a tax has been imposed and paid for by the nervous system, in its endeavour to eliminate the poison. Now, an enormous quantity of water may be drunk with impunity, and it will be excreted by the kidneys without any feeling of lassitude, merely because it does not interfere with the transmission of reflex nervous functions, i. e., it is a good conductor of electricity. Since the above was written, I have perused Dr. Smith's observations in the JOURNAL of November 16th, and beg, with diffidence, to notice a few of the statements therein contained. In the present state of knowledge upon aldehyde, it is not necessary to say more here, than that aldehyde is obtained artificially in greater quantity from alcohol when in a very dilute state than when more concentrated; and the same may occur in the body. Your definition of food and medicine being correct and admitted, namely, that medicine is capable of producing effects opposed to health, we may say that nothing can act both as food and as medicine upon the body; tberefore, tea and coffee cannot be placed under both categories, as Dr. Smith asserts. The explanation of the increased action of the heart after alcohol, by the same gentleman, is not satisfactory. At page 538, it is written:-" This increase of the heart's action may be due to the physical action of the alcohol upon the inner surface of the heart, since the increased action occurs in from three to eight minutes after the alcohol has been taken, and when, therefore, it will have entered the circulation." Now, that statement follows a little after this :-"It is impossible that a small dose of alcohol shall directly increase muscular power; for example, whilst a larger yet an ordinary dose decreases it." How can the two statements be reconciled? Certainly not by the experiment on the bat's wing; for there, contraction of the capillaries takes place, which can be produced by any cold application, not otherwise a stimulant when taken internally. Now, the increased action of the heart is characterised by a greater dilatation than usual after alcohol, owing, perhaps, to retained secretions, together with their caloric, both latent and sensitive. Whilst upon this subject, it may not be amiss to say, en passant, that, under conditions such as these, whilst the blood may be charged with locked up secretions, and the caloric which they contain being withdrawn and disposed of for other contingencies, such as exposure to wet, previous deprivation of food, etc.; those secretions being held in solution by their caloric, is by that loss precipitated in the tissues of the different organs, and form nuclei for the formation of diseased products, such as tubercle in the lungs, etc., influenced by the resisting power of the organ. I am, etc., J. RHODES. Glossop, November, 1861.


This study aims to investigate clinical characteristics and microbiological results and to assess the predictors for enterovirus infection in febrile neonates.


Purpose – This chapter examines the linkage between strategy and ethics in business.Design/methodology/approach – We examine the implicit assumptions underlying the "business‐as‐war" versus the "business as value creation" models of business strategy. Drawing on the work of sociologists, we lay out the consequences those implicit assumptions have on the conduct of business.Findings – We find that the "business‐as‐war" mindset sees corporations as sovereign states engaged in battle against other sovereign states, while the "value creation" mindset sees corporations as institutions engaged in an ongoing journey toward realizing potential, both in terms of capability and service. We further show how these two mindsets evoke different moral systems – a "guardian syndrome" for the "business‐as‐war" mindset and a "commercial syndrome" for the "value creation" mindset. Since both mindsets represent legitimate, though divergent moralities, we conclude that the recent crises in American business do not reflect the...


DevPol's latest special issue has just been released. Read it online on our website or order your paperback copy from Brill. Large-scale land acquisition, or 'land grabbing', has become a key research topic among scholars interested in agrarian change, development, and the environment. The term 'land acquisitions' refers to a highly contested process in terms of governance and impacts on livelihoods and human rights. This special issue focuses on South-East Asia. A series of thematic and in...


Younger generations with disabilities are more likely to be affected and have severe difficulties receiving specific services. Ethiopia is no exception to the global trend of poverty‐stricken countries with a higher frequency of illness or disability. This study aimed to assess the utilization of Youths Friendly Reproductive Health Services (YFRHS) and predictors among youths with disabilities in Dessie City, North East, Ethiopia, 2021.


Obesity and obesity‐related illness have become an increasingly prevalent problem in Canada and around the globe. Due to this situation, consumers' attitudes toward salt use have changed. The objective of this study was to investigate individuals' attitudes toward salt use and identify if they are choosing to reduce salt in their diet using unrestrictive questions. A convenience sample of 193 participants, residing in Atlantic Canada were recruited. Word association tasks were used to identify their attitudes towards salt‐reduced foods and high‐salt food products. Furthermore, an open‐ended comment question was used to identify consumers' salt reduction strategies. Participants considered salt‐reduced foods to be healthy and specifically indicated that they help to reduce blood pressure. However, they also considered them to be bland and lack flavour. The participants identified that they believed processed foods to be high in salt, especially processed meats. The majority of participants (70% of the overall population; 89% of older adults above 65 years of age) said they are trying to reduce their salt intake. The most frequently mentioned strategies for reducing salt and sodium intake were making homemade meals, purchasing low‐salt and sodium‐labelled foods, reading nutrition fact labels, and removing saltshakers from their table at home.


Convective-scale models used in NWP nowadays include detailed realistic parameterization for the representation of cloud and precipitation processes. Yet they still lack advanced data assimilation schemes able to efficiently use observations to initialize hydrometeor fields. This challenging task may benefit from a better understanding of the statistical structure of background errors in precipitating areas for both traditional and hydrometeor variables, which is the goal of this study. A special binning has been devised to compute separate background error covariance matrices for precipitating and nonprecipitating areas. This binning is based on bidimensional geographical masks defined by the vertical averaged rain content of the background error perturbations. The sample for computing the covariances is taken from an ensemble of short range forecasts run at 3-km resolution for the prediction of two specific cases of convective storms over the United States. The covariance matrices and associated diagnostics are built on the control variable transform formulation typical of variational data assimilation. The comparison especially highlights the strong coupling of specific humidity, cloud, and rain content with divergence. Shorter horizontal correlations have been obtained in precipitating areas. Vertical correlations mostly reflect the cloud vertical extension due to the convective processes. The statistics for hydrometeor variables show physically meaningful autocovariances and statistical couplings with other variables. Issues for data assimilation of radar reflectivity or more generally of observations linked to cloud and rain content with this kind of background error matrix formulation are thereon briefly discussed.


Offers a brief illustrated overview of motifs in the Turkish decorative arts from the Anatolian Seljuks to the end of the Ottoman Empire. Included are such motifs as rumi , dilimli rumi , hurde rumi , saz yolu , dragon, simurg , hatai , leaf, palm leaves, naturalistic flowers, cloud, gecme-zencerek , munhani , naturalistic animals, and cintamani .


The design idea of overall plastic sports ground is proposed; at the same time the internal structure and surface structure of plastic runway and plastic playground are analyzed. The construction technology, method and matters needing attention in the construction are elaborated. Taking this method as the reference for the sports ground construction of new campus.


The thermal decomposition of methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) was studied in a flow system in the temperature range of 825−977 K and pressure range of 10−120 Torr. Yields of products were measured by gas chromatography. The rate constant, k1, for the initiation reaction was determined from the sum of the rates of the termination reactions. The Arrhenius expression for this reaction at the high-pressure limit was obtained from a nonlinear least-squares fit to the experimental data using the Troe factorization method, k1∞ = (9.6 ± 2.5) × 1019 exp (−(392 ± 18) kJ mol-1/RT) s-1. The rate constants for hydrogen abstraction, k2, and chlorine abstraction, k3, from MTS by methyl radicals were also calculated on the basis of experimental measurements. The Arrhenius expression for hydrogen abstraction was k2 = (5.1 ± 0.4) × 108 exp(−(61 ± 3) kJ mol-1/RT) L mol-1s-1 and for chlorine abstraction was k3 = (1.5 ± 0.5) × 109 exp(−(72 ± 6) kJ mol-1/RT) L mol-1s-1.


Foreward to the First Edition by Lord Mustill Preface Table of Cases and Statutes Introduction PART I: THEORY 1. Variation 2. Waiver I - Terminology 3. Waiver II - Types of Waiver and their Elements 4. Waiver III - Complexities 5. Election, Affirmation and Acquiescence 6. Estoppel - The Differing Types 7. Estoppel by Representation 8. Estoppel by Convention 9. Estoppel by Deed 10. Proprietary Estoppel 11. Equitable Forbearance 12. Issue Estoppel, Res Judicata and Abuse of Process PART II: PRACTICE - THE ALTERATION OF COMMERCIAL OBLIGATIONS 13. Agency 14. Banking and Finance 15. Commercial Property 16. Construction 17. Corporate/Commercial 18. Employment 19. Insurance 20. Sale of Goods, Shipping and International Trade Bibliography Index


Prescribed fire is required to maintain the native tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Typically, ranchers apply annual spring fire from mid-March through late April to suppress woody vegetation and to stimulate cattle performance. It has been recently documented that shifting prescribed fire from spring to late summer or early fall provides comprehensive control of the noxious weed sericea lespedeza ( Lespedeza cuneata ). In spite of those findings, Flint Hills ranchers have voiced reluctance to consider using late-summer or early-fall prescribed burning as a routine sericea lespedeza control measure on grazing lands because of concerns about unintended harm to beef cattle growth performance or a perceived protracted weakening of native warm-season grass populations. In year one of a six-year study, 18 pastures were grouped by watershed and assigned to one of three burn treatments: spring (April), mid-summer (August), or early fall (October). All fire treatments were applied before grazing began. Yearling heifers (n = 360) were grazed for 90 days beginning May 1. Plant composition, forage biomass, and root carbohydrate concentration in key native plants in the tallgrass prairie were evaluated during late June and early July. Heifers grazing spring-burned pastures had greater total body weight gain and greater average daily gain ( P = 0.02) than heifers grazing summer-or fall-burned pastures. Pre-treatment forage biomass was not different ( P = 0.12) between treatments. One year following fire application, forage biomass was greatest ( P ≤ 0.01) in the summer-burn treatment, intermediate in the spring-burn treatment, and


In any modern society, individuals interact to form opinions on various topics, including economic, political, and social aspects. Opinions evolve as the result of the continuous exchange of information among individuals where interpersonal influences play the key role. The study of influence network evolution has wide applications in the field of social organization and social psychology. A compelling model is Friedkin's reflected appraisal model where each individual's self-appraisal is set equal to the relative control and power that the agent exerted over prior issue outcomes. Motivated by this empirical framework, we (i) present a rigorous mathematical formulation of the reflected appraisal influence network dynamics, (ii) study the equilibria and the convergence properties of the dynamical influence systems, and (iii) construct the social conditions leading to the emergence of single opinion leaders, clusters of leaders, or diffuse and democratic power structures. In particular, an appropriately-defined eigenvector centrality of the influence network is proved to determine each individual's social power and self-appraisal evolution, and then determine the opinion formulation of the whole network.


