To the Editor, Acute aortic dissection is a critical disorder and can cause sudden death. Aortic dissection occurs following a tear of the inner layer of the aorta. This entry tear allows blood to flow in a channel within the aortic wall, thus separating the aorta into false and true lumens. In Japan, the incidence of acute aortic dissection is 10 per 100 000 patient‐years and increases with age, peaking at 70–79 years. The risk factors for aortic dissection are aging, hypertension, male sex and smoking. In younger patients, genetic connective disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, can also contribute to the development of aortic dissection. However, the mechanism of aortic dissection and its association with aging remain unclear. Wild‐type transthyretin amyloid (ATTR), also known as senile systemic amyloidosis, is a type of systematic amyloidosis that is associated with aging. In patients with ATTR, amyloid deposition is observed in the heart as well as the aorta. Here we describe an autopsy case that histologically suggested the association between aortic dissection and ATTR. A 76‐year‐old Japanese man with a history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation and iliopsoas abscess presented with weakness of the left extremity. The patient was transferred to a local hospital, where brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large hypodense mass in the right frontal lobe extending to the temporal lobe. The patient underwent right frontal craniotomy for tumor resection and was diagnosed with glioblastoma at our hospital. Echocardiogram at the preoperative evaluation showed normal left ventricular systolic function and normal thickness of the left ventricle wall. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and no neurological deficit was observed. Systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy were started in the hospital 1 month after surgery. No side effects due to therapy were observed, and the patient's general condition was stable. However, after 2 weeks of therapy, the patient suffered a cardiac arrest. Cardiorespiratory resuscitation was attempted but it was unsuccessful. Whole‐body computed tomography, which was performed during the resuscitation, revealed aortic dissection in the ascending aorta to the thoracic aorta. On autopsy, the critical finding was aortic dissection (Stanford type A) from the ascending aorta to the distal thoracic aorta (10th thoracic vertebra), which extended from an intimal tear originating in the brachiocephalic artery. Hemopericardium did not occur. In the dissection lesion of the ascending aorta (upper aspect of the aortic valve), the dorsal adventitia was focally ruptured to the connective tissue surrounding the aorta. Hematoma was observed in the epicardial adipose tissue between the pulmonary artery and aorta, and intramyocardial hematoma was observed near the left and right coronary cusps, which caused aortic valve deformation. Additionally, the hematoma had expanded into the interventricular septum. Histologically, the dissected artery showed severe cystic medial degeneration and loss of elastic fiber along with the presence of hematoma and necrotic debris. Fibroatheroma lesions of the aorta (type V lesion according to the AHA classification) were also observed. Congo red and direct fast scarlet staining revealed frequent amyloid depositions at the vasa vasorum of the adventitia along with severe narrowing of the cavity (Figure 1). These depositions showed immunoreactivity for transthyretin (TTR). The media of the dissected aortic arch and the non‐dissected abdominal aorta also showed mild deposition of ATTR in nodular fashion. Cardiac amyloidosis was moderate, and the amyloid deposition was observed in the small arteries of several organs, including the lungs, colon, liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid glands and prostate. We diagnosed this patient with acute aortic dissection and senile systemic amyloidosis. In this reported case, degeneration of the aortic media accompanied by TTR amyloid deposits in the vasa vasorum highlighted a newly recognized, age‐ related pathological basis of aortic dissection. We discussed TTR amyloid deposition along with hypertension as a causative factor of aortic dissection. The medial degeneration of the aorta is an important pathological basis of aortic dissection. Hypertension, connective tissue disorders, and inflammatory diseases of the aorta were associated with the degeneration of the aortic media. Additionally, amyloid


Nanocrystalline $Ce_1_-_xTi_xO_2$ $(0\lex\le0.4)$ and $Ce_1
_-_x_-_yTi_xPt_yO_2_-\delta$ (x = 0.15, y = 0.01, 0.02) solid solutions crystallizing in fluorite structure have been prepared by a single step solution combustion method. Temperature programmed reduction and XPS study of $Ce_1_-_xTi_xO_2 (x = 0.0-04)$ show complete reduction of $Ti
^4^+$ to $Ti^3^+$ and reduction of ~20 $Ce^4^+ to Ce^3^+$ state compared to 8% $Ce_4_+ to Ce_3_+$ in the case of pure $CeO_2$ below 675°C. The substitution of Ti ions in CeO2 enhances the reducibility of $CeO_2. Ce_0_._8_4Ti_0_._1_5Pt_0_._0_1O_2_-_\delta$ crystallizes in fluorite structure and Pt is ionically substituted with 2+ and 4+ oxidation states. The H/Pt atomic ratio at 30 °C over $Ce_0_._8_4Ti_0_._1_5Pt_0_._0_1_O_2_-_\delta$ is 5 and that over $Ce_0_._9_9Pt_0_._0_1O_2_-_\delta$ is 4 against just 0.078 for 8 nm Pt metalparticles. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon oxidation activity are much higher over $Ce_1_-_x_-_yTi_xPt_yO_2 (x = 0.15, y = 0.01, 0.02)$ compared to $Ce_1-_xPt_xO_2 (x = 0.01, 0.02)$. Synergistic involvement of $Pt^2^+/Pt^\AA$ and $Ti^4^+/Ti^3^+$ redox couples in addition to $Ce^4^+/Ce^3^+$ due to the overlap of Pt(5d), Ti(3d), and Ce(4f) bands near $E_F$ is shown to be responsible for improved redox property and higher catalytic activity.


The article deals with business environment in the moravia-silesian region, which is very various, dynamic and complex. It is influenced by many factors, which can have positive or negative impacts on corporations. The objective of the article is to determine the structural assistance from the operational programmes in the programming period 2007 – 2013, which can reinforce the factors influencing this business environment, and this way improve the quality of this environment, and to evaluate mutual relationships among the operational programmes and the factors. The article defines these factors, the structural assistance of the european union, finds and analyses their mutual relationships.


In order to extract histogram information from the Compressed Video Stream rapidly,proposed a fast way to extract histogram from the H.264 Compressed Video Stream,explaine the principle of this algorithm and describe its implementing procedure in detail.This algorithm is based on the information derived from the partially-decoded video bit stream,using the statistical method to get the histogram rapidly.Experimental results show that the presented algorithm can provide satisfactory results,and the computational complexity is significantly reduced.This algorithm can be used in the region of Shot Segmentation,Video Retrieval,and etc.


The present invention relates to a method for isolating and purifying a nucleic acid using a magnetic particle and, more specifically, to a method for isolating a nucleic acid from a biological sample using a magnetic particle comprising the steps of: (a) adding a magnetic particle having an average particle size of 50nm - 1μm to a biological sample including a nucleic acid to thereby combine an insoluble aggregate or a nucleic acid molecule with the magnetic particle; and (b) isolating the magnetic particle combined with the insoluble aggregate or the nucleic acid molecule using a magnetic field to thereby obtain the nucleic acid. The method for isolating a nucleic acid using a magnetic particle of the present invention can dramatically reduce the time required to isolate a nucleic acid compared to a prior method and completes purification in a short time using a silica magnetic particle even in a process after a nucleic acid or protein has been isolated, thereby having an advantage of being capable of completing the whole process in a much faster time compared to centrifugation or gravity separation, etc. and also improving the yield.


An advanced path of manufacturing hemispheres for titanium spherical balloons with the use of gas isothermal stamping method in vacuum environment is considered. A new type of die and an original method of the extraction of a formed hemisphere from a die have been proposed along with the centering device for the upper and lower halves of a die.


We discuss supersymmetry in spaces with a boundary, i.e. singular spaces. In particular, we discuss the situation in ten and five dimensions. In both these cases we review the construction of supersymmetric domain wall actions situated at the boundary. These domain walls act as sources inducing a jump in the mass parameter (D=10) or gauge coupling constant (D=5). Despite these singularities, supersymmetry can be formulated, maintaining its role as a square root of translations in this singular space. In D=10 we discuss a generalized form of IIA/IIB supergravity depending on all R-R potentials C(p) (p = 0, 1, . . . 9) as the effective field theory of Type IIA/IIB superstring theory. The case of 8-branes is studied in detail using the new bulk & brane action. As an application of our results we derive a quantization of the mass parameter and the cosmological constant in string units. In D=5 the setup is designed for the application to the Randall–Sundrum (RS) scenario. The possibility of a supersymmetric RS scenario relies on the existence of a special domain-wall solution containing a warp factor with the correct asymptotic behaviour such that gravity is suppressed in the transverse direction. Whether or not such a domain-wall solution exists depends on the detailed properties of the scalar potential. Finally, we review the conformal approach as a way to construct general matter coupled supergravity theories and hence general scalar potentials.


