Abstract Objective: Prior studies have found evidence of a relationship between food insecurity and functional limitations among older populations in the USA. Design: This is a longitudinal investigation of food security in relation to functional limitations, assessed as Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scores. Setting: The Greater Boston, MA area. Participants: 1461 Boston Puerto Rican Health study participants, predominantly (70·5 %) female and aged 57·1 years (sd ± 7·6) at baseline followed for 6·2 (sd ± 0·98) years. Results: In cross-sectional analysis at baseline, participants reporting severe food insecurity had greater functional limitations (higher ADL; β = 2·34; 95 % CI (1·48, 3·19)) and higher IADL (β = 1·17, 95 % CI (0·68, 1·65)) compared with food secure participants. In longitudinal linear mixed models, severely food insecure participants at baseline had greater functional limitations over 5 years, as assessed by ADL (β = 1·74; 95 % CI (0·95, 2·53); P < 0·001) and IADL (β = 0·93, 95 % CI (0·48, 1·38)) compared with food secure participants. However, baseline food security did not significantly alter the 5-year trajectory in ADL (P-interaction between baseline food security and time for ADL and IADL = 0·41 and 0·47, respectively). Conclusions: In this cohort of Boston area Puerto Rican adults, those who are food insecure had consistently higher ADL and IADL scores over time, compared with those who are food secure. Baseline food security did not appear to alter the trajectory in ADL or IADL score.


Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is one of the most advancing technology and is being researched for charging of Electric Vehicle (EV). Many charging circuits have been developed for bidirectional energy exchange between Grid and Vehicle whereas, the case of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) is being explored. Present paper considers the case of contactless energy exchange between two Electric Vehicles. Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) energy transfer is an emerging technology which will enable the transfer of power wirelessly between the two vehicles in case of need. Phase Shift Technique is used for the purpose of control which can control the receiving power of the Vehicle using active power of receiving side converter as feedback for controller without any committed communication link between the two vehicles. Inductive Power transfer technology is being used which is the most convenient option for charging of Electric Vehicle, when distance between the coils is less. The system is validated by performing simulation for 1.5kW WPT circuit on MATLAB/SIMULINK.


If investment spending is sufficiently insensitive to interest rate changes and the effect of Fed actions on interest rates is sufficiently weak, the net effect of the persistent zero interest rate policy could be negative.


We describe an apparatus for performing constant strain rate deformations of polymer glasses while simultaneously measuring the segmental mobility with an optical probe reorientation method. Poly(methyl methacrylate) glasses were deformed at Tg - 19 K, for local strain rates between 3.7x10-5/s and 1.2x10-4/s. In these experiments, the mobility initially increases in the pre-yield regime, by a factor of 40 to 160, as compared to the undeformed PMMA glass. The mobility then remains constant after yield, even as the stress is decreasing due to strain softening. This is consistent with the view that the sample is being pulled higher on the potential energy landscape in this regime. Higher strain rates lead to higher mobility in the post-yield regime and, for the range of strain rates investigated, mobility and strain rate are linearly correlated. We observe that thermal history has no influence on mobility after yield and that deformation leads to a narrowing of the distribution of segmental relaxation times. These last three observations are consistent with previously reported constant stress experiments on PMMA glasses. The experimental features reported here are compared to computer simulations and theoretical models.


A novel driving method, different from direct current and alternating current methods, was implemented to alleviate the luminance degradation of OLED device. The current density‐voltage‐luminance characteristics measurement results shown that red, green and blue OLED devices have current efficiency of 50 cd/A, 133.4 cd/A and 5.9 cd/A at the CIE coordinate of (0.685, 0.315), (0.252, 0.718) and (0.142, 0.043), with the electroluminescence emission peaks of 622 nm, 532 nm and 457nm, respectively. Driven by the new driving method, the LT97 of red, green and blue OLED devices were about 1.35, 1.3 and 2 times longer than that of driven by direct current method, at the initial luminance of 9320 cd/m2, 20000 cd/m2 and 1758 cd/m2, respectively. If using this new driving method on our 12.3 inch automotive panel, the estimated LT80 of green and blue sub‐pixel were up to over 10,000 hours while that of the red sub‐pixel is nearly 9,000 hours, which means this new driving method is a promising solution to trade off long‐term stability and high efficiency of full color OLED display.


Evidence is building to suggest that both chronic and acute warm temperature exposure, as well as other anthropogenic perturbations, may select for small adult fish within a species. To shed light on this phenomenon, we investigated physiological and anatomical attributes associated with size-specific responses to an acute thermal challenge and a fisheries capture simulation (exercise+air exposure) in maturing male coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Full-size females were included for a sex-specific comparison. A size-specific response in haematology to an acute thermal challenge (from 7 to 20°C at 3°C h−1) was apparent only for plasma potassium, whereby full-size males exhibited a significant increase in comparison with smaller males ('jacks'). Full-size females exhibited an elevated blood stress response in comparison with full-size males. Metabolic recovery following exhaustive exercise at 7°C was size-specific, with jacks regaining resting levels of metabolism at 9.3±0.5 h post-exercise in comparison with 12.3±0.4 h for full-size fish of both sexes. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption scaled with body mass in male fish with an exponent of b = 1.20±0.08. Jacks appeared to regain osmoregulatory homeostasis faster than full-size males, and they had higher ventilation rates at 1 h post-exercise. Peak metabolic rate during post-exercise recovery scaled with body mass with an exponent of b∼1, suggesting that the slower metabolic recovery in large fish was not due to limitations in diffusive or convective oxygen transport, but that large fish simply accumulated a greater 'oxygen debt' that took longer to pay back at the size-independent peak metabolic rate of ∼6 mg min−1 kg−1. Post-exercise recovery of plasma testosterone was faster in jacks compared with full-size males, suggesting less impairment of the maturation trajectory of smaller fish. Supporting previous studies, these findings suggest that environmental change and non-lethal fisheries interactions have the potential to select for small individuals within fish populations over time.


General Description The entire abort system is located in the drift space of a long straight-section (say, EL) and is shown in Figure 1. Four identical pulsed magnets (Ml, M2, M3, and M4) are used to bump the beam vertically upward (or downward) onto a beam stopper Tl. Secondary particles leaking out of Tl are caught in an aperture stop T2 and protons scattered at a sufficiently large angle from the "boundary layer" of Tl are caught in another beam stopper T3. Protons scattered at small angles from the boundary layer of Tl will pass through the aperture of M4 and spray the immediate downstream main ring magnets. But the number of these protons is expected to be negligibly small.


Ambipolar transistors are a type of transistor where both electrons and holes can be transported within the semiconductor layer depending on the applied gate bias. Due to their potential applications in bipolar memories and logic circuits, great effort has been devoted to materials synthesis and construction of novel device configurations in the past a few years. In this chapter, we first give a brief introduction to unipolar transistors, including their working principles and important parameters used to estimate device performance. Then, we introduce the working principles of organic ambipolar transistors, with the ambipolar transistors divided into three types according to the type of semiconductor used. Recent examples and working mechanisms for these three kinds of ambipolar transistors and logic circuits based on them are then introduced and discussed. Additionally, we introduce ambipolar transistors based on two-dimensional semiconductors. We have also included a table to summarize and compare the performance of many reported ambipolar transistors and logic circuits based on them, before providing some concluding remarks.


Objectives. To study the need-motivational component of the communicative activities of medical students of VSMU and to analyze the dynamics and gender differences in the indices of levels of need and motivational orientation in communication. Material and methods.We examined 527 students of the medical faculty, there were 386 second-year students (117 boys and 269 girls); 141 sixth-year students (28 boys and 113 girls) from all of them. The study of the need for communication was carried out using the methodology of Yu.M. Orlov «The need for communication». To study motivational orientation in communication, we used the methodology «Diagnostics of motivational orientations in interpersonal communications» (I.D.Ladanov, V.A.Urazaeva). Results.The students demonstrated the dominance of the average level of the need for communication and motivational orientations in communication, which is considered to be optimal. The dynamics of the indices of the levels of the need for communication is considered as conditionally positive, and the levels of motivational orientation - as positive. The revealed patterns are most typical of young men. Conclusions.The patterns of the need for communication and communicative orientations (including their dynamics) identified by us can be explained by the quality of the humanities education of students, as well as the influence of the information and educational environment of VSMU on the personal growth of students of the medical faculty, on the formation of their communicative competence.


The crystal structure of Tb 5 B 2 C 6 has been refined using single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It  crystallizes in the teragonal space group P4/ncс, Pearson symbol tP56, a = 8.1114(8) A, c = 11.843(1)  A, Z = 4, R1 = 0.035 (wR2 = 0.087) for 640 reflections with I o > 2σ(I o ). The structure contains  discrete carbon atoms and bent BC 3 units in octahedral and distorted bicapped antiprisms,  respectively. The electron partition of Tb 5 B 2 C 6 can be written as (Tb 3+ ) 5 (C 4- ) 0.25 (CBCC 7- ) 2 and the   0.7).£ y £ 0.8, 0 £x £region of homogeneity exhibits Tb 5 B 2.8-x C 6.3-y (0 Key words: Rare-earth metal borocarbide; Crystal structure.


