By modifying an argument which originated with the authors R. Sato [6] has attempted to prove that if T is a continuous affine transformation of a locally compact group G such that the orbit {Tn(x) --n} of some element x is dense in G, then G is compact. That paper was suggested by a series of papers aimed at answering the following question first raised by Halmos [2, p. 29]. Can an automorphism of a locally compact but non-compact group be an ergodic measure-preserving transformation ? As pointed out in [4], the stated key lemma (Lemma 1) of the argument in [6] does not in fact hold. The question of Halmos, as well as the results stated in [6] and [7, I, Theorem 3], thus remain open questions. The purpose of this note is to announce, in 1, some results bearing on the question of Halmos and on the analogous one for affine transformations. The proofs will appear in [5]. In 2 we answer in the affirmative a question raised by Sato in [7, II]. 1. Groups with ergodic transformations. Although the theorems below are stated in the context of ergodic, measure-preserving transformations, all the results remain valid if ergodicity is replaced by the assumption that the orbit of, some element is dense. G will denote a locally compact group and Go its identity component. By an affine transformation on G we mean a mapping of the form T(x) =av(x), where v is a bi-continuous automorphism of G and a e G. Theorem. Let G have an ergodic automorphism. If G/Go is compact, then G must be compact. Thus if there exists a noncompact group with an ergodic automorphism then there exists a noncompact totally disconnected one. Theorem. Let G be totally disconnected, and assume it has an ergodic automorphism. If G also satisfies one of the following conditions, then it must be compact" ( Every compact subset of G is contained in a compact subgroup. (ii) G has a compact, open, normal subgroup.


The invention provides a Bluetooth radio wave zero calibration and timing system and method. The system comprises a display portion, an MCU circuit, an electric motor and a BLE communication module, wherein the display portion is an LCD display screen or a time indicating pointer and the LCD display screen, the BLE communication module is a Bluetooth module or a BLE module, the MCU circuit is adopted as a control circuit, the time calibration structure of most traditional radio wave clocks can be removed, cost can be reduced, meanwhile, the clocks can be made to be more durable, timing and calibration can be automatically achieved for a long time at regular intervals, the daily rate can be corrected, a precise deviation rectification mechanism can be built in an internal chip of each clock, labor cost and labor intensity can be greatly reduced, and the clocks with the low cost can obtain the time precision identical to that of a clock with the high cost. The problem that the radio wave clocks cannot accurately display time under the state without the radio wave signals is solved, and meanwhile the aim that when a user reaches different countries, adjustment of different time zones can be performed is easily achieved.


Progress on an experimental program to obtain data concerning: flow distribution and losses in header-tube configurations for space radiators, stability of headercondenser-tube combinations, and start-up and transient operating characteristics of a variety of simulated Rankine cycle space power plants utilizing single-phase and twophase segmented radiator systems is discussed. Checkout of the manifold hydrodynamic loss facility was completed. Photographic and pressure loss tests were conducted on four plexiglass manifolds with single branch tubes. The condensing stability rig facility was checked out and preliminary pressure loss runs were conducted in a single tube. The initial direct-condensing Rankine loop was constructed, including the heat rejection system. Transient start tests were conducted under varied conditions. Data are presented on all of the runs performed. (H.G.G.)


Program slicing techniques are widely used in the field of program debugging and testing, It is divided into static slicing and dynamic slicing. Existing dynamic slicing methods are inadequate, To solve these problems, A new dynamic slicing algorithm is designed, This algorithm based on coverage testing, The core idea is to establish a dynamic dependence graph, And the construction of this dependence graph is based on the coverage testing. This algorithm not only uses the static information, but also uses the dynamic execution information, The advantage of this algorithm is that it does not recalculate when the standard of slice changes.


Abstract : This report describes the striking similarities between various types of tektite surfaces and geothermally etched obsidian (here named coso ites) from Coso Hot Springs, Inyo County, Calif. The obsidian has been etched by the action of hot-spring waters. The etching found on the obsidian consists of random patterns of pitting and grooving and does not follow flow lines or cracks that are present in some of the samples. Generally, only one or two sides of a specimen have been exposed to the etching action, the remaining sides having been protected by the parent mass or by a coating of siliceous sinter. Most of the recognized surface features of tek tites are found on these obsidian specimens. It is therefore concluded that much of the surface texture of some tektites may be considered secondary features developed largely by chemical etching and by geologic processes of weathering, abrasion by wind sculpture, and transport by water. (Author)


The research is aimed at assessing Solid Waste Management in Kano State Owned Tertiary Institutions. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Key informant interview was conducted with the head of cleaners using purposive sampling technique. The data collected was analyzed and presented using tables. The research revealed that the type of waste that is most generated in the schools are polythene, papers and dead leaves. The research also discovered that the numbers of cleaners are not enough in the study area when compared to the large portion they are assigned to work on. Also the research discovered that the schools have one main waste collection point with only the School of Management Studies which has two collection points. However, to make waste disposal simpler, tiny drums are positioned throughout the schools in various locations. Some of the major challenges faced in Waste Management in the Schools are lack of cleaning equipment, lack of cooperation from students and problem of managing the workers as most of them are uneducated and are not permanent workers. It was recommended that more cleaners should be employed and the school management should provide more working equipment like brooms, rake, dustbins, cutlass etc. Also the welfare and working condition of the workers should be improved.


Abstract 3469

Almost 30% of all acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are associated with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the juxtamembrane of FLT3. This mutation leads to constitutively activated FLT3 signaling, which also includes altered FLT3 targets like STAT5. The dysregulation of pathways causes a differentiation block and plays a role in inhibition of hematopoietic transcription factors like PU.1 and C/EBPalpha. Here we report that FLT3-ITD signaling induces the oncogenic miR-155 by NF-κB and STAT5 pathways. Furthermore we demonstrate that miR-155 targets the myeloid transcription factor PU.1. Analysis of FLT3-ITD positive patient samples show an approximately 2 fold higher miR-155 expression compared to FLT3-WT associated AMLs. Besides, the overexpression of FLT3-ITD in myeloid U937 cells increases miR-155 expression 2,2 fold. In contrast, a block of FLT3-ITD signalling in FLT3-ITD associated cell line MV4;11 by protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs), PKC412, SU5614 and CEP701, results in an 80% decreased miR-155 expression. In further experiments we analyzed the role of FLT3-ITD downstream targets NF-κB (p65) and STAT5 in miR-155 regulation. We show that siRNA mediated knockdown of NF-κB (p65) or STAT5 in MV4;11 cells correlates with reduced miR-155 expression. In addition we demonstrate that p65 binds to the miR-155 promoter in MV4;11 cells while the treatment with the PKI CEP701 results in a p65 release from the miR-155 promoter. Furthermore, we prove that miR-155 overexpression in PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) treated U937 cells reduces macrophage differentiation about 50%. In in silico analysis we found PU.1 as a putative miR-155 target. Interestingly, we could show that overexpression of FLT3-ITD and miR-155 reduces the PU.1 protein level in U937 cells, respectively. These data elucidate the regulation and function of miR-155 in FLT3-ITD associated AML and may lead to a better understanding of the role of miRNAs in leukemogenesis.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Background:  The potential for mobile health has increasingly received attention from global health researchers, but the process of scaling-up mHealth in low- and middle-income countries has not been adequately explored in the literature. The objective of this study was to investigate the lessons learned from scaling up mHealth initiatives in low-and middle-income countries, drawing on the experiences of TulaSalud in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala and case studies from within the literature.  Methodology:  Informal stakeholder interviews were conducted with community facilitators, officials from the Health Department of Alta Verapaz, and TulaSalud staff and coordinators. Case studies from within the literature were then used to compare the experience of telemedicine in Alta Verapaz to mHealth initiatives in other low- and middle-income countries. Results:  The following paper documents TulaSalud's experience in telemedicine and explores three thematic areas: program successes, challenges, and recommendations. The findings suggest that TulaSalud's public-private partnerships, constant monitoring and support of community facilitators, as well as the incorporation of videos and photos within the application have all contributed to the program's successful scale-up. Conversely, the program's inability to continue providing a monthly stipend for community facilitators, community members' lack of respect and support for female community facilitators, as well as language barriers, have presented challenges during the program's scale-up. Conclusion:  Based on the literature review and the interviews conducted in Guatemala, mhealth projects seeking to achieve scale should first establish partnerships with various stakeholders; public-private partnerships have been essential to the successful scale-up of mhealth in low- and middle-income countries. Second, mhealth project implementers should establish a gender strategy to reduce the barriers preventing female community health workers from participating in mhealth. Finally, mhealth projects should e designed with end-users in mind.


