D Sun is the Medical Director of SmartTots, a public-private partnership between the Food and Drug Administration and International Anesthesia Research Society to support research that will make anesthesia and sedation safer in infants and children. Significant adverse physical and neurodevelopmental effects following perinatal exposure to "toxins" or drugs have almost always first manifested clinically. To elucidate biological mechanisms and test effective strategies for prevention and mitigation, research using animal models would then follow. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are one such example of this research pathway. The constellation of adverse effects in children with fetal exposure to alcohol was first reported in 1973.1 Through the use of various animal models that were developed for research of FASD, alcohol-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain was shown to be mediated through blockade of NMDA glutamate receptors and hyperactivation of GABAA receptors.2 As anesthetic agents have similar mechanisms of action, Dr. Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic tested the effects of anesthesia exposure in postnatal day 7 rats. She was the first to demonstrate anesthetic neurotoxicity in the developing brain, and found that exposure to anesthetic agents in postnatal day 7 rats induced widespread neurodegeneration and persistent learning deficits.3 However, unlike FASD, there were no known clinical signs of physical or neurodevelopmental effects of anesthetic exposure in young children. In 2007, following a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Advisory Committee meeting, Mellon et al4 published a white paper comprehensively summarizing the available preclinical literature on anesthetic neurotoxicity in the developing brain. This white paper raised concerns about anesthetic neurotoxicity in young children receiving general anesthesia. Because millions of children receive general anesthesia in the United States and throughout the world, anesthetic neurotoxicity could potentially be a very serious public health issue. Thus, there was an urgent need to examine the neurodevelopmental effects of anesthesia in young children. The first Pediatric Anesthesia and Neurodevelopment Assessment (PANDA) scientific symposium on "Anesthesia and neurodevelopment in children," organized by the PANDA study team in May 2008, brought together researchers, clinicians, and representatives from the FDA to strategize the direction of clinical research in anesthetic neurotoxicity. The initial program included 4 sessions: (1) Anesthetic neurotoxicity: preclinical and clinical data; (2) Neurodevelopmental studies: what to test, which test, who should do the test; (3) Epidemiological studies and important issues in multicenter studies; and (4) Future directions and the PANDA study. Since 2008, the PANDA Symposium has been held every other year at Columbia University Medical Center. The program of each symposium has covered the 4 major areas outlined above for the 2008 PANDA symposium: research updates,


Introduction Breastfeeding has been reported to have a number of health advantages for both the mother and the child, some of which are more solidly established than others. The evidence that breastfeeding protects against gastrointestinal and respiratory infection is strong and consistent, with major implications for morbidity and even mortality, particularly in developing-country settings. Because these infections rarely have life-anddeath consequences in industrialized countries, however, the major recent focus in such countries has been on the potential role of breastfeeding in protecting over the long term against adult chronic diseases (including obesity, coronary heart disease and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes), and specifically, its potentially beneficial effects on neurocognitive development and behaviour. Because of the practical and ethical difficulties in randomizing healthy human infants to be breastfed vs. formula-fed or to different durations or exclusivity of breastfeeding, the scientific evidence bearing on these outcomes is based almost exclusively on observational (non-experimental) studies. It is in this context that the papers by Woodward and Liberty, Perez-Escamilla, Lawrence, and Greiner have attempted to review the available evidence. The first three of these four papers summarize the literature linking infant feeding to early child development, while the fourth focuses on health services and policies to protect, support and promote breastfeeding in developed-country settings.


A system for providing private branch exchange (PBX) operation information outputted through a computer-telephony integration (CTI) interface as CTI events, the system comprising: an operation information web server storing various PBX operation information received through the CTI interface; and at least one client PC (personal computer) connected via the Internet to the operation information web server, the client PC making a request to the operation information web server for the PBX operation information, and the operation information web server responsively converting the PBX operation information to an HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) file and transmitting the HTML file to the client PC such that the client PC displays the received information on a monitor. The system provides various operation information generated in a PBX to a user, without installation of a separate program.


with reference to perpetual inventory method,this paper first constructes the cumulative amount of fixed capital model of passenger transport,and then calculates the cumulative amount of fixed capital of road infrastructures,traffic management infrastructures,public transport park,social car park,rail traffic infrastructures,and passenger vehicles,respectively.The result shows that the growth of traffic infrastructures' cumulative amount of fixed capital is similar to the passenger vehicles' during the 10th five-year plan in Beijing.The capital reserve of transport infrastructure grew quickly enough to resist the press of the growth of vehicle volume.Furthermore,this paper considers that the cumulative amount of the fixed capital of passenger transport which is expressed in currency can be one index which evaluates the transport supply comprehensive in one area till one time.


Underwater visibility varies widely from site to site. For example, muddy estuaries can be so turbid that visibility is zero, and it is pitch black. At the other extreme, clean rocky coasts can have excellent visibility. There are all stages in between and many exceptions. The importance of visibility to this paper lies firstly in its degree of impairment of everyday work, and secondly because it determines whether photogrammetric methods are feasible. Examples personally experienced include the Mary Rose, buried in Solent mud, where visibility rarely exceeded 2m (Rule 1982). On this site photogrammetry was hardly ever used, and it was noticeable that when visibility dropped below 0.5m all work was significantly impeded. By contrast the Sea Venture in Bermuda lies in a coral gully (Adams 1985; Adams and Rule 1991), and normally has visibility in excess of 15m. Extensive use was made of photomosaics at this site.


In this paper, we present applications using BroadbandPower Line Communications (B-PLC) networks in low voltage conditions; improving multi-objective paths as a function of base station (BS) and channel allocations (CA). Considering the B-PLC network hierarchy model approach based on ATM Networks, we identified the basis for Generalized Base Station Placement (GBSP), minimizing costs and maximizing coverage as well as the Signal Noise Rate (SNR) and Channel Frequency Response (CFR). The development of an Approximation Hierarchy Model considered modulations aspects to achieve B-PLC operation. This work considers Frequency Division Duplex/ over Time Division Duplex (FDD/TDD) and Time Division Multiplexing Access (TDMA), within a B-PLC electrical network, and the SNR was maintained without important variations. The behavior of different communication channels of the same B-PLC network with different technology permitted observing its complete compatibility.


The utility model discloses an antenna device and a terminal. The antenna device comprises a shielding device. The shielding device at least comprises a first part which is made of a material capable of shielding wireless signals. The shielding device can move. When the first part is on a first position, the first part shields an antenna, so that the antenna cannot receive and/or send signals. When the first part is moved out of the first position, the antenna operates normally. The antenna device solves a problem that a related technology can manage NFC communication safety just through software, so that security is enhanced in hardware.


Nowadays, the interest in Virtual Reality (VR) is growing from both the academia and other areas like in the industry. VR technology has been used widely as a major technological advance which can offer a significant support to education. The agricultural students at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria faces some challenges like lack of resources to enable them carry out their farming activities as expected due to a little or no sufficient farmland. Therefore, this research has been used to improve the students' education by developing a prototype for learning maize planting. The VR on maize planting has potentially helped the student in learning the maize planting process and also provide them with a new experience on exploring the virtual world. This study adopted the stratified sampling using 50 students in the agriculture department at the University of Ilorin and as a result, it was found that the use of the VR maize planting has a significant effect on the assessment of the students.


The use of laser microtexturing on plastic surfaces is shown to delay the onset of conductivity when successive coats of silver are applied using PVD. The same microtextured surfaces, especially the hydrophobic ones, are also shown to keep their dielectric strength much better than nontextured surfaces under actual short circuits of complete products. This behavior can be explained by the diffusion and aggregation of particles at the hollows of microtextures and their highly nonuniform distribution at the peaks.


For the sake of holding the overall heat transfer coefficient change of Wei-Jing Oil Pipeline,optimizing the run program of the pipeline,economizing on energy for the pipeline run, the method of the soil thermal conductivity is applied for measuring the overall heat transfer coefficient of the pipeline. The key of the measurement is the soil thermal conductivity of the pipeline buried depth and its measurement. The probe method is applied for measuring the soil thermal conductivity along the pipeline. The philosophy and method of measurement for measuring the soil thermal conductivity are expatiated. The probe for measuring the soil thermal conductivity is designed and executed, the orientation of the measuring point and the buried depth measurement are by the underground line scouting instrument. The data of the field test is done regression by the numerical method. By the field test,the all-year average overall heat transfer coefficientof the pipeline is 1. 868 6 W/(m2 ·℃). The field measurement indicates that the soil thermal conductivity is available approach for measuring the overall heat transfer coefficient of the buried pipeline.


Across the United States, there is a rising incidence of melanoma in the adolescent and young adult population. Collegiate athletes are at an increased risk of skin cancer because of prolonged, frequent exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The aim of this quantitative study was to evaluate an improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and sun safety behaviors after an educational intervention for female collegiate athletes (N = 81). Data collection occurred in three phases: a pretest was issued before the face-to-face educational intervention and a posttest was issued immediately after the intervention. A final posttest was distributed 3 months after the intervention. After an educational intervention, the collegiate athletes showed an increase in knowledge and an improvement in attitudes and behaviors. The difference in knowledge between the pretest and the posttest was statistically significant (p G .000). The increase in knowledge at the final posttest was also statistically significant (p G .000). After an educational intervention, female collegiate athletes experienced an improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and sun safety behaviors. Establishing routine sun safety education may potentially reduce the risk of melanoma in this vulnerable population.