Resilience curves track the accumulation and restoration of outages during an event on an electric distribution grid. We show that a resilience curve generated from utility data can always be decomposed into an outage process and a restore process and that these processes generally overlap in time. We use many events in real utility data to characterize the statistics of these processes, and derive formulas based on these statistics for resilience metrics such as restore duration, customer hours not served, and outage and restore rates. The formulas express the mean value of these metrics as a function of the number of outages in the event. We also give a formula for the variability of restore duration, which allows us to predict a maximum restore duration with 95% confidence. Overall, we give a simple and general way to decompose resilience curves into outage and restore processes and then show how to use these processes to extract resilience metrics from standard distribution system data.


[Objective]To observe the pharmacodynamic effectiveness of Qingfei Zhike Pingchuan granule in terms of relieving Cough,easing asthma,sputum elimination and anti-inflammation action.[Methods]The cough model induced by ammonia liquor in mice was used to observe the antitussive effects.The method of Phenol Red in mice was used to investigate the expectorant effects.The asthma model was established by ovalbumin sensitization in guinea pigs.The model was identified by the study of the asthma incubation period and the total white cells counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).[Results]The Qingfei Zhike Pingchuan granule could decrease the frequency of cough induced by ammonia liquor and prolong the latent period of cough.The granule could increase phenol red output of trachea in mice.The granule also could lengthen the asthma incubation period,reduce the quantity of total white cells in BALF.[Conclusion]The Qingfei Zhike Pingchuan granule has significant antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic effects.


The desire to understand and exploit the structure of continuous surfaces is common to researchers in a range of disciplines. Few examples of the varied surfaces forming an integral part of modern subjects include terrain, population density, surface atmospheric pressure, physico-chemical surfaces, computer graphics, and metrological surfaces. The focus of the work here is a group of data structures called Surface Networks, which abstract 2-dimensional surfaces by storing only the most important (also called fundamental, critical or surface-specific) points and lines in the surfaces. Surface networks are intelligent and " natural " data structures because they store a surface as a framework of " surface " elements unlike the DEM or TIN data structures. This report presents an overview of the previous works and the ideas being developed by the authors of this report. The research on surface networks has four main focus areas namely, data structure model, automated extraction, generalisation, and applications. The report is also organised into these research themes. Despite their immense analytical potential, there have been a number of limitations to date, which need to be tackled:-Due to their design requirements, current implementations of Surface networks have been restricted to surfaces with fluvial pits). However, a number of surfaces have biased topography such as in glaciated or karstic terrains or features may be absent e.g., flat surfaces.-The feature detection methods are scale dependent. In other words, in any one run, our computing routines detect features that fit into the fixed search window (kernel etc.). An incorrect feature detection method causes loss of the topological properties, essential for the construction of a consistent surface network.-Although the topological generalisation of surface networks is well understood, there has been no proposal on the regeneration of the topographical details in the generalised area of the surface networks.-Surface networks are " believed " to be useful for the visualisation of complex surfaces, optimising visibility and accessibility routines and performing landscape evolution. However, like any other abstraction of surfaces, surface networks also carry a level of uncertainty. This report describes the results of the research carried out by the reports' authors on the following issues:-Surface network model: A comprehensive review of the surface network model was done, which revealed some acute limitations of the surface network data model. It was observed that the surface network data model requires significant development to take into account the varied surface forms and the scale issues …


External-beam proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) was applied to measure the contents of major and trace elements of nephrite samples from China and other countries.In this paper,the relationship between the diversity of chemical composition of nephrite samples and the metallogenic mechanism and geological environment of nephrite deposits was analyzed.Depending on different metallogenic mechanisms,nephrite samples can be divided into two types.The first type nephrite samples,whose major chemical composition are close to tremolite but maybe transform to actinolite influenced by geological environment in a few cases,are formed by contact metasomatism between granodiorite and dolomitic marble;the second type nephrite samples,whose major chemical composition are closer to actinolite,are formed by contact metasomatism between serpentine,which is formed by metasomatism between boltonite and low-medium temperature hydrotherm,and wall rock (marble or dolomite) .Compared with the first type nephrite samples,the second type nephrite samples always contain more transition metal such as Cr,Co,Ni and so on.The variance of contents of trace elements can be used as scientific reference for judging the source of materials of Chinese archaic jades whose major chemical composition is nephrite.


We present a review of recent results regarding the existence of extreme value laws for stochastic processes arising from dynamical systems. We gather all the conditions on the dependence structure of stationary stochastic processes in order to obtain both the distributional limit for partial maxima and the convergence of point processes of rare events. We also discuss the existence of clustering which can be detected by an extremal index less than 1 and relate it with the occurrence of rare events around periodic points. We also present the connection between the existence of extreme value laws for certain dynamically defined stationary stochastic processes and the existence of hitting times statistics (or return times statistics). Finally, we make a complete description of the extremal behaviour of expanding and piecewise expanding systems by giving a dichotomy regarding the types of extreme value laws that apply. Namely, we show that around periodic points we have an extremal index less than 1 and at very other point we have an extremal index equal to 1.


Clustering requires efficient selection of similarities among sample vectors and true clustering capability of the algorithm. The Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps is the most preferred unsupervised Artificial Neural Network clustering algorithm for high-dimensional or multi-dimensional data. This study introduces a new way of improving the clustering capability of the algorithm by enhancing its learning rate decay function to decrease its learning rate gradually as the training goes on through the use of the Exponential Decay Average Rate of Change. The new function allows the Enhanced Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps algorithm to converge to the minimum producing a more robust clustered datasets. The enhanced algorithm and the conventional algorithm were applied for image clustering, and the EKSOM remarkably outperformed the clustering capability of the KSOM. The introduction of EDARC function paves the way to explore the clustering and classification capability of KSOM further.


The central question addressed in this paper is the dism'bution of the economic costs of a natural disaster. The dism'butional impact of adisaster depends on societal institutions (insurance, private philanthropy and government) and the ways in which they operate. This paper considers these matters for a particular disaster in a high income country. Complications with respect to estimating economic losses from a natural disaster are considered, as well as how the societal mechanisms operate in Australia. The relative importance of insurance, private philanthropy, government and the disaster victims themselves is determined. The relative importance of these categories is far from uniform for particular (public, commercial and personal) assets. The government emerges as the major source of funds to compensate for destruction of private assets and the insurance mechanism is found to operate in a non-uniform way for private and commercial assets.


Purpose: To evaluate the catamnesis of 120 patients with spastic form of cerebral palsy.Materials and methods: It was studied obstetric-gynecological anamnesis and rehabilitation of 120 patients with spastic form of cerebral palsy of the closed administrative territorial entity Seversk.Results: The risk factors of patients with cerebral palsy in Seversk did not differ in comparison with the average data for theRussian Federation.Summary: The main cause of disability among the examined patients with cerebral palsy of Seversk city was an extremly low and very low body weight, combined with the evaluation on Apgar scale 4-5 points and below.


As a basic means of intervening the operation of social economy by the state, industrial restructuring has increasingly manifested its effect in smoothing over and remedying the deficiencies of market. However, whether such restructuring is successful rests in the adaptability of enterprises to market and the legal circumstances exercise great influence on enterprises that are trying to be adapted to the trend of market economy. This essay analyzes problems that exist in the present legal circumstances of enterprises and puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures in legislation in this respect. in Industrial Restructuring


Israeli TV transmits on only one channel at present. Transmission time is divided between educational programs, produced by Educational TV, and general TV programs. The former, which are under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Culture, are transmitted in the mornings and early afternoons, while the latter are shown from 5.30 p.m. until midnight. The general programs are divided up by time into three sections: one hour for children's TV, one and a half hours for the Arabic-speaking population, and four hours in Hebrew (or with Hebrew and Arabic translations). The target audience of these four hours is primarily the Hebrew-speaking population. During this part of the evening imported films are also screened. Indeed, most of the programs transmitted by Israeli TV are based on imported films, most of them in English with a small proportion in French. Independent productions are very expensive in relation to the limited extent of the target audience (about two million adult Hebrew speakers). Local productions include mainly news programs, documentary films, interviews, and discussions. Israeli feature films, which are produced particularly for screening on TV, are very few and far between, and consequently most of the films shown on Israeli TV require a translation. In terms of transmission time the translated programs predominate over those in Hebrew or Arabic. Even programs which primarily convey news include some translated sections, principally when the news item includes an interview in a foreign language. Translated discourses take up between 60% and 70% of all the verbal TV programs (including children's programs but excluding Educational TV). Imported films are translated in three ways: A. Voice-over in Hebrew; this type of translation is customarily used in documentaries as well as in imported news items. B. Dubbing; the texts spoken by the actors are replaced by Hebrew texts, and an attempt is made to match the Hebrew text to the actors' lip movements. This kind of translation is quite rare on Israeli TV because of the high


This paper examines the overall effect of a state bond guarantee on state credit markets and individual municipalities. We analyze the Texas School Bond Guarantee program and its impact on the borrowing cost of school districts and other municipalities within the state. We found that although the credit enhancement program allowed school districts to receive a triple-A credit rating, their new bond issues sold for a penalty yield of 18 basis points above that of a comparable natural triple-A bond issue. However, school districts did achieve interest cost savings as a result of the guarantee program, ranging from 40 to 98 basis points for bond issues rated single-A and Baa, respectively. School districts whose bond issues were rated double-A or above did not achieve any interest cost savings. Finally, because of the increase in supply of triple-A debt in the Texas municipal bond market caused by the credit enhancement of school district bonds, the borrowing cost of other municipalities who sell their debt in local credit markets increased by 49 basis points. This finding suggests that state officials need to carefully analyze the distributional effects of credit enhancement programs because they can increase the borrowing costs of some municipalities within a state.