This study aims to analyze the institutional capacity building of the Lore Lindu National Park, determine the objective mechanisms and constraints for the development of the Lore Lindu National Park, and design alternative designs for the LLNP institution. The research data were obtained by conducting interviews, observation, and focus group discussions using the Structural Interpretation Modeling analysis technique used to formulate institutional alternatives in the future. The results of the institutional analysis show that the key element in the Lore Lindu National Park management program is the Lore Lindu National Park Hall, which is a sub-driving element at the first level in the hierarchical structure and requires support from stakeholders and local government, especially traditional leaders and community leaders. The main obstacle to LLNP management, which is a key element, is the massive illegal clearing of land in LLNP, weak monitoring and control of illegal activities in LLNP, and lack of coordination and integration of natural resource management among stakeholders related to LLNP management. The results of the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis are expected between stakeholders, ministerial agencies, and local governments to guarantee partnerships for the sustainability of the Lore Lindu National Park not only for now but also for the future. Keywords L Institutional, Interpretative Structural Modeling, Lore Lindu National Park


Polymer assembly is provided, then, a method of manufacturing a composite polymer circuit protection device which is divided into individual devices (2). Assembly, providing a first and second laminate (7,8) with one of the laminate polymer element having at least one electrically conductive surface, respectively, to one of the at least one conductive surface of the laminate providing a patterned, a laminate in the stack (1) arranged in a desired configuration, at least one electrically conductive surface of at least one of the laminate to form the outer conductive surfaces of the stack (3), and, between the first stack of the conductive surface and the electrically conductive surface of the second laminate is formed by forming a plurality of electrical connections (31, 51). Laminar polymer element is a PTC conductive polymer composition, the individual devices formed by this method exhibits PTC behavior. Directly on the surface of the device or assembly, it is also possible to install additional electrical components.


The inspection of high volume parts is critical for quality assurance in manufacturing industries. In this article, we put forth NDTNet, a compact convolution neural network (CCNN) based surface flaw inspection of metallic components. The compactness of CNN is achieved by model compression techniques like parameter pruning and quantization, which reduces its size by a factor of 18. In order to account for loss due to model compression, the CNN is trained with iterative parameter pruning and simulated quantization. The compact CNN is trained on over 120,000 images of size 224-by-224-by-3. The statistical evaluation of the proposed compact CNN shows it can achieve accuracy, precision and recall in the range of 96-98% for different compression techniques. The total evaluation time i.e. image acquisition and inference is about 10 seconds. Therefore, the proposed compact CNN is suitable for high volume metallic component inspection in real-time with high accuracy and speed.


The general purpose of this research program is to investigate the application of gelled polymer systems for flow control in oil recovery processes involving fluid displacements. The work has been divided into five general areas: (1) characterization of gel systems and gels; (2) kinetics of gelation for chromium(III) systems; (3) rheological investigation of chromium(III) gels; (4) in-situ gelation of chromium(III) systems; and (5) permeability reduction by injection of polymer and aluminum citrate. Progress in each of these areas is summarized.


The Siamese people utilized the bark of the Coi tree (Streblus asper Lour.) to manufacture paper approximately 330 years ago. However, there are no studies yet related to the chemical properties of Coi bark as well as the morphological properties of Coi bark fiber and Coi pulp fiber. This research paper discussed such properties of Coi bark. The results indicated that Coi bark possessed a chemical composition that could potentially be used for pulp production, although it contained a high value of ash content, due to many calcium particles in the bark. Even though Coi pulp fibers were very long and stiff, with small lumens and thick cell walls, they could be felted naturally on a washing screen to make a strong wet sheet. This was due to a high felting power of fibers derived from a high value of fiber length and slenderness ratio. Therefore, the handsheets produced from Coi pulp fiber were obtained without chemical and beating treatments. These observations mean that both the archaeological and industrial applications of Coi bark, i.e., an ancient Samud Coi preservation and a new potential source of pulp fiber, are possible.


We demonstrate PAM-4 modulation on a modulation instability frequency comb, generated by tuning through the cavity resonance of a Kerr microresonator. We determine the BER for the corresponding eye diagram.


No large, poor and populous country has experienced such a rapid socioeconomic transformation as China during the reforms of the 1980s. At the end of the 1970s, as the country started to shed the legacy of Maoism, its population of 975 million generated GNP of 400 billion renminbi (Rmb), or 410 Rmb per capita; a decade later 1.1 12 billion Chinese produced GNPof 1.568 trillion RMb (1410 Rmb per capita), nearly a fourfold rise in absolute and more than threefold rise in relative terms (1). Even when adjusted for inflation these multiples remain impressive: roughly two and 1.75. Malnutrition still affects nearly a tenth of China's population, including one-fifth of its children (2), but the country's average per capita food availability is now only 7% behind the Japanese mean (3). Life expectancy at birth is now almost 70 years, an unparalleled record among poor populous nations (4). But these economic successes and notable advances in the quality of life have been bought at the cost of very heavy environmental degradation as they accelerated already worrisome trends of the previous generation (5).


Table I summarizes the replies to these questions. Only fiftyfive of the ninety-two county superintendents and only twenty-six of the fifty township trustees responded. Some county superintendents stated that they could not give their opinions because their office is political, that they are responsible to the township trustee, and that it would be bad political strategy for them to venture their convictions. Others, prompted by the same motives, simply stated that there were good arguments on both sides of the county-unit question. When the results of this poll were made known to a certain school man in Indiana, he exclaimed, "Trustee-ridden Indiana!" This view may be extreme and perhaps slightly severe. However, the results of the poll indicate a few tendencies worthy of consideration. The county superintendents displayed more intelligence and discrimination in their answers than did the township trustees. A larger percentage of the county superintendents responded, and many


The complexity and dynamicity of our world calls for institutions to be more creative and research-driven to surmount global challenges in the education system. Institutions now need to be innovative and creative to be successful, but while the idea of success has changed, the education system especially in Africa has not always adjusted to its methods or goals to meet the ever changing world. In the pre COVID-19 era, many tertiary institutions within Africa did not perceive the need to adopt and invest in ICT education for teaching, learning and research. This unprecedented situation has shined a harsh light on the vulnerabilities, challenges, weaknesses of the Education system and our unpreparedness for a paradigm shift from the conventional teaching classroom methods to digital and then distance learning. In recent times, the campaign for adoption of sustainable practices within universities has been critically championed to prevent future occurrences of education disruption. In the post pandemic era, African universities should encourage the utilization of ICT technology to transform teaching and learning in order to improve on research and education to prepare students for unexpected occurrences like the COVID-19 pandemic, acquire settings and infrastructure to enhance teaching and learning, adopt a proper waste management policy to reduce climate change and promote all round sustainability as well as energy conservation. This work presents the institutional values and activities of Edo State University Uzairue (EDSU), Nigeria during the pre and post-covid 19 era with a strong understanding of the role of sustainability in achieving our goal. EDSU success story was also explored and presented in line with the role of ICT and learning management system for resource optimization and development of a green system through the adoption of energy conservation protocols, developing waste management policies, conservation of biodiversity and aligning with the global net zero emission initiative.


In 1979, the deduction for state and local gasoline taxes on income tax returns was eliminated. To determine the resulting impact on income distribution, the change in net gasoline tax incidence must be determined. Conventionally, the incidence of a (gross) gasoline tax has been calculated by noting the relationship between income and purchases of motor fuel. Most studies have not explicitly included consideration of the impact of allowing state and local gasoline taxes to be deducted; however, one study concluded that the impact of deductibility is to make the fuel tax less regressive. Using data available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S. Department of Labor) and the Internal Revenue Service (U.S. Department of the Treasury)), the opposite was found. This resulted from the positive correlation of income with three factors: marginal tax rate, percentage of taxpayers who itemize deductions, and amount of gasoline tax paid. It is concluded in this paper that the elimination of deductibility has made the gasoline tax less regressive.


Quantitative estimates are made of the regionwide health effects due to exposure to increased indoor-pollutant concentrations of radon, formaldehyde and benzo-a-pyrene from a residential weatherization program to conserve energy by installing air infiltration-reduction measures. The quantitative methodology used assumed a no-threshold, linear relationship between health impact and pollutant concentrations (dose-response). A typical residence in this analysis is assumed to have a wood stove, a gas stove, a portable space heater (kerosene), one person who smokes, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, well-water, and is built slab-on-grade, or with a basement, or with an unventilated crawl space. The complete tightening of all residences in the Pacific Northwest region (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, W. Montana) is expected to result in: about four additional lung cancers per year above the current level from exposure to elevated levels of radon; one additional cancer every four years above the current level for formaldehyde; and between four and five additional lung cancers above the current level from exposure to elevated levels of benzo-a-pyrene. Installing air-to-air heat exchangers after complete weatherization of residences could reduce the regionwide health effects from radon by about 50%. Eliminating residences with urea-formaldehyde foam insulation will only slightly reduce the regionwide health effects from formaldehyde. Andmore » reducing smoking and wood stove use could reduce the regionwide health effects from benzo-a-pyrene by about 50%.« less


In conventional MIMO radars, transmitting waveforms are usually assumed to be mutually orthogonal. This is also the case for MIMO passive radar when the transmitters occupy non-overlapping frequency channels, such as the FM-based MIMO passive radar. For the single frequency network (SFN)-based MIMO passive radar (SMPR), all illuminators transmit the same content at the same frequency simultaneously, that makes the signal indistinguishable. Therefore, one has to solve the measurement-to-transmitter association herein in addition to the standard measurement-to-target association in conventional MIMO radars. This paper investigates the non-standard target tracking for SMPR. A novel approach is proposed to achieve real-time operation as well as nearly optimal performance. Simulation results show comparable performance to the case with known association. Moreover, the feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated using field experimental data.


To consider how code can be language one must realize that inscription is not simply about recording ideas but about inscribing language in a specific medium. Writing occurs in space and space is itself part of the process through which writing produces meaning. In digital media, textuality is equally a function of the meaning of space. The materiality of the digital written object differs from that of the print object, but is no less material. There are specific categories that define the writerly features of writing code as mark-making. Ultimately, dynamic text offers the most interesting way to view how code is language. A poetics of dynamic text seeks to engage that delicate edge where language apparatuses meet, slip, and engage, to further the possibilities of the poetic text. Ultimately, a poetics of programming raises the question, where is the writing — in the code or in the displayed language? If language is defined as written symbols organized into combinations and patterns to express and communicate thoughts and feelings — language that executes — then coding is language.


