Abstract: The article deals with the East of the Middle Ages. The principal directions of development of physics of that period are mentioned here: mechanics, optics, warmth, magnetism, acoustics, astronomy. Keywords: science, the Middle ages, physics, the East.There is foggy period in the history of development of the world science. It is difficult to see anything there for a modern investigator, not because that there is any-thing in the mist, but because that they don't want to see anything there. This mist is artificial. We are speaking about the Middle Ages period of the history of science. Our task is cleaning out this mist and showing the Re-naissance of the East — the scientific basis of the West. We are standing on the shoulders of the past. If there wasn't the past, there wouldn't be "today" either. We have no right to deny the past.An independent, so called Arabic science ap-peared in the East of the Middle Ages — it was the sci-ence of the Islamic Middle Ages. The Arabic conquerors didn't destroy the ancient civilization. The became the custodians, the savers of the ancient science and in their turn the succeeding cell and history of development of science. The antic science reached to us in great degree in the rewritten manuscripts and translations of the antic literature. The "House of wisdom" (832 Baghdad) — written by Al-Mamun is the proof of the foregoing. Be-sides the madrasah where besides religion, mathematics and astronomy were taught too, the universities, libraries, academies — the scientific centers were established in the Islamic countries. The people of the countries of the Middle and Near East consolidated politically and eco-nomically and related with each other by one religion and language (the Arabic language became the language of science and culture) obtained the possibility of free exchange of the spiritual valuables.The Muslim scientists investigated the scientific knowledge engendered at Ancient India, China and Greece, then transferred, worked out, systematized and complemented them at the different scientific centers of the Islamic world. The Eastern Europe got them from here. The Muslim scientists were the ancestors of all new scientific disciplines and directions. The labor of early Muslim scientists remained the source of the scientific knowledge for long term which drew the information of the Eastern world and partially, European epoch of Renaissance. Most of the labor established the basis of the syllabus of the European universities. Marquis Daf-ferin wrote: "Europe is indebted to the Muslim science, Muslim art and Muslim literature for revival from the darkness" [2].The Physics of the Middle ages began to be developed with the comments on the work of the Ancient Greek scientists. But, these comments became more original gradually and in the result the independent physics grew up from them. The directions of development of physics of the Middle ages are mechanics, optics, warmth, mag-netism, acoustics. The mathematic plays an independent role in the progress of physics in the Middle Ages.The encyclopedic treatises were divided into the statement of theoretical and practical science. The theo -retical science is logics, physics (natural science), math-ematical sciences and metaphysics (philosophy and theology). The practical science also includes ethics, economics and politics [8].Besides physics, physics included chemistry, geology, mineralogy, meteorology, botany, zoology, medicine and psychology in our meaning too. The mathematic scienc -es included arithmetic, algebra, geometry, astronomy, theory of music, optics, hydraulics, statics (science of weights), theory of mechanisms.Learning of the process of formation of the eastern mechanics allows tracing the tendency to axiomatization and geometrization in a spirit of Euclide and Archimed (statics), to working out of the qualitative theory within the framework of philosophic learning of movement and to declining of body in the different environments and the source of this movement, to separation of learning of simple machines and mechanisms. The system of Ptolo-maeuslays on the basis of the astronomic models of the movement of the celestial bodies.The influence of the eastern tradition was principally reflected on the static and kinematic methods of astron-omy. This is the development of numerical arithmetic — algebraic methods in the static, the specific adoption of decisions of practical tasks related to the lever rule and


Reenacting the birth of an intron Uffe Hellsten, Julie L. Aspden, Donald C. Rio & Daniel S. Rokhsar An intron is an extended genomic feature whose function requires multiple constrained positions – donor and acceptor splice sites, a branch point, a polypyrimidine tract and suitable splicing enhancers – that may be distributed over hundreds or thousands of nucleotides. New introns are therefore unlikely to emerge by incremental accumulation of functional sub-elements. Here we demonstrate that a functional intron can be created de novo in a single step by a segmental genomic duplication. This experiment recapitulates in vivo the birth of an intron that arose in the ancestral jawed vertebrate lineage nearly half a billion years ago. Introduction The appearance of a new intron that precisely splits an exon without disrupting the corresponding peptide sequence is a very rare event in vertebrate genomes. No such intron gains have been documented in the human, mouse, rat, or dog lineages since their common mammalian ancestor 1 , nor in a comparison between the pufferfish Fugu and Tetraodon 2 . Nevertheless, a few credible cases of vertebrate intron gain have been documented in teleost fish 3 . In these examples, the novel intron sequences showed recognizable similarity to the surrounding coding exons, and appeared at AG|GT sites embedded within coding sequence. This observation suggested that recent tandem duplication of an AGGT motif-containing coding sequence could have led to the formation of the intron, an idea originally put forward by Rogers 4 . If the 5' GT and 3' AG in the duplicated region were recognized by the spliceosome as donor (5' splice site) and acceptor (3' splice site) signals, the redundant duplicated region would be excised from the primary transcript, leaving the translated peptide unaltered by the segmental genomic duplication (Fig. 1). Here we apply a bioinformatics approach to look for early vertebrate-specific intron gains. In addition to the requirement that the intron be absent in invertebrate orthologs, we require that paralogs from the whole-genome duplications at the base of vertebrate evolution contain examples of genes with and without the intron. We find only one example of such an intron gain, namely within the ATP2A family, where an intron is present in the human ATP2A1 gene, but not in ATP2A2 (see also Table 1). We test the segmental duplication scenario by creating artificially duplicated constructs of the intronless gene and demonstrate in live human cells that the redundant region can be spliced out, in essence reenacting a plausible creation mechanism for the intron in the ATP2A1 gene.


The increasing uptake of renewable energy sources with intermittent and variable power generation has led to an increase in the development of battery energy storage systems (BESS) to help manage energy grids. Designing these scheduling systems is a complex challenge due to the volatile nature of energy generated through sources like wind and the sun. This paper focuses on the scenario of demand peak reduction for a primary distribution substation located in the southern UK, which is supplemented by a nearby Solar Photovoltaic (PV) farm. Time series forecasting methods are utilized to forecast PV generation and Energy demand a week in advance and utilize that to optimally control a battery storage device connected to the primary substation and the solar farm, to reduce the evening peak period by utilizing as much solar generation stored from earlier in the day.


In the enamel cover coats which includes the opacifier agent made of TiO 2,the quantity of Na 2SiF 6 is decreased,at the same time the quantities of B 2O 3、P 2O 5 and R 2O are changed.We analyze the effects of enamel slip through adjusting the processing fact. Through the test, the whiteness and gloss are guaranteed well while regulating the quantities of B 2O 3、P 2O 5 and R 2O.


The article presents a comparison of genetic algorithm and the linear programming method approaches for solving the optimization problem. The comparison is performed on the example of the task of server hardware recourses optimization when placing Virtual Machines (VMs) during Virtual Desktop Infrastructure implementation


Energy problems have thrust themselves firmly on the global "stage" in recent years; escalating real energy prices and the possibility of the rapid exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources have seen to that. There is also the correlation that exists between economic development and energy use, which is clearly depicted in Table 1. Table 1 shows the close similarity between world shares of gross national product and of energy consumption; the increase in per capita energy consumption over the period 1925 and 1965; and the sub stantive differences between regions in energy consumption per capita. Using 1965 data, Darmstadter estimated an overall correlation coefficient of 0.9 between primary energy consumption per capita and GNP per capita. As is shown in Table 1, North America, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union account for the bulk of global energy consumption while Asia (including the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) has a relatively low energy consumption per capita. The overwhelming economic and strategic significance of energy is such that governments carry out extensive intervention in energy markets: they intervene, for instance, to influence the development of energy sources, energy supply technologies, energy prices, and energy end uses. The crucial importance of energy for modern industrial activity, moreover, makes it highly unlikely that the production and distribution of energy will revert to anything resembling a free market. Moreover since the early 1970s, energy trading has become more politicized and inter-state political bargaining has increasingly taken precedence over conventional type commercial transactions, while political pressures and cartelization also resulted in a substantial increase in the "host government take", so that the era of cheap energy is now definitely over. Not only do energy matters have primacy in the hierarchy of policy problems facing most countries but there is also a need for the employ


parent-child communication around school work is open and honest there is a reluctance on the part of parents to get overly involved with the subject of mathematics. Even those parents who have proved their mettle with late night science projects and early morning leaf specimen gathering are reluctant to plunge into the world of middle grade mathematics. Either it is too hard, or too new, or perceived as not relevant, or responsible for resurrecting old anxieties and fears from their own school experiences; whatever the reason, parents, young adolescents and mathematics have not had the best of


Purpose The objective of this study was to assess the classification capability of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) ultrasound feature descriptors targeting established commercial transcriptomic gene signatures that guide management of breast cancer. Materials and methods This retrospective, single-institution analysis of 219 patients involved two cohorts using one of two FDA approved transcriptome-based tests that were performed as part of the clinical care of breast cancer patients at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center between April 2008 and January 2013. BI-RADS descriptive terminology was collected from the corresponding ultrasound reports for each patient in conjunction with transcriptomic test results. Recursive partitioning and regression trees were used to test and validate classification of the two cohorts. Results The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator curves (ROC) for the regression classifier between the two FDA approved tests and ultrasound features were 0.77 and 0.65, respectively; they employed the 'margins', 'retrotumoral', and 'internal echoes' feature descriptors. Notably, the 'retrotumoral' and mass 'margins' features were used in both classification trees. The identification of sonographic correlates of gene tests provides added value to the ultrasound exam without incurring additional procedures or testing. Conclusions The predictive capability using structured language from diagnostic ultrasound reports (BI-RADS) was moderate for the two tests, and provides added value from ultrasound imaging without incurring any additional costs. Incorporation of additional measures, such as ultrasound contrast enhancement, with validation in larger, prospective studies may further substantiate these results and potentially demonstrate even greater predictive utility.