Lake Bogoria is a saline, alkaline, meromictic lake in a geothermally active part of the Kenya Rift Valley. Coring of the lake floor has shown two types of sedimentation – a shallow fan–deltaic clastic zone and a deeper zone with alternating organic muds and evaporites. The organic muds formed during periods of relatively high lake level and high microbial productivity, the evaporites during more arid phases. Analyses of the cores show many environmental fluctuations during the past 30000 years, related to regional climatic changes and to local tectonic and hydrological controls.


The size and complexity of data managed by central banks have been increasing providing them with opportunities to make evidence-based policy decisions. As a result, data validation has become a more challenging task. In this paper, we propose a highly automated validation workflow that outperforms traditional approaches and is suitable for a large volume of financial market time series, based on machine learning algorithms. Using some real-life examples, we illustrate how machine learning (ML) algorithms can help address key challenges, such as understanding the context of various financial instruments and dynamically coping with constantly evolving market environments.


Nowadays, with the rapid development of network, the information of online big data becomes more and more complex. The heterogeneous and cyberization are the other names of the big data. Therefore, traditional methods of data correlation are not fit for to analyze and manage the data based on online user behaviors. However, there are many new questions with data correlation need to be concerned and solved. In this paper, we choose two kinds of methods of the data correlation to study. The correlation of keywords and the clustering rhythms are used to analyze the big data correlation based on the online user behaviors. We first analyzed the trends and networking characteristics of current information data development. With the analysis of current information data and the dimension of the relationship, we mined the network characteristic of information data. From the networking dimension of the data, based on the heterogeneous network and social network, we studied the proposal method of data correlation to solve the problems in clustering, recommendation, querying and prediction of the big data. Introduction Nowadays, technology develops constantly in society. Internet affects the political, economic and cultural life increasingly which draws great attention of the whole society. In the recent ten years, the big data is much more popular than ever thanks to the numerous online users. Either from the growth rate or size, online users are one of the most important reasons for the development of the big data [1]. The information data of the web-based application is the most important part of the big data. The big data must have some networking characteristics. The aim of the research of the big data is to achieve the value through the characteristics, such as the scale, structure, dimension, and correlation. Those characteristics are necessary to guide us to understand the data and information of the network. Although the relation between the big data and the network is very close, the combination of those two are too complex to analyze because of the numerous online uses. Therefore, the analysis of the data correlation of the big data, with the traditional methods and the novel algorithms of the group structure, for our understanding of the network development has its significance. This paper is organized as follows. A discussion of the related work is provided in the next section. Section 3 introduces the network characteristic of the big data. Section 4 introduces the algorithms of data correlation analyzed in this paper. Section 5 shows the data and results of the data correlation. The last section is about the conclusion and future work.


In this study we argue that experiencing accidents does not always guarantee organizational learning. Rather, having a specific type of accident leads to an increase in other types, since the exper...


The use of genetic algorithms GAs for solving the navigation problem of mobile robots is explored in this paper. Without using any logical model of the robot's world, the proposed approach evolves feasible robot paths by performing an adaptive search on populations of candidate robot actions. Unlike standard GAs, the proposed approach uses variable length chromosome structures and a set of special genetic operators. More importantly, the genetic navigation algorithm GNA can adapt its behavior for dealing with different types of static or changing simulated environments. The performance of the algorithm is examined through a plethora of computersimulated robot navigation experiments carried out on various types of planar grid environments. Furthermore, experimental comparisons between the GNA and two other heuristics are provided showing a substantially better performance for the GNA.


The rapid growth of networked high-performance workstations is driving the market toward a distributed model of computing. The focus of this this model is to make a network of workstations work together on problems without dependence on operating system or architecture. This provides for the ability to take advantage of resources (cycles, memory, disk, etc.) in a distributed and sometimes parallel manner. Though many in the industry tout this as the next paradigm leap in computing, very few systems are actually in development. This paper presents a system through which a network of heterogeneous workstations can be viewed as a single multi-processing entity. I have developed a program called the Computational Resource Server that is capable of determining local and network resources and managing a mapping of processing requests between distributed computing clients and these resources. To demonstrate the system, I have developed a system-independent version of the OpenGL Application Programmers Interface that utilizes this system in a distributed and parallel manner. The purpose of this project is both a proof-of-concept and a look at what the future of this computing paradigm might be.


Population ecology of Aegla franciscana (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) from Sao Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil. The aim of this research was to characterize population aspects of Aegla franciscana Buckup & Rossi, 1977, where the size- frequency distribution, sex ratio, recruitment, reproductive period (frequency of ovigerous females) and fecundity were evaluated. The samples were performed seasonally (February, June, August and October 2003) at river Rolante, Rio dos Sinos basin, Sao Francisco de Paula city, RS. The animals were collected with nets, measured and returned to the stream. A total of 1,322 individuals was obtained, among which 567 males, 579 females and 176 unsexed animals. The animals were bracketed in size classes for cephalothorax length (CL), and bimodal distribution was observed. Male sizes ranged from 3.86 mm to 22.09 mm and females from 4.06 mm to 22.48 mm. The males showed a larger median size (10.36 mm) than females (9.89 mm). The sex ratio obtained was close to 1:1 (x 2 = 0.03; p>0.05). Sex ratio in the size classes showed an anomalous pattern, with a higher frequency of females in the intermediate size classes and males in the superior classes. This may be related to a greater energy requirement for reproduction in females, thus delaying growth. The highest recruitment pulse occurred in summer and autumn as a consequence of high reproductive activity during winter. Ovigerous females produced 123.3 ± 47.8 eggs (mean ± standard deviation). A correlation between cephalothorax length of ovigerous females and number of eggs (r = 0.81) was observed.


Ageing often leads to decline in cognitive abilities. Significant cognitive impairment leads to functional impairment and need for care. Prevention of cognitive decline and delaying its progression would help to reduce the need for long-term care. Both genetic and environmental factors are important determinants of cognitive health in late life. A better cognitive reserve helps to prevent cognitive decline. Cognitive reserve is now considered as a functional reserve rather than a structural reserve. Cognitive reserve can be enhanced through experience. People with higher level of education tend to have higher cognitive reserve. Better cognitive reserve can act as a buffer. Engagement in cognitively stimulating activities may prevent cognitive decline in late life. Physical exercise also improves cognitive health. Aerobic exercises, which improve cardiorespiratory fitness, improve cognitive functions like motor functions, cognitive speed, and auditory and visual attention. Beneficial effects on executive functions are also reported. Healthy diet, especially adherence to Mediterranean diet (MeDi), is considered to be useful in preserving cognitive health. Engagement in social activities might also reduce cognitive decline. Encouraging adherence to a healthy lifestyle and continuing to be physically, socially, and cognitively active seems to be a promising strategy to prevent cognitive decline.


The field work was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Desert Research Center, Balosa region, North Sinai Governorate, during two winter seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of magnetized water and nitrogen rate of 60, 90 and 120 Kg (N)/fed on growth, yield and chemical composition of onion variety Giza Red grown in sandy soil. Result revealed that growth parameters, chlorophyll contents, yield and its components chemical contents increased with magnetic water when compared with non magnetized water. Nitrogen at rate of 100% (120kg/fed) significantly enhanced all the investigated growth parameters and highest values in bulb diameters, bulb weight and dry matter percentage, total soluble soiled, total yield and marketable yield percentage and, also increased N, P, K (%) and total protein in both growing seasons. Moreover, the interaction between magnetic water and nitrogen rates showed that the plants irrigated with magnetic water and fertilized by 100% (120 kg/fed.) of nitrogen showed significant and highest values of plant weight and total yield (ton/fed.) followed by non magnetized water with nitrogen at rate of 100% (120 kg/fed.) and magnetic water with nitrogen at rate of 75% (90 kg/fed.) no significant difference in both growing seasons. A linear correlation showed that average bulb diameter (cm) and weigh (gm) were positively correlated with number of leaves per plant. Also, total yield was positively correlated with either plant weight or number of leaves/ plant. In general, it might be concluded that irrigation with magnetic water proved to be good technology to enhance growth, yield and quality when compare with non magnetized water. In addition we can save nitrogen application at rate of 75% (90 kg/fed.) from recommended dose by using magnetized water to reduce pollution and save money. Key word: Onion Magnetic Water – Growth – Yield – Chemical content – Heavy metal


Indonesia is prone to the impact of global warming, climate change and disasters. As a tropical country, Indonesia is one of the world's largest emitters of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). Increased GHG emissions cause global warming, climate change, and catastrophic events, such as high sea levels, extreme weather, floods, landslides, and air pollutions. In communicating the risk of environmental disasters, the government is the most appropriate risk communicator. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) has carried out risk communication to tackle GHG emissions in Indonesia. The research aims to explore the government's risk communication and the risk messages conveyed in reducing Indonesia's GHG emissions. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. Data were collected through review of government document archives, literature study, direct observation to government program, and participant-observation as a member of Indonesia Low Emission Network. The results show that the risk communication process is carried out to reduce GHG emissions, which is coordinated by the Directorate of GHG Inventory. However, this risk communication does not yet have a risk message that is fully developed through the internal media. The risk messages must be developed to improve the quality of government risk communication.