Glycans are a class of macromolecules essential for all forms of life. They embellish various proteins and other macromolecules in organisms and are responsible for their proper functioning. Because their complex structure is determined by genetic and environmental factors, analysis of such molecules is rather demanding. Liquid chromatography (high‐performance and ultra‐performance, HPLC and UPLC, respectively) analysis has been used for the purpose of glycoprofiling for years and it is a well‐established method regarding its robustness, reproducibility, and high throughput. Another orthogonal method that is now used in glycoprofiling is capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) because it offers powerful separation and distinct sensitivity. The purpose of the following protocols is to present all steps required for release and fluorescent labeling of total N‐glycans from blood plasma/serum or isolated glycoprotein (for example, IgG) and their subsequent UPLC or CGE analysis. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Aims. We present mean absolute proper motion measurements for seven ultra-faint dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way, namely Boötes III, Carina II, Grus II, Reticulum II, Sagittarius II, Segue 2, and Tucana IV. For four of these dwarfs our proper motion estimate is the first ever provided.
Methods. The adopted astrometric data come from the second data release of the Gaia mission. We determine the mean proper motion for each galaxy starting from an initial guess of likely members, based either on radial velocity measurements or using stars on the horizontal branch identified in the Gaia (GBP – GRP, G) colour-magnitude diagram in the field of view towards the UFD. We then refine their membership iteratively using both astrometry and photometry. We take into account the full covariance matrix among the astrometric parameters when deriving the mean proper motions for these systems.
Results. Our procedure provides mean proper motions with typical uncertainties of ∼0.1 mas yr−1, even for galaxies without prior spectroscopic information. In the case of Segue 2 we find that using radial velocity members only leads to biased results, presumably because of the small number of stars with measured radial velocities.
Conclusions. Our procedure allows the number of member stars per galaxy to be maximized regardless of the existence of prior spectroscopic information, and can therefore be applied to any faint or distant stellar system within reach of Gaia.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a case study regarding the deployment of a previously developed model for the integration of management systems (MSs). The case study is developed at a manufacturing site of an international enterprise. The implementation of this model in a real business environment is aimed at assessing its feasibility.

Design/methodology/approach

The presented case study takes into account different management systems standards (MSSs) progressively implemented, along the years, independently. The implementation of the model was supported by the results obtained from an investigation performed according to a structured diagnosis that was conducted to collect information related to the organizational situation of the enterprise.

Findings

The main findings are as follows: a robust integrated management system (IMS), objectively more lean, structured and manageable was found to be feasible; this study provided an holistic view of the enterprise's global management; clarifications of job descriptions and boundaries of action and responsibilities were achieved; greater efficiency in the use of resources was attained; more coordinated management of the three pillars of sustainability – environmental, economic and social, as well as risks, providing confidence and added value to the company and interested parties was achieved.

Originality/value

This case study is pioneering in Portugal in respect to the implementation, at the level of an industrial organization, of the model previously developed for the integration of individualized MSs. The case study provides new insights regarding the implementation of IMSs including the rationalization of several resources and elimination of several types of organizational waste leveraging gains of efficiency. Due to its intrinsic characteristics, the model is able to support, progressively, new or revised MSSs according to the principles of annex SL (normative) – proposals for MSSs – of the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission, that the industrial organization can adopt beyond the current ones.


Time-resolved IR (TRIR) studies on (η(5)-C(5)H(4)Me)Mn(L)(CO) (L = 1,3-diethyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene, PPh(3)) indicate that the rate of reaction with CO is ca. 10(2) slower for the N-heterocyclic carbene intermediate, which DFT calculations suggest is due to the presence of a strong MnH-C agostic bond. The reactivity of these intermediates in alkane solvents is governed by such interactions rather than solvent coordination to the unsaturated metal centre.


The thermodynamic partition function for a gas of color-singlet bags consisting of fundamental and adjoint particles in both U(N{sub c}) and SU(N{sub c}) group representations is reviewed in detail. The constituent particle species are assumed to satisfy various thermodynamic statistics. The gas of bags is probed to study the phase transition for nuclear matter in extreme conditions. These bags are interpreted as the Hagedorn states, and they are the highly excited hadronic states produced below the phase transition point to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The hadronic density of states has the Gross-Witten critical point and exhibits a third-order phase transition from a hadronic phase dominated by the discrete low-lying hadronic mass spectrum particles to another hadronic phase dominated by the continuous Hagedorn states. The Hagedorn threshold production is found just above the highest known experimental discrete low-lying hadronic mass spectrum. The subsequent Hagedorn phase undergoes a first-order deconfinement phase transition to an explosive QGP. The role of the chiral phase transition in the phases of the discrete low-lying mass spectrum and the continuous Hagedorn mass spectrum is also considered. It is found to be crucial in the phase transition diagram. Alternative scenarios are briefly discussed for the Hagedorn gas undergoingmore » a higher order phase transition through multiple processes of internal color-flavor structure modification.« less


Cognitive radio through dynamic spectrum allocation allows an efficient use of the radio-electric spectrum. It is a key subject for the performance of cognitive radio networks. The purpose of the present article is to develop a spectrum allocation model for cognitive wireless networks based on the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm and assess its performance in spectrum occupancy traces obtained from monitoring the spectrum using the energy detection technique. Results show a reduction in the number of spectral handoff with no excessive execution times.


Several years ago a senior member of the local law enforcement agency asked me if I could "help with their enquiries". Only a brave or boring scientist would refuse such a request from an assistant commissioner, so I offered my services and was invited to central headquarters to meet members of the agency's technical bureau.


OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule on T-lymphocyte subgroup and lung tissue γ-IFN of mice infected with flu virus.METHOD ICR nasal drop was given to establish infection models,flow cytometry was used to examine the changes in the mice T-lymphocyte subgroup and dicaryon sandwich method with ABC ELISA was used to examine the lung tissue γ-IFN.RESULT ①Large dosages of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule had inhibiting effect on the marked decrease of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in mice after infected with the flu virus FM1,with marked differences as compared with the control group(P0.05).②Large,medium and low dosages of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule could markedly increase the contents ofγIFN in mice lung homogenate,with marked differences as compared with the control group(P0.05,0.01).CONCLUSION ①Lianhua Qingwen Capsule has inhibiting effect on decrease of cell immunity caused by infection of flu virus.②Lianhua Qingwen Capsule can increase the level of γ-IFN in mice lungs infected with flu virus.


Disclosed is an alignment structure, in which an operation unit (1) is fixed by way of an adjustment bracket (2) that is provided with a fixing bracket (4) and stoppers (3), wherein adjustment is made easy, and the position of the stoppers (3) are not displaced by pressure on the operation unit (1) by the customer. Diagonal polygonal holes (6) are provided on the adjustment bracket (2), and clamping positions of the fixing screws (5) are made so as to be adjustable and fixable along the polygonal holes (6). Alternatively, stair-step polygonal holes (16) are provided, and clamping positions of the fixing screws (5) are made so as to be adjustable and fixable along the polygonal holes (16).


Method for securing the program flow when calling subprograms, wherein the called program executes a check of the parameter directly or indirectly transmitted by the calling program characterized in that - the calling program forms a first checksum of the items to be parameters, - this first check sum is stored in a dedicated memory area, - the called program at the beginning of its execution on revenues received parameter forms a second checksum and checked for equality with the first checksum and - the program aborted case of inequality of the first and second checksum or an error message is output.


ABSTRACTThe study used descriptive-correlational method. It aimed to determine the perception of faculty, prospective teachers and stakeholders on the Moral Intelligence of faculty and education students of Philippine Normal University-North Luzon. Subjects and participants of the study were 34 faculty members and 142 graduating students, School Year 2013-2014.Data were gathered through a questionnaire. For statistical analysis, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson moment correlation were used. Findings revealed that faculty and students come from different cultural backgrounds; faculty self-perceived Moral Intelligence is high while students' self-report Moral Intelligence is average; Faculty MI has significant relationship to gender and civil status but the other variables yield no significant relationships. The other demographic variables are weak indicators of moral intelligence for the faculty. Students' moral intelligence shows positive relationship with gender, and ethnicity. Learning about the various demographical variables and how they relate to moral intelligence provides a practical departure for students' moral development. The study affirms that integrity, honesty, respect and acting in line with values and principles are of key concerns for educators, teachers and students. It underscores the complexity of the domain and the need for a better understanding of it. It provides a functional view of what direction faculty (educators), teachers and prospective teachers (graduates) can take in deliberately fostering moral intelligence. This offers an opportunity for a development of a program or training in values to enhance the moral intelligence of prospective teachers.Keywords: Teacher, Morality, Moral Intelligence, Ethics, Education.INTRODUCTION:Teaching requires a high level of competence, a process of achieving worthwhile results in ethical ways. Being moral is a crucial teacher competence that enables teachers and educators to self-lead and teach students and future teachers as well. Adding a moral/ethics component to education is a part of the holistic development of students. This includes their intellectual, psychological and moral development. Kruger (2012) said if educators and teachers do not examine moral intelligence and the relationship between moral awareness, moral reasoning and moral competence in their endeavors to a better understanding of moral intelligence, they will not be able to identify learning and development initiatives that enhance moral values.Moral intelligence is derived from the trait cognitive intelligence. The term moral identifies behavior as right or wrong. Moral intelligence includes the concepts of moral awareness, moral reasoning, and moral competence. Moral awareness means being conscious of matters that are right or wrong. Moral reasoning is the cognitive ability to form new propositions about moral issues and concerns , argue for or against retention of opinions to understand moral contents and consequences of situations and circumstances in terms of what is morally right or wrong. Moral competence is an effective evaluation of issues or events that results in sound decision making and consequent successful conduct ( Kruger, 2012).Windmiller (1980) defined morality as the difference between right and wrong, where a set of universal principles guides what is right. Lennick and Kiel (2005) proposed that moral intelligence be evaluated based on a set of principles understood and accepted by all. However, cultural influences cause different interpretation of universal moral issues. It implies that intelligence and intelligent behavior is embedded in culture. It is therefore important to identify common moral framework since a measure for moral competence must be based on a universal set of values.Moral Intelligence resembles well-researched constructs such as integrity, conscientiousness, responsibility, trust, credibility. …


Gordon Brown, chancellor of the exchequer, reiterated this week that spending on the NHS would grow to £58.6bn ($88bn) next year, compared with £54.2bn in the current financial year (2000–1).