Wordsworth's poem "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal",owing to its seemingly plain but masterfully elaborated language and profound meaning,has been commented by both scholars and critics.Adopting the poststructuralist stance,i.e.a text may have many interpretations and reading is misreading,this essay displays different interpretations and demonstrates how these differences affect translational decisions to be made.The so-called formalistic translation demands TLT keep as close as possible to the original form in the hope of retaining in the TLT a similar potential that may allow as many possible interpretations as the SLT may do.The writer of this essay made his efforts in the application of such principles in his translations included in this essay.The essay also includes a formalistic analysis of phonemic and rhythmic aspect of the poem to evidence what may get lost in the Chinese version of the poem.


Brian W Duncan The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery M41, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA Tel.: +1 216 444 9365 Fax: +1 216 445 3692 email@example.com 'While the use of ventricular assist devices in children has historically lagged far behind that in adults, recent advances suggest pediatric applications of this technology will increase in the future.'


This study proposes a two-level optimization model system for vehicle control and signal timing at isolated signal intersections under the mixed traffic flow environment composed of intelligent connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and connected human-driven vehicles (CHVs), to minimize the energy consumption and vehicle delay at intersections. The proposed two-layer optimization model is composed of a two-layer vehicle trajectory control model and a fuzzy control signal timing optimization model. The two-layer vehicle trajectory control model includes a signal-oriented vehicle trajectory control model and a car-following oriented vehicle trajectory control model. The former calculates expected acceleration and speed commands at each time step according to the coming signal information, to help vehicle pass the closest signal intersection without stopping during the green light interval; the latter uses the variable headway (VTH) strategy to follow the preceding vehicle by maintaining a safe distance. A microscopic simulator based on SUMO is developed to test the performance of the proposed optimization algorithm. In the simulation experiment, with the driving characteristics of CHV drivers considered, the results show that our model performs well under a CAV penetration rate of 30%–60% and under small or moderate levels of traffic flow. The average waiting time of vehicles is reduced by about 25% compared with the uncontrolled scheme. Under the condition of penetration rate of 60%, the average energy consumption of vehicles in the proposed model is 17.56% lower than that of the uncontrolled scheme. In addition, the proposed model reduces by 21.94% compared with the scheme of only controlling vehicles. When the traffic flow is at a low or medium level, the average energy consumption and waiting time of vehicles are reduced by nearly 35% with the proposed model.


This paper describes a new method of generating a powerful ultrashort-wave electromagnetic radiation; the layouts of electromagnetic generators and the results of their tests are given.


For the present and foreseeable future, China will rely mainly on coal for energy. In 1978 coal supplied 70.6 percent of the country's energy. The total proven coal reserves in China are over 600,000,000,000 tons and 61 percent of the proven reserves are in the North China area. China's 1979 raw coal production reached 635,000,000 tons. Production comes mainly from 12 large coal mining areas, each with an annual capacity of 10,000,000 tons. In order to prevent future fuel and power shortages, China's coal industry should maintain and increase output by keeping a better balance between production and mine development. Over the past 20 years (since 1958), experience has shown that mine development north of the Yangtze River is more profitable than developing reserves south of the river. For example, it costs seven to 10 times as much to prospect, explore, and evaluate a new mine in Hunan and Zheijan provinces as it does in Shaanxi. Similarly, capital investment costs for mine construction and production increase by factors of 2 to 8 times and 1.9 to 4 times, respectively. As a result, long term planning for China's coal industry centers on developing coal in the northern part of the country.more » This includes the development of eight major new coal-fields, each with an annual capacity of over 10,000,000 tons. The opening of 20 new mines in 1980 is also planned. The combined production capacity of these 20 mines will be 8,400,000 tons. China's raw coal output is expected to exceed 620,000,000 tons in 1981 and 700,000,000 tons by 1985. There are 105 operating coal preparation plants in China and they treated 117,000,000 tons of coal in 1979.« less


Background:Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a steno-occlusive cerebral angiopathy. The incidence of intracranial aneurysms (IA) associated with MMD is high (3.4-14.8%) when compared to the general population (1-3%). IA in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) associated with MMD are rare, with only 25 cases described in the literature. Methods:Search on the PubMed platform, in English, with the MeSH terms "Moyamoya Disease", "Intracranial Aneurysm" and "Middle Cerebral Artery". There were 151 results, of which 7 were included in the review. Results:Sumi et al. and Larson et al. reported non-ruptured IA of the M1 segment, treated by surgical clipping and wrapping, respectively. Endo et al. chose to clip a ruptured IA in the M1 segment, followed by anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery and the MCA, excluding the IA . Liu et al. reported a non-ruptured MCA IA in a pediatric patient, treated through an encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis; the IA was excluded. Peltier et al. performed an indirect revascularization using the multiple bur-hole technique in a pediatric patient with non-ruptured IA in the M1 segment, excluding the IA. Rivera et al. opted for the conservative approach of a ruptured IA in the M1 segment, which was successful. Yan et al. described 19 IA in the MCA associated with the MMD, without specifying the adopted therapeutic. Conclusion:Due to the low number of cases, no recommendation can be made, and treatment should be individualized.


It highlights the importance of studies and researches about information marketing by Information Science professionals although they resist adopting marketing as a philosophical and conceptual approach of information and knowledge management process. It shows information promotion and communication in organizations through marketing evolution and the conceptions of promotion, marketing communication and integrated marketing communication. It discusses the use of marketing terminology by Information Science professionals and it suggests information marketing adoption to enhance information units and their professionals' performance in order to contribute for society evolution.


Abstract "With mixed results in recent clinical trials and meta-analyses some doubt has been raised on the efficacy of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsfor management of cardiovascular disease."


Stochastic resonance (SR) is a mechanism by which noise can assist and enhance the response of neural systems to relevant sensory signals. Application of imperceptible SR noise coupled with sensory input through the proprioceptive, visual, or vestibular sensory systems has been shown to improve motor function. Specifically, studies have shown that that vestibular electrical stimulation by imperceptible stochastic noise, when applied to normal young and elderly subjects, significantly improved their ocular stabilization reflexes in response to whole-body tilt as well as balance performance during postural disturbances. The goal of this study was to optimize the characteristics of the stochastic vestibular signals for balance performance during standing on an unstable surface. Subjects performed a standardized balance task of standing on a block of 10 cm thick medium density foam with their eyes closed for a total of 40 seconds. Stochastic electrical stimulation was applied to the vestibular system through electrodes placed over the mastoid process behind the ears during the last 20 seconds of the test period. A custom built constant current stimulator with subject isolation delivered the stimulus. Stimulation signals were generated with frequencies in the bandwidth of 1-2 Hz and 0.01-30 Hz. Amplitude of the signals were varied in the range of 0- +/-700 micro amperes with the RMS of the signal increased by 30 micro amperes for each 100 micro amperes increase in the current range. Balance performance was measured using a force plate under the foam block and inertial motion sensors placed on the torso and head segments. Preliminary results indicate that balance performance is improved in the range of 10-25% compared to no stimulation conditions. Subjects improved their performance consistently across the blocks of stimulation. Further the signal amplitude at which the performance was maximized was different in the two frequency ranges. Optimization of the frequency and amplitude of the signal characteristics of the stochastic noise signals on maximizing balance performance will have a significant impact in its development as a unique system to aid recovery of function in astronauts after long duration space flight or for people with balance disorders.


Machine learning algorithms for data containing histogram variables have not been explored to any major extent. In this paper, an adapted version of the random forest algorithm is proposed to handl ...


The scientifically-pedagogical literature sanctified to the problem of forming of culture of international communication of senior pupils is analysed in the article. The study of the problem of international commonunication of senior pupils is related to labours of H. Nazarenko, T. Fohel, Y. Stepanova, I. Makhrovoi,Y. Kushnir, O. Popovoi, A. Avksentieva,V. Avksentieva,  R. Kadyievoi. Bases of international communication are considered in the article. New understanding of the concept "culture of international communication" is presented. It is found out, that one group scientists interprets it as the social phenomenon, other understands it as a quality description of personality. Scientists consider that a culture of an international communication is a component part of the culture of human mutual relations and it comes forward as a variety of cultures of the communication.Basic directions of research of concept "Culture of international communication of senior pupils"(as the integrated quality of personality; as totalities of the special knowledge; as certain intercommunications and mutual relations) are described; the age-related descriptions over of senior pupil are brought.Essence of culture of international communication of senior pupils is certain from philosophical, psychological and pedagogical positions as integrative description of tolerant personality, that represents attitude of subject toward to itself as a representative of certain nation, perception of the system of values of other nation, abilities to put right benevolent relations and adhere to the common to all mankind norms of moral, captures by specific knowledge of features of other cultures and opens up in the adequate handling the people of different nations.


