The ventral pallidum (VP) is a major hub interfacing striatopallidal and limbic circuits, conveying information about salience and valence crucial to adjusting behavior. However, how neuron populations of the VP with different firing properties represent these variables is not fully understood. Therefore, we trained mice on auditory Pavlovian conditioning and recorded the activity of VP neurons while mice were performing the task. Many VP neurons responded to punishment (51%) and reward (44%), either by firing rate increase or decrease. Additionally, 20% of cells responded to outcome-predicting auditory stimuli, showing larger responses to reward-predicting cues compared to those that signaled likely punishment. We found that a large subset of VP neurons showed burst firing based on their auto-correlograms, while a small population exhibited fast rhythmic discharge in the beta/gamma frequency range. Some bursting neurons exhibited distinct response properties of their bursts and single spikes, suggesting a multiplexed coding scheme in the VP. However, non-bursting, non-rhythmic neurons were the most sensitive to reward and punishment. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of synchronously firing neuron assemblies in the VP. Neurons participating in such assemblies were particularly responsive to reinforcing stimuli. This suggests that a synchronous, non-bursting, non-rhythmic neuron population of the VP is responsible for the lion's share of ventral pallidal salience representation, likely important for reinforcement learning. Significance statement The ventral pallidum (VP) is a subcortical brain area that participates in regulating motion and emotion by processing information related to appetitive and aversive stimuli. However, how these stimuli are represented by VP neural circuits is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated how VP neuron populations defined by their firing properties respond to reward and punishment during Pavlovian conditioning. We found that a distinct, non-bursting-non-rhythmic group of neurons was responsible for most responses to reward and punishment in the VP. Neurons of this group formed co-active cell assemblies and multiplexed different types of information via different firing patterns, revealing flexible and plastic neuronal representation strategies in the VP during associative learning.


Cereals and legumes rank among the most important group of crop plant production. The aim of this paper was to point out the suitability of cereals and legumes in the diet of people living with an autoimmune disease of the small intestine, the celiac disease. Cereals match the best current ideas of healthy and balanced diet and provide decisive part of the energy intake from food in human nutrition and no small share from the total protein intake. Some cereals contain celiac active polypeptides and in susceptible individuals cause allergic reactions. Celiac active ingredients are found in the prolamin fraction. If the content of prolamine is in an amount of 4-8%, the products can be considered appropriate for the celiac diet. Wheat, barley, rye and oat should be excluded from the diet, if a person has confirmed celiac disease. On a worldwide basis, legumes contribute to about one-third of humankind's direct protein intake. Legumes also accumulate natural products (secondary metabolites) such as isoflavonoids that are considered beneficial to human health through anticancer and other health-promoting activities. The biggest advantage of legumes is that they are gluten-free and are suitable for gluten-free diet.


For most of the 20th century, the North American breeding range of the Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus) was thought to be confined to Canada and Alaska (AOU 1957). Breeding was first suspected south of Canada in the summer of 1963, when Baldwin and Koplin (1966) found 2 recently fledged juveniles in Colorado. We now know that Boreal Owls are relatively common permanent residents in high-elevation coniferous forests of the western US from the Canadian border south to northern New Mexico (Hayward and others 1987; Stahlecker and Duncan 1996). To further clarify Boreal Owl distribution in the northern Rockies, Holt and others (1987) published what they believed was the 2nd confirmed specimen record from Montana, an adult female found dead along Camas Creek in Glacier National Park on 28 February 1986. Holt and others (1987) also reported that the first extant Montana specimen was a road kill salvaged near Bozeman in September 1964. They did not mention a specimen taken near Columbia Falls, Montana, in 1902 (Saunders 1921). Holt and Ermatinger (1989) subsequently listed the 1902 record in their summary of Boreal Owl occurrences in Montana, but they neglected to report that the record was a specimen. To my knowledge, the only explicit mention of the 1902 specimen since the species was found nesting south of Canada was by Kuchel and Garrott (1975: 21), who stated that ''the specimen is not now known to exist.'' The specimen in question was a male taken at Columbia Falls by ES Bryant on 9 December 1902 and placed in the personal collection of Louis B Bishop (Saunders 1921: 69). While examining the bird collection at the Field Museum of Natural History, I found the Bryant specimen (FMNH 138321). Moreover, at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology, I found an earlier Boreal Owl specimen from Montana that has completely escaped notice in the literature: a male collected by Robert S Williams along the Missouri River near Great Falls on 23 September 1889 (MCZ 186684). This bird is by far the oldest Boreal Owl specimen from Montana and is among the oldest ever taken in a Rocky Mountain state. Accordingly, the purported 2nd Montana specimen of Holt and others (1987) was at least the 4th such specimen, and the 1st specimen known for the state was obtained in 1889, not 1964.


The activities of mineral development and utilization produced serious environmental geological problem in mines in Yulin city. There are mainly three problems. The first one is waste of resources, including encroach on land, destruction of the vegetation and waste of water resources, ect. The second one is geological hazards, including collapse, landslide debris flows, soil loss, sandy land and failure of tailings dams.ect. The third one is environmental contamination, including water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution and food chain destructions. Making reasonable plan to exploitation and utilization of coal mines,and dividing the exploration area into key exploration area, encouraged exploration area, limited exploration area, and prohibited exploration area, which is the basic measure to avoid and reduce these environmental geological problems.


Semantics has always been considered the hidden treasure of texts, accessible only to humans. Artificial intelligence struggles to enrich machines with human features, therefore accessing this treasure and sharing it with computers is one of the main challenges that the natural language domain faces nowadays. This paper represents a further step in this direction, by proposing an automatic approach to extract information from texts on the web by using semantic role labeling.


The validity evaluation of models is an important task of modeling and simulation. It is difficult for traditional verification and validation methods to make clear why the models are regarded as invalid. Besides, development and implementation of models are closely coupled in the traditional modeling process. Accordingly, based on the requirement analysis of model testing and weapon system-of-systems combat simulation, a methodology based on hierarchical modeling is presented. Then the testing of conceptual models and simulation models are separately discussed both in depth and in extent. Finally, a reference implementation of model testing environment for the hierarchical models is described. The methodology provides not only a quality control means for the development of simulation models of weapon system-of-systems combat simulation, but also an effective methodological support for the verification, validation and accreditation of simulation models of other simulation applications.


Rational asset-pricing theory asserts that higher risk should be accompanied by higher expected return. The credit risk puzzle, however, states a negative cross-sectional relationship between credit risk and future stock returns (Journal of Finance, 53, 1998, 1131; Journal of Finance, 57, 2002, 2317; Journal of Finance, 63, 2008, 2899; Journal of Financial Markets, 12, 2009, 469). This paper examines the credit risk puzzle using an independent dataset from Taiwan's stock market. We document a significantly positive premium between highest- and lowest-rated stocks in both portfolios and individual stocks, and demonstrate that it cannot be explained by well-known asset-pricing models, including the CAPM, Journal of Financial Economics, 33, 1993, 3 three-factor model, and Journal of Financial Economics 82, 2006, 631 liquidity-augmented CAPM. Unlike the evidence collected from the US market, rating downgrades only have limited impact on the cross-sectional variation of stock returns in Taiwan. Further analysis indicates that credit rating serves as a better proxy for distress risk, and is thus priced in Taiwan's stock market.


Purpose – Although the PGA Tour provides a wide array of statistics, no single measure has successfully been able to predict a player's success during the season, either in terms of earnings per tournament or weighted average scores. The purpose of this paper is to present a metric that attempts to predict annual player rankings based on these two criteria.Design/methodology/approach – The metric is computed from available statistics and attempts to encapsulate a player's unique strengths and weaknesses in a single number.Findings – Deviations in rankings based on the metric are compared to those based on earnings per event and adjusted scoring averages. The results suggest that in addition to the average annual performance on the greens, the mix of tournaments played and the incidence of heroics or consistency have an important impact on the chances of success on the Tour.Research limitations/implications – The metric's predictions can be negatively affected if a golfer makes a large proportion of double...


This article presents a miniaturized microwave sensor based on a cylindrical cavity for detecting the concentration of water-glucose solutions. To enhance the sensitivity, the cavity is modified in which two symmetrical metal wires with respect to its center are embedded. Compared with the conventional cavity, in the wired measurement, the modified sensor has increased sensitivities by 53% and 44% in terms of shifts of reflection and transmission resonant frequencies <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}_{{11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}_{{21}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which are 17.86 and 14.16 MHz/1% concentration, respectively. In addition, semiwireless and passive full-wireless measurement methods are proposed. With a measuring distance of 30 cm, experimental results show that the sensitivities of the semiwireless measurement are 8.82 and 6.11 MHz/1% for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}_{{11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}_{{21}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which are increased by 50% and 35%, respectively, compared with the conventional cavity. The proposed full-wireless measurement with advantages including passivity, long-distance, and low-cost has a high sensitivity of 2.74 MHz/1% with the reading distance of 30 cm. Compared with other microwave glucose sensors, the proposed sensor has a better performance and the wireless methods are novel, which are expected to be used in biological and chemical sensors.


