asymptotic convergence). Our methods are extensions of the corresponding Lovász–Schrijver lift-and-project procedures with the use of SDP or LP relaxation applied to general quadratic optimization problems (QOPs) with infinitely many quadratic inequality constraints. Utilizing descriptions of sets based on cones of matrices and their duals, we establish the exact equivalence of the SDP relaxation and the semiinfinite convex QOP relaxation proposed originally by Fujie and Kojima. Using this equivalence, we investigate some fundamental features of the two methods including (a) and (b) above.


Women in the Indian subcontinent, which consists of primarily three South Asian nations India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, suffer maximum exploitation because men take undue advantage of women's reproductive labor to the point that women lose their right to their bodies, sexuality, and personhood. Women in this region of the world are often denied the joy and pride culturally attached to motherhood because their pregnancy does not get validation either from their families/communities or from their male partner. Ironically, the interest of a husband or a partner does not always match with the interest of a society. For example, although subcontinental cultures value bearing a healthy male offspring, women bearing male children may fail to evade exploitation because their husbands or partners disapprove the legitimacy of their pregnancy. Women are victimized by this clash of individual and collective male interests of patriarchal societies. A maternal body is oppressed due to the situational implication of a woman's pregnancy. This implication varies from woman to woman depending on the contextual demands of their bodies. In order to understand women's oppression in countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, we need to situate the discussion about pregnancy, abortion, and sterility of women within the religionhistory-culture nexus that affects a woman's decision to become pregnant or continue her pregnancy in a safe way. Therefore, women's reproductive health crucially determines their position as subjects capable of making decisions about their lives and bodies. A woman's attachment to her fetus and her maternal body influences her identity. A pregnant woman or a mother's identity can experience severe threat when external agents, including socio-economic, cultural, or patriarchal interests interfere with this attachment. The outcome of this interference can be dangerous both for the health of a mother and the overall wellbeing of a social unit [1-3].


The purpose of this study was to design a structured professional development (PD) program for primary science teachers, using as sources of information a theoretical framework in inquiry based science education, teachers perceptions about their instructional practices for teaching science and their students' performance, and classroom observations for documenting instructional practices after participating in the PD program. The theoretical framework, which also guided the evaluation of the data gathered through class observation, has into account four main dimensions: conceptual schemes, process strategies, epistemological frameworks and social processes. It was observed that even accent changes (as opposed to structural changes) in the PD program have impact on teachers' instructional practices. It was also observed that when introducing opportunities for teachers to learn about the nature of science, their performance is positively impacted. Finally, a structured PD program, derived from observing and interviewing 50 teachers trained over 8 years, and from analyzing the results PD programs in a yearly basis is presented.


Introduction Pre-menstruation syndrome (PMS) includes a set of physical and psychological symptoms before menstruation which causes disorder in the life process and activity of each woman. This survey was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of foot medical zone-therapy reflex on the intensity of PMS symptoms in the students of girls' dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Science. Methods: This one blind randomized clinical trial was performed in 2010 on 120 students who were resident in the dormitories of Tehran university of medical sciences. The samples were randomly divided in 2 groups of cases and control (n=60 each group). Zone-Therapy Reflex was done in the case group.Data collection toolwasDickerson questionnaire which was completed in two menstruation cycles before treatment and two cycles during the treatment. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 15) and x2,exact Fisher and covariance analysis tests. P˂0.05 was considered significant. Results In this research, the intensity of mood signs was decreased 25.2 after true Z-T reflex and 3.8 after no true Z-T reflex, physical signs 25.26 after true Z-T reflex and 3.4 after no true Z-T reflex, and behavioral signs 20 after true Z-T reflex and 18.30 after no true-T reflex , that mood (p=0.03) and physical (p=0.040) signs were considered statistically significant and improvement was observed in the signs, but no change was observed in behavioral signs. Conclusion Zone therapy reflex improves physical and mood signs in PMS and due to very low side effects, good effectiveness and proper treatment can be one of the first therapy steps in women with PMS.