Agne Swerin and Lars Ödberg STFI, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute Box 5604, S-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden Fundamental aspects on polymer adsorption and flocculation phenomena are reviewed . Special emphasis is placed on recent developments . Examples are the mode of action of microparticle retention aid systems and of retention systems based on polyethylene oxide/phenolic resin. Fibre flocculation and the strength of fibrous networks are affected by retention aids and this is discussed in, connection with investigations on retention and formation in the laboratory and on pilot-scale paper machines . Preferred citation: A. Swerin and L. Ödberg. Some aspects of retention aids. In The Fundametals of Papermaking Materials, Trans. of the XIth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 1997, (C.F. Baker, ed.), pp 265–350, FRC, Manchester, 2018. DOI: 10.15376/frc.1997.1.265.


Perfect Distribution Phenomenon (PDP), namely one- (t=1) and t-dimensional (t>1) Ideal Ring Relationships (t-D IRR)s are cyclic sequences of integers which form perfect partitions of a finite interval [1,s] of integers. The sums of connected sub-sequences of an IRR enumerate the set of integers [1,s] exactly R-times. Example: The 1-D IRR {1,3,2,7} containing four elements (Fig.1) allows an enumeration of all numbers 1=1, 2=2, 3=3, 4=1+3, 5=3+2, 6=1+3+2, 7=7, ... 13=1+3+2+7 exactly once (R=1).


A hypothetical scenario of mixed populations of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was used as a model to investigate the potential effects of mixed populations of lepidopteran pests, on the design and implementation of insect resistance management (IRM) strategies for Bt maize (L.) (Poaceae) on smallholder farms in Africa. To predict the structure of such mixed populations in different agroecological zones, the biological and behavioral characteristics that affect the competitiveness of these species were identified and analyzed. Additionally, the validity of the assumptions that underlie the high-dose/refuge strategy was compared among the three species. Differences between the species, and the influence thereof on the choice of IRM strategy for a specific environment, were explored through analysis of three hypothetical scenarios. We suggest that the use of separate refuges as a component of an IRM strategy against mixed pest populations in smallholder Bt maize fields may be unwise. A seed mixture approach, coupled with an effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategy, would be more practical and sensible since it could limit the opportunity for a single species to dominate the species complex. The dynamic interactions in a multi-species community and domination of the species complex by a single species may influence moth and larval response to maize plants, which could lead to an increased infestation of Bt plants, and subsequent increased selection pressure for resistance evolution. This article provides insights into the unique challenges that face the deployment of Bt maize in Africa.


Global dynamical reanalyses of the atmosphere and ocean fundamentally rely on observations, not just for the assimilation (i.e., for the definition of the state of the Earth system components) but also in many other steps along the production chain. Observations are used to constrain the model boundary conditions, for the calibration or uncertainty determination of other observations, and for the evaluation of data products. This requires major efforts, including data rescue (for historical observations), data management (including metadatabases), compilation and quality control, and error estimation. The work on observations ideally occurs one cycle ahead of the generation cycle of reanalyses, allowing the reanalyses to make full use of it. In this paper we describe the activities within ERA-CLIM2, which range from surface, upper-air, and Southern Ocean data rescue to satellite data recalibration and from the generation of snow-cover products to the development of a global station data metadatabase. The project has not produced new data collections. Rather, the data generated has fed into global repositories and will serve future reanalysis projects. The continuation of this effort is first contingent upon the organization of data rescue and also upon a series of targeted research activities to address newly identified in situ and satellite records.


The present invention is an LED lamp is driven according to the current to be input to amplifying the current supplied from the driving start unit, the driving start unit, the current mirror portion and that a variable current in accordance with the resistance value of negative current controller existing outside of the LED lamp driving It relates to a vehicle lamp current control device for controlling the amount of light to the output.


There is considerable evidence from industrial countries that the output gap is an important determinant of inflation. We examine whether the gap model also works in developing, newly industrializing, and industrial Asian economies. Our output gaps are based on a new nonparametric estimation procedure for trend output that does not require an arbitrary specification of the degree to which the data are smoothed. We test simple versions of the gap model in which the change in inflation is related to the output gap, as well as to the money supply and the terms of trade. We conclude that the gap model works very well in almost all of the Asian economies we study.


We consider the discretization \begin{equation*} q(t+\varepsilon)+q(t-\varepsilon)-2q(t)=\varepsilon^{2}\sin\big(q(t)\big), \end{equation*} $\varepsilon>0$ a small parameter, of the pendulum equation $ q '' = \sin (q) $; in system form, we have the discretization \begin{equation*} q(t+\varepsilon)-q(t)=\varepsilon p(t+\varepsilon), \ p(t+\varepsilon)-p(t)=\varepsilon\sin\big(q(t)\big). \end{equation*} of the system \begin{equation*} q'=p,\ p'=\sin(q). \end{equation*} The latter system of ordinary differential equations has two saddle points at $A=(0,0)$, $B=(2\pi, 0)$ and near both, there exist stable and unstable manifolds. It also admits a heteroclinic orbit connecting the stationary points $B$ and $A$ parametrised by $q_0(t)=4\arctan\big(e^{-t}\big)$ and which contains the stable manifold of this system at $A$ as well as its unstable manifold at $B$. We prove that the stable manifold of the point $A$ and the unstable manifold of the point $B$ do not coincide for the discretization. More precisely, we show that the vertical distance between these two manifolds is exponentially small but not zero and in particular we give an asymptotic estimate of this distance. For this purpose we use a method adapted from the article of Schafke-Volkmer \cite{SV} using formal series and accurate estimates of the coefficients. Our result is similar to that of Lazutkin et.\ al.\ \cite{LS}; our method of proof, however, is quite different.


Preface Introduction I A Possibility: Hauerwas Christianity and Democracy II Letter of July 17, 2006 III This Coles Practiced heading West of West with Cornel West and Baker IV Race: The Will D. Campbell Hauerwas University of 2006 V Letter of 16, 2007 VI Democracy and the Coles Wolin and the of Democratic Theory VII The Pregnant of Williams: Coles Letter of February 27, 2006, and 2007 VIII The Politics of Gentleness: Hauerwas Random Thoughts for a Conversation with Jean Vanier IX Gentled Into Being: Coles Vanier and the Border at the Core X To Love God, the Poor, and Learning: Hauerwas Lessons Learned from Saint Gregory of Nazianzus XI Letter of January 8, 2005 XII Hunger, Ethics, and the University: Coles ARadical-Democratic Goad in Ten Pieces XIII Of Tension and Tricksters: Coles Grassroots Democracy between Theory and Practice XIV Seeing Peace: Hauerwas L'Arche as a Peace Movement XV A Conversation Bibliography Index


Lignin isolated from wood waste biomass, contains 61.07 % of lignin, was converted to vanillin using ZSM-5 catalysts. Prior to use, wood waste biomass was delignified to enrich its lignin contents followed by added 10 % H2SO4 to isolate the lignin such as solid black material. Three types of ZSM-5 catalysts i.e. hierarchical ZSM-5, NiO/hierarchical ZSM-5 and CuO/hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites were used as catalysts in this study. Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite was prepared through TPAOH template synthesis methods followed by PDDAM as secondary template. Silicate and aluminate source based on a natural source to form hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite. Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite is modified with NiO and CuO by using impregnation method with Ni nitrate and Cu nitrate solution followed by calcination at 550 °C. The characterization of catalysts employed FTIR, XRD, andSEM-EDX. The reaction was carried out in 200 mL-batch reactor at 100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C in the presence of ethanol and water (v/v) for 30 min. CuO/hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite gave the highest % yield of vanillin as product (4.68 %) followed by NiO/hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite (3.82 %) for the variation of temperature, compared to other ZSM-5 catalysts.


For various positive integers k, the sums of kth powers of the first n positive integers, Sk(n) := 1 k +2 k +···+n k , are some of the most popular sums in all of mathematics. In this note we prove a congruence modulo n 3 involving two consecutive sums S2k(n) and S2k+1(n). This congruence allows us to establish an equivalent formulation of Giuga's conjecture. Moreover, if k is even and n ≥ 5 is a prime such that n − 1 ∤ 2k − 2, then this congruence is satisfied modulo n 4 . This suggests a conjecture about when a prime can be a Wolstenholme prime. We also propose several Giuga-Agoh-like conjectures. Further, we establish two congruences modulo n 3 for two binomial-type sums involving sums of powers S2i(n) with i = 0,1,...,k. Finally, we obtain an extension of a result of Carlitz-von Staudt for odd power sums.