The application of that robot system for the automatic assembly of commercial cavity blocks is the subject of the following report.What is characteristic of cavity blocks is the fact that they are at first assembled dry, without cementing material, and the masonry is later filled with mortar. As to their weight and dimension, the cavity blocks used by various companies are adjusted to the ergonomics of a mason. The entirely different characteristics and abilities of assembly robots are not taken into consideration. However, their dimensional tolerance is relatively small (0.5 mm). Furthermore as cavity bricks, they have conic and oval recesses. Both features are strongly favourable for automation. This report will highlight specific problems during automized construction assembly with commercial standard assembly elements, and help to solve them[6]. 1. Characteristics of a building system The basic forms of construction systems for the manufacturing of building parts result from the type, dimension, material, quantity and location of the respective building part and its components. Each of these building systems is associated with a certain operating procedure; such procedures are generally characterized by a working object, working instruments and working methods. The search for conceptual varieties [16] of automized systems for the erection of building parts leads to a three-dimensional solution field for partial functions, which is made up of the variations of 1. the working objects, i.e. the building parts to be erected, 2. the working instrument, i.e. the tools and materials used and 3. working methods, i.e. the operating procedure employed. Working object. As to the working object, building construction differentiates between the following building parts: 1. unitized units, 2. supporting walls, 3. storey ceilings, 4. girders and 5. columns. The criteria which influence the arrangement of assembly elements and thus their mode of connection are shown in fig. 1. supporting and nonsup columns, girders, supporting exterior walls, supporting an porting non-supporting interior walls insulating and dividing sound-absorbing, heat-insulating, water-resisting geometrical dimension one-dimensional (e.g. struts, columns, girders), two dimensional (e.g. wall panels), three-dimensional (e.g unitized units) Fig.l. Criteria relevant for the automation of a building division


SYNTHESIS OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES USING MECHANOCHEMICAL MILLING. ZnO nanoparticles has gained much attention because of their interesting nature and character. Researchers have developed a variety of methods to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with their advantages and disadvantages. In this study, ZnO was synthesized by mechanochemical milling method using High Energy Milling machines (HEM-E3D) which has the advantages can produce nano-sized ZnO without needing any high temperature treatment, using ZnCl, NaCO 3 , and NaCl reagent. The optimum time to get the smallest size with the highest fraction of ZnO will be evaluated. Synthesis results showed that the addition of milling time will result in smaller particle size and reaching the minimum size of 135.6 nm at milling time of 180 minutes. The longer milling time will enlarged particle size up to 877.7 nm for milling time of 420 minutes. The results of X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) analysis showed that at 60 min and 480 min milling ZnO compound were formed, although in relatively small quantities. Only at 480 min milling time pure ZnO without any mixture of other phases were obtained. It can be concluded that nano ZnO can be synthesized by mechanochemical milling method. The smallest particles can be obtained with milling time for 180 minutes, while it necessary 480 minutes milling to obtain pure ZnO. Product yield will be maximized by optimizing the calcination process. Kata kunci: ZnO, Nano ZnO, Mechanochemical milling


Blood studies in gastrectomized animals have been done in the dog 1 and in the rat. 2 The presence of substances effective in pernicious anemia in hog's liver and whole desiccated stomach made it seem worth while to study the effect of gastrectomy in the hog on hematopoiesis. We desire to report our preliminary observations during the past 7 months. Five Poland China pigs 12 1/2 weeks of age were selected. On the 24th of June, 1933, four of the pigs were gastrectomized by us in the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin Medical School at Madison,∗ one being reserved as control. The distal end of the esophagus was sutured to the side of the first loop of jejunum after closing the proximal end of the duodenum. The operation is more easily performed in the hog than in the dog. One animal died on the day following operation due to peritonitis consequent to spillage of material from a stomach distended with food, the stomach of this hog not having emptied after 12 hours of starvation. The remaining animals were transferred from Madison to our laboratories on their 48th postoperative day. They have been kept in open air cages since their second postoperative week. A second animal died of stricture of the lower esophagus 71 days after operation. This stricture occurred at the site at which the clamp had been applied. The remaining 2 pigs and the control are living and well on their 210th postoperative day. The results of gastrectomy and of therapy with ferric ammonium citrate on the microcytic hypochromic anemia, which developed to a point requiring treatment in their fourth postoperative month, are summarized in the accompanying table. The diet has consisted of a mixed meal (18% P; 3.5%fat; 45% C; and 7% fiber) made into a thick mush and brought to the boiling point in a steam cooker.


The positive reception afforded to many Serbian-produced films in Croatia since the breakup of Yugoslavia seems surprising, given the strained relations between the two states. Such films as Goran Markovic's Tito i ja have been viewed as products of an enduring Yugosphere, whereby Croatian audiences have not experienced them as foreign, Serbian imports but rather as elements of a common culture and heritage to which they possess equal ownership. Yugosphere reception in Croatia has only been superseded in cases like Boro Draskovic's Vukovar jedna prica, when a Serbian film was perceived as directly challenging narratives of Croatian national victimhood.


A diagnostic X-ray apparatus (1) of an embodiment is provided with: an X-ray irradiator (3a1) for irradiating X-rays toward a subject (P); an X-ray detector (3b1) for detecting X-rays that have been irradiated by the X-ray irradiator (3a1) and have passed through the subject (P); a movement mechanism (3b2) for changing the relative position of the X-ray detector (3b1) with respect to the subject (P); a display unit (6) for displaying an X-ray image based on the X-rays detected by the X-ray detector (3b1); a region-setting unit (7a2) for setting the region of interest in the X-ray image displayed in the display screen of the display unit (6); and a movement control unit (7a1) for controlling the movement mechanism (3b2) so as to maintain the region of interest set by the region-setting unit (7a2) in the display screen.


Planning of a manufacturing process is a knowledge-intensive task in which a lot of information/knowledge must be managed, especially to the most conceptual levels. One of these tasks that is realized at supervisor planning level, consists of the assignment and configuration of resources for each activity to execute. Decisions that must be based on the resource capabilities, which depend largely on resource configuration, so that they can ensure a good result. As it is well known, the ontological approaches have shown well positioned in these cases where knowledge management is needed, moreover, these approaches enable a shared conceptualization, which make it possible to implement process planning in a collaborative environment, particularly when they are accompained by a methodology that facilitates their interpretation and use. In previous researches, a general ontology for modelling the resource capabilities involved in a process has been proposed. This ontology has been specialized in order to support the process planning task and a methodology supported on graphical representation for validating the configurations of resources 2 assigned in a manufacturing process has been proposed. Based on these results, in this paper, an extended ontology for the inspection process planning is presented. This extension includes new types of activities (inspection activities) and new type of resources (inspection resources), and is centered on the dimensional and geometrical capabilities of the resources. Additionally, using the ontology semantics and the proposed methodology, an application for an inspection plan is developed. The inspection process planning case is focused on the preparation activities used for obtaining the configurations of the resources, since they largely determine the capabilities of the resulting resources. The application demonstrates the proficiency of the ontology to execute manufacturing planning and inspection planning in a dual form.


Peter Wickens, who is Director of Personnel and Information Systems of the Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd, puts 'lean production' in its historical context, examines some of the criticisms of the system and considers some of the changes taking place in Japan. He goes on to suggest possible ways forward and makes the case for a system of 'lean production' managed by people who care about people.


It is necessary to provide a dependable, realistic, and scalable network for Adhoc communication between cars in order to enable intelligent traffic communication. This paper takes everything into consideration while creating our modified model for the quickest route. In this case, our approach offers the user more than one route/path to take in order to reach the goal. The purpose of a position tracking system is to identify the shortest route possible in order to save time. whereas the earlier model only considered the shortest distance and did not consider the time factor. Earlier models only considered the shortest distance and did not consider the time factor. In this case, artificial intelligence is being used to monitor the location of the item and then determine the shortest route between the source and the destination. The shortest path is the most direct route from point A to point B, and it will make use of artificial intelligence to aid in decision-making power. In order This addition provides us with a This improvement gets the realities of world. In this way, the real-world implications of this model provide us with additional real-world parameters and a real-time situation for route traveling. Travelers will save time as a result of this. In addition, we put the findings of the experiments into practice by communicating with moving cars through wireless sensor networks (WSNs) radios of various types and configurations. Our goal is to offer measurable background knowledge on various types of automotive networking methods in order to identify the most effective solution for a variety of distinct use scenarios. The suggested method, which makes use of real-time information, provides us with a more dynamic model for determining the quickest route. Its ability to offer real-time information makes it the ideal model for the future, and its improvement gets us closer to real-time circumstances while saving passengers' time.


Body Weight Support Systems (BWSSs) are used for medical rehabilitation of patients with lower limb impairments. A typical BWSS comprises a series of multi-body segments with dynamics that suit complex human movement, a relationship that is imperative due to subtle and close interaction with the human body. At present, challenges exist in accurately modeling human movement, human biomechanics and the interaction between the human body and a BWSS. This paper presents a method of using standard motion capture data, then applying Newtonian mechanics to create an easy to use, and useful simulation of ground reaction forces for simulation models of body weight support systems currently available. The challenge in modeling a body weight support system is accounting for the variable and often indeterminable ground reaction forces. In this paper the sum of ground reaction forces are utilised for simulation and evaluation of three different body weight support systems. Effective modelling of body weight support systems enables critical analysis of mechanical and control systems offline to the rehabilitation process.