In South Africa, after harvest and prior to the winter months, when the entire codling moth population enters diapause, no control measures are applied in apple and pear orchards. The biocontrol potential of three imported entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) isolates, being Steinernema feltiae and two isolates of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb1, Hb2), as well as a local isolate, S. yirgalemense, were evaluated for the control of codling moth under local conditions. All concentrations of S. yirgalemense, applied by immersion in a suspension of nematodes, gave >98 % control. The in vivo-produced S. yirgalemense resulted in codling moth control of >90 %, compared to 54 % and 31 % control by the H. bacteriophora Hb1 and Hb2 isolates, respectively. In follow-up field trials, S. feltiae resulted in ³80 % control, and was more effective than both the S. yirgalemense and the H. bacteriophora (Hb1) isolates. To validate the data obtained from the field trials, subsequent laboratory bioassays were conducted evaluating temperature regimes, following the same cycle as under natural conditions, with a constant humidity of 100 %. Steinernema feltiae proved to be most effective, causing >90 % mortality, followed by S. yirgalemense, with 78 % mortality. The two H. bacteriophora isolates (Hb1, Hb2) under the above-mentioned laboratory conditions, resulted in 73 % and 59 % control, respectively. Humidity, thus, seems to be the most important factor affecting EPN efficacy during above-ground applications. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that H. bacteriophora will not be suitable for the control of codling moth, with S. feltiae proving to be a better candidate than S. yirgalemense for such control purposes.


The introduction and research on DAZHONG,a magazine being published in Peking in the period of the Republic of China,was considerably deficient in academia.This thesis attempts to examine the editing and publishing of such a comprehensive social science periodical,present a systematical review of its published contents,verify its value in history,literature and education domain,and point out mistakes in editing and typesetting.DAZHONG deserves sustaining attention and research,which should not be forgotten.


Cross-border mining is a commonly seen case breaking the law of mineral resources,but there is insufficient study of it in view of theory.This paper discussed the conception,illegal composition,legal characteristics,legal responsibility of cross-border mining and the control over it.


The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been investigating electrodynamic tether (EDT) as a very promising candidate for Active Debris Removal (ADR) technology in the lower earth orbits. The EDT is an advanced propulsion system which can generate sufficient thrust for orbital transfers without the need for propellant by utilizing interactions between Earth's magnetic field and currents through the tether. In order to design the debris removal satellite installing the EDT system, the mass and volume of several kilometers tether system, required electrical power, electrical potential, and disturbance torque to the satellite should be confirmed. Consequently, the numerical simulations for EDT system dynamics during and after tether deployment in the phase of deorbiting in the removal satellite's mission have been conducted. This presentation introduces the overview of EDT system for the removal satellite.


Currently several different forms of public interactive displays are being researched. The two main categories are "public displays in combination with mobile devices" and "standalone displays". Looking at all these types of displays, the most important design aspects for public interaction displays can be extracted: Non-distracting display of information, comprehension, notification, short-duration fluid interaction, immediate usability, shared use, combining public and personal information and privacy. All public displays have a problem of acceptance: users have an aversion to use them as they are fearful of unfamiliar technology, but the bigger barrier is fear of social embarrassment. When using a public interaction display, users are aware that they are being watched. To motivate users to interact with the devices the devices have to be "easy-to-use" and support "natural" gestures. The user must have a positive tendency towards the device there must be a benefit in some way by interacting with the device. This can be accomplished, for example, by rewarding the user for interacting with the device. It has been shown that when a helper or another user introduces a new user to the public screen, the new user is more comfortable using the screen. When the display is in use, it automatically attracts more people. Most users learn how to operate the display by watching other users. Usually an individual from a group interacts with the public display while receiving comments from the group.


Truncated densities are probability density functions defined on truncated input domains. These densities share the same parametric form with their non-truncated counterparts up to a normalization term. However, normalization terms usually cannot be obtained in closed form for these distributions, due to complicated truncation domains. Score Matching is a powerful tool for fitting parameters in unnormalized models. However, it cannot be straightforwardly applied here as boundary conditions used to derive a tractable objective are usually not satisfied by truncated distributions. In this paper, we propose a maximally weighted Score Matching objective function which takes the geometry of the truncation boundary into account when fitting unnormalized density models. We show the weighting function that maximizes the objective function can be constructed easily and the boundary conditions for deriving a tradable objective are satisfied. Experiments on toy datasets and Chicago crime dataset show promising results.


NURSING UNIONS have welcomed the government's first moves to implement legislation protecting staff who 'blow the whistle' on poor practice in the health service.


Knowledge and science are the basis of neurology, while competence, skills, and possession of a virtue synthetically referred to as 'phronesis' are also expected in clinical practice. There is an increasing awareness of the importance of 'soft facts', which are well-formulated in the CanMEDs and belong to the neurologist's spectrum of abilities. This spectrum embraces several aspects of the ability to work and communicate within a team and a community. Physician advocacy for patients is implicit in many of the agendas of a practising neurologist, but is often related to individual- and patient-based (micro) aspects. Meso and macro aspects are often neglected. This disregard can be due to a lack of awareness but also to a lack of attention. Management and communication skills, compassion, sympathy, empathy, and 'passion' are often mentioned, and are implicitly part of successful advocacy.


Background: Early detection of adults at risk of adverse outcomes through systematic screening in the emergency department (ED) can serve to identify high risk groups in need of targeted assessment and early intervention in the hospital or community setting. However, issues such as time pressures, inadequate resources, poor integration of tools into clinical workflow and lack of staff training are cited among the barriers to successfully implementing screening tools in the ED. The aim of this qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) is to synthesize evidence pertaining to the barriers and facilitators to implementing screening tools in the ED. Methods: A comprehensive literature search will be completed in the following databases Scopus, CINAHL, Medline, Embase, Pubmed and Cochrane library. Grey literature sources will also be searched. Qualitative or mixed methods studies that include qualitative data on the perspectives and experiences of stakeholders on the implementation of screening tools in the ED will be included. "Best fit" framework synthesis will be utilised to produce a context specific conceptual model to describe and explain how these barriers and facilitators may impact on implementation. An a priori framework of themes, formed from the existing evidence base, will inform the ultimate thematic analysis and assist in the organisation and interpretation of search results, ensuring the QES is built upon current findings. CASP will be utilised to quality appraise articles and GRADE CERQual will assess confidence in the QES findings. Conclusions: This synthesis will offer a new conceptual model for describing the perspectives, perceptions and experiences of barriers Open Peer Review


With the rapid expansion of the nuclear industry, safeguarding of nuclear materials against diversion and of nuclear facilities against sabotage becomes increasingly important both domestically and internationally. The USA safeguards research and development program will be reviewed with special emphasis on nondestructive measurement techniques for material accountability.


The ESO telescope bibliography (telbib) dates back to 1996. During the 20+ years of its existence, it has undergone many changes. Most importantly, the telbib system has been enhanced to cater to new use cases and demands from its stakeholders. Based on achievements of the past, we will show how a system like telbib can not only stay relevant through the decades, but gain importance, and provide an essential tool for the observatory's management and the wider user community alike.


The invention discloses a convenient-to-mount computer power source and relates to the technical field of computers. A power source module is mounted inside a shell, an input end of the power source module is connected with an input plug-in connector while an output end of the same is connected with an output plug-in connector, a plate spring is mounted at the upper end of the shell, a mounting plate is mounted at the upper end of the plate spring, a mounting hole is formed in each of four corners of the mounting plate, a guide plate is mounted at the lower end of the power source module, a first filter net is mounted at the lower end of the guide plate, an air gathering cover is mounted at the lower end of the first filter net, an air suction fan is mounted at the lower end of the air gathering cover, a second filter net is mounted at the lower end of the air suction fan, and a refrigerating piece is mounted inside the shell. The convenient-to-mount computer power source is convenient for quick mounting and can realize damping, and air-suction-type heat radiating is adopted, so that heat radiating performance is improved, and service life is prolonged.


Deconstruction must be understood, we contend, as the attempt to "account", in a certain manner, for a heterogeneous variety or manifold of non-logical contradictions and discursive inequalities of all sorts that continues to haunt and fissure even the successful development of philosophical arguments and their systematic exposition. There is not in deconstruction a doctrine, a philosophy, a method. According to Derrida, it is only a "strategy" of decomposition to the Occidental metaphysics. Meanwhile, deconstruction accounts for these constitutive "contradictions" through the construction of arche-syntheses, or infrastructures, as we will call them hereafter. As long as its goal is believed to promote the abovementioned licentious free play, nihilistic canceling out of opposites, abolition of hierarchies, and demystification or deideologization of Western philosophemes, deconstruction s definite and logical procedure cannot be grasped in all its specificity.


Background: Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC), a water soluble salt when mixed in saliva is 80% nonionized; making it the only opioid suitable for transmucosal absorption. OTFC has rapid onset of action (3–5 min) with peak effect at 20–40 min and total duration of activity is 2–3 h. Aims: This study aims to determine the efficacy of OTFC as premedicant in patients scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia (GA) and to assess the effects of OTFC on anxiety, sedation. Settings and Design: A prospective randomized study. Subjects and Methods: Patients between 21 and 60 years of age in American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Classes I and II scheduled for elective surgery under GA were randomly assigned to three groups of 30 each: OTFC, placebo, and control. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) along with anxiety and sedation scores were recorded as baseline and upon entering the operation theater. Adverse effects were also recorded. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 15.0 Statistical Analysis Software. Results: No significant differences were found in MAP, HR, RR, or SpO2among the groups. OTFC group demonstrated significantly higher levels of anxiolysis than the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in sedation score was found. No remarkable adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: OTFC is an effective anxiolytic in adult with minimal risks and side effects. It is readily acceptable by the patients in its given form.


