A maser amplifier operating at the higher harmonics of the cyclotron frequency is presented. Detailed study of the performance has already been done incorporating an axially slotted rectangular waveguide and the study is now concentrated on the detailed experimental construction of the unit. The present harmonic maser also known as a gyrotron will be initially experimentally demonstrated and verified at the X-band frequencies. The goal is using the experience gained from the lower frequency operation is to design, construct and demonstrate a rectangular high harmonic maser amplifier at the W-band frequencies.


/steam combined-cycle is a well-known technology for power generation due to its numerous advantages including high efficiency and low environmental emission. The purpose of this paper was investigation of thermodynamic parameters' behavior of single-pressure system due to load reduction of gas turbine. In this study, dynamic simulation is performed to analyze the transient behavior of a combined-cycle power plant. This simulation was done using mass and energy conservation equations for each component as a control volume. Governing equations set was solved by forward finite difference method and the results were illustrated by some figures. For validation of this transient modeling, the bottoming cycle parameters values at the end of transient operation were compared with the numerical output of the well-known commercial software Thermo flow in steady state mode that acceptable adaption have been seen.


republican utility: Ogilvie (as did his imitators) lectured in a toga. He also sought out and appealed to women audiences. Ogilvie discovered that to fill halls he needed to cultivate ties with prominent local figures, especially women. Fortunately, Ogilvie was a dynamic guest, whose stimulating conversation and sympathy secured interest in his per for mances and a network of patrons. Ogilvie's per for mances cultivated an "optimism" for the United States and its capacity as a republic. He argued for institutions devoted to oratory, pursuing a professorship in rhe toric that failed to materialize after a serious professional blunder: Ogilvie published a book. Discovering the differences between the requirements of print and oratory, Ogilvie tried and failed to capture the British market. Eastman argues that his failures, like his successes, illustrate the distinct role oratory played in the United States and Ogilvie's crucial influence on it. There is much to this book that readers must discover on their own, including Eastman's keen sense of humor and sensitivity to distinct aspects of early national culture. The Strange Genius of Mr. O is a richly contextualized biography, bringing to life the early republic along with its complicated central figure. James Ogilvie might be a first in the history of celebrity, yet Eastman is careful not to allow the scripts and cycles of modern celebrity to overwhelm a careful, historically situated analy sis of his career and its influence on the culture of American oratory.


The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program, authorized by Congress in 1991 and administered by the Laboratory Science and Technology Office, is our primary means for pursuing innovative, long-term, high-risk, and potentially high-payoff research that supports the missions of the Laboratory, the Department of Energy, and National Nuclear Security Administration in national security, energy security, environmental management, bioscience and technology to improve human health, and breakthroughs in fundamental science and technology. The accomplishments described in this Annual Report demonstrate the strong alignment of the LDRD portfolio with these missions and contribute to the Laboratory's success in meeting its goals. The LDRD budget of $92 million for FY2006 sponsored 188 projects. These projects were selected through an extensive peer-review process to ensure the highest scientific quality and mission relevance. Each year, the number of deserving proposals far exceeds the funding available, making the selection a tough one indeed. Our ongoing investments in LDRD have reaped long-term rewards for the Laboratory and the nation. Many Laboratory programs trace their roots to research thrusts that began several years ago under LDRD sponsorship. In addition, many LDRD projects contribute to more than one mission area, leveraging the Laboratory's multidisciplinary team approach to sciencemore » and technology. Safeguarding the nation from terrorist activity and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction will be an enduring mission of this Laboratory, for which LDRD will continue to play a vital role. The LDRD Program is a success story. Our projects continue to win national recognition for excellence through prestigious awards, papers published in peer-reviewed journals, and patents granted. With its reputation for sponsoring innovative projects, the LDRD Program is also a major vehicle for attracting and retaining the best and the brightest technical staff and for establishing collaborations with universities, industry, and other scientific and research institutions. By keeping the Laboratory at the forefront of science and technology, the LDRD Program enables us to meet our mission challenges, especially those of our ever-evolving national security mission.« less


Melilotus polonicus L. (Papilionaceae), as psammophyte plant on the Caspian coast, is reported as new noteworthy record for the flora of Iran. Apium leptophyllum (Apiaceae), Sisyrinchium exile (Iridaceae) and Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae) are recorded for the first time from Iran/Flora Iranica area. Moreover, the two latter records are the first reports of these genera for the Flora Iranica area. All records were collected in different habitats of Boujagh National Park, the newly founded landmarine National Park in North of Iran. Taxonomic remarks and distribution map for these species are provided.


There is an ongoing international arms race in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). But whereas military organisations in the West are viewing AI principally as an enabler in the tactical realm, this is not the case in Russia. The Russian military sees AI's greatest utility at the strategic level. Its emphasis is on employing AI-enhanced information warfare tools (including in cyber warfare) to produce truly game-changing strategic effects against state adversaries. AI's use in this capacity heralds a 'third revolution in military affairs'. Rod Thornton and Marina Miron examine its profound implications for the future of warfare.■


abstract This paper presents empirical material drawn from an intentionally local AIDS quilting project in a disadvantaged inner-city district of Dublin, Ireland. The paper aims to address two key gaps in human geography. Firstly, by examining the AIDS quilts through their primary functions of therapy, activism, and commemoration, this paper finds an emphasis on place, rather than names that foregrounds the geographical, as opposed to merely rhetorical dimensions of the AIDS quilt. In doing so, it questions the forms of political community that have been claimed through the more well-studied NAMES Memorial Quilt. Secondly, by conceptualising AIDS quilts through the lens of humanistic geography, it reflects upon the act of quilting as producing what Yi-Fu Tuan described as a "field of care," a place that may be more attentive to the structural AIDS vulnerability visited upon affected communities. It concludes with implications for the study of AIDS interventions amid wounded cities. As these damaged communities seek ways to repair themselves, the quilts act as paradigmatic cases of care for others, through care for place.


What is the prevalence, and which factors are associated with hypogonadism in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA)?

 The prevalence of biochemical hypogonadism among NOA males is significant. The condition is associated with testicular volume, estradiol levels, paternal age, and testicular histopathology results.

 NOA is a severe and irreversible condition that accounts for approximately 60% of azoospermia cases, primarily associated with intrinsic testicular deficiencies of various causes. NOA men can present signs of hypogonadism, associated or not with elevated circulating FSH levels; however, the exact prevalence is ill-reported. There is also a lack of data on the clinical factors associated with hypogonadism. We, therefore, estimated the prevalence of biochemical hypogonadism using real-world data and investigated its relationship with clinical factors.

 An observational cohort study was conducted, including 767 consecutive NOA patients with primary spermatogenic failure seeking fertility treatment at a University-affiliated tertiary center for male reproductive health between January 2014 and September 2021. Biochemical hypogonadism was defined as total testosterone (T) levels <350 ng/dL, measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay from a venous sample, collected in the morning, from 8:00 to 10:00 am, and confirmed on a second analysis at least one week apart.

 All included patients (age range: 23-55 years) had complete clinical, hormonal, genetic, seminal, and histopathology data and were naïve concerning previous sperm retrieval attempts. Patients with NOA due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and those using hormonal therapy were excluded. Prevalence rates were computed by Goodman's method. The relationship between clinical factors and hypogonadism was assessed by logistic regression analysis. We also assessed the frequency of patients with high and within-range FSH levels in the cohort.

 NOA patients with biochemical hypogonadism represented 80.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 77.3–43.7) of the studied population. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) of T and FSH levels in hypogonadal men were 276 ng/dL (233.0-303 ng/dL) and 12.3 IU/L (8.9-18.2). Among them, hypergonadotropic (FSH>12 IU/L) and normogonadotropic (within-range FSH levels 1.5-12.0 IU/L) patients were 52.1% (95% CI 48.1-56.0) and 47.8% (43.9-51.8) of studied individuals, respectively. Logistic regression analyses revealed that testicular volume (p < 0.0001) and estradiol levels (p = 0.0005) had a significant inverse relationship with hypogonadism, whereas paternal age (p = 0.02) showed a positive relationship. Moreover, testicular histopathology was a relevant predictor (p = 0.003), with an inverse relationship between hypogonadism and germ cell maturation arrest and a positive relationship between hypogonadism and hypospermatogenesis or Sertoli cell-only. Using these variables, a model constructed to predict hypogonadism had an area under the ROC curve of 0.72.

 Limitations include possible unmeasured confounding factors and the intra- and inter-assay electrochemiluminescence method variability. Another limitation is that the study center is a referral facility for azoospermic patients; thus, hypogonadism prevalence rates reported herein might not represent that of the general population of NOA males attending general fertility centers.

 Efforts are needed to provide adequate care for this population due to its association with poor quality of life. Moreover, as recent evidence has suggested that hormonal therapy to boost T production might increase sperm retrieval success rates, studies investigating hormonal therapy in such patients may be warranted.

 Not applicable


The design patterns under J2EE architecture undergo a developing process.The present study discusses the advantages and disadvantages,as well as the adaptability of the new pattern compared with the old one.It focuses on the principles and the procedures of how the three parts,i.e.Model,View,and Controller,work together,thus analyzes Struts,one of the implementing frameworks of MVC.Based on the discussion above,some unique views are proposed for the implementation of Struts.