Autobiographical novel the Fifth Chinese Daughter is regarded as a start to Chinese American literature,whose author Jade Snow Wong,the first universally accepted Chinese American woman writer,won wide approval as well as severe criticism,especially from those nationalist writers.Regardless of her historical merits and demerits,the fact that such ethnic female writer could survive American white mainstream culture has already been a big success.Through analyzing the construction of the protagonist's identity,the selection of the content and the perspective of narrating,Wong's success strategies are clearly expounded.


e16015 Background: Sip-T is approved in the European Union (EU) and US for the treatment of certain patients (pts) with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC. P11-1 (NCT01477749) is a phase 2...


A line heat source thermal conductivity probe was used to measure the thermal conductivity of 28 dairy products and margarines at 0, 20, and 40†C. Water and fat contents and mass density of each sample were also measured and correlated to thermal conductivity.

There was a strong positive correlation between thermal conductivity and water content, and an inverse correlation between thermal conductivity and fat content. Temperature did not appear to be a significant factor over the limited temperature range studied. Although there was some correlation between mass density and non-fat solids fraction, no correlation was observed between mass density and thermal conductivity.


Objective: To explore the relationship between personality disorder and attachment of adults. Methods: Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ3.1), Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory (ECR) and Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire(PDQ+4) were administered to 390 adults. Results: Attachment factors were correlated with personality disorders significantly, r=-0.359~0.555; Stepwise regression analysis showed that attachment could predict PD significantly(R2=0.463). In reverse, personality disorder can affect attachment avoidance,attachment anxiety, self model, and other model significantly(R2=0.28; 0.419; 0.199; 0.158). Conclusion: Personality disorder and attachment are correlated significantly.


Abstract. New and unconventional sources of data that enhance our understanding of internal interactions between socio-economic and hydrological processes are central to sociohydrological modelling. Participatory modelling (PM) departs from conventional modelling tools by informing and conceptualizing sociohydrological models through stakeholder engagement. However, the implementation of most PM processes remains biased, particularly in regions where marginalized communities are present. Most PM processes are not cognizant of differentiation and diversity within a society and tend to treat communities as homogeneous units with similar capabilities, needs, and interests. This undifferentiation leads to the exclusion of key actors, many of whom are associated with marginalized communities. In this study, a participatory model-building framework (PMBF), aiming to ensure the inclusiveness of marginalized stakeholders – who (1) have low literacy, (2) are comparatively powerless, and/or (3) are associated with a minoritized language – in participatory sociohydrological modelling is proposed. The adopted approach employs interdisciplinary storylines to inform and conceptualize system dynamics-based sociohydrological models. The suggested method is underpinned by the Multi-level Perspective (MLP) framework, which was developed by Geels et al. (2002) to conceptualize socio-technical transitions and modified in this study to accommodate the development of interdisciplinary storylines. A case study was conducted in Atitlan Basin, Guatemala, to understand the relationships that govern the lake's cultural eutrophication problem. This research integrated key stakeholders from the indigenous Mayan community, associated with diverse literacy ranges, and emerging from three different minoritized linguistic backgrounds (Kaqchikel, Tz'utujil, and K'iche'), in the PM activity. The proposed approach facilitated the effective participation of marginalized stakeholders. Moreover, it (1) helped develop an understanding of mechanisms governing the eutrophication of the lake, (2) initiated collaborations between Indigenous and non-indigenous stakeholders, and (3) extracted potential solutions targeting the system's leverage points. The participatory model-building activity generated three submodules: (1) agriculture, (2) tourism, and (3) environmental awareness. Each submodule contained socioculturally specific mechanisms associated with nutrient discharge to Lake Atitlan. The delineation of such nuanced relationships helps develop well-targeted policies and best management practices. Additionally, the suggested process helped decrease the impact of power imbalances in water resources management and empower community-based decision-making.


Pitch is a fundamental attribute of sound, which has led to extensive research on pitch processing, categorization, and memory with the goal of elucidating the complex workings of the auditory system. The phenomenon of absolute pitch (AP), the ability to identify or produce a specified pitch without external reference, provides a unique opportunity to study the perception and neural coding of pitch.


Objective This study was designed to investigate the correlation between CDH1 3′-UTR +54 locus C/T SNP and susceptibility to lung cancer in Northern Chinese population.Methods 3′-UTR +54 locus C/T SNP was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis in 194 lung cancer patients and 223 healthy controls.Results The number of the smokers in lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. Smoking may increase the risk of developing lung cancer [odds ratio (OR)=3.03, 95%(CI)=2.03~4.54]. The C allelotype frequence of CDH1 in lung cancer patients was 85.6%, which was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (χ2=10.09, P=0.00). The T/T, T/C and C/C genotype frequencies of lung cancer patients and healthy controls were 1.0%, 26.8%, 72.2% and 4.0%, 38.1%, 57.8%,respectively. Compared with individuals with T/T or T/C genotype, individuals with C/C genotype had significantly higher risk in developing lung cancer (OR=1.89,95%CI=1.25~2.85).Conclusion The C/C genotype of CDH1 3′-UTR +54 locus might be a potential risk for lung cancer development in Northern Chinese population.


Underwater autonomous grasping is a challenging task for robotic research. In this paper, we propose a learning-based underwater grasping method using 3D point cloud generated from an underwater stereo camera. First, we use Pinax-model for accurate refraction correction of a stereo camera in a flat-pane housing. Second, dense point cloud of the target is generated using the calibrated stereo images. An improved Grasp Pose Detection (GPD) method is then developed to generate the candidate grasping poses and select the best one based on kinematic constraints. Finally, an optimal trajectory is planned to finish the grasping task. Experiments in a water tank have proved the effectiveness of our method.


The purpose of this paper is to present main parameters of high frequency X-ray source based on the photo X-tube with photocathode in compare with other tube types. Attention is paid to physical processes that influence such factors as minimum impulse duration and tube current. In the second part of the article the main parameters of designed pulsed X-ray source is given.


We surveyed service users, carers and staff who contribute to involvement in clinical psychology training programmes in the UK about involvement activity and their attitudes towards this. We found generally positive attitudes towards involvement not reflected in activity levels.


This paper looks at the pre-colonial, colonial and post colonial bureaucracy of Uganda as a polity. It observes that there were many polities in the pre-colonial era which included kingdoms as in the case of Buganda, Bunyoro, Nkore and Tooro; and chiefdoms as in case of Acholi and other areas. The paper therefore analyzes the pre-colonial bureaucracy of Uganda taking into account the heterogeneity of different administration arrangements that existed at that time. The colonial and post-colonial Uganda was largely homogenous. The paper concludes that none of the three phases of administration (pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial) experienced a strict Weberian type of bureaucracy.


The purpose of this study was to determine the representasion of sexual exploitation of
woman body in advertising of Torpedo "Dentures" version on television. Theory used in this
study is the theory according to John Fiske, divided into three levels, that is level of reality,
level of representation and level of idiology. For this research method used is a qualitative
descriptive method by using semiotic analysis, to interpreted women's body exploitation in
Torpedo advertising. Based on the results of research, advertising of Torpedo "Dentures"
version will be full charge of exploitation in woman's body representation. Exploitation of
woman's body representation is visualized with the use of minimal clothing, gestures and
expressions that make female models exploited.


Polymerization and copolymerization of methyl 2-(chloromethyl)acrylate (MCMA) to low molecular weight with accompanying β-fragmentation of the MCMA radical leadingto the 2-carbomethoxyallyl end group were investigated. The 1 H NMR spectrum of poly(MCMA) revealed that the fragmentation is predominant as the chain-stopping process when M n =4400. In this case, the fragmentation occurred every 33 propagation steps on average, and the ratio of the rate constants for propagation to fragmentation was estimated to be 11 L/mol at 60 o C


secondary professional literature. Yet elementary teachers, who must teach a myriad of subjects including science, social studies, language arts and math, are "communicators of content," too (Readence, Baldwin, and Dishner, 1980, p. 523). The prime objectives of reading in the content areas are that the children will assimilate, retain, and use ideas. Teachers with these objectives, how ever, seldom find strategies in their basal reading series that can be used with content area texts. Basais em phasize assessment instead of instruc tion (Durkin, 1979, 1981). Especially neglected is study skills instruction which could help students transfer their skills from basal reader stories to content area textbooks. Teachers need to use strategies that provide many opportunities for student involvement at all stages of a lesson, from pre to postreading. The following three strategies improve comprehension while they communi cate content. To demonstrate how these strategies might be used in elementary school, specific examples are based on actual elementary school texts and material.


AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2001 VOL. 25 NO. 1 ers failed to reach agreement. Articles reporting this stalemate often made front-page news. They focused on the attempts of the US, Australia, Japan, Canada and New Zealand to maintain or increase their current carbon-dioxide emission levels and offset these with measures that will gain them "claim credits".8-11 Human health did not appear in the equation. Risk management requires an understanding of risk perception, with roles for the media. A New Zealand study of mosquito-borne diseases found that the majority of the public turns to the written media rather than television as the first source of health information.12 An increased awareness of the risks from mosquitoes increases the use of protective measures, a finding supported by Australian data.13 Accuracy of knowledge about mosquito-related disease risks did not correlate, however, with an increased use of protective measures. Hence, public health campaigns should not rely solely on educational messages about mosquitoes and disease transmission, but also need to influence risk perception. This underlines the importance of working with the media. Newspapers recently covered some possible effects of global warming (climatic extremes and changing mosquito-borne disease risks). They also addressed the international inaction on the causes (The Hague meeting). The links between these events have rarely been made explicit in the media. Making the connections is critical: public health practitioners clearly need to add to the efforts of the media. Examples would include contributions to newspapers' 'OpEd' and letters to the editor pages. Public health campaigns to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases need to explain the global context, promoting both personal protective behaviours and action – local and international – for greenhouse gas abatement. These are 'no-regrets' policies that should be good for the planet, even if the influence of global climate change on these diseases is only slight. The media could make this debate more prominent at the next meeting of the parties to the Climate Change Convention in Morocco, November 2001. We should also recognise that the Climate Change Convention, even if fully implemented, is unlikely to be an adequate response to global warming. Solutions to long-term climate change cannot be left to politicians and diplomats alone. It is vitally important that public health practitioners play their part, along with the media and other leaders of public opinion and action.


Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs using liver function parameters were assessed in 40 HIV seropositive subjects on ARV, 40 HIV seropositive subjects not on ARV and another 40 HIV seronegative subjects. They were all of the same age range of 19 – 56 years old. Results show that the serum activities of the liver enzymes and the concentrations of total and conjugated bilirubin were significantly (p 0.05) influence the effects of HIV seropositivity and ARV drugs intake on the liver function parameters. The study affirms the potential risk of hepatotoxicity for HIV seropositive patients on ARV drugs and calls for continuous monitoring of ARV administration so as to prevent fatal effects of hepatotoxicity.


SALA�, P., LUŽNý, J: Important personalities of Czech fruit plant research and breeding. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2004, LII, No. 2, pp. 139-142 Fruits, as it has been proved by many archaeological discoveries, accompanied and still accompanies Man from the beginning of its existence. At first Man gathered fruits only occasionally in the nature. It's only after some time that he learned how to grow these plants and later how to breed them by some kind of empirical selection. However fruits have not only been used as alimentation, they also became a source of pleasure and beauty as well as an instrument making the environment healthier. Most of the fruit species cultivated in our country come from the European and Asian temperate zone. Residues of apples, pears, sweet and sour cherries, prunes, hazel nuts and later on of walnuts and grapevines were found in our country at a period ascending to the Stone (or Neolithic) age in middle European archaeological localities. From the first century AC residues of peaches have also been discovered. It seems that it's only from the Laten period (Celtic culture 4th-1st century BC) and under the influence of grown up antique cultures that a more intensive development of the cultivation of fruits and an increase of their qualities took place. fruit growing, history, breeding, known persons Ročník LII 15 Číslo 2, 2004 139 The oldest written documents about fruits in Bohemia mainly come from different records on suzerains ́ gardens, monasteries gardens and even from different authentic paintings. Subjects also cultivated fruits but had to give away a certain part of the production to their suzerains. More detailed documents mainly come from the Roman period. The known merchant and traveller Ibrahim Ibn Jakub of Arabian-Jewish origin probably coming from Spain visited middleEurope probably in the years 965 – 966. He alluded to the Slavonic gardens and remembered apples, pears and peaches. Many other documents recall gardens as for example Chronica Boemorum written by Kosmas (1045 – 1125). Archaeological research is also an important source of information. Very valuable discoveries (8th – 10th century AC) were for instance done in Mikulčice, a village not far away from the place where this conference is being held. At the time of Charles IV (1316 – 1376), a global development of fruit growing took place. Charles IV supported a lot the cultivation of fruit plants and grapevines. At the time of Hussite conflicts (1419 – 1437) fruit growing heavily suffered. Jakoubek from Stříbro and a lot of Taborite ecclesiastics claimed: "No fruits will be eaten". They even ordered to destroy the trees. Even thought Jan Hus (a important Czech reformer) himself complimented fruits. The prime of fruit growing came back at the period of Rudolf II (1552 – 1612). The work Agricultural compendium by Petr Crescentius (Czech translation from 15th and 16th century) and other different terminological dictionaries by Bartoloměj Klaret (+1398) are important resources of information about agriculture and horticulture and consequently about fruit growing. 140 P. Salaš, J. Lužný Another valuable document is Book on engrafting by Jošt of Rožmberk (1598). At this time (around the year 1600) and according to authentic information, 69 varieties of pears, 46 varieties of apples, around the year 1670 164 varieties of pears, 60 varieties of apples were cultivated in France. In England, at that same period, 64 varieties of pears, 57 varieties of apples, 62 varieties of plums and 33 of sweet cherries were cultivated. From thence and mainly across Germany the sortiment of varieties spreads in Bohemia. The Thirty Years ́ war (1618 – 1648) and its bad circomstances negatively touched the agriculture and consequently also the fruit growing. The only bright point was the work of a Czech refugee Jiří Holík who discovered and propagated new grafting methods. He even managed to get out his book about horticulture Garten Buchlein in foreign countries (21 editions!). After the Thirty Years ́ war, a new development in fruit growing appeared only at the end of the 17th century and then during the 18th century. The sortiment started to enlarge and the technics of cultivation were improved. For example the gardener of Libochovice ́s castle Ján Tulipán started cultivating dwarf apple and pear trees. He also cultivated formed trees (under the influence of the baroque style) as early as in 1674. It ́s also with compliment that the Jesuitical priest and patriot Bohuslav Balbín (1611 – 1688) expressed himself about the Czech fruit growing. He got out a publication called Miscellenea historica Bohemiae in 1680. Pomona Bohemica was another important publication for the recognition of varieties sortiment, it was written in 1795 by Matěj Rőssler (1754 – 1829), who was dean in Poděbrady. In his position of rector in Poděbrad, where he worked 35 years he established a large fruit garden "Sansparoel" where 2000 fruit varieties were gathered. He knew his contemporaneous principal European fruit growing specialists such as Diel, Earl Canal, Büttner and others. He was also the co-founder of "The Pomological Society in the Czech Kingdom" (1830). He was also meritorious for his deeper work on his contemporary available sortiment and he consequently became the first person whose gathering and studies of varieties was considered as very important for the ulterior development of fruit growing. He recapitulated his notes and studies in a book called Systematisches Verzeichnis aller in der Baumschulen der Podiebrader Dechantei cultivierter Obstsorten published in 1798. It ́s necessary to highlight Rössler ́s work on the studies of Czech original varieties, on fruit growing public education and on his aspiration to fruit growing ́s progress. František Pixa also called our attention. He was a priest in Červená by Milevsko and an excellent fruit grower and specialist in pomology. He wrote a document Grafting key, published in Prague in 1848. This book was and is still used when studying fruit varieties cultivated in Bohemia mainly at the end of the 18th century or in the 19th century. His second book Short Manual on Training, Breeding and Treatment of fruit trees published in Písek in 1857 is also interesting. It ́s even earlier that a book written in German by Jan Lex Aehrenthal introduced fruit growing and the selection of the best varieties. The classification of varieties was done according to Diel. The writer was also the owner of a large nursery in Doksany and a good specialist in pomology. At that time the Austrian government suggested (and Aehrenthal agreed and encouraged this decision) to create three types of fruit territorial nurseries, regional and nurseries in each larger provincial schools. Such a territorial nursery was founded in Prague in 1870 by the pomological institute. Aehrenthal thought that a territorial nursery should preserve the existing varieties in their authentic states, observe the development of the sortiment, experiment with it and then publish and propagate results. It was some kind of conception of genepool collection, research and propagation but he still did not consider breeding. when describing a variety he cared on a precise description and on the possibility of determination. Many records from the 16th and 17th centuries prove that our fruit growing was already at that time at a good level and that we had good varieties. For example the leader of the emperor's troops, a general from Schönfeld ordered to dig out young trees from the areas of Kladno and Slaný and took them to foreign countries. During the emigration in the years following the White Mountain ́s battle (1620) people took with them their favourite varieties. This is how our domestic, original varieties got to Germany: for instance ′Vejlímek′ which developped itself under different denominations, in Germany ′Rotter Stettener Apfel′ and in France ′Rouge de Stettin′. In the litterature, it can be found out that the name of the generally known and favorite variety ′Míšenské′ does not derivate from the German town Míšně, but from its mixed tastes (the translation of "mixed" into Czech is "smíšený"). There was even an imperial decree (from the 18th century) saying that engaged couples had to plant two fruit trees before their wedding. According to a theory, the apple ′Gdánský hranáč′ also comes from our country. Emigrants brought it abroad, possibly as far up as to Baltic countries and from there it expanded under that name all over Europe. Some Czech systems of fruit trees are known from the 18th century (1/64). A census of fruit trees was done in 1899 in Bohemia: 8 417 472 fruit trees were counted. Josef Eduard Proche (1822 – 1908) was one of the first who did not only care of the cultivation and sortiment collection of fruit trees, but also of their preservation and of experiments focusing on the selection Important personalities of Czech fruit plant research and breeding 141 of new varieties. In his garden he gathered a large number of varieties of fruit species from all Europe. He did not only observe and evaluate them, but he also preserved them and crossed some chosen varieties in order to obtain new ones. There was a large interest in his new varieties mainly abroad. Proche was an excellent fruit grower and a pioneer in the field of objective breeding. This is why he is considered as our first breeder of fruit species. Thanks to his breeding experience, he transmitted valuable observations on breeding technics and practises. Jan Říha (1853 – 1922), an excellent specialist in pomology at his time, was very well known even abroad. He knew Proche and was in close contact with him. And he is the one who tried to save Proche ́s collection of fruit trees after his death. Říha also undertook his own breeding of fruit trees. His life will was to publish aggregate books about the Czech sortiment of fruits. In 1919 the first tome of a programmed