The N-unsubstituted Dewar pyrrole, 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-5-azabicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-ene, was synthesized by the reaction of 1,2,3,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiabicyclo[2.1.0]pent-2-ene with hydrogen azide followed by photochemical denitrogenation and desulphurization with triphenylphosphine.


The Islamic mortgages have a very important role in demand of the financial liquidity for the majority of Indonesian Muslim population. In operational practice, the Islamic mortgages apply the sharia principles. In order the implementation of Islamic sharia does not deviate from the principles of sharia, it needs to get in-depth study for the practice of getting a clear basis that this study is very useful for the community and for practitioners of sharia mortgages. Based on the research and tracking of economic principles concerning liens, it is obtained the result that the economic principles of sharia on the mortgage that is using the principle of ar-Rahn (mortgage), is used in the pledge of the goods moving, while the principle of ijarah (lease) is used in case goods which is placed in a warehouse owned by Perum Pledge wages where a rent must pay rent, and qard hasan principles is used in providing loans to customers who return it without interest.


The utility model belongs to the technical field of wind energy generation, and particularly relates to a floating shaftless annular vertical blade wind turbine, which is characterized in that an annular groove is arranged on a base, and the bottom annular rotating body of the wind turbine is in movable fit with and matched with the inner cavity of the annular groove; arc blades are vertically and fixedly connected with the upper side surface of the bottom annular rotating body of the wind turbine, are uniformly distributed, and are in equidirectional central symmetry; and the outer edge or the inner edge of the annular rotating body is connected with a transmission gear and engaged and linked with the gear of the wind turbine set through the transmission gear. The utility model has the advantages that by adopting the half-floating structural design of the annular rotating body, the motion reactive loss is less; as the blades adopt the arc design and are in equidirectional central symmetry on the annular rotating body, the wind resources in different wind directions, on different planes and within different heights ranging from hundreds of meters to thousands of meters, can be simultaneously collected and utilized, and the single machine capacity can reach more than 10 thousands, millions even 10 millions of KW; and the wind turbine has big mass and inertia, and low difficulty in achieving the direct grid-connecting technology with the output power of 50 Hz frequency.


The invention relates to a device for recovering hydraulic energy at a tools with Mooring pump to operate as a pump or as a motor, with a high-pressure accumulator as well as with a throttle differential circuit for connecting the bottom side of a working cylinder with the rod side of the working cylinder of the working device and a corresponding working device ,


We report here on our use of Wmatrix (Rayson 2009) and the USAS tagger (Rayson et al. 2004) as an alternative to more commonly used content analysis methods for sorting and coding open response survey data in the social sciences. Survey-based research in the social sciences often elicits open response data which is transcribed then sorted and coded, a procedure known as content analysis (Philip and Macmillan 2005). This methodological approach may be conducted by an individual researcher or by several members of a research team who then discuss their classifications to arrive at a final, definitive coding. Two particular problems arise. Firstly it is a time-consuming method, particularly in the preferred approach when more than one researcher participates in the exercise. Secondly, it is difficult to ascertain the accuracy and consistency of the coding within and between projects, i.e. in situations where more than one set of open responses in a single questionnaire need to be coded, and where similar topics are the focus of questionnaire based data collection in a number of projects. Replication is difficult because the number of categories and the level of detail that emerge from content analysis can vary considerably from one coder to the next and from one set of responses to the next. Having a finite, fixed set of categories would therefore be helpful, as would any degree of automation of the coding procedure. It is within this context that our experimentation with Wmatrix begins.


Objective:To establish a method for determination of the content of three alkaloids 3-methyl-canthin-5,6-dione,4-methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one and 4,5-dinethoxycanthin-6-one in Picrasmae Ramulus et Folium.Method: The determination was carried out with Phenomenex Gemini C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm).The mobile phase consisted of 0.25 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate buffer(pH 4.0 by HAC)(A)-acetonitrile(B) with gradient elution.The detection wavelength was at 254 nm.Result: 3-methyl-canthin-5,6-dione,three reference substances were in good linearity between 0.004 56-0.182 40,0.012-0.480,0.002 6-0.104 0 μg(r≥0.999 9),and the average recovery was greater than 96.72%(RSD0.78%).Conclusion: The determination method is simple and convenient,stable and repeatable,it would provided a reliable approach to evaluate and control the quality of Picrasmae Ramulus et Folium.


The discovery of superconducting oxides of the Y-Ba-Cu-O system, exhibiting zero resistance above the liquid nitrogen tempera ture (Wu et al 1987; Ganguly et al 1987), has received worldwide attention. The oxide composit ions which have shown this behaviour seem to bc complex and biphasic. The Yt 2Bao.8CuO4 composition of Wu et al (1987), based on the analogy with La_~_,-Ba, CuO4 possessing the KeNiF4 structure (Chu et al 1987; Rao and Ganguly 1987), consisted of a green and a black oxide. We suspect that the green oxide was Y2BaCuO5 which is an insulator. We did not prepare Y-Ba-Cu oxides with composit ions related to those of K2NiF4 structure since Y2CuO4 itself is not formed in this structure. Instead, we made Y-Ba-Cu oxides analogous to La3Ba3Cut, Ot4 (Er -Rakho et al 1981) which is an oxygen-deficient perovskite possessing a


Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of the non-perfusion anterior vitrectomy technique for the lens subluxation during phacoemulsification.Design Retrospective case series.Participants 20 patients(20 eyes) with intraoperative lens subluxation during phacoemulsification.Methods Under the application of viscoelastic into the vitreous cavity and cracks within the lens nucleus,no-perfusion 20 G vitrectomy headmaster from the clear corneal incision was put into the capsular bag for cutting,suction lens nucleus,cortex and anterior chamber vitreous.Viscoelastic was added during vitrectomy until full clearning lens nucleus,cortex and vitreous.Three-piece PC-IOL ciliary sulcus fixation was performed in 17 eyes in which range of dislocation was 2 quadrants or more,and CTR + PC-IOL implantation was performed in 3 eyes of less than 2 quadrants.Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity,IOP,and complications.Results There were no nuclear fall into vitreous,severe bleeding and other serious complications during the surgery.All 20 patients were implanted PC-IOL(dual loop ciliary sulcus fixation).After the first day of the surgery 7 patients with increased intraocular pressure returned to normal with treatment.At 1 month after surgery,compared with the preoperation,vision improved 2-8 lines in all patients.Vision of 10 patients(50%) was 0.5 or more.Conclusion Non-perfusion anterior vitrectomy techniques can better deal with lens subluxation during phacoemulsification,providing a new treatment choice to this complications of the intraoperation.


This thesis illustrates the theories of context, showing the positive effect on reading process. It also points out that reading is not only a comprehensive skill but also a meaning reconstruction process. Therefore, students should be taught to read by context clues. Some strategies are also given to make the students more aware of context so as to improve the students reading skills.


VP2 genes of infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV) were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) from bursae of Fabricius AH1 and AH2 samples collected from 2 chicken farms with immunoprophylaxis defeat in Anhui Province in December' 2007.Sequence analysis showed that the VP2 gene of AH1 and AH2 had 1 350 nucleotides and encoded 450 amino acids.Both strains had the same heptapeptide motif(S-W-S-A-S-G-S) and critical amino acid residues A222,Q253,I256,D279,A284,I294 and S299 in the variable region of VP2 gene,suggesting that AH1 or AH2 possessed the molecular characteristics of virulent IBDV.Symptoms and pathological changes of IBD could be caused in 20-day-old chickens infected experimentally with AH1 or AH2,and the mortality was 25%(1/4).Clustering analysis indicated that the homology of 26 serotypeⅠ isolates were from 90.7% to 99.6% and from 95.5% to 100% based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequences,respectively.Heptapeptide motif,critical amino acid residues and hydrophilic regions existed differences between the virulent and attenuated(or non-virulent) IBDV.In the phylogenetic tree,26 IBDV serotypeⅠ isolates could be divided into several groups,but 15 isolates from China were not in the same group,indicating that the branching order of the isolates had not been defined by geographic origins and separation time.The differences in VP2 gene sequence between AH1 or AH2 and current commercial vaccine strain B87 were 5.3% and 5.2%,respectively,indicating that the virulence change and antigenic epitope shift caused by VP2 variation of IBDV field strain were the major factors causing the failure of immunological protection using IBD vaccine.


We study diffusion-reaction processes on periodic square planar lattices and simple cubic (sc) lattices. Considered first is a single diffusing reactant undergoing an irreversible reaction upon first encounter with a stationary co-reactant ["one-walker (1W) problem"]. We then generalize this scenario to allow for a competing reaction, i.e., instantaneous trapping of the diffusing reactant with probability $s$ at any vacant site before interacting with a (stationary) co-reactant at a target site. We determine the mean walklength of the diffusing reactant until irreversible reaction occurs. We use generating functions ("mortal walk theory") and the theory of finite Markov processes, as well as MC simulations. To investigate the dependence of walklength on lattice size we compute the first, finite size corrections to the Green function of the sc lattice, correcting results reported in the literature. Using these results, statistical properties of both conventional (immortal) walks and mortal walks can be determined. Finally, we consider the case where both reactant and co-reactant undergo synchronous nearest-neighbor displacements ["two-walker (2W) problem"]. In this case, reactant and co-reactant can individually be trapped with probability $s$ at any lattice site, or can undergo an irreversible reaction on first encounter at any site. When $s=0$ we find that, both for the 1W and the 2W problem, for lattices with (approximately) the same number of sites, the mean walklength is smaller (and hence the reaction efficiency greater) in $d = 3$ than in $d = 2$. Increasing $s$ tends to reduce differences in system dimensionality, and distinctions between the 1W problem and the 2W problem. Our model provides insight on the efficiency of apparently diverse diffusion-reaction processes, such as diffusion on a partially poisoned catalytic substrate or photosynthetic trapping of excitations.