The catalytic activity of several metal salts for low-temperature activation of methane in oleum medium was studied. The results show that KBr, Ag_2SO_4, La_2(SO_4)_3, PbSO_4 and HgSO_4 have good catalytic activity in the oxidation of methane to methyl bisulfate and the activity of HgSO_4 is the highest. KNO_3 has the ability to catalytically convert part of SO_2 to H_2SO_4 and slow down the dilution of H_2SO_4.


The daily dynamics of primary microclimatic factors in the succession of karst vegetation were studied within the
representative karst regions which locate in different climatic zone, Guangxi Province. The results indicated that the light
intensity, air femperehue and soil temperature of the rocky desertification and herbage stages were high, and the relative
humidity (RH) was low, moreover the variation of the microclimatic factors was obvious; the light intensity and air temperature
under canopy of the shrub stage were lower and little variation, while it was reverse over the canopy, in the deciduous broadleaf
forest and evergreen and deciduous mixed broadleaf forest stages, the light intensity, air fempenhre and soil temperature were
greatly decreased as well as the RH was higher, and the daily dynamics of primary microclimatic factors was stable. The
dynames of primary microclimatic factors was mainly related to the community structure and species components.


The latest studies were reviewed on the bioactivities of procyanidins—the extracts from plants, including antioxidant and anti-aging, heart protecting against perfusion injury, health maintenance of hepatocytes, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimutagenic and DNA protecting properties. This sort of constituents shows great bioactivities and development value.


Objectives
To design of a tailored social and behavior change communication (SBCC) strategy to improve program coverage and key nutrition behaviors of internally displaced persons (IDP) in northeast Nigeria,To determine preferred and appropriate ways of integrating one- and two-way mobile communication tools into SBCC activities,To demonstrate application of the Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP) formative research approach in a humanitarian context with severe insecurity.

Methods
A RAP approach and was conducted over 4 weeks in August, 2018. It included multiple qualitative methods and various participant types for triangulation. In-depth interviews (IDI), open-ended interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted among mothers and fathers of children under 5 years, local community leaders and health workers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among professionals (nutrition and technology experts) with contextual programming knowledge. Interviews and FGD were digitally recorded in Hausa or Kanuri before translation and transcription into English. Textual data were managed in NVivo software, where salient themes pertinent to the research questions were identified.

Results
A total of 29 IDI, 12 FGD and 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted among diverse stakeholders. An SBCC strategy was designed with preferred communication channels, defined audience segments and tailored messages using emic terms in local languages. Primary caregivers, typically female in this context, were identified as the primary audience. Community health workers, local leaders (e.g., imams) and husbands were identified as secondary audiences who influence the primary caregivers' nutrition behaviors. Interpersonal (care groups), media (radio) and mobile technologies (interactive voice response calls; SMS; chatbots in low-cost websites) emerged as preferred and viable communication channels. Salient terms and phrases were applied to standard biomedical nutrition messages about breastfeeding and complementary feeding.

Conclusions
A RAP approach offers a viable formative research model in humanitarian contexts where security challenges might not allow for desired lengthy, in-depth formative work typical of high-quality SBCC strategy design.

Funding Sources
World Food Program, Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA).

Supporting Tables Images and/or Graphs


Abstract: In a commercial society, said Adam Smith, "every man becomes in some measure a merchant." If Smith is right, what does that mean for the character of the society? This paper addresses the character forming effects of the market—and, specifically its impact on the "virtues." There is a long tradition of viewing commerce as subversive of the virtues. In this view, the market is held to have legitimated the pursuit of narrow self-interest at the expense of social and civic obligations and moral restraints. But, as Albert Hirschman has shown, many Enlightenment moralists saw commercial society as a moralizing force. Which view is right? This paper examines how many of the character traits that we commonly call virtues are rewarded—and so presumably reinforced and diffused—by the market. In this way, the market (as it were by a hidden hand) strengthens its own foundations and reproduces a moral culture that is functional to its own needs.


The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). In the WCDA, 3600 Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) and the Front End Electronics (FEEs) are scattered within a 90000 m2 area, while a time measurement resolution better than 0.5 ns is required in the readout electronics. To achieve such time measurement precision, high quality clock distribution and synchronization among the 400 FEEs (each FEE for 9 PMTs readout) is required. To simplify the electronics system architecture, data, commands, and clock are transmitted simultaneously through fibers over a 400-m distance between FEEs and the Clock and Data Transfer Modules (CDTMs). In this article, we propose a new method based on the White Rabbit (WR) to achieve completely automatic clock phase alignment between different FEEs. The original WR is enhanced to overcome the clock delay fluctuations due to ambient temperature variations. This paper presents the general scheme, the design of prototype electronics, and initial test results. These indicate that a clock synchronization precision better than 50 ps is achieved over 1 km fibers, which is well beyond the application requirement.


The Underground Public Pedestrian Facility(UPPF) has to be accessible by the public, the space has to be planed as if anyone could use it without obstacles. As we enter the aging society, the portion of elderly population is consistently increasing and the portion for the handicapped is also increasing. However the current UPPF's universal design does not correspond to the related law and regulation for the system. In respect to it, the purpose of this study is as follows. First, this study proposes a analysis framework extracting from the laws and regulations related to universal design of UPPF. Second, this study compares and contrasts the physical conditions of UPPF to the analysis framework related to universal design through the research of the facility. Third, this study analyzes whether the handicapped can move in UPPF sequentially or not.


The present investigation has for general objective to
 realize a descriptive and quantitative analysis of the exportation
 of Chilean wines towards Canada under the Free Trade Agreement
 (FTA) between Chile and Canada, throughout two ways. First. A
 descriptive analysis of the wine industries in Chile and Canada, of
 the technologies used for yield, management and trade of the wine,
 and finally analysis of the Chilean exportation strategies under
 the FTA Chile - Canada throughout diverse bibliographical sources.
 Second. A quantitative analysis of four specific investigation
 objectives: Characterization of the Chilean exporting wineries
 towards Canada and their products, provincial Monopolies and
 barriers to entry, technological level in the Chilean industry
 regarding the Canadian and strategies used by the Chilean wineries
 in Canada. This was done through a survey applied to a
 representative sample of Chilean exporting wineries that export
 wine towards Canada. Throughout both methodologies it was possible
 to determine that the FTA with Canada does not grant more benefits
 than the tributaries ones to the Chilean exporting wineries. The
 provincial monopolies generate barriers of entry to the Chilean
 exporting wineries; nevertheless they lead the market in an
 efficient way. The technological Chilean level is upper than the
 Canadian in the wine production chain. Also it was identified that
 a great proportion of Chilean wineries are adopting certifications
 recognized internationally. The strategy followed by Chile on the
 Canadian wine market is a good relationship between price and
 quality, but there is consensus that is needed to go for segments
 of higher quality and / or price and besides generate a
 recognizable country's image all over the world.


made with high chemoselectivity from amino acids or linear peptides, isocyanides, and amphoteric aziridine aldehydes in a one-step process. Importantly, the resulting products possess useful structural features that allow specific modification at defined positions. In our initial work, we formed serial batches of peptides using conventional macroscale synthetic techniques. The utility of this method is limited, however, without a high-throughput approach for generating focused libraries of peptide macrocycles. Such a method would be automated and would enable multistep reactions to be handled in parallel. Herein, we present a new miniaturized technique for synchronized on-chip synthesis of peptide macrocycles and related products. The most common format for miniaturized synthesis is enclosed microchannels in planar platforms. Such systems have been used for conventional organic synthesis, polymerization reactions, formation of biomolecules, such as peptides and DNA, and generation of nanoparticles and colloids. However, there are some challenges that limit the scope of their use for parallel chemical synthesis. For example, many microchannel platforms are formed from poly(dimethylsiloxane), a material that is susceptible to degradation in common organic solvents. Furthermore, control of many reagents simultaneously (a feature required to implement parallel synthetic reactions) in microchannels requires pumps, tubing, valves, and/or threedimensional channel networks that can be difficult to fabricate and operate. This has prompted researchers to develop specialized techniques to overcome this limitation. Another disadvantage associated with the microchannel format is the challenge inherent in the removal of solvents and re-dissolution of solids that are common steps in synthesis. Solid reagents and products can clog microchannels, making targeted reagent delivery difficult to control. Finally, the small volumes of samples in microchannels makes it difficult to recover them in sufficient quantities for off-line analysis techniques, such as NMR spectroscopy. In need of a platform capable of generating a) peptide macrocycles for downstream transfer onto functionalized surfaces, and b) spatially resolved macrocyclic peptide products in the solid state, we chose an alternative format for automation of synthesis, called digital microfluidics. In digital microfluidics, discrete nL to mL sized droplets of samples and reagents are controlled in parallel by applying a series of electrical potentials to an array of electrodes coated with a hydrophobic insulator (Figure 1). Digital microfluidics has become popular for biological and chemical applications, including cell culture and assays, enzyme assays, immunoassays, protein processing, clinical sample processing and analysis, and synthesis of anisotropic Scheme 1. Synthesis of peptide-based macrocycles and their structurally modified derivatives.