There are many difficulties about the enrollment in local colleges with the enlargement of enrollment in colleges. There is a decline of enrollment rate year after year. The thesis carried out series of investigations about eight local colleges in Jiangxi, ten local colleges out of Jiangxi, seven famous universities' enrollment's line, rate, the first voluntary percentage, the structure and quality of students'. It provides strategic evidences to students enrollment, existence and development of Jiangxi Local colleges.


The paper is the result of a research project dedicated to investigating the criminal maxi-trials phenomena in the Brazilian reality. Its first objective is to check if the Boate Kiss Case fits into this phenomenon, considering the different definitions found in literature. The second objective is to analyze the innovations and problems that occurred during the trial proceedings, leading up to the conviction on December 10th, 2021. As for the methodology, the research adheres to a qualitative approach of applied nature, with an explanatory purpose, and employs bibliographical, documentary and case study methods. The theoretical discussion aims to ascertain whether the Boate Kiss Case qualifies as a criminal maxi-trial. In conclusion, it is pointed out that this case aligns with the concept of a criminal maxi-trial, and legislative changes to better regulate maxi-trials according to the requirements of an expedited and fair criminal proceeding are needed.


Consumer financial capability can be defined variously by different researchers. In this study, financial capability is assumed to have three components, financial knowledge, financial behavior, and financial skills. This study examines relative contributions of financial capability components to financial wellbeing among vulnerable consumers. With data from the National Financial Wellbeing Survey commissioned by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), results show that among financial capability components, financial behavior contributes the most to financial wellbeing of the whole sample, followed by financial skill and financial knowledge. In addition, group differences surface when subsamples in terms of age, poverty status, confidence, and fraud victim status are examined. Results suggest that for low-income consumers, encouraging them to engage in desirable financial behaviors is more important than teaching them financial knowledge and skills. Findings have implications for financial educators, practitioners, and policymakers to help them recognize the proper financial education or program to be delivered based on consumer vulnerability and components of financial capability.


In February 1979, the Iranian revolution overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy, which had ruled Iran since 1926. That event subsequently became known as the Islamic revolution, although it had a much wider ideological and social base than religion. It was only further developments after February 1979 that led to common usage of the term Islamic revolution to characterize what was happening in Iran at that period.


Objective To outline Thracian women's disposition and attitude towards the male condom. Methods Representatives of the two major religious subgroups in Thrace (127 Christian Orthodox and 120 Muslim women) were studied. All respondents were of reproductive age (from 17 to 39 years) and were encouraged to answer a specific questionnaire. Women expressed their opinions about their mood while using it, its safety and similarity to natural contraception, and its contribution to the prevention of carcinogenesis and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They were also questioned about the ease of accessibility to supplies, the convenience experienced in buying it, its cost, and whether they thought it was necessary to use one in every act of intercourse as a contraceptive method. The statistical software package used was the Sigma Stat 2.0. Results The majority of the respondents in both subgroups had a positive opinion about the condom's contribution to the prevention of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and STDs. Christians were better informed about the condom's contribution to the prevention of carcinogenesis, while the majority of Muslims did not feel convinced about the condom's contraceptive efficacy. Conclusions The study results reveal a significant difference in the way that Christian and Muslim women in Thrace consider the impact of condom use on sexual behavior and reproductive health care.


Topic modeling is a text mining technique used for automatic extraction of topics addressed in document collections. Although Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is the most preferred model in this field, some problems with its use are still unsolved. In this study, in order to contribute to the solution of these problems, the effect of using different term weights on model coherence is investigated. For this purpose, topic models using different term weights are applied to more than one scientific corpus, and model coherence scores obtained are compared with each other.


With the development and uses of various electrical and electronic devices, energy consumption in our daily-life is rapidly increasing. Since Air Conditioner (AC) itself is responsible for about half of the energy consumption in home and office environment, several contributions have been proposed to reduce costs. However, almost all of them require internal modification of the AC. As a result, the existing techniques hardly focus the user satisfaction during troublesome situations. To address existing limitations, in this paper, a microcontroller based smart scheduling system using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) concept has been proposed for efficiently managing the AC operational time. The PWM concept provides complete power switching control rather than traditional sensor control without user intervention. The PWM concept has been applied to dynamically operate the AC using user-defined 'On_time', 'Off_time', and 'Cycle_number'. Each Cycle_number is comprised of one On_time and one Off_time period that drives running and mode-switching operation of the AC automatically for the defined Cycle_number, which reduces greater energy consumption during sleep-time. Over traditional sensor control in AC, the proposed PWM based scheduling process controls power switching by automatically managing full-power "cut-off" and "activation" phases which is expedient for power saving and safety. The proposed application enables controlling the AC more dynamically than our traditional thermal sensor control by changing its mode of operation. The tested results reveal that the proposed technique can reduce 50%-75% unnecessary energy consumption by the users in-home or office environment.


Community colleges are institutions dedicated to the mission of providing skilled manpower and labor in technical and vocational areas. There are many community college models in the world. In Ghana, polytechnics and technical institutes are adapted models of community colleges. The objective of this chapter is to examine the polytechnic system as practiced in Ghana using the American community college system as a perspective. Community colleges with their provenance in the early 20th century have undergone vicissitudes in their bid to carry out their functions. The polytechnics have also experienced evolving historical circumstances as second cycle technical institutes, then upgraded to tertiary education institutions, and then recently converted to technical universities. In spite of all these developments, the technical universities are believed to be inferior to the traditional public universities.


Background: Patients experience preoperative anxiety which stimulates the release of catecholamines. They have influences on serum level by shifting them into the intracellular space. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a correlation between anxiety and the serum potassium level immediately before induction of anesthesia. Methods: Thirty patients were asked about their anxiety levels at 7 : 00 pm of the day before surgery and immediately before induction of anesthesia: 0; nil, 1; slight, 2; moderate, 3; marked. At those times, arterial blood was taken for checking serum level and blood gas analysis. Results: There was no significant correlation between anxiety level and serum potassium level. At 7 : 00 pm of the day before surgery, the anxiety levels of patients had no significant correlation with the changes of serum potassium level ('-'; = serum potassium level of patient at 7 : 00 pm of the day before surgery, = serum potassium level of patient immediately before induction of anesthesia). Definite correlation between the anxiety level immediately before induction of anesthesia and the changes of serum potassium level has been documented. Immediately before induction of anesthesia, 43% of patients had hypokalemia (


Introduction: Process research in psychotherapy is important to understand how treatment works. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence guidelines suggest that in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for opioid dependence, drug key-working should be based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) principles. This article reports the findings of process research component of a larger study investigating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of CBT in MMT in the UK (UKCBTMM project). Method: This was a multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing MMT plus CBT with MMT alone. The following concepts have been measured as part of the process research: (i) coping skills, (ii) self-efficacy and (iii) outcome expectancies. Results: CBT group has gained coping skills over time (as predicted) at 6 months, which were sustained at 12 months. Self-efficacy showed delayed greater increase in the CBT group at 12 months (as predicted). Positive outcome expectancies from reduction of drug use were reduced for the CBT group both at 6 and 12 months whereas negative expectancies had increased (against prediction). Conclusions: As this is the first trial in which the process changes in CBT in opioid dependence have been explored, the reported limited findings are of importance for further development in the field.