One of the security features in Android Operating System enables user granted permissions to restrict access to system features and user data. The loophole in this security feature arises while installing third party applications. The user today is bound to accept all permissions of an application and install it else the application is not installed. Therefore the user is not able to restrict access to his system resources completely. This paper presents a novel approach which has been implemented and will enhance the existing permission model and enable user to grant selective permissions to applications in Android Operating System. Keywords-Emerging Technologies, Software Program Verification, Operating System Security and Protection, Access Control, Miscellaneous


Universities instructor troop are to strengthen the ideological and political education of universities students in one of the main force.We need to know the necessity of universities instructor troop building,need to know the role localization accurately under view of a harmonious society,In particular,We also need to get a clear understanding on how to build the instructor troop.


This study aimed to find out the traditional fish farmers' perception of mangrove forest conservation in Tanjung Limau Village, Muara Badak Sub-district, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The method of this study was purposive sampling based on the number of traditional fish farmers who were still productive in brackishwater pond cultivation, namely 15 respondents. The method of data analysis was descriptive statistical analysis. The data for scores (the highest was 5 and the lowest was 1) from the questionnaire were based on the Likert Scale.
The result showed that the cumulative score for the respondents' perception of the 7 criteria for mangrove forest management was 125.33 in the range score between 105.43–130.23 categorized as Agree. It is a positive point from the traditional fish farmers since they agree with making the mangrove forest stay conserved. The mangrove forest conservation is not only the people's responsibility but is also a shared responsibility to make the mangrove forest sustainable.


1. The contemporary problem of self love 2. Self love in Christian ethics 3. A hermeneutical account of self-relation 4. Right self love 5. Self love and moral action 6. Self love, religion and morality.


Optic nerve injury is a consequence of numerous ophthalmic conditions including glaucoma, a leading cause of global blindness. In adult humans, the optic nerve displays limited regenerative capacity, typical of neurons of the CNS. In efforts to address this issue, a number of recent advances have been made in the identification of potential therapeutic targets that directly inhibit or stimulate optic nerve regeneration, with more work implicating several other factors. These factors can be categorized as being intracellular or extracellular with respect to the neuron, or inflammatory cell-derived. In addition to these therapeutic strategies, it is important to guide the regrowing axons to their correct destination. Recent work has identified several developmental guidance factors important in regeneration, and potential therapeutic targets for the future. This review discusses newly identified and existing regeneration factors and evaluates current cellular- and nanotechnology-based therapies that aim to aid and guide optic nerve regeneration to achieve functional recovery.


Environmental education is the premise for building up the concept of scientific devlopment.The sack of teachers is the main problem for basic environmental education in the process of fulfilling Educational Ministry's policy that treating the environmental education as the repuird course.As the base of cultivating teachers for basic education,the normal university must keep accordance with the basic education actively,and try to solve the problem of lack of teachers for the basic environmental education.Aiming at this problem,the National Environmental Education Research Group proposed a new mode of"one aim,four approaches"to train teachers for environmental education,on the basis of taking the reform of curriculum system of geography specialty as the breaking point and attempted boldly.practice proved that this mode is effective.


This article proposes an automatic smoothing method for recovering dis- continuous regression functions. The method models the target regression function with a series of disconnected cubic regression splines which partition the function's domain. In this way discontinuity points can be incorporated in a fitted curve simply as the boundary points between adjacent splines. Three objective criteria are constructed and compared for choosing the number and placement of these dis- continuity points as well as the amount of smoothing. These criteria are derived from three fundamentally different model selection methods: AIC, GCV and the MDL principle. Practical optimization of these criteria is done by genetic algo- rithms. Simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to many existing smoothing methods when the target function is non-smooth. The method is further made robust by using a Gaussian mixture approach to model outliers.


Living organisms are sophisticated self-assembled structures that exist and operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. They remain stable at highly organized (low-entropy) states owing to the continuous consumption of energy stored in "chemical fuels", which they convert into low-energy waste [1]. Dissipative self-assembly is ubiquitous in nature, where it gives rise to complex structures and desired properties such as self-healing and camouflage [2]. In sharp contrast, nearly all man-made materials are static: they are designed to serve a given purpose rather than to exhibit different properties dependent on external conditions. In the first part of this talk, I will describe our initial steps towards realising dissipative self-assembly systems based on nanoparticulate building blocks. In these systems, self-assembly is initiated by the addition of a fuel, which initiates a chemical reaction resulting in nanoparticle aggregates [3]. These aggregates are transient and they spontaneously disassemble as the reaction reaches equilibrium. I will outline a general principle for constructing such systems based on decorating nanoparticles with catalytic moieties [4].


In this paper we examine the protection issues that must be dealt with, to successfully operate a microgrid when the utility experiences a grid outage. Changes in fault current levels within microgrids under grid-tied and islanded conditions present challenges to developing robust and reliable protection schemes. These schemes must provide an effective response in both gridconnected and islanded mode and the transition between these modes. In this study, a section of an actual residential community located in the western part of the United States (U.S.) was considered as part of the microgrid evaluation. A sizing analysis was conducted to select the appropriate sizes of DER; simulated using DER-CAM analysis. The two DERs considered for the study included solar PV and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). This paper highlights the protection coordination issues when an existing unbalanced distribution system encompassing a residential subdivision is converted into a microgrid with generation sources with low fault contribution. It further explains the strategy to coordinate protection devices during grid connected and islanded microgrid operating regimes.


AIM: To investigate the mechanism of the antagonistic effect of aminoguanidine (AG) on diabitic myocardial damage in rats. METHODS: Morphology of myocardium in diabetic group and AG group were observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected biochemically in myocardial homogenate. Nitrotyrosine (NT), which is the sign of peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-), was detected using Western blotting. RESULTS: Under TEM, there was edema around nucleus of cadiocytes, part of inocommaes were breaked and Z lines were ambiguity, and part of costulaes and membranes of mitochondrion in cadiocytes were breaked or disappeared. The activity of NOS, iNOS and the content of MDA and NT increased in diabetic group as compared to control. The pathological changes of myocardium induced by diabetes were reversed in AG group, only part of costulaes of mitochondrion of cadiocytes disappeared, inocommaes were in order on the whole and only some lipid droplets deposited. The activity of NOS, iNOS and the content of MDA and NT in AG group decreased as compared to diabetic group. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of AG on diabitic myocardium may be through anti-lipid peroxidation and decreasing the content of ONOO-.


A crepuscular or nocturnal lifestyle has evolved in bees several times independently, probably to explore rewarding pollen sources without competition and to minimize predation and nest parasites. Despite these obvious advantages, only few bee species are nocturnal. Here we show that the sensitivity of the bee apposition eye is a major factor limiting the ability to forage in dim light. We present data on eye size, foraging times, and light levels for Megalopta genalis (Augochlorini, Halictidae) in Panama, and Lasioglossum (Sphecodogastra) sp. (Halictini, Halictidae) in Utah, USA. M. genalis females forage exclusively during twilight, but as a result of dim light levels in the rain forest, they are adapted to extremely low intensities. The likely factor limiting their foraging activity is finding their nest entrance on return from a foraging trip. The lowest light intensity at which they can do this, both in the morning and the evening, is 0.0001 cd m-super- - 2. Therefore, they leave the nest at dimmer light levels in the morning than in the evening. Lasioglossum (Sphecodogastra) foraging is limited by light intensity in the evening, but probably by temperature in the morning in the temperate climate of Utah. We propose that the evolution of nocturnality in bees was favored by the large variance in the size of females. Copyright 2006.


Under the assumption on the temperature independence of the parameters of the Skyrme interactions, the formula of deuteron-nucleus self-consistent microscopic optical potentials are derived with the utilization of the mass operator method of Green function and the semi-classical variation approach. The temperature dependence of d+ 40 Ca and d+ 90 Zr optical potentials at different energies is discussed.


ON the first day of summer 1779, a small merchant vessel bobbed around Chebucto Head, drifting past Micmac canoes and the fortifications of George's Island into the crowded port of Halifax, Nova Scotia. It had survived a buffeting two-week voyage from Maine across the Bay of Fundy, and its passengers?the Reverend Jacob Bailey and his family?were grateful to touch land again. They were especially relieved to reach a land where they saw "the Britanic colours flying" because the Baileys were refugees from revolutionary America: loyalists who had fled to Nova Scotia after years of persecution. They reached British safety with just the rags on their backs. Bailey vividly described his costume of rusty black trousers speckled with lint and pitch stains, stockings a threadbare lattice, an oversize coat swinging loose around his ankles, and a "jaundise coloured" wig topped by a limp beaver cap. So many people came to gape at the strange party that Bailey deliv ered an impromptu speech from the deck: "Gentlemen, we are a com pany of fugitives . . . driven by famine and persecution to take refuge among you, and therefore I must intreat your candor and compassion to excuse the meaness and singularity of our dress." He thanked God, he later wrote, for guiding "me and my family to this retreat of freedom and security from the rage of tyranny and the cruelty of opposition." But he had also "landed in a strange country, destitute of money, clothing, dwelling or furniture," and his future was in the hands of chance.1


The invention relates to the field of communication technologies, in particular to a method and server for transmitting consumption reminding information. The purpose is to solve the problems that in the prior art, because a real-time reminding server adopts a serial processing process from receiving of consumption data to generation and transmission of corresponding consumption reminding information, so that the time for processing the consumption data is long, and the real-time performance of the consumption reminding information is poor. According to the embodiment, the process that after receiving the consumption reminding data, the real-time reminding server generates the consumption reminding information and the process that the real-time reminding server transmits the consumption reminding information in a message queue to a user terminal are two processes processed in parallel, and the time from receiving of the consumption data to generation and transmission of the corresponding consumption reminding information is shortened. The generated consumption reminding information is transmitted to a memory of the real-time reminding server to be transmitted, the speed of transmitting the consumption reminding information is increased, and then the real-time performance of the real-time consumption reminding information is improved.


