The increasing practice of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in biological and biomedical resources faces challenges of the explainable, trustworthy, responsive AI processing of multi-modal, intertwined, interactive biological and biomedical data, which requires the integration of data, information, knowledge, wisdom and purpose (DIKWP) across objective content and subjective cognition/purpose. Transformations among data, information, knowledge and wisdom open possibilities to comply with uncertainties originating in the incompleteness of data samples, insufficiency of information, vulnerability of invalid knowledge and imbalanced wisdom strategies, towards achieving more precise, robust, reproducibility and less repeated operations of data Research Topic and information synthesis, and more comprehensive knowledge reproducibility through multiple sources reasoning and abstraction. Moreover, alongside the COVID emergency, more and more attention is focused on balancing social welfare, cultural moralities, and the biological practices involving privacypreserving data Research Topic and legal information usage, under rapid iterations of international political and technical negotiations, towards a responsible AI-enabled AI governance implementing justice, transparency and fairness. This Research Topic aimed to collect the latest research efforts devoted to building capabilities of integration and transformation of multi-modal data, information, knowledge and wisdom in an integrated semantic understanding space unifying subjective purposes and objective OPEN ACCESS


Most political observers agree that incumbent legislators have a considerable advantage over nonincumbents in modern congressional elections. Yet there is still disagreement over the exact source of this advantage and the explanation for its growth over time. To address this debate we utilize a unique set of historical elections data to test for the presence of an incumbency advantage in late-nineteenth-century House elections (1872–1900). We find a modest direct effect of incumbency and a substantial candidate quality effect. Moreover, the cartel-like control of ballot access by nineteenth century political parties created competition in races that the modern market-like system simply does not sustain. Our results suggest that candidate quality is a fundamental piece of the puzzle in understanding the historical development of the incumbency advantage in American politics.


Introduction: Breastfeeding addition to nutritional and immunological benefits, helps prevent dentomaxilofaciales anomalies produced by causes acting from an early age and produce alterations in the early years of life are the harmful oral habits. Oral habits are must consider as obstacles or interference in the development because they can change the position of the teeth and the relationship or how to keep the dental arches of each person who develops, if not removed before 4 years of age. Objective: To determine the relationship between full and exclusive breastfeeding and absence of harmful oral habits. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study in preschool children attending the clinic graduate pediatric dentistry of FMUAQ, October to December 2015. It was determined by an intraoral and extraoral clinical examination, the presence and absence of harmful oral habits was conducted and a questionnaire was applied to parents, which was determined whether preschool received breastfeeding, breastfeeding type, if it was exclusive or nonexclusive and how long they took place. informed consent was requested. It was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: The prevalence of oral habits was 68.6%, 82.9% of preschool children were breastfed, 64.3% received full breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding 51.4%. 100% of preschool children from 57% to 81.4% received breastfeeding and showed no harmful oral habits, from 37% to 62.9% received full breastfeeding and did not present habits, and from 37% to 50% received exclusive breastfeeding and also presented pernicious oral habits. Conclusions: if a preschool receives not only breastfeeding but this is complete and exclusive further decreases the chances of developing pernicious oral habits.


The prevalence of an obesity patient in Indonesia for adult (more than 18 years old) is increasing every year. It is strongly suggested to ameliorate the eating habits and increase the physic activities as the best way to transmute the risky prime factor for the cause of degenerative disease. The utilizing of Rice Bran as a traditional medicine can be also made used as an ingredient of food. Rice Bran can be modified as a simple and instant food in a form of an appealing biscuit which has a good taste and high nutrition. The aim of this Rice bran biscuit research is to find out the optimal formulation of rice bran biscuit which is appropriate to the national standard of biscuit production, and it is also expected to bring affection towards the weight dropping for the obesity patient. The utilized method in this research is a quasi experimental research. The sample used in this study is obese people who meet the criteria of inclusion, They are divided into two groups; a. control group. b. experimental group. The results showed that the best biscuits physical chemical parameters have characteristic fat content 9.58%, ash content 3.16%, crude fiber 6.02%, broken power 12.57 N, color 4.82 (neutral), taste 4.43 (somewhat dislike), flavour 1.90 (somewhat dislike). While the best biscuits organoleptic parameters have characteristic fat content 7.88%, ash content 4.26%, crude fiber 3.89%, broken power 4.44 N, color 5.80 (rather like), taste 3.88 (rather like), flavour 2.44 (somewhat dislike). While on testing Effect of biscuits bekatul on IMT on obese patients found that there are differences of IMT obese patients before and after consuming rice bran biscuit for 1 month in the form of decreased BMI average 0.63 kg / m2 with value p = 0.001 (p <0.05 ).


This paper presents a comparative study of high-speed and low-voltage full adder circuits. Our approach is based on hybrid design full adder circuits combined in a single unit. A high performance adder cell using an XOR-XNOR design style is discussed. This paper also discusses a high-speed conventional full adder design combined with MOSCAP Majority function circuit in one unit to implement a hybrid full adder circuit. Moreover, it presents low-power Majorityfunction-based 1-bit full adders that use MOS capacitors (MOSCAP) in its structure. This technique helps in reducing power consumption, propagationdelay, and area of digital circuits while maintaining low complexity of logic design. Simulation results illustrate the superiority of the designed adder circuits over the conventional CMOS, TG, and hybrid adder circuits in terms of power, delay, power delay product (PDP), and energy delay product (EDP). Post layout simulation results illustrate the superiority of the newly designed majority adder circuits against the reported conventional adder circuits.


Applications of both polarized and depolarized dynamic light scattering to the study of polymers are described. Polarized light scattering is used to study translational diffusion, diffusion virial coefficients, rotational motion of long rod-shaped polymers, long-wavelength intramolecular motions, dynamics of pseudogels and gels and density fluctuations in bulk polymers. Depolarized scattering is used to study rotational diffusion of rigid macromolecules, local and long-wavelength intramolecular motions, dynamics in semi-dilute solutions, rotational motions of small molecules in glassy polymers and optical anisotrophy fluctuations of bulk polymers.


In this paper a one-dimensional Keller–Segel model with a logarithmic chemotactic-sensitivity and a non-diffusing chemical is classified with respect to its long time behavior. The strength of production of the non-diffusive chemical has a strong influence on the qualitative behavior of the system concerning existence of global solutions or Dirac-mass formation. Further, the initial data play a crucial role.


This article studies the problem of making a multimodal computer dictionary with historical and cultural components for EFL classrooms. The relevance of the research topic is associated with the development of computer lexicography as a branch of applied linguistics at the intersection with digital humanities and digital pedagogy, as well as with the active development of new methods and tools in the practice of teaching foreign languages. The object of the research is a multimodal learners' computer dictionary that visualizes semantic changes in lexicon of the English language, in particular, the key lexemes of the thematic field "еducation". The purpose of this article is to substantiate the problems of creating an educational multimodal dictionary of a historical and cultural type in computer lexicography.
One of the objectives of the research is to study the specific semantic features of the units in the thematic field "education" in the multimodal learner's dictionary. The multimodal dictionary plays an important role in the interaction of the user with the virtual system, where the dictionary is not only an additional reference book but also a multifunctional means of teaching and obtaining information about the culture of the target language countries, including the dynamics of its development. The introduction of such dictionaries into teaching is the key to successful immersion in the culture of the target language country and mastering language competencies.
This article presents the elements of typology and principles of building computer dictionaries, notes the role of a multimodal computer dictionary in teaching a foreign language, and proposes a model of a learner's multimodal dictionary of historical and cultural type for EFL classroom, as well as outlines the stages of dynamic development in English vocabulary.


AS THE number of high-school graduates mounts and colleges are increasingly faced with more qualified applicants than they can admit, the problem of selective admissions becomes greater and more important. One way of meeting it is to increase selectivity. Raising entrance requirements serves the double purpose of limiting enrollments and changing the nature of the student body. Two types of question must be considered in any discussion of selective admissions. The first type concerns the kinds and numbers of students to be admitted, the probable rates of success of these students, and the effects of admissions on size of enrollment. The second type concerns problems of values, such as the objectives of higher education, the kinds of students a university should educate, and the relative importance of society's needs for different sorts of trained citizens. The figures which are reported in this paper suggest answers to the first type of question. Although they are generally useful in discussing the second type, the answers to which they lead are more or less dictated by the wishes and values of those who use them rather than the facts at hand. By restricting admission to young persons who graduated in the upper IO per cent of their high-school classes, we could accelerate the academic program, teach more abstract and more complex information, and furnish graduate students with a greater fund of knowledge and a larger repertoire of intellectual skills. If we restricted our enrollment in this way, however, we would sharply limit the number of persons participating in the intellectual activities of the university, and consequently the number of educated persons available for occupations which do not require professional training at the college level, or which, although they demand university preparation, are not of an exacting nature. Society needs university graduates drawn from a broad range of abilities. With smaller enrollments, it is likely that we would also have a reduction of university resources and facilities. The available data suggest what effect changing the admissions standards would have on enrollments and academic success and failure; they cannot determine what the objectives of a university should be.


We examine the effectiveness of a quality assurance mechanism that relies on a third-party's reputation. We focus on the market for fine and rare wines where auction houses intermediating between sellers and buyers have also claimed expertise to assess product authenticity. An auction house's reputation can sustain product quality in this market only if consumers absorb relevant information and punish houses who fail at screening out counterfeits. We test the existence of such reputational effects by studying the market responses to two disclosures of houses having auctioned fake wine. We find that one house experienced negligible losses after a 2008 event involving a limited number of counterfeit bottles. However, three houses associated with a 2012 incident involving thousands of bottles are found to have suffered reputational losses. These losses are demonstrated over the following year by an average 4.5% decrease in equilibrium sales prices of all wines, and a slight decrease in sales quantities of older wines, relative to other houses.