Presenting details of his three year, comprehensive spending review to the House of Commons on Tuesday, he did not announce any new money for the NHS (above that announced in the Budget), but said that a major new package for care of elderly people would be announced next week. …


Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks in the Baltic Sea are mainly exploited during their sea migration. The offshore fishery in the feeding grounds of these salmon permitted us to analyse the migrations of certain stocks on the basis of tag recovery data. Four salmon stocks from rivers draining into Bothnian Bay (25°E, 65.5°N) were selected for study. During 1984-1991, about 135 000 2-year-old hatchery-reared smolts were tagged and released. We applied logit models, with the site of recovery as a multicategory response variable, to analyse the distribution of tag recoveries in the Baltic Sea feeding grounds. The results showed the combined influence of stock, prey abundance, and smolt size on the spatial marine distribution of the salmon. Although stock-specific sea migration patterns were apparent, annual environmental factors had a stronger influence on the sea migration route of salmon than did the stock factor. The salmon released as small smolts (total length ≤ 17.0 cm) were more frequently caught farther from the release site than were those released as larger smolts (>17 cm). The abundance of suitable prey (age 0+ herring) in the year of smolt release was found to be a key factor influencing the migration distance. The salmon released in the years of strong herring recruitment in the Gulf of Bothnia had a higher probability to stay in the Bothnian Sea for feeding and not to migrate farther south.


Despite the improvements in the methods of hair transplantation, results are not always satisfying. The viability of grafts is one of the most challenging problems in the hair transplantation. This is especially important in case of mega sessions, when the time of ex vivo maintenance of the follicles increases significantly. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the morphological changes of grafts and to define time frames of follicles' viability at the various stages of hair transplantation. The research of the follicle ultra-structure has been carried out in an electrical microscope JEM-1200 EX-II according to the mainstream methodic. On the base of presented results, the timing of various stages of hair transplantation may be optimized to increase the survival rate of grafts and improve the effect of hair transplantation. Correspondence to: Aleksiy Makharashvili, Scientific and Medical Centre for Hair Restoration, Hairline International, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Shapinggou and Jinduicheng are superlarge small intrusion type deposits which located on the East Qinling-Dabie molybdenum metallogenic belt.Comparative study which on the geological features, mineralogenetic epoch, material source, Mineralization dynamics background and small intrusion metallogenic mechanism etc.show some results as following: Two deposits have similarity in many respects such as metallogenic type, Chemical composition of ore-bearing porphyry body, alteration distribution, time consistency of diagenetic and mineralization etc.The mineralization of two deposits is controlled by the small porphyry.The high grade and large reserves molybdenum mineralization in Shapinggou molybdenum deposit are attributed to the blasting breccia, a longer period of time of the hydrothermal activity and the emplacement space of porphyry.The two deposits have a similar metallogenic mechanism of small intrusion mineralization.The Yanshanian deep-hypabyssal granitoids which are homologous with the small ore-bearing intrusion occurred differentiation and evolution in deep.A large amount of hydrotherm and mineral substance that from the granitoids emplaced to the head (or the shallow) of the porphyry or the outside contact zone.


A force control system for a manipulator equipped with a spring as the end-effector is presented in this paper. The manipulator exploits its oscillatory motion, applying a force through the spring. It has been investigated that the manipulator driven by the van der Pol oscillator can generate a large force efficiently. In this paper, the authors design a force control system to control the amplitude of a force generated by the manipulator. The force control system achieves the desired force by adjusting the natural frequency of the van der Pol oscillator. The performance of the force control system is evaluated using simulations.


before 1280, Eberhard the German, who had starved as a student in Paris and in Orleans, and had then become master of a school in Bremen, wrote a long elegiac poem on the composition and style of poetry which he called Laborintus.1 By the title Eberhard meant not "labyrinth" but "misery," as one discovers from the long introduction and conclusion in which he gives a detailed exposition of the wretchedness of the life of a teacher. Yet, in spite of his bitter awareness of the miseries related to the profession, he apparently taught with enthusiasm if one may judge by his lively digression on the thirty-seven works of literature that a well-educated young student should read. Beginning with the elementary pupils and always assuming their grounding in Latin from the famous grammar of Donatus, Eberhard names in order the books suitable for study because of their relative simplicity as well as their value for moral training. These are the Disticha or proverbial sayings attributed to Cato, "the wise, the guide to virtue, the moulder of manners"; the Ecloga of Theodulus, wherein the author "defends the cause of truth in a dispute with falsehood"; the Tabulae of Avianus, who "instructs by his fables and draws one from vices"; the stories of Aesop, which "produce flowers that, in turn, yield fruit, for he is sagacious"; and the Elegiae of Maximianus that realistically describe "the tribulations of old age." For the boys who have passed beyond these elementary texts, the works Eberhard recommends range from Horace, Virgil, and Juvenal, to Statius and Claudian, through the post-Classical writers to the Aurora of Peter Riga and the Doctrinale of Alexandre de Villedieu. Other educators of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, notably Conrad of Hirsau and Alexander Neckham, give lists of "curriculum authors" similar to Eber hard's,2 and while these vary somewhat in the advanced texts selected, they are generally in agreement on the primary books. That the young boys were all nurtured on the


The work is devoted to the analysis of the issue of exemption from criminal liability for the activities of stable criminal associations, namely: terrorist community, terrorist organization, illegal armed formation, criminal community (criminal organization). The expediency of establishing the conditions for exemption from criminal liability for committing a crime under Art. 209 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.


The aim of this research was to compare rectal, eye and ear temperature of 30 healthy Kangal dogs. Rectal temperature was measured by use of standard rectal digital thermometer. Right and left eye temperatures were detected by infrared thermal camera from the carancula lacrimalis region. Tympanic thermometer was used to determine right and left ear temperatures. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test. The comparative analysis showed no significant differences between the measurement methods. Measuring of ear and eye temperature could be an alternative method to obtain body temperature in Kangal dogs.


Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate PM2.5 concentrations at 20 offices connected to the manufacturing industry from the beginning of September to the end of November 2012. Methods: A total of 20 samples were collected from 20 office buildings. Each PM2.5 sample was collected by a 37 mm PTFE filter attached to a Personal Environment Monitor. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of PM2.5 in the offices was 23.47 ㎍/㎥, and the mean PM2.5 concentrations measured in smoking offices were much higher than those of measured in non-smoking offices(24.83 ㎍/㎥and 21.55 ㎍/㎥, respectively). PM2.5 was revealed to be higher in small offices(39.52 ㎍/㎥) than in medium or large offices(22.69 ㎍/㎥and 11.04 ㎍/㎥, respectively). The mean PM2.5 concentration of offices located on the 1st floor was higher than that of those on the 2nd floor, and those of offices located in the workplace were higher than those out of the workplace. The multiple regression model showed that concentration of PM2.5 was positively associated with the method of ventilation. Conclusions: Smoking, ventilation method, location, and inflow of outdoor particulate matter are the most important factors for office PM2.5 concentrations.


Smola and Scholkopf's SMO algorithm is inefficiency sometimes,because the algorithm uses a single threshold value.In this paper the KKT conditions is used to check up the dual problem and two threshold parameters are employed to derive modifications of SMO for regression.Through the contrasted experiment,the modified algorithm performs very well about capability on executing speed .


The present study was undertaken to assess determinants o f perceived risk taking behavior among rural and urban adolescents in rural and urban Ludhiana district o f Punjab state. The sample comprised o f 300 school going adolescents (16-18 years) selected randomly from Government Senior Secondary Schools. A Personal Information Sheet was used to record data regarding demographic profile o f the adolescents. A scale developed by Gullone et al. (2000) was used to assess the perceived risk taking behavior among adolescents. Significant locale differences were found in case ofboys from low level o f perceived risk taking behaviour category. Significant locale differences were found in rural and urban girls in high level o f risk taking behaviour. In total sample non-significant locale differences were found in all the three levels o f perceived risk-taking behaviour. Significant gender wise differences were found between rural girls and boys in all the three levels o f perceived risk-taking behaviour. In total sample significant gender wise differences were found in low level o f risk-taking behavior category.


Lambda interferons inhibit replication of many viruses, but their role in the inhibition of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection remains unclear. In this study, we examined the antiviral effects of interferon (IFN)-λ2 and IFN-λ3 against LCMV in A549 cells. We found that IFN-λ2 is a more potent inhibitor of LCMV strain MX compared with IFN-λ3, whereas both cytokines have similar antiviral effects against an immunosuppressive variant of LCMV, clone-13. We also demonstrated that the antiviral activity of IFN-λ2 is more effective if it is delivered early rather than after establishment of a long-term infection, suggesting that virus replication is only partially responsive to the cytokine. In agreement with this observation, we showed that LCMV infection significantly reduces IFNLR1 mRNA expression in infected cells. In addition, LCMV infection, to some extent, compromises the signal transduction pathway of IFN-λ2. This implies that IFN receptors as well as their downstream signaling components...