Tea is one of the unique non-alcoholic beverages consumed all over the world next to water. During manufacturing process of CTC made tea, withering is one of the important stage wherein physical changes taken place besides certain biochemical variations. Current research was carried out the biochemical changes in the green leaves and quality attributes of made tea with respect to extended withering period using "Assam" seedlings and an unique "Chinery" clone, UPASI-9. Results on biochemical constituents of the both withered green leaves and made teas of "Assam" seedlings and UPASI-9 followed identical pattern with certain deviations. Polyphenols transformed rapidly in "Assam" seedlings while it was found to slow in UPASI-9. Processed teas showed irregular pattern in terms of TF, TR, TLC and WE values in both the test materials. TR:TF ratio enhanced in UPASI-9, after 12 hours of withering period. Overall results revealed that withering of harvested green leaves till 16 hours could be the optimum time to achieve the quality teas with desired flavor. Data generated on withered green leaf constituents and made tea attributes of both the test materials are presented and discussed in detail.


The main clinical and histological characteristics of adenocarcinoma of the breast and the behavior of these tumors in women under 30 years of age are described on the basis of 50 patients. Clinically they are indistinguishable from types seen in other age groups; histologically there is a higher incidence of poorly differentiated and highly malignant types but behavior appears to be less malignant than these traits would normally indicate. Pregnancy begun after initial treatment of the disease does not seem to influence its course. Castration does not seem to be of great benefit as a therapeutic measure.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
It is not known whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients present, compared to non-HIV controls, higher vascular risk factors. Our objective was to analyze whether there are differences in blood pressure in HIV patients compared to non-HIV controls.

PATIENTS AND METHOD
We retrospectively analyzed all HIV patients controlled in our centre, who were compared with a control group of blood donors, matched for age and sex, blood pressure and lipid profile. We evaluated the following variables: demographic data, date of HIV diagnosis, presence of lipodystrophy, antiretroviral treatment, duration of this treatment, and vascular risk factors.

RESULTS
We evaluated 740 patients (mean age: 41.8 years; 75% men). We detected a higher prevalence of hypertension in the HIV group (25% vs. 15%) with a significant difference in the mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure between both groups (p < 0.0001). In the HIV group, hypertensives were older than normotensives, and had higher prevalence of lipodystrophy and higher total cholesterol with a shorter disease duration (75 vs 85 months). In the total group of hypertensives, HIV patients were younger than non-HIV (44.2 vs 47.9 years; p < 0.009) and had higher total cholesterol values (5.44 vs 5.18 mmol/l; p < 0.052).

CONCLUSIONS
We found a higher prevalence of hypertension in HIV patients compared with matched controls, as well as a higher prevalence of lipodystrophy and vascular risk factors in hypertensive HIV patients compared with non-hypertensive.


Kuta Lombok Village is a village located in the Pujut sub-district, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. To reach Kuta Village, from Lombok International Airport it only takes 24 minutes for a distance of 16.4 kilometers via Jalan Raya Kuta-Lombok. This area which is located in the southern part has beautiful beaches and several attractive hills as photo locations with sparkling coastal views. The beach that is quite famous in Kuta Village is Seger beach, Seger beach is a location that is quite attractive to foreign tourists because the sea waves are very good for surfing, besides that Seger beach is also known by the outside community as the place for the bau nyale event held one once a year. However, since the Covid-19 outbreak that hit various countries in the world, including Indonesia, local and foreign tourists are not allowed to visit Seger Beach so that the facilities or infrastructure on Seger Beach become damaged and dirty. One of the efforts to improve facilities and infrastructure is rearrangement. The implementation method used is observation and direct action with the help of the community who live around Seger Beach, Ujung Lauk Hamlet, Kuta Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok. Program activities carried out include: 1) cleaning around the Seger beach; 2) painting the poles, benches and tables around the Seger beach; 3) making swings and seats; 4) making a gate for Bukit Seger; 5) and making parking lots around Bukit Seger with a thatched roof. This activity is expected to increase visitors to Seger Beach and its surroundings so that it can increase the income of the people who live there.


Based on the method of first integral,the problems of constructing functions,such as the differential mid-value theorem,the solution of integrating factor and thr zero existence of some functions,are explored.So the problem of constructing auxiliary functions is transformed into solving the first integral,and it is easy to handle them.Some examples also are demonstrated the effectiveness of proposed technique.


Predatory Bureaucracy is chalk full of stories and ideas about conservation and the exploitation of natural resources. The crux of Michael Robinson's thesis is buried under an avalanche of words, but is made obvious in the repetition of 'history as reflected in heroic men's marks on the natural landscape and on national culture' (p. 124). Robinson is a historian, poet and bureaucrat and this comprehensively researched and well written book is a testament to his passion for the human actors and the landscapes they acted upon. While largely an environmental history, Predatory Bureaucracy delves into the American identity, revealing a pathology regarding nature and American agency in reshaping western landscapes. The lessons of history, which continue to resonate in America today, for example, in climate change discussions, include the failure to appreciate ecology and a marginalized and largely impotent fledgling science community. For example:


The Congressional Review Act (the "CRA") is a Congressional oversight tool used to overturn rules issued by federal agencies. Beyond the immediate effect of blocking an undesirable agency rule, the CRA bars an agency from issuing another rule in "substantially the same form" as the disapproved rule. But the scope of this provision's future effect on agency rulemaking remains unclear: the statute is silent as to what criteria should be considered in evaluating whether or when a subsequent rule falls into the "substantially the same" category, and the provision has gone untested in court.

Rather than proposing a uniform interpretation of "substantially the same," this Article proposes courts adopt a case-by-case approach to allegations that an agency is barred from enacting a particular rule due to a prior CRA resolution. Specifically, the Article argues that courts should apply Chevron and, where appropriate, defer to an agency's conclusion that a rule is not substantially the same as a rule blocked by an earlier CRA resolution. In reaching this conclusion, the Article contends a CRA resolution effectively amends an agency's organic statute, thereby permitting courts to apply Chevron to an agency's determination of whether a rule does or does not fall within the CRA's prohibitive scope.


The paper makes an analysis of the structural defects in China' s service trade and service industry as well as the research into the defects in industrial structure and employment structure of China s service industry in a practicing way. Moreover, general advice for adjusting the policies is offered.


menting upon certain parts of them, in that spirit of liberality by which we should have been guided, had the amiable and able author been alive at the time of our writing. The present volume consists of an introductory lecture to the course of anatomy delivered in Great Windmill-street?the Gulstonian lectures read before the Royal College of Physicians in the year 1794 on the nervous system?" and some brief observations drawn from the author's own experience upon a considerable number of diseases." It is with these last, of course, that we shall have to do in this place, the lectures being, as lec-


Two independent projects oriented to synthesize naturally occurring compounds: a model of citreamicin θ A, and xanthocercin A with methoxy-butesuperin B. Citreamicin θ A was isolated from marine-derived bacteria Streptomyces caelestis and has been reported to possess antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Staph.aureus(MRSA). The key reactions in the multi-step synthesis of the citreamicin model compound involved a Sonogashira coupling and Diels-Aldercycloaddition. Xanthocercin A and methoxy-butesuperin B were isolated in a mixture with other chemical compounds from leadplant, Amorpha canescens. Due to the lack of material from natural sources, the structure and pharmaceutical properties of the compound can be confirmed only with the presence of an appropriate amount of the pure material. As part of ongoing efforts to fully verify the structure of the isolated natural products, we prepared a synthetic sample of both xanthocercin A and methoxy-butesuperin B Document Type Thesis Distinguished Thesis Yes Degree Name Bachelor of Arts (BA) Department or Program Chemistry First Advisor Paul Gladen Second Advisor Jason A. Cody Third Advisor Rebecca S. Graff Subject Categories Organic Chemistry This thesis is available at Lake Forest College Publications: https://publications.lakeforest.edu/seniortheses/134 Lake Forest College Archives Your thesis will be deposited in the Lake Forest College Archives and the College's online digital repository, Lake Forest College Publications. This agreement grants Lake Forest College the non-exclusive right to distribute your thesis to researchers and over the Internet and make it part of the Lake Forest College Publications site. You warrant: • that you have the full power and authority to make this agreement; • that you retain literary property rights (the copyright) to your work. Current U.S. law stipulates that you will retain these rights for your lifetime plus 70 years, at which point your thesis will enter common domain; • that for as long you as you retain literary property rights, no one may sell your thesis without your permission; • that the College will catalog, preserve, and provide access to your thesis; • that the thesis does not infringe any copyright, nor violate any proprietary rights, nor contain any libelous matter, nor invade the privacy of any person or third party; • If you request that your thesis be placed under embargo, approval from your thesis chairperson is required. By signing below, you indicate that you have read, understand, and agree to the statements above. Printed Name: Darya (Dasha) A. Rodina Thesis Title: I. Studies Towards Citreamicin θ A Synthesis; II. Total Synthesis of Xanthocercin A and Methoxy-butesuperin B This thesis is available at Lake Forest College Publications: https://publications.lakeforest.edu/seniortheses/134 LAKE FOREST COLLEGE Senior Thesis I. Studies Towards Citreamicin θ A Synthesis II. Total Synthesis of Xanthocercin A and Methoxy-butesuperin B


The appearance of convenience food items in the supermarkets and their consumption by wide segments of population has increased in recent years, and hence a study was done on presence of Staphyloco...