Proteases are enzymes that perform proteolysis (protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in a polypeptide chain). Proteases have evolved multiple times, and different classes of proteases can perform the same reaction by completely different catalytic mechanisms. Aspartic proteases are a specific catalytic type of protease enzymes. The HIV-1 protease, which belongs to the retroviral family of the aspartic proteases, is synthesized as part of a large Gag-Pol precursor protein. It is responsible for its own release from the precursor and the processing of the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins into the mature structural and functional proteins required for virus maturation. Because of its indispensable role, the mature HIV-1 protease dimer has proven to be a successful target for the development of antiviral agents.


Many dynamic processes, such as heat flow, take place on the surface of a shape. Computations involved in simulating such processes are unnec-essarily computationally intensive since they are computed using 3D data whereas a shape's surface only has two degrees of freedom. The 3D representation of a shape is its extrinsic geometry , and the 2D representation is called its intrinsic geometry . For computing purposes, the extrinsic geometry of a surface is typically represented by a mesh, a collection of flat triangles connecting points in three dimensions. Whereas intrinsic geometry can be represented by a mesh of triangles that wrap around the surface, spec-ified only with edge lengths. We present a fast algorithm for computing a compact intrinsic triangulation of a given extrinsic shape with far fewer triangular elements than the extrinsic triangulation. We demonstrate the use of the simplified mesh for solving Partial Differential Equations. To the knowledge of the authors, we present the first intrinsic mesh simplification algorithm. We demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of our algorithm on the benchmark Thingi10k 19 mesh data set. We show the effect of intrinsic simplification by solving Poisson equations on our intrinsically simplified meshes and give a comparison to existing extrinsic simplification methods.


Breast milk is not simply a source of macronutrients and micronutrients, but it also contains biologically active substances such as immunoglobulins, antioxidants, enzymes and growth factors. Breast milk is protective against necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), and this may be due to its effect on gut flora or its bioactive substances. Serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) is an acute-phase protein that is produced in mammals in response to inflammatory stimuli and participates in the innate immune response. In the mouse gut it is regulated by the microbiota and it inhibits the adherence of Escherichia Coli and prevents bacterial invasion of the intestinal wall.1 ,2 The main isoform of SAA3 is active in multiple tissues in animals but is inactive in humans due to a mutation …


The authors discuss the use of a scanning system, whereby a spot beam antenna is repeatedly scanned over the area of treatment in a pre-calculated manner. To produce a pattern with a uniform temperature profile a specific power distribution, P(x,y), must be applied. Calculation of this, for the homogeneous case requires an optimisation program based around a thermal model. Given P(x,y) a corresponding velocity profile V(x,y) can be found. Where V(x,y) is the trajectory a particular antenna of constant power must follow to approximate the heating effect of P(x,y). A prototype system employs a computer controlled robot arm to scan a helical antenna. Initial experiments have been made using a thermographic sheet to measure the temperature distributions produced on the surface of a microwave absorber.


Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.colorado.edu/honr_theses Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Educational Methods Commons, Evolution Commons, Other Education Commons, Other Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons, Painting Commons, Science and Mathematics Education Commons, Science and Technology Studies Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons


Physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of smoked skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) produced in Kendari-South East Sulawesi had been studied. Samples were collected from four producers where direct smoking method was used. Three of the smoked fish producers used coconut shell (Cocos nucifera) as smoke resource, while one producer used a combination of coconut shell (C. nucifera) and "bakau"-mangrove wood (Rhizophora sp.) for smoke resource. It was found that colour (L*, a*, b* values), texture, water activity, protein, fat and ash contents were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between samples, however only moisture contents were significantly different (P 0.05) between organoleptic properties and it can be concluded that smoked skipjack tuna from Kendari were accepted by the panelists.


A list of names published or validated in 1997 is presented. We also comment on the tendency to base names of new taxa on a single bacterial strain, and the consequences for reliable descriptions that this tendency implies.


Base on the physical and chemical characteristics of tomato,refered to the processing of the general preserved fruit,this irvestigation discussed the selection of the raw tomato,pretreatment method,ooze candies,stoving and so on.The optimum technical condition.


Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is an effective strategy for quickly creating the diversity and high three-dimensional compounds from simple starting materials. The selection of a starting material is the key to constructing useful, chemically diverse compound libraries for development of new drugs. Here we report a novel, general and facile strategy for the creation of diverse compounds with highly structural diversity from readily available natural products, zerumbone as the synthetic starting material. Zerumbone is the major component of the essential oil of wild ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith. It is noteworthy that zerumbone has powerful latent reactivity partly due to its three double bonds, two conjugated and one isolated, and a double conjugated carbonyl group in an eleven-membered ring structure. In fact, zerumbone has been shown to be a successful example of NMRDOS, natural materials-related diversity-oriented synthesis. We will report that zerumbone can be converted at one chemical step from four zerumbone derivatives into rare and markedly different scaffolds by transannulation.


This paper assesses the origins, conclusions and consequences of the Fleming Committee, which considered the relationship between Britain's leading independent boarding schools and the state. In 1944, the committee recommended one-quarter of the places at these schools should be assigned to a national bursary scheme for children who might benefit from boarding. The author emphasises the role that Ellen Wilkinson played in implementing a Fleming-style scheme in the early years of the Attlee Government. Despite promises to the contrary, the Conservative Government that was elected in 1951 did not expand the scheme, which lingered on in a desultory form. Failure stemmed from a lack of political will, which was reinforced by a shortage of public finance, inconsistent support from independent boarding schools and local education authorities and problems over the selection of pupils.


Ectopic impaction of the functional tooth is a kind of complicated mal-occlusion.Orthodontic eruption of such tooth,in cooperation with surgical assistance,is usually necessary to rebuild aesthetics and function of the natural dentition.Oral surgeons play important roles in the procedure,which needs the capability or knowledge of the general design of the treatment,localization of the impact tooth,analysis and clearance of the obstruction,surgical techniques for the exposure,and healing mechanics of the eruption.Good surgical treatments are essential for the comfort of the patient,duration time of the procedure,and final success of the orthodontic eruption.


A long-wave lubrication analysis is used to study the influence of topographical features on the linear stability of noninertial coating flows over a locally heated surface. Thin liquid films flowing over surfaces with localized heating develop a pronounced ridge at the upstream edge of the heater. This ridge becomes unstable to transverse perturbations above a critical Marangoni number and evolves into an array of rivulets even in the limit of noninertial flow. Similar fluid ridges form near topographical variations on isothermal surfaces, but these ridges are stable to perturbations. The influence of basic topographical features on the stability of the locally heated film is analyzed. In contrast to its destabilizing influence on liquid films resting on heated, horizontal walls, even such nonoptimized topography is found to be effective at stabilizing the flowing film with respect to rivulet formation and subsequent rupture. Optimal topographical features that suppress variations in the free-surface sha...


The glycocalyx (GC) is a semi-solid layer lining the endothelium that plays a key role in maintaining barrier function and mechanosensing shear forces. With advanced age and pathological conditions, the GC deteriorates, and this is accompanied by arterial dysfunction characterized by impaired endothelial-dependent dilation (EDD) and large elastic artery stiffening. Alterations in hyaluronan (HA), a primary component of the GC, may contribute to the development of a dysfunctional artery phenotype. Here, we sought to determine the role of HA in GC integrity and arterial function. We have generated a tamoxifen-inducible, endothelial cell-specific, knockout mouse model of the hyaluronan producing enzyme, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2, HAS2 f/f- Vecad-CreERT2). Endothelial HAS2 knockout (HAS2 f/f- Vecad-creERT2+: ecHAS2 KO, n=10) and wildtype (HAS2 +/+- Vecad-creERT2+: ecHAS2 WT, n=10) young mice were injected intraperitoneally with 4 mg of tamoxifen for 5 consecutive days. HAS2 mRNA expression was reduced by ~47% in carotid endothelial cells of ecHAS2 KO mice (P=0.004). GC barrier function (perfused boundary region [PBR]) was evaluated in vivo in the mesenteric microcirculation using an intravital microscope equipped with an automated capture and analysis system. PBR was 8.9% higher in ecHAS2 KO compared to ecHAS2 WT (P<0.0001). Subsequently, video recordings acquired were used to manually determine GC thickness from individual microvascular segments. GC thickness was significantly reduced in ecHAS2 KO vs ecHAS2 WT (7.9μm±0.02 vs 0.37μm±0.02, P<0.0001). Together, these results indicated that GC integrity was deteriorated in response to a reduction in endothelial HAS2. This GC deterioration impairs EDD, as evidenced by a 43.4% reduction in flow-induced dilation in isolated carotid arteries from ecHAS2 KO compared to ecHAS2 WT (P=0.013). To directly assess the role of GC plays in the differences in flow-induced EDD observed, the lumen of the arteries was infused with hyaluronidase, a HA degrading enzyme, and this abolished the differences in EDD between groups (P>0.05). Endothelial-independent dilation in response to sodium nitroprusside was not different between groups (P>0.05). Furthermore, aortic pulse wave velocity, a measure of large elastic artery stiffness, as well as systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were all greater in ecHAS2 KO compared to ecHAS2 WT (all P≤0.033). These results demonstrate that endothelial cell-specific impairment in HA synthesis compromises GC integrity and leads to arterial dysfunction and elevated blood pressure. Funded in part by awards from National Institutes of Health Awards R01 AG060395, R01 AG048366, T32 HL007576, T32 HL139451 and Veteran's Affairs Merit Review Award I01 BX004492. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.


