In 1992 the two police ministers in The Netherlands instated an advisory committee to formulate standards for the quality of detention circumstances in police stations. In 1992 and 1993 extensive and unique research was carried out in 60 Dutch police stations. This article describes the 126 standards that were formulated for detention circumstances in police stations and the degree to what these standards were met by the police stations. The majority of the standards proved to be feasible to meet, but were not unanimously met. In the Dutch police stations the quality of housing and facilities provided were better arranged than the quality of interaction and differentiation of treatment towards special groups of detained persons. The article deals with the value of the standards for police stations and other organisations in other countries and with possibilities for improving detention circumstances in police stations' cellblocks.


Of all the calamities that can befall a people or a state, civil war has always been considered one of the worst. Setting son against father, brother against brother and neighbour against neighbour, civil war is a merciless struggle that is not limited to the clash of armed forces. Characterised by denunciations, acts of vengeance and the settling of scores, civil war unleashes the built-up tension and hatred within a society.


The invention relates to a double wedge type radio frequency connector, which belongs to the technical field of communication transmission facilities. The connector comprises a front shell, a rear turn buckle and an inner conductor, wherein one end, close to the rear turn buckle, of the front shell is in adjacent connection with a first taper hole with a positioning stage; an inner hole, close toan external screw thread segment of the front shell, of the rear turn buckle is a second taper hole; a first C-shaped outer taper ring is assembled in the first taper hole, a second C-shaped outer taper ring is assembled in the second taper hole, and the opening of the first C-shaped outer taper ring and the opening of the second C-shaped outer taper rings are wider than an axial convex rib of a cable protective cover; and when the front shell and the rear turn buckle are connected and screwed through screw threads, the opposite end surfaces of the first and second C-shaped outer taper rings contact in a way of pressing against each other, and the inner diameters of the first and second C-shaped outer taper rings tend to reduce simultaneously. When the double wedge type radio frequency connector is used, the shell is wedged, connected and clamped with the outer conductor and the outer circle of a cable reliably at the same time; and the axial convex rib part of the cable protective cover is not required to be removed, so connection operation is obviously simplified and very convenient.


The embodiment of the invention discloses an access control method and access control equipment, and relates to the technical field of wireless communication. The method and the equipment are used for solving the problem that a terminal cannot perform access control because access class barring (ACB) parameter configuration of a conventional type has no ACB parameter corresponding to a current radio resource control (RRC) connection establishing reason. In the method, when the terminal does not store the ACB parameter corresponding to the current RRC connection establishing reason, the terminal selects a type of the ACB parameter used for access control from the stored ACB parameters, or a network side transmits the ACB parameter of the conventional type or the ACB parameter of a newly defined type to the terminal; and the terminal performs the access control by using the ACB parameter of the newly defined type when the current RRC connection establishing reason does not belong to the RRC connection establishing reason corresponding to the ACB parameter of each existing type. By adopting the method, the problem can be solved.


Specht, M. (2010, 16 April). Mobile Media in Context. Keynote given at the Symposium e-ducatio Media and Learning, Twente, The Netherlands. http://e-ducatio.nl/thema/media


A robust redox extraction protocol for quantitative and reproducible metabolite isolation and recovery has been developed for simultaneous measurement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form, NADH, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Following culture in liquid media, approximately 10{sup 8} yeast cells were harvested by centrifugation and then lysed under non-oxidizing conditions by bead blasting in ice-cold, nitrogen-saturated 50-mM ammonium acetate. To enable protein denaturation, ice cold nitrogen-saturated CH{sub 3}CN + 50-mM ammonium acetate (3:1; v:v) was added to the cell lysates. After sample centrifugation to pellet precipitated proteins, organic solvent removal was performed on supernatants by chloroform extraction. The remaining aqueous phase was dried and resuspended in 50-mM ammonium acetate. NAD and NADH were separated by HPLC and quantified using UV-VIS absorbance detection. Applicability of this procedure for quantifying NAD and NADH levels was evaluated by culturing yeast under normal (2% glucose) and calorie restricted (0.5% glucose) conditions. NAD and NADH contents are similar to previously reported levels in yeast obtained using enzymatic assays performed separately on acid (for NAD) and alkali (for NADH) extracts. Results demonstrate that it is possible to perform a single preparation to reliably and robustly quantitate both NAD and NADH contents in the same sample. Robustness of the protocol suggests it will be (1) applicable to quantification of these metabolites in mammalian and bacterial cell cultures; and (2) amenable to isotope labeling strategies to determine the relative contribution of specific metabolic pathways to total NAD and NADH levels in cell cultures.


The tomato long-season cultivation was successful in Chinese solar greenhouse in north China. During the 206d growing season, the plants were managed by cordon training and 10~ 12 clusters were harvested on each plant. The total yield reached 243t·hm~-2. Compared with multi-cropping in one year, long-season cultivation is a good way of low input and high efficiency.


Much attention, in fact an entire session at this conference, is being devoted to protecting the United States against human threats--individuals who may pose a danger by their mere presence on US soil. However, tomorrow's terrorists will employ weapons in their attacks, and we must also be diligent in preventing these weapons from reaching their targets. Sensors can play an important role in detecting these weapons before they achieve their desired effects. A sensor system can best be understood as a way of automating search techniques that would normally be carried out by a human's touch and vision senses, or by a dog's sniffing capabilities. The list of potential threats is long, including nuclear, biological, chemical and radiological weapons, and each presents its own challenges. However, any effective system must meet the following requirements: (1) Sensor systems must be operationally practical. Delays must be kept to a minimum. The systems must be safe to operate. Individual privacy and corporate proprietary information must be protected. The systems must be part of a viable concept of operations; i.e., they must provide information that can enable effective, preemptive actions to be taken. (2) Sensors systems must be highly sensitive, providing a low probability of missed detections (false negatives). Our adversaries will conceal their device from detection, and they will likely probe our defenses for any weaknesses. Our systems must be robust against these techniques. (3) Sensor systems must give a low probability of false alarms (false positives). Our response to the detection of such a weapon will marshal substantial resources and, in many scenarios, be highly disruptive to the general population. Thus a system that gives frequent false alarms will soon be ignored.


The Theological School, Drew University The vast majority of the Tell el-Amarna tablets were discovered in Egypt in 1887, and were given their definitive edition in 1915. Subsequently several other tablets appeared, and the total now reaches 378 pieces, of which 356 are letters, either between the Egyptian Pharaohs and other rulers of the ancient Near East (forty-three items), or the Egyptian court and its vassals in Syro-Palestine.2 Almost all of the letters come from the latter years of Amenophis III, who reigned from ca. 1402-1364 B.C., and from the time of his son, Amenophis IV (ca. 1364-47 B.C.), better known as Akhenaten. It was a period of international unrest; the Hittites were threatening the northern borders of the Egyptian empire, and various landless groups were seeking to find a place in the Fertile Crescent. Furthermore the city-states in Syria and Palestine were in constant tension with each other and with the ruling power in Egypt; a great many of the letters contain complaints from a given ruler about the actions of his neighbors, as well as appeals for Egyptian aid. Among the Canaanite city-states playing a prominent role in the letters is Gezer. It owed its importance largely to its geographic position. Gezer is


Aims To synthesise the literature and perform a meta‐analysis detailing the longitudinal recovery in the first two years following a distal radius fracture (DRF) managed with volar plate fixation. Materials and Methods Three databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Following eligibility screening and quality assessment, data were extracted and outcomes were assimilated at the postoperative time points of interest. A state‐of‐the‐art longitudinal mixed‐effects meta‐analysis model was employed to analyse the data. Results The search identified 5698 articles, of which 46 study reports met the selection criteria. High levels of disability and impairment were reported in the immediate post‐operative period with subsequently a rapid initial improvement followed by more gradual improvement for up to one year. The results highlight that the period associated with the greatest physical recovery is in the first three months and suggest that the endpoint of treatment outcomes is best measured at one year post‐surgery. Conclusion Clinically meaningful improvements in outcomes can be expected for 12 months, after which progress plateaus and reaches normal values. This paper adopted a novel approach to meta‐analyses in that the research question was of a longitudinal nature, which required a unique method of statistical analysis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99‐B:1665‐76.


Power transmission using fluid power is one of method used commonly for
industries field and vehicle. This "Projek Sarjana Muda" is performed to. create one
hydraulic transmission for propulsion of fork. lift base on Yale YDP 16AF. This
project concerned activities such as stud ~ the scope provided and make an analysis
and finding the result. By applying hydraulic transmission system this system more
efficiency and capability carry large load but even pull forward large load added as
additional achievement for these forklift compare with initial combustion engine for
propulsion of forklift.
These activities contains stud. of hydraulic system. study of forklift.
designing the hydraulic system. study of specification of hydraulic component
related. whereas each formula emerged as performance formu81a and parameter that
to make realization of this project and few a efficiency variable are not considered
All of design concept that will be done base on result provided through
theory analysis. and to implement hydraulic transmission for propulsion of forklift. I
hope this project will be continue by other student or industrial who are interesting
about this project with hoping this project will be apply in real existence.