Objective:To explore the early surgical treatment for severe hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Methods:43 cases of severe hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage were treated with open evacuation of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,dural relaxation suture and decompressive craniectomy within 7 hours.Results:Of the 43 patients with early surgical treatment,7(16.3%) died after operation,36(83.7%) survived to discharge;By the following-up from 0.5 to 2 year,the ability of daily life(ADL) scale recovered to the levelⅠwith 4 cases,the level Ⅱ with 8 cases,the level Ⅲ with 14 cases,the level Ⅳ with 7 cases,the level Ⅴ with 3 cases;26(60.46%)made a good recovery(the levelⅠ-Ⅲ).Conclusion:Early hematoma evacuation,dural relaxation suture and decompressive craniectomy are effective treatment for severe hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.It is of great significance in reducing the mortality rate and improving quality of life.


The topographic form of areal scouring relates closely to bedrock structure, in particular to the strike and dip of bedding planes, layering, joints and other lines of structural weakness. Asymmetric 'roche moutonnee'-type forms generally exist in sympathy with bedrock structure regardless of ice movement direction. Locally in massive bedrock of suitable surface geometry they may reflect glacier-induced fracturing alone. The forms of ice-scoured topography have important implications concerning glacier bed models.


The atmospheric degradation of HFC-134a (CF3CFH2) proceeds via the formation of CF3CFHO radicals. Long path length FTIR environmental chamber techniques were used to study the atmospheric fate of CF3CFHO radicals. Two competing reaction pathways were identified for CF3CFHO radicals:  reaction with O2, CF3CFHO + O2 → CF3C(O)F + HO2, and decomposition via C−C bond scission, CF3CFHO + M → CF3 + HC(O)F + M. CF3CFHO radicals were produced by two different reactions:  either via the self-reaction of CF3CFHO2 radicals or via the CF3CFHO2 + NO reaction. It was found that decomposition was much more important when CF3CFHO radicals were produced via the CF3CFHO2 + NO reaction than when they were produced via the self-reaction of CF3CFHO2 radicals. We ascribe this observation to the formation of vibrationally excited CF3CFHO* radicals in the CF3CFHO2 + NO reaction. Rapid decomposition of CF3CFHO* radicals limits the formation of CF3C(O)F and hence CF3COOH in the atmospheric degradation of HFC-134a. We estimate that ...


It was 7 years ago that I sat in the chair now occupied by Joe Dancis when he presented the Howland Award to me. I did not realize at that time how exciting and thrilling it would be to "play musical chairs." The first Professor of the Diseases of Children at the Bellevue Medical College, appointed in 186 1 and the first Director of the Children's Medical Service of Beflevue Hospital, appointed in 1908, could not have predicted that three of their successors would be recipients of the prestigious Howland Award-L. Emmett Holt, Jr. in 1966, Saul Krugman in 198 1, and today Joseph Dancis in 1988 (Fig. 1). By the way, the first Professor was Job Lewis Smith, Father of the American Pediatric Society and the first Director was Dr. John Howland. In my acceptance of the award I expressed my gratitude "to Joe Dancis for 35 years of continuous friendship and support, beginning with our amval on the Bellevue Pediatric House Staff in 1946 after our return from the Second World War, through my tenure as chairman from 1960 to 1974, and followed by his chairmanship during the past 7 years." This statement should be revised to indicate that it is now 42 years since our amval at NYU and 14 years of chairmanship for Joe. When I began to prepare this presentation, it soon became apparent that despite my close association with Joe Dancis during the past 42 years, I had limited knowledge of his early childhood. The few references in his cumculum vitae were too limited. How was I to solve this problem? Inasmuch as a straight line is the shortest distance between two points, I discussed my dilemma with Joe when he joined me for lunch in my lab. Several days later he delivered the following handwritten report to me.


These days one of the most important machining processes in industries is turning. Turning is affected by many factors such as the cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut and geometry of cutting tool etc., which are input parameters and desired product of dimensional accuracy and less surface roughness is influenced by cutting force and tool vibration which are the responses and the functions of these input parameters. Here to determine the optimal setting of cutting parameters cutting speed (N), depth of cut(d) , feed(f) and principal cutting edge angle (Φ) of the tool to get a minimum cutting force and tool vibration. The turning operation is performed on SS304 material with diameter 30mm as a work pice and carbid insert tool (SCMT 09T308-TN5120) is an automatic lathe. The range of cutting parameters are cutting speed (13.18,20.724,33.912m/min), feed rate(0.105,0.16,0.25mm/rev), depth of cut(0.5,0.6,0.7mm) and the angle (78,66,62 degree). This study highlights the use of Grey logic and use of Taguchi design to optimize the multi response in turning operation. For this purpose Taguchi design of experiment was carried out to collect the data for tool vibration and cutting forces. The result shows the optimum values of the input parameters and a confirmatory test is held to confirm the results.


Tasseling up his arm and into his face, the airfoil played like a miniature brushfire. A monster gust had the Dayglo spinners really wigwagging over the Amoco pumps as they rode in Jerry's pickup. Raised up into the free blue sky, it was hard not to have this laid-by feeling, Loomis mused, hard not to think of Knawles Ridge as the top of the world. Bud shook his head at them as he jawed with the Doctor Pepper man. Jerry's mother shot a frowny throwaway smile from the window of the market part of the station, where she was clerking. Their job search had ended in midmorning. A short way past Bud's station was the turnoff, the swerve of gravel gulch up the knoll, the blustery old spruce all blue-green patches, and the farmhouse where Jerry lived with his mother and her mother. Inside the big long kitchen, the paste and wash-water aroma of green beans cooking said hello. Loomis wondered if the old missus was of the HalfRunner or the Snapbean School, or if she could suit his dad, who claimed nobody knew how to cook green beans any more. Maybe it was all one more matter for his Granpa Loy's smoke theory. Jerry flipped his Reds ball cap onto the blue-checked oilcloth and dumped cold coffee from the large percolator into the little saucepan. Loomis took his usual spot on the inside of the table, tilting his chair to the wall like Wild Bill Hickok


To solve the design defects of the circulating water system of the 900 MW unit in Shanghai Waigaoqiao No.2 Power Generation Co.,Ltd., the optimization measures are proposed.The adopted improvement measures are summarized,and some new measures are put forward.


This paper presents a new architecture to minimize the size of conventional phased array antenna. The proposed size reduction of the phased array is achieved by designing the whole system to support dual-band operations. To verify the design concept, a novel dual-band phased array feeding network is designed based on a dual-band 4×4 Butler matrix. By integrating the proposed 4×4 dual-band feeding network with antennas, a total of eight radiation beams can be generated, indicating a size reduction of about 50%. The designed phased array feeding network is operating at 5 and 8GHz. Simulation results show the eight radiation beams as predicted by the design theory, which further validates our design concept.


Clinicians are regularly berated by governments for failing to engage in research and regularly reminded that the care they offer their patients should be 'evidence-based'. Similarly, researchers are increasingly judged on the 'real-world' relevance and impact of their work. The logic of establishing enduring partnerships between clinicians and researchers is inescapable, yet these partnerships are the exception rather than the rule. The 'trials' inherent in partnership working and of translating research into practice are certainly considerable. In particular, the stakeholders in the process are many and all bring different agendas and priorities to the 'party', thus the task of achieving a consensus at all stages of the research process (from the conception of the research, through all stages of operationalization and in relation to the translation/application of the results in practice) is daunting.
There are, however, major benefits for patients, clinicians and researchers in overcoming these challenges and in both undertaking and applying translational research. Using examples from the UK-wide Cleft Collective Cohort Studies and from current Europe networks of clinicians and researchers, this paper will outline solutions to these challenges and examples of the 'tribulations' associated with collaborative research.


The objective is to demonstrate a reproducible carbon nanotube (CNT)-based technology for radio frequency (RF) switch working in the range of 40–60 GHz and fulfilling the specifications: low losses, high isolation, and an operating voltage below 30 V. The first processed component had an operating voltage of 14 V for an ohmic contact in a Nano-Electro Mechanical System (NEMS) tweezer design. This result is confirmed by theory with an operating voltage of 13 V. A capacitive-contact NEMS is also developed using multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) coated with a SiO2 dielectric layer deposited by electron beam induced deposition method (EBID). High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS) RF-simulation on an innovative NEMS geometry shows encouraging results with transmission ratios between "on" state and "off" state up to 34% for ohmic-contact switch and 25% for a capacitive-contact switch.


This paper describes the effects of gas solubility on the properties of oil-based drilling fluids. Prediction methods for gas solubility in oil-based muds were tested by experimental work and found acceptable. Expansion of discrete mixtures of mud and gas are predicted. A blowout simulation program was written and used to predict the effects of a kick on the surface-observable indicators (pit gain, well flow). While the bulk of this paper emphasizes the properties of oil-based muds, a comparison with water-based muds under similar conditions is made. The general conclusions are applicable to both types of muds. It is concluded that pit gain is the most reliable indicator of a kick during drilling in either oil- or water-based muds. It is recommended that a pitlevel measurement system be designed that will detect a pit gain of less than 5 bbl (0.795 m/sup 3/) in the whole mud system.