INTRODUCTION Today, the concept of the "independent" director is widely, if not universally, regarded as critical to the healthy governance of public corporations.1 The concept remains fiercely contested, however, in the governance of investment companies, including mutual funds.2 This resistance appears on two fronts, one of which is quite visible, while the other is often overlooked. The more obvious battle over director independence has occurred in response to the securities and Exchange Commission's ("SEC's") rulemaking effort to alter the standard for granting certain regulatory privileges under the Investment Company Act (the "Act").3 The SEC, among its other reforms, sought to limit privileges under the Act to companies where at least seventy-five percent of the directors and the board chairman are independent.4 Those rulemaking efforts have been struck down twice on procedural grounds.5 In late 2006, the SEC resolicited public comment on two studies addressing the costs and benefits of the proposals.6 Mutual fund fee litigation is the second area in investment company governance where, in striking contrast to the trend in corporate governance generally, the concept of director independence remains undeveloped. Section 36(b) of the Act deems an investment adviser of an investment company to owe a fiduciary duty with respect to the receipt of compensation for advisory services (i.e., management compensation).7 That section also creates an express, private right of action permitting a security holder, acting on behalf of the investment company, to sue the investment adviser or its affiliates for breach of that duty.8 The seminal section 36(b) case, decided twenty-five years ago, is Gartenberg v. Merrill Lynch Asset Management, Inc.9 The second Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal of the complaint10 and articulated six factors ("Gartenberg factors") to guide the determination whether an investment adviser's fee is excessive.11 One factor is the independence of fund directors.12 The independence factor, however, has not played a meaningful role in judicial analysis of advisory fees under the Act.13 As to scope, it has been regarded, unlike developments in corporate law, as essentially equivalent to a director falling outside the narrow statutory definition of "interestedness" found in section 2(a)(19) of the Act.14 Moreover, of 150 reported cases citing Gartenberg since 1982, only thirty mention the narrowed notion of director independence, with few according it much significance.15 Not surprisingly, then, in the twenty-five years since Gartenberg, no plaintiff ever has obtained a reported judgment under section 36(b).16 In contrast, over the last quarter of a century, the concept of director independence has traced a very different path in the larger world of corporate governance.17 Here the concept has expanded, flourished, and generally taken hold as a critical component of fiduciary analysis. This is not to say the judiciary's actual handling of the independence issue in particular factual settings is always commendable.18 Rather, the point is that director independence is accepted as an indispensable element of good governance in corporate law, and the concept is open textured and fluid.19 In the area of mutual fund fee litigation, on the other hand, the concept has remained cramped in scope and marginal in significance. This Article takes a fresh look at director independence in the mutual fund fee context and offers a proposal for reinvigorating it. Part I briefly identifies the central agency conflict between mutual fund investors and investment advisers and highlights the economic significance of mutual fund fees. Part II summarizes strategies to minimize the adverse effects of these conflicts. One such strategy, competition, suffers from weaknesses aptly noted by Professor Donald Langevoort,20 such as a lack of activist institutional investors exercising influence through voting rights as typically seen in the corporate arena. …


A fluid theory of tearing instabilities is presented. Recently derived fluid equations, which have the feature of describing adiabatic electron dynamics more completely than the usual transport equations, are employed for this theory. The temperature gradient driven self‐filamentation of a plasma in a uniform magnetic field is described. Temperature gradient driven and magnetically driven ''collisional'' and ''semicollisional'' drift‐tearing modes are also derived. A comparison with kinetic theories is made; the comparison suggests that the neglect of electron‐electron collisions in kinetic theories of tearing may lead to an overestimate, of appreciable magnitude, of the relative importance of the temperature gradient free energy in driving tearing modes.


In brief Physicians, parents, and physical MM education specialists should not be overcautious or unduly restrictive in recommending physical activities for those who have epilepsy. People with epi...


Google data breach (leading to fines from the European Union (EU) and France in 2017 and 2019, respectively) and Cambridge Analytica Facebook data harvest in 2016 (pp. 80–81) are highlighted. The penultimate chapter dwells on 'The Case of Social Media' and privacy issues. Examples of Facebook's role to influence the political behaviour of Americans during the 2010 midterm and 2016 general elections are discussed (p. 90). This has led to the delete Facebook movement and the rise of non-users (pp. 91–93). The chapter also discusses how people assert their authority over social media. On one hand, some interviewees restricted social media by either time spent or the number of platforms to be on. This is in a bid to balance using social media. On the other hand, non-users saw social media as a platform for a superficial relationship and expressed concerns about the safety of their personal information. The final chapter discusses the 'Status of Opting Out' from digital technologies. As a class status, some people decide to opt out of digital media. This group of people can afford to do so because they have people to use such technologies on their behalf. This well-structured book provides insight into how Americans make conscious efforts to control their use of digital media (p. 114). In spite of few cases of misspellings, Brennen achieves her aim of providing an understanding of specific reasons why some people choose not to engage with digital technologies and how others make decisions on which technologies to use (p. 3). Two missing elements in the whole discourse are the author's projection for the opting out movement and privacy concerns. To what extent can the opting out movement be successful in opposing digital technologies in this digitized era? How can legislations by national governments and/or supranational organizations ensure privacy concerns are solved? Generally, the message throughout the book rehashes the power of a potential user of digital technologies to determine how, when, why and what they use it for. Although this book is primarily centred within a US context, Brennen draws on relevant non-US examples – Singapore, England (p. 14); Australia, Tanzania (p. 21) and EU, France (p. 80). Based on these examples, the book is a relevant material for anyone interested in new technologies, digital media researchers and graduate students.


Despite the fact that suicide and its prevention continues to be a priority area for health care in the UK, suicide in the elderly remains a neglected subject receiving little interest and research attention. The Green Paper Our Healthier Nation (Secretary of State for Health, 1998) maintained the concept of setting targets for suicide reduction originally proposed in The Health of the Nation strategy. The new target proposes that by the year 2010 the death rate from suicide and undetermined injury will be reduced by at least a further sixth (17%) from the baseline of 1996. The setting of such targets has always been a contentious issue among many psychiatrists, who have concerns that they may be used as a quality measure of psychiatric services, especially as some consider that social influences predominate over health care issues. The subsequent debate has focused on targeting specific at-risk groups, notably severely mentally ill young men, Asian women and those who deliberately harm themselves. One group who are rarely considered in such debates is the elderly. This is a matter of particular concern given the importance of psychiatric and physical health factors, which previous and recent research continue to emphasise. Fundamentally, suicide rates in most industrialised nations increase with age, the highest rates of all occurring in elderly men. The notion that most elderly suicides are 'rational' acts in response to irreversible, understandable situations is not supported by available clinical research. Suicidal behaviour in the elderly is undertaken with greater intent and with greater lethality than in younger age groups, and health care staff play a vital role in the recognition and prevention of suicide in this age group. This paper deals principally with completed suicide in the elderly, although attempted suicide and related issues are included where relevant for emphasis. The epidemiological, social, neurobiological, psychiatric and physical antecedents will be discussed, followed by a consideration of preventive measures. The few comprehensive studies into elderly suicide employ a method known as 'psychological autopsy', which generally involves establishing a detailed profile of the mental state, personal circumstances and concerns of the person before suicide through structured interviews with surviving relatives, friends, etc., supplemented by additional information from primary and secondary care services where relevant (Barraclough et al, 1974; Conwell et al, 1991, 1996; Rich et al, 1986; Henriksson et al, 1995). As suicide is a relatively rare event, these studies are limited in size. Larger samples may be analysed using information obtained from coroners' inquests and other sources. Several studies have focused specifically on the elderly in recent years (Cattell, 1988; Cattell & Jolley 1995; Duckworth & McBride, 1996; Osuna et al, 1997; Purcell et al, 1999).


This study presents a dual channel decoder capable of modeling cross-speaker dependencies for segmentation and classification of fillers and feedbacks in conversational speech found in the DEAL cor ...


Abstract Hydrogen-ion microscopy has been used to study microstructural features of tempered martensite in a commercial FeO8% C-0·4% Mn steel, and a comparison between microstructure and measured microhardness has been made. At peak hardness in the early first stage of tempering, a high density of carbides with {100} habits and primarily in the form of very thin platelets is present. Many of these particles are coherent and some are associated with dislocations. As the hardness decreases, the density of particles decreases and their length and width increase rapidly. Their thickness, however, increases very slowly and coherency is maintained for a large number of particles throughout the first stage of tempering. In the late first stage of tempering large incoherent carbide platelets with {112} and {110} habits begin to form; and in the third stage of tempering where the hardness drops more rapidly, a comparatively low density of these large incoherent carbides is found. These results support the theory t...


Thermolysis of mono-, di- or tri-benzylamine for some days in the absence of promoters gave the same products: ammonia, toluene, dibenzyl, stilbene and benzaldehyde. Thermolysis of dibenzylamine in isoquinoline as a solvent gave 1-benzyl-isoquinoline together with the normal pyrolysis products. When naphthalene and 2-naphthol are used as solvents, benzylation of the solvent nuclei was observed to give 1- and 2-benzylnaphthalenes and 1-benzyl-2-naphthol respectively. In conclusion, thermolysis of tri-, di- or mono-benzylamines proceeds through a free radical mechanism with successive conversions of the tertiary, through secondary to primary alkylamines resulting in the same pyrolysis products.


Secretary work was carried out swiftly and with precision by Elsbeth Custafsson. Gunilla Haag. Britt-Louise Fritzon, Viveca Karlsson. Lilian Levin and Britt Rosgn. Skilled library and linguistic assistance was provided by Yngve Ujorkroos and Eric Gunnars. lngegerd Agenls, Head of division. and Anders Roscn. M.D.. in the Drugs Department of the National Swedish Board of Health and Welfare were helpful in providing financial and secretary assistance. Maud Karlsson in the Stockholm County Social Insurance Office selected the control persons. I wish to extend my gratitude also to these persons.