In order to obtain the negative sequence component,this paper presents a novel algorithm,in which the digital second order RC low band pass filter is combined with the half-wave differential Fourier algorithm.By using microcomputers,a negative directional element is realized which operates during several milliseconds after fault initiation.As this directional element can also operate during unsymmetrical beginning period of three-phase faults,it can be used to detect different unsymmetrical faults and three-phase faults with short time unsymmetrical beginning.Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative to mineral diesel fuel that is produced from renewable resources such as vegetable oil or animal fat. Vegetable oils are becoming a promising an alternative to diesel fuel because they are renewable in nature and can be produced locally and environmental friendly as well. This work presents the influence of biodiesel formulation and blending to fuel properties. Two types of biodiesel derived from rubber seed oil and waste cooking oil will be tested according to ASTM D6751 for acid value, FFA, kinematic viscosity, pour point, cloud point, density and calorific value whether as pure biodiesel or as blended with petrodiesel. Throughout these researches, it shows that the blending technique can give the solution on the alternative way to minimize the use of diesel fossil fuel in transportation. The waste cooking oil biodiesel B5 level gives the best result due to the parameter such as density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, FF A, cloud point and pour point of biodiesel almost near to the diesel fuel characteristics. Besides, the blending of rubber seed oil biodiesel B20 shows the good characteristic such as calorific value, kinematic viscosity and cold flow properties are more or less differs in 5 % than the characteristics of diesel fuel. Both biodiesel blends waste cooking oil biodiesel B5 and rubber seed oil biodiesel B20 are in the range of specification of ASTM D6751 and EN14214.


A current-mode image sensor architecture using a linear-logarithmic pixel in order to improve the dynamic range is presented. The pixel cell is based on a 3T active pixel structure with a PMOS readout transistor in the linear region of operation and a PMOS reset transistor that allows for a linear-logarithmic response. An intrascene dynamic range of 90dB is obtained with a pixel fill factor of 37%. The readout circuit is composed of a first-generation current conveyor, a current memory employed as a delta reset sampling unit, a differential amplifier used as an integrator and a dynamic comparator. The pixel response operating mode is determined in the column readout. A signal is sent to the digital processing unit as an indicator to determine the pixel response operating mode in order to allow the proper analog to digital conversion. The image lag effect observed in the pixel output current is removed by the delta reset sampling circuit. Experimental results, obtained from a test structure, are presented. The circuit was fabricated in a CMOS 0.35um process from Austria Microsystems.


The present invention relates to a superior heat affected zone toughness, welding high strength austenitic steel and a manufacturing method thereof. In one embodiment of the present invention% by weight, C: 0.8 ~ 1.5%, Mn: 15 ~ 22%, Cr: 5% or less (excluding 0), Ti: 0.01 ~ 0.3%, N: 0.003 ~ 0.1%, and the balance Fe and other inevitable impurities, and comprises a service, the heat affected zone of weld microstructure, the volume fraction of 90% or more of austenite HAZ toughness is excellent high strength austenitic steel containing a nitro and a method of manufacturing a. According to the invention, the alloy composition and by effectively controlling the composition range, the welding portion austenite controlling nitro grain size and this cost by dispersing the heat affected zone of carbide generation after welding the carbide forming in the network form inhibiting welding through heat-affected zone toughness it is possible to provide a superior high-strength austenitic steel. Further, the austenitic steel is capable of long-term use in a corrosive environment by improving the corrosion resistance through the addition of Cr.


This study was carried out as part of an investigation of water and sediment budgets in an ephemeral catchment in Dinosaur Provincial Park badlands, Alberta. These badlands have developed in Cretaceous mudstones, siltstones, and sandstones, with some glacial and postglacial surficial deposits. Study objectives were (i) to identify major solute sources, (ii) to show how these change with storm characteristics, and (iii) to assess the proportion of solutes in the total stream budget. Field examination, rainfall-simulation tests, and laboratory experiments showed marked variations in solute production on different lithologic surfaces. This information, when combined with data on threshold precipitation for runoff production from previous experiments, made it clear that solute production in the catchment is significantly influenced by storm characteristics. Observations indicate that in brief, low-intensity storms, runoff occurs only on sandstone, miniature-pediment, and stream-channel surfaces. Solute produc...


The accelerated progress of science and technology in the field of neurosurgery have marked the importance of the formation of medical scientificity as a professional value in the residents of this specialty, a core aspect in their training. With the use of the methods analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, documentary review, authors who approached this process from the psychological, sociological, philosophical and pedagogical were consulted, through which the theoretical foundations that sustain and serve as a reference were elaborated for its modeling.


This study observed social change a community of mosque in Kampung Jogokariyan special region of Yogyakarta. With the management capabilities and the leadership who respect to their figures when pioneered since 1960 maked a significant of social change. This study use a historical-sociology approach with Max Weber's classic theory framework. From this research indicate the revival of religious solidarity factor has encouraged the movement political-economy. This subject is a characteristic of the collective on contemporary Islamic   movement in urban Java.


Using the entries in the album amicorum and references to Strachan's published works, this chapter illustrates the recognition he received as a humanist scholar of note while pursuing a career at the University of Paris. His persistence in seeking patronage gained him financial and academic support from Cardinal Maffeo Barberini (later Pope UrbanVIII) who was papal nuncio in Paris. Strachan acted as informer on British matters to Barberini after the cardinal's return to Rome. Their relationship soured and financial support was withdrawn.
Strachan could not remedy the change in material circumstances that this caused. His attempts to gain patronage from James VI and I in England (in which he was aided by his friend Thomas Dempster of Muiresk) and Henri IV of France failed and, at the age of forty, and almost on impulse after a conversation with the eastern traveller, William Lithgow of Lanark, he decided to travel to the Holy Land to learn eastern languages.


We construct suitable metrics for two classes of topological dynamical systems (linear maps on the torus and non-invertible expansive maps on compact spaces) in order to get a lower bound for topological entropy in terms of the resulting Hausdorff dimensions and Lipschitz constants. This reverses an old inequality of Dai, Zhou, and Gheng and leads to a short proof of a well-known theorem on expansive mappings. It also suggests a new invariant of topological conjugacy for dynamical systems on compact metric spaces.


Aim: To measure myeloperoxidase in obese subjects, who usually have deranged lipid profile, and to observe the association of myeloperoxidase with obesity as an early predictor of oxidative stress to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Twenty five obese subjects having a BMI 30kg/m 2 and 25 controls with a BMI 24.9 kg/m 2 , both males and females were taken. Results: Obese group had a mean serum MPO level of 207.96 44.28ng/ml which was significantly (P<0.001) higher than the controls who had mean serum MPO level of 80.04±24.8ng/ml. Serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides and LDL of obese group was significantly higher than the control group. MPO showed significantly (p<0.05) positive correlation (r=0.487) with age in the control group. MPO showed a significant positive correlation with cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in the obese group. Conclusion: The study concludes that serum MPO levels are raised in obese individuals. This indicates that MPO is associated with increased oxidative stress as in obesity. MPO is also significantly correlated with cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL. All these factors therefore indicate that obesity may be associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis.


We show that for every $n\,{\geq}\,2$ there exists closed hyperbolic n-manifolds for which the full group of orientation preserving isometries is trivial.


Abstract The Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino administration witnessed a series of social policy reforms such as Republic Act (RA) 10533 (K-12 Law) and RA 10354 (Reproductive Health Law). The political process of this reform is full of intellectual puzzles considering the conventional knowledge on Philippine politics, which is mainly shaped by the framework of a weak state. Why was the administration able to carry out the reforms despite the strong opposition from vested interests sustaining the weak state? This paper argues that ambitious politicians, i.e. those who differ in policy positions and seek to challenge the existing power structure, can work with policy advocates in both public and private sectors and create policy coalitions which result into policy reform. By tracing the political process of forming the policy coalitions, this paper aims to reveal the dynamic aspect of Philippine politics which has been neglected because of the dominance of the weak state framework.


War poetry is almost as old as poetry itself; even the most primitive societies -who did not know war, a product of post-Neolithic 'civilization'-had their battle-songs. The term 'war poetry' simply denotes poetry occasioned by war. No attitude to the subject is implied in the term as such. But in a general way it is true to say that until the Battle of the Somme (24 June26 November, 1916), most war poetry had been poetry idealizing and glorifying war, written for the most part by non-combatants. Since 1916 the best war poetry has in practice been anti-war poetry written by poets in the line of death. This point has been well put by Arthur Waugh: 'The Victorian poets wrote of war as though it were something splendid and ennobling; but as a matter of fact they knew nothing whatever about it. The Georgian poets know everything there is to know about war, and they come back and report it to us as an unspeakable horror ...'1 1


The research progress of collagen fibers in improvement of paper strength was introduced, and some issues that should pay attention to collagen fibers used in papermaking were put forward. Finally,prospects for application of collagen fibers in papermaking were prospected.