In my presentation I will give a talk and demonstration on how we can enhance our workflow by using the Jupyter Notebook and my IPyStata package (https://github.com/TiesdeKok/ipystata). IPyStata is a package written in Python that allows users to write and execute Stata and Python code side-by-side in a single Jupyter Notebook. Users can near-seamlessly modify and analyze data using both Stata and Python because IPyStata allows data-structures (e.g. datasets, macros) to be used interchangeably. The Jupyter Notebook (http://jupyter.org) is a phenomenal tool for researchers and data scientists as it allows live code to be combined with explanatory text, equations, visualizations, widgets, and much more. It was originally developed as an open-source tool for interactive Python use (called the IPython Notebook) but is now aimed at being language agnostic under the banner of Project Jupyter. My package, IPyStata, adds Stata to the array of software/programming languages that can be used in the Jupyter Notebook. In my talk I will share how I use Stata, Python, the Jupyter Notebook, and IPyStata to transparently document and share the code and results that underlie my work as an aspiring researcher. For a demonstration notebook see: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/TiesdeKok/ipystata/blob/master/ipystata/Example.ipynb


In the article, there the main Ch.A. Chebotarev"s writing on pedagogy that the author demonstrates good acquaintance with European pedagogic literature and in short represents his own pedagogic conception is analyzed. The key ideas of Russian Masons on religious character of enlightenment and spiritual-moral development of man that is realized in the process of purposeful impact of teachers and inner self-improvement.


Abstract 11 Eighty samples of sandy substrate were collected in November 2002 and 2003, from 20 municipal playgrounds in Madrid (Spain) to 12 assess the potential adverse health effects of the exposure of children to trace elements in this material during their games. In each play- 13 ground, two 500 g samples were collected, dried at 45 C for 48 h, sieved below 100 lm, acid digested and analyzed by ICP-MS. Doses 14 contacted through ingestion and inhalation and the dose absorbed through the skin were calculated using USEPAs hourly exposure 15 parameters for children and the results of an in situ survey. The toxicity values considered in this study were mostly taken from the 16 US DoEs RAIS compilation. The results of the risk assessment indicate that the highest risk is associated with ingestion of soil particles 17 and that the trace element of most concern is arsenic, the exposure to which results in a cancer risk value of 4.19 · 10 6 , close to the 18 1 · 10 5 probability level deemed unacceptable by most regulatory agencies. Regarding non-cancer effects, exposure to playground sub-


A. Church has contributed a lot to the safeguard of G. Frege's theory of meaning after the discovery of antinomies in it. To achieve this he has adapted it by keeping parts, discarding others and adding new ones, most of which are clearly exposed in an informal way in the introduction to his Introduction to Mathematical Logic. As for any modification of a theory by another person, it is interesting to understand how the thoughts of the former survive in the new theory even though radical changes have occurred, or on the contrary how it retains only the appearance of the initial theory. We shall therefore go through the basic concepts of logic he introduces in this introduction and assess their relation to Frege's original theory.


To relieve "News Information Overload", in this paper, we propose a novel approach of 5W1H (who, what, whom, when, where, how) event semantic elements extraction for Chinese news event knowledge base construction. The approach comprises a key event identification step, an event semantic elements extraction step and an event ontology population step. We first use a machine learning method to identify the key events from Chinese news stories. Then we extract event 5W1H elements by employing the combination of SRL, NER technique and rule-based method. At last we populate the extracted facts of news events to NOEM, an event ontology designed specifically for modeling semantic elements and relations of events. Our experiments on real online news data sets show the reasonability and feasibility of our approach.


This article introduces the theoretical study of kinetics of kapalbhati, how mathematical parameters correlated to each other. Kapalbhati is high frequency yoga breathing (exhalation breathing rate up to 2 Hz) literally means shining forehead (kapala = cranium or forehead, bhati = shining or even knowledge in Sanskrit). It is known widely for its positive effects on abdominal muscles and overall health. Kapalbhati plays an important role to enhance the abdominal muscle strength and its muscle tone as well.


: Ever since the series and corresponding epochs of the Cenozoic began to be defined over 180 years ago, the Earth science community has recognized bi-and tripartite lower/early, middle, and upper/late divisions of these units. As chronostratigraphy became moreprecise, thesedivisionsassumedanessentialroleintheintegrationofthecontinuousdeep-seasuccessionswherethetoolsforworld-wide correlation were developed, and the historic but disjunct sequences on land in which the stages/ages of the time scale were defined. Rather than being discarded as too vague, the essential value of these subdivisions has been tacitly recognized by describing them in terms ofthenewlyrecognizedglobalstages,allowingtheirboundariestobeidentifiedbytheGSSPs(GlobalStratotypeSectionandPoint)ofthe lowestcomponentstage.Inthisway,andwithoutnoticeablecontroversy,themodernCenozoicliteraturetreatsthelower,middleandupperdivisionsofitsseriesaselementswithinthechronostratigraphichierarchy,i.e.,as defacto subseries.Theirstatusinthehierarchyhasnone-theless been questioned recently by several members of the ICS (International Commission of Stratigraphy) Bureau on the basis that subseries, as such, have not been explicitly defined by ratified GSSPs. Accordingly, this rank has been omitted from versions of the ICC (International Chronostratigraphic Chart), a product of the ICS. Such omission fails to consider that subseries (and by inference subepochs)arevaluableincircumstanceswhereindividualstagesareinappropriateoroftennotapplicable,e.g.,insuchdisciplinesasseis-micstratigraphyandclimatostratigraphy.ThestatusofsubseriesintheCenozoicErathemispresentlyunderdiscussion,andthereexistswithintheSubcommissionsonPaleogeneandNeogeneStratigraphyoftheICStheviewthatsuchdivisionsshouldhaveinformalstatus (i.e.,nonIUGS-ratifiedsubseries/subepochs).ThiswouldseeminglycontradicttheprimarygoaloftheICS,whichsince1986hasfocusedonestablishingafunctionalcommonlanguageforallwhoworkwithgeologicaltime,bymakingthewidelyusedconceptsofsubseriesand subepochsopentomisunderstanding.Italsobegsthequestion,asto why should something that consists of GSSP-defined units, and which is in turn a component of higher units in the chronostratigraphic hierarchy, not be considered a formal chronostratigraphic unit in its own right? Therealityisthatwhetherformalorinformal, thesubseries/subepochsoftheCenozoicwillcontinuetobebroadlyused. Therefore, the interest of the ICS and the Earth science community is best served by formally recognizing them in the ICC hierarchy. This will clarify theproblemofinconsistentcapitalizationoftheterms lower,early,middle,upper and late wheretheseareinfactpartofaformalunitname andnotjustamodifierforanindefiniteinterval, anditwillsatisfythebroadconsensusoftheprofession, asevidencedduringarecentopen meeting of the ICS during the 2 nd International Congress on Stratigraphy in Graz in 2015.


In Indonesia there are various ethnic groups with very diverse and rich customs.On average each ethnic group has their own Traditional House, which is different fromeach other. This attracted the attention of writers, to examine the types and types ofToba Batak Traditional Houses and their ornaments. The first opportunity to examineBatak Traditional Houses was obtained in 1985, where I could enjoy the beauty of thetraditional Toba Batak houses and record them, as material for further research later.The development of Batak Traditional Houses and Settlements shows that theattention of the Batak people and their Regional Governments to the rich culturalheritage of the Batak people through their traditional houses has not received seriousattention. In 2016 there was an opportunity to review the condition of tourism in Tapanuli,along with the existence of traditional houses. The opportunity occurred through thedisaster in the village of Jangga Dolok, where 5 traditional houses once burned on NewYear's Eve 2015 to 2016This paper is intended to provide an overview of settlements and traditional TobaBatak houses, rebuilding a traditional house and the types of ornaments in theirtraditional houses. In addition, there are also ways to prevent and prevent fire hazardsfor types of houses such as Batak Traditional Houses.Keywords: Traditional Houses, Toba Bataks and Ornaments.


Practical solutions for most optical system designs require small third-order aberrations. True global optimization requires repeated searches based on experience. Ready acceptance of a final solution can lead to problems.


The application of the larvae required no sedation and avoided the potential side effects of repeatedly sedating an elderly, hospitalised donkey at risk from conditions such as impactive colic, choke, cardiac disease or hyperlipaemia. Distracting it with food was sufficient to allow the larvae to be applied in a controlled way. The wound required attention only every five days, rather than daily, resulting in a further reduction in stress. As a result of the reduction in wound pain and the cessation of injections of drugs, the donkey showed fewer signs of stress, and became relaxed and comfortable in the presence of a veterinary surgeon. As stress in donkeys can contribute to delays in wound healing and predispose them to the onset of life-threatening conditions such as hyperlipaemia, this benefit should not be understated. The disadvantages of the treatment were considered of minor significance. Of the eight batches of maggots received in the post, one batch were dead on arrival and another batch failed to become established in the wound. There were two potential reasons for this failure. First, there was probably a delay of more than 24 hours between the despatch of the larvae and their application to the wound. Secondly, the area around the wound margins had been cleaned with dilute chlorhexidine (Hibitane; Schering-Plough Animal Health) which could have had an adverse effect on the establishment of the larvae if some run-off into the wound had occurred. An unforeseen disadvantage was the noise and sight of the feeding larvae, which was repulsive to some members of the hospital staffwho were not enthusiastic about being involved with the day to day care of the donkey. The treatment with larvae was a safe and effective method for treating a severe, focal, suppurative panniculitis in an aged donkey. The method had several advantages over conventional medical and surgical treatments.


Few efforts have been made to analyze Skovoroda's individual works; The Israelite Snake is especially suitable for such analysis because its topic is the most important theme of all Skovoroda's writing, namely, the Bible. This text is analyzed section by section to illuminate the author's understanding of the Bible. In the text, Skovoroda insists that human happiness depends on the search for truth, which is in fact the struggle to find God and avoid superstition. His approach to the apprehension of God is fundamentally apophatic; he believes that, insofar as one can approach God, one can do so only as God is manifested in nature and symbolized in the Biblical texts, which must be read allegorically and not literally; he sees the Bible as a collection of symbols intended to convey to humans the reality of God Genesis 2:1-2, according to his reading, shows that the Biblical account of creation is not about literal creation, but about the relationship of the created order to the divine, and ultimate return to its creator. Skovoroda discusses a variety of Biblical figures which recall the creation tale. This analysis of The Israelite Snake shows that the work is marked by a systematic and logical presentation; that it manifests a consistent and full view of reality, and that this work (as, indeed, Skovoroda's entire body of work) represents the first East Slavic attempt to create a genuine religious philosophy.