Sb Induced Stable Cluster Structures of Ge-Sb-Te Phase Change Optical Memory Materials M. Okuda, T. Matsushita*, A. Suzuki*, Depattment ofEktronics, Univetsity of Osaka Prefecturel Osaka, Japan, 'Department of Electronics, Osaka Sangyo Univetsiiy, Osaka, Japan In Ge-Sb-Te films, the effect of excess Sb was investigated by DSC and X-ray diffraction, and the Sb induced stable structure of Ge-Sb-Te is proposed.


Abstract : Observations of artifical earth satellites provide a means of establishing an origin, orientation, scale and control points for a coordinate system. Neither existing data nor future data are likely to provide significant information on the .001'' angle provided data to about .01'' accuracy on the pole position and to possibly a meter on the origin of the system and for control points. The longitude origin is essentially arbitrary. While these accuracies permit acquisition of useful data on tides and polar motion through dynamic analyses, they are inadequate for determination of crustal motion or significant improvement in polar motion. The limitations arise from gravity, drag and radiation forces on the satellites as well as from instrument errors. Improvements in laser equipment and the launch of the dense LAGEOS satellite in an orbit high enough to suppress significant gravity and drag errors will permit determination of crustal motion and more accurate, higher frequency, polar motion. (Modified author abstract)


Computer-based management information systems provide powerful support to managers at all levels to perform strategic planning and to control daily operations. Such systems can vary widely in terms of complexity, sophistication, and the level of integration within an organisation. A management information system cannot be bought off the shelf and be ready for use like a word processing package - it requires a formal project to acquire it and to adapt it to meet the specific needs of the organisation. After the acquisition and implementation process, it requires teams of people to feed data into it, to process the data and to generate the required reports. A support infrastructure is required which includes the capability to handle special requests, to perform routine and emergency maintenance, and to ensure that the appropriate supplies of materials and spares are always available. Because much of the information is of a sensitive nature, security is important, as is the need for backups and a fall-back capability. Management information systems require a large investment from companies in terms of capital outlay as well as the training of users, operators, and maintainers. They also tend to become a highly critical facility of the organisation and must therefore perform optimally. This article descriptionbes a research project that attempted to identify the factors that could make the difference between success and failure for managernent information systems. A number of proposed success factors were identified in the literature on management information systems.


Using a phylogenetic analysis as a baseline, we conducted a taxonomic revision of the genus Loncovilius Germain, 1903 which now includes 10 valid species. Of them, six species, all restricted to the southern Andean region, are described as new for science: Loncovilius barclayi  sp. nov., L. cantharoides  sp. nov., L. carlsbergi  sp. nov., L. hammondi  sp. nov., L. impunctus  sp. nov., and Loncovilius variabilis  sp. nov. A lectotype is designated for Loncovilius edwardsianus and an updated key is provided for the identification of all species of the genus. Apoquedius  stat. nov. and Lienturius  stat. nov. initially described as a subgenera, are given a status of separate genera within Amblyopinini. Our phylogeny necessitated the following new combinations: Apoquedius aeneipennis, comb. nov., A. piciformis, comb. nov., Lienturius leiocephalus, comb. nov., Sphingoquedius discoideus, comb. nov. and S. brevis, comb. nov. and Sphingoquedius nanus, comb. nov. The ecological niche modeling analyses predict a substantial contraction of the local distribution range of L. cantharoides, L. edwardsianus, and L. lividipennis during the warmer periods of the future. For L. variabilis most areas are predicted to remain suitable.


Objective To evaluate the effect of edaravone on moderate and severe brain injury patients by observing the change of the serum neuron-specific enolase ( NSE) and S100β protein. Methods A total of 90 patients with acute moderate and severe brain injury were selected and randomly divided into three groups, ie, control group (Group A), postoperative edaravone treatment group (Group B) and preoperative edaravone treatment group (Group C), 30 patients per group. In the meantime, 20 normal persons were set as the healthy control group. The concentrations of serum NSE and S100β protein of each group was measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) on admission and at days 1,3,5 and 7 after operation. Results The serum NSE and S100β protein levels in the Group A, B and C was higher than that in the healthy group on admission and at days 1,3,5 and 7 postoperatively and reached the peak at day 1 after operation (P <0.05). The level of serum NSE and S100β protein in the Group C was lower than that in the healthy group, Group A and Group B at day 1 postoperatively (P<0.05), with no statistical difference between Group B and Group A at day 1 postoperatively (P >0.05). The serum NSE and S100β protein levels in the Group C was lower than that in the Group A at days 3, 5 and 7 postoperatively (P <0.05). The serum NSE and S100β protein levels in the Group C with severe brain injury was lower than that in the Group B at days 3, 5 and 7 postoperatively (P < 0.05), but there was no statistical difference in moderate injury group between Croup C and Group B. The serum NSE and S100β levels in the Group B was lower than that in the Group A at days 3, 5 and 7 postoperatively ( P < 0. 05). Conclusions Edaravone can effectively reduce the serum NSE and S100β levels in the moderate and severe brain injury patients after operation. The earlier use of edaravone may beget the more significant effect, especially in patients with severe brain injury. The application of edaravone before operation can more effectively reduce the concentration of serum NSE and S100β protein.

Key words:
Brain injuries;  Phosphopyruvate hydratase;  S100 proteins;  Edaravone


A new kind of dynamical cooperative multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed.Using a new kind of criterion for judging the stagnation of the population,the sub-population is adaptively added or deleted during the running of the algorithm,which makes the number of the sub-populations vary dynamically.Pareto efficient solutions are saved based on external sets and elites to keep the tactics.This is used to guide the evolution of the whole particle swarm.By the exchanges of information among the sub-populations,the whole particle swarm distributes uniformly and avoids local optimum,and the diversity of the solution is ensured.With the example verification of spring optimization design,this new algorithm can obtain better results compared with the traditional multi-objective algorithm.


INTRODUCTION: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, telecritical care (TCC) pharmacists evaluated patients at multiple ICUs across this healthcare system using clinical decision support (CDSS) alerts for abnormal laboratory values. To increase provider capacity for higher acuity activities, a critical care pharmacist emergency protocol (CCPEP) was enacted, allowing TCC pharmacists to manage therapy in multiple domains. The purpose of this review was to characterize TCC pharmacist interventions prior to and after CCPEP implementation. METHOD(S): This multi-center, multi-ICU, retrospective observational quality improvement project evaluated TCC pharmacist interventions documented from September 1, 2019, through November 30, 2019 (pre-CCPEP) compared with September 1, 2020, through November 30, 2020 (post- CCPEP). Descriptive statistics were reported. RESULT(S): In the pre-CCPEP period, 1448 interventions were performed in 655 unique patients (mean 2.2 interventions/patient) across 10 ICUs as compared to 2115 interventions in 861 unique patients (mean 2.5 interventions/ patient) across 8 ICUs post-CCPEP, a 46.1% increase in the total number of interventions. Glycemic control interventions decreased from 38.7% to 26.4% of interventions, while medication management interventions increased from 28.3% to 41.3% from the pre- to post-CCPEP period, respectively. In medication management, sedation and analgesia interventions increased from 57 (13.9%) in the pre- CCPEP period to 251 (28.8%) in the post-CCPEP period, cardiovascular medication recommendations decreased from 60 (14.6%) to 50 (5.7%), and gastrointestinal agent recommendations increased from 8 (2%) to 68 (7.8%). Electrolyte management, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, and stress ulcer prophylaxis intervention rates remained similar. CONCLUSION(S): Implementation of a CCPEP facilitated more interventions by TCC pharmacists than CDSS review alone, especially in general medication management. Increased sedation and analgesia interventions in the post-CCPEP period suggest enhanced complexity of recommendations. More patients were intervened on in the post-CCPEP period with more interventions per patient, which may be due to increased census and acuity in addition to the CCPEP. Future directions include pursuing clinical pharmacist practitioner status in the TCC space.


Behavior of macromolecules near surfaces and interfaces of polymeric thin films and coatings may play a vital role in numerous applications. Therefore, understanding of molecular level processes responsible for durability, adhesion, and many other macroscopic processes is of a particular importance. This presentation will focus on stratification processes in multi-component polymeric films, with particular emphasis to polymer-surfactant interactions in latexes, responsiveness of individual components during coalescence of water-borne polyurethanes, and behavior of thermoplastic olefins (TPO). The presence of macromolecular arrange-ments and interactions among various components near the film-air (F-A) and the film-substrate (F-S) interfaces can be effectively monitored using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and step-scan photoacoustic (SSPA) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Both approaches are capable of obtaining infonnation from various surface depths and complement each other if one seeks molecular level infonnation from 0 -150 μm into the film. If one combines ATR and PA information with IR and/or Raman surface imaging, it is possible to obtain a 3-dimensional representation of polymeric films.


2. Tce controls the spatial amplification → when 0< Tce/The . 10−2 ⇒ instability is nonconvective while larger values will eventually cause the instability to become convective 3. if Tce/The . 5× 10−2, quasi-linear diffusion increases T ce faster than resonant diffusion can heat/scatter hot electr ons into the loss-cone 4. if nce/nhe ≃ 3-5, the instability does not occur 4 Ashour-Abdalla and Kennel et. al., [1980] Ashour-Abdalla et al. [1980] examined ECHIs finding that the waves heated the cold e lectrons perpendicular to the field faster than parallel.