Background: Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) is involved in development and progression of cancers. Re-expression of TSG is inversely proportionate with STAT3 signaling pathways. Demethylation of DNA by 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza) results in re-expression of silenced TSG. Forced expression of PRG2 by 5-Aza induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that potently inhibits BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase resulting in hematological remission in CML patients. However, majority of CML patients treated with imatinib would develop resistance under prolonged therapy. Methods: CML cells resistant to imatinib were treated with 5-Aza and cytotoxicity of imatinib and apoptosis were determined by MTS and annexin-V, respectively. Gene expression analysis was detected by real time-PCR, STATs activity examined using Western blot and methylation status of PRG2 was determined by pyrosequencing analysis. Result: Expression of PRG2 was significantly higher in K562-R+5-Aza cells compared to K562 and K562-R (p=0.001). Methylation of PRG2 gene was significantly decreased in K562-R+5-Aza cells compared to other cells (p=0.021). STAT3 was inactivated in K562-R+5-Aza cells which showed higher sensitivity to imatinib. Conclusion: PRG2 gene is a TSG and its overexpression might induce sensitivity to imatinib. However, further studies are required to evaluate the negative regulations of PRG2 on STAT3 signaling.


A three color flow cytometric method was developed to rapidly detect and enumerate reticulocytes of differing MM MN and NN phenotypes in peripheral blood samples even in multiply transfused patients The analysis was performed using fluorescein and phycoerythrin conjugated monoclonal antibodies individually specific for the M and N antigens together with propidium iodide staining to quantitate cellular DNA RNA content and identify reticulocytes We used this method to identify the MN phenotype of reticulocytes and monitor erythropoiesis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation BMT despite multiple red cell transfusions In 6 of 8 children undergoing allogeneic BMT circulationg reticulocytes were detectable 13 to 18 days mean 15 days post transplant despite ABO differences In 4 of these 6 patients where donor and recipient were of differing MN phenotypes the method unequivocally demonstrated engrafment and expression of erythroid donor cells In these 6 patients absolute neutrophil counts of nbsp; 8805;500 956;L were attained much later from 20 to 38 days mean 29 days post transplant No stable expression of donor cells was observed in the two children who failed to engraft These data demonstrate that effective donor erythropoiesis occurs earlier than previously suggested and much sooner than sustained myelo or thrombopoiesis This method has the ability to detect donor erythropoiesis and mixed allogeneic red blood cell chimensm following BMT Key words: Bone Marrow Transplantation Engrafment Reticulocytes M N Blood Group Transfusion Erythropoiesis


In morphophonology, it is common for lexical classes to condition different phonological patterns. One particularly well-studied example of this sort is the behaviour of lexical versus grammatical words—i.e., 'content' versus 'function' words—in English. In English, function words are significantly more likely to reduce in surface pronunciation than content words: this reduction manifests on the surface in several ways, including as reduced vowels, in the deletion of segments, and in reduced temporal duration (see e.g., Kelly 1992). Compare, for example, the function word to with its lexical homonym two in (1). The function word to can occur in both full and reduced forms, whereas the content word two is less acceptable in the reduced variant.


A Cognitive Internet of Things (CIoT) is a brand of Internet of Things (IoT) with cognitive and agreeable mechanisms, which are incorporated to advance performance and accomplish insights into real world environments. CIoT can perceive present system's conditions, analyze the apparent information, make smart choices, and increase the network performance. In this survey paper, we present classifications of data perception techniques used in CIoT. This paper also compares the data perception works against energy consumption, network life-time, resource allocation, and throughput, as well as quality of data and delay. In addition, simulation tools for IoT and their performance are discussed. Finally, we provide the model of cognitive agent-based data perception in CIoT for future research and development, which ensures the network performance in terms of reliability, energy efficient, accuracy, scalable, fault tolerant, and quality of data.


The invention belongs to a mechanical connection technology, and relates to an installation sliding bush device being suitable for a control steel cable of a power device. The installation sliding bush device comprises an installation sliding bush, an inner pad of the sliding bush, a fixed baffle and an installation support, wherein the installation sliding bush is a guide chute which has three closed sides and one opened side and is used for accommodating the control steel cable; the inner pad of the sliding bush is installed along the guide chute, and a radial clearance is kept between an internal profile of the inner pad and the control steel cable; and the fixed baffle and the installation support are arranged at the two ends of the installation sliding bush and matched to fix the guide sliding bush device. The installation sliding bush device adopts the installation sliding bush to locate and guide the control steel cable, the flexural deformation which is produced during the movement process of the control steel cable can be effectively reduced, accordingly, the movement idle stroke is reduced, and the control precision of the control steel cable is improved. Moreover, the semi-closed guide chute structure of the installation sliding bush can ensure the free radial displacement when the steel cable stretches, so the steel cable is prevented from being blocked to move in the sliding bush.


We ofier a pedagogical study of the Doppler efiect as a channel, and derive a mathematical model of the input-output relation in both classical and relativistic settings. We then show for the derived channel models the well known result that the classical model is the limit of the relativistic one at low speeds. We also derive the relativistic channel model in two independent ways and show they are compatible. We infer from these two observations that there is essentially only one Doppler efiect in difierent disguises. Finally, we observe that the channel models we derive correctly demonstrate that, although the Doppler efiect is a rescaling, it can be approximated by an additive frequency shift under the usual narrowband assumption in communications. We conclude with a brief survey of the myriad of applications that exploit the Doppler efiect in both classical and relativistic form.


Profile analysis of urban underground pipelines solely from 2D GIS data is very difficult because the two-dimensional geographic information system technologies do not quite meet all the utility's needs. The present study aims at developing a quick and practical method to automatically produce the utility's profile using 3D GIS techniques. A 3D Urban Pipe Network Model (3DUPNM) about underground pipelines was proposed on the basis of analyzing the basic characteristics of urban underground pipelines in detail. Also, the approach to dynamically analyze the spatial relations between pipelines was presented by integrating the 3DUPNM with the knowledge related to planning of urban pipelines. Finally, the algorithms of automatically producing the cross-sectional profile and vertical-sectional profile were given particularly. Study shows that these algorithms are more efficient than those using 2D GIS techniques.


The energy transition currently taking place in the mining regions of the European Union poses many challenges that need to be addressed with a view to 2030 and 2050, of which the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is the key one. Initial results of the research project entitled "Models of a transition to a climate-neutral, circular economy for mining regions under transformation process", which is developed in parallel with the transition of mining town Brzeszcze, are presented. The challenges, in the context of energy transition, for both the EU and local governments were identified on the basis of EU policies and the experience of the project team from the cooperation with the commune of Brzeszcze. A "research by design" method was used to develop model solutions. In the context of local challenges, there was a discussion of the Green Deal objectives and "greenery" as a tool for transformation and achieving well-being. It was concluded that a comparison of the tangible (mining and social infrastructure) and intangible (privileges) well-being provided by a "carbon-based" economy with the new "well-being" weights in favour of the new. This is reflected in the concerns of mine workers and the citizens as well. Therefore, proposing appropriate revitalization of a post-mining site will be one of the challenges. With regard to the revitalization, a discussion was held on the role of mining heritage which can trigger either a "growth machine" or a "decline machine" depending on the decisions taken, compatible or not with a circular economy.


SAYAKA, I. School trajectory of children of Brazilian returned dekasseguis. M. A. Dissertation, Faculty of Philosophy, Languages & Literatures, and Human Sciences, University of Sao Paulo. The study herein aims to investigate success in the process of Portuguese/Japanese bilingualism of six youngsters returned from Japan. In our view, successful bilingualism happens in those cases in which even after a long stay in Japan along with an experience with the Japanese school system, the individual has managed to keep his mastery of the Japanese language after returning to Brazil, and be proficient enough in Portuguese so as to be admitted to Brazilian higher education. The theoretical framework on bilingualism was based on studies of Skutnabb-Kangas (2008); Cummins (1984); Baker (1993); Nakajima (2010). Both in-person and online semi-structured interviews have been conducted focusing on three aspects in the life trajectory of interviewees who, based on self-evaluation, have been divided into two groups: Portuguese-dominant bilinguals, and Japanese-dominant bilinguals: (1) linguistic environment in Japan (2) attitude of interviewees with the study of both L1 and L2; and (3) linguistic environment in Brazil. The study has proved that support both from family and others is key to generate motivation for studies, as well as to foment the overcoming of problems arising from both linguistic and cultural adaptation. It has also been observed that interviewees in both groups had to invest on language learning for a long period of time to develop academic linguistic proficiency – ALP (CUMMINS, 2001; 2011) until they were admitted to college. As for the formal support network, the following actions aiming at alleviating problems concerning nonmastering of Japanese language in the context of Japanese immigration in Japan have been taken: admission to a public school in an area with a high concentration of Brazilian people; admission to a Japanese college by means of a program specially designed for returned, and admission to a Brazilian school, being all those actions taken by interviewees in the Portuguese-dominant group. On the other hand, those in the Japanese-dominant group have taken the following measures to facilitate linguistic and school adaptation in Brazil: admission to a private school with Japanese language in the syllabus, admission to a technical school, and admission to a state public school. Attendance to college entrance examination prep courses has been observed in both groups. it has been concluded that the use of those formal support networks has had a positive impact on the development of ALP of interviewees.