How does the potential informal insurance from a spouse i.e. the fact that a healthy spouse might "take care" of a disabled one impact the life-cycle decisions of the elderly? In other words, is this insurance strong enough to affect their dissavings behaviours? To answer this question, I build a life-cycle model of retired households in which couples are modelled explicitly and in which the above informal insurance channel is introduced through the presence of home production. Quantitatively, the model replicates the main patterns of savings and informal insurance observed in the data. Shutting down this informal insurance has only a minor influence on the wealth patterns of retired couples, casting doubt on the idea that it provides a strong protection against disability-related expenditures in old age. The positive correlation of disability risk between partners and the high risk of being widowed while disabled are key to this result. †I would like to thank my advisors Hippolyte d'Albis and Agar Brugiavini for help and comments as well as David de la Croix who welcomed me for a visiting period in Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL). I am very grateful to Viola Angelini who read a previous version of this work and made very useful comments. I thank seminar participants at the Macro Lunch Seminar, Welfare Seminar and Doctoral Workshop in UCL. I also benefited from comments and discussions with several researchers of which, in particular, François Maniquet, Rigas Oikonomou, Eric French, Paula Gobbi, Martha Bailey, Thomas Vermeulen, Oksana Leukhina, Nicolas Roys and Chiara dal Bianco. I wanted to thank them as well. This work is still in progress and any comments or remarks are welcome. Errors are mine. ‡Paris School of Economics, SciencesPo and Paris 1. This research was mainly conducted during my Ph.D. that I did within the framework of the European Doctorate in Economics Erasmus Mundus (EDE-EM) in the following institutions: Paris School of Economics, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and University Ca' Foscari (Venice). Contact: email@example.com. Address: Maison des sciences économiques, 106-112 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France. I acknowledge financial support by the European Commission in the framework of the European Doctorate in Economics Erasmus Mundus (EDE-EM). A substantial part of this work was conducted at the Université Catholique de Louvain and I thank this institution for its hospitality.


Purpose: The main goal of the article is to identify the prospects for the improvement of health tourism, which is a priority field of tourism in Azerbaijan, and the application of unique treatment opportunities in Naftalan.

The main methodological basis of the article is the existing theories and new approaches in health tourism. Health is a theoretical-methodology from tourism to medical, spa-health, thermal and third age group, as an alternative service area for disabled people . In addition, the TDRC model was studied in assessing the competitiveness of the destination in terms of economic, social and physical benefits.

Result: The socio-economic efects of the improvement of Naftalan treatment and health destination, the role of organisation of employment of the population, the conducting the international certification to boost the attractiveness were mentioned. The marketing strategy of the destination was analyzed, the directions of social media marketing were indicated, the arrangement of manufacture and sale of cosmetic products belonging to the Naftalan brand were investigated. At the same time, the preparation, marketing and sales opportunities of short, medium and long-term packages belonging to the Naftalan destination were analyzed.

In order to increase the competitiveness of Naftalan as a health tourism destination, it is essential to gain international certificates, the city should be a member of the International SPA and the European Association of Thermal Cities.

Scientific innovation: For the first time, the article evaluates the competitiveness of Naftalan, the international certification of medical services, and analyzes the main attractive advantages. At the same time, the preparation of short, medium and long-term tourism packages, the organization of leisure services are among the scientific innovations of the article.


The author thinks that the interface rule is the underlying rule of the interorgnazational relationship and provides a framework for analyzing it.He grasps the critical elements of the rule,and points out the path-depending nature of its formation and evolution.He argues about the properties of the governance mechanism for the interorgnazational relationship,emphasizing that the interorgnazational collaboration and governance are much important than the internal ones.


On a 8 x 6 Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel a laser velocimeter was utilized in the testing of advanced high speed turbopropellers. The system, using a 15-W argon-ion laser, a 3-beam 2-axis transmitting-receiving optics package, a zoom lens with 1- to 4-m focal lengths, and a 0.4-m corner mirror was initially assembled and tested in the checkout room. During the time the system was located in the checkout area, experience was acquired in the alignment and operation of the system and the data acquisition system and software were developed. By using air jets to simulate tunnel air flow, the system worked quite well. However, problems with beam alignment arose because of reduced atmospheric pressure. Mounting the laser into a vessel maintained at atmospheric pressure with deflectors mounted to the external walls improved operation for about 2 hours before misalignment reoccurred. The system was remounted to the positioning platform in an enclosure that provides both thermal and acoustic isolation.


Ireland: A New Economic History offers a fresh, comprehensive economic history of Ireland between 1780 and 1939. Its methodology is mould-breaking, and it is unparalleled in its broad scope and comparative focus. Cormac O Grada unites historical research with economic theory in an original and stimulating book, which will be essential reading for all students of Irish history.


A method for predicting the unsteady, subsonic, aeroservoelastic response of a wing has been developed. All equations are solved simultaneously in the time domain by an iterative scheme based on a predictor-corrector method. The scheme allows a wide range of nonlinear aerodynamic and structural models to be used and subcritical, critical, and supercritical aeroelastic behavior can be modeled without restrictions to small disturbances or periodic motions. A general vortex lattice method is used to model the aerodynamics


This paper shows a possibility of the combination of renewable energy sources and water desalination in a self-contained installation. There is a chance to combine both aspects to save our climate and to solve the problem of water shortage in many countries, especially in countries with a high sun radiation, like in Africa as well in northern industrial countries with less sun radiation. One option is to use solar thermal or biomass power plants to generate (waste) heat. In industrialised countries it is also possible to use biomass to produce energy and with the generated waste heat you can convert saltwater into freshwater. In countries with a high sun radiation it would be preferred to produce heat with solar power. One idea is to join all aspects to produce water and energy independent on the weather or the time of day. With this upcoming project it is also possible to get water and energy independently from each other. So this enhancement can improve the quality of life in countries with undersupply of water. Furthermore there is the idea to build a self-sustaining hotel which does not need in average any external power and / or freshwater supply. The following paper details how to solve these well known water and energy problems.


The present research aimed at investigating the difference in perception between normal, underspecified, and overarticulated, isolated vowels. Unexpectedly, we found observed discrimination to be worse than predicted by the labelling data. There was no difference in the degree of categorical perception between the two vowel conditions.


The election of George Bush heralded a shift to the right in American politics and with it the expectation of a more conservative approach to issues such as abortion. In an interesting twist, however, the Wisconsin Supreme Court has upheld a decision that has been described as potentially "coercive of abortion". David Oakley, a father of nine children with four diVerent mothers was found guilty of intentionally refusing to pay child support and was sentenced to three years in prison followed by five years' probation. As a condition of his probation, Oakley cannot have any more children unless he demonstrates that he has the ability to support them and that he is supporting the children he already has. Failure to comply with the conditions of the probation would result in a further eight years' imprisonment. Oakley argued that the condition violated his right to procreate, since he was unlikely ever to be able to support all of his children, but his appeal was rejected. The majority decision held that, since the conditions were "not overly broad" and were "reasonably related to the person's rehabilitation", the conditions of probation could legitimately impinge upon constitutional rights. In dissenting from the majority decision, Ann Walsh Bradley, J stated: "[b]ecause the condition is triggered only upon the birth of a child, the risk of imprisonment creates a strong incentive for a man in Oakley's position to demand from the woman the termination of her pregnancy. It places the woman in an untenable position: have an abortion or be responsible for Oakley going to prison for eight years". One commentator has pointed out that, in this case, "one precept of rightwing politics–that the state should not pay for the upkeep of oVspring irresponsibly acquired–has come into conflict with another: that normal healthy people should have as many children as possible". He goes on to say that this presents a dilemma for Republicans since "it is now legal for Mr Oakley to have a child of his aborted, but not to allow it to be born".


The aim of the study of the lifestyles of women leaders was to investigate the social phenomenon of an increasing trend in the number of female leaders in all areas of society. However, the gendered functional burden of fulfilling the role of a woman as the keeper of the family home remains the same, which sets the stage for research into the determinants of healthy lifestyles for female leaders. The methodological socio-psychological approach of the study is ensured by applying the testing method (to study the dominant behavioural pattern of female leaders). Moreover, the age-based ranging method was embraced in the form of analysing distinctive features of female leadership behaviours at a certain age in life. Furthermore, the method of scaling and defining the expressiveness of traits of a particular behavioural pattern was applied. The findings were processed via a comparative analysis of features of female manager behaviour types in the context of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. In accordance with objective data, the authors are able to state that the predominant pattern (according to the Friedman and Rosenman test) of female leaders is type 'A' behaviour – this pattern determines the development of psychosomatic pathology. The basic conclusion demonstrating the novelty of the findings reflects the analysis of the trends in psychological characteristics of female managers of modern businesses as follows: female managers have internalised Type 'A' behavioural patterns that promote the use of health resources with the maximum expenditure of psychological resources and the absence of even minimal energy-saving tendencies. The behavioural patterns identified allowed us to identify recommendations for female leaders for healthy lifestyles.