Summary
Pollen and macrofossil diagrams from the schwingmoor sediments of Llyn Mire are presented. Prior to the formation of the schwingmoor, Cannabis sativa was cultivated around Llyn lake, first to the east and later to the west of the basin. Despite Cannabis cultivation so close to Llyn, there is no evidence to suggest that the lake was used for retting purposes.

A period of woodland clearance occurred immediately after the Cannabis cultivation and this process may have been responsible for the changes which led to schwingmoor formation in the basin. It is suggested that increased soil erosion into the lake, together with some eutrophication, encouraged the colonization of the lake surface by a floating mat of vegetation. The schwingmoor was formed in historic times by a floating carpet of such taxa as Carex rostrata, Sphagnum recurvum and Sphagnum section Subsecunda. The mat was initiated in the western part of the basin.

The use made of Cannabis/Humulus pollen density as a marker horizon in these studies demanded that these pollen taxa should be adequately separated, and the large numbers of grains of this type present in the sediments permitted the employment of numerical methods based on pore protrusion, which are described here.


Let R be a commutative ring with unity 1 ≠ 0 and M a unitary left R-module. In this paper, we introduce the SCI-modules which is an extension of SCI-rings studied in [4]. The aim of this article comes from to the following point. Let ℤ be the ring of integers and M = ⊕ ℤ ∕ pℤ a ℤ-module with p a prime number. It is easy to see that M ∈ σ[ℤ] is co-Hopfian but it is not finitely cogenerated. An R-module M is said to be a SCI-module if any co-Hopfian object of σ[M] is finitely cogenerated. Firstly, we give some properties of SCI-modules. After that, we give two theorems of characterizations.


The paper deals with the analysis of the effectiveness of acoustic emission monitoring and diagnostics of engineering products. We discuss the results of the processing results of the field experiment to study the acoustic emission in the alloy and its welded joints in the presence of technological defects. We study the characteristics of the output of acoustic emission signals at different stages of elastic-plastic deformation of alloys. Analyzed acoustic chart and the output waveform of the acoustic emission for the different types of welds. Studies have shown the effectiveness of the Acoustic emission techniques and help improve the accuracy of non-destructive testing systems in problems of automation and control.


A novel best-effort utility maximization scheme for video multicast with heterogeneous clients is proposed. Clients are assumed to have heterogeneous media playback requirements and channels with different capacities. The multicast employs H.264/SVC coded video which permits combined temporal, spatial, and amplitude scalability. The perceptual effects of the scalable video on clients with different terminal capabilities are modeled, and utilized in the optimization. For various scenarios with clients of different media adaptation capabilities, the proposed optimization of multi-scalable video multicasting reveals notable utility gains over single-scalable video multicasting. With a complexity independent of the number of clients, the proposed optimization scheme is suitable for large-scale multimedia multicast.


Upvishtak (I.U.G.R) is defined as babies whose birth weight is below the tenth percentile of the average for the gestational age. The incidence of the Upavishtak (I.U.G.R) in Indian hospital is 16%. The perinatal morbidity & mortality rate of fetus is related to the low birth weight infants. While describing treatment of Upvishtak Ayurvedic classics have emphasized on drugs having Jeevniya, Brunhaniya and Vataghna properties. In Upvishtak main dosha is vata dosh. Bala is vataghna, Balya, Bruhaniya and ghrita also Vataghna. It has been selected as the line of treatment. So our ultimate goal is "Healthier the mother stronger and healthier will be the child" may be achieved. Hence in an attempt to expand the concept of IUGR according to Ayurveda and to yield a flourishing result to this world wide problem through Ayurveda; this topic has been selected for the study. The study was conducted in 10 clinically diagnosed patients of Upavishatak with an objective of clinical efficacy of BALA SIDDHA GHRITA in the management of Upavishatak. These patients were above 4month amenorrhea, having fetal weight 10% less than normal weight with Diagnosed U.S.G. INTRODUCTION The aim of Prasutitantra is to get a healthy progeny i.e. Suprajanana. For the same purpose; in all Ayurvedic texts, Garbhiniparicharya is described in detail. Aim of the Garbhiniparicharya is described asAnupaghataya means continuation of pregnancy without World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 7.523 Volume 6, Issue 5, 940-945. Research Article ISSN 2277– 7105 *Corresponding Author Dr. Guddi Jaynath Yadav C.S.M.S.S Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Kanchanwadi, Aurangabad. Article Received on 28 Feb. 2017, Revised on 21 March. 2017, Accepted on 11 April. 2017 DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20175-8378


The authors in the present paper have carried out a qualitative and quantitative study of space distribution state for different ethnic groups in Xinjiang, centralized and decentralized degrees as well as the variation of space compact state for different ethnic groups and advanced that the population for most ethnic groups in Xinjiang has shown the basic trend of decentralized distribution in terms of space distribution since 1990's.