Abrikosov vortex contains magnetic field and circulating currents that decay at a short range λ ∼ 100 nm. However, the vortex can induce a long range Josephson phase shift at distances r ∼ µ m (cid:29) λ . The mechanism of this puzzling phenomenon is not clearly understood. Here we present a systematic study of vortex-induced phase shift in planar Josephson junctions. We make two key observations: (i) The cuto ff e ff ect: although vortex-induce phase shift is a long-range phenomenon, it is terminated by the junction and does not persists beyond it. (ii) A crossover from linear to superlinear dependence of the phase shift on the vortex polar angle occurs upon approaching of the vortex to the junction. The crossover occurs at a distance comparable with the penetration depth. This, together with theoretical and numerical analysis of the problem, allows unambiguous identification of two distinct and independent mechanisms. The short range mechanism is due to circulating vortex currents inside superconducting electrodes without involvement of magnetic field. The long range mechanism is due to stray magnetic fields outside electrodes without circulating vortex currents. We argue that understanding of controlling parameters of vortex-induced Josephson phase shift can be used for development of compact and fast electronic devices with low dissipation power.


The current concern of society must be pointed to design projects that are socially, economically and financially efficient and fair, this in order to identify, reduce, and mitigate as much as possible the externalities or negative impacts on society. This article specifies how to choose and define a methodology that fits with the needs and the scope of each project, this allows the team to have a full assessment prior to the implementation phase; in addition it should be applied the concepts of heat map and the Default theory of probability calculation (DC), to obtain the probability of the impacts occurrences's after the project is delivered.


N‐functionalized amines play important roles in nature and occur, for example, in the antibiotic vancomycin, the immunosuppressant cyclosporine, the cytostatic actinomycin, the siderophore aerobactin, the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin, and the polyamine spermidine. In the pharmaceutical and fine‐chemical industries N‐functionalized amines are used as building blocks for the preparation of bioactive molecules. Processes based on fermentation and on enzyme catalysis have been developed to provide sustainable manufacturing routes to N‐alkylated, N‐hydroxylated, N‐acylated, or other N‐functionalized amines including polyamines. Metabolic engineering for provision of precursor metabolites is combined with heterologous N‐functionalizing enzymes such as imine or ketimine reductases, opine or amino acid dehydrogenases, N‐hydroxylases, N‐acyltransferase, or polyamine synthetases. Recent progress and applications of fermentative processes using metabolically engineered bacteria and yeasts along with the employed enzymes are reviewed and the perspectives on developing new fermentative processes based on insight from enzyme catalysis are discussed.


Indications of the space environment hazard at any point in space and time along geosynchronous orbit (GEO) can be obtained using the set of rules described in this paper. These rules are implemented using real‐time Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite particle sensor data and the magnetic index Kp. These rules should be useful for both real‐time and posthoc analysis of GEO spacecraft anomalies. The hazards covered are surface charging, internal charging, single‐event effects due to solar particle events, and total dose (solar arrays). The system provides a "hazard quotient," the ratio of the instantaneous to mission‐averaged likelihood of an anomaly due to each hazard, based on environmental measurements. With the exception of total dose, the hazard quotients are derived from lists of on‐orbit anomalies or their proxies, and it is assumed that the probability of future anomalies will share the same functional dependence on the environment exhibited by the anomalies in the lists. Hazard quotients are potentially more valuable to satellite operators than are raw measurements, as hazard quotients directly convey the statistical relationship between the radiation environment and the likelihood of an anomaly.


PURPOSE: A manufacturing method of a core-shell structure electrocatalyst is provided to selectively form a shell layer on a shell layer without chemical and thermal treatments. CONSTITUTION: A manufacturing method of a core-shell structure electrocatalyst comprises a step of reacting a support and one or more precursors of a core-forming metal in an ether solvent. A manufacturing method of a core-shell structure electrode catalyst comprises a step of reacting the support and precursors in the ether solvent to obtain a core-shell-supported support; a step of reducing the precursors using an ester-based reducing agent in a solution in which the core-nanoparticles are supported or dispersed.


Cutaneous metastases of internal malignancies occur infrequently and the zosteriform spread of the skin lesions represents a rare entity. We report here a case of cutaneous metastases from a colon carcinoma clinically mimicked Herpes varicella-zoster. The literature is also reviewed.


One of the key points in designing an active suspension is to find a good control rule.The theory of stochastic linear optimal control which is broadly used now can provide good performances for vehicles.Wheelbase preview control which uses road information at the front wheels as preview variables to control the back wheels can exert the potential of active suspensions adequately.This paper presents the establishment of an optimal controller of active suspension with wheelbase preview information using optimal control theory.A Kalman filter is used to estimate the states of the system.Then a simulation model based on MATLAB environment is established and used to compare 3 performance indexes of active suspensions:vehicle body acceleration,suspension dynamic travel and tire dynamic deflection.The simulation results demonstrate that wheelbase preview control is feasible and could improve the performance of the back suspension system effectively when the velocity is low.


Summary: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) key enzymes in alveolar macrophages regulating levels of super-oxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, were observed to fluctuate in response to FIO2 of 50 and 85% for 18 to 90 hr. At the lower oxygen tension, SOD rose two-fold and GPx decreased significantly by 18 hr and throughout the exposure periods compared to a delayed increase in SOD activity which was not sustained beyond 66 hr of exposure and a sustained rise in GPx to an FIO2 of 85%. Peritoneal macrophages containing lower SOD activity and greater GPx activity than resident alveolar macrophages upon injection into the circulation resulted in a 10-fold accumulation in the lungs during exposure of animals to FIO2 of 85% but not at 50%. This study indicates that brief exposure to FIO2 of 85% but not 50% resulted in alterations of the vascular integrity of the lungs resulting in the accumulation of circulating macrophages to the alveolar macrophage pool. The delayed rise in SOD activity and the sustained increase in GPx activity in alveolar macrophages from animals exposed to FIO2 of 85% could in part be related to this influx of circulating macrophages with enzymatic characteristics observed for peritoneal macrophages.Speculation: Toxic concentrations of oxygen not only affect the metabolism and enzyme responses of resident alveolar macrophages but incite the early influx of circulating macrophages into the lung favoring the accumulation of superoxide anion which could propagate the inflammatory reaction.


A considerable degree of uniformity of results of the Wassermann test has been found among five pathologists. Certain differences (chiefly in the case of weakly positive sera) have, however, been noted. Their main source lies in the use of different methods and not in any lack of personal ability or care on the part of the worker. It is believed that the number of these could be greatly reduced by adopting a uniform method of performing the test and by standardising the details of the method. The supply of a standard antigen and haemolysin to pathologists is recommended.


We argue that the effectiveness of capital as an entry barrier depends critically on its durability and that this aspect of capital has been largely ignored. We examine strategic decisions with respect to capital durability in two models. In a broad range of cases an active policy with respect to durability and replacement of capital is necessary to maintain a position of market power. Such policies will result in capital that is "too durable" or "too soon replaced" or "too well maintained" relative to the cost minimizing solution (for a given time path of output).


The largest foodborne illness outbreak in a decade occurred in the summer of 2008, when 1,442 individuals were identified as having been sickened by Salmonella of the unusual serotype Saintpaul. As part of a larger national telephone survey on food recalls, researchers at the Rutgers Food Policy Institute assessed Americans' awareness of and responses to the Salmonella Saintpaul outbreak. This included an examination of their knowledge about which foods were believed to have caused the outbreak, their awareness of the status of the outbreak at the time of the interview, and the actions they may have taken to avoid becoming ill as a result of this outbreak. Results from this survey indicate that while communication about foodborne illness does receive significant attention from the American public, often the specifics of the outbreak and recommended actions are misunderstood or disregarded.


This paper investigates the use of reconfigurable computing and readily available Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platforms to expedite the generation of input-patterns for testing integrated circuits after manufacture. Unlike traditional fault simulation approaches, our approach emulates single stuck-at fault behavior in a circuit and finds the minimum test pattern set to detect it. In this paper, we present a method to insert faults into a circuit netlist by identifying circuit fault sites. We then present our parallel method of fault emulation and describe our method to organize and compress the input patterns needed to identify all faults. Using circuits from the ISCAS and MCNC benchmark suites, we show that our approach does better than a commercial tool in test-set reduction.


A thermal asperity detection and recovery scheme for a disk-drive read channel is presented. The circuit design and simulation results for two key blocks, the AC coupler and its tuning loop, in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process are described.


The RhIII ion in the title compound, [Rh(C12H6N2O4)(C12H7N2O4)], is coordinated by four N atoms and two O atoms from two chelating ligands L and HL (H2L = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid) to form a distorted octahedral geometry. Face-to-face π-stacking interactions are observed between inversion-related pyridine rings, with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.581 (1) Å [the perpendicular distance between the rings is 3.3980 (7) Å]. Intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link adjacent molecules into one-dimensional supramolecular chains along the c axis, while several intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions are also observed.


This essay addresses the problems that teachers experience while living and teaching abroad in China. The first part describes my personal experience as a beginning teacher abroad and the cultural challenges I faced in the classroom. The second part details the events that occurred at a foreign teachers' conference and examines the roots and motivations behind foreigners' cultural insensitivity toward their students through the lens of a "culture bump." The essay emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and curiosity as the keys to successful teaching abroad.