Proper phase correction determines the accuracy and quality of the spectral information obtained by Fourier spectrometry. The spectrum produced by Fourier transforming an asymmetric interferogram is a complex function and the process of phase correction rotates the imaginary part of the spectrum into the real plane producing a real spectrum that contains all the spectral information and an imaginary part that contains only noise. For two-sided interferograms improper phase correction produces a second-order error in the intensity of the spectrum. In one-sided interferograms, the antisymmetric component of the interferogram transforms into the imaginary part of the line profile, and phase errors can have a first-order effect on the line position. Practical examples of phase spectra and both corrected and uncorrected power spectra will be presented.


Objective To investigate reconstruction and repair of giant chest wall defect after 1 case high-voltage electric injury and 2 cases explosive trauma.Methods Clinical data of 3 patients undergoing reconstruction and repair of thoracic injury were retrospectively analyzed.The materials to repair the bony chest-wall included 2 cases autografts and 1 Ti(titanium) net.Result No operation death and serious complication.The stability of chest wall was covered.Conclusion The area of bony chest wall defects may be repaired,defects of serious contamination can use autograft for repairing,using artifical materials to support in relatively clean area.


Abstract: Normal aging is commonly associated with a decline in memory, mainly for that related with newly acquired information. The hippocampal formation (HF) is a brain region that has been implicated in this dysfunction. Within the HF there are several cellular types, such as pyramidal cells, granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, and astrocytes. CDP‐choline is a well‐known intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid essential for neuronal membrane preservation and function; thus, this compound would attenuate the process of neuronal aging. To test this, three groups of male mice were used in this study. An adult 12‐month‐old group (ACG), a 24‐month‐old (OCG), and an old experimental group (OEG) were administered orally a solution of CDP‐choline (150 mg/kg per day) from 12 up to 24 months. Experimental observations suggest that CDP‐choline has a positive effect on memory (reference errors were attenuated), and hippocampal morphology resembled that of younger animals.


Copper arsenite prepared from waste acid containing arsenic was applied in copper electrolyte purification.The results show that the removal rates of Pb,Cu,Fe,Mg impurities are up to above 90% and the remaining rate of arsenic in the waste acid is 89.0% when pH value of waste acid is adjusted to 6.0 by NaOH solution.The optimum preparation conditions of copper arsenite are as follows: pH value of solution is 8.0,mole ratio of Cu to As is 2:1,reaction temperature is 20 ℃,and reaction time is 1 h,by adding copper sulphate and NaOH solution after removing impurities.The productivity of copper arsenite with amorphous is 98.2%.Sb concentration decreases from 0.65 g/L to 0.30 g/L,and Bi concentration decreases from 0.15 g/L to 0.07 g/L.The removal rates of Sb and Bi are 53.85% and 53.33%,respectively when copper arsenite concentration in electrolyte is 20 g/L.


Preparation of 2-amino phenol by catalytic hydrogenation of 2-nitro phenol,and effect of process parameters on the catalytic hydrogenation reactions was studied.The condition for the hydrogenation was mild,the pressure less than 1.0MPa,the temperature below 62℃,the reaction time 90-100min,the yield of 2-amino phenol could reach 98.7%.


We propose an object recognition method for service robots under the constraint of uncertain object teaching by humans. In previous object recognition methods, the training phase required a large number of prepared images and also required the training data to not have a complex background. However, for robots to perform daily tasks, they should be able to recognize objects despite unclear object teaching by humans. In order to mitigate the effect of features in the background on object recognition, our proposed method classifies local features based on saliency from video images. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in recognizing target objects despite unclear teaching by the user.


I. The problem. 330. — II. The rigid full employment constraint, 331. — III. A more flexible full employment constraint, 335. — IV. The positive sloping IS curve, 337. — V. Conclusions, 338.


A centrifugal model test was performed for an embankment backfilled with lime-stabilized soil on an undisturbed marine clay foundation. During the test, in-flight photographs were captured, settlements were measured by displacement sensors, and displacement contours were obtained from the markers installed on the front face of the model foundation. These test data were analyzed and discussed in this paper. The test results show that the embankment was stable at 2 m height but ruptured during the loading from 2 to 4 m height. The ratio of the maximum horizontal displacement increment to the ground settlement increment at the embankment centerline suddenly increased during the loading from 4 to 6 m height, indicating the failure of the foundation. This result is in agreement with the observation of the centrifugal test and the calculated Terzaghi ultimate bearing capacity under an undrained condition. Considering the brittle behavior and low tensile strength of the lime-stabilized soil, it is recommended that the lime-stabilized soil should only be used for a low embankment with a height less than 2 meters.


Let L be an alternating link and be its reduced (or proper) alternating diagram. Let w() denote the writhe of [3], i.e. the number of positive crossings minus the number of negative crossings. Let VL(t) be the Jones polynomial of L [2]. Let dmaxVL(t) and dminVL(t) denote the maximal and minimal degrees of VL(t), respectively. Furthermore, let σ(L) be the signature of L [5].


The regiochemistry observed in fructosazone has not been explained by other authors. A novel reaction mechanism has been provided in order to explain the regioselectivity leading to the fructosazone molecule. Our proposal and subsequent reactions are in agreement with the experimental facts and with well known reactivities. So, we have eliminated the existing gap between fact and theory. Many years have elapsed before an answer was given at last.


In this article, we present a stabilized finite element (FE) method for the linearized viscoelastic fluid flow. The FE spaces for the unknown variables are chosen as P 1 - P 0 - P 1, where the fluid velocity and the pressure are discretized by the lowest-order Lagrange elements and the stress tensor is discretized by piecewise P 1 polynomial. In order to get a stable scheme, we added a stabilization term. This method has some prominent features: parameter-free, avoiding calculation of higherorder derivatives and its behaviour towards pressure is totally local. We obtained optimal error estimates and presented several numerical experiments to verify the proposed scheme.


Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the major complications of type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that duration of diabetes and serum creatinine (SrCr) is significant predictors for determining the renal health status of a patient. In this study we have estimated the duration of diabetes of a patient on the basis of their latest renal health status. For this we have developed the joint distribution of three correlated random variables namely duration of diabetes, Serum Creatinine (SrCr) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) to estimate the duration of disease of type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients. This is done by considering two datasets; the first one gives the complete information (from the time of diagnosis till termination of study) and the other gives the latest information (latest 19 months) about the renal health status of a patient. We have used the complete information from the first data to estimate the duration of disease for the DN patients belonging to second dataset. Multivariate analysis is applied for estimating these disease durations by firstly selecting the appropriate distributions for the above three random variables. Then we have checked the normal approximation for each distribution and finally we have checked multivariate normality by applying Mardia test. The distributions of three correlated random variable were found to be approximately normal and they were also found to be jointly normal, therefore three dimensional multivariate normal (MVN) distributions is considered to be an appropriate distribution for duration of diabetes, SrCr and FBG. Conditional expectation under MVN is applied to estimate the duration of diabetes for given values of SrCr and FBG. We have also applied bivariate normal (BVN) distribution as the special case of MVN distribution and estimated the durations of diabetes on the basis of SrCr only. Further we have compared the estimated durations from both MVN and BVN distributions graphically. This estimation procedure will help medical fraternity to guide those patients who have incomplete record history, about their approximate duration of disease. Also it will help in monitoring and evaluating the severity of DN complication.


The technology,which decides rational selection and design of equipments in fully mechanical top_coal caving working face,is the key to realize high output and high efficiency in working face.The principles of the equipments_selected in working face and the calculating method through an instance.The result shows that the method of selection and design exert an instructive role in realization of high output and high efficiency in working face and providing a safe and riliable working condition.


METHODS. Two groups of mature bovine patellae were identified at the time of harvest; those with intact cartilage (n = 10) and those with cartilage exhibiting mild to severe fibrillation (n =9). Cartilage-on-bone samples were statically compressed (7MPa) to near-equilibrium using an 8-mm diameter polished indenter, and then formalin-fixed in this deformed state. Following mild decalcification full-depth cartilage-bone sections, incorporating the indentation profile and beyond, were studied in their fully hydrated state using differential interference contrast microscopy.