In mammals, anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by Sertoli cells from the onset of testicular differentiation and by granulosa cells only after birth. SOX9, a transcription factor related to the testis‐determining factor SRY, is expressed in mouse testis 1 day before AMH. To determine the relationship between AMH and SOX9 in birds, we cloned the AMH promoter in search of SOX9 response elements, and we compared the expression of AMH and SOX9 in the gonads of chick embryos using in situ hybridization. Potential SOX response elements were found in the AMH promoter; however, AMH is expressed in both sexes at stage 25, 1 day before the first SOX9 transcripts appear in the male gonads. SOX9 is never expressed in the female. These results do not support the hypothesis that SOX9 could trigger the expression of testicular AMH in the chick but does not exclude a later role in testis development. Dev. Dyn. 1998;212:522–532. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


type="main" xml:id="ecca12134-abs-0001"> This paper examines the determinacy implications of forecast-based monetary policy rules that set the interest rate in response to expected future inflation in a Neo-Wicksellian model that incorporates real balance effects. We show that the presence of such effects in closed economies restricts the ability of the Taylor principle to prevent indeterminacy of the rational expectations equilibrium. The problem is exacerbated in open economies, particularly if the policy rule reacts to consumer-price, rather than domestic-price, inflation. However, determinacy can be restored in both closed and open economies with the addition of monetary policy inertia.


An autonomous test is one of the key technologies in an autonomous system. Based on the multitask mechanism of an embedded real-time operation system, the software environment for an autonomous test is proposed. The influence factors of task importance are also considered in order to form a comprehensive criterion. A synthetic evaluation and fuzzy scheduling model is established, and the evaluating method for clustering effect is provided afterwards. The experiment shows the validity of the model.


Recently Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Beacons gain high popularity due to their low consumption of energy and, thereby, long lifetime. Using the BLE protocol, these devices emit advertisement packets at fixed intervals for a short duration. Indoor localization solutions aim to provide an accurate, low cost estimate of sub-room indoor positioning. There are various techniques proposed for this purpose. BLE Beacons are good hardware candidates to assist the creation of such indoor localization solutions. Given the exact position of BLE Beacons, one can attempt to estimate a reciver position according to the received signal power. In this work, we investigated the success of such an indoor localization approach employing multiple BLE Beacons and two different estimation techniques. The results of the experiments indicate that employing multiple BLE Beacons increases the success of prediction techniques considerably.


The foreword gives a brief but useful history of Japanese Americans in North America as a way of orienting the reader. It takes the reader from the earliest arrival of Japanese to the continent and Hawaii, through the wartime internment of some 11,000 Japanese Americans, to the modern times. Besides dissertations, indexes, and so on, the volume is divided into 26 substantive sections that cover the whole gamut of Japanese American experience through history. Listing of as many as 122 bibliographies is alone a comment on how extensive this compilation is. This is followed by some 70 directories of all sorts and over 100 periodicals, including such obscure titles as Gila News-Courier (1942—45), and the Hinode Shimbun (1895—97). Other major headings include emigration out of Japan, Japanese-American relations affecting emigration, history of the nikkei in three periods (prewar, postwar, and the war period in the middle), nikkei as a discriminated minority, social life, women, elders, education (especially in camp and language education), economic and subsistence life, politics, law (including redress and citizenship renunciation), speech and communication, press, religion (divided into "Japanese" and Christian religions), art, literature, biographies, sociopsychological life, "somatics (physiology and medicine)," research methodology, and government documents. The work is complete with separate indexes for authors, titles, and subject/ geography. Indexes alone take up three hundred pages of this massive work. Since many sources overlap in multiple sections but are not listed except in one section, the indexes are critical means for locating sources. Some reservations may be noted. The glossary defining 21 English (e.g., "assembly center"), Japanese (e.g., "sansei"), Ryukyuan (e.g., "uchinanchu"), and Hawaiian (e.g., "haole") terms is probably all too brief to be of great use to German readers, most of whom have almost no knowledge about Japanese Americans. One would have liked to have all redress titles together, rather than separated into sections on postwar history, law, and others, though the subject and geographic index certainly helps. Also, the "literature" section is devoted exclusively to literary criticism, and does not contain fiction, poetry, and other literary works by Japanese Americans, which I consider a major omission. It is well to note in this connection that it does not contain secondary sources in Japanese language. It does include primary sources in Japanese, such as newspapers and magazines published in North America by Japanese Americans. What it does not contain are sizeable research findings published in Japanese language, mostly by scholars in Japan. Apart from English sources, Japanese language sources constitute the largest reservoir of research on nikkei (those of Japanese descent) in North America. A compendium of Japanese scholarship on the subject as comprehensive as the volume under review would surely be a boon to this field. Nonetheless, one is overwhelmed by the sheer extensiveness of the coverage of this volume. Those who work in Japanese American studies must thank the compilers for this indispensable research tool.


This master thesis aims to provide a guide for B2B oriented software companies on how to embark on the subscription journey. The subscription model itself brings a very different perspective on how to make business – it starts with different ways of engaging with the customer and a lot more customer care after the deal was made. To achieve this the business must readjust and align itself to the customers to be able to retain them. All this comes with the promise of increasing recurring revenue that should be more predictable and should outgrow the perpetual sales over time.


SUMMARY

The suitabilities of eleven chemical aphicides were compared for application to plants on which biological control of Tetranychus urticae by Phytoseiulus persimilis was in progress. It was concluded that currently used aphicides offer insufficient selectivity to provide a basis for integrated control programmes, although some older insecticides may have value.


Living free-radical copolymerization of the inimer 4-vinylbenzyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate with maleic anhydride in the presence of methyl methacrylate produces highly branched poly(methyl methacrylate) star polymers. Subsequently, mikto-arm stars can be synthesized by condensation of poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether) monosodium alkoxide with functional maleic anhydride sites in the hyperbranched core. The solution properties of these mikto-arm star copolymers are discussed.


Screening of cell suspension lines with high pinellin from Pinellia ternata(Thunb.) Breit Tuber.Screening of the best explant from three plant tissues which are tuber,petiole,leaf of Pinellia ternata.For the best explant,analysising the optimal conditions of tissue culture and subculture by orthogonal experiment.Establishing cell suspension lines with pinellin,and screening of high-yielding strain by single-factor method.The results show that the best explant which induces the callus is the tuber of Pinellia ternata.The best medium of induceing the callus is that: MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L;The best medium of subculture is that: MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L;Cell suspension lines with high pinellin is that: MS+6-BA 0.4 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,which can grow well and produce more pinellin.


The invention relates to an iron phosphate nano rod and a synthesis method thereof. The iron phosphate nano rod comprises the following lattice parameters that: a is 0.4981 to 0.5422 nanometer, and c is 0.1035 to 0.1228 nanometer. The synthesis method comprises the following steps of: (1) dissolving ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and ferric trichloride into water respectively to form 0.5 to 2mol/L ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution and 0.5 to 2mol/L ferric trichloride solution; (2) mixing the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate solution and the ferric trichloride solution in a volume ratio of 1-1.2: 1-1.4, and stirring the solution for 0.5 to 1.0 hour at the temperature of between 30 and 60 DEG C under the pH value condition of between 3 and 5 at the speed of 20 to 40 revolutions per second; and (3) preserving the solution obtained in the step (2) for 4 to 8 hours, filtering the solution, and drying the solid to obtain white iron phosphate nano rod solid powder with the diameter of between 20 and 40 nanometers. The method for preparing the iron phosphate nano rod has the advantages of simple and feasible process, easily obtained raw materials, low reaction temperature, low cost, energy conservation, environmental protection, no pollution, low equipment requirement and suitability for industrial large-scale production. The iron phosphate nano rod with a one-dimensional structure can be used in the fields of battery materials, anti-rust coating, feed additive, catalysts and the like.


W e read with interest the paper by Dr. Halazun et al. published in the July 2009 issue of Annals of Surgery.1 The authors analyzed the predictive value of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on the outcome of patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with a high NLR (NLR ≥ 5) had a higher incidence of tumor recurrence and lower survival. This finding has been previously reported in patients with colorectal cancer2,3 and patients with HCC4 who underwent liver resection. We decided to perform a similar study at our institution to study the impact of this preoperative inflammatory marker on the outcome of our patients transplanted for HCC. We retrospectively analyzed a total of 241 patients who were transplanted for HCC between June 2002 and December 2008. We excluded patients who were infected by HIV, had any preoperative sign of infection or were being treated with steroids before the transplant. The study group was then composed of 158 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of which 137 patients had a NLR < 5 and 21 had a NLR ≥ 5. No differences were found between the groups in the preoperative characteristics and explant pathological findings. Tumor recurrence was observed in 11.7% of the patients in the NLR < 5 group versus 9.5% in the NLR ≥5 group, P = ns. No differences were observed between groups in the 1-, 3and 5-year actuarial overall survival (93%, 85%, 80% vs. 95%, 85%, 85%, P = ns) and the 1-, 3and 5-year disease-free survival (100%, 88%, 88% vs. 94%, 88%, 88%, P = ns). Patients within Milan criteria4 with a NLR ≥ 5 had a 1-, 3and 5-year disease-free survival of 94%, 82%, 82%, respectively, compared to 96%, 88%, 82% of those within Milan with a NLR < 5, P = ns. On univariate analysis, AFP ≥ 40 ng/mL, tumors exceeding UCSF criteria5 on pathological exam, vascular invasion and tumor differentiation were signif-


A simple reverse phase analytical technique was established for quantification of single and combinational drugs. A simple, economic, accurate reverse phase isocractic RP-HPLC method was established for the simultaneous quantification of Sofosbuvir, Velpatasvir and Voxilaprevir in bulk and tablet dosage forms. The estimation was done by using Discovery C18 (250×4.6mm,5μm) column with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, at λmax 260 nm. Solution-A was 0.1% OPA (pH 1.8) in water and solution -B was Acetonitrile (mobile phase: solution A: solution B, 50:50 v/v). The Rt for Sofosbuvir, Velpatasvir and Voxilaprevir is 2.458 min., 3.282 min and 4.003 min. respectively. The system was established and validated as per ICH guidelines.