Superconducting transmission cables are important for increasing the capability of electricity networks. We analysed monolayer power transmission cable based on high-temperature superconductors, and we propose a new way to improve its performance in this paper. We studied two important parameters of this cable—critical current and AC loss. For the former parameter, the dependence of the critical current density on the local magnetic field is very important. For the latter parameter, the direction of the magnetic field penetration also has a substantial influence. We propose placing ferromagnetic diverters above the gaps between individual superconducting tapes. Ferromagnetic components placed in this position influenced both the critical current density and the AC loss in the superconductor in a positive way. We used a numerical model for magnetic field analysis, and we also prepared a 0.5 m long sample of the cable for experimentation. Our experimental results confirmed the correctness of the basic idea. The critical current of the cable was increased by 14%. However, the AC loss measurement showed differences between the experiment and the calculation.


Aim: Hepatitis A disease is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This study aimed to decide the hepatitis A seroprevalence in all age groups in Kastamonu province, Turkey. Material and Method: The current study analyzed the anti-HAV antibodies test results of the patients who applied to Kastamonu Training and Research Hospital for various reasons between 2018-2022. The most up-to-date test results of patients sent more than one serum sample were evaluated. The patients were separated into eight age groups: 0-10,11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, and ≥71. The anti-HAV IgM and anti-HAV IgG values were determined using the chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay method in the Abbott Architect i2000SR. The results were evaluated based on the manufacturer's instructions. Results: There was positivity in 27 (1.3%) of 2083 patients in whom anti-HAV IgM was studied and in 837 (58.2%) of 1439 patients in whom anti-HAV IgG was studied. The anti-HAV IgG positivity in females and males was 55.9% and 61.0%, respectively; anti-HAV IgM positivity was 1.7% and 0.8%. The anti-HAV IgG positivity rate increased with increasing age (p<0.001). The age group with the highest rate of anti-HAV IgG positivity (100%) was ≥61, and the age groups with the lowest rate of anti-HAV IgG positivity (26.0% and 33.7%) were determined as 11-20 and 21-30. Also, the anti-HAV IgG positivity in the 0-10 age group was 70.1%. Conclusion: These data showed that hepatitis A seronegativity was high in the 11-20 and 21-30 age groups in Kastamonu province. Since the prognosis of hepatitis A disease may worsen with increasing age, the HAV vaccine is suggested for the seronegative young population.


Objectives: To analysis causes and its distribution characters of outpatient complaint. Methods: 392 patient complaint records from Jan,2006 to June,2008 were collected. Retrospection analysis was used. Results: in 392 cases,service attitude made the highest rate for complaint. Careless,misunderstanding of medical service,mismatching of medical process and coordination were the other important causes lead to complaint. Complaint significant reduced after optimizing service process. Conclusions: service ideas need to be transferred,service awareness be strengthened,service attitude be promoted and good quality service be provided to improve outpatient service. At the same time,outpatient management and service process be optimized. Outpatient complaint should be highlighted and solved positively.


In the 90 years,the CPC has been uniting different democratic parties and non-Party independents,and revitalizing the multi-party cooperation with constant innovations.70 years ago,the founders and early leaders of China Democratic League worked closely with the CPC and made great contributions for the birth of new China.Since the reform and opening-up,China Democratic League has been making full use of its functional advantages,pooling the wisdom from all over the League and promoting its participation in State administration to a higher level.


High-level test synthesis (HLTS) methodologies have attracted much many research interest in recent years as digital design has moved to higher levels of abstraction. Conditional statements in behavioral descriptions tend to produce testability problems and have to be taken care of in the early stage of the design cycle. In this paper, we present an HLTS methodology for the Built-In Self-Test (BIST) environment. Our methods modify conditional case statements in the original design so as to control the number of test patterns applied to modules being tested. As a result, the number of required test patterns can be greatly reduced. This method is especially useful when there is a wide variance in the number of random test patterns required for functional units. Experimental results show that our methods achieve a high degree of fault coverage with a much smaller number of test patterns while the area and time overheads are negligible.


A 915 MHz transceiver has been developed for implantable medical devices. The transceiver offers exceptionally low power consumption while providing a high data rate using injection-locked oscillator. The transceiver utilizes Frequency- Shift-Keying (FSK) modulation at a data rate of 8 Mbit/s to provide wireless link between target implantable device and a central base-station unit operating in the North American Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency band. The circuit features a fully passive wake-up receiver (WuRx) enabling energy harvesting from Radio Frequency (RF) input. The amplitude of the FSK RF signal is controlled low for short distance transmission to further reduce the energy consumption. The transceiver, implemented in 0.13 μm CMOS process, is built on new FSK modulation scheme and based on frequency to amplitude conversion. The WuRx achieves a sensitivity of -53 dBm while the main receiver shows -78 dBm sensitivity. Thanks to the simplified hardware, the receiver dissipates only 640 μW while the transmitter consumes 1.4 mW from 1.2 V supply voltage.


Based on the samples of more than 50 famous entrepreneurs, this research conducted deeply analysis by comparing the growing-up-period of their juniors, the different management approaches and entrepreneur performances in their term of office. This paper explored the entrepreneurs characteristics and the successful way of Sino-foreign famous entrepreneurs in order to provide reference and help for Chinese entrepreneurs.


Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 2 Flow of Ideal Fluids 25 3 Viscous Fluids 75 4 Waves and Instabilities in Fluids 93 5 Turbulent Flow 117 6 Boundary Layer Flow 139 7 Convective Heat Transfer 175 8 Compressible Flow and Sound Waves 209 9 Characteristics and Rarefactions 219 10 Shock Waves 241 11 Aerofoils in Low-Speed Incompressible Flow 295 12 Aerofoils in High-Speed Compressible Fluid Flow 341 13 Deflagrations and Detonations 363 14 Self-similar Methods in Compressible Gas Flow and Intermediate Asymptotics 383 Problems 417 Solutions 427 Bibliography 455 Index 463


This paper present a two-stage electronic ballast for high power metal halide lamp. The two-stage electronic ballast is composed of a buck-boost lossless pre-regulator to achieve high power factor with lamp power control, and full-bridge inverter to drive the metal halide (MH) lamp at low frequency square wave. Due to its low frequency operation, no acoustic resonance occurs. Finally, a laboratory prototype of a 400 W MH electronic ballast is implemented. The experimental resulted the proposed ballast can operate at power factor (PF) = 0.98 and efficiency = 91.95%.


This case study explores the challenges to practice experienced by nine educators working within contemporary open-concept elementary school. Data was collected through observations of nine teachers working within two distinct learning communities (one ranging from grades 3-5 and the other from grades 6-8) within one newly constructed K???8 elementary school in. Semi-structured interviews with teachers were also conducted to better understand teachers??? aspirations and intentions for their practice and the challenges and obstacles they have experienced thus far. Teachers expressed and demonstrated over the course of the study that collaborative work is essential, both because of the physical design of the space as well as in overcoming novel challenges. One common challenges experienced in this case was the limitations to pedagogical change imposed by traditional school routines and social structures. The findings from this study suggest that further research is needed to understand best practices for teaching in these spaces and how these practices can be shared with both in-service and pre-service educators to support their success in open-concept learning environments.


Problem and goal. The article is devoted to studying the possibilities of working with the Moscow Electronic School project. The goal was to develop programs to improve the training of teachers in Moscow schools. This goal required to design a model for improving the training of teachers working under the International Baccalaureate programs in the field of education informatization, to develop the content of teacher training, to organize and conduct such training, based on an active study of the possibilities of the Moscow Electronic School project for teachers of International Baccalaureate schools, as well as evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed training program. Methodology. In the course of the study, a set of methods was used: analysis of normative documents related to the professional training of teachers, study of literature, including those presented by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), search and analysis of the resources of the Moscow Electronic School project library, study of the experience of using services in the system education of the city of Moscow, a pedagogical experiment. Results. The article presents a fragment of a pedagogical experiment to improve the training of teachers working under the International Baccalaureate programs, aimed at developing skills in working with the Moscow Electronic School project. The study confirmed the relevance of the problem, which consists in the need to improve the training of teachers in Moscow schools working under the International Baccalaureate programs in the field of education informatization, including in the field of work with the resources of the Moscow Electronic School project. The results of the study allowed to find approaches to solving the identified problem. Conclusion. It is proposed to supplement the content of the discipline Modern Teaching Technologies in the framework of the masters training of teachers working under the International Baccalaureate programs, with topics related to studying the resources of the Moscow Electronic School project in the activities of a teacher working under the International Baccalaureate programs, as well as a system of practical work that takes into account the specifics of the International Baccalaureate school.