The average stomatal widths in the lower epidermis of tobacco leaves at a given stem position in a crop were estimated repeatedly through a number of days during the growing season using a calibrated infiltration method. Stomata started opening more than an hour before morning twilight. Stomata in newly matured leaves stayed wide open until dark but with increasing leaf age the stomata closed earlier, as early as late morning, and this midday closure was then followed by reopening in the afternoon. The known closing effect of high light intensity was confirmed. There was also a significant daily correlation between stomatal width and soil moisture content both of which decreased through the season. Leaf moisture stress was assumed to be accentuated with leaf age. Comparisons of light saturation curves for the afternoon closure in old leaves indicated the presence of a more limited light reaction than that evident in morning opening or in the photoactive closure in younger leaves. Reasons are given for pro...


SUMMARY. 1. The behavioural responses of the freshwater pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata to homogenates of various aquatic macrophytes were investigated with the aid of diffusion olfactometers.

2. Of the eleven species studied, three lacked any attractants or arrestants, two contained weak arrestants, and three induced strong repellent effects. Only two, Apium nodiflorum and Lemna paucicostata, induced significant attractant and arrestant effects comparable to those obtained with lettuce (Lactuca sativa) controls.

3. Decaying Lemna paucicostata homogenate proved to be a significantly stronger attractant and arrestant than fresh homogenate. Evidence is given that these effects are mainly due to low molecular weight compounds (<1000 mol. wt) of which the major end products of microbial decomposition, short chain carboxylic acids (C2-C5), are likely to be the most important. However, as carboxylic acids account for only a fraction of the total response, other low and high molecular weight compounds are also implicated.

4. The ecological relevance of these results is discussed with particular reference to the hypothesis that the relationship between the snails and macrophytes is essentially mutualistic.


summer plague polio and its survivors avkp a summer plague polio and its survivors zyggis summer plague polio and its survivors erpd a summer plague polio and its survivors amtron summer plague polio and its survivors jlip a summer plague polio and its survivors uregit summer plague polio and its survivors hdck summer plague polio and its survivors pdf summer plague polio and its survivors gerrymarshall a summer plague: polio and its survivors by toni gould pi post polio: polio place reading post-polio health international (phi) a summer plague polio and its survivors fruteriaquetzal post-polio library easter seals the iowa polio stories oral history project this article was originally published in the international jonas salk at the national press club, april 12, 1965 history of pediatrics sources aap from the post-polio institute and the international centre dead in bed by bailey simms part 5 dont catch the plague who is that monster and that one mdmtv glencoe health a guide to wellness spanish resources el no talking in the lavatory mandv birkie fever a 10 year history of the american birkebeiner company of the noble seven blwood god that never was the oururl night maneuver firext april 12, 1955 — tommy francis and the salk vaccine the cutter incident and the development of a swedish polio bienvenidos spanish 1 chapter quizzes boscos conferences on cellular dynamics foserv cswip question answer mdmtv invisible smith high 2 marni bates heeng basil o???connor, the national foundation for infantile a necessary end inspector banks 3 peter robinson


Evolving tastes can change the relative importance of product features in shaping consumers' purchase decisions, which in turn can shift the relative attractiveness of products with different feature levels. The challenge lies in finding a reliable yet cost-effective way to monitor the weights consumers place on various product features. In the context of the U.S. automotive market, the authors explore the potential of using trends in online searches for feature-related keywords as indicators of trends in the relative importance of the corresponding features (e.g., fuel economy, acceleration, cost to buy, cost to operate, body type). By augmenting marketing-mix data with feature search data in a market response model, they show substantial improvements in goodness-of-fit both in and out of sample. The authors find empirical support for the hypothesis that feature search trends are positively correlated with feature importance trends. They discuss how managers may make better decisions by monitoring feature search trends and leveraging those trends strategically.


Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are remarkably diverse, yet they all share some common structural and functional features. In an attempt to find what determines similar activities of non-homologous molecules, we performed a comprehensive analysis of sequence patterns in AMPs. We found that natural AMPs possess characteristic sequence patterns, and these patterns differ for peptides with α-helical and β-sheet structure. We showed that the patterns facilitate computational identification of AMPs in databases. We then used patterns to design new peptides, synthesized them and assayed for antibacterial activity. The most active among synthetic peptides exhibited activity against Gram(+) and Gram(-) pathogens comparable to best natural AMPs.


The New Courses make more requirements for the professional competence of the teachers so the teachers face new challenge.As one important course in normal colleges,pedagogics plays an important role in the formation of the teachers'teaching quality.The reform of the pedagogics teaching should be adopted so that the qualified personnel graduated from the normal colleges can meet the requirement of the new courses.


This work employs an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a jammer to aid a covert communication from a transmitter Alice to a receiver Bob, where the LAV transmits artificial noise (AN) with random power to deliberately create interference to a warden Willie. To maximize the system performance, we formulate an optimization problem to jointly design the UAV's trajectory and Alice's transmit power. The formulated optimization problem is non-convex that is difficult to tackle directly. To this end, this work, for the first time, develops a geometric (GM) method to solve the optimization problem. Our examination shows that the GM method can significantly outperforms a benchmark method in terms of achieving a higher average covert rate and the complexity of the GM method is lower than that of the benchmark method.


The invention discloses a novel nano preparation with stable protein, as well as a preparation method and a purpose thereof. The invention is characterized in that: a protein coating is formed from albumin and other materials containing sulphydryl or disulfide bond through the cross linking of the disulfide bond; the protein coating contains free protein or protein derivatives which associate(s) with the protein coating, wherein, part of insoluble drugs are contained in the protein coating and part of such drugs are associated with the free protein or the protein derivatives, and the average diameter of protein coating particles is not more than 1 micron. The purpose of the preparation is to send water insoluble drugs into the bodies of living things.


The distributors often have to be confronted with customer credit risk,which is one of supply chain risks,when they go all out to win customers through competitive advantage.This paper researches the method and road map for obtaining a competitive advantage at first,and focused on customer credit risk analyzes how the of distributors business extension(distribution processing) influences the behavior of the downstream customers,that is,the distributors' products can not only gain a competitive advantage,but also win customers' loyalty and cooperation.In this paper,a game model is established in case of cooperation between the distributor with the business extension strategy and customer,which shows that the distributors' business extension strategy can change the strategy of customers' payment function.This model can be used to determine the optimal value that dealers and customers may pay,and can guide them to faithfully cooperate with each other,so as to effectively avoid customer credit risk.


This research explains about the rise of Muhammadiyah's Islamic da'wah in the contemporary era. In particular, this study aims to describe the transformation of Muhammadiyah's Islamic da'wah through social media and its response to Islamic moderation in Indonesia. The transformation of online da'wah was absolute, because it was based on the spread of ideology and narration of religious extremism that had been spreading on social media in the last two decades. This research used qualitative approach by strengthening the argumentation building on the research topic through descriptive analysis based on extracting data in the field. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews and documentation from various Muhammadiyah online da'wah sites. This research found a new and very important thesis issue, Muhammadiyah experienced a positive trend in strengthening Islamic da'wah strategies on social media. The rise was marked by an increase in the number of new online da'wah portals affiliated with Muhammadiyah. The various da'wah sites seemed innovative and creative in content and professional from the management side, as well as voicing the narrative of Islamic moderation.


A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of alternate furrow irrigation on cotton growth,yield and economic value of cotton planted in desert oasis located in the downstream of Shiyang River Basin,Gansu Province.The results showed that the height of cotton in the treatment of AFI were lower than that of CFI,while the rate of effective bolls in the treatment of AFI was higher than that of CFI.When the irrigation amount of cotton was set to be about 50% of local border irrigation,AFI showed higher seed cotton yield and higher percentages of seed cotton yield pre-frost than in the treatment of CFI.As a result,the economic values of AFI were also higher than that of CFI.It can be concluded that application of AFI on cotton in the oasis could save water as well as increase seed cotton yield and economic value.


Abstract:The poets and philosophers of the late Middle Ages were fascinated by the phenomenon of dreaming. The Scholastics provided detailed accounts of how dreams are generated by the misperception of sense impressions. Similarly, the dream-vision genre often included narrative frames that allowed readers to see how the external circumstances of the dreamer condition the content of their dreams. This essay examines how three of the most important writers in the medieval dream-vision tradition—Dante, Machaut, and Chaucer—explored the sensory origins of dreaming. The scenes examined here raise the possibility that not all of the senses close completely during sleep and, in so doing, call into question the boundary between waking and sleeping. Drawing on readers of Aristotle from Albert the Great to Freud, the essay argues that an Aristotelian framework can help us better to understand how literary dreams provoke questions about the workings of perception and the relation between art and life.


The article describes the technical concepts behind the ICE-M designed for pan-European use and gives basic data on the development of the train system. It goes on to compare the two train types in this line of development, the ICE and the ICE-M, and describes the areas in which they are to be deployed


The analysis and understanding of human-robot joint spatial behaviour (JSB) - such as guiding, approaching, departing, or coordinating movements in narrow spaces - and its communicative and dynamic aspects are key requirements on the road towards more intuitive interaction, safe encounter, and appealing living with mobile robots. This endeavours demand for appropriate models and methodologies to represent JSB and facilitate its analysis. In this paper, we adopt a qualitative trajectory calculus (QTC) as a formal foundation for the analysis and representation of such spatial behaviour of a human and a robot based on a compact encoding of the relative trajectories of two interacting agents in a sequential model. We present this QTC together with a distance measure and a probabilistic behaviour model and outline its usage in an actual JSB study. We argue that the proposed QTC coding scheme and derived methodologies for analysis and modelling are flexible and extensible to be adapted for a variety of other scenarios and studies.