During 1935 the U.S. Geological Survey published new coal reserve figures for the United States. The Survey increased its estimate of United States' coal reserves by 23 percent to 4 trillion tons, or about one-half of the world total. The report estimates that, under present technology, about 434 billion tons of coal in this country are recoverable. It also states that one-third of this total is amenable to recovery by surface methods, i.e., can only be mined by surface methods.


The luminescence properties of tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium complex (Ru(bpy)32+) incorporated into polymer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films (polymer nanosheets) excited by localized surface plasmon ...


We present our recent work on recommending music news articles to users based on their music preferences and large scale semantic datasets. In today's online world, people are overwhelmed with the amount of available information. Therefore, we exploit the fact that semantically linked and structured information becomes more and more available driven by a strong research community. Our solution combines these semantic, encyclopedic knowledge sources and a large news article dataset. In a rst step we compute semantically related entities of interest, like similar artists or genres, based on a user model using graph-based algorithms. In a second step, we utilize these entities to compute best matching news article recommendations.


This issue of Time & Mind marks a couple of milestones, namely the start of its seventh year of publication and its first issue under the Routledge imprint. The following pages buzz with studies of many aspects of the human mind's journey through time, the deliberately broad brief this journal embraces to encourage challenging and cross-disciplinary thinking, research and scholarly enquiry. One strand of research in this vein that T&M welcomes is that of sensory archaeology, and particularly one specific aspect of that – archaeoacoustics. There are two examples of that approach in this issue. The first is the opening paper by Maja Hultman. Using her research on sonorous, ringing rocks in Sweden as a focal point, Hultman explores the archaeological potential of these naturally musical features in general. She correctly observes that they have been greatly overlooked, largely because it is assumed that they cannot be archaeologically studied. Challenging that assumption, Hultman lists a number of ways she feels research into such rocks could proceed, and recounts her own research into 'soundscapes' – counting the number of other archaeological features to be found within the sound range of given ringing rocks. She delivers some tantalising results. The other paper in this issue involving research on ringing rocks is that by Paul Devereux and Jon Wozencroft. They report on their Royal College of Art audio-visual study of the Carn Menyn, Preseli, region of south-west Wales, the source area of at least some of the Stonehenge bluestones. As well as observing some visual evidence of links between dolmen sites and natural rock outcrops, they report that the immediate Carn Menyn area has a high incidence of ringing rocks, and at least one lithophone (i.e. a ringing rock with evidence of ancient use). They suggest that sound could be a part of the answer to the mystery as to why these rocks were deemed special enough to transport to the distant site of Stonehenge. Rock art is another theme frequently explored in this journal, as it is perhaps the most direct link to prehistoric minds, if nonetheless an enigmatic one. In this issue, Stella Pilavaki makes a detailed, multi-disciplinary analysis of a complex of relatively little-known rock art imagery in northern Greece, in order to determine who the primary makers of the rock art were, and over what period of time. It was Freud who likened the growth of the human brain and mind to the archaeological layers underlying Rome. As far as T&M is concerned, this more psychological area of investigation can involve neuropsychological (occasionally even neurophysiological) theories and findings about the brain and the ancient mind, the forensic study of ancient artefacts to reveal their makers' intentions and meanings, the collecting of myths


The present essay describes the interrelationships between macro and micro educational policies that give form and content. It covers an itinerary that analyzes public policies, the implicit theories and the daily actions of the classrooms. It establishes how in that dialectical interplay a specific form of the human is delimited: The special student.


'God! Let me not waste a moment of This year' : An Intersectional Perspective on the Practices of Time-use in Gentry Women's Households in Sweden 1793 to 1839


This invention provides a tape cartridge and a tape printer without performing seat-entering adjustment on a printer head relative to the lower end. The tape cartridge is installed on the tape printer with the printing head. The tape cartridge is characterized by possessing a platen roller and a cartridge housing. The platen roller abuts against the printing head of the printing device by being separated from the printing table and the ink tape when the tape cartridge is installed on the printing device. The cartridge housing contains the first housing accmodating the printing tape, the ink tape and the platen roller. The first housing has a seat-entering side and the surface of the seat-entering side possesses a through opening. The through opening allows the printing head to pass through when the tape cartridge is installed on the printing device. Part of the platen roller is protruded toward the through opening when being observed from the direction where the printing head is inserted into the through opening.


With excellent properties, high-temperature superalloys have become the main application materials for aircraft engines, gas turbines, and many other devices. However, superalloys are typically difficult to machine, especially for the thread cutting. In this article, an ultrasonic vibration–assisted turning system is proposed for thread cutting operations in superalloys. A theoretical analysis of ultrasonic vibration–assisted thread cutting is carried out. An ultrasonic vibration–assisted system was integrated into a standard lathe to demonstrate thread turning in Inconel 718 superalloy. The influence of ultrasonic vibration–assisted machining on workpiece surface quality, chip shape, and tool wear was analyzed. The relationship between machining parameters and ultrasonic vibration–assisted processing performance was also explored. By analyzing the motion relationship between tool path and workpiece surface, the reasons for improved workpiece surface quality by ultrasonic vibration–assisted machining were explained.


[1] In porous rocks saturated in patches by two immiscible fluids, seismic compression causes the fluid with the larger bulk modulus to respond with a larger change in fluid pressure than the fluid with the smaller bulk modulus which results in fluid movement and seismic attenuation. For virtual rock samples having fluid distributions obtained using the invasion percolation model, attenuation is determined using finite difference numerical experiments based on the laws of poroelasticity. Analytical models are also proposed to explain the numerical results. When oil invades water, the equilibration is controlled by the geometry of the invading oil which has a narrow range of small diffusion lengths resulting in a single relaxation frequency at high frequencies and not much seismic band attenuation. When water invades oil, the defending oil controls the equilibration, and a power law emerges for how attenuation varies with frequency due to the fractal nature of how saturation is varying with scale in the defending oil. For air invading water, the geometry of the defending water controls the equilibration, and a large amount of attenuation is observed over a wide range of frequencies including the seismic band due to the wide range in water patch sizes. However, when water invades air, the narrow fingers of invading water control the equilibration, and there is a single relaxation frequency at high frequencies that does not result in much seismic band attenuation.


In the frame of future sample return missions to Mars, asteroids, and comets, investigated by the European Space Agency, a review of the actual aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics capabilities in Europe for Mars entry of large vehicles and high-speed Earth reentry of sample return capsule has been undertaken. Additionally, capabilities in Canada and Australia for the assessment of dynamic stability, as well as major facilities for hypersonic flows available in ISC, have been included. This paper provides an overview of European current capabilities for aerothermodynamics and testing of thermal protection systems. This assessment has allowed the identification of the needs in new facilities or upgrade of existing ground tests for covering experimentally Mars entries and Earth high-speed reentries as far as aerodynamics, aerothermodynamics, and thermal protection system testing are concerned.


Abstract This article examines British foreign policy towards the Greek Revolution (1821–1828), with a particular focus on the policies of Lord Castlereagh and George Canning. It uses Henry Kissinger's 1954 scheme of the 'statesman' and 'prophet' to examine the intellectual antagonism between the Greek policies of Castlereagh and Canning. While Castlereagh saw the Greek Revolution as a threat to the principles consecrated at the Congress of Vienna, Canning saw the Revolution in isolation, not in relation to other European insurrections. While Castlereagh was willing to allow the war to continue rather than risk the principles underpinning the European order, Canning was willing to compromise those principles for peace in Greece. The debate that surrounded these policies further drew the Greek cause into a broader matrix of political associations: conservatives backed the Ottoman Empire while liberals opposed it, reflecting the dispositions of both towards the political status quo in Britain and in Europe. The article argues that the dialectics that their two approaches represented—universal and systemic versus particular and contingent, and order versus peace—became recurrent themes in British policymaking throughout the Eastern Question.


A dynamic model for the continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride (VCM) in a train of stirred tank reactors has been developed. This model can predict monomer conversion, polymer particle size distribution (PSD), molecular weight distribution and long and short chain branching frequencies under non-steady reactor operation during startup, reactor switching and during unstable operation when conversion and polymer and polymer particle properties oscillate with time. The model has been used to design a flexible reactor train configuration which operates in a stable mode and can produce latexes with a wide range of properties including a bimodal polymer particle size distribution.


Philanthropy and the obligation to help those less fortunate are central tenets in Islam. It is one of the Five Pillars and as such is an integral part of a Muslim's ethical outlook. Human Security and Philanthropy: Islamic Perspectives and Muslim Majority Country Practices by Samiul Hasan is a helpful addition to addressing the philanthropic structure and practices in different Muslim countries. It is among the very few scholarly works that highlights the little-known concept of third sector organizations (TSOs) in relation to human security in Muslim majority countries (MMCs). In this case, public goods, service delivery groups, and organizations not a part of the market (the first sector) or the government (the second sector) are identified as the third sector. The book is divided into 5 main sections and 12 chapters. Each section consists of one to four chapters focusing on a particular topic or concept. The first part provides some statistics about the 47 MMCs, followed by an explanation of the concepts and practices of Islamic philanthropy. The second part discusses the rise of TSOs. The third part discusses obligatory and non-obligatory charitable giving, while the fourth part discusses the nature of civil society in Islam. The final section discusses the role of TSOs in Islamic society and their potential.