The decomposition, in the temperature range 195–455 K, of hydrazine chemisorbed on tungsten films at 195 K has been studied under isothermal conditions, and also when the temperature of decomposition was increased linearly with time. Decomposition occurs by two main processes: (i) by dissociative chemisorption to form adsorbed amide radicals, followed by further surface dissociation, thereby producing adsorbed imide radicals (or even nitrogen adatoms) and mobile hydrogen adatoms; these latter combine and subsequently desorb as hydrogen molecules; (ii) by associative chemisorption of the hydrazine molecule to surface tungsten atoms; the activated surface complex so formed breaks down to give ammonia and nitrogen, largely by the reaction: 3N2H4→ 4NH3+ N2. A study of the decomposition on tungsten films (i) contaminated by the products of a previous decomposition; (ii) presaturated with hydrogen; (iii) partially saturated by both presorption and postsorption of either carbon monoxide or ammonia, indicated that the molecular adsorption takes place on the (110) plane and that the other planes are active for the dissociative adsorption. On the (110) plane, the hydrazine molecule appears to be attached to a single tungsten atom; on the other planes, it occupies four adjacent surface sites. This dual mechanism is consistent with previous results on the heterogeneous decomposition of hydrazine on a wide variety of different surfaces.


Neural implants are used to continuously record essential signals in studies of neurological disorders. Existing systems involve the use of invasive procedures and revision surgeries to maintain adequate system performance. Our previous work demonstrated a fully-passive wireless system, tested in vitro, and was demonstrated capable of sensing even minute neural signals. This recorder has a minimum detectable signal (MDS) below 15 µV in amplitude and a RF sensitivity down to about - 135 dBm. While results have been promising, this system is yet to be used to study neurological disorders, the final intended application of the system. In this paper, for the first time, we evaluate the wireless neurosensing system's ability to capture the characteristic components of epilepsy, namely interictal epileptiform discharges. The present validation of this technology has great future clinical implications in neuroscience, especially epilepsy studies.


THE CONTENTS of Professor Saint-Jacques's new book divide naturally into two sections; chapters 1 through 9 (pp. 1-82) deal with language and linguistic analysis, while a final chapter 10 (pp. 83-102) attempts a correlation of linguistic analysis with the study of Japanese cultural behaviour. It will be convenient, for the purposes of this review, to comment first on chapters 1 through 9, taken together as a unit, and to postpone remarks dealing in particular with chapter 10 until near the end of this notice. For his analysis of modern spoken Japanese, Saint-Jacques is particularly in debt to Andre Martinet, to whose published work he makes frequent and properly respectful reference, and for whose concept of linguistic analysis he clearly feels an especial sympathy. Surely everyone who is concerned for the progress of linguistic science will be able to agree that Martinet's ideas have too often been overlooked by recent scholarship, particularly in America, and will welcome this and other attempts to revive interest in the views of a linguist whose work has always been distinguished as much for his insistence on attention to the multifarious detail of real linguistic data as for his many important theoretical insights. The evidence that the present volume provides for a renewal of interest in Martinet's work is particularly gratifying to this reviewer, providing as it does an opportunity to recall with affection his happy memories of Martinet's


Biostatistics is traditionally a difficult subject for students to learn. While the mathematical aspects are challenging, it can also be demanding for students to learn the exact language to use to correctly interpret statistical results. In particular, correctly interpreting the parameters from linear regression is both a vital tool and a potentially taxing topic. We have developed a Calibrated Peer Review (CPR) module to aid in learning the intricacies of correct interpretation for continuous, binary, and categorical predictors. Student results in interpreting regression parameters for a continuous predictor on midterm exams were compared between students who had used CPR and historical controls from the prior course offering. The risk of mistakenly interpreting a regression parameter was 6.2 times greater before the introduction of the CPR module (p=0.04). We also assessed when learning took place for a specific item for three students of differing capabilities at the start of the assignment. All three demonstrated achievement of the goal of this assignment; that they learn to correctly evaluate their written work to identify mistakes, though one did so without understanding the concept. For each student, we were able to qualitatively identify a time during their CPR assignment in which they demonstrated this understanding.


Drought is one of the major threats to societies in Sub-Saharan Africa, as the majority of the population highly depends on rain-fed subsistence agriculture and traditional water supply systems. Hot-spot areas of potential drought impact need to be identified to reduce risk and adapt a growing population to a changing environment. This paper presents the Blended Drought Index (BDI), an integrated tool for estimating the impact of drought as a climate-induced hazard in the semi-arid Cuvelai-Basin of Angola and Namibia. It incorporates meteorological and agricultural drought characteristics that impair the population's ability to ensure food and water security. The BDI uses a copula function to combine common standardized drought indicators that describe precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and vegetation conditions. Satellite remote sensing products were processed to analyze drought frequency, severity and duration. As the primary result, an integrated drought hazard map was built to spatially depict drought hot-spots. Temporally, the BDI correlates well with millet/sorghum yield (r = 0.51) and local water consumption (r = −0.45) and outperforms conventional indicators. In the light of a drought's multifaceted impact on society, the BDI is a simple and transferable tool to identify areas highly threatened by drought in an integrated manner.


The invention discloses a signal positioning system comprising at least one signal emission unit used for emitting wireless signals, at least one signal receiving unit used for measuring the wireless signals to obtain signal measurement data, at least one processing unit connected to the signal receiving unit and used for receiving and processing the signal measurement data, and a database unit connected to the processing unit and used for storing information needed by a storage positioning algorithm. According to the signal positioning system and the positioning method thereof of the invention, through a signal area positioning method, a realizable application scope of the existing positioning system is enlarged, and the accuracy and feasibility are improved. Furthermore, according to demands of practical application, variable positioning accuracy degrees are provided, so that the operation efficiency is raised. According to the signal positioning system and the positioning method thereof of the invention, dependence on trilateration or triangulation in the prior art are eliminated. The application scope is enlarged and the operation efficiency is raised. The invention also brings forward a positioning method of the signal positioning system.


The purpose of this study was to assess how biology mechanism of microbial agent affects wheat straw composting process.By way of fermentation pot processing,under the condition of static ventilation,the effect of Streptomyces thermovulgaris inoculation on temperature,water content,pH,C/N and EC during the wheat straw composting process was investigated.The results showed that Streptomyces thermovulgaris inoculation influenced wheat straw composting process.Streptomyces thermovulgaris inoculation (+M) has higher compost temperature than that of control with 12.93%.The water content in the whole compost process decreases,and inoculation (+M) process increase water content.At the earlier stage of compost (12 d),pH after inoculation (+M) process is higher than non inoculation (-M).In the whole compost process,the overall C/N value of inoculation (+M) is 213.71,while the overall C/N value of non inoculation (-M) is 284.03.It is 33.33% higher after inoculation (+M) process.Briefly,inoculation can increase EC,and when composting reaches 15 d,EC of inoculation (+M) reaches its maximum.And EC averages higher than that of non inoculation process.It is,therefore,stated that Streptomyces thermovulgaris inoculation can influence physicochemical property of compost,and promote this process.


International trademark registration system is formed by two treaties, namely
Madrid Agreement (Madrid Agreement) and the Madrid Protocol (Madrid Protocol). To
participate in the international trademark registration system of a country must first be a
member of the treaty concerned, or both. All member states can become members of the
Paris Convention or the Madrid Agreement or the Madrid Protocol became a member of
both. Indonesia as the countries involved in world trade began to consider to ratify
Madrid Protocol 1989. It can be seen from the preparing of the Draft Revised Trademark
Law No.. 15 of 2001 which also allows the filing of application for registration of the
mark through the Madrid Protocol in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the
application for trademark registration system in Indonesia after ratified the Madrid
Protocol 1989 and to investigate the impact of central attack on the international
trademark registration application through the Madrid Protocol 1989.
The methode of this research is descriptive analytical with normative juridical
approach. The data used in this study is primary data and secondary data. The data were
collected through field and literature researches with interviews and literature studies as
data gathering tools. The method used to analyze the data is descriptive method
qualitative research.
The results of this study concluded that, First, the government of Indonesia, namely
Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights must prepare a better examination
systems and excellent human resources that are meticulous, proficient in English and
experts in using the latest electronic devices. Second, the Indonesian government must be
active in socializing Madrid Protocol 1989 system so that impact on the applicant�s will
be as minimum as it can be.


Preliminary findings of an ongoing project on the social constructions of educational beliefs within early childhood education in Norway seem to go beyond the given conceptions of these beliefs. As a non-conformist ethos of anti-educational beliefs has been revealed, it may be taken that the project has succeeded in going beyond what is given as givens. Or should it rather be interpreted as an elegant way of legitimising the researcher's own interests and assumptions? Using the project as an example, this article argues for the necessity of performing self-reflective sociology, while pointing out the inescapable paradoxes, promises and threats of self-reference.


The factors influencing hydrolysis of Carbaryl in water was studied in this paper.We chose four environmental factors which were pH,temperature,matter quality and concentration on the research.The experimental results indicated that pH and temperatures were two main influencing factors.The alkalescence and temperature will urge the hydrolysis of Carbaryl.The hydrolysis rates of Carbaryl in distilled and river water were(almost) the same,but slightly bigger in distilled water,and the distinction was more bigger in alkalescence(water).And the different concentration also influenced the hydrolysis of Carbaryl in water.At pH7,30 ℃,the Carbaryl hydrolyzed very easyily in water,so the residue of Carbaryl in the environmental water is very small.