Summary of the intelligent social management function of ideological from the perspective of information theory with MOOC platforms is conducted in this paper. MOOC is a learning concept based on relevance theory in the digital age. Its core is that information is node, knowledge is well fully connection, understanding is network interaction. This paper use the MOOC platform to conduct the study. From the technique level, the novelties are: (1) From the analysis of the balance of sex-linked groups and the analysis of their information entropy, it can be seen that the information entropy is the largest when it is balanced, which is meaningful in the location of sex-linked genetic genes. The information theory model is advanced by the mentioned operation. (2) Maximum general information entropy principle holds that entropy is a process-independent state function, that is, there is also a continuous single-valued function relationship, the traditional models are revised. The methodology proposed in the paper is tested on the application scenario of the social management function. The experimental results have then proved that the proposed method is efficient.


Jujube or chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba) has fruit that is developed mainly from ovary plus some nectary disk tissue, and the fruit can appear smooth or bumpy on the surface. The objective of this study was to investigate the unique fruit development of ornamental 'Teapot' jujube. Unlike 'Li' and 'Lang', 'Teapot' jujube fruit had one to five protuberances on the shoulder of the fruit and few entirely lack protuberances. The stamens of 'Teapot' jujube flowers were fewer in number, misplaced in location, and deformed in shape—some stamens were anthers only while others were filament only. Deformed stamens of 'Teapot' jujube were always anchored in the nectary disk instead of at their normal location—near the edge of the nectary disk. After bloom, the residue of stamens, nectary disk, and ovary were all constituents of the developing fruit. The deformed stamens developed into the fleshy protuberances and equaled them in number. Fruit with only two protuberances predominated, which is how the 'Teapot' jujube acquired its name, but the ratio among protuberance categories varied between trees. With its unique and decorative fruit shape, and acceptable fruit quality, 'Teapot' jujube could be used as a backyard tree, both as an ornamental and for its fruit.


Meteorological data as well as their predictions are increasingly present now a days. It is very common , for example, see weather forecasts on TV news or alerts to specific locations on a possible natural disaster about to occur, such as floods, hurricanes, among others. For the analysis and dissemination of this information, visualization techniques are used so that these data are presented to the public in an understandable way. But such climate information isn't always clearly presented, making it difficult to understand. This work of dissertation proposal presents a study about the most used forms of representation of these visualization techniques, trying to identify the main techniques and how to use them in most of the types of meteorological data. Thus, a systematic mapping was performed in the area in order to identify them, as well as their forms of representation, 2D, 3D or even interactive. Finally, an evaluation of use with volunteer users is proposed, seeking to identify how well this type of information is understood when disseminating information about a specific climate data.


Tests of gravity are important to the development of our understanding of gravitation and spacetime. Binary pulsars provide a superb playground for testing gravity theories. In this chapter we pedagogically review the basics behind pulsar observations and pulsar timing. We illustrate various recent strong-field tests of the general relativity (GR) from the Hulse-Taylor pulsar PSR~B1913+16, the double pulsar PSR~J0737$-$3039, and the triple pulsar PSR~J0337+1715. We also overview the inner structure of neutron stars (NSs) that may influence some gravity tests, and have used the scalar-tensor gravity and massive gravity theories as examples to demonstrate the usefulness of pulsar timing in constraining specific modified gravity theories. Outlooks to new radio telescopes for pulsar timing and synergies with other strong-field gravity tests are also presented.


In-Vivo and In-Vitro models are thought to be the best model's for to obtain transferable results. The present review aims to give a short overview of the existing in-vivo and in-vitro models and their characteristics. Four different autochthonous tumor models; 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, N-methylnitrosourea, N-mthyl-NꞋ-nitro-Nnitrosoguanidine, N-nitroso-acetoxymethyl-methylamine, are the In-Vivo models and the In-vitro models; studies involving primary cell cultures, studies on cell line, Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay, MTT (Microculture Tetrazolium) assay, SRB (Sulphorhod Amine B) assay, Trypan Blue Exclusion and Crystal Violet Inclusion these are used worldwide for cell violability, cell growth studies of colon cancer cell line. The choice of the model for experimental investigation of colon cancer should be depends on the clinical equations.[5]


Responding to the demand on the ultra-precision equipment for machining monocrystalline silicon, sapphire, zirconia ceramics and other large-size functional crystal substrates in the microelectronics and optoelectronics manufacturing, this study analyzes the current state-of-the-art of polishing technologies and the technical challenges to achieving high surface quality substrates. In this study, a planetary double-sided polishing machine is designed to solve the problem between achieving high polishing quality and efficiency. The machine is characterized by process stability, large polishing pressure and high polishing speed, etc. which is verified by polishing zirconia substrates with satisfactory results: material removal rate of 5 μm/h and the surface roughness Ra of 1 nm.


Hydraulic transients in the underground channel system such as underground flood ways and sewer networks are investigated experimentally and numerically. The typical features of unsteady flows induced by the inflow discharge into the underground channel are clarified by the fundamental hydraulic experiments. It is shown that the hydraulic transients with the propagation of an interface between open channel flows and pipe flows can be reproduced by using the numerical model. The fundamental numerical model is refined to predict the interaction between overland surface flows and underground channel flows, considering the discharge through manholes. The pressure change of air confined in the underground channel is also considered in the model to reproduce the spout of underground flows over the land surface through manholes.


july/august 2019 1540-7977/19©2019IEEE T THE KOREAN ELECTRIC POWER Corporation (KEPCO) has created a number of initiatives for encouraging both green and smart energy in the global energy industry. With the aim of being a smart energy creator, KEPCO conducted R&D for green and smart substations over the last 10 years, which will be implemented in future substations. The smart (or digital) substation is equipped with protection and automation schemes in an IEC 61850 environment that provides a platform for smart feeder (or smart grid) applications. Since the IEC 61850 standard was published, the role of the substation has undergone a paradigm shift. The major role of a conventional substation is to offer voltage-level transformation, key parameter measurements, and line and equipment protection. An advanced substation offers conventional services and also provides progressive functions, such as feeder automation, remote maintenance, and the integration of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). The future smart substation will not only include additional functionalities but will also provide self-healing protection schemes and grid services for improving power stability and quality.


This article studies and explains the contexts, causes and consequences of woman drug abuse, by analyzing the results of existing researches. For this purpose, this article reports some statistics about women drug abuse and then studies 3 features of this subject: first the gender differences of tendency to drug abuse, second the main differences between genders in consequences of drug abuse and in the last section, the most important challenges in the therapy of addiction through women. The limited current data shows that the women addiction rate is much less than men addiction rate (approximately 9 percent) and we can call it a masculine phenomenon but the growing trend of this rate of women addiction (quadruple during 10 years) can be a warning for society and shows the necessity of planning and policy making to decrease this trend, particularly because the Damage caused by addictionamong women is more incredible and more effective than men addiction.


The invention provides a nipple type poultry drinker. The nipple type poultry drinker comprises a housing, a bush, a valve core and a valve rod. Each of the housing and the bush is divided into upper and lower two parts. The upper part of the bush is arranged inside the upper part of the housing, while the lower part of the bush is arranged inside the lower part of the housing. The valve core is arranged inside the upper part of the bush, while the valve rod is arranged inside the lower part of the bush. The lower part of the valve core is in contact with the upper part of the valve rod. Two-stage seal is formed due to the contact of a ball and a conical surface, and therefore, the leakage problem of the nipple type poultry drinker is effectively solved. The nipple type poultry drinker is simple in structure and convenient to demount.


This article examines the value-creation capacity of intra-platform competition (IPC) and exclus ivity; two m ain strategies platforms use to in centivize, accumulate and extract ren t from complementary content resou rces – complementors. Building on the concept of 'res ource functionality' we show that, for enhanced levels of IP C, exclusive complementors have lim ited functional value and rareness, failing to bring differentiation capacity to the platform's system. Also, in line with th e logic of 'capability equivalence', we show that platform 's differentiation in term s of the com position of complementors' portfolio has a U-shaped relationship with platform performance. We test these effects in the U.S. home videogame industry.


Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is characterized by hyperfunction and growth of the parathyroid, pancreatic islet, and anterior pituitary glands. We previously reported increased basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) immunoreactivity and bFGF-like bioactivity in plasma from patients with MEN1.I Because bFGF is not readily detectable in plasma from normal subjects, we tested the hypothesis that some bFGF-like activity in plasma from MEN1 and sporadic pituitary tumor subjects corresponds to an immunoglobulin that mimics bFGE


This paper proposes that pictorial experience, the experience that pictures give rise to when we
understand them, involves the non-veridical experience of seeing the picture's subject matter. Using
phenomenological analysis and material from philosophy of mind and perceptual psychology, it
argues that both pictorial experience lacking awareness of the picture surface, such as illusion, and
pictorial experience that includes this awareness, i.e. seeing-in, should be understood in this way.