Family physicians have access to numerous evidence-based electronic knowledge resources (EKRs) for retrieving treatment recommendations when needed. In addition, resources received via e-mail, such as e-Therapeutics Highlights, help FPs stay up to date. The Highlights are selected from the content


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This study was performed to determine the financial losses due to fertility problems in Anatolian Dairy Buffaloes. The study material was lactation average values of Anatolian Dairy Buffalo. Age at first calving and calving interval were evaluated as fertility parameters. The financial losses relevant to one-day extension of these parameters were calculated. Bull cost was determined as per pregnancy, due to natural mating usually occurs in Anatolian Buffalo. The prices of calf, milk and feed were used in calculations. Accordingly, financial losses of one-day extension per animal in age at first calving and calving interval estimated were US$ 8.88 and US$ 6.07, respectively. When bull cost per pregnancy (US$ 6.49) was included, total losses were detemined as US$ 21.44. As a conclusion, it was determined that fertility losses may be induced in age at first calving and calving interval according to the deviations of target values. It was emphasized that financial losses might be reduced with improving of environmental factors in buffaloes which have important fertility disadvantages according to dairy cattle.


knowledge with them to the text. In the first half of the book, Sha assumes the reader is familiar with the work of Thomas Laqueur, and the arguments over the medical understanding of sexuality would be difficult to follow otherwise. The need for contextual knowledge is more acute in some of the later chapters, where specific Romantic figures are examined. Sha's method works quite well in the discussion of Byron, taking puberty as the "epic subject" in Don Juan to denaturalize the connections between anatomical male sex and full masculine status (241). The discussion of William Blake, the other figure to receive an entire chapter of analysis, is more opaque. The attempt to prove Blake's perverse aesthetics often seems unclear, and more attention to alternate interpretations of Blake would have helped to better ground Sha's argument. It may well be that "Blake was perverse to his very core" (186) and that "Christ is for Blake the very embodiment of perversion" (206), but these provocative statements are not placed within a comprehensive enough account of Blake's life and work to seem proven. This is not to say that Sha has not put forward a strong interpretation worthy of debate, but rather that it seems to be one pitched at those who are already specialists in the field. Sha admits in his introduction that "this study is meant to be suggestive rather than exhaustive" (12), and as such its most natural home is in the libraries and arguments of more advanced scholars, rather than on syllabi for undergraduate or graduate classrooms.


A single-photon, time-gated, $160 \times 120 $ pixel imager is presented for its application in fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Exploiting single-photon avalanche diodes and an extremely compact pixel circuitry—only seven MOSFETs and one MOSCAP—the imager is capable of gathering information about photon position, number, and time distribution, enabling cost-effective devices for scientific imaging applications. This is achieved thanks to the photon counting and time-gating capabilities implemented in the analog domain, which in turn enable a $15\;{\upmu}{\text{m}}$ pixel with a 21% fill-factor. A reconfigurable column circuitry supports both the analog conventional readout and a self-referenced analog-to-digital conversion, able to cancel out the pixel-to-pixel nonuniformities, and speeding up the framerate to 486 fps. The imager, featuring also a delay locked loop to stabilize the internal waveform generation for reliable timing performance, has been implemented in a standard high-voltage $0.35\;{\upmu}{\text{m}}$ CMOS technology. Measurements in a fluorescent lifetime setup have been performed, comparing the results with single-point acquisitions made with commercial time-correlated equipment.


In this paper a hardware-software design of an object tracking system, which uses a moving camera is presented. The solution is implemented on the Zybo development board with the Zynq SoC (System on Chip) device from Xilinx. The object's position is used to control two servomotors, which constitute a pan-tilt mounting of the camera. The proposed system is able to process a 1280 × 720 @ 60 fps video stream in real-time and track moving objects.


Our report concerns twelve cases with chronic injuries of the malleolus caused by traction injuries during sports. All the cases showed slight tenderness, swelling, and limping. Radiograph showed accessory ossification center and MRI demonstrated avulsion fracture of the apophlyseal cartilage and fragmentation of the accessory center. In this series we attempted the treatment suggested by Ogden. All the cases were treated with cast fixation, following one month rest from the sports. Two cases used braces after cast fixation. Excluding one case, all of the cases showed good results.


This paper presents an Operational Transformation (OT) technique, named CSOT (Cloud Storage OT), that supports real-time file synchronization in cloud storage and achieve well-defined consistent combined-effects of concurrent file manipulation operations. We have developed and used a comprehensive suite of concurrency testing cases to derive and compare the results produced by CSOT and three industrial cloud storage systems and made interesting discoveries.


The objective of this paper is to give a preliminary assessment of several existing ap- proaches (compressible or incompressible, preconditioned or not preconditioned) to the numerical sim- ulation of low Mach compressible two-phase flow problems in more than one space dimension. We consider a broken dam problem of Martin and Moyce (Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A, 244(1952), pp. 312-324) and a wave breaking problem of Yasuda et al. (Costal Engineering, 29(1997), pp. 317-346) as our benchmark tests, where the computed results obtained by using the numerical methods can be compared with the laboratory experiments for the basic solution validations.


The myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS), which are characterized by the presence of ineffective hematopoiesis and an increased risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia(AML), are a group of clonal disorders deriving from damage of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Researches in the past few years have still highly recommended the pathogenesis, clinical new agents and combination therapy,immunotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of the MDS. This article will introduce several highlights of MDS combined with the relevant reports in the 57th American Society of Hematology annual meeting.

Key words:
Myelodysplastic syndromes; Pathogenesis; Somatic mutation; Azacitidine; Hypomethylating agents


The pursuit of evidence-based treatment in orthodontics is a worthwhile goal, but its difficulty should not be minimized. Some of the factors that contribute to the difficulty include the following: 1. Treatment occurs over an extended period of time; 2. The amount of growth and its direction vary enormously among patients; 3. Patient cooperation has a significant effect on outcome; 4. Response to the same orthodontic forces varies among patients; 5. Skeletal morphology can complicate treatment; 6. Parafunctional muscular habits can influence tooth movement; 7. Mode of respiration may influence eruption and growth; 8. Other factors can affect treatment. Because of this complexity, it is necessary to make midcourse corrections throughout treatment. That makes orthodontics similar to a space launch. During a space shot, midcourse corrections are necessary because the target is moving. In orthodontics, the movement of the target, a good occlusion in an attractive face, is irregular in both amount and direction, requiring that the corrections be made more often. Several years ago, several orthodontic departments conducted a study on Class II division 1 treatment. One experimental group received headgear and a bite plane, another group received a functional appliance, and a third group was a control group. The results of this attempt to reach an evidence-based conclusion on the relative effectiveness of two treatment approaches were, well, underwhelming. Essentially there were no differences in the outcomes of the two experimental groups. No significant midcourse corrections were possible because they would taint the experiment. As previously noted, good clinical orthodontics requires frequent midcourse corrections, because there are so many unpredictable variations that can occur during treatment. That is one of the reasons that good evidence-based treatment may continue to be elusive. Also, Angle's classification describes only the most superficial characteristics of a malocclusion. The underlying structures may vary markedly, despite the same designation.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explain the reasons why Law no. 195 of 2 May 1974, which established a system of public funding for the Italian political parties, introduced a system of controls that was light touch in nature.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper integrates the theoretical framework on regulatory space, proposed by Hancher and Moran (1989), with that of legitimacy (Suchman, 1995) to explain the peculiar nature of the system of controls introduced by the Law. Moreover, a set of primary and secondary sources is used to provide a full comprehension of the context, of the relationships among the actors involved in the regulatory process, and of the nature of the regulated issues.

Findings
Besides showing that the nature of the output of a regulatory process can be understood as the effect of the peculiar configuration of the regulatory space in which it takes place, the study also sheds light on the role that legitimation can play with regard to the other features of the regulatory space, namely on its ability to strengthen or to limit their effects on the output of the regulatory process.

Originality/value
The paper deals with accounting and political parties which is a much underexplored topic in the field of accounting history. In addition, from a theoretical standpoint it contributes to extending the theoretical framework by Hancher and Moran (1989).


In this paper the widening application of thermal imaging techniques in Civil Engineering is described. Thermography is most commonly thought of as a technique for assessing thermal insulation deficiencies in buildings, pipe laggings etc. and investigating electrical equipment faults. However, over recent years, thermal imaging has proved to be a powerful tool in the investigation of many concrete and render spalling/lamination problems, particularly where large structures are involved or access is limited. Many other situations, some unexpected, have been successfully tackled. A further exciting extension of thermographic techniques has been made possible by the use of helicopters. One example is the surveying of airport runways for evidence of debonding of asphalt layers. More recently the highly sensitive field of landfill site problems has proved a cost-effective target for aerial thermal imaging where methane generation and migration along with leachate egress have been successfully located. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.