During 1917 and 1918 the writer investigated the anatomy of a number of cultivated species belonging to the Cucurbitacese. A few writers have already dealt with the subject, and special mention must be made of Tondera (4) who has carefully investigated the vascular connections of a number of species of this family, and Muller (3) who has worked out the anatomy of the tendrils. The writer has re-examined some of the species worked out by these writers, Their results have been confirmed in a general way. Since however these two papers are not easily available to the ordinary reader and many species investigated by the writer have not.been investigated by these writers and in view especially of some interesting results obtained, it is proposed to give a brief summary of the results arrived at by the writer. It is well-known that the vascular bundles in the stems of the CucurbitacJae are generally arranged in two rings of five bundles each. The bundles are usually known as bicollateral as they possess phloem towards the inside of the xylem in addition to the external phloem. The bundles of the inner ring are as a whole larger than the outer bundles. These facts should be borne in mind in the following description unless otherwise stated. Another point to be remembered is the position of the various organs at a node near the leaf-axil. Usually a number of structures are met with there arranged in a transverse row. In Benincasa cerifera, for example, in a ground plan of the node, beginning from the left, we found the following :— a tendril, a vegetative bud, a flower, a glandular structure looking like a rudimentary leaf. The last structure is absent in some species, and has a different form in some others. These differences would be indicated at the proper places.


The current condition and response method of safety management of oil exploration blasting was discussed,and the safety management control thought of blasting education and training,responsibility sense,management mechanisms and supervision and inspection was provided.Through the scientific and standardized practice of oil seismic exploration′s explosive safety management,the new thought fitting for high standard rules and regulations and suiting for oil exploration safety construction was groped out.Owing to perfecting the enterprise inner regulations,regulating blaster operation,enhancing the sense of related staff and strengthening each bank safety responsibility,no safety accidents related to explosion were occurred since three years,and no explosive materials stolen and loosen,and guaranteed the oil exploration construction was carried out safely and smoothly.


A necessary step was taken towards the formation of a migration model of nanoparticles (NPs) from the surface deep into the soil, taking into account the frequency of precipitation and the processes of adsorption and desorption which occur in the soils. An equation for migration of nanoparticles in soil is proposed. A method of obtaining the averaged equations for long-term migration of NPs in the soil profile has been developed. Similarly, partial differential equations may be obtained which describe more complex models, for example, including capillary phenomena, etc. The obtained equations allow the use of integral transformations in order to find solutions. The model can be used to plan natural experiments in different types of soils.


Objective: Urinary catheterization is one of most common practices in medical centers and hospitals. Despite the advantages of catheterization, it might cause serious complications such as trauma, urinary tract infection and urinary incontinence. Therefore, improper insertion of the catheter is not only useless, but may also cause morbidity and mortality, cost of diagnosis and treatment and waste of time. Materials and Methods: In the retrospective study conducted during 2013 to 2014, all hospitalized patients in Infectious Disease ward of Sina hospital in Tabriz were examined and information in respective checklists was recorded. Finally data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: Among the 723 patients, 94 (13%) who had undergone catheterization. Twenty-five patients who were catheterized before referring to emergency were excluded. Finally, 69 patients (9.5%) were studied. The mean age was 21.85 ± 65.39. Forty-seven patients (68.1%) were catheterized. Twenty-two patients (31.9%) were improperly catheterized. Causes of improper catheterization were: to make nursing easier and patient care with 9 people (40.9%), medical failure with 8 people (36.4%) and taking urine samples with 5 people (22.7%). Thirty percent of patients had complications such as hematuria, urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection. None of the study variables were significantly associated with improper catheterization (P < .05). Conclusion: Despite the usefulness of insertion of urinary catheter, it is associated with adverse events. Improper catheter increases the risk of complications. About 1/3 of patients in Infectious Disease ward of Sina hospital in Tabriz were improperly catheterized and 30% faced complications.


Background : Stroke is the highest cause of disability in adults. Disability and cognitive function impairment cause dependency and decreasing quality of life. The objectives of this study was to describe the outcome of functional and cognitive function among intracerebral haemorrhage patients admitted to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in 2013. Methods : This study was a quantitative descriptive study, conducted from October 2016 to August 2017. Data were collected retrospectively with total sampling method from medical records of intracerebral haemorrhage patients admitted to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in 2013 assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Indonesian Version (MoCA-INA) and Barthel Index. Patients with incomplete medical records , severe aphasia, severe sensoric-motoric impairment, and decreased consciousness were excluded in this study. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and presented in percentage. Results : Out of the 26 subjects, 11 were men and 15 women , who were in the age range of 45–54 years (42.3%), with low education level (61.5%), and unemployed (61.5%) had the highest prevalence on subjects studied. Hypertension was the most common risk factor (78%). Most subjects had cognitive function impairment (69.2%) with delayed memory function as the most common impairment domain found (84.6%), followed by visuospatial/executive function (69.2%). Most subjects had a high score of dependence according to the Barthel test (61.5%). Conclusions : Two third of intracerebral haemorrhage patients have cognitive function impairment and functional dependence. Memory function is the most common impaired cognitive functional domain.


Abstract Routinised surveillance systems are generally regarded as public (and corporate) interference in the privacy of citizens.  Yet such comprehensive forms of surveillance intervention can be a counterpart of citizenship rights, and even of the 'right to have rights' within EU cities today. This paper is about selective surveillance, here termed screening out, of undocumented people and how it operates inside EU cities today.  A 2002 EU Directive on "Strengthening the Penal Framework to Prevent the Facilitation of Unauthorised Entry, Transit and Residence" underpins coercive policies designed to exclude 'unwanted humanity' from the realm of rights-bearing residents within EU urban spaces. Through individual narrative and a range of evidence, the article shows how selective surveillance screens out unwanted humanity from exercising their rights within EU urban spaces.  The key aim is to expose the deliberate governmental use of selective surveillance – to disable and prohibit the access of some people to local resources and urban services vital for a basic decent minimum level of life.  The logic of deterrence strategies underpin screening out and create non-persons, including failed asylum seekers who are the main focus of this article.  Without comprehensive data collection, there is little oversight possible and intervention is lacking which might improve the life chances of undocumented people who live in cities of the EU. Destitution, detention and deportation are the 3-Ds that mean the most basic social and civil rights of undocumented people are routinely neglected. Public institutions, including medical authorities, local authorities and even charities, have become points of exclusion for the unwanted.  Little is known about their health conditions or needs, with the exception of some NGO and academic studies on small samples.  Redefined across most EU cities as 'unwanted humanity', undocumented people and those campaigning on their behalf are increasingly a legitimate 'target group' for violent forms of privatised security.  Selective surveillance – or screening out - is thus a strong indicator of unwantedness, as shown with some examples from UK, Dutch and French cities.  Comprehensive surveillance could be viewed as a public good, so long as it is applied in a non-selective manner.


Objective:To expolr Cardioprotective effect of Guizhi tang on myocardial ischemia in hyperlipidemia rats.Methods:Myocardial ischemia rat models are estabolished based on the mechanism of coronary heart disease.The early changes of hyperlipid and atherosclerosis are caused by utilizing multiple factors including feeding hyperlipid,propylthiouracil and high doses of vatamine D3.Based on the above,high doses of pituitrin(pit) is abdominal cavity injected.According to the exponent of the kit,measure the TC,TG,HDL and LDL-c in the 6th,12th and 18th week respectively.Determine the heart function with special software for multipurpose polygraph.Results:Guizhi tang significantly improves total cholesterol(TC),total triglycerides(TG),low density lipoprotein(LDL),decreses high density cholesterol(HDL).Guizhi tang significantly alleviates myocardial ischemia,rallies LVSP and ± dp /dtmax,decreases LVEDP.Histopathology examination demonstrated that Guizhi tang could attenuate pit-induced myocardial infarction morphologically in hyperlipemia rats.Conclusion:Our results suggest that cardioprotective effect of Guizhi tang on myocardial infarction in hyperlipidemia rats is attributed to its ability to improves the indexes of blood lipid metabolism.


Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is a multifactorial process involving undetected, repetitive trauma resulting in inflammation and tissue breakdown. Shear stress forms a major part of plantar load, the aim of this review is to determine whether elevated shear stress results in ulceration.


This study aims to examine whether there is an effect of Loan to Deposit ratio (LDR), Non Performing Loan (NPL), Return on Assets (ROA), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Operating Expenses on Operating Income (BOPO) and Good Corporate Governance ( GCG) either directly or indirectly through the Capital Adequacy Level (CAR) on the Price of Stock. The population of this study is all conventional commercial bank companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2011-2020. The sampling method of this research used purposive sampling method and obtained 29 companies. The data used is secondary data in the form of company financial statements downloaded from www.idx.co.id. The data analysis technique used is path analysis with the help of the STATA statistical tool version 16. The results of this study indicate that LDR, NPL, ROA, NIM, BOPO, GCG simultaneously or jointly affect CAR by 12.94%, the remaining 87.06% is influenced by other factors. LDR, NPL, ROA, NIM, BOPO, GCG, CAR simultaneously or jointly affect the Price of Stock by 9.71%, the remaining 90.29% is influenced by other factors.


The percolation model studied in finite strips (L << M) at criticality is characterized by the preferential growth of percolating clusters in the L-direction. The authors present a Monte Carlo and finite-size scaling study of the density profiles of the percolating clusters. The behaviour of the pair-connectedness function is also analysed at criticality within both the algebraic and the exponential regimes.


In this research, in order to clarify the mechanism for the drag reduction caused by microbubbles, the turbulence structure of the microbubble flows in a vertical pipe and a horizontal channel is experimentally investigated using PIV/PTV and LIF techniques. Furthermore, a bubble projection technique is used to obtain the position and shape of individual bubbles. Particularly, we consider the local interaction between bubbles and the surrounding fluid. Additionally, we introduce several kinds of techniques to generate microbubbles and discuss the effects of the bubble diameter distribution to flow structures.