Incompressible RANS equations were adapted for investigating the effects of moving ground to the unsteady flow fields around a square cylinder as the gap height changes. The shear layer weakened near a moving ground can not prevent the interaction between the upper and lower separated shear layers of the cylinder. The critical gap height exits around G/D=0.3 is lower than G/D=0.55 in a stationary ground, and rapidly increases at G/D=0.3~0.45 thereafter almost uniform. The positive vortex induced by lower shear layer on the cylinder is detached from a moving ground and independently sheds downward. But in the case of stationary ground, the vortex connected to the separation bubble on the ground separates from the ground directly. The Drag of cylinder in a moving ground drastically increases due to the loss of pressure recovery induced by vortex shedding past a square cylinder in wake region at G/D=0.35~0.5.


This book contains 13 specially commissioned articles by prominent people representing various positions in the debate over abortion which is illegal in Uruguay. They are grouped under the following topics: the definition of abortion and concept of life the legislative history of abortion in Uruguay the reality of abortion the current debate and statistics. (ANNOTATION)


8 introduced oat varieties had been cultivated in the upper of Datong river in Qilian Mountain in Qinghai province. The results showed that 8 introduced oat varieties could not complete the whole growth period. The coverage of them were over 85%.Qingyin No.1 had the highest height of 90.78 cm. Avena sativa L cv.`Tianyanmai ' had the highest hay yield of 1524.50 g/m2, the hay yield of 8introduced oat varieties were above the 1140 g/m2.


BACKGROUND Two stencils have been developed that improve the accuracy, speed, and aesthetic results of mini‐micrografting. The stencil most frequently used is for #15 blade incisions (six‐to eight‐haired minigrafts); the other is for 1.0–2.0‐mm holes (three‐ to four‐haired minigrafts). The slit stencil has 20 recipient sites per square inch; the hole stencil has 40. OBJECTIVE To improve accuracy, speed, and aesthetic results of mini‐micrografting. METHOD The areas to be incised are marked preoperatively, utilizing a stencil, which develops a very precise pattern. The slits or holes can then be made very quickly and accurately over these marks. RESULT Because bleeding does not obscure the markings, the speed, precision, and results of the procedure are greatly enhanced. CONCLUSION The use of stencil improves the accuracy, speed, and aesthetic results of the mini‐micrografting procedure. It also helps the surgeon accurately predict the number of minigrafts that will be needed for a specific area.


This chapter provides an overview of benchmarking in student affairs and provides several case studies that demonstrate how benchmarking has been used in student housing.


Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June, 2014 © 2014 Massachusetts Institute of Technology MASSACHUSETTS ING1TITE OF TECHNOLOGY JUN 3


A comprehensive model for force analysis of twin screw refrigeration compressor rotors is proposed in this paper, in which the gas force and end-face force are taken into account. Force calculation is performed under ANSYS. Several kinds of computation models for end-face force are analyzed and compared. The result provides a reference for design of bearings and balance piston.


This research was aimed at evaluation of bio-control effectiveness of Rhizopus spp. against Lantana camara initially Lantana Plants were treated by releasing insects Spilosoma oblique. Reported insect was able to develop, survive and reproduce vigorously on lantana plant parts under laboratory conditions continuously. Evidence of conspicuous and damaging effect of Rhizopus spp on lantana indicates that the pathogen is able to infect a wider range of weedy clusters and is significantly more damaging to target plant. Successful invasion has been obtained with the pathogen on already stunted weed infested with insect biocontrol agent which caused complete decay of the weed hence proved this fungi is highly host specific pathogen to lantana.


Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has dramatically evolved since the development of electron monochromators, faster detectors within improved spectrometers, all this within more stable aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopes. These developments allow the acquisition of spectra with atomic resolution and spectroscopic quality that is sufficient to probe the changes in chemical bonding at near-atomic level so that "real materials" questions can be studied. Through energy loss near-edge structure analysis, EELS provide useful chemical state information so that changes in materials, for examples at interface, under extreme high-temperature conditions, or at defects can be probed. This contribution aims to review some of the applications of this technique by demonstrating examples of this work related to the study of interfaces in complex oxides, the quantification of spectra obtained at high-spatial resolution, the detection of spectroscopic changes in nanomaterials subjected to intense light irradiation and the plasmonic response of nanostructures. Experiments were carried out on two aberration-corrected FEI Titan microscopes (a double-corrected Titan 80-300 Cubed, and an " image-corrected " Titan 80-300), both equipped with monochromators and EELS spectrometers (Quantum 966 and Tridiem 865 respectively), achieving down to 70 meV energy resolution. The capability of mapping at the atomic scale is not simply revealing local changes in composition but it allows us to identify the termination of the surface of substrates, and the chemical species that are


The "pinhao" is the seed of Araucaria angustifolia (known as Parana pine). This specie is in danger due to reckless exploration. Thus, the development of new applications could motivate its preservation. Samples of native "pinhao" starch were oxidized with standard NaClO solutions (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mol L -1 ) and exposed for one hour under UV light (UVC radiation with l = 256 nm). The TG curves showed similar behavior. The oxidative modification caused a decrease in the gelatinization enthalpy (DSC). Keywords: TG/DTA, DSC, Starch, Oxidation, UV light


In recent years owing to the unpredictable growth i n air travel, considerable attention has been developed to the planning and co nstruction of airports. In this paper firstly we discuss about mathematical program ming models regarding airport construction, and then optimize parameters using entropy optimization method.


This article is written as the UK's Chancellor of the Exchequer, Kenneth Clarke, prepares his Novem ber Budget. It will be the first Unified Budget, with taxation and expenditure dealt with at the same time. In framing this Budget, the Chancellor must make a fine judgement between the need to restore stability to UK public finances and the need to maintain economic recovery. The choice is, in essence, the familiar one between sound finance and the use of fiscal policy to manage demand.


Nickel and palladium methoxides [(PCP)M-OMe], containing the PCP pincer ligand, decompose upon heating giving rise to products of different kind. The palladium derivative cleanly yields the dimeric Pd(0) complex [Pd(μ-PCHP)]2 (PCHP = 2,6bis(diisopropylphosphinomethyl)phenyl) and formaldehyde. In contrast, decomposition of [(PCP)Ni-OMe] affords polynuclear carbonyl-phosphine complexes. Both decomposition processes are initiated by β-hydrogen elimination (BHE), but the resulting hydrides [(iPCP)M-H] undergo divergent reaction sequences ultimately leading to the irreversible breakdown of the pincer units. Whilst the Pd hydride spontaneously experiences reductive C-H coupling, the decay of its Ni analogue is brought about by its reaction with formaldehyde released in the BHE step. Kinetic measurements showed that the BHE reaction is reversible and less favorable for Ni than for Pd both for kinetic and thermodynamic reasons. DFT calculations confirmed the main conclusions of the kinetic studies, and provided further insight into the mechanisms of the decomposition reactions.


Sewage sludge in South Korea was generated 9,810.5 tons/day and Sludge 25~50% of total wastewater treatment costs, so sludge dewatering and reduction are needed. 20.4% of the generated sewage sludge is recycled as fuel, but it takes a lot of energy and cost to dewater and dry sewage sludge wi coal ash, which is easy to dewater, can be used as an agent to improve the dewaterability of sewage sludge which is difficult to dewater due to high cake specific resistance through CST Suction Time).CST was measured by adding 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10% of coal ash incinerated for more than 12 hours at 700 mixed sample was measured to determine the effect o result, it is expected that the use of coal ash as an agent to improve will not affect the pH of sewage sludge and it will not be a problem when used with other flocculants. added to ash can be used as an agent to improve sludge dewaterability.


Halofuginone, an inhibitor of collagen type I synthesis, is an anti‐angiogenic agent. Here we evaluated the efficacy of halofuginone to inhibit prostate cancer (PC) xenografts representing various phenotypes of the disease.


http://journals.cambridge.org/ija International Journal of Astrobiology is the peer-reviewed forum for practitioners in this exciting interdisciplinary field. Coverage includes cosmic prebiotic chemistry, planetary evolution, the search for planetary systems and habitable zones, extremophile biology and experimental simulation of extraterrestrial environments, Mars as an abode of life, life detection in our solar system and beyond, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, the history of the science of astrobiology, as well as societal and educational aspects of astrobiology. Occasionally an issue of the journal is devoted to the keynote plenary research papers from an international meeting. A notable feature of the journal is the global distribution of its authors. To subscribe contact Customer Services


This article deals with Isidore of Seville's influence on the works of the 13th-century author Lucas of Tuy. The three works of this author are precisely related to Isidore: the Chronicon mundi, De altera uita and Miracula sancti Isidori. Concurrently, we need to exclude from this analysis two other works, also about Isidore, which have been attributed to Lucas: the Vita sancti Isidori and Historia translationis sancti Isidori. These works, which are in some manuscripts associated with the Chronicon mundi, are from Leon and are related to Isidore. This has led scholars to believe that they were written by Lucas of Tuy, but today we know that they preceded him.In addition we could draw attention to the false prophecy that Lucas attributed to Isidore in a council celebrated in Toledo where, according to this text, he predicted Spain's future. In this context it makes sense that Lucas attributed this false prophecy to him, considering the importance of the saint in the work of this author.


The entry into force of the International Search and Rescue Convention in 1985 meant the start of a major effort by the International Maritime Organization to establish adequate standards around the world. In this article the state of search and rescue facilities are examined and obstacles to full implementation are assessed.