Effectiveness of Manual and Radiofrequency – Assisted Posterolateral Microtubular Decompressive Nucleotomy (Disc-Fx) in Patients with Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of manual and radiofrequencyassisted posterolateral Microtubular decompressive nucleotomy (Disc-FX) in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain (CDLBP).
Material and Methods: Fifty-eight patients diagnosed with CDLBP were divided into two groups: twenty-eight patients were operated by Disc- FX and thirty patients (control group) were treated conservatively. The pain- determined disability in both groups was assessed over 6 months by Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (OLBPDQ).
Results: Statistically significant differences between the two patient groups were observed on the first week after the intervention (31.2 SD ± 8.8 versus 37.7 SD ± 14.8, p=0.049), on the first month (24.2 SD ± 6.4 versus 31.6 SD ± 11.1, р=0.003) and on the third month (12.2 SD ± 5.7 versus 17.4 SD ± 9.2, р=0.013). There was not statistically significant difference between the two groups on the sixth month.
Conclusion: Our study confirms the short-term effectiveness of Disc-Fx procedure in patients with chronic low back pain. Further studies on its longterm results seem appropriate.


The paper is a summary with comments of the study of "Huainanzi" in the late 30 years(since 1979)in China considering the text study,philosophy study,and the study about the relation of "Huainanzi" and other works.Based on the literature review,the inadequacy of the "Huainanzi" study is pointed out with suggestions for further study.


Six antisera to hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) were compared for sensitivity in detecting the antigen in gel diffusion and immunoelectroosmophoresis(IEOP) tests; these included three human antisera, two guinea pigantisera, and one horse antiserum. Gels and reagents from three commercial sources (Courtland, Hyland, and Spectra) and from this laboratory were compared for reliability in detecting HAA by gel diffusion and IEOP tests. In gel diffusion tests two human antisera, one distributed by the National Institutes of Health and one from this laboratory, were the most sensitive, detecting antigen in 83% of the sera positive by complement fixation (CF). Gels from Courtland Laboratories and this laboratory gave the greatest numbers of positive immunodiffusion reactions. The use of an enhancement pattern (testing each serum adjacent to a positive antigen) increased the sensitivity of the gel diffusion test for detecting HAA-positive sera from 57 to 83%. In IEOP tests, the three human antisera detected HAA in 91 to 95% of the sera positive by CF, and the animal antisera in only 83 to 84%. The importance of careful reading of tests was emphasized by the fact that the antiserum which gave the greatest number of positive reactions in both test systems showed the weakest lines of precipitate.


In the past 50 years, there were a lot of Indigenous Peoples (原住民) who were forced to seeking jobs in the cities. Among them, the Pangcah People constitutes the majority of these "Indigenous Migrants" who has to find a home far away from their birth places. Predicated upon their societal as well as cultural ties, Pangcah People have been reconstructing their tribal settlements (部落) within an urban environment. For lack of entitlement of residential land, these Pangcah tribal settlements were built along the riverbands in the outskirt of the cities. These settlements have frequently been dismantled by the government's brutal actions, and tribesmen there were forcely evicted, once and again. This study deals instead with the concrete processes of the "re-creation of traditions" of these dislocated people and seeks to appreciate their efforts in rebuilding a self-reliant livelihood in lieu of governmental welfare provisions. The author found that their achievements were not only an heroic act of "societal self-defense", their "creative adaptation" as such in effect had provided themselves with an effective safety-net together with an ideal site for long-term carings as well as social services, both physical and mental.


Researchers at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) investigated the impacts of reducing the number and location of personnel assigned to a Combined Arms Battalion Headquarters on Soldier workload, fatigue, and performance. Initial requirements were for 24 personnel to be located within four armored vehicles. Due to design constraints, however, the number of personnel needed to be reduced or some personnel moved to other vehicles. To recommend a solution to this problem, the researchers had to consider multiple human factors issues such as function allocation, mental workload, work space, and fatigue. Therefore, they used multiple human performance modeling tools including JACK, IMPRINT, C3TRACE and FAST to evaluate the problem. Each of these tools provided the analysts with analytical results on a unique aspect of the problem. By integrating these results, the researchers demonstrated the impacts of multiple aspects of this problem. Their recommended solution was closer to optimal because it incorporated many aspects of the problem than are considered typically.


A method for automatically adding member includes generating information applying to join the second client end by the first client end and sending said information to system server, obtaining status identification information in joining condition set by the second client end by system server and sending obtained information to the first client end, generating the first response information by the first client end, using system server to obtain response information in joining condition set by the second client end, judging whether two said response information are matched to each other or not for confirming whether the first client end is allowed to be joined or not.


Steel slag reserves of our country has reached 200 million tons and each year it will increase 100 million tons. Slag accumulation occupied a large number of enterprises space and made pollution to the environment. Since steel slag based asphalt pavements have been utilized for a certain history, their fatigue life necessitates comprehensive investigation imperatively. In this paper, the fatigue life of steel-slag asphalt mixture was tested through the four-point bending test. The results showed that steel slag prepared mixture was superior to limestone mixture after several freeze-thaws, with respect to moisture sensitivity, and was suitable for asphalt treated base (ATB). The fatigue life of slag asphalt mixture with low content limestone was longer.


It is provided for fit testing or examination imbalance of a tool which is replaceably received in a tool spindle a method in which the tool spindle is rotatably mounted about a central longitudinal axis and is rotatably driven by a spindle drive motor, comprising the steps of: - loading of the tool at the tool spindle; - displacing the tool spindle into rotation about the central longitudinal axis through the spindle drive motor with a given rotational frequency; - analysis of an actual value of a controlled drive current of the spindle drive motor with respect to a frequency component having the rotational frequency; and - whether the frequency component is determining with the rotational frequency within a threshold range.


A discussion of a paper with the aforementioned title by Hunt, published in this journal (Volume 120, Number 12, December 1994), is presented. The discussers support the author's view of the treatment of debris flows as viscous laminar flows, agreeing that mud flows, debris flows, and avalanches may be considered in regimes with predominant viscous stresses, as Newtonian flows. They further remark that Hunt's techniques offer useful improvements for the numerical treatment of the problem under examination. Discussion is followed by closure from the author.


Urban and suburban highways account for less than three percent of road miles in metropolitan areas, yet they carry more than one third of all vehicle miles traveled in our nation's cities and suburbs. As Congress tackles reauthorization of the nation's transportation law, the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), these interstates, freeways, and expressways - the vital core of the country's road network - are crumbling. The main reason is that each year state departments of transportation (DOTs) divert billions of dollars available for road repair to the construction of new highways, typically on the suburban fringe. Since the enactment of ISTEA, money available for highway repair that was instead spent on new highway construction in major metropolitan areas alone could have resurfaced almost 5,000 mi (8,045 km) of existing urban highway - repairing every mile of urban highway currently in poor or mediocre condition. Because fixing a highway in poor condition can cost ten times more than routine maintenance of roads in fair or better condition, diverting repair money to new construction further increases long-term road repair costs. It also increases maintenance costs - to the tune of billions of dollars each year - for drivers whose cars are battered by failing roads. Further supporting statistics are presented in this report, along with recommendations for amending and strengthening ISTEA.


Categories internal to an elementary topos are regarded as monads in the bicategory of spans of the topos and the main features of the theory are developed: functors, adjointness, module calculus, internal presheaves, internal completeness and cocompleteness, Kan extensions.


Information on gains/losses on exchange rate movements is disclosed in a statement of total recognised gains and losses. But there is not any specification for especially gains/losses from transact ...


Cochrane review on management of cutaneous MC has been published, there is no evidence based on the comparative trials to suggest a single best treatment method for anogenital MC. Imiquimod is an immune-response modifier that has been used to treat condyloma acuminatum, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma and several other skin diseases. The 5% imiquimod cream was also used to treat MC but was not effective alone. Clinically, our patient showed complete remission, at least within 3 months. In conclusion, our results suggest that topical 5% imiquimod and cryotherapy are effective for penile MC. We believe that the combination therapies are more effective for MC.


This article reports on a study of the use of motivating language (ML) by employees of the southeast regional division of a Fortune 500 company. The relationship between the supervisory use of ML, communication competence, communication satisfaction (CS), employees' job satisfaction, and perceived supervisory effectiveness was explored. The study was based on a sample of 136 participating employees surveyed via an interactive Internet survey of a 400-person organization. Suggestions for further research are presented. The identification of the specific relationship between the use of language and communication competence, CS, job satisfaction, and leaders' perceived effectiveness establishes a direct link between communication, leadership, and job satisfaction.


The purpose of this paper is to design a rotary tiller control system based on programmable controller technology, and verify the application of this control system. In this paper, the traction and depth control of rotary tiller are transformed into the control of piston rod displacement of hydraulic cylinder, and the intelligent fuzzy control of axial extension displacement of rotary tiller and output torque of piston rod is realized. According to the characteristics of the mathematical model, the objective function is determined and the motion parameters are optimized by the steepest descent method, which provides a reliable calculation model for the optimization design of the overall parameters of the rotary tiller. The rotary tiller control system based on PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) can realize the effective control of rotary tillage depth and speed, and the error of rotary tillage depth can be guaranteed within 4.5%. When the soil resistance of the rotary tiller suddenly increases, the fuzzy control of the comprehensive tillage depth value of the stressed position can effectively improve the rotational speed stability of the hydraulic motor for tillage depth control. PLC technology puts the digital control of rotary tiller on a higher technical platform, thus reducing the labour required for agricultural planting, providing a good growth environment for crops and realizing the intelligence of rotary tiller.