The invention provides a special pump for collecting and transporting underground bittern and a manufacturing method. The pump comprises an impeller, a water inlet part and a submersible motor from top to bottom, and is penetrated by a pump shaft. The pump is characterized in that the impeller is designed into a semi-open impeller structure, a diversion core is arranged on the upper portion of theimpeller, a guide blade is mounted on a conical face of the diversion core, a diversion casing is arranged on the peripheries of the diversion core and the guide blade, a water jacket is arranged onthe periphery of the submersible motor, a fresh water intake pipe is arranged on the lower end of the water jacket, a fresh water spray hole is arranged on the conical bottom of the water inlet part,and motor metal bearings are respectively arranged on the upper portion and the lower portion of the submersible motor. The invention polishes each over-current surface, reduces the rotary speed of the motor, and arranges the water jacket on the periphery of the submersible motor, and fresh water are transferred into the water jacket to positively cool up the motor. The invention has high workingefficiency and low operation costs, and saves fresh water resource, retards the crystallization velocity of bittern on the over-current surface, and increases five times of operation life.


The text introduces basic theoretical concepts that are important for understanding the conception of the thematic issue, namely transdisciplinarity, cultural heritage, dialogical memory, as well analytical categories of individual and community of practice. The approach to Islam as a subject of study is further explained. The text then refers on the research of Islam, Muslim communities and Ottoman heritage in the Balkans, with the focus on Serbia. The second part presents the papers in this thematic issue.Key words: Islam, Muslims, Ottoman heritage, Serbia, transdiciplinarity


Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) relapse is commonly seen during follow up period after endoscopic sinus surgery. Some studies claim the credibility of topical furosemide in preventing the polyposis recurrence after surgery. This randomised control trial was done to check the effectiveness of topical furosemide on sinonasal polyposis relapse after the endoscopic sinus surgery.Methods: In the current study, 44 patients, attending ENT department, VSSIMSAR, for follow up after endoscopic sinus surgery, were evaluated clinically and endoscopically to demonstrate the prevalence and severity of polyposis relapse using Visual analogue scale (VAS) and meltzer endoscopic grading, before initiating the intervention. Patients were then randomised in two groups- one receiving topical furosemide nebulization and other intranasal normal saline spray, respectively. All patients were evaluated again at 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th month follow-ups by VAS and MEG, setting statistical significance at p<0.05.Results: The MEG was grade 0 in 77% (17) patients of furosemide group and 32% (7) of normal saline group (p=0.0147). Statistically significant improvement was also observed in VAS for nasal symptoms in former group (p=0.028) than latter. The rate of relapse was less (23.81%) in furosemide group as compared to normal saline group (65%) but result not statistically significant at p<0.05.Conclusions: Topical furosemide can be used as a valid therapeutic approach for reducing the severity of sinonasal polyposis relapse after endoscopic sinus surgery with no known side effects of furosemide when administered topically.


The effectiveness of an educational intervention regarding school counselor responsibilities is being evaluated. High school teachers in a suburban, Western New York school were participants in the study. Teachers were presented with information about the role and responsibilities of school counselors over the span of 6 weeks. A pretest and posttest was administered to assess the effectiveness of the educational intervention. The pretest and posttest asked teachers to select from a list of 28 responsibilities they believed a school counselor performs. The findings of the pretest indicated that teachers believe counselors perform 11 out of 14 appropriate activities, and 6 out of 14 inappropriate activities. After the educational intervention was performed, the posttest revealed that teachers believe school counselors perform 11 out of 14 appropriate activities, and 4 out of 14 inappropriate activities. SCHOOL COUNSELOR RESPONSIBLITIES 5 Teacher Knowledge of School Counselor Responsibilities The school counselor's role in facilitating student achievement is complex. In past years, school counselors have had responsibilities that have included disciplining students, keeping track of attendance, filling in for the principal or teachers when there is an absence, checking grades, monitoring study halls, managing cases for special education, coordination testing, organizing and maintaining school records, scheduling new students, building the master schedule, and performing clerical responsibilities (Hatch & Bowers, 2002). Currently, the school counseling profession is going through a transformation, as reflected in the Education Trust's (1999) Transforming School Counseling Initiative (TSCI), the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Standards (Campbell & Dahir, 1997), and the ASCA (2005) National Model. The "new vision" for school counseling demands that counselors take on a greater role and responsibility for student success (Beale, 2004). School counselor practitioners are encouraged to develop accountable, comprehensive school counseling programs that align their program goals with those of the school (Dahir, Burham, Stone, & Cobb, 2010). Despite the efforts to clearly define the role and responsibilities of the school counselor, the profession continues to face role disparity, unclear responsibilities, and the obligation of performing administrative tasks (Dahir et al., 2010). Burnham and Jackson (2000) explained "School administrators, teachers, parents and other interested groups often view the school counselor's role differently" (p. 41). The consequence of role ambiguity is that administrators are left defining the school counselor's role and function (Oyaziwo & Imonikhe, 2002). School counselors often find themselves justifying or defending their contributions to student success, only to further convolute the scope and focus of their work (Dahir et al., 2010). Counselors must increase the documentation of the effectiveness of their programs and, as increased accountability occurs, support for their programs may increase as well. As counselors provide SCHOOL COUNSELOR RESPONSIBLITIES 6 evidence of the value of their interventions, they need to share it with stakeholders to educate them about the benefits of school counseling programs (ASCA, 2005). The education of stakeholders will bring clarity to the school counselor role and thus provide support for the entire guidance program. The purpose of this study was to assess how an educational program about the role and responsibilities of the school counselor will impact teacher's knowledge of appropriate and inappropriate school counseling activities. Data was collected through the use of a pretest and posttest during the 2011-2012 school years.


The SEA CAT is a 38.8-m catamaran with a passenger capacity of 227. This article describes an accident which occurred in November 1991 when the vessel was en route from Selje to Bergen in Norway. The SEA CAT was sailing in an area characterised by great course changes at short intervals which is navigated by radar and leading lights ashore. The vessel collided at full speed with a nearly vertical rock. The findings of a group of experts established to find out what lessons could be learned from the SEA CAT accident are reported.


The results of an empiric study of the features of value orientations of federal civil servants of the executive power territorial bodies are presented. A comparative analysis of their value views and the results of investigations conducted with representatives of other socio-professional groups in other regions of Russia is done. It is established that specific principles of life are the behavior regulators in the value consciousness of an individual civil servant. The private life values prevail over the values of professional self-fulfillment. The conformist values largely determine the consciousness and behavior of civil servants. The structure of their value representations coincides largely with the world of values of students and differs from the value orientations structure of entrepreneurs.


I. INTRODUCTIONIt is difficult to find any international arbitration award not based on, or that does not at least mention, good faith. The omnipresence of good faith does not mean (rather quite the contrary) that it is clearly understood, that we know how to use it, or that we are able to predict how an arbitral tribunal may apply good faith in a particular case. Throughout my experience in arbitration I have repeatedly faced the need to resolve claims based on good faith, and will discuss three proceedings by way of example.At the beginning of my career, I was appointed, by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) International Court of Arbitration, chairman of an arbitral tribunal, known today principally by the name of the plaintiff: NORSOLOR.1 The case involved a commercial conflict surrounding a sale and purchase agreement between the French company Norsolor, and the Turkish company Pabalk. The parties agreed to ICC arbitration without specifying either the place of arbitration or the applicable law.2 The ICC International Court of Arbitration selected Vienna as the place of the arbitration, and Austrian procedural law. Absent an express agreement between the parties, the arbitration would be arbitration at law.3 When it came time to deliberate, the tribunal was of the opinion that it could choose French or Turkish substantive law.4 However, depending on whether one law or the other was applied, the arbitration could conclude in a diametrically different manner. The tribunal upheld as a reasonable solution the application of the general principles of international economic law, invoking the lex mercatoria it believed to be in force between international merchants.5The party in disagreement, namely Norsolor, petitioned for annulment of the award in the Austrian courts on the basis that the tribunal was required to conduct the arbitration at law and, as a consequence of invoking lex mercatoria, had actually decided in equity.6 Austria's Supreme Tribunal held that the arbitrators had proceeded correctly by invoking the general principles of international law and applying lex mercatoria.7 The dispute over the award later reappeared before the French courts when one of the parties, namely Pabalk, petitioned for exequatur to enforce the award.8 Norsolor argued the violation of public policy on the basis that an arbitration, which was supposed to be conducted as arbitration at law, had been converted into an arbitration in equity precisely because it was decided pursuant to lex mercatoria.9 The Court of Cassation once again affirmed the correctness of the arbitration, on the basis that general principles of international law form part of the sources of law.10 Therefore, by applying said principles, the initial arbitral tribunal had likely acted correctly in its obligation to arbitrate pursuant to international law. This first appearance of lex mercatoria in international arbitration would give rise to a heated controversy; Professors Berthold Goldman and Clive Schmitthoffinitiated a series of lectures and congresses, with their opposing positions on the role of lex mercatoria in international law, that still appears in doctrinal writing today.11Years later I was appointed to an important arbitration between Abbott Laboratories and Baxter International, Inc, with two prominent colleagues: Japanese professor, Kazuo Iwasaki, and Texan attorney, Gaynell Methvin.12 The seat of the arbitration was Chicago; the applicable law was Illinois law.13 The arbitration concerned a patent assignment agreement with strong implications in various Middle Eastern countries. Our American colleague, whom we had appointed chairman, considered that good faith could not be a legal basis to decide the claims.14 Nevertheless, the majority of the panel upheld that the international efficiency of the contract in question required the direct application of the general principle of good faith.15 The dissenting opinion of our minority colleague, based on his Anglo-Saxon training, did not convince the majority,16 and did not prevail in the subsequent judicial challenge to this arbitration award. …