Because the campaign life of Pangang's 5.5meter great volume coke oven is long,the temperature undulation is large,increasing the difficulty of the thermal management.Analyses consider that the main reasons are the coke oven body aging,the charge condition and the influence of the vertical flue temperature.Therefore,some measures such as strengthening hot condition-repairs and heating formality control etc are adopted,stabilizing the coke oven temperature ulteriorly,insuring the afternoon coke oven temperature normal and the coke maturing even.


Citizens and landowners in the midwestern and eastern coal mining region are concerned that current reclamation procedures are not achieving forest productivity levels required by the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA). To provide a benchmark for comparison, we investigated the effects of mining and reclamation practices used prior to the passage of SMCRA on forest and site productivity. Forest and site productivity of fourteen mined and eight natural sites in the eastern and midwestern coalfield regions were compared. Results indicate that forest productivity varied among sites depending on the species planted, while site productivity was, on average, similar to non-mined site productivity. Mined sites with site productivity levels similar to non-mined sites shared similar soil properties. Differences in mined and non-mined site productivity levels are reflected by differences in soil properties. Forests on pre-SMCRA mined lands are productive, and valuable. They should provide insight into the impacts of current reclamation practices on reforestation success and potential forest productivity. Additional


A phase diagram of superconducting Sr(Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_x$)$_2$As$_2$ as a function of doping (x) is determined by a series of thermodynamic and transport measurements on single crystals. On comparison with a similar phase diagram for Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_x$)$_2$As$_2$ (Co-doped Ba122), we find that the increased dimensionality of Co-doped Sr122 results in a single first-order-like transition where the magnetic and structural transitions coincide, unlike the case of Co-doped Ba122 that exhibits split quasicontinuous magnetic and structural transitions. We relate this dimensionally-tuned splitting in the magnetic and structural transitions to the relative size of superconducting temperatures in these materials.


The African invader fly, Bactrocera invadens , an invasive pest in Africa since 2003, causes damage and poses a threat to the mango and horticultural industry. Its control is therefore needed. Sterilization of males using gamma radiation doses (25, 50 and 75 Gy) as a means of population control was investigated. Irradiation at the pupal stage (about 6 days after pupation) was found to be suitable. It was observed that a gamma radiation dose of 75 Gy rendered males of B. invadens completely sterile, while doses of 25 and 50 Gy induced partial sterility in the males. Females were made completely sterile by all doses of radiation tested. Keywords: Bactrocera invadens, mango, gamma radiation doses, Sterile Insect Technique, fertility


Objective This computer-based study by used finite element analysis(FEA) was done to determine whether miniplate system was suitable for internal fixation of mandibular fractures. Methods In a three-dimensional computer model of mandible,fracture mobility and plate strain were calculated for bite forces applied on incisors,fracture side and non-fracture side of first molars.Simulated solitary angle,body,and symphysis fractures were rigid internal fixed with two titanium miniplates.Facture without interfragmentary contact was studied.The loads were transmitted only through the plates and none stress was transmitted through the fracture surfaces. Results With two miniplates,the symphysis and body fractures mobility lower than(150μm).To mandibular angle fractures,at the incisors bite force situation,the fracture mobility also within 150μm,but the fractures mobility above(150μm) were calculated both fracture side and non-fracture molar bite forces.With the same bite forces,single miniplate for the tension band fixation could not ensure the successfully healing to the body or angle fractures. Conclusion From a mechanical point of view,based on the FEA model,two titanium miniplates are suitable for symphysis and body fractures.However two miniplates can not provide sufficient stabilizations for angle fractures.Single miniplate for the tension band fixation can not provide sufficient stiffness to the body or angle fractures.Suitable indications should be selected when miniplates are fixed mandibular angle fractures.


The article considers the dialogical component of the phenomenon of culture that has high ontologic value both for the consciousness of a certain individual, and for the functioning of all society.


(57) Abstract: The invention relates to a novel disulfide and thiol containing amino acid up to about 18. One example is a compound of formula (I) A-B-C-S-S-D-E-F, where the, A and F are hydrogen, amino acid, dipeptide, tripeptide, amino acids long chain of up to three modified polypeptide having, and being selected from the group consisting of carbobenzoxy group, B and E are selected amino acids, dipeptides, from the group consisting of amino acids including modified polypeptides of up to three includes tripeptides, and three of , C and D is selected from the group consisting of amino acids including modified polypeptides and peptides of up to three includes three, and S is a sulfur atom in the modified polypeptides and peptides in C and D.


The eastern depression in the North Yellow Sea Basin is a typical superimposed basin,and stratigraphic unconformities are greatly developed in Mesozoic-Cenozoic formation with serious deficiencies.The unconformity interfaces of T1,T2,T4,T5 and Tg were identified on the basis of integrating well data and seismic data.We also analyzed the main unconformity type,planar distribution,lithologic features of the T5 interface and the hydrocarbon trap types in connection with T5.The research showed that parallel unconformity,truncation unconformity and overlap unconformity are the main unconformity types of T5,with the sand-sand,sand-mud and mud-clay being the main lithological combination types up and down the T5 interface.Hydrocarbon traps are mainly four kinds,including the stratigraphic overlap and underlying unconformity traps,truncated monoclinic traps,traps associated with stratigraphic overlap and buried hill,and traps associated with the faults and unconformity.Oil and gas exploration related to unconformity in this region should be concentrated in the vicinity of sags within the depression.


Missing data are pervasive, and pose problems for many statistical procedures. We all should be using methods that treat missing data properly, rather than deleting data or using single imputation. Importantly, it is not difficult to implement these missing data. A relatively few absent observations on some variables can dramatically shrink the sample size. As a result, the precision of confidence intervals is harmed, statistical power weakens and the parameter estimates may be biased. In this paper we used EM method that aims to estimate Missing Values, and summarizes how to apply out EM method to estimation missing data using SPSS. © 2018 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Inter. Busi. Mgmt. 124 (2018) 52244-52247 International Business Management Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Montasir A. A. Mohammed et al./ Elixir Inter. Busi. Mgmt. 124 (2018) 52244-52247 52245 b) Missing at random (MAR): a weaker assumption than MCAR: The probability of missing data on Y is unrelated to the value of Y after controlling for other variables in the analysis (say X). Formally: P(Y missing |Y, X) = P(Y missing |X) [6]. c) Missing not at random (MNAR): Finally, data are missing not at random (MNAR) when the probability of missing data on a variable Y is related to the values of Y itself, even after controlling for other variables [7] The EM Algorithm This algorithm is a parametric method to impute missing values based on the maximum likelihood estimation. This algorithm is very popular in statistical literatures and has been discussed intensively by many researchers, such as: [8], [9], [10], and [11]. This algorithm uses an iterative procedure to finding the maximum likelihood estimators of parameter vector through two step described in Dempsteret al. [9] and [10] as follows: a). The Expectation step (E-step) The E step is the stage of determining the conditional expected value of the full data of log likelihood function ( | ) given observed data. Suppose for any incomplete data, the distribution of the complete data can be factored as ( | ) ( | ) ( | ) ( | ) (1) Where ( | ) the distribution of the data is observed and ( | ) is the distribution of missing data given data observed. Based on the equation (1), we obtained log likelihood function ( | ) ( | ) ( | ) (2) Where ( | ) is log likelihood function of complete data, ( | ) is log likelihood function of observed data, and ( | ) is the predictive distribution of missing


Objective: To investigate the occurrence of exercise stress gastric ulcer during motilin hormone content and expression of HSP70 and dangshen on Exercise Stress Ulcer Prevention effect and its mechanism. Methods: 30 adult SD rats were divided into three groups, each 10, divided into the control group, movement control, movement dosing group, the establishment of Exercise Stress Gastric Ulcer Model. Each group of rats gastric mucosa pathological damage index scoring by immunohistochemical staining gastric mucosa HSP70 expression; gastric tissue content preparation, testing motilin. Results: Compared with quiet group, gastric motility group organization motilin levels were significantly increased, slightly increased HSP70 expression; compared with motion control, dosing rats gastric tissue motilin levels were significantly decline, HSP70 expression increased further. Conclusion: Codonopsis can prevent exercise stress gastric ulcer, the protective mechanism may reduce gastric tissue in rats motilin content and increase the expression of HSP70 related. All organisms under stress conditions can be synthesized in a highly conserved protective protein that is HSPs, especially high-intensity sports exhaustive exercise as a source of stress, causing physiological functions of various organ systems of the human body changes over the past decade, people express when the body motion stress HSPs conducted experimental studies, have found that the expression of HSPs[1] in the brain, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen and blood cells and other parts of the body after exercise , HSP70 family is the most important one of its kind HSP protect the gastric mucosa, but there are no studies on exercise and stomach tissues of HSP70 relations. Numerous studies show that high intensity exhaustive exercise, especially as a strong source of stress, the blood flow to reduce the gastrointestinal tract, increased production of free radicals, lipid peroxidation increased production, will eventually cause gastric mucosal protective effect and injury of loss of balance, causing Exercise Stress Ulcer[2]. Clinical studies have shown dangshen, spleen, stomach, regulate gastrointestinal function, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects[3]. Expression and motilin content in this experiment study the role of HSP70 in gastric stress ulcer in sport and in prevention of Codonopsis. 1 Materials and Methods 1.1 Animals SD adult male rats, weighing 240-300g, Xi'an Jiaotong University Laboratory Animal Center. 1.2 Reagents and Instruments Codonopsis purchased from Shaanxi Institute of Chinese Medicine; Motilin radioimmunoassay kit (purchased from the East Asian Institute of Technology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital immunity). 1.3 Movement to establish stress ulcer model Zhao Jingguo study combining exercise stress ulcer model[3]and[4]Bedford motion model, and ethology performance sports model as the basis for the establishment of specific training programs are shown in Table. Movement model: Full training for six weeks, four weeks of basic training before the first five weeks into the high-intensity training (exercise intensity according to Bedford[12]rat body weight / VO rat model of incremental exercise load training regression equations established be determined). 2nd International Conference on Machinery, Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (MMECEB 2015) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 660 The first six weeks of the first five weeks of training load is substantially the same, but differ when the last training, according to the following exhaustive exercise program: The 35 m / min running speed, until the animal can not keep rats at a predetermined speed, rats buttocks pressure in the cage wall, hind legs dragging the belt with the rotation after 30 seconds, when the stimulus driven brush VI I invalid, reduce exercise load (by the → grade load), continues to move to when the load level sport anim I als failed adhere to the same level load running speed, has retained more than 3 times from 2/3 end of the runway , signs failure, stimulate expulsion invalid, the criteria for judging exhaustion. Table 1 List of Laboratory Animal Movement programme Week speed(m/min) Time(min/d) Distance(m) Load Level 1 15 25 375 Grade load I 2 20 30 600 Grade II load 3 25 35 875 Grade III load 4 30 4