Schizophrenia is a debilitating neurological illness and in this study, our focus is on an aspect of neuro-cognition that is believed to explain many of the attention and cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. The acoustic startle response paradigm is applied to the animal model to test the gain or loss of prepulse inhibition (PPI). A decline in prepulse inhibition has been used as a direct correlate of dysfunctional sensorimotor gating which is measured in this study as an increase in startle amplitude or Vmax. With the injection (ip) of cocaine we induced psychosis in male and female murine animals. We compared changes in the acoustic startle response after administration of cocaine using physiological saline as a control. Sex response differences were analyzed with two-way ANOVA PRISM software by Graph Pad and significant differences were found between both dosage variation and gender. Empirical research in our laboratory with Neuromolecular Imaging reveals the pharmacokinetics of cocaine induced sex differences involved in the area of the mesocorticolimbic biogenic amine systems. In previous studies of the acoustic startle paradigm in the Broderick lab, higher doses of cocaine were used. In this investigation, low doses of cocaine were administered to compare to higher doses as different dose responses are seen when studying typical versus atypical antipsychotics. Furthermore, subtle changes and variations of responses between sexes at the lower doses may belie the underpinnings of the mechanism of such an atypical medication, risperidone.


nism and mutual interests among miners. Although that may be so, these mining settlements also demonstrated the function of tolerance in colonization—Chinese miners and merchants were incredibly useful for settler expansion. Even as they pursued their own interests, they supported outpost economics and left behind infrastructure. The tipping point for anti-Chinese politics is not a function of population ratios but rather the degree to which colonial expansion is dependent on the expertise of the Chinese and their transnational repertoire of skills, knowledge, and social networks. This concept, reinforced by the conclusion, in which Chung briefly compares Chinese miners in Canada, Australia, and South Africa, is discernable throughout the text yet remains unspoken. Although Chung focuses on the absence or reduction of anti-Chinese attitudes from Euro-Americans, this reviewer hoped for more examination of the captivating and equivocal histories of Native American violence against, and cohabitation with, Chinese miners and merchants. The stories of Shoshone and Paiute contact remained the reviewer's favorite parts of the book because they highlighted the ways that Chinese miners and merchants solved the logistical problems of remote settlements yet encountered the ambivalent conditions of frontier colonization. Regardless, novice and expert readers will be able to appreciate the research acumen that made this text's tremendous ethnographic detail possible.


Human milk banks (HMBs) have difficulty maintaining and increasing their stocks, and the number of women enrolling as members remains low. The present qualitative study, based on social representation theory, aimed to understand women's representations of the milk donation experience. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted in 2013. In total, 12 women aged 18 to 39 years old participated in the study. Most were primiparous, married or living with a partner, housewives, completed high school, and belonged to lower economic classes. Four categories emerged from the testimonies: human milk donation; representations about human milk banks (HMB); the importance of breastfeeding for the baby and for one's conceptualization as a mother; and prenatal care and donation awareness. The main reasons for donating were representations that value breastfeeding, human milk, and the donation act. These mothers had difficulties donating, but the rewarding feeling, the value of this practice, and the support they received from people important to them helped with the donation. The findings related to the value of the donation and breastfeeding provide ways to effectively encourage and motivate potential donors, achieving comprehensive care starting from the prenatal period.


An all‐organic light amplification device was designed using organic electroluminescent diode coupled with photoresponsive organic perylene pigment film as an electron photoinjecting layer. Amplification gain of photon conversion from red to red reached 25‐folds with the assistance of the large photocurrent multiplication in a perylene film. Moreover, optical switching behavior caused by the feedback of output light to the photoresponsive layer was observed. Since the spatial pattern of light was conserved, the present device has the potential to grow into new optoelectronic devices for optical image processing.


Regge pole-like terms in the high-energy behavior of production amplitudes are evaluated by using the leading asymptotic behavior of sums of Feynman diagrams. The forms obtained depend on the way variables are allowed to tend to infinity. (auth)


Primary Examiner-Lucille M. Phynes Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Alvin T. Rockhill 57 ABSTRACT This invention relates to polyethylene terephthalate and copolymers thereof having high clarity and process for making the same. The invention provides a process for making PET using protonic acid catalysts which result in a polymer having a level of haze which is lower than has heretofore been attainable, using conventional me tallic catalysts. Further, the polyesters so produced have a lower melt temperature which improves the processability.


Abstract Background While Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to be effective in preventing the acquisition of HIV, the cost of care is considerable. Public health efforts should be directed to those at highest risk to minimize the cost of a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Given that sexually transmitted illnesses (STIs) increase the risk of acquiring HIV from 5–8 fold, their incidence rates can serve to define populations at highest risk for HIV within the community of men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods A retrospective cohort of PrEP patients with STI screening visits in two clinics in Dallas, Texas from January 2016 through April 2019 were reviewed. Three-site genital and extra-genital testing was routinely performed. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-Square. A binomial regression model was used to evaluate the odds of STI acquisition. Results 201 PrEP patients had 999 screening visits. 17 were in the first quartile, ages (18–24) 35.3% were Black, 70.6% MSM; 105 were in the second quartile, ages (25–37) 23.8% Black, 58.1% MSM; 56 third quartile, ages (38–49) 17.9% Black, 62.5% MSM; 23 patients in the fourth quartile, age ≥50, 8.7% were Black, 47.8% MSM. The younger age group, first quartile contributed 16 person-years (py); the second quartile, 102 py; third quartile, 48 py; fourth quartile, ≥50, 25 py. The incidence rates for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) or Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) from any site were higher in the first quartile, 166/100 py, CI 150–174; second quartile, 92/100 py, CI- 85–96; third quartile, 62/100 py, CI 48–75 than in those in the fourth quartile, ≥50 years old, 44/100 py, CI 27–63. The incidence of any rectal GCor CT in the first quartile, 86/100 py, CI 63–98; second quartile, 53/100 py, CI 43–62; third quartile, 29/100 py, CI 18–43 and those in the fourth quartile, ≥50, 32/100 py, CI 17–52. In a binomial regression model, the odds of acquiring any GC or CT for a PrEP patient ≥50 revealed an adjusted OR of 0.40, CI, 0.20–0.79 (adjusted for race and sexual orientation) P = 0.009 when compared with patients less than 50. Conclusion PrEP patients fifty and older have the lowest odds of acquiring STIs. Younger age groups with higher incidences of STIs may represent those with more episodes of condomless sex, at higher risk for HIV. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


According to one embodiment, an electronic apparatus includes a touchpanel display and a controller. The controller is configured to input, if a first region of a first contact on the touchpanel display comprising an area larger than a first area is detected and a second region of a second contact on the touchpanel display comprising an area smaller than the first area is detected, positional information of the second contact detected via the touchpanel display.


. This article puts forward the improvement of dynamic extrapolation rule combining track initiation process, and then to improve the process of track initiation model. Meanwhile, it adds the measurement interval judgment and quality management, as well as puts forward three stages associated iteration trajectory extraction algorithm of the overall process.


This study investigates the applicability of perfonnance-based standards for truck size and weight rerulation in the United States. The study examines truck b . size and weight regulations in industrialized countrIes to detennine the extent and nature of the criteria employed by those countries to control the interaction between vehicles and the highway infrastructure and the traffic safety environment. Pavement design philosophies and vehicle confi~tions of -studied countries are then examined to determine similarities between the study countries and the United States. Scheduled for completion in November 1995, the study will note perfonnance-based standards that, if integrated into the truck size and weight regulation framework of the United States, may result in greater vehicle productivity with equal or less infrastructure wear and with equal or greater traffic safety.


National Natural Science Foundation of China [10904171, 10804015, 21173171]; Beijing talent support [2011D005016000005]; Beijing Nova Program [2011079]; Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation [1122012]; Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province [20102039]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [DC10020121, DC10020122, DC10040122]


MILLIONS OF PEOPLE VISIT historic sites every year. Most accept the interpretive presentation they receive at face value. That is, most visitors want the site to be the "original" or if it is not, then at least an accurate restoration or replication. The public should be less trusting and more inquisitive about the genuineness of these sites. The history of the historic preservation movement in the United States is rife with examples of historic buildings that experienced a period of abandonment, decline, decay, and even removal before they were "saved" and restored to their earlier glory.' This necessity for ruins, so well articulated by J. B. Jackson in his book by the same title,2 guarantees that each historic site will be restored differently with different goals in mind. Politics, personalities, the thoroughness of the research, and the presence or absence of preservation funds all affect the quality of the re-creation. Small changes in any of these elements will produce a different restored historic scene. The way historic sites have been managed in the past thus varies greatly from site to site. Each has a unique preservation history. Each has a story to tell beyond that which made it of historic interest in the first place. Few of the country's historic sites have been preserved. Most have been restored. And the perceptive visitor will only understand what is


Fifteen patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in long term remission were studied. Nine patients were in remission for 6 months to 4 years following 5 years of chemotherapy and 6 patients were 3 years into remission and receiving maintenance chemotherapy. T cells were enumerated by the E-sheep-red-cell rosette method, subpopulations of T cells (Tγ and Tμ) by ox-red cell IgM and IgG rosette formation, B cells by membrane immunoglobulin fluorescence. Mitogen stimulated cultures used phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. Immunoglobulin synthesis was estimated by a radioimmunoassay of the supernatant of pokeweed mitogen stimulated cultures. The total leukocyte count was significantly decreased (p<0.01), the absolute lymphocyte count was comparable (p>0.1). T cells were significantly decreased (p<0.005). Subpopulations of T cells, Tγ and Tμ cells showed significantly lowered numbers, more so in the patients who were receiving chemotherapy, (p<0.05). Mitogen stimulated cultures in 3 patients showed normal to increased H3 thymidine incorporation in fetal calf serum, allogenic serum and autologous serum. Preliminary studies detected low immunoglobulin levels in pokeweed mitogen stimulated supernates of 2 patients tested.