The oxidative coupling of methane reaction to produce C2 compounds was studied using La2(Ce1−xMgx)2O7−δ catalysts with disordered defective cubic fluorite structures, varying the Mg content (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0), CH4/O2 ratio, temperature, and WHSV. The partial substitution of Ce by Mg in the structure modified the morphology, adjusted the reducibility, stabilized the Ce3+ species, and provided different concentrations of basic sites, which allowed a 42% increase in the yield of C2, with ethylene as the major product. The catalyst with 0.4 Mg content in the structure provided C2 selectivity of 52%, with CH4 conversion of 28%, even under conditions richer in O2. The highest selectivity to C2 (75%), with the highest selectivity to ethylene (39.1%), was achieved using a CH4 : O2 ratio of 8 : 1. In addition, it was possible to operate at milder temperatures (650 °C), with satisfactory CH4 conversion (22%) and C2 selectivity (54%). By decreasing the space velocity, the CH4 conversion and C2 selectivity decreased with an ethylene/ethane ratio of 3. The inhibitory effects of H2O and CO2 were observed at lower space velocity.


In this paper, a neural network approach for color classification in HSV color space based on color JND (just noticeable difference) is presented. The HSV color samples are generated using an interactive tool based on JND concept and these samples are used for supervised training. A four layer feed forward neural network is trained for classifying a given color pair as similar or dissimilar pair. An interactive tool for color pixel comparison is developed for testing the color classifier on real life images. Research shows that neural network classifier in HSV color space works better than RGB classifier in terms of efficiency for segmentation purposes. Thus the experimentation results can be used for segmenting real life images.


This study focuses on the characterization of train brake blocks. The brake blocks are an essential organ of train speed control system to ensure comfort and safety to passengers and crew. However, poor quality soles can cause a premature wear of the wheels whose consequences are on the one hand, a damaged brake function, and also high repair costs. Samples were carried out on 3 different batches of brake blocks. Their metallurgical characterization consisted of a study of the hardness and microstructural analysis (microstructures and chemical analyzes) of the different samples. The results show that the hardness of some soles is greater than that of the wheel, mainly associated with a cementite microstructure. This can lead to a premature wear of the wheels at the expense of brake blocks.


An experimental investigation of the turbulent and transitional near wake of an adiabatic, slender wedge with and without base injection was performed in the JPL Supersonic Wind Tunnel at Mach 4. Two different quantities were measured with a constant current hot wire anemometer, the mean square fluctuation intensity (f – 0.1 to 80 KC), and the frequency spectrum of the fluctuations (f = 5 to 200 KC, bandwidth 0.2 KC). The various flow regions of the near wake were identified and the growth and decay of flow fluctuations were determined. Helium and nitrogen were used as injectants and similar effects were obtained when He = N2. The flow fluctuations of the turbulent boundary layer remnant rapidly decayed during the expansion, and the inner shear layers and the reverse flow region which they bound were laminar. Base injection was found to significantly alter the near wake instability mechanism, which resulted in the delay of wake transition.


The right to vote and to stand for the welfare of one's country, especially in selecting the next leaders is at the core of every democratic government. In the Philippines, a national and local election was held in 2022. A few months before the May 2022 election, this study was conducted to determine the preferred stands of the voters' presidential candidates in terms of issues in politics, economics, social, environmental, education and health. A total of 1,065 Filipino registered voters all over the country participated in an online survey that was conducted from January 1 to April 30, 2022. The results of the study revealed that the respondents preferred a president and vice president who will push for the automatic removal from office of any appointed official with involvement in corruption issues; while they oppose for a leader who proposed to go on war with China for territorial disputes. They preferred a leader who will continue the 4Ps as social program; while they least preferred a president who will agree in the legalization of abortion in the Philippines. As economic priority programs, they preferred a leader who will improve the condition of the agricultural sectors. As environmental priority program, they prefer a president who will push for: exploration of renewable energy sources; policies on climate change; decongestion of Manila; and mandate the restrictions of mining industries re: land owned by the IPs. In terms of educational programs, leaders must prioritize support for Filipino inventors and scientists; as well improve teachers' qualifications; uplift the quality of textbooks; amend the K to 12 Law; and re-impose the mandatory ROTC for Senior High School and College students. In general, the respondents voted for Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr., and Sara Duterte-Carpio as president and vice president respectively, which accord to the result of the actual election in May 2022.


Objective: This study aimed to determine if ultrasonography and electrical muscle stimulation-guided botulinum toxin injection into the upper extremity muscles increases the efficacy of the treatment of focal spasticity in patients with chronic stroke. Materials and Methods: This study included 22 chronic hemiplegic stroke patients with grade 2 and 3 spasticity in the upper extremity muscles, based on the Modified Ashworth Scale. The study hypothesis was that ultrasonography and electrical muscle stimulation-guided botulinum toxin injection would increase the efficacy of the treatment of spasticity. The Modified Ashworth Scale, Tardieu Scale, Barthel Index and Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Scale were administered at baseline, and at 2 weeks and 2 months post treatment. Results: All parameters were improved significantly at 2 weeks post treatment, as compared to baseline, and the observed improvement persisted at 2 months post treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasonography and electrical muscle stimulation-guided botulinum toxin injection significantly improved spasticity and functional recovery in chronic stroke patients with upper extremity spasticity.


The article describes the main elements that make up the transport network NGN. Shows the relevance of research of reliability of the NGN network, as well as the need of numerical calculation of complex indexes of reliability of tracts of transmission of packet information is given. On the developed imitating model of the NGN network indexes of reliability of tracts of transmission of packet information are calculated when using mechanisms of reservation, and also at their absence. Numerical calculation of the main indexes of reliability (failure rate λ, average time of restoration of communications of Тв, average time of a time between failures То, Кг the coefficient of availability, probability P(t) of no-failure operation in the range of t, coefficient of operational readiness Rг) the NGN network equipment (router, switch) for the main period of operation is given. By the received results conclusions are makes.


In an era of globalization and competitiveness, employers are looking for versatile graduates who are able to drive their organizations to compete successfully in the market. Now-a-days, obtaining a good degree is no longer sufficient for getting a job. Graduates should equip themselves, not only with technical skills, but more importantly with soft skills. The main objectives of this study are to identify Malaysian graduates' employability skills, to identify the priority of each skill and to highlight the gap between the importance of graduates' employability skills to employers and their satisfaction on that skill. In general, the results of the gap analysis showed that employers perceive graduates' employability skills performance as being lower than the importance assigned to those skills. The widest gap was found in communication skills, especially the skill of the English language usage. Using the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), 13 attributes fell into the improvement quadrant (concentrated here). This means that improvement efforts and corrective actions must be taken to improve employers' overall satisfaction.


GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) is an open-source Monte-Carlo simulation platform based on Geant4 (GEometry And Tracking) simulation toolkit, widely used for many medical physics applications. Since the Geant4-DNA physical models have been integrated into the version GATE v7.0, the applications of GATE are extended to the field of radiobiology. The latest version GATE v7.2 is based on the Geant4.10.02.p01 version. However, the new Geant4-DNA Physics List with different options (opt1, opt2, opt3, opt4, opt5) of the Geant4.10.02.p01 version have not been incorporated in GATE v7.2; therefore we implemented the integration of the new Geant4-DNA Physics Lists into GATE v7.3-beta based on Geant4.10.02.p01. Also, we combined two different Physics List (Mixed Physics List) in GATE v7.3-beta which can be used in the same simulation. GATE v7.3-beta is a version of GATE that we developed in our work. In order to validate and verify the correct implementation of the Geant4-DNA physical models into GATE v7.3-beta, we used two benchmarks : DPKs (Dose Point Kernels) of 50000 particles of 10 keV electron point source in spherical water phantom with the diameter of 400 mm; and Example_DNA for 3000 particles of 8 MeV proton point source in three different targets made of liquid water with the thickness of 50 pm. A good agreement is found for the DPK calculation in case of 10 keV electrons where differences for eighteen shells are below 5 % between GATE and Geant4.10.02. The conclusions are : the validation of Geant4-DNA physical models by comparing of GATE v7.3-beta DPKs with Geant4.10.02.p01 and EGSnrc, the spectrum of the secondary electrons generated in three targets demonstrated the successful operation of the new Mixed Physics List in GATE v7.3-beta.


A survey is given on recent kinetic investigations on the acid catalyzed degradation of cotton cellulose covering the high, medium and low molecular weight range. As it is revealed, there can be distinguished four subsequent particular stages according to the molecular weight range in which the degradation takes place. Possible interpretations of this phenomenon are discussed taking into account, besides of the kinetic data, the behaviour with time of degradation of the molecular weight distribution, the degree of substitution arising through nitration, and the portion of material dissolved in the acid medium.