In order to analyze the diversity and distribution of mollusca around the waters of islands,Fujian Province,we conducted a large-scale survey of bottom-dwelling organisms from February 1990 to January 1992 on an island in Fujian over the waters of the township.The results showed that there are 82 families,96 genua,345 specise of mollusc around the waters of islands,Fujian Province,and the mainly families are as follows: Arcidae,Mytilidae,Mactridae,Tellinidae,Veneridae,Corbulidae,Dentaliidae,Naticidae,Muricidae,Buccinidae,Nassariidae,Cancellariidae,Turridae,Terebridae,Pyramidellidae.In the 12 waters of islands,the species of mollusc located more around south-central islands than that around the northern islands.The average biomass of mollusca is 8.81 g/m2,the density is 36 ind./m2 around the waters of islands,Fujian Province.The biomass of waters around Xiamen island is the highest(33.18 g/m2),that of in Nanri island is the lowest(0.73 g/m2);The density of waters around Jiangyin island is the highest(188 ind./m2),that of in Meizhou island the lowest(4 ind./m2).The seasonal variation of mollusc species around the waters of islands,Fujian Province is that the species number is more in the summer than in winter,it is more in the winter than in autumn,and it is more in the autumn than in spring.The biomass is the highest in spring,and the lowest in winter;the highest density is in spring and lowest in autumn.


The fact that Catholicism growth in late Chos?n society implies that political ideologies put forth in the public sphere were separate from the religious faith held by civilians. So much as to justify a life-dependent struggle. Catholicism was subject to persecution, being branded as a "corrupt doctrine"(sagyo : 耶敎). Yet as a subculture it communicated with other such subcultures and brought about a rift in the Neo-Confucianism based late Chos?n society. Along with the constructions of a patriarchal culture, myths and oral traditions regarding women were gradually faded out. In contrast, religious activity regarding the Holy Goddess(山神 聖母) and the Holy Mother(聖母) increased in late Chos?n. Within the worship of Holy Goddess, Holy Mother as a subculture, the Catholic Holy Mother(St. Mary) was also introduced to Chos?n society. The Catholic Holy Mother was a symbol of purity, humility, and obedience, but moreover, she was also a active agent in the birth of Jesus Christ and salvation. Thus by at first clashing and interacting with late Chos?n'S subculture of goddess worship, the Catholic Holy Mother was solidified as its own religious ethos. The figure of Jesus was a difficult concept to convey to late Chos?n society. The idea that Jesus was born without a physical father and instead only though the active role of the Holy Mother had no correlatives within the patriarchal culture based on the Neo-Confucianism. Furthermore the idea that Jesus was the Son of God and thus a Holy Son was a source of cultural shock for Chos?n society. A more problematic relationship was that between Jesus and his father, God, who apparently was manifest as his son. It was a mystery in the intellectual framework of Confucianism as to how a substantial Jesus could be amalgamated with heavenly being. Besides, from a government's viewpoint, Jesus, like Siddhartha Buddha, was someone claiming to have control over heaven and earth and luring people, like many 'Living Buddha'(生佛) claimants of the time. Another shock to Chos?n society by Catholicism was how faithful formed a new community based on the commonality of religious belief. The Catholic community had some internal organization, and believers sometimes left their family and hometown for that community. In the eyes of the state, the Catholics were a covertly organized society, potentially a threat to the stability nation as the White Lotus Movement had been for the Qing Dynasty. It may be hard to conclude that Catholicism's religious culture accelerated the fall of patriarchal culture. It is also difficult to say that Catholicism was a counter culture with an explicit intention to confront the normative social structures of late Chos?n. Nonetheless, Catholicism blended and clashed with other subcultures and eventually led to a greater flow of change that encompassed a shift in social structure.


Introduction: Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), sampling in diffusion encoding space (q-space) and yielding a description of the diffusion Ensemble Average Propagator (EAP), is capable of resolving complex distributions of intravoxel fiber orientations [1]. However, substantially long scan time (~ 1 hour) has greatly limited its clinical application. Recently several methods using compressed sensing (CS) [2,3] have been developed to accelerate DSI [3,4,5]. Given the undersampled q-space signal, the CS reconstruction uses an iterative shrinkage algorithm [5] to recover the reciprocal diffusion displacement space (r-space) data by imposing sparsifying transform. In this study, we evaluate the performance of CS algorithms [3,4,7] on both simulated and in vivo DSI data, with an aim to reduce acquisition time to a clinical time frame (~ 20-25 minutes) without jeopardizing critical image information. Methods: Simulation Study: Two sets of fiber simulations were performed using Gaussian Mixture Model (crossing angles=50°, 60°,70°, FA=0.5, 0.6, 0.7, mean diffusivity=0.77 [8,9]) added with Rician noise (signal-to-noise (SNR) = 35) at maximal b values (bmax) 4000 s/mm (7 cube, 3.61 radius in grid unit) and 6000 s/mm (11 cube, 5.0 radius in grid unit). In vivo Study: Two sets of DSI data (1.8x1.8 mm, 128x128) (bmax=6000 s/mm, DSI515-direction, TR/TE=5000/117 msec; bmax=4000 s/mm, DSI203-direction, TR/TE=9000/110 msec) were acquired on a healthy volunteer using a 3T GE MR750 clinical MR scanner equipped with a 32 Channel Head Coil. CS Reconstruction: The data were retrospectively undersampled using variable density schemes (acceleration factor (R) =2, 3, 4). Three CS reconstruction schemes, including the K-SVD adaptive dictionaries algorithm [10] for sparse representation of the training data coupled with the Focal Underdetermined System Solver (FOCUSS) algorithm [11] (Dictionary-FOCUSS), the simple l1-norm penalty in the diffusion displacement space with the FOCUSS (l1-FOCUSS), and the l1-norm penalty with the Nesterov's algorithm (l1-NESTA) [11], were evaluated for computation efficiency, error metrics (RMSE between reconstruction and noiseless ground truth in simulations, no acceleration and with acceleration in vivo) , generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), and tractograms. An additional DSI123-direction was also acquired for the comparison. Results and Discussion: The simulation results in Fig. 1 show that Dictionary-FOCUSS performed better than l1FOCUSS and l1–NESTA at both 7 and 11 cubes. Human brain CS DSI data also found the similar trends of RMSE in different acceleration factors (results not shown).


Introduction: Complex forms of spastic paraplegia (SPG) are rare and genetically heterogeneous. In apparently sporadic cases, analysis of known SPG genes often fails to reveal a mutation. Methods: We report a 24‐year‐old patient with a syndrome of spastic paraplegia, ataxia, frontotemporal dementia, and lower motor neuron involvement. Results: Screening of the patient's genome for copy number variation identified a novel 276 kb deletion spanning the first exon of the GRID2 gene. MRI scan showed atrophy of the cerebellum, and electromyography revealed a chronic disorder of motor neurons or their axons. A deletion in GRID2, coding for the glutamate receptor delta‐2 subunit precursor protein, was excluded in either parent, suggesting that the deletion in the index patient occurred de novo. Conclusions: We hypothesize that the deletion identified here is the cause of our patient's clinical presentation, due to the resemblance to the GRID2 mutation phenotype in mouse models. Muscle Nerve 49: 289–292, 2014


Estimating a project's effort or schedule is a crucial task for software project management. However, project leaders are often overwhelmed when selecting an appropriate estimation method to best match the project characteristics and context. Recommender systems (RS) are applications that typically support online users when confronted with large sets of choices. Knowledge-based recommenders are a specific variant of these systems that exploit explicit knowledge models in order to infer matching items based on a set of specific requirements. This paper's contribution lies in its application of knowledge-based recommendation mechanisms to the domain of software project management and presents a recommender for effort estimation methods. An initial evaluation among software professionals showed promising results and disclosed helpful hints for further development.


In this paper we succinctly describe sorne aspects related to multicultural education in Spain. First we must recognise that there exists a somewhat extensive and significant work on Gypsies (the most important ethnic group in Spain) that we do not include in this paper, because it would require a separate article. It is much more interesting, we hope, to present the state of art of discourses and practices related to multicultural education in our country. In fact, we argue Spanish authorities have never considered the education of Gypsy children as a matter of multicultural education. The very phrases 'multicultural education' and 'intercultural education' have only recently been introduced in Spain. In the first section of this paper we describe the reasons put forth by sorne authors to support intercultural education. Their rationale for more multicultural education is compared to our own reasons. Sections number two to five briefly review sorne congresses on multicultural education held in our country (II), current research (III), legislation (IV), and programs in action (V). The common feature of these sections is the emphasis on showing how scarce and recent the whole topic of multiculturalism is in Spain. However, many Spanish investigators and educators are beginning to work in this field, and government involvement is rapidly growing.


Although much research has been done, the scientific study of war has not progressed as rapidly as it could have due to a lack of integrative cumulation. To rectify this situation the war puzzle must be broken down into a series of interrelated research questions that fit within a process model of militarized interstate conflict. This will promote progress in explaining and predicting war, but the rarity of war, the role of chance in its genesis, and the possibility of multiple paths to war dictate that much patience, hard work, and imagination will be required to find the recipe(s) for war.


The cold war—now aggravated by shooting war in Korea, —is being waged on many fronts. One of these fronts is ideological, reflecting the incompatibility of the social ideals of the opponents. The ideological war is being conducted in many ways; and among the weapons used by the foe there is perhaps none more irritating to the Americans than the assertion that the Soviets enjoy real democracy while American democracy is but a ridiculous fake. From the very first day of their rule over Russia the Soviet leaders have insisted that their democracy is the best, or the highest ever achieved in history. This insistence they have made both before and after the enactment of the Stalin Constitution (1936)—in other words, both when their democracy excluded from the exercise of political rights the members of the former "bourgeoisie" and its servants (for example, clergymen and Tsarist policemen), and after their shift to universal suffrage.