Objective:To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of weight-reduced massage paste on treating children simple obesity.Methods:68 cases of patients were chosen and randomly divided into three groups:the experimental group,which were treated with weight-reduced massage paste,the control group which were treated with only massage and the blank control group were treated with nothing.Three groups were given same guidance of drink,food and behavior.Results:Weight-reduced massage paste can obviously improve the clinical symptoms,reduced the body mass index.The total effective rate in the experimental group was 86.67%,which was higher than that in the control group(77.78%) or blank control group(50%).Conclusion:Both the experimental group and control group can improve the comprehensive therapeutic effect,and the former is more effective than the latter.The study shows that the weight-reduced massage paste may become one kind of the more ideal massage paste in treating children simple obesity.


This paper aims at formulating a model of altruism, virtuous capital and happiness. We want to show the implications of altruism on individual behaviour. Our interest lies in those consumption choices of material goods, monetary donations and altruistic behaviour that lead individuals to reach the maximum level of happiness. By using the concepts of consumption capital and addictional goods, we model virtuous behaviour and introduce it as an argument of the utility function. After solving the dynamic optimization problem we find that the growth of material goods consumption responds positively to the rate of return on wealth. Complementarity between x and V positively affects the rate of growth of x. The growth of monetary donations responds positively to the rate of return of material wealth and to the complementarity between V and d. We empirically check the relation between the consumption of material goods and donations and their respective determinants and other socio-economic variables, using data collected through a questionnaire. We find that the return on wealth positively affects both material goods consumption and monetary donations. Finally, we obtain that in the median term people engaged in volunteering activities have a consumption higher by 20,8% with respect to individuals not involved in those kinds of activities, while in the median term people engaged in volunteering activities make donations higher by 42,47% with respect to individuals not involved in those activities. * ISFOL, Institute for the development of training for workers, Rome. E-mail: email@example.com


The Rio Grande Valley of south Texas is one of the few citrus regions still with commercial plantings of Meyer lemon. Earlier reports suggested that some Meyer lemon trees were free of citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), possibly because they were propagated from the Riekert strain, thought by some to be a seedling. In this study, two budwood source trees and pooled samples from an orchard, all believed to be of the Riekert type, were indexed and found to be infected with CTLV. Furthermore, one budwood source tree was growing adjacent to two other budwood source trees, an Algerian tangerine and a Eureka lemon. Both of these trees also indexed positive for CTLV. The virus may have been mechanically transmitted to these trees from the Meyer lemon, and suggests that CTLV may be widespread in the area. Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) was first described in 1962 by Wallace and Drake (19) causing a symptomless infection of Meyer lemon. However, when inoculated into Troyer citrange and Citrus excelsa, it induced the tatterleaf symptoms. Since then, CTLV has been found in Meyer lemons in several other places (3,4,6). In 1975, Timmer (17) reported that during a tristeza survey of Meyer lemons in Texas using Mexican lime as indicator, a blotchy spotting and vein feathering appeared in one indicator. Such symptoms have been attributed to CTLV (20), and inoculation to C. excelsa and Troyer citrange confirmed its identity (17). Timmer (17) was unable to confirm the presence of CTLV in 14 other Meyer lemon trees, suggesting either that not all carry CTLV, or that non-detection was due to erratic transmission of the virus from Mexican lime. Roistacher (13) has reported evidence of strong inhibitory or filtering effect of Mexican lime on CTLV. The existence of naturally-occurring CTLVfree Meyer lemon trees has been reported from Florida (7). While CTLV is symptomless in Meyer lemon and most other citrus types, it is an important virus because it is readily transmitted mechanically (6, 15), and trifoliate orange and its hybrids are sensitive to it. In Japan (10,121 and China (9), a serious budunion crease and associated decline of trees on trifoliate rootstock is attributed to CTLV, as was a decline of sweet orange on Swingle citrumelo rootstock in South Africa (11). In China it was found symptomless in almost all the trees in Zhejiang province (21). The Rio Grande Valley of south Texas has long been known as one of the few places with commercial plantings of Meyer lemon (5), and since New Zealand and Algeria had decreasing plantings 30 years ago (I), Texas and Florida (7,8) are now possibly the only citrus regions currently with commercial plantings, although it is grown elsewhere as an ornamental. Most nurseries in the Valley have a budwood source tree and young trees for sale. The question, therefore, arose as to whether Meyer lemon trees in the Rio Grande Valley are generally infected with CTLV, and whether the virus has been transmitted to other citrus types. Some evidence that this may have occurred was presented by Rouse and Wutscher (16) who reported that old-clone red grapefruit trees on Swingle citrumelo developed a budunion crease resembling that caused by CTLV. Thirteenth IOCV Conference, 1996Other Viruses 199 MATERIALS AND METHODS To test whether CTLV is commonly present in Texas Meyer lemons, budwood was collected from trees in a Meyer lemon orchard, and from budwood source trees in two nurseries, and budded onto either Troyer citrange or C. excelsa seedlings in a greenhouse. From the 8-ha planting, five sites were selected in the orchard, and budwood from 12 trees at each site were pooled. For each pooled sample, two Troyer citrange plants were inoculated with four buds taken from different budsticks. The two budwood source Meyer lemon trees were indexed for CTLV by inoculating two C. excelsa seedlings with two buds each. In addition, these two sources were each budded onto a Mexican lime seedling, as Timmer (17) had done. The one Meyer lemon tree was growing closely adjacent to two other budwood source trees, an Algerian tangerine and a Eureka lemon, and they were similarly indexed for CTLV using C. excelsa. Three C. excelsa seedlings were inoculated with CTLV-100 as a positive control. All the inoculated plants were observed for symptoms in the new growth. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All five samples from the 8-ha orchard induced CTLV symptoms in Troyer citrange. The two budwood source Meyer lemons as well as the Eureka lemon and the Algerian tangerine indexed positive for CTLV, but no symptoms appeared in the Mexican lime seedlings inoculated with the Meyer lemon tissue. The positive control C. excelsa plants developed typical tatter leaf symptoms. As has been found elsewhere, except Florida (6), all Meyer lemon trees which have not undergone thermotherapy carry CTLV. The non-appearance of symptoms in the Mexican limes is similar to earlier findings (17) where only one source gave symptoms, but this should not be interpreted as meaning the Meyer lemon tree is free of the virus. Our findings clearly indicate that the suggestion that the Riekert strain of Meyer lemon may be a seedling and, thus, is largely CTLVfree (17) is false. Since all Meyer lemons in the lower Rio Grande Valley are thought to be derived from the Riekert strain (18, and R. A. Hensz, pers. comm. 1995), initial CTLV spread was likely from the nursery. The finding of CTLV in the Algerian tangerine and Eureka lemon budwood source trees growing adjacent to an infected Meyer lemon tree clearly illustrates the danger of having CTLV-infected material in a nursery. It is not unreasonable to presume that the virus was transmitted mechanically to these trees from the Meyer lemon, and that similar transmissions may have occurred in other nurseries in Texas. The appearance of a budunion crease in grapefruit on Swingle citrumelo (16) indicates that this has occurred, and that the virus may be more widespread in the area. Tatter leaf-free Meyer lemon can be obtained via thermotherapy alone (2, 14) or in combination with shoot tip grafting (lo), and, since this cultivar is grown commercially in Texas, it is vital that a virus-free source is established for nurseries. In addition, it is possible that tristeza tolerant rootstocks, some of which are sensitive to CTLV such as the citrange and citrumelo, will replace sour orange in the future because of the possible spread of severe isolates of tristeza. Thus, it is vital that CTLV-free budwood of all varieties be available. Virus-free Meyer lemon sources trees have been obtained from California and CTLV-free budwood is now available in Texas. Thirteenth IOCV Conference, 1996Other Viruses


Over the past two decades, the Brazilian state addressed the racial issue by developing a number of anti-racist laws, policies, and institutions. The rise of the anti-racism agenda began with Fernando Henrique Cardoso's government, growing even greater under Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. Nonetheless, further developments on this agenda have been halted since Michel Temer came to power in 2016, and the agenda as a whole is now undergoing a dismantling mode. This essay discusses how the dismantling of the anti-racism agenda has reverberated into the current institutional, political, and social crisis in Brazil. In consideration of this problem, I map out color-related characteristics of the Brazilian crisis through qualitative and quantitative data ranging from Lula to Bolsonaro years. I use past and present data to compare two processes: the previous shaping and the current dismantling of anti-racist public policies.