ABSTRACT
 This article represents a systematic presentation of the post-Keynesian alternative to mainstream economic theory. It places observation of reality at the centre of the investigation and derives — through an in-depth examination of post-Keynesian literature — an analytical model capable of interpreting the behaviour of firms in a capitalistic market economy. The chapter on which this article focuses is in a book covering the core elements of this heterodox model, which creates a coherent framework for investigating and interpreting the workings of an economic system that approximates reality.


OsHOX4 gene is a member of plant homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-Zip) family of transcription factors.In this study,OsHOX4 gene was introduced into rice IR64 variety with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation,and obtained 54 OsHOX4 over expressed independent lines.After the copy numbers of these transgenic plants were confirmed with southern blotting analysis,four independent single copy lines were analyzed with the TAIL-PCR technique,and from them T-DNA insert positions in the chromosome of three lines were identified(in chromosome 10,5,8 respectively).Depending on T-DNA insert position in chromosome of each transgenic single copy line,specific primers were designed,and homozygous plants from T1 transgenic lines were easily identified.We observed that the tiller number of OsHOX4 over expressed transgenic plants is higher than that of wild type,but plant height is shorter than that of wild type,and between homozygous transgenic plants and heterozygous transgenic plants in same line,there are also big phenotype differences.Depending on TAIL-PCR technique,our research provides a easy method and a theoretical basis for the determination of homozygous plants from T1 generation transgenic plants.


The risk of contracts is a fact that we can't ignore.The production and management of enterprises certainly involve material purchasing contracts.To effectively control the legal risks of material purchasing contracts and to avoid the unnecessary losses incurred by the nonstandard action during entering into a contract and its implementation,we should take measures in the 3-stage contract management,i.e.,contract signing,contract implementing and contract achievement.Only by doing so can contracts achieve the estimated aims of both parties and bring interests to enterprises.


Nucleic Acids Research Sequence of a cDNA coding for human IRF-2 Susumu Itoh*, Hisashi Harada, Takashi Fujita, Tsutomu Mimura and Tadatsugu Taniguchi Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita-Shi, Osaka 565 and 'Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita-shi, Osaka 565, Japan Submitted September II, 1989 EMBL accession no. XI5949 We have previously isolated a cDNA done, a mouse interferon regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2) (Harada, H , Fujita, T., Miyamoto, ivL, Kimura, Y., Maruyama, M, Furia, A., Miyata, T. and Taniguchi, T., 1989, Cell, 5J, 729-739). We have isolated a human IRF-2 cDNA coding for human IRF-2 by crosshybridization with the mouse IRF-2 full length cDNA probe, using the human T cell line, Jurkat-111 cDNA library. One of the positive clones, pfflRF4S-51, was sequenced. This cDNA includes 98 bp of 5"untranslated, 1047 bp of coding and 999 bp of 3'-untranslated regions. The deduced amino acid sequence is the 349 amino acid protein and this protein shows 93.5% homology, compared with mouse IRF-2. Furthermore, the amino terminal hah' of human IRF-2 from 1 to 113 amino acid has 73% homology to human IRF-1 (Maruyama, M., Fujita, T. and Taniguchi, T., Nucleic Acidi Research, 1989, 7,3292).


OBJECTIVES
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a debilitating disease that is lately treated using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Changes in the oral microbiome were detected in other liver diseases; however, oral microbiome was never investigated in patients having chronic HCV infection, whether pre- or post-treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This case-control preliminary study enrolled three equal groups. Group (I) included untreated HCV patients; group (II): HCV patients who achieved viral clearance after DAA administration; and group (III): healthy controls. For each participant, a buccal swab was harvested and its 16S rRNA was sequenced.

RESULTS
The oral microbiome of chronic HCV patients had a significantly distinct bacterial community compared to healthy controls, characterized by high diversity and abundance of certain pathogenic species. These changes resemble that of oral lichen planus patients. After treatment by DAAs, the oral microbiome shifted to a community with partial similarity to both the diseased and healthy ones.

CONCLUSIONS
Chronic HCV is associated with dysbiotic oral microbiome having abundant pathogenic bacteria. With HCV clearance by DAAs, the oral microbiome shifts to approach the healthy composition.


Timing mechanism is being widely investigated in synchronization tapping and time cognition mechanism is studied in relation with the duration of time. Thus, in this study, we investigated the relationship between timing mechanism and time cognition mechanism. Specifically, the phase error correction system in synchronization tapping was analyzed in relation with the time duration of stimulus. Synchronization error (SE) between an auditory stimulus and a finger tap was manipulated under various conditions of inter stimulus-onset interval (ISI), and the response was measured through the temporal development of inter tap-onset interval (ITI). In the first half of each trial, ISI was fixed (FISI condition) to control the time duration, and SE was fixed (FSE condition) in the latter half to control the timing mechanism. And we analyzed the correlation between SE difference (= SE in FSE – mean SE in FISI) and ITI difference (= mean ITI in FSE – mean ITI in FISI). Our results showed that: (1) Depending on the ISI used under the FISI condition, two types of correlation were observed as shown in the following. (2) When the ISI was short (ISI < 900ms), a negative proportional relationship was observed between the SE difference and the ITI difference, and in addition, this response did not require attentional resources. (3) When the ISI was long (ISI ≥ 900ms), responses where the ITI difference is not proportional to the SE difference was observed in a positive region of SE difference, and this response disappeared in case without attentional resources. These results indicate the timing mechanism in the synchronization tapping is composed of two types of phase error correction mechanisms, the automatic one and the cognitively controlled one.


BACKGROUND
in older people, induction of cutaneous vitamin D production by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure may be preferable to oral supplementation: it cannot cause toxic levels, it helps to prevent polypharmacy and, moreover, there are indications that UVB exposure has beneficial effects on health and well being by mechanisms other than the vitamin D pathway alone.

OBJECTIVE
the aim of this pilot study is to investigate whether weekly, half-body, UVB irradiation after showering can increase serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to sufficient levels, in a Dutch psychogeriatric nursing home population.

METHOD
subjects were eight psychogeriatric nursing home patients, mean age: 79 ± 8. Exclusion criteria were going outdoors into the sun more than once a week, the presence of actinic or cancer skin lesions and known resistance to body contact. The intervention consisted of weekly half-body UVB irradiation, after showering, over 8 weeks, with 0.5 minimal erythemal dose (MED). Main outcome measures were change in fasting serum levels of 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) at 0, 2, 4 and 8 weeks.

RESULTS
at baseline, mean serum 25(OH)D was 28.5 nmol/l. Mean serum 25(OH)D levels increased to 46.5 nmol/l. Median serum PTH levels decreased by 20% after 8 weeks of treatment.

CONCLUSION
an 8 week course of weekly, frontal half-body irradiation with UVB, at 0.5 MED, leads to an significant increase in 25(OH)D serum levels, but this period is too short to reach vitamin D sufficiency.


The interaction of a scalar wave (thermal neutrons) with a single Si crystal is treated using Ewald's self-consistent field method. Considering from the very beginning the two-dimensional translation symmetry of the problem, the reflectivities of allowed and forbidden reflections in the Bragg geometry valid for both coplanar and non-coplanar cases are derived. It is shown that there exists a very narrow reflectivity peak of the forbidden reflection as a result of the symmetry breaking due to a crystal surface.


Over the past 7 years Burns & McDonnell has been given the opportunity to provide program management and detailed design for Northeast Utilities (NU) subsidiary Connecticut Light and Power (CL&P) on their Middletown Norwalk 345-kV Transmission Project. The project includes 69 right-of-way miles of 345-kV and 115-kV overhead and underground transmission line. This $1.2 Billion project was completed in December, 2009. In order to provide support to the project locally, Burns & McDonnell established an office near the project site that has been staffed with over 70 professionals. Under the final design approximately 45 right-of-way miles of this line were constructed as overhead transmission lines with over 120 actual miles of overhead line. This will require just over 770 new, single, and multiple pole structures to be installed. To accommodate these structures just under 900 foundations will be required. Given the large scale and conditions of this project, there have been many challenges to overcome regarding these foundations. Initially one of the largest challenges was determining the type of foundation to use given the rocky terrain. Creating a design process for the different possibilities was necessary. Geotechnical and environmental questions as well as issues encountered during the actual construction have also provided significant challenges. Additionally, the unusually long project timetable created challenges and required a massive coordination effort. This paper will discuss these different challenges and how they were overcome.


Abstract We show that quasiconformal maps on many Carnot groups must be biLipschitz. In particular, this is the case for 2-step Carnot groups with reducible first layer. These results have implications for the rigidity of quasiisometries between negatively curved solvable Lie groups.