Recent political trends in many countries have sparked renewed interest in populism. Despite general agreement that the affective/emotive aspects of political communication are particularly important in this, there is little recent analysis of how populists operationalise emotion or how they genuinely differ from mainstream parties in this sense. This article applies mixed methods to explore the 'affective-discursive practices' that characterise the discourses of two opposition parties in the United Kingdom: United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) and Labour. Comparison of the frequency of semantic subcategories related to emotion in corpora of press releases published by these parties on their websites is complemented by qualitative analysis of how specific emotional areas such as fear, anger and anxiety are invoked by the two parties. Different 'affective-discursive practices' underpin their discourses, since Labour characteristically frames reactions to social phenomena in terms of worry and concern, while UKIP legitimates fear and anger, but also projects more positive emotions.


SIR, — Zimmer and colleagues ( VR , January 26, 2008, vol 162, p 131) recently described maize silage residues as possible breeding sites for the sibling species Culicoides obsoletus/scoticus and confirmed that Culicoides dewulfi and Culicoides chiopterus breed in cattle dung. To complete the


We demonstrate that photonic crystals can be used to generate powerful and highly coherent Cherenkov radiation that is excited by the injection of a beam of free electrons. Using theoretical and numerical investigations we present the startup dynamics and coherence properties of such a laser, in which gain is provided by matching the optical phase velocity in the photonic crystal to the velocity of the electron beam. The operating frequency can be varied by changing the electron beam energy and scaled to different ranges by varying the lattice constant of the photonic crystal.


The full-scale war in Ukraine is having a significant psychological and physical impact on combatants. One of the negative consequences of war is combat stress, accompanied by the action of stress factors that negatively affect psychological and physical health, reducing the process of socialization to peaceful life. At the same time, there are not enough studies covering the solution of these issues with the help of adaptive physical culture (APC), which confirms the relevance of the chosen topic.

Purpose: to determine the impact of running classes on combatants who have the consequences of combat stress.

Material & Methods: the research was carried out on the basis of the National Council for Sports Rehabilitation of Defenders of Ukraine in Kyiv. It was attended by 40 combatants. The following methods were used in the course of the study: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.

Results: at the end of the pedagogical experiment, the participants in the hostilities determined the level of stress according to the "Modified method for determining the level of stress by L. Ryder", before and after running classes. Based on the data after the study, it was found that at the initial stage, 77% of combatants had a high level of stress, and 13% had an average level of stress. At stage 2, after the use of APC (within 1 year), the level of stress among combatants was reduced to 50% – medium, 50% – low, which shows the effectiveness of the use of APC (running classes).

Conclusions: a study was conducted with the determination of the level of stress according to the "Modified method of the level of stress according to L. Rieder" and the positive effect of running was shown. Measures are proposed to help reduce the level of stress among combatants.

The dynamics of the results indicates the stability of reducing the level of combat stress with the help of running, which confirms the expediency of organizing the training process for combatants.


509 The Spanish cosmographer Martín Cortés, in introducing the art of navigation to the readers of his 1551 instructional manual on the subject, called it one of the "difficultest things" a man could undertake. Navigation, which Cortés defined simply as "to journey or viage by water, fr[om] one place to another," differed crucially from land travel in that, while the latter was "knowen and [de]termined by markes, signes, and limites," travel by sea was "uncerten and unknowen" for want of stable reference points on the open seas. "Therefore these viages beyng so difficulte," he wrote, "it shal be hard to make the same be understode by wordes or wrytynge." In order to get around the sticky problem of explaining such a challenging art in prose alone, Cortés turned to nautical cartography as a means to illustrate his lessons: "The best explication or inuention that the wyttes of men haue founde for the manifestyng of this, is to geue the same paynted in a Carde."1 The many voyages of exploration undertaken during the early modern period, and the long-distance trade networks that eventually grew out of them, necessitated and fostered a number of qualitative changes to the ancient art of navigation. Whereas medieval pilots had relied primarily on their intensive personal familiarity with the routes they sailed in order to find their way, the early modern explorer had no similar empirical frame of reference to guide him in strange waters, and the transoceanic pilot had no landmarks whatsoever to assist him on the open sea.2 To help him determine his location in the middle of the ocean, the pilot came to rely on the fixed stars as his principal reference points, taking a variety of simplified astronomers' instruments to sea with him for that purpose.3 Yet figuring out his ship's position was only one of the challenges the early modern pilot faced; he also had to decide where to steer his ship in order to reach his intended landfall. For this he turned to various early modern adaptations of the medieval portolan chart, a device that allowed Mediterranean pilots (in theory) to calculate the compass heading and distance between any two places depicted on the chart. As European pilots guided their ships to all corners of the globe, marine cartography adapted to meet their changing needs. The Medieval Craft of Pilotage


Study of physico-chemical properties, adsorption and desorption of Zn using citric acid and tartaric acid on the textile industrial area has been carried out. This study aims to analyze the physico-chemical character of the soil and the content of heavy metals around the textile industry which is suspected of being contaminated by waste, the adsorption isotherm and capacity of Zn, the desorption kinetics of Zn using citric acid and tartaric acid solutions. Soil samples were divided into three sample points based on the location where they were taken, namely sample points I, II and III. The physical and chemical properties of soil were measured, included pH, ash content, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and content of heavy metals The adsorption capacity was studied by the adsorption of Zn on the soil. Meanwhile, the desorption was studied by using both citric and tartaric acid solution. The results showed that sample I had the highest total organic carbon content of 692.3 mg g-1, and a cation exchange capacity of 42.0 cmol+ kg-1 with a metal content of 735.0 mg kg-1. The maximum adsorption capacity of Zn is 708.7 mg kg-1. The optimum desorption using citric acid occurs at a concentration of 0.6 mol L-1, pH 3 and a time of 7 h, while tartaric acid occurs at a concentration of 0.8 mol L-1, pH 3 and a time of 7 h. Keywords: citric acid, tartaric acid, physico-chemical properties, zinc


Rotational and vibrational temperatures have been measured by time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy in a pulsed surface wave discharge in airlike mixture. For a wave frequency of 1.1 GHz, a pulse length of 4.5 μs and a peak power of 20 kW the temperatures are increasing by a factor of 3 during the first μs. These variations certainly have a great influence on air breakdown.


Misinformation can amplify humanity's most significant challenges. As the novel coronavirus spreads across the world, concerns regarding the spreading of misinformation about it and also people downplaying the severity of it are also growing. This article investigates social media activity in May 2020, specifically Twitter, with respect to COVID-19, the themes of tweets, where the discussion is emerging from, disinformation shared about the virus, and its relationship with COVID-19 incidence rate at the state and county level. A geodatabase of all geotagged COVID-19 related tweets was compiled. Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression was employed to examine the association between social media activity, population, and the spatial variability of disease incidence; our results suggest that MGWR could explain 96.7% of the variations. Moreover, Covid-19 related twitter dataset content analysis reveals a meaningful strong spatial relationship that exists between social media activity and known cases of COVID-19. Discourses analysis was conducted on tweets to index tweets downplaying the Pandemic or disseminating disinformation; the discourses analysis findings suggest that states in where twitter users spread more misinformation and showed more resistance to pandemic management measures in May are experiencing a surge in the number of cases in July.


The article is intended as a guide for HAZOP (Hazard and operability) study team leaders in applying this technique to complex batch chemical processes. The information provided should enable HAZOP study team leaders to use the skills already developed for evaluating continuous chemical processes in examining batch operation


ABSTRACT This research study seeks to understand how a former Afrikaans medium school, named after a prominent president of the apartheid era and steeped within the proud traditions and customs of the Afrikaans culture, went against the grain to become a shining beacon of democracy in South Africa. Utilising the methodology of portraiture this research study draws attention to the outstanding qualities of this school, Equity High, studying excellence rather than pathology. Three major research findings emanated from this study: first, a transitory leader that is committed to humanistic principles and norms can effect positive educational change; second, if change attempts are to be successful, individuals and groups must find meaning concerning what should change as well as how to go about it; and third, a school climate that promotes cultural interconnectedness and cultural interdependency can foster a sense of belonging and a feeling at home for all students at school.


Disclosed is firstly a method for controlling a vibrating plate having a base plate and a vibration exciter which a drive and a rotatable means of the drive primary shaft (10) with a first spur gear (13) and having a primary unbalance and at least one parallel to the primary shaft (10) having arranged and the opposite direction to the primary shaft by means of the drive rotatable (10) secondary shaft having a second spur gear that meshes with the first spur gear (13), and a secondary unbalance, at least one with respect to a working direction (6) of the vibration plate left unbalance element ( 16) and a relative to the direction of work (6) right unbalance element (17) form the primary unbalance, and for controlling a propulsion of the vibrating plate in the direction of work (6) in the same direction and for steering the vibrating plate from the direction of work (6) in opposite directions against the first spur gear (13) are pivoted. Disclosed is further such a vibrating plate. An intuitive control to enable it is proposed, comprising that the first spur gear (13) is a helically around the primary shaft (10) extending link (26), into which engages a on the primary shaft (10) axially displaceable slide block (25) radially, and that is moved to control the propulsion of the sliding block (25) on the primary shaft (10) to pivot the left unbalance element (16) and the right unbalance element (17) in the same direction.