Background and Aims: Diagnosing hematologic malignancies requires implementing several tests. This study aims to evaluate the chromosomal changes in patients with myeloid disorders and compare the results of flow cytometry and cytogenetics with the initial diagnosis performed by the oncologist.
Materials and Methods: 115 patients with myeloid disorders, 57.2% males and 42.8% females with a mean age of 50.3 years, previously diagnosed by an oncologist based on the clinical features, complete blood count, and peripheral blood smear interpretations, were considered. Moreover, flow cytometry and cytogenetic analysis were implemented on the bone marrow samples.
Results: Cytogenetic results showed that 30% of patients with myeloid disorders had abnormal karyotypes. 77% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, 65% of acute myeloid leukemia, and 30.7% of chronic myeloid leukaemia indices showed normal karyotypes, and the others resulted in common and uncommon abnormalities, including the translocation (13;17), 92, XXYY, and del (4q). Considering the flow cytometry and karyotype results, the improved diagnoses were made for 41 patients who had not been diagnosed initially.
Conclusion: This study showed that, in some cases, an initial diagnosis is inconsistent with the flow cytometry and karyotype analysis results. Also, the flow cytometry results may differ from the karyotype depending on the case. Therefore, combining the results obtained by the cytogenetic investigation, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and molecular testing is preferable to provide a comprehensive report for the appropriate disease diagnosis and prognosis.


Significance The biconcave disk shape and deformability of the mammalian RBC are vital to its circulatory function and rely upon a 2D viscoelastic spectrin–F-actin network attached to the membrane. A role for nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) contractility in generating tension in this network and controlling RBC shape has not been tested. We show that NMIIA forms bipolar filaments in RBCs, which associate with F-actin at the membrane. NMIIA motor activity regulates interactions with the spectrin–F-actin network to control RBC biconcave shape and deformability. These results provide a previously undescribed mechanism for actomyosin force generation at the plasma membrane, and may apply to spectrin–F-actin–based membrane skeleton networks in other cell types, such as neurons and polarized epithelial cells. The biconcave disk shape and deformability of mammalian RBCs rely on the membrane skeleton, a viscoelastic network of short, membrane-associated actin filaments (F-actin) cross-linked by long, flexible spectrin tetramers. Nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) motors exert force on diverse F-actin networks to control cell shapes, but a function for NMII contractility in the 2D spectrin–F-actin network of RBCs has not been tested. Here, we show that RBCs contain membrane skeleton-associated NMIIA puncta, identified as bipolar filaments by superresolution fluorescence microscopy. MgATP disrupts NMIIA association with the membrane skeleton, consistent with NMIIA motor domains binding to membrane skeleton F-actin and contributing to membrane mechanical properties. In addition, the phosphorylation of the RBC NMIIA heavy and light chains in vivo indicates active regulation of NMIIA motor activity and filament assembly, while reduced heavy chain phosphorylation of membrane skeleton-associated NMIIA indicates assembly of stable filaments at the membrane. Treatment of RBCs with blebbistatin, an inhibitor of NMII motor activity, decreases the number of NMIIA filaments associated with the membrane and enhances local, nanoscale membrane oscillations, suggesting decreased membrane tension. Blebbistatin-treated RBCs also exhibit elongated shapes, loss of membrane curvature, and enhanced deformability, indicating a role for NMIIA contractility in promoting membrane stiffness and maintaining RBC biconcave disk cell shape. As structures similar to the RBC membrane skeleton exist in many metazoan cell types, these data demonstrate a general function for NMII in controlling specialized membrane morphology and mechanical properties through contractile interactions with short F-actin in spectrin–F-actin networks.


LiDAR is indispensable in the field of autonomous driving. LiDARs with more scan-lines captures more environ-mental information and provides denser cloud points, which is beneficial for tasks like structure from motion (SFM), SLAM and autonomous driving. However, the cost for a high-resolution LiDAR is unignorable. Applying super-resolution (SR) on point cloud obtained from low-resolution LiDAR to get denser data is a promising solution. Based on the previous use of neural network SR methods, we proposed a channel attention network for LiDAR point clouds SR. Specifically ,the proposed network can restore a higher precision Hi-res point cloud via range image SR. Additionally, for the problem of edge reconstruction after projection into a range image, we proposed to use circle padding to achieve a good result. Furthermore, we conduct the experiments using dataset collected in the simulation environment and compare out methods with the traditional approaches and network methods. Results show that our method gets the best effect on the proposed evaluation metric.


In this paper, a predator–prey reaction–diffusion model with Rosenzweig–MacArthur type functional response and spatiotemporal delay is investigated through using the tool of Turing bifurcation theories. First, by taking the average time delay as a bifurcation parameter, conditions of occurrence of Turing bifurcation are obtained through employing the Routh–Hurwitz criteria. Second, as the average time delay varies the amplitude equations of Turing bifurcation patterns including spots pattern and stripes pattern are also obtained through the multiple scale perturbation method. Finally, the two kinds of spatiotemporal evolution distributions of species such as spots pattern and stripes pattern are shown to illustrate theoretical results.


In 1893 Rechinger (5) attempted to find the degree of divisibility of plant parts beyond which no growth could take place. He concluded that the presence of vascular strands is necessary to the growth of isolated plant tissue. In 1922 Kotte (7) refuted this conclusion, which had been corroborated by Lamprecht in 1918, by securing as many as six centimeters of growth from one millimeter root tips (including the cap). Since then White (11) has found that the terminal one tenth millimeter detached from a root retains the capacity to differentiate into regions of root cap, epidermis, cortex, and vascular strand. The present investigation was undertaken more for comparison with previous work of the author, in which the original length of the root tips was 10 mm., rather than as a confirmation of Kotte's work.


Rainfall trend is an important climatic factor that influences agricultural products, groundwater production, drainage planning, commercial and industrial activities. The research aims to determine the trends and variability of monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall for 30 years (from 1980 to 2010) in Sokoto (13.0059° N, 5.2476° E) and Maiduguri (11. 8333° N, 13.1500° E) using archives data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NiMet), Oshodi Lagos Nigeria. Statistical models were used to analyze the data. The results reveal that the maximum rainfall recorded was 371.60 mm at Maiduguri station and 374.90 mm at Sokoto station which shows a higher rainfall peak in Sokoto than Maiduguri. The coefficient of variation in the Sokoto station (126.39%) was higher than that of Maiduguri station (61.78%) which indicates that there was more rainfall variability in Sokoto than in Maiduguri. Seasonally, the average rainfall recorded in both stations was 61.78% and 126.39% respectively. No rainfall was recorded in January, February, and November for Maiduguri station, more so, no rainfall was recorded in January, November, and December for Sokoto station. According to Man-Kendal trend analysis, significant trends (p<0.5) were observed in Maiduguri and Sokoto. Therefore, the modelled statistical approach on rainfall trends and variability revealed that the peak month of annual rainfall is between June and September for the two stations. It can be recommended that the government should make favourable policies to utilize the rainfall received during this period to store more water in reservoirs and construction of water channels across the country.


An incidental right caudal pulmonary mass was diagnosed on thoracic radiographs in a four-year-old male neutered Italian greyhound which had initially presented with clinical signs related to dietary indiscretion (figure 1). The mass had a rounded cranial border and silhouetted with the diaphragm caudally. On CT, the mass was identified as the liver with no evident parenchymal abnormalities (figure 2). A vascular pedicle connecting the intra-abdominal liver and the intrathoracic mass via an apparent defect in the right hemidiaphragm was indicative of a congenital or acquired diaphragmatic hernia. The right caudal lung lobe and posthepatic caudal vena cava were compressed by the herniated liver cranial to the site of herniation, and no peritoneal or pleural effusion was present. Given the suspicion of diaphragmatic hernia with liver entrapment, an exploratory laparotomy …


Context. Measuring star formation on a local scale is important to constrain star formation laws. It is not clear yet, however, whether and how the measure of star formation is affected by the spatial scale at which a galaxy is observed. Aims. We wish to understand the impact of the resolution on the determination of the spatially resolved star formation rate (SFR) and other directly associated physical parameters such as the attenuation. Methods. We carried out a multi-scale, pixel-by-pixel study of the nearby galaxy M33. Assembling FUV, H alpha, 8 mu m, 24 mu m, 70 mu m, and 100 mu m maps, we have systematically compared the emission in individual bands with various SFR estimators from a resolution of 33 pc to 2084 pc. Results. There are strong, scale-dependent, discrepancies of up to a factor 3 between monochromatic SFR estimators and H alpha + 24 mu m. The scaling factors between individual IR bands and the SFR show a strong dependence on the spatial scale and on the intensity of star formation. Finally, strong variations of the differential reddening between the nebular emission and the stellar continuum are seen, depending on the specific SFR (sSFR) and on the resolution. At the finest spatial scales, there is little differential reddening at high sSFR. The differential reddening increases with decreasing sSFR. At the coarsest spatial scales the differential reddening is compatible with the canonical value found for starburst galaxies. Conclusions. Our results confirm that monochromatic estimators of the SFR are unreliable at scales smaller than 1 kpc. Furthermore, the extension of local calibrations to high-redshift galaxies presents non-trivial challenges because the properties of these systems may be poorly known.


The term «subtitle» in translation of films is analyzed. Technical, linguistic and psychological aspects ofsibtitling are considered. Pecularities of subtitling are illustrated by examples from the film «Eight women» by F. Ozon.


Spot welds are the dominant joining method to make automotive bodies, for finite element analysis of body structure, A spot weld model must be establish. This paper reviews the spot weld models available in MSC.Nastran, and behaviour of difference spot weld model was compared by a example.