In the entrained flow coal gasification process, the gas production is critically affected by the operating temperature (OT) and coal ash melting point (AMP), and the AMP is one of key factors for the determinations of OT. Considering the fact that coal is a typical nonhomogeneous substance and the coal ash composition varies from batch to batch, this paper proposes the application of the Markov Chain (MC) method in simulation of the random AMP series and the stochastic optimization of OT based on MC simulation for entrained flow coal gasification. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more accurate optimal OT decision method for entrained flow coal gasification practice. In this paper, the AMP was regarded as a random variable, and the random process method, Markov Chain, was used to describe the random AMP series of feed coal. Firstly, the MC simulation model about AMP was founded according to an actual sample data, 200 sets of AMP data from an industrial gasification plant under three simulation schemes (the sample data were individually divided into 16, eight and four state groups,). The comparisons between the simulation results and the actual values show that the founded MC simulation model descries the AMP series very well. Then, a stochastic programming model based on MC simulation for OT optimization was developed. Finally, this stochastic programming optimization model was optimized by genetic algorithm (GA). Comparing with the conventional OT optimization method, the proposed stochastic OT optimization model integrated MC simulation can ascertain a more accurate OT for guiding the coal gasification practice.


This article is a critique of the idea of subalternity1 as it is used in the Kenyan political autobiographies of leaders who have reigned but never ruled.2 The study is largely located within postc...


The availability of two-dimensional representations of molecules which retain structural information permits the application of techniques from digital image processing to be applied to molecular similarity. Here three such approaches, invariant moments, radial integration and radial scanning, are investigated. They overcome the time consuming adjustment of the relative orientations of the molecules to be compared so as to optimize the similarity and can speed up the overall calculations by many orders of magnitude, hence offering a technique for dealing with the enormous numbers of compounds being generated by high throughput synthesis and combinatorial chemistry. These techniques are applied to the well-known set of steroids which are frequently used as a benchmark set for QSAR studies.


Eight 0. 1-ha small-mammal enclosures were stocked with house mice (Mus musculus) on 6 June 1975. Mice were allowed to populate all grids until late December 1975. Four of the grids contained a centralized food (corn) depot while the other 4 contained equally spaced decentralized depots. Peak densities were reached in all populations by 1 November 1975. Populations in centralized grids reached a mean peak density of -20 animals per grid while the mean peak density in the decentralized grid populations was --30 animals per grid. Decreases in the following population pa- rameters were found in both grid types with increased population densities: reproduction, juvenile mortality, population growth rates, and average cohort weights at first month of trapping. The d d and Y Y in decentralized grids exhibited greater survivorship than did d d and Y Y in centralized grids, respectively. Corn consumption was greatest in all grids after mid-October. Animals in the decentralized grids utilized a greater percent of corn to fulfill their energetic requirements than did animals in the centralized grids throughout the study. In the decentralized grids d d and Y Y were found to have similar assimilation efficiencies no matter where they were trapped in the grids. How- ever, animals from peripheral areas in centralized grids exhibited significantly lower assimilation efficiencies than did animals from food-depot locations. Uneven partitioning of food resources, com- pounded by high population density, has a greater depressing effect on population growth and struc- ture than does high density alone.


The presented thesis Storytelling and its possibilities in drama education is trying to grasp storytelling as a distinct form of art. The first part focuses on the definition of storytelling through accessible, especially foreign information sources. The narrator is assesed in the context of literary art, dramatic art and storytelling. Last but not least the storytelling is implanted into theater art and tries to interpret the answers to questions that have been asked to narrators of Storytelling Association o.s. The second part is devoted to the  comprehension of the storytelling in the works of Winifred Ward, Viola Spolin and Rives Collins, important personalities of drama education.


Reproductive Citizenship: Women of Color and Coercive Sterilization in North Caroli n 1950-1980 by Serena Sebring Department of Sociology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Supervisor ___________________________ Linda Burton ___________________________ Wahneema Lubiano ___________________________ Phil Morgan ___________________________ Suzanne Shanahan An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Serena Sebring 2012 iv Abstract This dissertation develops an original theoretical framework of reproductive citizenship using a historical case study, which explores the history of coerci ve sterilization of women of color in North Carolina between 1950-1980. It traces the ideological, political, economic, and social factors that led to a neo-eugenic sterilization campaign impacting over 3,000 women of color who were sterilized under state order. Data was drawn from historical sources including: the rec ords of the North Carolina Eugenics Board, policy documents and statutes, trial records, articles in contemporary periodicals, manuscript records of social service p oviders activist groups, and recorded statements of coercive sterilization survivors . The study employs two comparative historical methodological strategies: first, a time-period comparison contrasting the periods 1950-1964 and 1965-1980; and second, a group comparison highlighting the similarities and differences between black and A merican Indian women along three theoretically-significant dimensions. The comparisons revealed important distinctions in: (1) how each group was framed within contemporary popular discourse regarding race, reproduction, and welfare provision; (2) the relationship of each group to the state welfare sy stem; and (3) how each group was affected by the neo-eugenic sterilization campaign l ed by the North Carolina Eugenics Board. My findings show that for the first time per iod regarding ideological discourses women of color were framed through disc ourses of social threats, particularly surrounding paternalistic discourse of fee blemindedness,


The hot deformation behavior of a novel Al–Cu–Li alloy is investigated by isothermal compression with a temperature range of 350–510 °C and a strain rate range of 0.001–10 s−1. Constitutive analysis and hot processing maps are used to analyze the influence of deformation parameters on hot deformation behavior, and the related microstructure evolution is characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations. The results indicate that the microstructure evolution of the alloy during deformation was dominated by dislocation movement and substructure evolution. With the increase in temperature or the decrease in strain rate, the dislocations introduced by deformation gradually transform into dislocation walls and substructures, showing distinct dynamic recovery (DRV) and slight dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics. The degree of DRX is very low, while it is more sensitive to strain rate than temperature. According to the analysis of hot processing maps and microstructure, the optimum deformation temperature and strain rate of the alloy are determined as at least 430 °C and 0.008–0.15 s−1, respectively. These results can be referable for the industrial thermomechanical processing of this novel Al–Cu–Li alloy.


THE ELECTRICAL PHOTOMETRY OF STARS By Joel Stebbins The program of this symposium may perhaps be divided into three parts—the past, the present, and the future—and I have been asked to take care of the past, presumably because I can remember back farther than any of the other speakers. My account will be devoted partly to personal experiences, and whether intended so or not it will probably demonstrate how awkward and crude were the early experiments in the electrical photometry of stars. My own interest in this kind of photometry started all at once on a certain day in 1906 at the University of Illinois. At an exhibit of the Department of Physics a young man, F. C. Brown, was demonstrating a so-called selenium cell. After explaining the properties of the element selenium he would turn on an ordinary electric light at a distance of a foot or two from a selenium cell, and automatically the response was indicated by the ringing of a bell. Right then and there I got the idea that if an ordinary light will ring a bell why would not the light from a star at the focus of a telescope produce a measurable electric current? In due time I searched in the literature for reference to such experiments, and found that in 1895 G. M. Minchin had succeeded in getting measurable effects from stars, and that others had used selenium for measuring the partial phases of a solar eclipse. It was some months before I got around to suggesting to Brown that we might try a selenium cell on a telescope, but when I did so he took up the proposal with enthusiasm. He had on hand one or more commercial cells, and several which he had made himself. The best cells were by J. W. Giltay, who had succeeded to the business of Kipp & Zonen of Delft, Holland. As it was in the winter season, our first experiments were with


The rapid spreading of the coronavirus in India and its behaviour for the near future has been studied and analysed as accurately as possible using the SEIR model as a fundamental tool. The official covid-19 data of infected and death cases in India upto 10th October, 2020 have been considered as raw data. The value of various parameters of the model is optimised by feeding the raw data in the simulation model. The various parameters are defined as infection rate, basic reproduction number, death rate, recovery time, exposure time, and other parameters to optimise the best fit model. The total population of India is considered 1.36 billion people. The simulation results that the number of recovered people will be 2.8 × 108 and number of deaths will be 4.2 × 106 after 800 days for the total population of India. In an ideal scenario, at the end of the pandemic total death count is expected to be of the order of 106 which is a big challenge.


Wireless Sensor Networks is a growing research field and researchers use a variety of wireless devices to perform radio communications. The XBee is a common wireless module that has become very popular amongst hobbyists and researchers alike due to its simple and efficient design. However, to use the XBee in complex networks, the user must construct specific packets to communicate within an XBee network. Here we will introduce an XBee C library which provides a modular, hardware-independent C library for XBee. Also using this library, we will explore establishing a framework for performing RSSI triangulation localization without the use of anchor nodes.


We reported here on 2 cases of aortic regurgitation (AR) that were due to avulsion of the aortic valve commissure. Aortic valvuloplasty was attempted in both cases. In the 1st case, valvuloplasty was performed with reattaching the commissure using the 5-0 polypropylene continuous suture technique. However, aortic regurgitation recurred and this lead to reoperation on the postoperative 14 th day. The intraoperative finding revealed a completely re-detached commissure that required mechanical valve replacement. In the second case, we attempted to reattach the commissure using pledgetted multiple transverse mattress sutures with 5-0 polypropylene. Because the leaflet coaptation was incomplete, the aortic valve was replaced with a tissue valve.


If physicians are to deal effectively with the biologic effects of ubiquitous chemical agents such as lead, a working knowledge of the pertinent time-dose-response relationships is essential. Lead is currently considered a nonessential trace element and is detectable in minute amounts in food and water and in the blood, tissues, and excreta of virtually all healthy persons. Apparently, the biologic effects of the usual daily intake from uncontaminated food and water (approximately 0.2 to 0.3 mg lead/day in adults) is negligible, so that this small "dose" of lead has no known adverse effect on the health of people, but as the chronic "dose" of lead increases, adverse responses of increasing severity become evident.