M ANY recent studies show improved lvill then lace a difficult problem in maintainfive-year survivals b y tlie surgical treatnient oE ing nutrition and morale. They must expect oral cancer, Iioth with and without radiation. many future operative p c e d u r c s to close the Surgery may be ~ised following radiation to delect (Figs. 1 to 6). the local lesion. Such surgery usually involves We have been encouraged lately in our efremoval of a gencrous margin of niucosa lorts to securc closure ol the oral cavity at the about the primary tumor, when carried out as time of the major resection. Two criteria have dcscribed by Ward and Kobbcn, and others. bcen followed in the planning: First, the rePortions of the tongue, floor of mouth, alvcmoval of the malignant tumor must not be olar ridge, check, and tonsillar fossa rnay be unduly delayed by numerous preliminary opexcised. If the niandible is involved, opcrabilerations. This factor was sufficient to suggest ity may still 1:e achieved by its partial resc'cavoidance of distant, migrated tube or open tion. flaps (as were used in Figs. 1 to 6). Secondly, ;I There are various ways of handling the full-thickness pcdicle flap was utilized for lining defcct. The smaller defccts may be liriillg in all cases in whicll eventual bone closed sinlply by drawing together the rcmaingrafting was thought likely. There are several ing tissues with everting rnucosal sutures. Larger areas may be left open to granulateor closed with a split graft or a full-thickness flap. If the area is left open to granulate, a certain amount of fibrosis will occur, and the distortion of soft tissues will be great. T h e to*lgue ti11 may become anchored to the floor of the mouth, the sudlowing mechanisms may become unbalanced, and the mandibular fragrneIlts 111ay be grossly displaced. I t is es-


A questionnaire survey was conducted to build a navigational chart ( current status ) with an accurate compass for resident physicians designated as " specialist trainees " to establish future career directions. On February 9, 2015, we sent an email to persons in charge of training programs of the Japan Neurosurgical Society to request their assistance with a questionnaire survey on the current status of resident physician. The email was forwarded to resident physicians in training programs and they answered the questionnaire on a website. The deadline was March 6, 2015. The questionnaire included the background of resident physicians, satisfaction with and completeness of training programs, and nature of work desired in the future. The response rate was 39.9 %( 299 persons ) . The respondents were 88.6 % male and 53.8 % worked in a university hospital. Many belonged to urban branches, including Kanto branch ( 38.1 %) and Kinki branch ( 18.1 %) . The major societies of respondents were the Japan Stroke Society and the Japanese Society for Neuroendovascular Therapy. The reasons to choose the current program were ① a program at the medical school from which they graduated and ② a program with opportunities to treat many patients. The respondents were generally satisfied with the training programs, but slightly less satisfied with working conditions at their hospital. Completeness of training by field was judged to be high for cerebrovascular disorder, but low for pediatric neurosurgery, indicating marked differences between fields. Many resident physicians intended to study for a Ph.D. and to follow a subspecialty of cerebrovascular disorder and cerebrovascular surgery. The respondents generally indicated satisfaction with the comprehensive nature of the training programs, but noted that in some fields it was difficult to treat or manage patients. This indicates a need to improve some activities at institutions that have training programs.


This study presents an experimental investigation performed on reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams with circular openings strengthened using externally bonded sprayed fiber reinforced polymer (SFRP) composites. The research parameters investigated were openings size, thickness of SFRP and orientation of SFRP. A total of 8 RC deep beams with circular openings were constructed and tested under three-point bending. Test specimen had a cross section of 100 x 500 mm and a total length of 1050 mm. Two circular openings, one in each shear span were placed symmetrically about the mid-point of the beam. SFRP was applied either on both lateral faced or on three faces (U-shaped) excluding the top face. An anchorage system was utilized to enhance the bond between concrete and SFPR. It was found that externally bonded SFRP and anchored with mechanical anchors are very effective to enhance the shear strength of deep beams. The strength gain caused by the SFRP was in the range of 64%-130%. Also, SFRP applied on 3 sides (U-shaped) was found to be more effective than 2-sided SFRP in shear strengthening.


On the eve of the elections, the Kenyan economy was presented as the best performing in a region marked by armed conflicts (Ethiopia, Uganda, Somalia, Sudan or the Great Lakes region) and, thus sometimes experienced chaotic economic development. The political crisis led to the closure of factories, to the accumulation of delays in supplies, to cancellation after cancellation by tour operators in the tourism sector and even to the collapse of the stock market. The stage was thus set for impove...


The advancement on low toxic urea-formaldehyde resin in China was reviewed.The methods for controlling free formaldehyde emission were introduced particularly,including study of synthesis of urea-formaldehyde resin,reducing the resolving of hydroxyl,interior methyl ether and half-condensed formaldehyde,catching of free formaldehyde released out during curing,and modification of urea-formaldehyde resin.


We present a quantitative and qualitative analysis of interruptions of interaction with a public display game, and explore the use of a manual pause mode in this scenario. In previous public display installations we observed users frequently interrupting their interaction. To explore ways of supporting such behavior, we implemented a gesture controlled multiuser game with four pausing techniques. We evaluated them in a field study analyzing 704 users and found that our pausing techniques were eagerly explored, but rarely used with the intention to pause the game. Our study shows that interactions with public displays are considerably intermissive, and that users mostly interrupt interaction to socialize and mainly approach public displays in groups. We conclude that, as a typical characteristic of public display interaction, interruptions deserve consideration. However, manual pause modes are not well suited for games on public displays. Instead, interruptions should be implicitly supported by the application design.


The design of an Antenna for RFID tag applications with enhanced bandwidth and gain suitable for metallic environment applications with long read range, achieved by the use of large sized ground plane is proposed in this paper. Whenever the RFID antenna is used in the metallic environment, gain is degraded because the metal keeps on detuning the RF signal. In order to overcome this problem the bandwidth has to be increased such that the operational frequency does not shift rapidly over 3 dB variations. But there is a tradeoff between bandwidth and gain. In this paper two different substrates with high and low Permittivity is combined to achieve both gain and bandwidth, thereby overcoming the trade-off uncertainty, i.e., substrate with high permittivity provides good radiation properties with high gain. On the other hand low permittivity substrate provides large spectral width. By combining these it acts as a push pull action, thus it compensates each other for the enhancement of output parameters. The current flow in the antenna directly contributes to the gain parameter. As the miniaturization of the antenna increases the rejection of current cancellation becomes a more difficult task. To eliminate the current cancellation in a miniaturized structure the large ground plane structure of about four times greater than the antenna area is considered, which eliminates the spurious radiation cancellation. The read range and quality factor can be increased by shortening the dipole antenna at its quarter wavelength.


The young Durer leads the viewer to the tenuous threshold between life and death in one of the oldest paintings attributed to him. One can thus view the panel as the master work with which Durer meant to demonstrate his artistic prowess on his arrival in Strasbourg. That desire became the painting's most salient theme: the divine artifex enters the image as Durer reveals the complexity of representation through his playful rendering of ambiguous layers that challenge our understandings of what paint, space, and time can be. In other words, the painter refers to the medium and the limits of its artifice by creating visual "obstacles" (in the form of painted matter, barriers, 'fresh' blood traces), which function as visual thresholds that the beholder transgresses in his imagination. These thresholds within the image refer to the various layers of representation and problematize the relationship between representation and reality. This artistic play with polyvalence is an important predecessor to what Victor Stoichita has described as "meta-painting", whose late medieval roots he did not explore.


Because the terrain is low,and the river network is dense,the Jianghan plain areas often suffer from the flood which is brought by the flood passing through the region,and the storm in the area.It is very difficult to evaluate the flood risk,because the flood passing through and waterlogging disaster,and their relation,and the natural attributes and social attributes must be considered all together.Supported by GIS software ArcGIS8.1,considering the flood passing through and waterlogging disaster,also considering the vulnerability of hazard-affected body(including population,traffic lines,economical value),adopting GRID module as calculation method,calculating element weights by AHP,this paper sets up models and evaluation methods for the flood risk in the plain areas.And then choosing six counties in Jingjiang area as an research area,the flood and waterlogging disaster risk are evaluated.


The article describes the legal, economic, social and psychological aspects of the formation of private land ownership. The authors challenge the traditional view on the domination of communal land ownership in the Far East during the second half of XIX early XX century.


Influencer marketing is considered one of the most significant developments in the marketing industry. Influencers use short-form content production methods such as blogging and video blogging as a way for their followers to gain insights into their personal and everyday lives, as well as their experiences and ideas. The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of information credibility and information adoption on consumer purchase intention toward cosmetic products in Malaysia. The study's unit of analysis is a woman who has prior experience watching YouTube videos on cosmetic product reviews. Structural Equation Modelling in IBM-SPSS-AMOS 24.0 was used to test the proposed hypotheses of the research. The results indicate that both information credibility and information adoption influence consumers' purchase intention toward cosmetic products in Malaysia.


Significant changes have been occurred to the energy supply and consumption mode of China. Nowadays, establishing integrated energy system has become the key method to build modern energy system with the characteristics of clean, low-carbon, safe and high efficiency. The research subject of this paper is to achieve the optimization and comparison of Integrated Energy Systems projects. The basic structure of Integrated Energy Systems was presented in the first place. Second, the comprehensive benefit evaluation indexes system was designed according to basic characteristics of Integrated Energy Systems projects. A comprehensive benefit evaluation model based on AHP-fuzzy theory was built and put into case study in the end. More importantly, the comprehensive benefit of different Integrated Energy Systems projects can be obtained to provide decision basis and reference to project optimization and selection.


Recently we are witness to a growing interest in nuptial agreements, both in Jewish and civil law. In civil law it is customary to trace the "meta-story" of the development of civil family law from sacrament to status and from status to contract. Indeed, during the last fifty years we have seen how nuptial agreements developed to regulate different aspects of marriage in civil law, both in Israel and in the rest of the world. During the last twenty-five years an interest has also emerged in halakhic perspectives on "freedom of contract," which is available for couples who wish to marry according to Jewish law. Thus, the couple can make conditions which will regulate economic relations during their marriage and in the event of the breakdown of the family through divorce or through the death of one of the spouses. These halakhic agreements are generally referred to as "prenuptial agreements." These agreements are intended mainly to reduce the number of cases where the husband refuses to give his wife a get (religious divorce) by imposing monetary fines on a recalcitrant husband (or wife), to ensure that the partner opposed to a divorce will not be able to prevent the other partner from going through with the divorce.