Objective: Understanding antispasmodics usage pattern among Indian healthcare practitioners (HCPs). Material and methods: HCPs were interviewed in person to understand preference of antispasmodics. The preference of formulation in acute/chronic pain, perceptions about attributes of antispasmodics, medicine recall and indications of different antispasmodics were noted. Results: Acute spasmodic pain is more common than chronic pain (61% vs 39% pediatrics; 58% vs 42% other specialties). In mild acute spasmodic pain tablet is used by 58% and in severe acute spasmodic pain injection is preferred by 55% HCPs. In mild and moderate chronic spasmodic pain, almost half of HCPs use tablet. Injection is used by 53% of HCPs for severe acute / chronic spasmodic pain. Injection is preferred for better efficacy by 67% HCPs. 80% healthcare practitioners use injection for quick onset of action. Tablets provide prolonged relief and are easy to administer according to 46% and 58% HCPs respectively. Camylofin plus paracetamol was the most common antispasmodic preparation recalled (91% HCPs). Conclusion: Spasmodic pain is common clinical condition. Antispasmodic injection is used in severe condition and quick onset of action while oral formulations are preferred for prolonged relief. Camylofin plus paracetamol is recalled by about nine out of ten HCPs.


Fish viscera is a valuable source of functional materials for the food industry, such as protein, oil, enzymes, protein hydrolysate, peptones, sterols, producing biodiesel, and other oleochemical industries. The major components of fish viscera are oil and protein, and their quantity depends on the fish habitats. Viscera oil from fish contains appreciable amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. The protein of fish viscera is a raw material for protein concentrates, hydrolysate, and bioactive peptides. All are valuable ingredients in food processing and product formulation. Most viscera are fish digestive tracts and organs responsible for producing enzymes, and several enzymes are found in high activity, such as lipases and proteases. The extraction of lipases and proteases from fish viscera and their utilizations have been intensively studied. Currently, the isolation of each major component from fish viscera is conducted separately. Therefore, it is challenging to obtain all valuable components from fish viscera to have a zero-waste process. This article reviews the separation of major components of fish viscera by conventional and emerging technology and the proposed simultaneous and integrative separation of all valuable major components.


In the course of a general developmental study of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bearberry), observations were made on the pattern of lateral bud initiation and development. Three types of foliar organs (foliage leaves, transitional leaves, and bud scales) are initiated by a vegetative shoot apex each year in a predictable sequence. A robust bud, initiated as a detached meristem and delimited by a shell zone, developed in the axil of each foliage leaf. Smaller, poorly developed buds, sometimes arising from tissues of the leaf base, developed in transitional-leaf axils, but they rarely persisted. Although scale axils seldom contained buds, there was evidence to suggest that buds may have started to form but soon became arrested. In the development of an inflorescence, small bracts were initiated by the terminal apex instead of foliage leaves or cataphylls. Flower buds were then initiated in the axils of the bracts and the terminal apex became inactive. The relative roles of shoot apex and subtending...


In order to improve the image quality of mesh simplification,a mesh simplification algorithm using quadratic error metrics was provided based on discrete curvature.Discrete curvature was introduced in the vertex cost function,and the details of the original model features were preserved better by using the cost function as the apex of the vertex weights to control the order on the merger.Simultaneously,the weights of the model feature points and feature lines were modified to preserve them better in simplification process.The experimental comparison and analysis indicate that the algorithm can effectively improve image quality and keep graphical features of the original model better.


The invention discloses a preparation method of sofosbuvir. The preparation method includes following steps: in the absence of water and oxygen, enabling (2'R)-2'-deoxidized-2'-fluorine-2'-methyluridine, N-[(S)-(2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorophenoxy) phenoxy phosphoryl]-L-alanine isopropyl ester and Grignard reagent to react in the presence of a reaction solvent; dissolving mother liquid of sofosbuvir in a solvent, adding an adsorbent, depressurizing for concentration to be dry, adding solvent, pulping at room temperature, suction filtering, collecting filtrate, depressurizing for evaporation to dryness to obtain a oily product, adding solvent into the oily product, heating for dissolving to clearness, and cooling to 0-5 DEG C for crystallization to obtain recycled pentafluorophenyl; enabling D-alanine isopropyl ester and phenyl dichlorophosphate to be in reaction at minus 70-minus 80 DEG C, and adding a solvent solution of pentafluorophenyl and alkali for reaction to obtain a compound shown in a formula II. In the synthesis process of sofosbuvir, molecular pentafluorophenyl is removed, and pentafluorophenyl is recycled and used for preparation of an intermediate of sofosbuvir synthesis materials, so that pentafluorophenyl is recycled and influence on environment is reduced.


The national non-domestic rate was introduced in 1990 to replace a system of locally varying business rates which had lasted for almost four centuries. Five years after the 1990 reforms, this report evaluates the operation of the present system and discusses various options for reform.


Control of the formation of the structure and specified properties of castings in foundry production processes is inextricably linked to the thermal conditions of solidification of the castings in the mold. The nature of the thermal interaction between the casting and the mold is largely determined by the configuration of the castings as well as the properties of the cast alloy and mold material. The analysis performed in this work shows that the numerical models and empirical formulas used to calculate casting solidification parameters can be divided into three groups. The first group of models and empirical formulas gives values approaching the results of calculations by the square root law. The second group includes models and formulas, the calculation of solidified skin thickness by which exceeds the results of calculations by the square root law. The third group includes models and empirical formulas, which provide calculated data close to the theoretical curves of solidification of classical bodies. According to the results of the analysis of calculated data on the basis of the considered models, a hypothetical mechanism of the solidification process of castings has been proposed, which explains the stages of formation of their structure and the nature of the deviation of experimentally obtained values of solidification parameters from the square root law.


We investigate the problem of covert and secret key generation over a state-dependent discrete memoryless channel with one-way public discussion in which an adversary, the warden, may arbitrarily choose the channel state. We develop an adaptive protocol that, under conditions that we explicitly specify, not only allows the transmitter and the legitimate receiver to exchange a secret key but also conceals from the active warden whether the protocol is being run. When specialized to passive adversaries that do not control the channel state, we partially characterize the covert secret key capacity. In particular, the covert secret key capacity is sometimes equal to the covert capacity of the channel, so that secrecy comes "for free."


The management of major accident hazards in refineries must recognise that all areas of the business have vital roles to play to ensure process safety management.


Listen online Smooth Velvet Radio - pop. Station plays adult contemporary music; pop classics, soft rock, smooth soul and more. Smooth Velvet Radio is broadcasting in English from Ireland, Buncrana.


Should life insurance companies have access to consumers' genetic information? In deciding whether to sell life insurance policies and at what price, insurers routinely consider applicants' risk factors such as smoking and obesity. Should genetic information be exceptional? The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) bars use of genetic information for health insurance underwriting decisions, but not life, long-term care, or disability insurance. These questions have received occasional attention in the past, but have become more salient with the rapidly decreasing cost and increasing use of predictive genetic testing. Individuals at risk of serious genetic diseases may fear loss of insurance coverage or higher rates, and thus decline genetic testing that could improve disease prevention, early diagnosis or treatment.


A novel InGaAs/GaAs superlattice-base heterostructure-emitter bipolar transistor (SB-HEBT) with structure is proposed and demonstrated by two-dimensional analysis. As compared to the traditional HEBT, the studied superlattice-base device exhibits a higher collector current, a higher current gain of 246 and a lower base-emitter (B-E) turn-on voltage of 16 mV attributed to the increased charge storage of minority carriers in the InGaAs/GaAs superlattice-base region by tunneling behavior. The low turn-on voltage can reduce the operating voltage and collector-emitter offset voltage for low power consumption in circuit applications.


This study aims to determine the difference in learning outcomes of 'Wave courses' between groups of students using cooperative learning models based on inquiry and conventional methods. The sample of this research is Student of Physics Education Department in FPMIPA IKIP Mataram class A and B determined by random sampling technique. Data retrieval was performed with tests for cognitive learning outcomes. Research data were taken through pre-test and post-test scores. The research hypothesis was tested by using t test statistic. The results showed that there were differences in students' cognitive learning outcomes between groups of cooperative learning models based on inquiry with conventional learning model expressed by t-test (2.36)> t-table (1.96) at 5% significance leve l.


In response to a local youth sport organization's request, this study was designed to assess and, if necessary, modify the verbalizations made by adult observers of youth league (i.e., T-ball) baseball games toward the athletes, officials, and other observers. In a multiple baseline design across the observers of three teams, verbalizations were rated for content (i.e., positive, neutral, negative), target (i.e., child's team, umpire, opposing team, fan), and precipitating event (e.g., homerun, fly out) over a six-game season. Baseline results revealed that 3.42% of the observed intervals were composed of positive verbalizations, 7.50% of neutral, .28% of negative, and 88.80% of no statement. Following baseline, a self-instructional treatment utilizing a series of leaflets distributed across games was implemented to increase positive verbalizations. Treatment did not increase positive verbalizations; however, a follow-up questionnaire indicated that adult observers believed the leaflets had resulted in th...


The model district Freiburg-Vauban is one of the first low-car housing projects in Gemrany. Within the project "Optimisation of the Traffic Concept of the District Freiburg-Vauban during Implementation" sponsored by the German Federal Foundation for Environment, an evaluation of the traffic concept was carried out. The results show the influence of car-ownership on the mobility behaviour of people and the changes of mobility behaviour that took place after the resedents relinquished use of their cars. This paper reports on the traffic concept implemented in the district as well as the positive effects for the districts that could be reached by reducing the number of cars.