Background: Colo-rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the western world; rectal cancer comprises about one-third of these cases. The increasing life expectancy in this population adds to the importance of evaluating long-term results of curative treatment. Purpose: Preoperative chemo-radiotherapy can lead to pathologic complete response. Fluorouracil-based preoperative chemo-radiation is the current standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. This study was designed to determine clinical response rate in locally advanced rectal cancer treated with preoperative regimen followed by surgical resection. Also it studies the effect of this regimen on increasing resection rate in those patients and to evaluate the validity of the technique of abdominally assisted transanal pull through as a sphincter preserving procedure in such patients. Secondary Objective: to determine the toxicity of this preoperative regimen. Methods: Clinical and pathological data from 2008 to 2011 of a prospectively maintained thirty three patients of locally advanced rectal cancer database were examined. Inclusion criteria were patients with previously untreated either inoperable or locally advanced rectal cancer and not suitable for primary sphincter sparing surgery. These patients received preoperative concurrent chemo-radiotherapy by using Oral flouropyramidines (Capecitabine). Results: Thirty-three patients were identified (54.5%) male and (45.5%) females with median age of 40 yrs. old (range 17–80 y)). Data regarding preoperative chemo-radiotherapy were available for 33 patients (100%). The dose of radiotherapy was 5040 cGy/28ttt, and Capecitabine chemotherapy schedule is 850mg/m daily concurrent with radiotherapy. As regard tumor response to neo-adjuvant therapy; 18/33 patients (54.5%) achieved complete response, 8/33 patients (24%) achieved partial response and 7/33 patients (21%) had no response. Trans-anal abdominally assisted colo-anal pull-through was performed in 27 patients (81.8%) and 6 patients (18 %) underwent abdomino-perineal resection. About the toxicity in this study; for chemotherapy, deep venous thrombosis developed in 5 patients (15 %) and hand-foot syndrome developed in 7 patients (21%). For radiotherapy 19 patients (57.5%) developed wet desquamation. The main post-operative complications were fistula in 2 cases (6%) and partial stump ischemia in 3 (9%). We had a median disease free survival of 9.5 months and reported a 93% local control rate and 6.6% local failure rate after a maximum follow up period of 15 months. Conclusion: Preoperative chemo-radiotherapy by using Capecitabine improves down staging in locally advanced rectal cancers. It is safe, effective, convenient and well tolerated by the patients. The study assumes that the surgical technique of Trans-Anal Abdominally Assisted Colo-Anal Pull Through for rectal cancer has many advantages as a sphincter-preserving technique; it is efficient and safe procedure providing acceptable oncological and functional results while minimizing local infection and avoiding the diverting stoma with its negative impact on the quality of life. [Mohammed A. Mikkawy; Samir S. Eid; Hesham M. Hamza; Ashraf Farrag and Marwa I. Khalaf]. A Phase II Study of Concurrent Preoperative Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy on Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 80-86]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 12


Vulturine guineafowl live together in large groups, and these groups form part of a large and complex society. Researchers in the ECOLBEH project are looking at how these animals deal with the challenges of living in such a society, and how doing so can help them survive the harsh Kenyan climate, as Prof Dr Damien Farine explains


Aim:  Hypokalaemia is an independent risk factor contributing to arrhythmic death in cardiac patients. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms of hypokalaemia‐induced tachyarrhythmias by measuring ventricular refractoriness, spatial repolarization gradients, and ventricular conduction time in isolated, perfused guinea‐pig heart preparations.


The accuracy of temperature measurements suffers from the so-called radiation error. Strategies to minimize this error are reflecting equipment surfaces, ventilation and small size sensors. In spite of such measuring devices like radiation shield and forced ventilation the temperature measurement by modern systems remains problematical. Partly new error sources result from new technical solutions. Examples are imprecise sensors, disadvantageous positioning of sensors, influence of solar radiation at low sun elevation, ground-reflected radiation and long-wave surface radiation, warming by the ventilator motor, release of heat by condensation during clear nights and heat conduction through sensor cables or other elements. The aim of the contribution is to introduce in a new equipment to measure the temperature eliminating such error sources. By this system external influences of radiation are shielded. A novel ventilation system makes sure that the sensor temperature is equal to air temperature. Moreover, heat conduction through elements of the apparatus is avoided. This temperature measuring system is integrated in a climate station, which is energy self-sufficient. With respective specific modifications it can be used in several climate zones.


The results of the study of hematological and biochemical blood parameters of Altai-Sayan breed of marals are presented. Blood parameters of 5–6 year-old stag marals brought from the Altai Republic in 2014–2015 and currently bred in the Republic of Tuva were studied. Content of total protein in blood was lower than the established standard indicators for maral blood by 12.8%, albumin by 51.5, betaglobulin by 72.4, and cholesterol by 59.5%. The following indicators exceeded the standard: number of leukocytes – by 40.4%, alpha-globulins – by 21.0%, gamma-globulins – 2.1 times, AcAt – by 6.8%, glucose – by 16.4%. The average IgA content in the blood of the studied animals was 0.022 mg/ml, IgG – 0.039, IgM – 0.020 mg/ml. A weak negative correlation was found between the content of IgG and the number of leukocytes (r = –0.38), as well as an average positive correlation between the level of IgA and the concentration of urea in the blood (r = 0.47). In the study of the phagocytic system of stag marals of the Tuvan population, the values of phagocytic activity were established at the level of 25.4 ± 0.29, the phagocytic index – 4.33 ± 0.09, and the phagocytic number – 1.03 ± 0.03. The revealed interconnections of the hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of blood of stag marals brought from the Altai Republic and kept in the Republic of Tuva differ both in strength and in direction. Average negative correlations amounted to 41.9% of the total, average positive – 38.7, high positive – 12.9, high negative – 6.5%. Differences in the morphological and immunobiochemical composition of the blood of marals bred in the conditions of the Republic of Tuva from standard indicators are the result of optimal adaptation to the living conditions.


Perspectives on Alcohol Prevention, by Håkan Leifman, is a collection of papers presented as a doctoral dissertation at the Department of Sociology at Stockholm University. The collection consists of a short introduction followed by five papers covering five different studies. Three of the papers have been published previously, while two appear for the first time. Authorship for three of the papers is shared with other Swedish researchers in the field, i.e., P. Allebeck, S. Andreasson, E. Kiihlhorn, and A. Romelsjo, demonstrating' the author's ability to traverse the boundaries of academic disciplines. Although the five papers represent separate studies, they share a quantitative approach and an interest in contributing to the accumulating knowledge within epidemiological studies. The first two papers concern topical methods problems associated with the validity of alcohol data gained from surveys, while the third and fourth papers both contribute to a discussion on the effect of primary prevention for reducing alcohol consumption and the rate of alcohol problems over time. The final paper turns to drinking cultures and relates this to sociability. Together, the studies included in the collection offer a number of contributions to public health debates and research con cerned with the impact of alcohol availability upon alcohol-related problems and alcohol consumption leveIs. As an introduction to his work, the author presents a summary of theoretical developments related to the total consumption model that have taken place in alcohol studies, starting with Sulley Ledermann's original work on the single distribution model in the 1950s. The introduction also includes a brief summary of some of the critical work conducted on the total consumption model. Leifman argues that what is missing from this body of research is a closer examination of the survey data on which the argument for the total consumption model is often based. In particular, underestimation of selfreported alcohol consumption and an underrepresentation of problem drinkers in survey samples may have led to skewed data that undermine the model's validity for describing reality. Such problems form a key element in the papers presented in the collection and form the strength of the work. In order to sort out the array of theories and perspectives and their relationship to the total consumption model, Leifman develops a typology of "alcohol prevention perspectives" in which he identifies three perspectives: 1) the distribution of alcohol consumption; 2) the diffusion of alcohol habits; and 3) the character of preventive efforts. Each of the perspectives is associated with a theory that has been linked to the total consumption model, including: the single distribution theory (or Ledermann theory), social interaction theory, and the avaiIability theory, respectively. The author also points out that each perspective offers a message to the general population and a message concerning the misuse of alcohol. Curiously, the author does not mention the public health perspective, which is used almost synonymously with the total consumption model in Sweden. Despite this fIaw, the introduction presents an overview of the fieId, against which Leifman further explores preventive measures in the five studies that follow. A common problem when examining alcohol consumption patterns and their impact upon the incident of alcohol related problems is the gap between how much alcohol respondents claim to have consumed, and what the known sales of alcohol suggest. This problem is the topic of Pap er I, in which Leifman and Kiihlhorn compare the coverage rates of two alcohol surveys, which gave 75 % and


This research based on the geographic information system (GIS) technology, designing and evaluating the Baliu Ecological Wetland Park. The designing structure of the function district , landscape pattern and transportation system were summarized, the calculation and dispensation of the earthwork and the designing proposal of system's illumination were introduced, the ecological, economical, and social efficiency were analyzed. The research was hoped to contribute to current and future wetland construction.


The first total synthesis of (+)-adunctin C (ent-1) and (+)-adunctin D (2), two monoterpene-substitued dihydrochalcones isolated from Piper aduncum (Piperaceae), was achieved. A regioselective oxidative [3 + 2] cycloaddition of acylphloroglucinol with (-)-β-phellandrene was developed to construct their unique spirobenzofuran skeleton. The absolute configurations of natural adunctins 1 and 2 were thus assigned through these endeavors.


This article examines the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of state immunity and the right of access to a court in employment disputes. In a series of decisions since Cudak v Lithuania in 2010 the Court has strived to uphold the rights of employees of foreign states, particularly embassy and consular staff engaged in routine, non-policy roles, by limiting the scope of state immunity in such cases. This approach is a welcome affirmation of the right of access to justice.