ABSTRACT
Many methods can be employed to explant an intraocular lens (IOL) after prior cataract surgery. Here, we describe a modified approach to the twist and out technique for IOL removal. The IOL is dissected and brought into the anterior chamber (AC), where one haptic is externalized. The adaptation in this technique occurs next; an additional paracentesis is made 180 degrees away from an adjacent side port, and the shaft of a 25-gauge cannula is threaded across the AC to connect these incisions. This maneuver frees both hands to utilize forceps within the incision, grasp the IOL, and rotate it around the forceps. The use of both hands allows for a smaller, more controlled movement than the original one-handed pronation. The cannula shaft aids in twisting the IOL tightly around the forceps, while protecting the corneal endothelium. The forceps-lens complex is then withdrawn, extracting the IOL whole with one efficient movement.


In Die Sink electric discharge machining, mostly the dielectric material is in the liquid state such as mineral oils, kerosene, transformer oil, electric discharge machining oils or synthetic oils. Inferior surface quality, higher tool wear ratio, lesser material removal rate and higher machining time are the main disadvantages of using these dielectric fluids in electric discharge machining. The use of powder mixed with dielectric fluid named as a powder mixed electric discharge machining (PMEDM) is dependable to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages and electric discharge machining performance improvement,. The current paper presents a literature review on the usage and effects of powder mixed electric discharge machining in characteristics of electrical discharge machining.


Speech signals can be considered as being generated by mechanical systems with inherently nonlinear dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to present an automatic segmentation method based on nonlinear dynamics with low computational cost. The fractal dimension is a measure of signal complexity that can characterize different voiced and unvoiced. The segmentation process is carried out in two stages: estimation of the fractal dimension using the method suggested by Katz [1] and detection of the stationarity of the fractal dimension by means of the value of the variance parameter computed over the smooth fractal dimension signal. Using this combination of techniques, a quick and automatic segmentation is obtained. Our experiments have been computed over recorder signals from a speech Spanish database (AHUMADA).


Kenneth R. Rizer, Military Resistance to Humanitarian War in Kosovo and Beyond. An Ideological Explanation. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 2000. Pp.47. NP (paper). ISBN 1–58566–086–08. Carol Willcox Melton, Between War and Peace: Woodrow Wilson and the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia, 1918–21. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001. Pp.269, illus., map, appdx., notes, index. $39.95. ISBN 0–8655–4692–4. Thomas S. Szayna, NATO Enlargement 2000–2015: Determinants and Implications for Defense Planning and Shaping, Project Air Force Report no. MR‐1243. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Coporation, 2001. Pp.xix + 165, biblio., no index. $15. ISBN 0–8330–2961–4. David Betz and John Lowenhardt (eds.), Army and State in Postcommunist Europe. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2001. Pp.162, notes, no biblio., index. £39.50/$57.50 (cloth);£17.50/ $26.50 (paper). ISBN 0–7146–5130–3 and ‐8159–8. Kurt R. Spillmann, Andreas Wenger and Derek Müller (eds.), Between Russia and the West: Foreign and Security Policy of Independent Ukraine, Studies in Contemporary History and Security Policy, Vol.2, Bern: Peter Lang, 1999. Pp.356, index. £20/$31.95 (paper). ISBN 3–906763–82‐X and 0–820–44629–7


Nocturno de Chile (2000) narrates the life of two Chilean literary critics throughout the second part of the twentieth century and during a long feverish night of fearing death, confessing, and self-questioning. The novel opens with the main character and literary critic Father Sebastian Urrutia Lacroix in bed, meditating unpredictably about his past, and finishes the same way after a long exploration of his life. As Patricia Espinosa has suggested, the novel "es un libro en torno al terror, a la posible verdad, a la moral posible, un intento de mirar tras la cara visible del poder" ( Estudio 28). Pointing out Nocturno' s attempt to look at a "possible truth or moral" suggests the undetermined nature of the narration but also its possibilities as an exercise of transformation and illumination that seeks to expose the numerous faces of terror. In order to obtain the respect of the literary community, Father Urrutia plays different roles within cultural and political institutions: literary critic, poet, priest, researcher, teacher, opusdeista. His desire for recognition as a literary critic and poet takes him to the world


It is ten years since the last edition of this standard work was published, and once again, its title appears to be deceptive, at least on a superficial level, for as the author points out, 'this is not a "cookbook" for another routine treatment protocol'. Basically, the book describes the kinds of forces and materials used in orthodontic treatment, the effect on the supporting tissues, and discusses how these forces should be used. Therefore its title is appropriate, but the information provided is of importance to any orthodontist, whatever techniques he may be currently employing. The book is divided up in the same way as its predecessor. Many readers may be tempted to begin with the clinical procedures discussed in Part 3, but the earlier two sections on biomechanics, and tissue reactions to forces provide the necessary background information to clinical management. Rotational couples, as applied to beams are discussed and this leads on to a thorough description of the effects of forces on archwires as beams, and the results of altering variables such as cross-section, length and physical properties of wire. There is a very useful short chapter on how orthodontic wire is manufactured, and how its properties are developed with a comparison of the behaviour of different alloys, and the author returns to this subject later in the book with a detailed comparison of properties like working range and stiffness of wires in everyday use. Unfortunately, the introduction of T.M.A. wire is too recent to have been included in this comparison, although a reference is given to this in the section on further reading. In Part 2, 'Teeth in motion, and moving teeth', the tissue response to a variety of forces is discussed and the way in which the author, having begun with a description of force, then demonstrates how periodontal tissues undergo distortion and internal stress, from wire which has itself undergone a not dissimilar process, is very cleverly done. The concluding chapter in this section on Orthodontic goals then introduces the remainder of the book, devoted to clinical procedures. There are two very good chapters here on intramaxillary force management and the effects of intermaxillary and extra-oral traction, in which every conceivable side effect of force application is laid bare. It is a pity that an explanation of the use of power arms was not included in this section. The development of the Edgewise appliance is then described, and one is reminded that slot angulation was recommended by Angle as long ago as 1929. However, some of the clinical procedures described in the later chapters now seem a little dated, and are not as well balanced as the rest of the book. Great attention is devoted to the process of banding, but bonding receives little attention and the properties of cement and bonding materials hardly mentioned. The area of clinical practice is usually controversial, and here many would disagree with some of the recommendations, in particular the acrylic space maintainer illustrated will seem highly unattractive to most British readers. However, as a book on force application and the properties of wire, it is very successful. Indeed, it is too important a work to be considered as merely a useful addition to a reference library, and is highly recommended for general reading. R.J.E.


Though there is an abundant supply of nitrogen in the atmosphere, it cannot be used directly by the biological systems since it has to be combined with the element hydrogen before their incorporation. This process of nitrogen fixation (N₂-fixation) may be accomplished either chemically or biologically. Between the two elements, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a microbiological process that converts atmospheric di-nitrogen (N₂) into plant-usable form. In this review, the genetics and mechanism of nitrogen fixation including genes responsible for it, their types and role in BNF are discussed in detail. Nitrogen fixation in the different agricultural systems using different methods is discussed to understand the actual rather than the potential N₂-fixation procedure. The mechanism by which the diazotrophic bacteria improve plant growth apart from nitrogen fixation such as inhibition of plant ethylene synthesis, improvement of nutrient uptake, stress tolerance enhancement, solubilization of inorganic phosphate and mineralization of organic phosphate is also discussed. Role of diazotrophic bacteria in the enhancement of nitrogen fixation is also dealt with suitable examples. This mini review attempts to address the importance of diazotrophic bacteria in nitrogen fixation and plant growth improvement.


ODULES* homologous to the epidermal growth M factor (EGF) precursor have been found in a large number of proteins with diverse functions. Among these proteins are the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors VII, IX, and X, proteins C and S of the protein C anticoagulant system, and the nonvitamin-K-dependent proteins urokinase (uPA), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and factor XI1 (Fig l).1.7 Progress toward an understanding of structure-function relationships of EGF modules in vitamin K-dependent proteins has advanced along four lines of inquiry. First, the application of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy to structural studies has shown a striking similarity between EGF,"" transforming growth factor-a (TGR-cx),'~"~'~ and the NH,-terminal EGF module of factor X.I3 Second, the properties of factor IX molecules with mutations in the NH,-terminal EGF module have provided insight into the function of these module^.'^.'^ Third, EGF module-containing proteolytic fragments of factors IX1* and X193'0 and protein Cz1,22 and protein S,U and a recombinant EGF module of factor IX,24 have been shown to bind Ca2+, thus defining a new class of metal ion-binding sites that is presumably crucial to many fundamental biologic p r o c e ~ s e s . ' ~ , ~ ' ~ ~ ~ Fourth, fragments that contain such EGF modules either free or linked to the y-carboxyglutamic acid-containing region are being used to study inter-module interaction^.^^-^' The purpose of this review is to give an account of recent findings regarding the structure and function of EGF modules in vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins and relate the results to advances in the understanding of the function of similar modules in other proteins. For information about the reactions of the vitamin K-dependent enzyme complexes, the reader is referred to a review recently published in this journal.'* There have been several reviews on EGF*8*Z9,30 and EGF modules in nonvitamin K-dependent


We consider a unit speed curve fi in the Euclidean n- dimensional space E n and denote the Frenet frame of fi by fV1;:::;Vng. We say that fi is a cylindrical helix if its tangent vector V1 makes a constant angle with a flxed direction U. In this work we give difierent characterizations of such curves in terms of their curvatures.


In this study, kinetics data was obtained for steam reforming reaction of ethane over the nickel catalyst. The variables of steam reforming reaction were reaction temperature, partial pressure of ethane, and mole ratio of steam and ethane. Parameters for the power rate law kinetic model and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model were obtained from the kinetic data. Also, sizing of steam reforming reactor was performed by using PRO/II simulator. For the steam reforming reaction of ethane, Langmuir- Hinshelwood model determining the reaction rate by the surface reaction was better suited than a simple power rate law kinetic model. On water-gas-shift reaction, power rate law kinetic model was well fitted to the kinetic data. Reactor size can be calculated for production of hydrogen through PRO/II simulation.