Recent advances in genomic technology, in particular gene expression profiling, may elucidate novel tumour markers or signatures that will predict how various tumours will behave and respond to various treatment modalities. In head and neck cancer, tumour markers may address current functional deficits in treating locally advanced disease. In the context of expression profiling, as achieved by microarray analysis of the relevant mRNA population, multiple studies have examined differences between normal epithelia and head and neck carcinoma. In this context, gene sets which might distinguish metastatic disease have been described. Gene profiling has also been correlated with clinical outcome and the work has been extended to characterise particular gene products as potential biomarkers. Such markers might be used to detect the presence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, metastasis of the cancer, or aid in determining the best treatment for the patient. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is among the top 10 most common cancers in Australia. 1 This group of malignancies and their treatment is often associated with marked morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with locally advanced head and neck SCC. A tumour marker can be described as any substance produced as a result of cancer growth. These tumour markers have established roles in other cancers for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic monitoring and/or detecting recurrence. Well known examples include BRCA1/2, PSA and Her2/neu. These tumour markers can play a key role in tailoring treatment.


Objective: Many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been reported to lose efficacy during prolonged treatment.1 This analysis examines response durability with rufinamide.
Background: Rufinamide is a triazole derivative, structurally unrelated to other AEDs, approved for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with LGS in patients aged ≥1year.
Design/Methods: Subjects with LGS were aged 4-37 years, taking fixed-dose regimens of 1-3 concomitant AEDs. Following prospective baseline (28 days), subjects were randomized to a double-blind phase (Titration=14 days; Maintenance=70 days) and received rufinamide (45mg/kg/day maximum dose) or placebo. Subjects completing the double-blind phase were eligible for the open-label extension (OLE), which lasted up to 3 years; all subjects received adjunctive rufinamide treatment. Patients who received placebo during the double-blind phase started conversion on ~10mg ⁄kg ⁄day rufinamide. This was gradually up-titrated to a total dosage of ~25-60mg ⁄kg ⁄day. Outcomes included response durability for total seizures and tonic-atonic (drop attack) seizures.
Results: 138 subjects were randomized and treated (rufinamide=74; placebo=64) during the double-blind phase, and 124 subjects entered the OLE. For both total and tonic-atonic seizures, larger median decreases in seizure frequency/28 days were observed as early as 2 weeks and over the course of treatment for rufinamide (total: -20.6[percnt]−-43.1[percnt]; tonic-atonic: -22.8[percnt]−-50.3[percnt]) than for placebo (total: 1.3[percnt]−-1.5[percnt]; tonic-atonic: -1.3[percnt]−1.0[percnt]), suggesting a fast onset of action and lack of short-term tolerance to rufinamide. During the OLE, rufinamide efficacy continued up to 3 years as exhibited by the progressive median decreases in seizure frequency/28 days over the course of open-label treatment from 3 to 36 months (3 years) for total seizures (-31.6[percnt]−-79.3[percnt]) and tonic-atonic seizures (-41.9[percnt]−-76.1[percnt]).
Conclusions: There was no evidence of tolerance to rufinamide during short-term and long-term treatment. These data support adjunctive rufinamide treatment for multiple seizure types, which may enhance patient adherence.
Refs:1Loscher.Epilepsia2006;47:1253-84.
Support: Eisai Inc. Disclosure: Dr. Ng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Glauser has received (royalty or license fee or contractual rights) payments from AssureRx Health. Dr. Ferreira has received personal compensation for activities with Eisai Inc. Dr. Olhaye has received personal compensation for activities with Eisai Inc., as an employee. Dr. Williams has received personal compensation for activities with Eisai Inc. as an employee. Mr. Perdomo has received personal compensation for activities with Eisai Inc., as an employee. Dr. Bibbiani has received personal compensation for activities with Eisai Inc. as an employee.


Q550 high strength steel was welded by means of gas metal arc welding process without pre-heating.The effects of welding wires with different composition and strengths on the microstructure of weld metal and the mechanical properties of the joints were studied.Results indicate that acicular ferrite is the dominant microstructure in the weld metal produced by using MK·G60-1 welding wire.When the joint is subjected to tensile stress,cracks occur easily at pro-eutectoid ferrite presenting along the prior austenite grain boundaries.Both the tensile strength and impact toughness in weld metal and fusion zone are improved with the increasing of the content of acicular ferrite.The tensile strength of the joint made by MK·G60-1 wire is close to that of Q550 steel,and tensile samples fracture at the fusion zone.For both ER50-6 and MK·G60-1 weld metals,impact toughness is the best in the heat-affected zone and the worst in the fusion zone.Transgranular fracture with the mechanism of micro-void coalescence appears in fibrous zone in the fractured surfaces of impact specimens.It can be concluded from microstructure and fractographs that acicular ferrite corresponds to relatively large dimples while pro-eutectoid ferrite corresponds to the small ones.


The invention relates to an elevator door lock structure which comprises a landing door lock, a landing door lock hook, a door lock connecting bracket, an upper pull rod bracket, a pull rod, a lower pull rod bracket, a weight, a weight mounting plate and a landing door triangle lock, wherein the front end of the landing door lock is hooked with the landing door lock hook; one end of the door lock connecting bracket is fixedly connected with the tail end of the landing door lock, and the other end is rotationally pivoted with the upper pull rod bracket through a first pivot; one end of the pull rod is connected with the upper pull rod bracket through an adjusting screw, and the other end is connected with the lower pull rod bracket through an adjusting screw; the middle of the weight is rotationally pivoted to the weight mounting plate through a second pivot, and the weight mounting plate is fixed on an elevator landing door; one end of the weight is rotationally pivoted with the lower pull rod bracket through a third pivot, and the other end is close to the landing door triangle lock and shifted through rotation of the landing door triangle lock. The door lock height can be reduced, so that a maintaining or rescuing worker opens the landing door conveniently, further, the structure is reliable, and the operation is safe.


Introduction. Misseling has become a problem for commercial bank customers today. Misseling can be found both in large credit institutions and small banks. Formally, this is not a violation of the law, but, in fact, misleading of the client. In fact, there is a bank fraud when selling a banking product or service. Despite the fact that this phenomenon can be found in almost any bank to varying degrees of participation, from a scientific point of view it has not yet been sufficiently studied, although recently the Bank of Russia has made an attempt to regulate this process legislatively. Theoretical analysis. The article analyzes the concept of "misseling" and its place in the technique of unfair sales of banking products and services in commercial banks. Modern types of misseling are distinguished: unfair information, related sales, opaque pricing, sale of unsuitable products, product substitution. Empirical analysis. It was revealed that the number of misseling cases in the banking sector in the analyzed period increased, one of the reasons was a significant reduction in the key rate after its high value, low level of the population's financial literacy. Against the background of a significant decrease in complaints related to investment life insurance, there was an increase in complaints related to cumulative life insurance, as well as the number of all other complaints on various topics. Results. The directions of improvement on encountering misselling by the Bank of Russia, commercial banks and clients are formulated and described. One of these areas was the introduction of new rules for the sale of financial products by the Bank of Russia. If the Central Bank of the Russian Federation detects a violation on the part of a commercial bank, it has the right to issue an order to the financial institution to suspend the sale of the product until the problems are eliminated. In some cases, the Bank of Russia may oblige the bank to buy back from customers all products sold in violation and make a full refund.


The Russian Youth Union,one of the largest and the most powerful organizations in Russia,made a correct assessment of the situation and reformed their working mode and concept so as to guide,attract and serve the young by project.According to the constantly changing social reality,the Youth Union were active in developing and running new projects,for the interests and needs of the young,and makes good use of all kinds of resources to push forward the continuing development of the youth work.It is a significant reference for us Communist Youth League and the youth work in China.


Hongshuibao is located in the northwest of Jingtai county , about 45km to the c ounty town, Gansu province. The area is in the east part of Caledonian folded belt of the North Qilian Mountain, stratigraphic units developed well. Fossils are abund ant, engage relationship is clear. The Upper Carboniferous Series is consists of Hongshuibao formation, Yanghugou formation and Taiyuan formation. Sedimentary e nvironment and facies changed from lagoon-tide flat, tributary river barrier t o the deltaic plain, clearly a regression sequence.


To minimize coverage and participation biases, this web survey adopted two complementary sampling strategies: (a) SMS invitations to random-number mobile phones, and (b) Internet advertisements targeting specific sociodemographic groups. This combination of aleatory selection from a rather comprehensive sampling frame, on one hand, and responsive definition of target profiles, on the other, largely succeeded in adjusting the sample to relevant population parameters, albeit with the noteworthy exception of education level.


The diplomatic relationship between Malaysia and Indonesia has been going on since the Srivijaya Empire and the Sultanate of Malacca until today. This relationship marks by conflicts and cooperation influenced by the ruling era of leaders from both countries. As such, researcher thinks that this is an interesting issue to be studied. Therefore, study on this matter will be examined in the writer's thesis entitled "Relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia: A study from Indonesian leadership perspectives."
In this thesis, the author uses the approach of realism as the analytical tool to explain the observed object that has been selected. Discussion in this thesis finds that the leadership policy in Indonesia is so influential on the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia. During the President Soekarno's era, Indonesia foreign affairs especially the bilateral relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia were at the less optimal level. However, when President Soeharto's ruling era, he gave sufficiently large support on the relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia.
After the fall of President Soeharto's administration, leadership in Indonesia has been replaced a few times. The changes in leadership allow reformation in every administrative division to be carried out. The change of Indonesia foreign politics policy on Malaysia is adjusted accordingly to the political situation. From the writer's observation, it is found that the Indonesian leadership is so influential on its relationship with Malaysia. Therefore, the writer suggests that Indonesia has to evaluate the capacity of Indonesian leadership in order in existing problem that affect the relationship of these countries should be solved through the increase of Indonesian leadership's capacity namely by prioritizing the preventive diplomacy to prevent the problems with Malaysia grows into a conflict. Apart from that, the bureaucracy and good political party management is needed to build future leaders' caracter without reducing the values of democracy are also as the basis of a good relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia.