A control for the production of electrical energy combined cycle plant comprising a generator and having a corresponding at least one gas turbine and steam turbine components. Determining a temporary load set point of the steam turbine-based device is supplied to the load setpoint and actual vapor pressure steam turbine. Therefore, the gas turbine load setpoint based equipment load setpoint and temporary load set point is determined and is used to control the gas turbine components. Finally, the steam turbine load set point based on the load error temporary load setpoint and gas turbine components is finalized and is used to control the steam turbine, the steam turbine load set point indicates that the second power to be supplied through the steam turbine .


This paper proposed the concept of the container plants at first,summed up the characteristics,roles,types and some basic theories,concluded the garden application in different occasions,for example indoor or outdoor garden.And forecasted the prospect about the application of the container plants in urban landscape.


The importance of long‐term storage of heavy metals in groyne fields, functioning over 150 years, is investigated for the River Odra (Oder), western Poland. Construction of groynes along the Odra preceded rapid development of heavy industrialization in the largest coal mine districts in Poland and the Czech Republic that resulted in persistent riverine pollution. The 187 km long Middle Odra reach was repeatedly channelized from the first half of the eighteenth century to the turn of the twentieth century, during which time partially filled groyne fields were dissected by new bank lines and groyne systems, with older groyne fields partially keyed into the floodplain. Consequently, concentrations of zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper within historically deposited groyne field sediments exceed local geochemical background levels by more than 60, 40, 15 and 10 times, respectively. Sediments contaminated with heavy metals occur within three distinctive geomorphic zones: zone I is up to 250 m wide and furthest from the present channel, comprising decimeter‐thick polluted sediments, overlying eighteenth century sand and gravel bars; zone II represents the former nineteenth century groyne fields, with widths between 10 and 100 m, filled with as much as 3 m of polluted sediments; zone III represents the twentieth century groyne fields, which are several to a dozen metres wide and filled with polluted sediments averaging depths of more than 2 m. This investigation indicates that large and extensive sediment quantities of moderately polluted sediments are stored immediately along the banks of the River Odra. These sediments could be a significant secondary pollution source and therefore careful maintenance of contemporary bank protection structures is required. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper, experimental research process when grinding with CBN grinding wheel has been conducted. Conducting experiments grinding 3 types of steel including 3X13, SKD11 and SUJ2 with CBN grinding wheel on a surface grinder. In each experiment, the value of the velocity of workpiece, the feed-rate and the depth of cut will be changed. The analysis of experimental results to determine the degree of influence of each cutting parameters on the surface roughness when grinding each type of steel. The interaction effect between cutting parameters and surface roughness when grinding different steel types is also analyzed in this paper. This study also conducted a surface comparison when grinding three types of steel mentioned above. Finally, this study compares the degree of impact of each cutting parameter to the roughness when grinding different types of steel. Keywords—CBN grinding wheel; cutting parameter; 3X13 steel; SKD11 steel; SUJ2 steel.


Introduction. Th e study of immune and genetic indicators associated with functional pathology of the autonomic nervous system in workers engaged in mining operations for the extraction of chrome ore (Perm region).The aim of the study was to study the characteristics of cellular immunity and genetic polymorphism in workers engaged in underground mining, suff ering from functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system.Materials and methods. Th e state of various parts of the autonomic nervous system was assessed using cardiorhythmographic program according to the standard method. Markers of cell diff erentiation (CD95+, CD127-) were determined by fl ow cytometry on fl ow cytofl uorimeter. Determining the level of protein expression of Bcl–2 and membrane expression of the receptor for tumor necrosis factor TNF was performed using corresponding monoclonal antibodies and simultaneous procedure negative isotype control. Genetic features were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and allelic discrimination based on the diagnosis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms.Results. The analysis of cardiointervalography indices showed that the predominant types of vegetative regulation of the initial vegetative tone in the observation and comparison groups were eitonia (37.5 and 45.8%, respectively, p=0.448). The sympathetic tone in the observation group were found 1.8 times more often than in the control group (35.4% and 20%, respectively, p=0,126). The study of indicators of the immune system in the working group of observation allowed to establish that the number of T-lymphocytes expressing the receptor apparatus of T-lymphocytes CD127- suppressors was significantly higher than the reference level. The number of T-lymphocytes carrying CD95+ cell death receptor did not significantly differ from the same index in the comparison group, at the same time, in relation to the physiological norm, their level was significantly lower. TNFR cells relative to physiological norm (p<0.05). When studying the system of transcription factors of apoptosis, inhibition of intracellular protein expression of Bcl–2 protein was established. A significant increase in the value of the index of specific sensitization to chromium (Ig E spec.), (1.63 times in relation to the comparison group). The genetic analysis revealed differences in the distribution of frequencies of alleles and genotypes in patients with diseases of the nervous system (polyneuropathy, disorders of the autonomic system, epilepsy, eitonia, etc.) on the genotypes of the following genes: gene detoxification of xenobiotics — coproporphyrinogen oxidase CPOX A/C rs1131857, serotonin receptor gene HTR2A A/G rs7997012, which forms a genetic predisposition to pathological immunoregulatory scenarios of allergization, hypersensitivity to intoxication, carcinogenesis, catecholamine regulation defects (asthenia, migraine, obesity, lability of blood pressure and pulse). Conclusions. Th e results of immunological and genetic studies indicate production conditionality in miners engaged in underground mining of chromium ore, with manifestations of functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system associated with an imbalance of immunoregulation and gene polymorphism variability.


MR-guided pHIFU (phased High Intensity Focused Ultrasound) system can realize non-invasive ablation of tumors. In order to use MR as the guidance, there must be a precise transfer matrix between the MR and HIFU system. In this paper, some methods are proposed to improve the precision of positioning. One image-processing algorithm is used to automatically pick up the points. Furthermore, this paper proposes a new temperature positioning method based on multiple foci heating mode, and use optimal selection algorithm to reduce errors. In terms of results, using the automatic algorithm only took about 10 seconds to get all the points coordinates. It was shorter than the artificial method, which took at least one minute. It also proved that the optimal selection algorithm could reduce errors. The standard deviation using artificial method was 6.5899, and the standard deviation of automatic method reduced to 1.8445.


A kinematics simulation model was established for the driven-latch needle of warp knitting machine, and the simulation was implemented by using SimMultibody. Thus, the simulation curves of displacement, velocity and acceleration for a certain key point of the mechanism were obtained. The modeling analysis is implemented for a certain mechanical system. The results show that this method is convenient, efficient and powerful. It provides a theoretical foundation and a better analytical approach of simulation for the design and analysis of complex multi-linkage


The term 'Salivary gland' was first described by Andreas Vesalius in 1543. Parotid surgery has indeed come a long way since last 500 years; as before the renascence, interventions of the salivary glands were restricted mainly to treat abscesses, ranulas and extraction of stones. German surgeon Lorenz Heister is credited for description of the first parotidectomy in 1765, which he mentioned in his book "A General System of Three Parts". Salivary gland tumors comprises of 0.3% of all malignancies and 2%-6.5% of the head-and-neck tumor. Approximately 64%-80% of all primary epithelial salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid gland and rest in other salivary glands, which makes parotid gland surgery as one of the most commonly done salivary gland surgery by both Otolaryngologists and General Surgeons in the head neck region. Most of the parotid gland neoplasms are benign, as detected pre operatively by fine needle aspiration and thus the patients expect an excellent outcome after the surgery. However, considering the unique anatomy of the gland and its intricate intraglandular relationship with the facial nerve, significant complications may arise which can result in varying morbidity. We present here our experience of Parotid surgery done at NRS medical college and North Bengal medical college and hospital from 2013 to 2019 in the department of ENT and head neck surgery. Our study pertains to the study of complications of parotid surgery, their respective management and a brief review of the literature of the same. ABSTRACT


A compact ultra-wide band printed antenna with tri-band notched characteristic is proposed. Two different types of slot are used to obtain the three stopband. By using an H-shaped slot etched on the radiation patch, two notched band, 3.3–3.6 GHz for WiMAX and 5.15–5.825 GHz for WLAN, are achieved. U-slot defected ground structure is used to achieve another notched band at 8 GHz for some satellite service. Moreover, conceptual circuit model, which is based on the impedance of the proposed antenna, is also shown to discuss the principle of the triple band-notched characteristic. The proposed antenna yields an impedance bandwidth of 3.1–10.6 GHz with VSWR < 2, except the notched bands. The antenna is successfully simulated and measured, showing tri-band rejected characteristic can be obtained by using two different slots.