A system is presented for the time resolution of plasma potential using gridded electrostatic analyzers. The novelty of this method is the separation of consecutive current‐energy characteristic curves and their display on a CRT. Using a 20 kHz bias signal, 30–50 consecutive 25 μsec sweeps are displayed on a CRT in a 1 msec time interval. This is sufficient for the study of low frequency plasma fluctuations in transient confinement experiments. Application to the DCX‐2 mirror machine is discussed.


Thispaper proposes aMultimedia HomePlatform (MHP) multi-shot application framework toreduce thedelivery latency fromtheheadend totheMHP terminal. The framework isconformed totheMHP standard andis optimized based onthecharacteristics ofDSM-CCobject carousel indatabroadcasting. Thisarchitecture makesa division ofapplication resources into shotunits, optimizes theapplication start-up timebyrepeating theveryinitial shot inthecarousel, andintroduces apre-loading method to cache thenextshotcandidates inadvance. Therefore, this framework canallocate resources inthereceiver more efficiently and significantly improvetheviewer's responsiveness.


Abstract: Environmental damage due to greenhouse gas emissions affects forest sustainability in Bantimurung National Park, Maros. It takes the participation of all parties to overcome this. The purpose of this research is to analyze the legal framework for environmental economic instruments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Bantumutung National Park, Maros. This research method uses explanatory data using secondary data from Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning the Protection and Preservation of the Environment from the Ministry of Forestry and Environment; PP No. 46 of 2017 concerning Environmental Economic Instruments from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry; and Regional Regulation of the Maros Regency Government No 05 of 2009. The Maros district government has played an active role in efforts to reduce greenhouse emissions. This can be seen by funding the P4JH program through the APBD. To maximize environmental economic instruments in forest management, it is recommended to apply for funding not only from the regional budget but also from ICCTF grants. At the provincial level of South Sulawesi, it is necessary to draw up a Governor's regulation that regulates the tagging and scoring budget as a strengthening of the government's role. At the district level, it is recommended to renew the Regional Regulation which regulates the technical implementation of tree planting by civil servants starting from the selection of land locations, types of plants, and the mechanism as a condition for promotion or other matters.


Nowadays strategic threat intelligence is very important to all the organization. Strategic cyber threat intelligence can determine who and why to provide key insights to the organization. It purpose is to determine who is behind a particular threat or threat family and addressing to evolving trends. The strategic level of cyber threat intelligence also included and explains about why. Why makes a company or an organization a target? Strategic Threat Intelligence offer the overview of the threat status of the organization. Therefore, the C-Suite include chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief operating officer (COO) and chief information officer (CIO) of the organization use cyber threat intelligence data to understand the high-level trends and threats to the company or the organization. The C-Suite of the organization also need to know how to implement the strategic threat intelligence to prevent unexpected things happen. This research paper aims to discuss about the importance of the strategic threat intelligence to the company or organization and how to implement it. After knowing and understanding the implementation of strategic threat intelligence to the company or organization, this research paper also will discuss about the when of using strategic threat intelligence. The issue and challenges is also discussed in the article.