This article describes the experiences of three Mexican immigrant mothers and their young children who were participating in early intervention speech-language therapy. Mother interviews, children's therapy files, observation field notes, and parent journals contributed to the construction of instrumental case studies. Highlighting the potential for collaborative relationships, the authors describe how mothers' concerns, understandings, and participation changed across intervention and how the clinician and mothers developed shared goals and informed one another. The case studies portray mothers' beliefs about language and literacy development, perceptions of their children's abilities, and the mother—child relationship around speech-language therapy. Based on these beliefs and perceptions, avenues for the increased engagement of Mexican immigrant families in their children's early language and literacy opportunities are suggested.


The authors discuss the development of a measure for assessing how efficiently the electromagnetic spectrum allocated to the radio service is being managed in Canada. For this work, the land mobile system in the VHF and lower UHF bands for a few large Canadian urban areas has been chosen. To evaluate the assignment methods, a near- or quasi-optimal assignment model has been developed. It takes into account the users' distribution and channel occupancy demands. This method matches the performance in each urban area, and all the noninterference conditions presently used by Canadian spectrum management systems are verified. The study confirms that a good assignment strategy must take into account the users' distribution and be able to cope with dynamic changes in the demand.<<ETX>>


We report the growth and characterization of type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes grown on a GaAs substrate. Through a low nucleation temperature and a reduced growth rate, a smooth GaSb surface was obtained on the GaAs substrate with clear atomic steps and low roughness morphology. On the top of the GaSb buffer, a p+-i-n+ type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiode was grown with a designed cutoff wavelength of 4 μm. The detector exhibited a differential resistance at zero bias (R0A) in excess of 1600 Ω cm2 and a quantum efficiency of 36.4% at 77 K, providing a specific detectivity of 6×1011 cmHz/W and a background limited operating temperature of 100 K with a 300 K background. Uncooled detectors showed similar performance to those grown on GaSb substrates with a carrier lifetime of 110 ns and a detectivity of 6×108 cmHz/W.


The work described in this paper consists in the development of a pedagogical collaborative platform to improve the know-how of our students in software engineering and collaborative work. Its use in a free software context leads to greater commitment of the students and better reusability of their work. Keywords— Skill development, new information technology tools, project activity, active learning, monitoring, sofware engineering, collaborative work, free software


Chemical dyes, including α,α'-dipyridyl, can be used to identify ferrous iron in hydric soil studies and aid in conducting wetland delineations. Indicator test strips containing α,α'-dipyridyl have been developed; however, limited data addresses the reliability of indicator test strips and questions remain regarding potential degradation of α,α'-dipyridyl in liquid and paper formulations. Laboratory studies found ferrous iron detection limits of 0.31 mg L⁻¹ using both liquid and indicator test strips. The liquid dye and indicator test strips displayed similar reactivity in five soils under simulated field conditions. Results suggest that indicator test strips provide a useful tool for ferrous iron detection across a range of soil conditions. Degradation studies indicate that both liquid dye and indicator strips were impacted by light and heat exposure, with a loss of reactivity observed within as few as 3 d under extreme conditions. Maintaining both liquid dye and indicator strips in cool, dark conditions and testing reactivity with laboratory solutions will ensure the reliability of α,α'-dipyridyl results.


Ethiopia is one of the well endowed countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in terms of natural resources and valuable diversity in the production environment. However, land degradation is a treat for its natural resources for centuries. High human and livestock population pressures, highly variable and unreliable rainfall, and steep topography have accelerated the process of land degradation. To combat resource degradation and increase food production, different soil and water conservation measures have being implemented since 1970s. However, they are less effective to control resource degradation. Another alternative for resource conservation which has being implemented since 1980s was watershed management. For decades, the government of Ethiopia in collaboration with international donors implemented watershed management in various parts of the country. Some of the outcomes include reduced run off, soil erosion and associated downstream siltation, increased vegetation cover and surface roughness, increased soil depth, increased recharge of groundwater table, increased production area and green environment, increased crop production and productivity and improvement in fodder availability. These imply watershed management show encouraging impacts.


This final chapter reflects on the rich contributions within this Handbook of Human Motivation on diverse topics including self-regulation, biological mechanisms, awareness, defensiveness and oppression, and the facilitation of engagement, learning, and behavior change. These processes are examined within broad theoretical frameworks, as well as in specific domains such as close relationships, physical activity, work, education, and psychotherapy. Building on these contributions, the chapter projects forward in time to ask the question of whether future scientists and practitioners will think these authors from the early 21st century were asking the right questions. The chapter includes speculation on how developments in technology, research methodologies, big data, and globalization, among other trends, will reshape the science of motivation not only in its focus and efficacy, but also in its ethics and applications to the formidable problems likely to be faced by our species on a warming and crowded planet.


An investigation was conducted to evaluate optimum dehydration technique for greenhouse cut rose var. Shakira at different harvest stages, viz., bud stage, 50% open and fully opened flowers. Flowers dried at 50% open stage showed higher retention in dry weight and flower diameter though flowers dried at fully opened stage took minimum time to drying process. Among various drying techniques, microwave oven with silica gel as embedding medium took minimum time in drying and showed higher moisture loss, lower moisture content and higher dry weight, flower diameter and petal pigment retention. Further, among all treatment combinations, flowers dried at 50% open stage in microwave oven embedded with silica gel as embedding media showed best quality in terms of higher retention in dry weight, flower diameter, petal pigments (anthocyanin) along with well-maintained shape, smooth petal texture and maximum dry flower longevity.


The second and third terms of the generalized Born series are analyzed in an attempt to gain a series approximation to the differential cross section, valid through O (1/k/sup 2/), which treats all Born terms analogously. The resulting expressions for the second and third Born terms, derived from assumptions similar to those of Glauber theory, are compared with other analyses for the case of small-angle elastic scattering of electrons by hydrogen atoms. A most notable result is that, in addition to the Glauber-like term, there is a second term of O (1/k/sup 2/) which contributes to the real part of the third Born term. In addition, the angular range of maximum validity of the Glauber assumptions is established for inelastic collisions.


To determine whether the avidin‐biotin complex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ABC‐E) is a potentially useful method for detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) antibody in saliva, paired serum and saliva samples from 129 healthy individuals aged 18 to 25 years were collected simultaneously and subjected to a neutralization test (NT) for neutralizing antibody and also to an indirect ELISA (IE) and ABC‐E for HSV‐1 specific IgG detection. Compared with the results of NT, the sensitivities of the IE and ABC‐E for serum were both 100% (45/45), and for saliva 82.2% (37/45) and 93.3% (42/45), respectively. The specificity of all these methods was 100% (84/84). With the same ABC‐E method, a significant correlation (r=0.66, P < 0.001) between the OD‐difference (d‐OD) values of positive serum and saliva samples was observed. Furthermore, the consistency of ABC‐E for salivary antibody detection was confirmed with the paired serum and saliva samples which were collected from four individuals followed up for eight months. It was clear that the ABC‐E method for saliva can be used in place of the NT and ABC‐E method for serum for seroprevalence studying of HSV‐1 infection.


Malignant melanoma remains an aggressive malignancy conferring a very poor prognosis and standard treatments have not demonstrated an overall survival benefits. The alkylating agents triazenes have been used for treatment of malignant melanoma. However, their lack of specificity toward tumor cells requires the urgent development of novel therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the main objectives of the present work were the use of a triazene prodrug, previously synthesized and adequately formulated in liposomes. This triazene prodrug has demonstrated in previous work to be a good substrate for tyrosinase, an enzyme that is overexpressed in melanoma cells. After optimization of liposome preparation conditions and selection of most appropriated lipid compositions, it was possible to achieve high incorporation efficiencies. The association of this prodrug in liposomes, primarily relies in the possibility of solving solubility problems, increasing internalization in melanoma cell lines, protecting the molecule from premature degradation and enhancing its therapeutic index. Prodrug in free and liposomal forms demonstrated a high stability in the presence of human plasma, at 37°C. The in vitro tests, performed in human melanoma cell lines, demonstrated that the incorporation of TPD in liposomes was able to potentiate the cytotoxic effect of this triazene prodrug. The IC50 for the prodrug in free form was superior to 125 μM, whereas in the liposomal form this value ranged from 13 to 22 μM being dependent on the lipid composition. The obtained results represent an excellent approach to fight malignant melanoma.


The aim of this study was to obtain empirical evidence muzakki perception plus a taxpayer of zakat deduction from taxable income and tax payable zakat deduction. Hypothesis testing is done by using a non-parametric statistical tests, the Wilcoxon signed ranks test to determine the significance of equation (difference) and the rank ordering of the average score of two independent groups of the same population. Methods of sampling using purposive sampling totaling 157 respondents in the city of Makassar. The results showed that the taxpayer muzakki plus perceive charity as a deduction from taxable income to charity as a deduction from the tax payable is significantly different, and better perceive (agree) to charity as a deduction from the tax payable. This study implicates renew zakat and tax regulations by treating zakat deduction of tax payable.


December 1997 saw the Government publish its proposals for the establishment of Regional Development Agencies in England which, inter alia, will incorporate the rural regeneration work of the Rural Development Commission. These institutional changes come at a crucial time for rural policy with reform of the Common Agricultural Policy and European Structural Funds also on the agenda. This paper critically examines the prospects for an invigorated relationship between rural policy and regional development and makes a number of suggestions for further institutional reforms to improve the co-ordination of public policy for rural areas at the regional, national and European levels.