Ever since Hobbes we have sought to explain such extraordinarily commonplace facts as that prudent people trust each other, keep promises and succeed by and large at coordinating so as not to collide in corridors and roadways. In fact, it is the success which meets our efforts to coordinate without communication so as not to collide in corridors, which is perhaps the most perplexing of all social phenomena, because it is enjoyed by creatures with the capacity to conceive of (inconveniently) many coordination schemes that achieve the same ends. And ever since Thomas Schelling we have been suspecting that traditional game theory, which as I shall show embraces a Kantian view of agency, cannot explain this success. I shall here propose an anti-Kantian account of agency which takes as its point of departure the kinds of coordinations that Schelling demonstrated are so difficult for traditional game theory to explain. My proposal shall reject the Bayesian foundations of game theory, which rest on this Kantian view of agency. 1. Bayesian "Coordinations" Bayesian foundations of decision theory aim at treating cooperative enterprises or "games", defined as ones which permit enforceable agreements amongst the players,1 as they treat noncooperative games, which admit of no such agreements. And so Bayesians aim at representing collective decision making as a species of individual decision making, not as something different in kind. The goal is to reduce what may be called "collective rationality", the process of deliberating collectively to achieve agreement for the sake of coordinating action, to what may be called "individual rationality," the process of achieving decision as individuals for whom overt deliberation is a (bargaining) game of individual-against-individual, in its own right, within the boundaries of the larger game. The idea is to handle the overt process of deliberation as a series of strategic bargaining moves in a competitive game of individual-against-individual, which is also governed by rules specified in advance, and therefore not as the sort of thing which someone can undergo purely as a single individual. Rather than being seen as a potential means to reaching collective decision with others, and therefore as a means of forming a single but larger decision-making body aiming at common goals, the process of deliberation is conceived exclusively as a means for each participating individual to reach their individual goals.2 This is, for example, a goal of Harsanyi and Selten's (1988) monumental work on equilibrium selection, although as they themselves acknowledge, the goal is never reached.3 Towards its goal, the Bayesian procedure is to define a decision problem very abstractly, by its essentials only: preference structures, rules of play, and knowledge that these things are themselves common knowledge to all participating, who (incidentally) are assumed to be consummately rational beings, in possession of common knowledge of this mutual consummate rationality, as well as unbounded deductive powers. The participants are then assumed to pass from knowledge of the essential about their situation, by deliberately putting to one side (if necessary) such things as cultural norms and all other common knowledge not specifically relevant to the decision problem, via pragmatic reasoning, to a solution that compels action.4 It shall be my thesis that, while the Bayesian approach expects the deliberator to be a consummate logician, as a consequence of being consummately rational, and in that regard exaggerates the human endowment, it at the same time understates her other resources. 2. Nash Equilibrium The Bayesian approach to coordination (among other things) forms one stream of the so-called Nash Program, which commends solutions to dilemmas in the form of so-called Nash equilibria.5 To define a Nash equilibrium we shall need to introduce the notion of best reply. A certain option for a given player is a best reply to other players' choices, if it best advances that player's aims (in Bayesian terms, maximizes his utility), in light of the other players' current choices. Then a Nash equilibrium is a combination of plays, one from each player, such that each one is a best reply on its player's part, to the other players' choices. A Nash equilibrium point is self-enforcing in the following sense: if each player believes that the others are doing their parts in the equilibrium stratagem, then each can be certain he can do no better for his aims by unilaterally deviating from equilibrium, and so will follow through with it, without there being a penalty imposed for deviation. For each player's part in the equilibrium is a best reply for each to what the others are doing. Now an option which is a best reply to other players' choices, no matter what the others choose, is called dominant. A dominant strategy is an unconditional best reply. The sticking point is that there is more than one Nash equilibrium in typical games, none of them supportable purely on dominance considerations. For example,6 suppose you and I are each given only one opportunity to name either Heads or Tails without communicating; we win a prize so long as our selections match. The outcome of the equilibrium point Heads/Heads is just as agreeable to us as the outcome of the equilibrium Tails/Tails. The trick is to reach one equilibrium point, rather than the other, without benefit of communication.7 The naive Bayesian approach, which simply directs its adherents to maximize individual utility, without giving further instructions in the matter, does not provide a mechanism for deliberating among competing equilibria, so does not prevent miscoordinations. There is now a very large literature attempting to refine the Nash equilibrium concept, so that the refinement will both (1) eliminate intuitively incorrect equilibria,8 and (2) leave only one equilibrium left standing as an option. For it was once thought that, if there is one unique equilibrium point, every theory, no matter its foundations, can embrace it as the solution to the game, since it has no competitors.9 This is a quite problematic proposal, because it simply and unceremoniously postulates that all coordination problems possess a solution, however we like to think of what it is to be a solution. If we are Bayesians, this has the effect that every coordination problem possesses a solution that can be supported on individual utility-maximizing grounds. But there are at the same time reasons for embracing the contrary of the existence postulate.10 Michael Bacharach, who is perhaps the only person to axiomatize what may plausibly be called "the theory of noncooperative games" as practiced in the 1980's, has proved that a Bayesian theory without principles of deliberation beyond "Maximize!" does not have solutions to games with unique Nash equilibria.11 The ground of this proof is quite simple, and is captured in an argument, put forward independently by Margaret Gilbert, against use of a salient property of a strategy combination (a property which allows that combination to draw prominent attention to itself as unique, and thereby to stand out as special) as potentially identifying that combination as a unique solution. The argument, in effect, is that even in the presence of a salient strategy combination, there is still nonetheless no reason for one player to believe that his partners or opponents will or are likely to perform their parts in that combination.12 So if there is no reason for me to think you will choose your part in that prominent combination, I have no compelling reason, not even on grounds of maximizing utility, to choose my part in it. And so prominent considerations are not rationally compelling in the way they need to be in order to qualify as solutions. One promising new approach is the idea that dilemmas ought be individuated also in terms of initial beliefs, that these too enter into the essentials of a decision situation. Brian Skyrms has perhaps the most prominent proposal, as well as the best worked out, along these lines, but Cristina Bicchieri has another.13 The idea is that, in order to achieve a specific enough definition of a dilemma to reach a compelling solution, we must model also the knowledge of players, as to how they assess the other players are initially likely to play, and also to update systematically their opinions of each others' opinions, iterating the updating process until there is convergence. The results of this approach are in fact interesting, but, as I now suggest, they are also of limited use. For the only factors it will allow as relevantly discriminating between one dilemma and another, are ones which impact players' initial assessment of each other's likelihood of pursuing the options open to.14 The approach, in other words, requires that an initial assessment of the opponent or partner's play is ascribable to each player. These assessments are called prior probabilities, or simply priors (as they are known to friends and enemies alike). Allowing priors to individuate between games may be in keeping with the Bayesian program, but it runs into the following, fundamental, difficulty. If players fail, for whatever reasons, to form priors, or simply fail to form them in a way which is not commonly known to be common knowledge, then such factors as would otherwise seem relevant cannot be used to discriminate one dilemma from another. And so the Skyrms proposal will have an application only in those cases in which factors that otherwise seem relevant to individuating one dilemma from another, also show up as making an impact on priors. So the proposal will succeed only if players have at least comparative opinion of each proposition to the effect that the opponent will do such-and-such, that these opinions are common knowledge, and that it is also common knowledge that players update this opinion systematically, according to some defini


Anshun Area is located at the middle of Guizhou Province, 105°15′E-106°31′E, 25°21′N-26°38′N. It has a special position in ichthyo geography for its special geographic characteristics and climate (lowest 4.2 ℃ , highest 23.7 ℃). Since 1982, 3 125 fish samples have been collected from 24 spots in 6 counties. All the samples belong to 149 species, 6 orders and 20 families. The characteristics of the ichthyofauna composition show that the substitute between orders or families has occurred in the distribution edge and the supersede area of the population as well as the south side and north side of the watershed area due to the difference in distribution area of fish population. The ichthyofauna of Anshun Area in geographic distribution division should be regionalized to the areas of upper reaches of the Changjiang River in south region of east Asia and the upper reaches of Zhujiang River in subregion of south Asia along the east Pacific Ocean.


Hybrid logic is an extension of modal logic with nominals for referring to the possible worlds. A nominal is an atomic formula which is true at exactly one point in any model. By using hybrid logic, the labelled deduction mechanism can be internalized to the object language, so the proof methods for the logic can be developed without resort to meta-linguistic devices. The article presents two hybrid logics for possibilistic reasoning. The first is based on the graded modal formulation of possibilistic logic, so its proof method is essentially a modification of the tableau system for hybrid multi-modal logic. The second is a kind of fuzzy modal logic and has a many-valued semantics. We present its proof method by using a tableau system for annotated formulas.


We generalize the construction of dual BGG complexes in Faltings–Chai and Mokrane–Tilouine–Polo (from the case of Siegel modular varieties) to all smooth integral models of PEL-type Shimura varieties.