Abstract : The electrical performance characteristics of single-shot closing switches for slapper detonator applications were measured via the discharge of a low impedance transmission line. The switch performance, characterised by its time-dependent resistance behaviour, could not be assessed via the more conventional methods of measurement because of high bandwidth requirements at comparatively high levels of voltage and current. Hence, an alternative technique based on a transmission line discharge was devised in which the time-dependent resistance of the switch can be determined from the measured current waveform of the switch, the initial open circuit voltage and the transmission line parameters only. Under certain conditions a simple lossless transmission line formula is sufficient for the calculation of the switch resistance waveform. However, if the transmission line losses cannot be neglected, a correction can be readily implemented through numerical signal processing. The bandwidth of this technique is limited to the bandwidth of the switch current measurement only, which proved to be particularly useful for the measurement of switches for slapper detonator applications where inductive pick-up noise in the switch voltage waveform is large and where high voltage probes of sufficiently high bandwidth are not readily available. In this report, both numerically simulated and experimental examples are given, together with the method of calculation of switch resistance which takes into account practical transmission line losses. It was found that best results are obtained if the magnitude of the switch resistance is of a similar order as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, or higher.


The TPM(Trusted Platform Module) is a hardware chip to support a trusted computing environment. A rightful user needs a command authorization process in order to use principal TPM commands. To get command authorization from TPM chip, the user should perform the OIAP(Object-Independent Authorization Protocol) or OSAP(Object-Specific Authorization Protocol). Recently, Chen and Ryan alerted the vulnerability of insider attack on TPM command authorization protocol in multi-user environment and presented a countermeasure protocol SKAP(Session Key Authorization Protocol). In this paper, we simulated the possibility of insider attack on OSAP authorization protocol in real PC environment adopted a TPM chip. Furthermore, we proposed a novel countermeasure to defeat this insider attack and improve SKAP`s disadvantages such as change of command suructures and need of symmetric key encryption algorithm. Our proposed protocol can prevent from insider attack by modifying of only OSAP command structure and adding of RSA encryption on user and decryption on TPM.


The present invention relates to a vehicle with a glass cleaner, component, and component weight percentages are as follows: Surfactant 12% -15%, 30% -40% organic solvent, optical bleaching agents 0.5% to 2%, anti- 0.3% to 1% antistatic agents, antifogging agent, 2% -2.5%, anhydrous sodium metasilicate 1.5% -7%, suds suppressor 1.3% -2.5% and the balance demineralized water. The vehicle of the present invention is formulated with a glass cleaner by more surfactants and additives, in addition to conventional decontamination, freezing function, but also with fast melting ice and snow glare, anti-fog, anti-static effect, while the present invention includes protection performance of the windshield and wiper and the surface of the windshield repair action includes fine scratches formed by a unique protective film to form an effective protection of windshield, effectively guarantee the traffic safety.


This article offers a critique of niche diplomacy using critical theory. The critique is based on the presumption that all policy is informed by a set of ethical and philosophical assumptions. Smith suggests that careful consideration of niche diplomacy is particularly necessary because it comes with a political agenda that legitimizes the narrowing of Canadian foreign policy in such a way that the credibility of foreign policy initiatives could be undermined. The critique examines the concept, practice, limitations, contradictions, and the long term viability of niche diplomacy. Smith concludes that Canadian foreign policy should not be dominated by niche diplomacy or similar concepts that promote a balance sheet mentality and shallow commitments


Abstract The empirical investigation that examines the dynamics including the interaction between consumption of energy and economic progress has long been assessed. However, the interaction of these two in developing countries in general and Bangladesh, in particular, is a less explored subject. Hence, with this notion, this study examined the causal relationship among economic growth and energy consumption in Bangladesh. For this purpose, the study used energy consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), labor force, and capital data from 1981 to 2017 from different sources and data is analyzed by augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Johansen co-integration test and Granger test of causality. Results determine that energy consumption and economic growth have long term bi-directional relationship. The econometric model is estimated using generalized least squares (GLS) model. It is concluded that, consumption of energy and economic growth positively correlated and economic development highly depend on energy consumption in Bangladesh.


Continued evolution in the landscape of bacterial resistance and antimicrobial agents is mandating careful prescribing of anti-infective medications to optimize success in prophylactic and therapeutic indications and to minimize future problems associated with pathogen resistance.


Adapted to be executed on a computing device, the context detection application software has been proposed. Computing device is present in the client in a client-server environment, the context detection application software, when executed, the processing unit receives a set of information from the data acquisition units on a computing device, a set of information identifying context information from a set of information to process, receiving one or more advertisements or services from a database relating to the context information, and real-time advertisements or services on a display unit of the computing device in making it possible to display, the data acquisition unit are either currently running on a computing device, is adapted to obtain a set of information from at least one application executed previously. Computing device easier to use the software, systems and methods have also been proposed. .The


Theoretical and methodological approaches to rural social change are explored, especially those that give visibility to the range of heterogeneous experiences and perspectives that often are overlooked or ignored. Theoretical developments in postmodern, narrative, and feminist theory are described as are the methodological approaches they imply. Examples of research on rural social change that attempt to integrate theory and methods in ways that respect the complicated, processual nature of social life are discussed. They provide concrete illustrations of how alternative approaches can be fruitfully applied to some of the issues and problems rural sociologists typically study.


This paper analyzes communication in a price competition game using the level-$k$ theory of bounded rationality. The level-k analysis predicts prices to be higher with communication than without. Our experimental evidence lends support to the view that communication affects subjects in a way that is compatible with the level-k model, indicating that people lie in order to fool other players that they believe do less thinking. Moreover, the results indicate that the predictive power of the level-k model does crucially depend on the possibility for high level players to form homogenous beliefs about the behavior of the level-0 players.


The changes in the chemical and optical properties of the thin (8001200 A) layers of As2S3 after exposure with photons (1 to 40 J/cm2) electrons (3. 2. 1O to 1. 28 102 C/cm2) or soft Xradiation (0. 1 to 1 1 1 . 0 J/cm2) are studied. The structural changes occurring after exposure lead to changes in the alkaline stability of the exposed regions. The optimum exposure doses for As 25 3 layers are determined allowing their use for ebeam and xray lithographic purposes. The high stability of the layers to a great number of acid etchers used in microelectronic technologies and the stability in TUE conditions in oxygen medium make the layers accomplishing microlithographic tasks.


Structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 and TiO2:Nd nanopowders and thin films composed of those materials have been compared. Titania nanoparticles with 1, 3, and 6 at. % of Nd-dopant were synthesized by sol-gel method. Additionally, thin films with the same material composition were prepared with the aid of spin-coating method. The analysis of structural investigations revealed that all as-prepared nanopowders were nanocrystalline and had TiO2-anatase structure. The average size of crystallites was ca. 4-5 nm and the correlation between the amount of neodymium and the size of TiO2 crystallites was observed. It was shown that the dopant content influenced the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. The results of photocatalytic decomposition of MO showed that doping with Nd (especially in the amount of 3 at. %) increased self-cleaning activity of the prepared titania nanopowder. Similar effect was received in case of the thin films, but the decomposition rate was lower due to their smaller active surface area. However, the as-prepared TiO2:Nd photocatalyst in the form of thin films or nanopowders seems to be a very attractive material for various applications.


The paper briefly accounts the main factors that effect vehicle smoothness, study history and development of vehicle ride kinetics are also introduced. In addition, the paper gives an introduction to the study status of smoothness of heavy mine-used vehicle from below aspects: ride kinetics based on nonlinear mathematic model, study status of hydro-pneumatic suspension in heavy mine-used vehicle, vibration decrease with vibration isolator and engine, and model establishing for smoothness


In terms of the fundamental theorem of surfaces,High Accuracy Surface Modeling(HASM) method,which is based on the differential geometry theory,transforms the surface modeling to a linear system by using the principle of least square method and describes the properties of the surface.Comparing with the classical surface methods in GIS application,such as inverse distance weight(IDW),triangulated irregular network(TIN),KRIGING and SPLINE,HASM has a much higher accuracy and the error problem of the surface modeling is solved in theory by HASM.However,the computational cost of HASM is high.The cost of HASM algorithm is expensive when it applies preconditioned conjugate gradient method(PCG).Using compressed storage formats can effectively save memory.Among these formats,the three-tuple storage format of the sparse matrix is widely used in the past.In this paper,based on the characteristic of HASM-PCG,we modify a large part of the sparse matrix-vector multiplication by using three-tuple technology.The computational efficiency is enhanced though adjusting the calculation order of HASM-PCG and abandoning some nonzero elements that are not need to store.Long term(1998-2008) averaged monthly data were obtained from site measuring temperature(3000 sites).Combining with the digital elevation model of the globe,the data are used to simulate the global mean temperature in May,June,July,and August of the eleven years from 1998 to 2008.Numerical results show that with this three-tuple technique,the computing efficiency of HASM is great improved.