Abstract Context Somapacitan is a long-acting growth hormone (GH) in development for once-weekly treatment of GH deficiency (GHD). Optimal monitoring of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels must account for weekly IGF-I fluctuations following somapacitan administration. Objective To develop and assess the reliability of linear models for predicting mean and peak IGF-I levels from samples taken on different days after dosing. Design A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate IGF-I data in adults and children following weekly somapacitan treatment of GHD. Setting and Patients 39 200 IGF-I profiles were simulated with reference to data from 26 adults and 23 children with GHD. Intervention(s) The simulated dose range was 0.02 to 0.12 mg/kg for adults and 0.02 to 0.16 mg/kg for children. Simulated data with >4 average standard deviation score were excluded. Main Outcome Measure(s) Linear models for predicting mean and peak IGF-I levels based on IGF-I samples from different days after somapacitan dose. Results Robust linear relationships were found between IGF-I sampled on any day after somapacitan dose and the weekly mean (R2 > 0.94) and peak (R2 > 0.84). Prediction uncertainties were generally low when predicting mean from samples taken on any day (residual standard deviation [RSD] ≤ 0.36) and peak from samples taken on day 1 to 4 (RSD ≤ 0.34). IGF-I monitoring on day 4 and day 2 after dose provided the most accurate estimate of IGF-I mean (RSD < 0.2) and peak (RSD < 0.1), respectively. Conclusions Linear models provided a simple and reliable tool to aid optimal monitoring of IGF-I by predicting mean and peak IGF-I levels based on an IGF-I sample following dosing of somapacitan. A short visual summary of our work is available (1).


The preparation of octacosanol from refined rice bran wax by transesterification assisted with ultrasonic was researched.Effects of the ultrasonic power,reaction time,ratio of wax to ethanol,catalyst dosage and reaction temperature on the transesterification reaction were studied.The results showed that the best conditions were as follows:ultrasonic power 200 W,reaction time 6 h,ratio of wax to ethanol 1∶10,catalyst KOH dosage 1.5% and reaction temperature 60℃.The yield of product was 85.82% under the best conditions.Compared with the transesterification reaction without ultrasonic,the reaction time with ultrasonic was shortened,the yield of product and the concentration of octacosanol were increased.


There appears to be a universal correlation between family form, formation, and stability and criminal behavior by minors. This paper reviews the conceptual and empirical literature investigating the evidence of casual connections between families and juvenile delinquency in two respects: (1) the stability of the family (conflict, dysfunction, breakup, etc.); and (2) the form of the family (married, cohabitants, same-sex, etc). The data reviewed are from studies in North America and Western Europe but the conclusions are not connected to a particular nation or society.


Degradation of organic compounds using light energy is a kind of photochemical reactions. Large amount of data especially when multidimensional pose a difficulty in meaningful interpretation. Conventional methods are used to interpret data for such reactions. In recent times, various computational data analysis techniques like Artificial Neural Networks have been developed to solve the problems associated with a set of data. This paper examines analogies employed in computational data analysis technique and its comparison with conventional analytical technique for photochemical reaction under study.


Maximum viscosity of a wheat starch suspension heated in an excess of water occurs after most of the granule swelling ceases. The increase in viscosity is shown by light micrographs and scanning electron micrographs to be due mainly to the exudate (seen as a filamentous network after freeze-drying a fully heated starch suspension) released from the starch granules. The corollary is also true – when no network is seen, no viscosity develops. These same effects also appeared during limited testing of corn, waxy maize and potato starch.


State of the art Deep learning models, despite being at par to the human level in some of the challenging tasks, still suffer badly when they are put in the condition where they have to learn with time. This open challenge problem of making deep learning model learn with time is referred in the literature as Lifelong Learning, Incremental Learning or Continual Learning. In each increment, new classes/tasks are introduced to the existing model and trained on them while maintaining the accuracy of the previously learned classes/tasks. But accuracy of the deep learning model on the previously learned classes/tasks decreases with each increment. The main reason behind this accuracy drop is catastrophic forgetting, an inherent flaw in the deep learning models, where weights learned during the past increments, get disturbed while learning the new classes/tasks from new increment. Several approaches have been proposed to mitigate or avoid this catastrophic forgetting, such as the use of knowledge distillation, rehearsal over previous classes, or dedicated paths for different increments, etc. In this work, we have proposed a novel approach based on transfer learning methodology, which uses a combination of pre-trained shared and fixed network as a backbone, along with a dedicated network extension in incremental setting for the learning of new tasks incrementally. The results have shown that our approach has better performance in two ways. First, our model has significantly better overall incremental accuracy than that of the best in class model in different incremental configurations. Second, our approach achieves better results while maintaining properties of true incremental learning algorithm i.e. successful avoidance of the catastrophic forgetting issue and complete eradication of the need of saved exemplars or retraining phases, which are required by the current state of the art model to maintain performance.


Background: French population does not achieve recommended physical activity (PA) level. Promoting walking as an active transport mode through urban environment is a recommended strategy to maintain health. This study assessed long-term effect (1 year) of pedestrian signage in the city of Grenoble (France). The first part of our study focused on the attendance of general population living in Grenoble on two important crossroads in a neighborhood equipped with pedestrian signage. The second one studied the receptiveness to this signage of low to moderate socioeconomic status Grenoble citizens living in this neighborhood. In addition, we tried to evidence the potential impact of this signage in the latter population in term of walking activity, cardiometabolic health and motivation toward PA. Methods: For the first part of the study, we compared the attendance (number of passages manual counting) in Grenoble general population on 2 crossroads in a neighborhood equipped with signage (PSN) with 2 crossroads of a similar neighborhood not equipped (CN). For the second part of the study, we planned to specifically recruit 140 subjects (electoral lists, brochures, phone calls and mailing) in these two neighborhoods (pedestrian signage group: PSG; control group: CG). These subjects were proposed to participate in a follow-up of their health during one year. We asked if they have seen the pedestrian signage and compared these groups on daily steps number (pedometer), cardiometabolic risk (SCORE) and motivation toward PA (Self-Regulation Questionnaire for exercise) over one year period. Results: For the first part of the study, the attendance slightly increased between June and December (effect size: 0.5; p < 0.05) in PSN suggesting a transitory effect of the signage in general population. For the second part, only forty-two subjects (22 in PSG and 20 in CG) accepted to participate in this study. We failed to include low to moderate socio-economic citizens. Seventy percent of the recruited subjects did not see the pedestrian signage. This sample did not change its walking activity level, cardiometabolic risk as well as PA motivation. Conclusion: On the basis of attendance study, such a pedestrian signage might be incentive to increase PA in general population but this needs confirmation. The effects of a larger specific communication associated with this urban environment targeting particular population groups deserve to be studied.


AIM: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of the novel CM-LOC attachment compared to the gold standard ball attachment in single implant mandibular overdenture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-two completely edentulous patients (50 to 69 years old) seeking to improve the retention of their complete mandibular dentures by installing a single implant in the midline of the mandible were recruited for this study. The patients were equally divided into two groups. The first group received a ball attachment abutment over the implant and the second group received CM-LOC attachment abutment. The initial cost and aftercare (maintenance) cost were calculated for each attachment and compared to each other. RESULTS: The initial cost of the CM-LOC attachment was 2.2 times that of the traditional ball attachment. The after-care cost of the CM-LOC attachment was 2.39 times more than the ball attachment. The total cost of the CM-LOC attachment was 2.22 times that of the ball attachment. CONCLUSION: The ball attachment system showed better cost-effectiveness compared to the CM-LOC attachment from the beginning of the study and throughout all the treatment period during the first year.


In order to resolve the contradiction between the gradual decrease of existing fishery resources and an ever-growing demand for fish products in the future, the authors discuss the feasibility of establishing artificial sea fishery by constructing sea mountain and making artificial ocean upwelling current. They also analyze the condition of water depth, sea bottom, ocean current for constructing sea mountain in China. The constructing method and the recent international progress in constructing sea mountain are also introduced. The favorable condition and feasibility of constructing sea mountain in the EEZ of China are demonstrated.


In this paper, using the idea of quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy point with a fuzzy set, the concepts of (∈,∈ ∨q)fuzzy subsemigroup and (∈,∈ ∨q)fuzzy bi-ideal in a Γ-semigroup have been introduced and some related properties have been investigated. AMS Mathematics Subject Classification[2000]: 08A72, 20M12, 3F55


An estimated 1.2 million Australians (6%) live with diabetes (not including gestational diabetes). Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic childhood conditions, and accounts for approximately 10% of all diabetes cases. People can be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at any age, though this most commonly occurs in children and young adults.

Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune condition whereby the beta cells (found in clusters called islets) in the pancreas are destroyed, reducing the pancreas' ability to produce insulin. This means people with type 1 diabetes require an exogenous source of insulin to maintain near normoglycaemic levels. Contrary to what was previously thought, it is now known many people with type 1 diabetes retain some functional beta cells, even many years after diagnosis. It is also recognized that maintaining the function and preserving the remaining beta cells to produce even a small amount of endogenous insulin produces beneficial outcomes for overall control of blood glucose levels, and preventing complications...


Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have attracted tremendous research interest for high/medium-voltage applications due to their superior features of scalability and modularity. While successfully commercialized for a few applications, MMCs are hampered in their further widespread adoption due to voluminous cell capacitors. Recently a new switching-cycle-balancing control was proposed. It has the potential to balance cell capacitor voltages in the timescale of a switching period by alternating circulating current multiple times in a switching cycle. This greatly decreases the required cell capacitance and also enables MMC dc–dc operation. Yet, the capacitor voltage balancing effectiveness is susceptible to nonideal factors like parameter and measurement errors. Therefore, a closed-loop balancing scheme is critical to fully achieve effective switching-cycle balancing. However, due to the very high-frequency circulating current alternations, subsequent extremely fast regulation, and heavily coupled control parameters, the closed-loop balancing control presents a huge challenge. The letter aims to address these challenges and develop an effective closed-loop voltage balancing scheme. The mathematical foundations of the proposed control are laid, and the proposed scheme is verified using a custom-built 10-kV SiC mosfet-based MMC under 18-kV dc-link voltage.


The prevention of injuries can be carried out by undertaking injury surveys; one survey carried out in conjunction with Gibson, (1978) looking for risk factors in the Rugby Union, the largest risk factor that emerged was foul play over 30% of injuries actually occurred as a result of such behaviour. The governing bodies of Rugby Football therefore are now considering allowing linesmen who are qualified referees, to adjudicate, to help the referee in the game, hopefully reducing the number of injuries resulting from foul play that the referee does not see. A new law has come into being now, to prevent the "pile-up" situation and only the ruck allowed, with players standing on their feet. New polyurethane rubberised studs have been introduced on the Continent, and likely to come into this country at the beginning of 1980, which should reduce the number of head injuries, especially the severe lacerations.


21 cases of coronary heart disease suffered from angina pectoris received nicorandil orally with very low adverse reactions. Among them 86% of cases evidently got release. Examining the left ventricular systolic time intervals (STI) 2/3 patients had their PEP/LVET ratio shorted.Following the therapy, 4 cases had their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) definitely increased. These refected that nicorandil could improve the cardiac contractility and STI. As a whole changes upon ECG were not remarkable. Blood examination indicated that nicorandil could inhibit blood platelets aggregation. Clinical evidence also proved that nicorandil did not change the patient's heart rate and decrease the blood pressure even in hypertensive patients. In conclusion nicorandil is more superior than nitroglycerin.


— We analyze the consistency of the ADM approach to KK model; we prove that KK reduction commute with ADM splitting. This leads to a well defined Hamiltonian; we provide the outcome. The electromagnetic constraint is derived from a geometrical one and this result enforces the physical meaning of KK model. Moreover we study the role of the extra scalar field φ we have in our model; classical hints from geodesic motion and cosmological solutions suggest that φ can be an alternative time variable in the relational point of view. The main argument of this work is to consider the ADM splitting of the 5D Kaluza-Klein (KK in the following) model. The ADM splitting is usually requested when we want to consider the canonical approach to the dynamics of General Relativity([1]); although we still have many unsolved problems it is today a very valuable approach towards quantum gravity, as shown for instance in Loop Quantum Gravity. On the other hand, KK theories provide interesting framework to unification theories ([2],[3],[4]). The 5D KK model allows us to have a unified geometrical picture of gravitation with the elecromagnetic field. Starting from a 5D space-time, via the assumption of the cylindricity hypothesis and other restrictive conditions on our manifold, we are able to take into account the coupling of gravitation with U(1) gauge field plus an extra scala field φ (the scale factor governing the dynamics of the extra dimension). So far, we are interested in putting together these ideas in the same scheme. Our first task is to understand if ADM splitting is compatible with KK model. This question is not trivial, because in KK model we have to pay the price of breaking the 5D Poincaré simmetry; this could be not compatible with ADM splitting. In next section we will show that we c Società Italiana di Fisica


The scale of maintaining the dairy worldwide had changed with a move towards larger, more intensive, profit-driven enterprises, primarily due to market pressures. Productive cattle health monitoring can help the farmers as well as the landlords who can regularly monitor the poor health condition of their cattle and intimate the unavailability of veterinary. The main focus of our project is to avoid the condition of emergency, reduce cost, labour inputs while increasing farm productivity and also help in diagnosis of cattle's diseases in the early stage.


Section dismantles the myth that Venezuela's opposition to the Chavez's government is democratic. On the basis of solid data and evidence, it conclusively demonstrates that ever since Hugo Chavez won the presidential elections in Venezuela in 1998, the right wing opposition has done almost nothing else but seek to overthrow it. There is also evidence of substantial US support in this endeavour. In short, not beleaguered democrats but golpistas.


Background and aim: Little is known about what happens in primary health structures without nephrology care, especially in the paediatric population. We sought describe the epidemiology of AKI in children at risk in district hospitals in Cameroon.
Methods: We prospectively screened consenting children aged 2-18 years of age in paediatric wards of 3 large urban district hospitals over a period of 4 months. Participants with AKI were then followed up till discharge. Outcomes of interest were need and access to dialysis, and renal recovery on hospital discharge. Written assent was obtained from parents or caregivers.
Results: Among the 211 children admitted during the study period, 82% (n=173) were at risk of AKI, of whom 19 (11%) did not consent. Of the 154 children included 54.5% were males and the median age was 6 years [IQ 3-10]. Sepsis and volume depletion were the most common risk factors of AKI. The incidence of AKI was 12.3% (n=19). AKI was mostly community acquired and 47.4% (n=9) patients were in KDIGO stage 3. Pre-renal AKI and acute tubular necrosis accounted for 63.2% and 36.8% respectively. Gastro-intestinal losses, malaria, bacterial sepsis and nephrotoxins were the common aetiologies of AKI. On discharge, 71.7% of AKI had complete recovery renal function.
Conclusion: Risk factors of AKI are very common in children on admission in general district hospitals in Cameroon. Efforts should be made to raise awareness of primary health caregivers about risk assessment, prevention, early recognition and management of AKI in children.


The mezzanine module of angular velocity and the carrier module for the remote control system of the unmanned vessel are designed. The carrier module is designed to control and configure the mezzanine module for speed measuring and mezzanine module for angular velocity measuring.


Стаття присвячена аналізу концепції паракритики, запропонованої провідним американським теоретиком і
критиком І. Гассаном. Охарактеризовано специфічні риси пара/критичного письма, яке породжує нові моделі проникнення у сутність як художнього, так і літературно-критичного твору в епоху постмодерна і слугує дороговказом в період формування пост/постмодерністської естетики.
(This article is dedicated to the analysis of a concept of paracriticism which was proposed by the leading American theorist and critic I. Hassan. The characteristic features of para/critical writing have been revealed and analyzed in this research. It
gives ground to suggest that paracriticism undermines traditional forms of literary critical argumentation and urges to the development of new models of analysis for artistic and critical texts during the formation of after postmodernist aesthetics.
Testing the theory in action, I. Hassan has created an interactive critical dimension, where the object of a critical analysis is an artistic text and, simultaneously, a critical text – the text-in-progress, exposing its own linguistic features, analytical and
personal strategies and carrying a humanistic impulse of the infinite renewal of life and literature.)


We discuss protocols for mapping quantum states of light onto atomic spins, including the recently demonstrated quantum teleportation between light and matter. We show how these protocols can be improved using spin and light squeezing.


SUMMARY The influence of temperature and salinity on miracidial longevity and miracidial infectivity of the digenean, Himasthla militaris, has been examined. At 14, 25 and 30 °C the half-life of the miracidia was 1200, 630 and 420 min respectively, and infection of the first intermediate host, Hydrobia ventrosa, only occurred at 25 and 30 °C, for both temperatures 52% became infected. In the range 2·1 to 34‰ (2·1, 4·2, 8·5, 17 and 34‰) the miracidia had a minimal and maximal half-life of 60 and 630 min in water with a salinity of 2·1 and 17‰ respectively, while the infection of the snail host was possible only in water with a salinity of 8·5 and 17‰.


Intensive agriculture has led to the increasing application of pesticides, such as malathion, thus generating large volumes of untreated cropland wastewater (CropWW). In this work, a hybrid system constructed wetlands (CW) coupled in continuous with an optimized UV/H2O2 pretreatment was evaluated for the efficient removal of malathion contained in CropWW. In the first stage, 90 min UV irradiation time (UV IR) and 65 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were identified as optimal operation parameters through a central composite design. The second stage consisted of CW planted with Phragmites australis collected from the agricultural discharge area and operated as a piston flow reactor. Furthermore, CW hydraulic residence times (HRT) of 1, 2 and 3 days, including hydraulic coupling, were evaluated. The removal efficiencies obtained in the first stage (UV/H2O2) were 94 ± 2.5% of malathion and 45 ± 2.5% of total organic carbon (TOC). In stage two (CW) 65 ± 9.6% TOC removal was achieved during the first 17 days, from which around 24% was associated to the biosorption of malathion byproducts. Subsequently, and until the operation ends, CW removed about 80% of TOC for 2 and 3 days HRT, with no significant differences (p > 0.2), which is higher than those reported in several studies involving only advanced oxidation processes (AOP) with UV IR times above 240 min and even for systems using catalysts. The results obtained indicate that the system UV/H2O2-CW is a technically suitable option for the treatment of CropWW with a high content of malathion mainly found in developing countries. Moreover, the hybrid system proposed also represent significant reduction in the size of the treatment plant.