We propose a method to substantially increase the flexibility and power of template fitting-based photometric redshifts by transforming a large numbers of galaxy spectral templates into a corrresponding collection of "fuzzy archetypes" using a suitable set of perturbative priors designed to account for empirical variation in dust attenuation and emission line strengths. To bypass widely seperated degeneracies in parameter space (e.g., the redshift-reddening degeneracy), we train Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) on a large "model catalogs" generated from appropriate Monte Carlo sampling of our fuzzy archetypes to cluster the predicted observables in a topologically smooth fashion. Subsequent sampling over the SOM then allows full reconstruction of the relevant probability distribution functions (PDFs) using the associated set of inverse mappings from the SOM to the underlying model parameters. This combined approach enables the multi-modal exploration of known variation among galaxy spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using large numbers of archetypes with minimal modeling assumptions. We demonstrate the power of this approach to recover full redshift PDFs using discrete Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods combined with SOMs constructed from model catalogs based on LSST $ugrizY$ and Euclid $YJH$ mock photometry.


Advanced mathematics is a foundational course for medical students and mathematical modeling is a tool which utilizes mathematical knowledge to solve practical problems.Integrating mathematical modeling with education of advanced medical mathematics can not only enhance students' ability in logical thinking but also increase their innovation capability and cultivate their innovative thinking.Mathematical modeling is a helpful supplement to the existing advanced medical mathematics education and an orientation of mathematics teaching reform in the future.


This study was conducted to determine the relationship between parental empathy (PE) and parental acceptance (PA) and the effect of filial therapy training (FTT) on this relationship. Filial therapy training is a parent education program in which the goal is the development of PE and PA. The Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction (MEACI) and the Porter Parental Acceptance Scale (PPAS) are two widely used instruments in filial therapy studies to measure PE and PA, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parental empathy and parental acceptance, and the effect of filial therapy training on this relationship. Specifically, this study was designed to investigate the correlations between the MEACI and the PPAS.


Sugarcane is one of the major cash crops grown extensively in all over the world from tropical to subtropical region. India is the second largest producer in the sugarcane next to Brazil (FAO Data base 2004). Generally, sugarcane is vegetatively cultivated crop with widely adapted and diversity. In sub-tropical India, variation in climatic conditions are wide in the period of its growth and maturity, here, temperature ranges from 0 to 48 o C , International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Teaching as a profession has been considered the world over, as one of the  noblest professions by all countries and at all times, and the society is indebted immensely to the teacher for the responsibility that they carry for shaping the destiny of the nation by educating the young generations.  For this purpose, apart from cognitive development, teacher education provides its pupils ample opportunities to develop better attitudes and values of our society. Therefore teacher should have high academic, professional and emotional qualities in their daily classroom teaching. Moreover the professional success of a man mainly, depends on his up-to-date of professional knowledge, fullest devotion and dedication along with his efficiency and effectiveness. In the present day with the technical advancement, the qualities of teacher can be inducted only through proper teacher education programme. The programme should provide the emotional strength and well being to the student teacher who is the future teachers of the country. Teacher education is defined as "All formal and informal activities and experience that help to quality of a person to assume the responsibility as a member of the education profession or to discharge his/her responsibilities most effectively (Good, 1945, P. 409). It is observed that people in all organization seem to be concerned about the ability of people to know, to manage and to regulate their emotions. They feel that it is better to lose brilliant candidates who have trouble in getting along and such those people whose skills are average, but have the ability to know and manage their own emotions, and those of others. They believed that such a person can be trained for the benefit of the organization and for oneself.


.............................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1. National Sample Survey (NSS) Data: An Overview ................................................................... 7 1.1 Energy Access and Transitions ..................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Energy Consumption Patterns across rural households .............................................................. 10 1.2.1 Firewood consumption............................................................................................................. 12 1.2.2 Electricity Consumption .......................................................................................................... 12 1.2.3 LPG Consumption ................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Kerosene Consumption ............................................................................................................ 13 2. Energy Poverty........................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Energy Consumption patterns across income classes in rural India ........................................... 14 2.2 Regional Energy Consumption patterns in India ........................................................................ 15 3. Energy Inequality ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Inequality across Income classes ................................................................................................ 22 3.2 Inequality across regions in India ............................................................................................... 24 4. Going beyond NSS data ............................................................................................................. 26 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 26 References ......................................................................................................................................... 28 ANNEXURES .................................................................................................................................. 29 Annexure 1: Penetration Rates of Cooking and Lighting fuels in Rural India ................................. 29 Annexure 2: Agro-climatic Zones ..................................................................................................... 30 Annexure 3: Key Hypothesis ............................................................................................................. 31