Automotive supply chains are among the most complicated chains to manage because of the involvement of enormous number of suppliers and the associated uncertainties. Any disruption in the chain has a great impact on the performance of the entire chain. Uncertainties in supply chains interfere with their performance and managing uncertainties and risks to reduce this interference is a costly affair. The supply chain managers, therefore, need to prioritise uncertainties in terms of their negative impact on the performance. This will help them identify and adopt an appropriate mitigation strategy to reduce the effect of any kind of uncertainty on a given parameter of performance. Since the occurrence of any kind of uncertainty and its effect on a given performance parameter cannot be ascertained for a selected time horizon, a grey-based modelling technique has been developed to model the relationship between uncertainty and performance.


Students of the Bachelor's Degree in Biological Sciences have the opportunity to take internships in the areas of Science and Biology. Once the internship is one of the first contacts that the student-teacher has with his future field of action, this one, aims to provide moments of interaction with the school environment. According to Pimenta and Lima (2004) the internship is the main basis in the formation of teachers, because it is through him that the professional knows the indispensable aspects for the formation of the construction of the identity and the day-to-day knowledge. The same authors affirm that in addition, it allows the licenciando to develop the posture of researcher, to awaken the observation, acquiring the facility to reorganize the actions to be able to reorient the practice when necessary. For these reasons, we agree with Barros; Silva and Vásquez (2011), when they affirm that the Supervised Internship is an indispensable moment for the graduate making the connection between theory and practice, becoming this, a fundamental activity in what concerns the development of competences intrinsic to the responsible pedagogical action . For these reasons, on this occasion we will report the internship activities developed in the school, searching for alternative methodologies for classes differentiated in the teaching of Natural Sciences. The Natural Sciences cover the contents of Biology, Physics and Chemistry. Thus the present report aims to describe the experiences acquired and experienced during the development of Supervised Internship I, which can occur between the 6th and 9th grade of Elementary School. The practice took place in a municipal School, in the city of Iguatu CE, during the Natural Science classes, together with two 7th grade classes (30 students each), where we completed all stages of the internship process, from the recognition of the school, two weeks of observations and six weeks of regency. During the period of recognition of the school and observation in the classroom; we direct our attention to the school environment, the physical and pedagogical structure of the school; the behavior of the students in and out of the classroom, their participation in classes, as well as interaction with colleagues and the teacher. In this way, we were able to establish links with the basic education scenario itself and to experience moments of reflection about our teacher education. Biology is the science that studies all living beings, from the origin, evolution and dynamic functioning of organisms in their molecular scale to the population and interactional level is divided into several branches, among them, stands out Zoology. According to Araújo-de Almeida (2009), the teaching of Zoology has an immense importance for society, considering the relation of the human being with the other components of the animal kingdom, in the various aspects. This science involves several branches, it provides a rather high degree of difficulty for those who teach and study it, especially when it comes to the development of learning about taxa and their characteristics (WILSON, 2012). In this sense, during the regencies, we ministered zoology contents related to "Porifera, Cnidarians, Platelmines, Anelídeos and Molluscs". For this purpose, lectures were given with the presentation of photographs of the various organisms and the exhibition of short videos, reporting the life habits of these and its importance in the maintenance of life on the planet and lastly, we did the review of the contents through the teaching project. For Capra, Stone and Barlow (2006), the teaching of Sciences and animal diversity is indispensable in the formation of any individual. For we are constantly making decisions that affect the environment and the various organisms that exist in it and biological knowledge helps us to make better decisions in order to collaborate in the maintenance of life because we are another knot in the web. In view of this, this project consisted in using teaching methodologies with active participation of the students, with the purpose of helping them construct meaningful learning about how nature works. To do so, we divided each class into five teams of six students and made available a modeling mass for each of them to produce a different animal from the various groups mentioned, with the purpose of making the science / zoology classes attractive and playful. Thus, the methodology of teaching, fulfilled with the purpose of using other common resources (whiteboard, brush and textbook), such as modeling mass, styrofoam, photographs; which was highly positive, since both classes were very participative, creative and enthusiastic, revealing their abilities with the art in the production of the animals. And regarding learning, we focus on the relationships of humans with other animals and nature as a whole, an essential point for improving the relationship between man and nature. Both classes received our compliments, as well as their own colleagues and even the regent teacher. This teacher also praised us for the initiative, creativity and for the positive results that the project obtained with the students. We know that the zoology taught in Elementary School is centered on the transmission of information, having as strategy the use of the textbook and its transcription on the board, through expository and memoristical classes, which prevents the active participation of the students in the construction of knowledge (BRASIL, 1998). This way of teaching zoology in basic education can be related both to teacher training in undergraduate courses as well as to the use of traditional methods that are still widely used to teach classes. At the moment of praxis, which is the result of the practice with reflection on the theory, the student teacher has the possibility to unite the two, causing the student to obtain meaningful learning, because, as Freire (1996) says, to understand the theory one has to experience it. " In this way, we perceive a participatory and active student of his learning and the teacher (student) becomes a mediator next to him, in the construction of the knowledge. Thus, we could perceive the importance of the internship period and how much it requires of the trainees reflection and creativity, so that the objectives of both institutions (school and university) are achieved, that is, the teaching and learning process occurs both for the students of the school as well as the future teacher, as well as that he also has experience in the classroom, challenge, satisfaction and reflection, when everything works out and when not.


The environmental issues that usually arise from mining activities are ex-coal mining lands in the form of mine pits (void) and land (non void) which are not managed properly. The company has an obligation to manage ex-coal mining land so that the environment remains sustainable and benefits the community by carrying out reclamation activities. Reclamation of ex-coal mining land by planting oil palm provides benefits in the form of incomes and as a carbon assimilator. This study aims to analyze the economics value of the ex-coal mining land use as a carbon assimilator by using the extended NPV analysis method. The result of analysis revealed a positive extended NPV value of IDR. 1,961,057,020,-, which means that ex-coal mining land can provide positive benefits as a carbon assimilator.


To investigate collisions and erosions of particles and cylinder in the near field of circular cylinder wake,direct numerical simulation of a circular cylinder wake flow was proposed by using high-order finite difference method. Based on accurate gas-field simulation,Lagrangian method was employed to trace the particles.With the empirical formula of calculating erosion in the inelastic collision model,the associated collision pattern of particles with different Stokes numbers was examined in detail.Simulation results indicated that the increase of particles' diameters leads to increasing the collision frequency,and that the collision of the bigger particles and the cylinder occurs in the center axis that parallels inflow direction,while the collision positions of the smaller particles move backward.Erosion ratio also increases with increasing diameters of particles.Effect of the impact angles is also significant.For plastic material,the erosion ratio is highest at 20°~30°.


The present article presents an epistemological reflection relating phenomenology to humanities, with special attention to psychological science. It presents the structure of human person in its diverse dimensions (body, psyche and spirit) as well as its constitutive intersubjectivity, revealed by the analysis of living experiences. At first proposed as the structure of the subject of knowledge, it turns out to be the structure of the researcher. From this, ethical questions arise regarding the peculiar complexity of approaching the human subject and ethical questions regarding the very development of scientific research. Philosophical anthropology turns out to be a promising of way of promoting fertile relations between scientific research and ethical posture.


A 58-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of intermittent vertigo with associated nystagmus and mild left-sided high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. An magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 31 15Ymm left-sided cerebellopontine (CP) angle mass, compressing the brainstem. She underwent a left retrosigmoid craniotomy for tumor resection. The tumor pathology was consistent with meningioma. Her postoperative course was unremarkable, and she was discharged on postoperative Day 5. The patient returned 1 month later and was found to have left-sided clear nasal drainage. The clear rhinorrhea developed 2 weeks postoperatively and did not resolve spontaneously. She underwent a left transmastoid repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak using both fascia and abdominal fat. The source of the leak was localized to the subarcuate air cell tract, and it was successfully controlled by ''dumbbelling'' the fat and fascia into the defect and obliterating the mastoid cavity. The patient did well postoperatively and had no clear rhinorrhea postoperatively on clinical examination. Approximately 2 weeks after the CSF leak repair, the patient presented to an outside hospital with headache and malaise. An MRI of the brain was performed, which showed dural enhancement on T1 sequence after gadolinium administration (Figure 1A). Increased signal intensity in the lateral ventricles on the FLAIR sequence was noted (Figure 1B), as well as restricted diffusion in multiple small areas in the brain parenchyma on diffusion-weighted images (Figure 1C). A lumbar puncture was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis. She was admitted for IV antibiotic therapy. Her symptoms gradually improved, and she was discharged home with no further complications.


Classic support vector machines (SVM) kernels (e.g. polynomial, Gaussian) are unable to take advantage of existing problem-specific knowledge. This is especially true when the problem at hand is the classification of sets (or bags) of vectors that may represent textual or visual (e.g. images, videos) data. This article tackles the problem of the classification of sets of positive vectors via SVM. It describes approaches to generate SVM kernels, appropriate for this problem, from generalized inverted Dirichlet (GID) mixtures. We develop several kernels using the fact that the GID belongs to the exponential family of distributions. The promise of such an approach and its advantages are demonstrated via a challenging application that concerns object categorization.