The income statement is an accounting form that reflects the financial results of the organization's activities for the reporting period and contains data on revenue and expenses from ordinary activities, as well as other income and expenses. Accounting for financial results is necessary to assess the economic life of the enterprise. Information about the company's financial results is important both for internal analysis and for interaction with potential partners. With the help of these indicators, it is possible to analyze the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole and develop a further strategy of behavior in the market, therefore, the correct accounting of financial results is very important from the point of view of the economy. The subject of the research is the report on financial results. The purpose of the report on financial results is formulated in the article, its characteristics are given, and the article also substantiates the necessity and importance of analyzing the financial results of the organization. So, in the conditions of escalating economic and political tension in the modern world, the procedure for the formation, analysis and application of financial results by organizations becomes even more relevant. For effective analysis, it is important to organize timely and accurate accounting of the financial results of the organization. Without a competent analysis of the results of the financial activity of the enterprise and the identification of factors affecting this activity, it is impossible to increase the level of profit and profitability.


The reaction $^{20}$Ne${+\mathrm{}}^{54}$Fe at beam energies of 216 and 294 MeV has been used to study the breakup of Ne by measuring the correlations between fast \ensuremath{\alpha} particles and quasi-elastic projectile-like fragments. The experimental data can be described by sequential decay even for high excitation energies in the primary fragment, where the half-life of the states is comparable to the nuclear reaction time.


In the Euclidean setting the proximal gradient method and its accelerated variants are a class of efficient algorithms for optimization problems with decomposable objective. In this paper, we develop a Riemannian proximal gradient method (RPG) and its accelerated variant (ARPG) for similar problems but constrained on a manifold. The global convergence of RPG is established under mild assumptions, and the O (1 /k ) is also derived for RPG based on the notion of retraction convexity. If assuming the objective function obeys the Rimannian Kurdyka- Lojasiewicz (KL) property, it is further shown that the sequence generated by RPG converges to a single stationary point. As in the Euclidean setting, local convergence rate can be established if the objective function satisfies the Riemannian KL property with an exponent. Moreover, we show that the restriction of a semialgebraic function onto the Stiefel manifold satisfies the Riemannian KL property, which covers for example the well-known sparse PCA problem. Numerical experiments on random and synthetic data are conducted to test the performance of the proposed RPG and ARPG.


ABSTRACT The aim of our work was to establish the dependence of species composition, features of ecosystem distribution in the space and wood-destroying activity of xylotrophs on the functional type of forest, and the cause and degree of its violation. Changes in species composition, spatial distribution and wood-destroying activity of xylotrophic fungi, and disruption of "woody plant xylomycobiont", "substrate category – xylomycobiont," were revealed. Changes in xylotrophic diversity in stands were evaluated by diversity indices. Forest and taxonomic characteristics of stands, the reasons and the degree of degradation of forest ecosystems were taken into account. The ability of 37 species of xylotrophs to be indicators of deciduous and coniferous forests in green areas of cities due to recreation, construction and quarrying of granite has been substantiated. The principles of application of the mycoindicators system for improvement, a technique of estimation of character and degree of forest ecosystem anthropogenic transformation, are defined.


The presence of one kind of surface roughness provided with a guide roller body portion, showing the intersection between the roughness curve in its average line of the surface of the roll body portion of the roughness, the peak start and end of the above-described roughness curve rather the average distance between the points of intersection within the scope of the above 0.2mm 1mm or less; and the roughness curve by a maximum valley depth Rv comprising the maximum height Ry and shape factor (1) defined by the formula K 0. 7 above. K = Rv / Ry ... (1).


Correspondence: Marina Gasino Jacobs – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima. Rua Delfino Conti, S/N. Bloco H. Florianópolis, SC Brasil. Post code: 88040-900 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Objective: to describe drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) notifications in Brazil. Methods: this is a descriptive study of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of DR-TB notifications in 2014 on SITETB and TBWeb, these being information systems on which cases involving special treatment regimens are registered. Results: there were 1,574 cases, 94.8% of which had the pulmonary form, 27.6% involved primary resistance, and 50.9% were multidrug-resistant; 70.6% of cases were male, 87.0% were between 20 and 59 years old, 60.9% were of Afro-Brazilian, and 68.0% had less than 8 years of schooling; as for comorbidities, 13.1% of patients had AIDS, 11.3% had diabetes, 25.8% made harmful use of alcohol, 21.0% were illegal drugs users, and 22.2% were tobacco users. Conclusion: the majority of DR-TB notifications were related to men, young people, Afro-Brazilian and people with low levels of education; there was a high percentage of primary resistance, as well as multidrug-resistance and comorbidities, with emphasis on substance use.


This paper presents a hybrid direct and intelligent method of real-time coordinated wide-area controller for improved power system transient stability. The algorithm is applied as an optimal Wide-Area System-Centric Controller and Observer (WASCCO) based on Adaptive Critic Design (ACD). ACD techniques that uses Reinforcement Learning (RL) could be utilized to approximate the transient energy function by dynamic programming and find the solution to nonlinear optimal control problem. However, such technique is highly dependent on the cost function and its dynamics. A Lyupanov-based energy function that is defined offline and updated in real-time through prony analysis is utilized for this purpose. Results on a two area power system and 68-bus New England New York system shows better response compared to conventional schemes and local power system stabilizers.


Recently there were 8 straight and 6 cantilevered aluminum luminaire supports that failed along Route 147 in New Jersey. The cantilevered luminaire supports were mounted directly to the parapet of the Grassy Sound Bridge, which is part of Route 147. The cantilevered supports experienced cracking around the shoe base-to-pole weld and at the welds around the hand access holes. The straight poles were used along the side of the road leading up to the bridge. These straight poles were connected to their foundation through the breakaway transformer base. All of the poles that were on a transformer base experienced failure through the transformer base and not in the pole or shoe base. The primary purpose of the research described in this report was to determine the fatigue resistance of the socket detail used on the luminaire standards and to determine what caused the failure of the cantilevered aluminum luminaire supports on Route 147 in southern New Jersey. To accomplish this objective 12 luminaire support standards were tested to determine the fatigue resistance of the socket joint at the pole to shoe base connection. Pull tests were also performed to determine the dynamic characteristics, such as stiffness, natural frequency and percent of critical damping of each type of luminaire standard. The report concludes with design recommendations for fatigue resistance from natural wind gusts and vortex shedding and for improved shoe base-to-pole connection.


There are a number of reasons that one could advance for studying the history of science. For instance, it is often said that it is a very useful bridge between science and the humanities ; which is quite true if science is improperly taught ; then the bridge is necessary, but if it is properly taught, then one realizes that science itself is a humanity, so that such a bridge is not necessary. Again, of course, it has the justification that all history teaching or studying has, that it is something that happened, and if we have normal human curiosity we want to know what it was.


We propose a novel synthetic approach for cationic charged platinum nanoparticles via the autocatalytic hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine. This method can be extended to the platinum group of metals.


TG.AC transgenic mice harbor a v-Ha-ras transgene and retain two normal c-Ha-ras alÃ-elesand are susceptible to skin tumor formation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). To determine whether nor mal c-Ha-ras antagonizes the oncogenic potential of the v-Ha-ras transgene and/or whether additional non-Ha-ra.v 7,12-dimethylhenz(a (anthra cene (DMBA) initiation target genes exist in mouse skin, which could cooperate with v-Ha-ras to increase the frequency of initiation, rate of promotion, or risk of malignant conversion, we treated T(ì.ACmouse skin with a single subthreshold dose of DMBA. This was followed by limited TPA or diacylglycerol promotion to select for cells with additional genetic alterations over those cells containing the v-Ha-ras transgene only. DMBA-treatedyTPA-promoted TG.AC mice demonstrated a 10-fold in crease in the average number of papillomas per mouse, a greater incidence of papilloma bearing-mice, and an increased papilloma growth rate when compared to acetone-treated/TPA-promoted TG.AC mice. These pro found changes in papilloma frequency and growth occurred in the absence of the characteristic DMBA-induced A'*2-»T mutation in c-Ha-ras and immunohistochemical nuclear staining for p53 protein. DMBA-treated/ acetone-promoted TG.AC mice did not develop any tumors. Limited promotion with the model diacylglycerol, sn-l,2-didecanoylglycerol, sim ilarly produced an average of 10-fold more papillomas in DMBA-treated mice than in acetone-treated/sn-l,2-didecanoylglycerol-promoted TG.AC mice. DMBA-treated/TPA-promoted TG.AC mice developed their first malignancy by 16 weeks, and by 30 weeks, 50% of the mice developed malignancies, whereas no malignancies were observed in acetone-treated/ TPA-promoted TG.AC mice. These results indicate that there exist uni dentified DMBA initiation target genes in TG.AC mouse skin that coop erate with mutant Ha-ra.v to increase papilloma frequency, growth, and malignant conversion, and that promoter treatment can influence malig nant conversion by selecting for cells with multiple genetic alterations.


Criminal law has to keep pace with the constant advancement of technology and the emergence of the digital revolution to the fore: it has to come to grips with emerging - and still unregulated - legal problems, one of which is a new means of transport: the electric scooter. What is the problem? The electric scooter is operated by one person, who has no equipment, no driver's license, and the electric scooter does not require insurance - for now. The use of electric scooters has become very widespread in Hungary in recent years, especially in the capital and its surroundings. However, for the users of this means of transport, there is also the problem that the valid traffic regulations have not specifically applied to this vehicle so far, so scooter drivers could use bike paths, roadways, and even sidewalks. In addition, zero tolerance for alcohol use was not applied to them, which caused quite a few accidents. In Hungary, this issue is also important for compensation for damages from such traffic accidents. The solution is in the hands of the Hungarian legislator, the draft is in the plan, but it has not yet been drawn up, it has not been adopted and it is not yet in force.