SUMMARY

The Dingle Group, a continental Upper Silurian redbed succession in SW Ireland, has yielded a multicomponent palaeomagnetic record. The oldest magnetization retrieved, the B component, with in situ mean direction of D/I= 191/+9; K= 40; α95= 3.6°; N= 41, post-dates the local late Silurian-mid-Devonian (Acadian) tectonic deformation and is in very good agreement with the prevailing remanences in other Caledonian rocks of western Ireland. An overprinted 'A' component with in situ mean direction D/I= 194/-16; K= 53; α95= 3.1°; N= 41, is about as prevalent as the B component and was probably acquired in late Palaeozoic (Kiaman) times. By comparison with other published data, including a positive fold test for corresponding magnetization of Upper Silurian redbeds in Clare Island, it is concluded that the flat-lying B field (relative to Britain and Ireland) was in existence at least from the late Silurian to late Middle Carboniferous, i.e. covering a minimum time span of 100 M. yr.


Ultrasound scanning has been used for some years in cancer therapy not only for the detection and staging of tumours, but also to aid radiotherapy planning. The modern ultrasound scanner, provided it is fully digital, is ideally suited to accurately obtaining certain cross sectional anatomical information. By running radiotherapy planning software on the ultrasound microcomputer, interfacing problems between scanner and planning computer have been avoided. This approach offers high precision with a modest capital outlay that should prove attractive to the smaller radiotherapy centres.


(1S)- and (1R)-[1-2H]-sn-Glycerols (1a) and (1b) have been stereoselectively synthesized from 1,6-anhydro-β-D-galactopyranose and characterized by 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy.


Objective To prepare the serum-free medium suitable for culture of CHO cells.Methods Non-animal-derived protein-free medium(PFM) supporting the growth of recombinant CHO cells was developed by substituting the transferring,insulin and animal tissue lysate in SFMC,a serum-free medium prepared by the authors,with ferric citrate,zinc sulfate and yeast lysate respectively,based on which chemically defined medium(CDM) was developed by optimizing the concentrations of amino acids and partial other nutrient substances in PFM.Both PFM and CDM were evaluated for suitability,stability as well as frozen and resuscitation performances,and cultured in 125 ml shake flask and 1.4 L bioreactor.Results CHO-K1 cells grew well in both PFM and CDM.After culture in 125 ml shake flask,the maximum densities of CHO-K1 cells in PFM and CDM were 9.3 × 106 and 7.3 × 106 cells / ml,which increased by 107% and 62% as compared with those in SFM respectively.However,after fed-batch culture in 1.4 L stirring bioreactor,the maximum density of CHO-K1 cells in PFM reached 9.8 × 106 cells / ml.Meanwhile,the activity of cells was still 80% after culture for 216 h,and the expression level of recombinant protein reached 110.5 mg / L.The maximum density of CHO-K1 cells after fed-batch culture in CDM reached 9.5 × 106 cells / ml,while the time for culture was shortened compared with that in PFM.Conclusion PFM and CDM which were more suitable for culture of CHO cells were successfully developed on the basis of SFMC.


FIELD: polymer production. SUBSTANCE: invention is aiming at production of flow resistance lowering agents containing non-crystalline poly-α-olefin with especially high molecular weight. Method resides in preliminary isomerization of α-olefin monomers including at least one monomer selected from group consisting of 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, and mixtures thereof via bringing α-olefin feed into contact with isomerization Y-type zeolite catalyst system containing at least one catalyst and at least one co-catalyst followed by polymerization of isomerized α-olefin monomers mainly containing no branched ones. Resulting polymer may be used as agent enhancing flow of hydrocarbons through conducting canals. EFFECT: improved performance characteristics of polymers. 3 cl, 6 tbl


Acetazolamide extracranial intravascular vasodilatory response to acetazol amide and magnetic resonance angiography (Levine et al), WORK-IN-PROGRESS, 126 time course of acetazolamide effect in normal persons (Hamann et al), CLINICAL INVESTIGATIVE STUDY, 29 time course of the acetazolamide effect in patients with extra cranial carotid artery disease (Stoll et al), CLINICAL IN VESTIGATIVE STUDY, 144


Balancing crop production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture soil requires a better understanding and quantification of crop GHG emissions intensity, a measure of GHG emissions per unit crop production. Here we conduct a state‐of‐the‐art estimate of the spatial‐temporal variability of GHG emissions intensities for wheat, maize, and rice in China from 1949 to 2012 using an improved agricultural ecosystem model (Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model‐Agriculture Version 2.0) and meta‐analysis covering 172 field‐GHG emissions experiments. The results show that the GHG emissions intensities of these croplands from 1949 to 2012, on average, were 0.10–1.31 kg CO2‐eq/kg, with a significant increase rate of 1.84–3.58 × 10–3 kg CO2‐eq kg−1 year−1. Nitrogen fertilizer was the dominant factor contributing to the increase in GHG emissions intensity in northern China and increased its impact in southern China in the 2000s. Increasing GHG emissions intensity implies that excessive fertilizer failed to markedly stimulate crop yield increase in China but still exacerbated soil GHG emissions. This study found that overfertilization of more than 60% was mainly located in the winter wheat–summer maize rotation systems in the North China Plain, the winter wheat–rice rotation systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southwest China, and most of the double rice systems in the South. Our simulations suggest that roughly a one‐third reduction in the current N fertilizer application level over these "overfertilization" regions would not significantly influence crop yield but decrease soil GHG emissions by 29.60%–32.50% and GHG emissions intensity by 0.13–0.25 kg CO2‐eq/kg. This reduction is about 29% and 5% of total agricultural soil GHG emissions in China and the world, respectively. This study suggests that improving nitrogen use efficiency would be an effective strategy to mitigate GHG emissions and sustain China's food security.


Background: Pituitary tumor transforming genes (PTTG1, PTTG2 and PTTG3P) play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of human cancers. Studies show that overexpression of the PTTG genes is associated with tumor progression and migration. However, little is known about the function of the PTTG genes in the prognostic value of renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC).Methods: the expression and survival data for KIRC patients were mined from ONCOMINE, UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, TCGAportal, GEPIA2, Metascape,cBioPortal databases and STRING.Results: PTTG1, 2, and 3P mRNA and protein expression was upregulated in KIRC patients compared to normal tissues, and higher expression levels of PTTG family genes were associated with shorter overall survival (OS). what's more, overexpression of the PTTG family genes has been found to correlate with individual cancer stages and pathological tumor grades. In addition, 18% of mutations in the PTTG family genes were associated with short-term survival in patients with KIRCConclusions: we found that a single PTTG genes or PTTG family genes as a whole may be a potential prognostic biomarker for KIRC.


Contributors Foreword Acknowledgments Jean Conteh and Gabriela Meier: Introduction PART I Gabriela Meier: Introduction to Part I 1. Mooznah Auleear Owodally: Socialized into Multilingualism: A Case Study of Mauritian Preschools 2. Ken Cruickshank: Exploring the -Lingual between Bi- and Mono-: Young People and their Language in an Australian Context 3. Guangwei Hu and Sandra McKay: Multilingualism as Portrayed in a Chinese English Textbook 4. Andrea Young: Looking through the Language Lens: Monolingual Taint or Plurilingual Tint? PART II Jean Conteh: Introduction to Part II 5. Laurent Gajo: From Description to Didactization of Multilingualism: European and Francophone Research at the Crossroads between Linguistics and Didactics 6. Gabriela Meier: Our Mother Tongue is Plurilingualism: An Orientation Framework for Integrated Multilingual Curricula 7. Jean Conteh, Fiona Copland and Angela Creese: Multilingual Teachers' Resources in three different Contexts: Empowering Learning 8. Gabriela Meier: Multilingualism and Social Cohesion: Two-Way Immersion Education meets Diverse Needs PART III Jean Conteh and Gabriela Meier: Introduction to Part III 9. Jean Conteh, Shila Begum and Saiqa Riasat: Multilingual Learning in Primary Settings - From the Margins to the Mainstream 10. Enrica Piccardo and Joelle Aden: Plurilingualism and Empathy: Beyond Instrumental Language Learning 11. Ofelia Garcia and Naomi Kano: Translanguaging as Process and Pedagogy: Developing the English Writing of Japanese Students in the US 12. Jim Anderson and Yu-Chiao Chung: Transforming Learning, Building Identities: Arts Based Creativity in the Community Languages Classroom Gabriela Meier and Jean Conteh: Conclusion


Agricultural internet of things(IOT) has provided mass sensor data for agricultural production and scientific research.Context-aware computing is an important technical means to resolve the problems of effective utilization of perceptual information and implementing comprehensive agricultural services.However,at present a theoretical and technical system directing at context aware computing for agricultural internet of things is still not established.According to the main requirement target,this paper analyzed the core problems facing this field and discussed feacible solution.The paper also summarized the connotation of this system and prospects the future development trends,so as to provide reality basis and technical reference for theoretical and technical research and relevant applying software development.


The present invention relates to a zinc alloy core 10, a composite metal laminate currency sheet metal (5), including an industrial pure aluminum coating layer (15, 20) coupled to metallurgically. Zinc alloy core 10 may further contain a curing agent such as copper or titanium which is used to increase the hardness of the alloy in hardness than pure zinc. Also zinc alloy core 10 or industrially pure coating other components of a very small amount that does not affect their associated attributes in the (15, 20) may be present. Currency sheet metal (5) is by bonding a pure aluminum coating on a commercial scale in step and the zinc alloy to provide a strip or sheet of a zinc alloy core metallurgically, is produced by a method comprising the step of generating a strip or sheet of the composite material . Then, remove the currency sheet 5 from a strip or sheet of the composite material, and heating the composite material to the rest of the melting point thereof or more temperature-die manufacturing the aluminum alloy-zinc useful in casting (die-casting). Metal composite laminate sheet metal money, zinc alloy core, a curing agent, a composite material, the aluminum coating layer, strip or sheet, bonded metallurgically, die-cast zinc-aluminum alloy.