Abstract : Variations in the diffusible hydrogen concentration of cadmium plated AISI 4340 and 300M steels due to baking and stress are reported. Long baking times of greater than 100 hours at 190C are needed to remove all the hydrogen from bright cadmium plated specimens, and around 40 hours for dull cadmium plated ones. Very short baking not only does not remove hydrogen, but actually pumps it in. Baking for 96 hours is insufficient to remove hydrogen embrittlement from sharp, double notched 300M tensile specimens having a notched tensile strength of 1800 MPa. It is shown that there is not difference in the hydrogen concentration does not change with time for cadmium plated specimens standing for one month at room temperature. Stressing, on the other hand, causes an increase in the hydrogen, presumably by allowing it to enter from the plate due to lattice deformation.


Journal of Endourology Part B: Videourology is an innovative, peer-reviewed, video journal complement to the Journal of Endourology. This unique product enables physicians to see and evaluate new surgical and microinvasive techniques and apply them to their surgical practice using the most up-to-date Flash, Quick Time, and MP4 technologies. Video content is organized as six issues a year, but each new video will be published online as available. Associated text descriptions (abstracts) and thumbnail pictures will be used to support the Table of


It is important to introduce computer programming concepts to K-12 students in preparation and motivation for college-level programming courses. Furthermore, generalization and abstraction are skills needed in computer science and other STEM majors. The Collaborative Partnership to teach mathematical Reasoning through Computer PRogramming (CPR2) Instructional Model (IM) was developed to use Python programming as a vehicle for explicit instruction in mathematical generalization and abstraction. Students are introduced to programming for the purpose of exploring mathematical concepts. They write code embedded with mathematical general expressions, observe the behavior of those expressions at scale in the execution of their programs, make conjectures about emerging patterns, and write convincing arguments to support these conjectures. During a two-week summer institute in 2020, middle school math teachers participated in professional development using the CPR2 instructional model. Teachers were provided with an introduction to programming and then shown how to apply the instructional model to math concepts while addressing computer science and math standards in the process. During the following fall and spring, the CPR2-trained teachers piloted lessons using Python programming to explore math concepts in their own classrooms. In this paper, details about the instructional model, the collaborative design research process used to refine professional development sessions, the key role of experienced teacher mentors in supporting new participants, and the incorporation of programming into the teachers' math classrooms are detailed. The results of design sessions and the pilot implementation are also discussed.


Based on the novels of Sherkhan Murtaza - "The Moon and Aisha", "The Red Arrow", "War with no Weapons", and "A Black Pearl", the article discusses the concept-forming significance of the nature of colors in the narrative system. In the course of the analysis, the emotional, psychological, philosophical, and mythological foundations of colors in portraying the hero's spiritual world, the author's ideas, and historical reality are being comprehended. The analysis was carried out on the basis of textual and typological systemic functional techniKues. The research results reveal multifold prospects of the concept-forming potential of the array of colors in a semiotic aspect. The psychological and ideological conceptual significance of the color array in the piece of work was contemplated within the framework of the literary poetic style of Sherkhan Murtaza.


We have executed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observation of triple-decker Y2Pc3 molecules deposited on a Au(111) surface. It is shown that the triple-decker phthalocyanine molecule, tris(phthalocyaninato)yttrium, can be successfully transferred to the Au(111) surface by a sublimation method under an ultra high vacuum condition. A monolayer film of Y2Pc3 was observed with a height of ∼0.55 nm from the bare Au(111) surface. The molecules were adsorbed with a flat-lying configuration and a pseudosquare lattice was formed. We propose a temporal model of the lattice with two unit vectors a and b, where a is parallel to the [110] direction with a length of 5a [a is the nearest-neighbor distance of the Au(111)] and b is parallel to the [112] direction with a length of 3√3a. Inside each molecule, eight-lobe bright protrusions were observed in occupied-state images, which correspond to the high-density-of-states (DOS) area on both sides of the four phenyl rings in the top phthalocyanine (Pc). Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) observation showed that the HOMO and LUMO levels are at the ligand position and the metal-center position, indicating a small contribution of the metal Y to the DOS of the top layer.


The invention provides a side slope angle measuring device. The side slope angle measuring device is characterized by comprising a base (1), a plumbing rod (2) is perpendicularly arranged in the base (1), a dial (3) is connected to the plumbing rod (2), a plumbing line (4) is tied on the dial (3), and the other end of the plumbing line (4) is connected with a plumb ball (5). While the side slope angle is accurately measured, the side slope angle measuring device further has the advantages of being simple in structure, convenient to use and carry and the like.


The synthesis of poly(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene ether), by the oxidative coupling of 2,6-diphenylphenol has been studied. Procedures were found which demonstrated that polymers of very high molecular weight could be made with a copper-amine catalyst system. A low nitrogen-to-copper ratio (1 N atom/Cu atom) was necessary to obtain the very high molecular weights under the conditions of these reactions. A variety of amines formed active catalysts; the effectiveness of mono- and bis- primary, secondary, and tertiary amines were compared. Effects of the type of copper halide, reaction temperature, desiccants, addition rates of 2,6-di-phenylphenol, and solvents were also examined. Samples of polymer were isolated at different times during the polymerization. Measurements of viscosity, osmotic pressure, light scattering, gel permeation, phenolic hydroxyl groups, and nitrogen content were made on various samples over a range of intrinsic viscosities of 0.05–0.59 dl/g. A very narrow molecular weight distribution was found for all samples. Hydroxyl endgroup analyses indicated that the concentration of phenolic endgroups per mole of polymer does not change during the polymerization. The presence of some side reactions is indicated by nitrogen analyses. The relationships between the intrinsic viscosity in chloroform at 25°C and Mn and Mw are: log [η] = −3.97 + 0.727 log Mn and log [n] = −3.56 + 0.624 log Mw.


The nitrogen balance at different N-application rates was determined in Brussels sprouts and leeks during growth of the crop in two field experiments on a sandy soil. The N-input (from fertilizer and mineralisation) and the N-output (N in the above-ground crop parts and the residual mineral N in the soil (Nmin)) were calculated. No deficit on the nitrogen balance was observed during crop growth of Brussels sprouts up to a fertilizer rate of 300 kg ha-1. In leeks no deficit was found when 125 kg ha-1 N was applied, but a deficit in the balance developed from 90 days after transplanting, when 250 kg ha-1 N was applied at the time of transplanting. In one year this deficit in leeks was 160 kg ha-1 N at the beginning of September. Based on a simulation study of the nitrate movement in the soil, it was concluded that the deficit in the balance in leeks was in fairly good agreement with the amount of nitrogen leached from the soil layer (0–60 cm) at the final harvest (November). At the final harvest the level of mineral nitrogen in the soil (0–60 cm) was less than 20 kg ha-1 N at all N-application rates in both crops. The uptake of nitrogen during the last part of the growing period of leeks played an important role in maintaining the green colour intensity. The results are discussed in view of the need for a mineral nitrogen buffer as prescribed in nitrogen management systems, based on KNS (Lorenz et al., 1989).


How does state structure affect state capacity? The long-standing debate over centralization versus decentralization overlooks the broader organizational complexity of states and state bureaucracies. To address this problem, this article proposes an alternative typology of state organizational forms: nodal versus diffuse. Nodal forms concentrate decision-making power in a limited set of key actors at intermediary levels of the state hierarchy. Diffuse forms distribute decision-making power across many overlapping lines of authority. Nodal forms contribute to state capacity by combining the coordination advantages of centralization with the accountability and autonomy of decentralization, whereas diffuse forms make these processes more challenging. Empirically, this article compares two paradigmatic cases—China's and India's railway bureaucracies—to show how their nodal and diffuse forms, respectively, shape their ability to complete railway projects. These findings suggest that the organizational structure of state bureaucracies is an important yet underexplored factor underlying state capacity.


Meningiomas demonstrate specific genetic and epigenetic mutations, whose effect on recurrence and progression is still of limited understanding. Single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an established alternative treatment to surgical resection, proven to achieve excellent local disease control with minimal side effects. However, its effects on tumorigenesis and malignant transformation are still uncertain. The published estimated risk ranges from 0.04%-2.6% at 15 years.

 Case report

 Female patient referred to our neurosurgical service

 Retrospective analysis of patient's notes, histopathology reports, clinic letters, MDT decisions and imaging studies

 This report describes a case of a grade II parafalcine meningioma, that was initially resected with a Simpson 2 clearance, and upon recurrence, was managed with a single dose of SRS. More than 7 years later, the meningioma recurred, and due to its increasing size on follow-up imaging, it was re-resected. Histopathology revealed a grade III rhabdoid-papillary lesion, with local brain invasion.

 To our knowledge, this was the first report to describe malignant transformation of a grade II to a grade III meningioma following SRS therapy to date. Therefore, considering the recent trend towards SRS-treatment for meningiomas, the treating team should always consider its potential effects on tumorigenesis.


Disclosed are eyeglasses and a corresponding method for providing vision correction using eyeglasses. The eyeglasses comprise an electro-active lens; a switch adapted to produce a signal in response to movement of a user's head; and a controller operably connected to the electro-active lens for receiving the signal from the switch and changing a refractive index of the electro-active lens. Said switch may be controlled by an accelerometer or microgyroscope so as to produce the signal in response to movement of a user's head.


As a consequence of globalisation, 'international migratory flows have led to a category of people who fall between borders and systems of protection'. This paper does not aim to cover all aspects of immigration and integration of immigrants coming from South to North. That would be a virtually impossible task involving thousands of pages. Rather, this paper presents a specific gendered migration pattern in Germany – considered as a European 'welfare regime' – which concentrates on the situation of domestic migrant workers in the country. While dealing with questions of vulnerabilities and opportunities, this paper examines the livelihoods of migrants in relation to care and welfare, as the one of the main "sources of growth in female employment within the context of globalisation of global chains of care and social reproduction" (Kofman, 2005:121) Finally, it concludes by proposing a gender-sensitive and transformative social protection approach to address the situation of domestic migrant workers.