We present a general-purpose end-to-end image chain simulation (ICS) that enables to assess the image quality of a satellite imager for Earth observations. The image chain consists of four main components: radiometry, atmosphere, optics, and detector. In particular, ICS first computes the input radiance from the reflectance values of a high-resolution input, and then calculates the image radiance by using the optical transfer function (OTF) of the overall system. This OTF contains all the distortion effects due to atmosphere, optics, and detector. Finally, the signal on the detector, including the noise term, is computed and converted to digital counts. To evaluate the overall image quality, metrics such as peak signal-to-noise ratio and minimum resolvable contrast are used. To illustrate the utility and versatility of the developed ICS, several analyses are also performed that demonstrate the system performance of a generic satellite imagery. Our development provides a unified framework for the ICS developers of spaceborne Earth-observing systems. Such a complete end-to-end ICS is crucial for the effective development of an Earth observation satellite, especially in the design and test phases.


The peculiarities of radar images and the problems of their filtering are considered. A two-stage procedure of radar image despeckling based on successive application of the local statistic Lee and sigma filters is proposed. The recommendations concerning filter parameter selection are presented. The performance characteristics of the proposed procedure are evaluated for a set of test artificial images. It is shown that the two-stage despeckling can be successfully applied to both images formed by side look aperture radar (SLAR) or synthetic aperture radar (SAR). An available trade-off of filter basic properties is provided. The examples for real data demonstrating the proposed procedure efficiency and benefits are also given.


Recently,X.P.Ding(J.Sichuan Normal Univ.(Nat.Sci.),2005,28(2):127~130.) introduced the concept of finitely continuous(FC) spaces which contains many topological spaces with various convex structure in nonlinear analysis as special cases.In this paper,ased on Ding's concept and by using transfer open(closed) mappings,some applications of KKM type theorems,such as fixed point theorems and minimax inequalities are obtained in FC-spaces.


The paper presents an epistemological revision of Library and Information Science, demanded by the cultural and technological changes of the knowledge society. This raises the need for interdisciplinary development in the field of library and its opening for a closer dialogue with other social and human sciences in order to remove it from the academic isolation that is slanted by a technical professional approach.


Dr. Cigall Kadoch will discuss how recent exome-and genome-wide sequencing studies in human cancers have unmasked a striking frequency of mutations in the genes encoding subunits of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. Her laboratory uses biochemistry, structural biology, systems biology, and genomics-based approaches to define the mechanisms of chromatin and gene regulation carried out by the mSWI/SNF family of chromatin regulators. Specifically, they have studied rare, genetically well-defined pediatric cancers including synovial sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant rhabdoid tumor and others, all of which involve mSWI/SNF complex perturbations as critical drivers of their oncogenic programs. These studies have informed the diverse mechanisms underlying mSWI/SNF complex targeting and function in a wide array of cancers (including hematologic cancers) and developmental disorders and have provided new foundations for therapeutic development.

 Kadoch: Foghorn Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.


A study was performed with one small company to find out readiness of the company to perform operations of Industry 4.0. An interview was conducted with the owner of the company. and results were shown in the form of a diagram with low readiness, which means hard work for the owner and possibly consultants to bring the company into such level, ready to compete and sustain in the market.


The article discusses the public health campaign in China to eradicate malaria and the use of health posters depicting prevention, the cornerstone of the public health policy of China from the 1950s throughout the 1970s. The author reports that malaria was controlled by 1990, although not completely eradicated.


It was found that Lucilia porphyrina Walker lays eggs on living toads (Bufo melanostictus). Larvae hatched out of the eggs in about two days and attacked the region of the upper eye-lids of the toads, where a lesion was produced. The parotoid gland was sometimes attacked. The larvae also infested the sites of injuries on the toads. The toads thus attacked soon died and the larvae fed on their dead tissues. Mature larvae came out of the carcass within a few days and entered the soil, where they pupated. The adult fly emerged after about 20 days.


In this paper, we attempt to detect an inflection or change-point resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic on supply chain data received from a large furniture company. To accomplish this, we utilize a modified CUSUM (Cumulative Sum) procedure on the company's spatial-temporal order data as well as a GLR (Generalized Likelihood Ratio) based method. We model the order data using the Hawkes Process Network, a multi-dimensional self and mutually exciting point process, by discretizing the spatial data and treating each order as an event that has a corresponding node and time. We apply the methodologies on the company's most ordered item on a national scale and perform a deep dive into a single state. Because the item was ordered infrequently in the state compared to the nation, this approach allows us to show efficacy upon different degrees of data sparsity. Furthermore, it showcases use potential across differing levels of spatial detail.


The flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSSP) is a generalization and extension of the classical job shop scheduling problem (JSSP) in which — prior
to the sequencing of operations — an assignment of operations to machines is
necessary. In this technical report, we are examining common instances for different specifications of the FJSSP. Furthermore, a new FJSSP specification is
introduced, where similar machines are pooled to work centers, and the first and
last work center are obligatory. For this practice-oriented problem specification
new test instances are presented.


The processing of English idiom variants is a process of meaning reconstructing on line.This paper,af-ter expounding some related traditional theories of idiom processing,proposes a new model and then applies Con-ceptual Blending Theory to disclose its mechanism,hopefully to expand the field of English idioms study in China.


Polylactic acid is a widely used biodegradable material,which,together with its copolymers,are now among the most important biomedical materials.There are two main methods for synthesizing homopolymer of lactic acid:the ring-opening polymerization and the direct polycondensation.The direct polycondensation method includes the direct melt polycondensation and the solution polycondensation.In accordance with the reaction mechanism,the ring-opening polymerization includes the anionic ring-opening polymerization,the cationic ring-opening polymerization and the ring-opening polymerization of coordination.In this paper,the polymerization mechanism and the research progress of different polymerization methods are discussed.The high cost in synthesizing lactic acid homopolymer,the low molecular weight of products and its hydrophobic,brittle performance have limited its applications.The current study of polylactic acid is mainly concentrated in the modification.The latest research progress on chemical and physical modifications are reviewed,such as copolymerization,cross-linking,surface modification,blends,fiber composites and so on.Synthesis and modification of polylactic acid are discussed.Synthesis conditions should be improved.Non-toxic or low-residue catalysts should be used.


Four advanced nozzle concepts were tested on a canard-wing fighter in the Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. The four vectoring-nozzle concepts were as follows: (1) an axisymmetric nozzle (AXI); (2) an asymmetric, load balanced exhaust nozzle (ALBEN); (3) a low aspect ratio, single expansion ramp nozzle (LASERN); and (4) a high aspect ratio, single expansion ramp nozzle (HASERN). The investigation was conducted to determine the most suitable nozzle concept for short takeoff and landing (STOL) performance. The criterion for the best STOL performance was a takeoff ground roll of less than 1000 ft. At approach, the criteria were high lift and sufficient drag to maintain a glide slope of -3 to -6 deg with enough pitching-moment control from the canards. The test was performed at a dynamic pressure of 45 lb/sq ft and an angle-of-attack range of 0 to 20 deg. The nozzle pressure ratio was varied from 1.0 to 4.3 at both dry power and after burning nozzle configurations with nozzle vectoring to 60 deg. In addition, the model was tested in and out of ground effects. The ALBEN concept was the best of the four nozzle concepts tested for STOL performance.


Summary Behaviorally identified student activists involved in conservative causes (N = 24) obtained significantly (p < .001) higher (more conservative) scores (M = 110) on an updated measure of conservatism-liberalism than activists (N = 24) for liberal causes (M = 55). Other results are reported which indicate that these conservatism-liberalism items show promise for reliably and meaningfully measuring a general ideological dimension.


In a broad population of therapeutic with arterial vascular disease, the threat events of cardiovascular are decreased by 25%, by using aspirin [1]. But, although 10 to 20% of patients who are suffering from venous thromboembolism are treated with repeated vascular episodes of aspirin, during long-term sequel, its effectiveness is limited [2]. Aspirin prevents thrombosis by irreversible acetylating platelets cyclooxygenase1 [3], which inhibits the thromboxane A2 production. Although it was also depicted that aspirin have other less de ned functions which in result effects the platelet functionality, but their role to I N T R O D U C T I O N DOI:https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i6.583 Zaman S et al.,


Implementation of the regional autonomy through fiscal decentralization is expected to improve the quality of public services. Health and education Outcomes is one measure that can be used to view the quality of public services. Health Outcomes can be seen through the toddler mortality rate (AKABA), whereas educational outcomes can be seen through pure participation rate (APM) SD/MI. This study aims to examine empirically the influence of fiscal decentralization to the toddler mortality rate (AKABA) and pure participation rate (APM) SD/MI in counties/cities Central Java Province. The type of data in this research is panel data using analysis methods with the approach of the fixed effect model (FEM). Panel data in this study covers 35 counties/cities in Central Java province, in the period 2007 to 2010. The result of this study shows that the fiscal decentralization had significantly negative impact on toddler mortality rate and significant positive to pure participation rate SD/MI. Fiscal decentralization is able to reduce the toddler mortality rate as much as 31,8 per 1.000 live births, increase pure participation rate SD/MI as much as 0.05 percent every 1 percent increase in the degree of fiscal decentralization.


In this paper, an implementation of parallel MLFMA for scattering problems is presented. MLFMA is an efficient algorithm for accelerating the calculation of matrix-vector-multiplication. Using the hybrid strategy, the parallel version can be efficiently realized on distributed memory systems. Tree construction, communication, etc., are the key techniques which are discussed in details here. Numerical results show the efficiency of the MLFMA is improved by the parallelization.