Lymph node status in oesophageal carcinoma is an important prognostic factor and predictor of survival. However, specific metastatic distribution patterns, especially for superior mediastinal lymph nodes, are not defined; they may be dependent on tumour location, histology and use of neoadjuvant treatment. Consensus for an optimal surgical strategy with regards to superior mediastinal lymphadenectomy (SML) has therefore not been formed. We aim to assess the metastatic yield of superior mediastinal nodes in intra-thoracic oesophageal cancer while correlating results with preoperative PET-CT.

 Data from 39 consecutive 2-stage and 3-stage fully Minimally Invasive Oesophagectomies (MIO) performed by a single surgical team for intra-thoracic oesophageal or gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma (Siewert I/II) between September 2016 and December 2017 were analysed. In n = 7 (18%), SML was performed. Of these n = 1 was for mid-oesophageal adenocarcinoma (ACA) and n = 6 were for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (5 for mid-oesophageal and 1 for distal oesophageal, which had a 2-stage procedure). Histological superior mediastinal nodal analysis was correlated with pre-operative PET-CT.

 Median total lymph node count was 45 (IQR, 37–68), with median SML count of 8 (IQR, 5–22). Of 7 SML's, n = 1 (14.2%) revealed metastasis in 1/5 right paratracheal nodes. The patient had 3-stage MIO with no neo-adjuvant treatment for mid-oesophageal SCC. Final staging was pT3N2(6/45)M0. Preoperative PET-CT showed low avidity in right paratracheal nodes. Of the rest, 5 had negative PET-CT and 1 showed PET-positive paratracheal nodes, not confirmed histologically. The latter patient had neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for distal oesophageal ACA.

 Although a small sample-sized study it demonstrates that PET-CT has a role in identifying metastatic superior mediastinal nodes. It can aid in the decision of resecting avid nodes but it should be born in mind that PET could have false positive results due to surrounding inflammation not uncommonly found in the lungs. False positivity (not confirmed histologically) may be also attributed to complete pathological lymph node response post neo-adjuvant treatment. SML's role is not as clear in distal oesophageal/GOJ cancer compared to mid-oesophageal, but PET-CT seems a useful adjunct. In the West, SML shows a low metastatic yield for intra-thoracic oesophageal cancer.

 All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


In this paper, we identify a new class of distributional constraints defined as a union of symmetric M-convex sets, which can represent a variety of real-life constraints in two-sided matching settings. Since M-convexity is not closed under union, a union of symmetric M-convex sets does not belong to this well-behaved class of constraints in general. Thus, developing a fair and strategyproof mechanism that can handle this class is challenging. We present a novel mechanism called Quota Reduction Deferred Acceptance (QRDA), which repeatedly applies the standard DA mechanism by sequentially reducing artificially introduced maximum quotas. We show that QRDA is fair and strategyproof when handling a union of symmetric M-convex sets. Furthermore, in comparison to a baseline mechanism called Artificial Cap Deferred Acceptance (ACDA), QRDA always obtains a weakly better matching for students and, experimentally, performs better in terms of nonwastefulness.


Transitive local Lie algebras of vector fields can be easily constructed from dilations of $\mathbb{R}^n$ associating with coordinates positive weights (give me a sequence of $n$ positive integers and I will give you a transitive nilpotent Lie algebra of vector fields on $\mathbb{R}^n$). It is interesting that all transitive nilpotent local Lie algebra of vector fields can be obtained as subalgebras of nilpotent algebras of this kind. Starting with a graded nilpotent Lie algebra one constructs graded parts of its Tanaka prolongations inductively as `derivations of degree 0, 1, etc. Of course, vector fields of weight $k$ with respect to the dilation define automatically derivations of weight $k$, so the Tanaka prolongation is in this case never finite. Are they all such derivations given by vector fields or there are additional `strange'ones? We answer this question. Except for special cases, derivations of degree 0 are given by vector fields of degree 0 and the Tanaka prolongation recovers the whole algebra of polynomial vectors defined by the dilation. However, in some particular cases of dilations we can find `strange' derivations which we describe in detail


Ways settlement of debts relating to the bank will require a huge cost, power is less effective and also requires quite a long time. Thus the way banking operations will be hampered. It appeared an idea to establish a clearinghouse then held by Bank Indonesia as the central bank. Therefore, I am interested to know how the clearing procedure in Bank Jatim Branch Gresik. The method used is primary and secondary.
According to the research carried out that the procedures performed in Bank Jatim Branch Gresik consists of two phases, namely clearing and clearing submission of returns. Bank Jatim Branch Gresik has made a forum with other clearing participant Bank and setipa 3 Months once Bank Jatim Branch Gresik training to employees to be more professional in their work.
Keyword: Clearing, Procedure, Bank Jatim Branch Gresik


This study found patterns of differences in quantitative performance across groups of intended under graduate majors consistent with those differences previously found for students who had completed their undergraduate study. That is, women intending to major in engineering and the physical sciences on the average scored higher on the SAT M than anticipated as compared with women intending to ma jor in mathematics, statistics, physical science, and computer science. However, the large difference in mean SAT-M per formance disappeared when other measures were controlled for, and effects of these measures were the same for both groups. Self-rating relative to others with respect to mathe matics and science ability was the primary influential variable in the study. The underrepresentation of women in mathematics related fi lds of study and occupations has received considerable attention in research literature. The focus of these studies typically has gone in two directions. Some work is especially concerned with the identification of factors influencing women to choose between quantita tive and nonquantitative fields of study (e.g., Berryman, 1985; Peng & Jaffe, 1979; Ware, Steckler, & Leserman, 1985). Other research focuses closely on comparisons of women and men in quantitative fields of study (e.g., Dunteman, Wisenbaker, & Taylor, 1979; Lunneborg & Lunneborg, 1985; Steinkamp & Maehr, 1984). Together these lines of research have generated a substantial body of evidence that women who major in quantitative fields are different from women who major in nonquantita tive fields and different as well from men who major in quantitative fields. Many of the factors differentiating these women from others also have been found to influ ence mathematics performance. Peng and Jaffe (1979) have shown that while many of the factors influencing the choice of a quantitative field of study are the same for men and women, family back ground, number of mathematics courses taken in high school, and success orientations were important for men but not for women. Lunneborg and Lunneborg (1985) also reported technical interests to be important for men and verbal abilities significant for women. Using meta analytic techniques, Steinkamp and Maehr (1984) found women's achievement and attitudes toward science to be lower than men's and also found differences in motiva tional orientations between men and women within par ticular areas of science. Women's orientations were found to surpass those of men in biology and chemistry, while men's orientations were higher in physics and general science. This pattern of orientations also was re ported by Boli, Allen, and Payne (1985) wherein women choosing quantitative fields were found to be less likely to major in physics and engineering, preferring the life sciences. Boli et al. also found men more likely to have taken a calculus course in high school and to have higher average Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT-M) scores. Studies examining factors influencing women's choice of a quantitative field of study have found that women choosing these fields were more likely to have higher mathematics and science self-concepts (Camp bell, Connolly, & Pizzo, 1986), higher educational plans (Peng & Jaffe, 1979), and a background of high school advanced science and mathematics courses (Berryman, 1985). Other influential factors were parental educa tional level and the desire for control, prestige, and in fluence (Ware, Steckler, & Lesserman, 1985). Common among all of the above factors was high mathematical achievement. The results of an exploratory analysis of Graduate Record Examination (GRE) quantitative and analytical scores (Ethington & Wolfle, 1986) suggested an impor tant third avenue of investigation: possible differences between women majoring in different quantitative fields. This exploratory study found that women who had majored in engineering and the physical sciences on the average scored higher on both the quantitative and analytical tests than were anticipated compared with women who had majored in mathematics, statistics, and computer science. In fact, women majoring in engineering had the highest average quantitative score even though they had not taken the greatest number of mathematics courses. This finding may indicate that the more mathe Address correspondence to Corinna A. Ethington, College of Education (M/C 147), University of Illinois at Chicago, Box 4348, Chicago, IL 60680.


Using the Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian with an external driving force for the damped driven harmonic oscillator as the quantum dissipative system, the authors have exactly evaluated the propagator, wavefunction, uncertainty relation and the transition amplitudes by the Feynman path integral method.


Express saccades are a manifestation of a visual grasp reflex triggered when visual information arrives in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCi), which in turn orchestrates the lower level brainstem saccade generator to evoke a saccade with a very short latency (~100ms or less). A prominent theory regarding express saccades generation is that they are facilitated by preparatory signals, presumably from cortical areas, which prime the SCi prior to the arrival of visual information. Here, we test this theory by reversibly inactivating a key cortical input to the SCi, the frontal eye fields (FEF), while monkeys perform an oculomotor task that promotes express saccades. Across three tasks with a different combination of potential target locations and uni- or bilateral FEF inactivation, we found a spared ability for monkeys to generate express saccades, despite decreases in express saccade frequency during FEF inactivation. This result is consistent with the FEF having a facilitatory but not critical role in express saccade generation, likely because other cortical areas compensate for the loss of preparatory input to the SCi. However, we also found decreases in the accuracy and peak velocity of express saccades generated during FEF inactivation, which argues for an influence of the FEF on the saccadic burst generator even during express saccades. Overall, our results shed further light on the role of the FEF in the shortest-latency visually-guided eye movements.