The globular cluster M3 (NGC 5272) was observed twice with the ROSAT high-resolution imager in order to study the low-luminosity X-ray source 1E 1339.8 + 2837. In 1992 January 1E 1339.8 + 2837 had an X-ray luminosity of 2 x 10 exp 35 ergs/s over an order of magnitude brighter than it was when observed with the Einstein Observatory. The source was unresolved and very soft; such supersoft outbursts would be difficult to detect in the vast majority of globular clusters which are more heavily absorbed than M3. In 1992 June the source was too faint to be detected. The soft outburst luminosity and the blackbody radius suggest that 1E 1339.8 + 2837 is a cataclysmic variable in which much of the luminosity is generated by steady nuclear burning of accreted material on the surface of the white dwarf primary.


Among the various factors that influence the lightning electromagnetic fields, the presence of obstacles such as buildings has deserved some few studies. The paper presents the results related to the influence of a group of buildings on the vertical electric field, by a 3D FDTD code developed for a more complete study. Two rows of concrete buildings were considered, with different heights, areas and separation distances. The fields were calculated at various points on three distribution lines supposed to exist in front of the group of buildings, in its middle and behind it. Two different striking points were considered on the top of two chosen buildings. The simulations have shown a general field reduction due to the group of buildings, depending on their dimensions and heights, and on the position of the lightning striking point, but with not significant dependence on the separation distance between buildings. As expected, in some conditions polarity inversion of the vertical electric field can occur.


... The primary goal of my research on ground squirrels is to determine why adult males disperse. I use this system to understand the ecology of mating behaviour and the evolutionary implications of different mating strategies. Two hypotheses I am investigating are (1) that adult males disperse to avoid mating with their daughters, who breed very close to where they were born, and (2) that adult males disperse to increase their access to females for mating. I also quantify survival and reproductive costs and benefits associated with dispersal for adult males in order to identify potential explanations for the different mating strategies used by individuals within a population. To address these objectives, I study a population of arctic ground squirrels in the ruby ranges, located along the eastern shore of Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory. ... I live-trap, ear-tag, and radio-collar adult male ground squirrels and follow them throughout the summers to determine dispersal distances and rates and adult male survival. To measure male reproductive success, I monitor the female population for signs of pregnancy and, after locating the pregnant females' natal nests, monitor them for the presence of juveniles. As the juveniles emerge, I trap them to determine litter sizes and take tissue samples. I am now analyzing the DNA of these tissue samples to determine which males sired which litters. ... My data analysis is not yet complete, but preliminary results challenge many of the assumptions previously held about dispersal of adult arctic ground squirrels and male mating strategies in general. ... The high survival rate among dispersers contradicts the common assumption that dispersing animals are at high risk of death. Interesting results are also emerging from the comparison of population dynamics of ground squirrels at the alpine and lower-elevation sites. The majority of mortality in the boreal forest population occurs because of predation during the active season, but overwinter mortality appears to contribute most to yearly death in the alpine population. Contrary to most species that inhabit a range of elevations, arctic ground squirrels at the higher-elevation site have significantly higher birth rates than those at the lower-elevation site. In addition, there is a trend toward larger litters and survival of more young to weaning age at the higher elevation. Usually, we expect high-elevation sites to have extreme conditions with lower food availability, resulting in reduced reproductive performance. Arctic ground squirrels at high elevation may experience reproductive success because they have evolved in open tundra areas and rely on sight for predator detection. Trees at low elevations obscure visibility, and this may be the reason why squirrels in the boreal forest are physiologically stressed. ... These results suggest that many factors predicted by global climate change, such as shifts in tree line and predator distribution, as well as changes in the winter climate that affect overwinter survival, have the potential to interact and affect ground squirrel population size. ...


The main purpose of the paper is to study how to build up a new growth management system in the Capital Region. The necessity In fact of changing regional policy for the Capital Region are three fold: the ineffectiveness of the current policy, the change of socio-economic environment surrounding the Capital Region and the recent international trend of regional policy toward the metropolitan area. With this in mind a new growth management system is proposed, The system consists of four factors: a new growth management law, a new growth management plan, a new administrative body and a new financing approach. The paper suggests in detail how these factors should successfully be implemented in order to protect unplanned urban sprawl, to maintain pro-environmental urban development, and to make the Capital Region more competitive.


The cross sections for scattering of neutrinos on nucleons due to neutral vector X meson exchange, that is, in accordance with the Kobzarev-Okun model of anomalous muon interaction, are calculated. The values obtained for the cross sections are of the order of ~10/sup -31/ cm/sup 2/; this signifies that experiments for verifying the theory should be feasible. (auth)


This chapter commences by depicting the rise of Africa as a force on the world map as a contextual background for a survey of the education expansion and reform project on the continent in the past 65 years - arguably the biggest education expansion drive in human history. The main lines of the education expansion and education reform in Africa are reconstructed. Education in Africa is then assessed in terms of three dimensions: quantitative, qualitative, and equalization. While being nothing short of spectacular, the education project in Africa faces severe challenges, on all three fronts of the quantitative expansion, quality, and equality dimensions. At the same time, as the African continent is embracing the world of the twenty-first century, this changed world is also adding its share of imperatives to education. Finally, the role of comparative international scholarship in negotiating these imperatives and challenges is noted.


Aim To evaluate outcome and complications of knee arthrodesis with a modular prosthetic system (MUTARS(r) Implantcast), as primary and revision implants in musculoskeletal oncology. Method Between 1975 and 2009, 24 prostheses were used for knee arthrodesis. Nineteen in oncologic cases: 6 osteosarcomas, chondrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma and metastatic carcinoma 3 each, 2 pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), malignant fibrous hystiocitoma and giant cell tumour 1 each. Patients were grouped into: A) primary implants, B) revision implants. Group A included 9 patients: 8 arthrodeses after extra-articular resection with major soft tissue removal, 1 after primary resection following multiple excisions of locally recurrent PVNS. Group B included 15 patients: 12 arthrodeses for infection (5 infected TKAs, 7 infected megaprostheses), 2 for failures of temporary arthodesis with Kuntscher nail and cement, 1 for recurrent chondrosarcoma in previous arthrodesis. Results Oncologic outcome ata mean follow-up of 6 years (ranging 1 to 26), showed 13 NED (68.4%), 2 NED after treatment of relapse (10.5%), 1 alive with metastases (5.3%), 2 dead with disease (10.5%) and one dead of other disease (5.3%). Complications causing failure were observed in 12 patients (50%): 11 infections at mean of 14 months (6 in arthrodeses as revision for previous infections, 5 in group A), 1 femoral stem breakage at 4.8 years (in group B). Treatment of infections was: amputation in 6, "one stage" in 1, "two stage" with new arthrodesis in 4 (1 subsequently amputated for recurrent infection). The breakage was revised, had further traumatic breakage at 2 years and a second revision. Conclusion Arthrodesis with modular prosthetic system is indicated after major extra-articular resection or in revisions of severely failed previous reconstructions. High infection rate should be prevented with good soft tissue coverage, by flaps if needed.


For application system development process in the treatment of exception object is proposed based on the exception list mode model of the object to focus on the establishment of an exception handling strategy and focus on the object components, built exception message delivery mechanism, and fully tap the potential exception object value, improve the efficiency of application systems development and implementation of efficiency, to further improve the user experience, enhance the system robustness and self-improvement features.


We have compared the virtual corrections to single hard bremsstrahlung as calculated by S. Jadach, M. Melles, B.F.L. Ward and S.A. Yost to several other expressions. The most recent of these comparisons is to the leptonic


Purpose: Four‐dimensional (4D) cone‐beam CT (CBCT) techniques have been started to use in clinical sites as a tool of image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT), especially in the treatment of lung tumors. However, those techniques suppose periodic respiratory motion, and there are little approaches to visualize organs which present non‐periodic time‐ordered motion using CBCT imaging techniques. The present study proposes a method to visualize time‐ordered motion including peristaltic motion of gastrointestinal organs and adjacent area. Methods: Projection data sets of clinical patients and digital phantom were reconstructed in this study. Patients' data sets were acquired using the X‐ray Volume Imaging system (XVI, version 4.2) on Synergy linear accelerator system (Elekta, UK) as pre‐treatment CBCT imaging to setup prostate radiotherapy patients with 11.5 cm offset‐located flat panel detector (FPD) unit. An elliptic‐cylindrical digital phantom which contains a moving air sphere of 3 cm diameter was also reconstructed. These projection data sets were reconstructed using our in‐house reconstruction software based on Feldkamp, Davis and Kress (FDK) algorithm. In this study, 180 degrees or less angular ranges of projection data were used to reconstruct CBCT image set of each time phase, and the range moved as time progressed. Results: Reconstructed sagittal images of clinical patients visualized that flatus and stool inside rectum moved with the progress of time. Reconstructed sagittal images of digital phantom with several angular ranges of projection showed that the longitudinal length is getting shorter with shorter range of projection, though a shape of a sphere is getting blurred in vertical direction. Conclusion: The presented method of time‐ordered 4D CBCT reconstruction visualized deformation of intestine and rectum, and motion of flatus and stool, though the method has a trade‐off between temporal resolution improvement and image quality degradation.