We review some recent work in fast, efficient and accurate methods to compute viscosity solutions and non-viscosity solutions to static HamiltonJacobi equations which arise in optimal control, anisotropic front propagation, and multiple arrivals in wave propagation. For viscosity solutions, the class of algorithms are known as "Ordered Upwind Methods", and rely on a systematic ordering inherent in the characteristic flow of information. For non-viscosity multiple arrivals, the techniques hinge on a static boundary value phase-space formulation which again can be solved through a systematic ordering.


In a 2-yr survey during 1984 and 1985, a total of 1,195 pepper (Capsicum annuum) samples were collected from Ventura, Tulare, and Imperial counties in California. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to test all samples for the presence of one or more of the following viruses: potato virus Y (PVY), tobacco etch virus (TEV), pepper mottle virus (PeMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus X (PVX), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)


The accuracy with which surgeons can predict outcomes following surgery has not been explored in a systematic way. The aim of this review was to determine how accurately a surgeon's 'gut feeling' or perception of risk correlates with patient outcomes and available risk scoring systems.


This paper estimates a conditional version of the liquidity adjusted CAPM by Acharya and Pedersen (2005) using NYSE and AMEX data from 1926 to 2010 to study the level and time-variation in the illiquidity premium. The illiquidity premium is in this model determined by the level of expected illiquidity together with three types of illiquidity risks. We measure illiquidity of individual stocks by the e¢ cient spread proxy developed in Holden (2009) and employ illiquidity sorted portfolios as test assets. The average annual illiquidity premium calculated using the preferred econometric speci…cation is estimated to 1:55%, the respective contributions from illiquidity level being 1:15% and from the three dierent illiquidity risks 0:40%. Results also indicate that commonality risk is the least important component in the illiquidity risk premium, while a component related to the hedging of wealth shocks is the most important. The illiquidity premium varies substantially over time, with peaks in downturns and crises, but with no general tendency to decrease over time.


Ye, Chang. Ph.D., Purdue University, August 2011. Investigation of the Stability of the Compressive Residual Stress Generated by Warm Laser Shock Peening. Major Professor: Gary Cheng. Laser Shock Peening (LSP) has been successfully used to improve component fatigue performance by bringing beneficial compressive residual stress to material surface since the 1990s. However, it has been found that the compressive residual stress generated by room temperature LSP (RT-LSP) is not stable during cyclic loading. Thus, it is necessary to improve the stability of the compressive residual stress generated by RT-LSP. In this study, Warm Laser Shock Peening (WLSP) is proposed as a potential approach to improve the stability of the compressive residual stress. WLSP is to laser peen a component that is being heated to elevated temperatures. As a thermomechanical treatment (TMT) technique, WLSP integrates the advantages of LSP, dynamic strain aging (DSA) and dynamic precipitation (DP). Through DSA, more uniform and high density dislocations are generated. Through DP, highly dense nanoscale precipitates are generated. Experimentally, WLSP has been evaluated by AISI 4140 steel in terms of the microstructure, residual stress stability and fatigue performance. To investigate the effect of the precipitate particles generated by WLSP to crack propagation, an extended finite element method (XFEM) model was employed. To investigate the effect of temperature to the residual stress distribution, WLSP simulation of copper, a pure metal not applicable to dynamic strain aging, was carried out by finite element model (FEM) and validated by experiments. Through these studies, it has been found that: (1) WLSP can generate high density nanoscale precipitate particles in alloy materials applicable to dynamic strain aging and PR EV IE W


A simple method of high-power switch reluctance motor's static moments angle characteristics was presented. Comparing to the conventional method,it is not only simplifies the equipment,but also to test security,highly workable. The results also showed that the test method's accuracy and reliability.


reduc› tion that this may reduce cholesterol concetntra› tion in people an average diet, but in those following a healthy fat diet this costly is unlikely further to reduce lipid concentrations.


Great progress has been made in modern psychometric theories and technology. Traditional psychometrics has undergone challenges and impacts. The application and popularity of item response theory will surely bring new development to psychometrics. However,within a long period of time,traditional psychometrics based on classical test theory will improve and develop.


The disclosed medical dressing includes multiple adhesives. A first adhesive can strongly secure to the medical device, while a gentle adhesive secures to skin. Therefore, the medical device is secure, while the skin is in contact with a gentle adhesive. Selection of the adhesive, as well as the positioning of the adhesive on the medical dressing disclosed result in a medical dressing that effectively secures a medical device to a patient, while gently securing to skin.


For the task of transferring a group of robots from one formation to another on a connected graph with unit edge lengths, we provide an efficient hierarchical algorithm that can complete goal assignment and path planning for 10,000 robots on a 250,000 vertex grid in under one second. In the extreme, our algorithm can handle up to one million robots on a grid with one billion vertices in approximately 30 minutes. Perhaps more importantly, we prove that with high probability, the algorithm supplies paths with total distance within a constant multiple of the optimal total distance. Furthermore, our hierarchical method also allows these paths to be scheduled with a tight completion time guarantee. In practice, our implementation yields a total path distance less than two times of the true optimum and a much shorter completion time.


First Hesitation: What differentiates moralism from morality? What, to begin with, is "moralism"? On the one hand, Hache and Latour identify it with a set of doctrines: a commitment to the fact-value distinction, and a belief that only morality-bearing subjects (human beings) are of moral concern. On the other hand, moralism is represented or figured as a scale or axis, thus implying that an author or text might be a more or less clear-cut or intense or extreme instance of moralistic thinking. But surely, either one believes that only human beings are of moral significance, or one does not; how can this be a matter of degree? Or is it that the scale measures the intensity with which one affirms that view? Kant is, after all, placed lower on this axis by Hache and Latour because they read him as hesitant about his moralism. As for "morality," it is identified, first, with indifference to the distinctive ontological status of the beings to which it is responsive. Second, morality is characterized by the quality of the attention paid to those beings: the depth of response evinced to their appeals. Morality in that first characterization would appear to be a doctrine (the polar opposite of the core doctrine of moralism) and accordingly a view that one either accepts or rejects — hence not, on the face of it, a matter of degree. Only morality in the second characterization would allow for gradations and thus invite construction of the second scale introduced by Hache


Charity in modern times is a public ethics,which often needs the market mechanism and commercial principle to allocate charity resources.For-profit organizations can fulfill their social responsibilities with non-profit means while non-profit organizations can ensure the organization's sustainable development by means of making profit."Charity act",however,is essentially different from that of "commercial act";therefore,it is still imperative to enhance the supervision of charity commercialization.The paper thus suggests that appropriate legislation should be formulated,the social responsibility system of profit-making corporations be improved,the corporate governance structure of the nonprofit corporation be strengthened,the legal relationship of charities justice be established,the "for-no-profit charity acts" of legal for-profit organizers and "for-profit charity acts" of legal non-profit organizers be put under the supervision of national legal system.


 Electrical double-layer formation attracted significant interest more than a century ago and remains fundamentally involved in capacitive external stimulation of biological tissue. This work focuses on the study of the double layer characteristics at the interface formed between an electrolyte and polymer structures of organic photocapacitors for minimally invasive neurostimulation. Based on a combination of the Helmholtz and Gouy-Chapman methods, the Stern model is applied in COMSOL Multiphysics to investigate this electrical double layer formation. Simulations nicely highlight the importance of the electrolyte concentration and good cell adhesion. Keywords EDL, Stern model, photocap, organic photocapacitor, OEPC


The Environmental Planning Handbook is a comprehensive workbook providing background, scientific underpinnings, planning suggestions, and case studies for a wide array of planning issues related to the development of sustainable communities and regions. Tackling critical and timely issues faced by citizen groups in areas ranging from rural townships to inner cities across the country, Daniels and Daniels created a well-designed and user-friendly volume. As the federal government takes a step back from environmental planning, there is more opportunity for state and local influence over such matters (p. xx). With this expanding niche, it is time for us all to step up to the plate.


Synopsis.

Hammondia pardals sp. n. (Eimeriorina: Sarcocystidae) from Panama Canal Zone is described as an obligate heteroxenous coccidian, with felids as the final host and laboratory mice as the experimental intermediate host. Ovoid oocysts. measuring 40.8 (36–46) × 28.5 (25–35) mm. are shed unsporulated. Oocysts were infective only for the intermediate host. the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, and the intracellular cysts were infective only for felids. Attempted passage of tissue cysts from mouse to mouse was unsuccessful.

Mice fed 5 × 104 sporulated oocysts were found to harbor small intracellular cysts, 13–16 × 10–15 mm, in the mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and intestinal submucosa 15 days postinfection. The meronts in these early cysts were stubby and measured 3 × 6 mm. The prepatent period in the felids was 5 to 8 days and the patent period 5–13 days. Experimental infections of definitive hosts were successful with 6/6 domestic laboratory-reared kittens, Felis catus; 5/5 ocelots, F. pardalis; and 1/1 jaguarundi, F. yagouaroundi. None of the exposed raccoons, Procyon lotor, shed oocysts.


The traffic operational efficiency of the urban expressway system will affect one of the entire cities. Moreover, the idea that traffic control can improve the traffic operational efficiency of the urban expressway system has been fully confirmed. At present, the main control methods include on-ramp metering and speed guidance control. However, there is a gap in using these two control methods together, such as unclear application conditions and unsystematic methods. In this paper, on-ramp metering and speed guidance control are combined effectively. Based on the research of METANET macroscopic traffic flow model and model predictive control (MPC), a novel joint control method based on MPC and connected vehicles (CVs) for on-ramp metering and speed guidance control of the urban expressway is proposed. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed control method can effectively improve the traffic efficiency and traffic safety.