The Federative Principle is inscribed in the tradition of libertarian thought over the last two centuries as an alternative political-spatial project to the centralist logic of the modern State. Such project was the object of reflection by several authors and geographers. This paper features this tradition under a geographical approach, highlighting the Federalism's spatiality and identifying what the selected authors understood by nation, region, borders, and important ideas to think about the organization of human space. First I do a background for the systematization of this Principle; after I present the Federalism for Proudhon and Bakunin; then the geographers Reclus and Kropotkin are analyzed; for the twentieth century I approach ideas from Landauer, Rocker, and Bookchin. I end the paper offering some ideas to think of Federalism nowadays.


The coastal bathymetry is one of the most essential inputs for understanding, monitoring and modelling the coastal environment. A remote sensing technique called marine radar may overcome disadvantages of present monitoring techniques and has the advantage to obtain measurements with a high spatial and temporal resolution. A Fast Fourier Transformation on the radar images produces pairs of wavenumbers and wave frequencies that can be linked to water depths and velocities by means of the dispersion relation. The drawback of present radar processing software is it closed and fixed nature and unclear accuracy. Therefore an X-band Matlab Fitting algorithm (XMFit) was developed by Friedman (2014). This development was induced by a radar stationed near the Sand Motor, a large nourishment, near Kijkduin in the Netherlands. However, XMFit requires further validation and a solution for the present bias in the depth estimate. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to determine the accuracy of XMFit radar-derived bathymetry at the Sand Motor for a storm in October 2014 and determine the cause for the present overestimation of the water depth by XMFit. The accuracy is obtained by validation studies for the Sand Motor and Ameland radar and the error sources follow from analyses of the 3D wavenumber frequency space (kw-space). The Sand Motor validation study shows a mean depth bias of XMFit of 4.21 m. The XMFit accuracy depends on waveheight, wave period, precipitation and water depth. Additionally, fields of XMFit flow velocities sometimes show a growing eddy on the lee side of the Sand Motor. A mean depth bias of 1.04 m is found for a comparable validation study at Ameland. In contradiction with the Sand Motor, the Ameland depth bias depends differently on the metocean conditions, the water depth and the radar range. Nine different error sources were identified in this thesis. The in situ data, the fitting procedure of the XMFit and the bottom slope were found to have a negligible contribution to the depth bias. The metocean conditions, the precipitation, the Rhine's fresh water plume, amplitude dispersion and the water depth itself do have a considerable effect on the depth bias. Precipitation explains many of the large outliers of the XMFit depth estimate. Some other extreme outliers coincide with the passing of the fresh water plume. The increased depth bias for large ranges at the Sand Motor is due to the increased bias at deeper water depths and not due to the incidence angle. A comparison of the in situ depth with the depth that can actually be felt by the existing wave climate showed that the applicability of the dispersion relation is stretched too far at the Sand Motor. A filter has been developed separating valid from invalid results based on the L<L0-criterion. The invalid depth estimates show a 2 m higher depth bias than the valid depth estimates. XMFit's reduced accuracy at the shallower water depths can be attributed to the fact that XMFit does not include amplitude dispersion. A simple computation of amplitude dispersion for shallow water depths showed a reduction of the depth bias by 0.2 m. Some of these error sources can be filtered from the XMFit results. Filtering on preferential metocean conditions and radar range reduces the depth bias of 4.2 m at the Sand Motor by 1.9 m to 2.3m. A depth bias of 0.8 m remains in the Ameland results after applying a comparable filter. This remaining depth bias is induced by a shift of the measured energy in the kw-space. The energy is observed at smaller wavenumbers than theoretically expected. The XMFit fit aligns exactly with the provided energy. The accuracy of XMFit cannot be improved by giving more importance to the longer waves, since the energy is also shifted for these longer waves. During storm conditions energy is also observed on a the location of the first harmonic of the dispersion relation. Although this first harmonic is not observed to influence the depth bias, it does cause a severe onshore directed velocity error. Additionally, this kw-space shows stripes of energy which can be attributed to the bottom slope. None of the researched error sources explains the shift of the energy in the kw-space. Therefore it becomes likely that the error is related to a cause outside of the XMFit Algorithm. To find this cause, the local radar set-up and the preprocessing before the XMFit algorithm should be investigated.


We simulate and demonstrate a single-beam intensity-thresholding all-optical switch by modifying a terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD) with an uneven power splitting in the loop. An optimized set of parameters used in the demonstration is found from the simulations considering the saturation of the semiconductor optical amplifier. With 8.7-dB input clock-to-data ratio, the clock-to-data ratio can be suppressed down to -7.4 dB at the reflected (data) port. An amplified output with 3.0 dB clock-to-data ratio improvement was achieved in the transmitted (clock) port at a low switching energy of 150 fJ. The device can be used for clock recovery in self-clocked optical networks.


People are all unique with different ways of looking at and understanding their environment and the people within it. These perceptual differences may affect the management of people within it. The principal object ive of this paper is to unravel the impact of these differences on the management of organizational people and the power of the perceptual process in guiding our behavior for effective worker-management relationships in the Public sector of Nigeria. Three hypotheses in line with these objectives were drawn and tested based on the data gathered through a questionnaire. The survey investigation method was used in collecting data and the KruskalWallis test statistic was used to analyze the data. The results show that perceptual differences distort and affect the hiring of employee, performance appraisal, and leadership and communication effect iveness at 0.65, 0.60 and 0.68 respectively. Based on the aforementioned, the paper concluded that circumstances like stereotyping, Halo effect, perceptual defense, project ion, attribution and self-fulfilling p rophecy-the Pygmalion effect are encountered in the workplace which in turn affect the management of people in areas like employee hiring, performance appraisal, leadership and communication. The paper recommends employee education and training, and the identificat ion of valid individual differences, equity and the construction of a hierarch ical framework in solving perceptual differences for effective organizat ional management.


Purpose:To evaluate the clinical characteristics of infants and young children who had developmental delay without delayed myelination and dysmyelination. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 59 cases of developmental disability between July 1996 and June 2001 at Inha University Hospital. Twenty-eight patients showed normal myelination(Group I), while thirty-one patients showed delayed myelination(Group II) by brain MRI. The following clinical records and diagnostic procedures were performed; birth history, head size, neurological examination, developmental assortment test, brain stem auditory evoked potential, visual evoked potential, electroencephalogram, chromosomal study, metabolic screening tests, and clinical psychologic tests. Results:There were no significant differences of sex, age, gestational period, birth weight, etiology, and seizures between group I and II. The incidences of cerebral palsy and abnormal background activity of EEG in group II were significantly higher than those in group I. In group I, mental retardations or speech disorders were higher than motor handicaps. In group II, motor handicaps were higher than mental retardations or speech disorders. In both groups, cases accompanied with seizures, have a tendency of intractability. Conclusion:Characteristics of developmentally delayed patients with normal myelination by brain MRI were not significantly different from characteristics of patients with delayed myelination. Even though infants and young children with the developmental delay showed normal findings by brain MRI, they are likely to be accompanied by severe development retardation.


In her article on listening, Furness (3) noted that from a historical viewpoint listening was, at one time, the prime medium of communication. The evolution of printing changed the emphasis to reading, and more recent communicative de velopments such as radio, sound motion pictures, and ease of assembly completed the cycle. If lis tening is a part of the learning process, considera tion should be given to classroom implementation. Dow and Irvin (2) contend that reading and lis tening are the basic tools of learning. In 1928, Rankin (8) reported the results of a study which is becoming a classic in the litera ture of listening. Of the time spent by adults in daily communication, forty-two percent was spent in listening, thirty-two percent in speaking, fif teen percent in reading, and eleven percent in writing. At the same time it was shown that eight percent of the classroom emphasis was placed upon listening, ten percent upon speaking, thirty percent upon writing, and fifty-two percent upon reading. According to Rankin, the ability to listen is the most frequently used of the language arts, and the evidence points to a probable need for greater cognizance of oral language in the school situation. Wilt (10) stated in ,1949 that fifty-eight percent of the school day is spent in listening activities. The amount of time spent in listening activities varies, as does the comprehension of materials presented in an oral manner. Comprehension ranges from twenty-five percent to seventy-five percent as reported by Goldstein (4:58-63), Ni chols (7:278), Irvin (5:78), and Lewis (6:2715). | The importance of listening should not be re stricted to an academic situation, according to the Commission on the English Curriculum (1). Informal listening in the social group is a part of daily living, and has a definite impact upon the individual. It is generally agreed by experts in the field that listening, as a communicative skill, can be taught, and some schools have actively partici pated in the augmentation of course work de signed to teach listening. The pioneers in this area include Air University, Maxwell Field, Alabama; Michigan State University; University of Min nesota; Stephens College; and the University of Wyoming.


In order to achieve the high SNR and high temporal resolution, the digital domain time-delay integral(TDI) technology is gradually applied to focal plane array(FPA) imaging system in recent years. The scanning imaging method with FPA is researched, focusing on the analysis of the improvement of SNR combining with the CMOS imaging system. It has been done that in-depth analysis of the relationship between SNR, temporal resolution and the digital domain time-delay integral stage M. An innovative comparison of the digital TDI and staring superposition imaging method is introduced.