Key micro-mechanisms of cleavage fracture initiation, which control the statistical scale effect, the effect of temperature, strain rate, irradiation embrittlement, and which must be accounted in new improved versions of LA, are discussed. The effect of the crack nuclei generation rate with respect to plastic strain on the characteristics of fracture is analysed quantitatively. It is exhibited that along with radiation-induced hardening, increase in the crack nuclei generation rate in irradiated metal is an important micro-mechanism of radiation embrittlement of RPV steels. Introduction The Local approach to fracture (LA) develops significantly last three decades. This approach has enabled not only to clarify nature and micro-mechanism of metal fracture, but also to describe the effect of loading conditions on the fracture limit of structures, which cannot be easily realized with the conventional global approach [1-5]. However, recent results have demonstrated limitations of the conventional version of LA both in theoretical and applied sense. This is due, first of all, to unnecessarily oversimplified description of the fracture process in Beremin version of LA and it further modifications. Simultaneously with this version, the multi-scale approach to cleavage fracture was offered in [6-10]. Specific feature of this approach lies in possibility to describe regularities of a pre-cracked solid on macroscopic scale based on realistic physical models of the crack nuclei (CN) creation and instability in polycrystalline metals on micro-scale. This version of LA is more sophisticated for applications; however, it may be applied as theoretical basis for further development of the conventional LA. Present report is aimed at presentation of key micro-mechanisms of cleavage fracture initiation in terms of multi-scale model. Physical interpretation of the main micro-mechanisms of radiation-induced embrittlement of RPV steels is given on this basis. Generalized Criterion for Local and Global Fracture Initiation. The cleavage fracture is stochastic process, so, it is advisable to formulate the criterion of limit state of pre-cracked body in stochastic manner. In general case, the criterion for global fracture of pre-cracked body is the following:


The concepts of rational and moral choices are both of ideal types in social science. These are only use for a social analysis and not for a social engineering. The rational peasants do not indicate the rational choice that have been introduced by Samuel L. Popkin, they are, on the other hand, in moral choice that have been stated by James C. Scott. The commercialization of peasants and agricultural sectors do not reflect the rational peasant's movement. In the essay, the Indonesian case, the commercialization of peasants are an effect of the state's project of colonial era and the New Order, these aren't the articulation of the rational peasants.


Abstract Asset utilisation is concerned with how an asset is efficiently and effectively deployed and used. Essentially the asset utilisation is driven (broadly) by the asset design in particular reliability and maintenance considerations. Asset maintenance involves determination of maintenance strategy to manage failures and maintenance resources. This paper discusses the policies for managing integrated maintenance resources (human resource and supporting material) to perform maintenance activities for a complex asset. Good asset utilisation can be achieved by attaining a better performance of the asset using the same amount of maintenance resources or by reducing the amount of maintenance resources used for the same asset performance. A maintenance department may not manage each kind of resources and may have its own policy to achieve better asset performance. Thus, an integrated policy with all related departments is required. This research aims at developing a model to determine an integrated optimum policy with associated departments. It consists of three sub models representing three different departments in an organisation including Maintenance, Human Resource, and Inventory & Purchasing. Through the model, some combinations of the policies are made and tested to find the best combined policy that, in turn, can help to generate better asset performance.


Thyroid hormones enhance fetal lung maturation; this effect is synergisttc with that of glucocorticoids. Their potential clinical usefulness for the prevention of RDS is limited by poor transplacental passage. TRH has been reported to cross the placenta and to stimulate the fetal pituitary-thyroid axis. In order to evaluate its effectiveness pregnant women at term were injected with either saline (n=3), TRH (Thypinone, Abbot) 400 μg (n=4), or TRH 600 μg (n=3), 2 h prior to elective cesarean section. Serum levels of TSH, T3 and prolactin were determined by RIA in mothers and neonates. Administration of 400 μg TRH resulted in a 275% increase in maternal TSH levels and a 22% and 75% increase in T3 and prolactin levels, resp. 600 μg of TRH produced a 309% increase in maternal TSH, but no further increase in T3 or prolactin. The cord blood levels in the babies were as follows:All neonates exhibited the normal postnatal surge in T3 and prolactin levels. No side effects were noted in the mothers or infants. Maternal administration of TRH results in a large increase in fetal T3 levels. TRH could potentially be used to accelerate fetal lung maturation in humans.


The extraction of spectral information in the inversion process of time-domain (TD) induced polarization (IP) data is changing the use of the TDIP method. Data interpretation is evolving from a qualitative description of the subsurface, able only to discriminate the presence of contrasts in chargeability parameters, towards a quantitative analysis of the investigated media, which allows for detailed soil- and rock-type characterization. Two major limitations restrict the extraction of the spectral information of TDIP data in the field: i) the difficulty of acquiring reliable early-time measurements, and ii) the self-potential drift in the measured potentials distorting the shape of the late time. For measuring at early times, we developed a new method for removing harmonic noise from the data. Furthermore, a new scheme for spike removal was developed and tapered windows are used in the data gating. For measuring at late times, we developed a drift-removal scheme that model the polarization effect and allows for preserving the shape of the IP responses at late times. Overall, the removal of harmonic noise, spikes, self-potential drift, tapered windowing, and the uncertainty estimation allows for doubling the usable range of TDIP data to almost four decades in time.


core supposedly has a relatively well resolved varve-based chronology (albeit floating and not shown in this manuscript), the authors integrate varve counts and two types of radiocarbon ages into a simulated 'best age estimate' model. They further demonstrate a series of exercises in generating the synthetic agedepth distributions with a purpose of illustrating the effect of sampling density and sample size (mass carbon) on age model precision. According to the authors, the main idea of the work is an evaluation of how reliable gas source radiocarbon ages on miniature samples are for constructing age models. This is important for those lake records which lack enough datable material for the conventional radiocarbon analyses. The implications highlighted by the authors include (a) how to "improve sampling strategies" (the more age determinations the better, just as one may expect); and (b) what are the "expectations of age uncertainty". Among the benefits of skipping the graphitization step when using gas-source technique the authors cite "reduced cost", but there is no comparison provided for the respective costs for the two types of the techniques used.


The authors of this work describe the advantages and disadvantages of the ICP-MS analysis of toxic characteristics leaching procedure extract. This study presents the matrix spike recoveries for all of the rcra metals except mercury. these metals include/ arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, selenium, and silver, as well as zinc, chromium, and copper.


Cross-directional (CD) control systems regulate product properties in industrial web processes by manipulating the inputs to arrays of actuators. In many of these processes, the product wanders or undergoes transformations such as stretching that introduce lateral shifts in the location of the actuator responses. The spatial position of the center of the response of each actuator is known as the actuator mapping and for CD controllers to operate effectively, it is important that this is known accurately. Actuator mapping is one of the main sources of uncertainty in the model that is used to design CD controllers and mismapping can lead to closed-loop instability, so CD controllers are often designed conservatively to provide robustness to this uncertainty. Because CD controllers can operate with a significant level of mismapping, both the dynamic and steady-state responses of the closed-loop system are often degraded. In practice, it is difficult to detect the presence of mismapping, but this brief describes an online diagnostic technique based on a vector auto regression (VAR) representation of the closed-loop response of the actuator inputs, which derives a statistic from existing plant data that can be used in a hypothesis test to detect the presence of mismapping. The performance of the technique is demonstrated by results from an implementation on a plastic film process.


In this study, based on the evaluation of fishy value and sensory evaluation, this study determined that soaking in a 1% salt solution for 60 min had a significant impact on the deodorization of beef liver (p < 0.05). The results showed that salt infiltration promoted the release of fishy substances, improving the edible and processing performance of beef liver. The identification of flavor compounds in raw and roasted beef liver via GC–IMS implies that (E)–2–octenal–M, (E)–3–penten–2–one–M, ethyl acetate–M, ethyl acetate–D, and methanethiol are closely related to improving the flavor of beef liver; among them, (E)–2–octenal–M, (E)–3–penten–2–one–M, and methanethiol can cause beef liver odor, while nonanal–M, octanal–M, benzene acetaldehyde, n–hexanol–D, butyl propanoate–M, heptanal–D, heptanal–M, and 3–methylthiopropanal–M had significant effects on the flavor formation of beef liver steak. The determination of reducing sugars revealed that salt soaking had no significant effect on the reducing sugar content of beef liver, and the beef liver steak was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), proving that reducing sugars promoted the formation of beef liver steak flavor under roasting conditions. Fatty acid determination revealed that salt soaking significantly reduced the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in beef liver (p < 0.05), promoting the process of fat degradation and volatile flavor production in the beef liver steak. Salt plays a prominent role in salting–out and osmosis during deodorization and flavor improvement. Through controlling important biochemical and enzymatic reactions, the release of flavor substances in a food matrix was increased, and a good deodorization effect was achieved, which lays a foundation for further research on the deodorization of beef liver and the flavor of beef liver steak.


The main objective of this research was to analyze the influence of bait and funnel constructions on the catch of deep sea pot in Palabuhanratu Bay. The experimental fishing used each of 5 units rigid and soft funnel of the deep sea pots filled with bait of shark and ray meat. The result showed that shark and ray baits did not have a significant influence on the weight of pots catch. The rigid and soft funnel constructions also did not have a significant influence on the catch. Therefore, both shark and ray baits used on the deep sea pots for catching fish at the depth of 200 m in Palabuhanratu Bay had the same effectiveness. The rigid funnel pot was a more suitable construction to catch fish, because it was easy to construct, relatively heavy and fast to sink, so it reduced the setting time.