As the cross-linking product of positive psychology and moral education,positive moral education includes the two theoretical basis of psychology and philosophy,and its construction is common in the effect of social environment and individual psychological process.Therefore,to discuss from the educators,the educated,the educational relations and the discourse construction,have a significant theoretical and practical sense,because in the construction process of the positive moral education theory,from the "language" level to obtaining practical sense the discourse plays a significant role in the interactive process of educators and educated.


In this paper, the distortion bounds of holomorphic functions in hyperbolic domain ? have been estimated with δ?( f (0)), which is the distant from f (0) to the boundary of ? . The results partially improve the ones made recently by Zheng Jian-hua.


A short echo time (TE = 24 ms) semiadiabatic localization by adiabatic selective refocusing (LASER) sequence was designed and optimized for full‐intensity proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 4 T. The sequence was combined with VAPOR water suppression and three‐dimensional outer volume suppression for improved localization and suppression of unwanted coherences. Artifact‐free, single‐shot spectra were obtained from the human brain with a spectral pattern almost identical to that obtained with an ultra‐short TE (TE = 5 ms) stimulated‐echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence as a result of the train of adiabatic refocusing pulses in semi‐LASER that reduce the apparent TE. Approximately 2‐fold higher signal intensity relative to STEAM was demonstrated in phantoms and the human brain. To test the performance of the sequence in clinically relevant brain regions with a volume coil, semi‐LASER spectra were acquired from three cerebellar and brainstem volumes of interest (VOIs) in 23 healthy subjects. Ultra‐short echo STEAM spectra were acquired from the same VOIs to compare neurochemical profiles obtained with semi‐LASER with those obtained with STEAM. Neurochemical profiles of the cerebellum and brainstem acquired by these two techniques were nearly identical, validating the accuracy of the metabolite concentrations obtained with semi‐LASER at the longer TE relative to STEAM. A high correlation between metabolite concentrations obtained by these two proton 1H MRS techniques indicated the sensitivity to detect intersubject variation in metabolite levels. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A linear pathway of morphologically intermediate cells has been identified between the cuboidal epithelial stem cells and the doming alveolar‐like cultures of the cell line Rat Mammary (Rama) 25 in the order: cuboidal → grey → dark → dark droplet cell → doming cultures. The overall process can be accelerated by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or retinoic acid (RA) in the presence of mammotrophic hormones. From 400–450 [35S]methionine‐labeled polypeptides that are routinely separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis approximately only 3% change during this process. As the Rama 25 cultures become confluent, three polypeptides of molecular weights (MW) 35 kD (pl = 7.7), 45 kD (pl = 7.5) and 33 kD (pl = 7.7) increase dramatically in radioactive abundance. These increases correspond to increases in numbers of grey cells for the 35 kD polypeptide, to increases in numbers of dark cells together with increases in peanut lectin‐binding‐ability for the 45 kD polypeptide, and to increases in the numbers of dark cells and in the numbers of droplet cells for the 33 kD polypeptide. After treatment with DMSO, RA or in spontaneously doming cultures, a second set of four polypeptides of MW 26 kD (pl = 5.9), 27 kD (pl = 6.2), 30 kD (pl = 7.2), and the same 33 kD polypeptide as above increase with the increase in numbers of droplet cells, domes, and increase in casein secretion. A variant of Rama 25, Rama 259, which fails to produce droplet cells, domes, or to secrete casein with DMSO and hormones also shows the same changes in the first set but not in the second set of polypeptides. The elongated, myoepithelial‐like cell line derived from Rama 25, Rama 29, which cannot undergo any of the above intercellular conversions, fails to show changes in any of these polypeptides. Major changes in radioactive polypeptides have been confirmed for nonradioactive polypeptides and for polypeptides labeled for 4 hr with [35S]methionine. The synthesis of these novel polypeptides thus marks specific morphological stages of the differentiation of mammary epithelial stem to alveolar‐like cells in culture, and as such may mark similar differentiation stages in vivo.


outcomes were measured using a modified Rankin scale. Short term follow-up catheter angiography (mean 3.3 months) was available for four aneurysms. Packing density (%) was calculated as the ratio of coil volume to aneurysm volume3 100. Results: Mean patient age was 54 years (range 37–75 years). Seventeen (70%) of the patients treated were women. Seven aneurysms (26%) were ruptured at presentation. Eight (30%) were recurrent or residual aneurysms post-coiling. Mean aneurysm size was 5.7 mm6 4.2 mm (range 1.5 mm–20 mm) and mean neck size was 4.3 mm6 3 mm (range 1 mm–12 mm). The aneurysms were in the following locations: five anterior communicating artery/anterior cerebral artery (19%), six ophthalmic/paraophthalmic artery (22%), six posterior communicating artery (22%), five superior hypophyseal artery (19%), two internal carotid artery (7%), one basilar tip (4%), one vertebral artery (4%) and one middle cerebral artery (4%). Balloon assisted coil embolization was performed for three aneurysms (11%) and stent assisted coil embolization was carried out in 20 patients (74%). Four were blister-type aneurysms. Immediate control angiography demonstrated complete aneurysm occlusion (RS grade 1) in 11 cases (41%), a small residual neck (RS grade 2) in five cases (19%) and dome filling (RS grade 3) in 11 (41%). DeltaPaq coils were used exclusively in 12 aneurysms (44%). Mean packing density in these aneurysms was 44%6 12%. Mean packing density in aneurysms treated with a combination of DeltaPaq and bare platinum coils was 29%6 14%. Short term follow-up angiography (mean 3.3 months) demonstrated total occlusion (RS grade 1) in all four aneurysms. Two aneurysms demonstrated progressive occlusion from RS3 to RS1. So far, there have been no recanalizations or retreatments. There were four (15%) intraoperative thromboembolic events that were successfully treated with intra-arterial abciximab with no neurological deficits. There have been no deaths or rebleeds in the follow-up period. Conclusion: DeltaPaq coils have a satisfactory safety profile. We were able to achieve high packing densities, especially when using this microcoil system exclusively for the embolization of intracranial aneurysms. Competing interests: MG, ev3 Neuro, Philips Medical Systems, Covidien, Micrus Endo, Mindframe, Soteira Inc, Cordis Neuro, Innerpulse; AW, Philips Medical Systems, ev3 Neuro, Covidien, Micrus Endo, Soteira Inc, Mindframe, Codman Inc, Surpass Inc.


Djuro Josic Isolation of complex biopolymers, especially of macromolecular biopolymers and hydrophobic membrane proteins, was at the end of 80s in the last century a very frustrating job. At that time we were looking for materials for fast separation of serum proteins, hydrophobic membrane (glyco)proteins, nucleic acids, as well as viruses and cellular components. Consequently, the community of biochemists and cell biologists, but also rapidly growing biotech industry, was looking for alternative solutions for the conventional particle-based chromatographic supports that were used at that time. Monolithic supports were the alternative, and their historical development is presented by František Švec in the first paper published in this special issue. This Special Issue is intended to show recent developments in monolithic technology and the use of these supports for the separation of biopolymers, immobilization of enzymes and fast conversion of substrates on both analytical and preparative scale, as well as for the isolation and separation of viruses, plasmids, and other nanoparticles. The possibility for using these supports in sample displacement mode opened new possibilities for fast and simple fractionation of these components that still have to be explored, as discussed by the contribution of Martinović and Josić and that of Amorim et al. Unfortunately, despite my intense efforts, no manuscript that deals with the separation of microvesicles and exosomes was submitted, a field that has important future for applications of specially tailored monolithic supports with large pore sizes, see the link http://www.biasepara tions.com/support/posters/product/775-development-of-a-separation-method-for-exosomesby-means-of-large-pore-monolithic-columns. This field is now covered by several patents, and most biotech companies still keep their applications secret and for internal use, as reported by Beelen in this special issue. My opinion is that with increasing production and use of these cellular products for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, this development will be accompanied with increasing use of monoliths for their isolation, in-process control, and both quality control and quality assurance. The third part of this special issue is dedicated to the use of monolithic supports as essential parts of capillary columns for chromatography and for on-chip devices. One of the most important advantages of monoliths is that simple upand downscaling of separation devices based on these supports is possible. In this issue, Jonnada and El Rassi demonstrated that after synthesis, a polymer-based monolithic precursor can be conventionally grafted with different ligands. Combination of miniaturized devices enables also multidimensional separations on both small and micro scale (see Martinovic and Josic contribution). Furthermore, the use of polymeric monoliths (Jonnada and El Rassi), but also differently modified silicaand cryogel-based monoliths are presented (Birch et al. and Asir et al.). This Special Issue includes 27 papers, and all authors deserve my thanks for their contributions in time. I would also like to thank all reviewers and the Editor-in-Chief for their suggestions and comments in order to improve the quality of all accepted papers. I also hope that this issue will open further discussion about the use of monoliths and that it will contribute to the broader use of these supports on both the laboratory and industrial scale.


602Background: Increased stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (STILs) may predict for pathologic complete response (pCR) in HER2+ breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant trastuzumab (H). Taxanes (T) and carboplatin (C) have immune modulating effects. Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is a major mechanism of action of H, which may be enhanced by T, C, and pertuzumab (P). Pre and posttreatment tumor microenvironment immune markers in subjects treated with neoadjuvant HER2-targeted regimens have not been thoroughly described. This study quantifies baseline and changes in STILs, CD4+, CD8+, FoxP3+, and PD-L1+ cells in thirty HER2+ patients receiving neoadjuvant H-P regimens. Methods: Thirty patients with pre and post neoadjuvant TCH (n = 4) or TCHP (n = 26) tissue available were identified. STILs were measured manually by H&E. CD4, CD8, FoxP3, and PD-L1 were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Immune infiltrates were compared between the pCR and non-pCR groups using the Wilcoxon rank sums test. The...