Aircraft engine fault diagnosis plays a crucial role in cost-effective operations of aircraft engines. However, designing an engine fault diagnostic system with the desired performance is a challenging task, because of several characteristics associated with aircraft engines. Geared towards achieving the highest possible performance of fault diagnosis, this paper explores strategies on improving diagnosis performance. Specifically, we introduce flight regime mapping and a two-level multiple classifier system as means to improve classification performance. By designing a real-world aircraft fault diagnostic system, we demonstrate that the strategies adopted in this study are effective in improving the performance of aircraft engine fault diagnostic systems.


ABSTRACT The Western Balkans EU candidate countries face rule of law challenges far more serious than Hungary or Poland did at the time of their accessions in 2004. Despite extensive EU conditionality and support, with 16% of EU pre-structural funds dedicated between 2014 and 2020 to rule of law projects, governance indicators show no substantial change. The European Court of Auditors (ECA) also found little impact in advancing the rule of law in the candidate countries in the Western Balkans. The European Commission, however, does report signs of progress. By drawing on public procurement data from the two sectors concentrating most public expenditure, namely health and construction, between the years 2017 and 2019, this paper solves the dilemma of how allegedly successful reforms can happen without much impact. By directly measuring government favouritism in procurement, before and after EU-driven reforms, the paper finds that evolution has so far been limited despite proving the effect of certain interventions. The paradox is explained by providing evidence of versatile behaviour by the main rent owners and the increasing discretionary power of Albania's governing party.


Abstract The parameters of horizontal curves are sometimes missing or need to be updated using observed x and y coordinate data. The observed data for existing alignments may be obtained using global positioning systems (GPS) or extracted from digital imagery. Previous methods have addressed the case where only the circular or the transition curves are estimated. This paper presents an optimisation model for composite horizontal curves that simultaneously fits the circular curve, its transition curves and the two tangents using the total least-squares method. The objective function minimises the squared deviations between the observed and predicted values. The model can be applied to fitting single or multiple composite horizontal curves. Since the model is nonlinear and non-convex, a close initial solution is first developed and then used to obtain the global optimal solution. The model is validated and applied using actual data of a horizontal alignment. The proposed model presents an important extension to existing methods for estimating horizontal alignments and therefore should be of interest to surveying professionals.


Wear particle image analysis is an effective and reliable method for equipment condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. Segmenting wear particle from image is an important but challenging problem. In this paper, a two-stage wear particle image segmentation strategy is presented, which consists of a rough segmentation stage and a fine segmentation stage. In the first stage, a wear particle image is divided into blocks, and clustering method is used to group blocks. This stage aims to get the rough boundary of the wear particle. In the second stage, color gradient is introduced into GVF snake to establish color GVF snake model, and rough boundary from the first stage is used as initial contour. This stage tries to extract the accurate boundary of the wear particle. Experimental results shows that the method proposed in this paper offers an accurate, minimally interactive, and efficient scheme for wear particle image segmentation, and increases the quality of wear particle image segmentation in compare with some state-of-art segmentation methods.


Abstract When imaging in tapping mode, scan speed and image quality may be improved by modification of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) micro-cantilever quality ( Q ) factor. The most commonly applied method of Q control uses velocity feedback with an estimate of the cantilever tip velocity obtained by phase shifting the displacement signal. System performance may be degraded and stability can not be guaranteed using this control technique as the control action affects unmodeled cantilever dynamics. In this paper a resonant controller is presented as a new method of controlling the cantilever Q factor which guarantees closed loop stability in the presence of unmodeled cantilever dynamics. AFM images are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this control technique.


Abstract In order to demonstrate the advantages of the stereo-photographic method of surveying, the writer during the summer of 1913 made a survey for a part of the proposed Hankow-Ichang Railway, through a difficult piece of country in the very rough and tortuous valley of the Yangtze-Kiang River, in China. The party consisted of the writer as Chief Engineer, two assistant engineers, six of his former students, now graduated, ten Hupeh students, graduated in Japan, and a few draftsmen. The instruments used are described and illustrated in detail by their application to this survey.


Objective
To explore the best time for indwelling gastric tube after tracheal stenosis in infants with congenital heart disease, so as to shorten the indwelling time and relieve the pain of children with tracheal tube.

Methods
A total of 50 infants with congenital heart disease combined with tracheal stenosis were divided into observation group (26 cases) and control group (24 cases) by the admission order. The observation group accepted swallowing function evaluation combined with physiological indicators to determine the timing of removal of indwelling gastric tube while the control group just conventionally evaluating swallowing function.

Results
The ICU retention time and total hospitalization days was (4.35±0.94), (23.15±4.92) d in the observation group, and (6.27±1.42), (27.42±6.43) d in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (Z=5.589, 2.621, P<0.05). The extubation time was (2.85±0.23), (4.50±0.27) days in the observation group and the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2= 15.595, P<0.01).

Conclusions
Deglutition function assessment combined with physiological indicators for evaluating the time of retention of gastric tube after tracheal stenosis in infants with congenital heart disease could be more effective to reduce the occurrence of secondary intubation and postoperative complications,shorten the course of the disease, improve infants comfort level,promote postoperative recovery.

Key words:
Infant; Tracheal stenosis; Congenital heart disease; Gastric tube


Maize farmers in Bangladesh are unaware of the benefits of maize cultivation due to a lack of information and concept generation. The objectives of this study were to estimate the cost and return of maize cultivation; assess the input use efficiency of maize cultivation for marginal, small, and medium maize production to address the problems; and suggest policy recommendations. The study was conducted in six villages in the Chuadanga district in Bangladesh. Data were collected by using an interview schedule from the purposively selected 80 respondents during 1–30 June 2018. After analyzing the data, the total cost of production was Tk. 124,495, Tk. 134,335, and Tk. 140,579 for marginal, small, and medium maize production, respectively. Per hectare gross return was Tk. 213,997, Tk. 204,972, and Tk. 197,163, and per hectare gross margin was Tk. 120,478, Tk. 104,748, and Tk. 92,516. Net return was calculated by deducting the gross cost from the gross return, and these were Tk. 89,502, Tk. 70,637, and Tk. 56,584. The benefit–cost ratio was 1.72, 1.53, and 1.40 for marginal, small, and medium maize production, respectively. From Cobb–Douglas production function analysis, it was observed that the coefficients of land preparation cost, irrigation cost, urea, and MoP cost were significant at different levels of probability for marginal, small, and medium maize production, and the coefficients of human labor cost, seed and pesticide used was not significant while the coefficients of TSP was negative and significant. This study also identified some of the problems associated with maize production. The findings revealed that the high price of inputs was the most acute problem, followed by a lack of technical knowledge and shortage of human labor at the critical stage, and declining soil fertility was the last obstacle that stood in the way of maize production in the study area.


The present work searches for suitable iterative solvers for problems in thermoacoustics. In particular, Helmholtz equations and discontinuous-Galarkin-discretized linearized Navier-Stokes equations (DG-LNSE) were treated. The literature related to iterative solvers is summarized, and suitable solvers were identified. Multiple solvers were found to work for the Helmholtz equation and LNSE with no heat source term. On the other hand, none of the tested solvers (GMRES, FGMRES, BiCGStab, CG) worked for the more complex LNSE problems involving a heat source term, regardless of used preconditioner. For Helmholtz eigenvalue problems, numerical investigations revealed that conjugate gradient (CG)–with the Multigrid method as a preconditioner–scales particularly slowly in terms of memory consumption with increasing problem size (number of DoF), leading to significant memory savings when compared to direct solvers. In particular, for 3D problems, CG with Multigrid is shown to solve problems one order of magnitude larger than MUMPS (a parallel direct solver) can solve with for same memory requirement. As for 2D problems, CG With Multigrid solves problems twice as large as MUMPS solves for the same memory requirements. Additionally, CG with Multigrid is as fast or faster than direct solvers for these equations. An alternative solver for Helmholtz eigenvalues was also studied, namely CG with SOR. This latter configuration was found to be effective, too, though less than CG with Multigrid. For 3D problems, CG with SOR was shown to solve problems that are five times larger than those that MUMPS can solve for the same memory requirements. For 2D problems, it solves problems that are twice as large as those that MUMPS can solve. However, for Helmholtz eigenvalue problems, CG with SOR is slower than MUMPS by one order of magnitude for 3D problems, and two orders of magnitude for 2D problems. For DG-LNSE frequency response problems with no heat source terms, GMRES with the SOR method as preconditioner was found to be suitable. It is shown to solve problems one order of magnitude higher than MUMPS can solve for the same memory usage, while being about 3 times slower slower. For the studied DG-LNSE problems with heat source terms, no iterative solvers converged. However, this is suspected to be a result of poor choice of boundary conditions in the used test cases. Nevertheless, GMRES with SOR was the nearest solver to convergence. This area requires further investigation.


Gravitropism of plant roots is one of the important factors determining the spatial pattern of root growth and thus may have a great effect on nutrient uptake. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of root gravitropic response and subsequent root growth changes related to nutrient uptake would facilitate the genetic improvement of nutrient efficiency in plants. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of root gravitropic responses in terms of root gravity sensing, signal transduction and auxin asymmetrical distribution. It discusses the physiological basis of root gravitropic responses to nutrient stresses, especially phosphorus deficiency, and its relation to uptake of nutrients, especially phosphorus. Included are problems and perspectives for future research.