ABSTRACT The aim of this essay is to explore the hypothesis that inter-peripheral literary circulation is achieved through support from institutional funders who are situated outside the target culture and mainly in the source culture – so called 'supply-driven translation'. By focusing on Swedish translations of Italian and Portuguese (Angola, Cabo Verde, East Timor, Mozambique, and Portugal) language literatures this study investigates whether support from the source culture provides an alternative pathway for this literature to make its way into the hands of Swedish readers, including scholars. First, this study reviews the available funding for this literature and maps out which publishing houses, authors, and titles received financial support between 2000 and 2018. The analysis focuses on the support from institutions that are closely related to two of the source countries (Italy and Portugal) and addresses questions regarding the prestige and gender of the supported authors, the size of the publishing houses, previous translations into English, and how this support influences visibility in the public literary sphere and in the Swedish press. Translations and publications of Portuguese language literatures depended on and received financial support, whereas translations and publications of Italian literature were largely produced without any financial support. However, in many respects, the source languages show striking similarities.


The effects of physical environment on the performance of student teams were evaluated in a timed case study. Six teams worked on an intensive three‐hour problem‐solving event as part of their term project. Successful completion of the project depended on using engineering skills to solve an open‐ended technical problem and produce a one‐page memo defining the solution. The skills needed for this exercise included searching electronic databases for relevant information, analyzing journal publications, developing a kinetic model, applying the model to the problem, making team decisions, and communicating the results in a written product.


Yoel Sher is a retired Israeli diplomat. As deputy director-general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was in charge of Eastern Europe, the Russian Federation, and Euro-Asian countries. Among his overseas postings were as consul-general in Hong-Kong, Israel's first ambassador to Czechoslovakia after the resumption of relations between the two countries in 1990, and ambassador to Austria, Slovenia, and Slovakia (1995–98).


THIS PAPER encompasses two important aspects of the 1957 symposium theme of "Computers in Control." First, the General Electric Automatic Dispatching System1‾3 to be described includes analog computing loops which insure that the turbine generators within the utility system are loaded according to incremental cost theories, thus resulting in minimum fuel expenditures for the utility system. Second, the application of a differential analyzer as a tool in the design of this automatic dispatching system will be described. The differential analyzer application may be outlined as follows: 1. Complete differential analyzer simulation of power system and dispatching system to determine optimum design of regulating and economic loops. 2. Differential analyzer simulation of power system tied together with prototype control components to study and evaluate the design of prototype equipment.


The invention discloses an address book storage system applied to teaching software. The address book storage system comprises a contact person editing module, a contact person sending module and a permission association module, wherein the permission association module performs two-column type encryption processing on contact persons in a server; the first column of encryption processing modules use concrete classes as units for performing encryption on the contact persons in the class as the basis; the second column of encryption processing modules use all of the contact persons as the basis for performing encryption; and the first column of encryption processing modules and the second column of processing modules are mutually independent. Meanwhile, the invention also discloses an address book storage method applied to the teaching software. Compared with the prior art, the system and the method have the advantages that checking permission for entering an address book can be effectively distinguished; and the wrong sending and the confusion of each teacher on objects due to group sending are prevented, so that the accuracy and the security of the group sending function of the message group sending system are improved.


BANGA has found [Annau et al. 1935] that if minced pigeon breast muscle be treated with ice-cold water and then squeezed through muslin, a very fine dispersion of the tissue can be obtained. This, with suitable additions, will show a respiration which resembles that of the original minced muscle, in that it is ofthe same order of magnitude and can be accelerated by fumarate and inhibited by malonate. It is necessary to add an extract of muscle made with hot trichloroacetic acid, which is said to supply donators and co-dehydrogenases. The dispersion can be separated by centrifuging into a precipitate containing the ferments, and a solution containing an activator ("Zwischensubstanz"), both being essential to the activity. Laki has shown [Annau et al. 1936] that the dispersion behaves similarly to minced muscle in that it causes oxaloacetate to react with the formation of malate and pyruvate. Stare & Baumann [1936] have observed that the oxygen consumption of pigeon breast muscle which has been ground with sand can be greatly increased by the addition of fumarate together with an extract made from the same tissue by digesting with water for 1 hr. at room temperature before deproteinizing by heat. Cozymase would not produce quantitatively the same effect as this extract. The present paper describes a study of dispersions made by Banga's method, with a view to identifying the coenzymes and substrates concerned in their respiration. EXPERIMENTAL


A study of the relationship between attempted suicide and parental loss in childhood has been described in a previous publication (13).


The ligand-independent activation of Angiotensin II type 1 receptors following vascular stretch plays very important (patho) physiological roles. Indeed, recent studies have implicated this mechanism in cardiac hypertrophy under conditions of pressure overload and it has shown to be indispensable in the regulation of the myogenic response in smooth muscle cells of small resistance arteries, as well as mesenteric and renal resistance arteries. The information discussed in here will highlight the involvement of the mechanoactivation of the Angiotensin II type I receptors in the development of the myogenic response and the molecular mechanisms modulating them following activation.


The efficacy of liver and liver preparations in the treatment for the anemia of Addison's pernicious anemia is generally recognized. The success of this therapy in the relief and prevention of glossitis is well known. It is generally conceded that the gastro-intestinal manifestations, weakness and general symptoms are all relieved by adequate treatment. There are, however, great differences of opinion about the response of the neurologic manifestations to the specific therapy. In 1927 Minot and Murphy1described definite improvement in the neurologic symptoms in cases in which the condition was of short duration and arrest of the progress of the lesion in others. Similar findings were reported by Graham2in 1928. Ungley and Suzman3(1929) described great improvement in the neurologic manifestations in the majority of patients in a group with pernicious anemia associated with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, the less favorable results and


In 2016, researchers using Swedish registries demonstrated a higher incidence of violence in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder than the


Taking 'Ningqi No.1'as material,the different organic materials into the soil after 5years,soil moisture content,bulk density,porosity and water stability of aggregates were analyzed,such as changes in physical properties based on the field experiment.The results showed that sheep dung could improve soil moisture content effectively; furfural slag could reduce the soil bulk density and increase the porosity effectively;biological organic fertilizer could improve soil aggregate content of water stability of 0.25~5mm.


Objective: To compare amylose content of five varieties of Cordyceps Militaris sample to supply a basis for devoloping and urilizing amylose of Cordyceps Militaris. Methods: Phenol sulfuric acid procedure was used.Results: There is great difference in amylose in the case of cross comparision but not obvious in sequence reference.. Conclusion: Amylose chiefly exists in mycelium.


The current study employs a regional sample in order to investigate the phenomenon of fear-ofmissing-out (FoMO), the awareness associated with the fear that other individuals are having a more pleasurable experience that one is not a part of. The current study uniquely examines the role that FoMO plays in viewing patterns associated with news content on social media interfaces. The 10-item scale created by Przybylski, Myrayama, DeHaan, and Gladwell in 2013 was used as a basis to discover the degree of FoMO participants experience while online, while other questions of the survey serve to collect data about participants sociodemographic's, engagement with soft and hard news content, and overall social media usage. (Przybylski, Myrayama, DeHaan, Gladwell 2013). The objective is to demonstrate the influential effects that FoMO poses on media consumer viewing patterns and behaviors.


In the proposed thesis, we study a special class of belief networks which contain both probabilistic and deterministic information. Deterministic information occurs as zero probabilities in the belief network. A majority of the work in the belief network community (see for example papers in conferences like UAI, AAAI, IJCAI and NIPS) addresses probabilistic inference tasks under the assumption that the underlying joint distribution represented by the belief network is strictly positive i.e. devoid of any determinism. The positivity assumption is problematic because (a) modeling many real-world problems such as genetic linkage analysis (Fishelson & Geiger 2003) requires that the inference method reason with both probabilistic and deterministic information and (b) inference is harder in presence of determinism or extreme probabilities (Dagum & Luby 1993). The purpose of the proposed thesis is to study both the representational and algorithmic issues involved in modeling deterministic information along with the usual probabilistic information in a belief network.


Representative open-space filling textures of the electrum-bearing, layer-like pervasive silicification of sedimentary breccias and breccio-conglomerates in the epithermal, low sulfidation of adularia-sericite type Khan Krum gold deposit are presented.


Nowadays one of the best standards for storing structured data is XML. The key idea behind our paper is based on a relationship between XML documents and attribute grammars. This parallel makes it ...


The present work deals with the study of shielding ability of UP-Bi 2 O 3 polymer composites for gamma rays of energy 0.662 MeV using a gamma ray spectrometer. The various shielding parameters such as linear and mass attenuation coefficients, half value and tenth value layer thickness, and mean free path have been evaluated for the composites. The attenuation coefficients of the composites have also been evaluated theoretically using the computer code XCOM and WinXCOM. The results show that, the shielding performance increases with increase in the filler concentration. The highest filled composite exhibits excellent shielding ability and is comparable to that of the conventional shielding materials. The theoretical and experimental values are in good agreement.


Addition reactions to carbonyl compounds with a complex reagent, prepared from organomagnesium and iron(II) chloride, were examined. The reagent works as effective nucleophile to an easily enolizab...


The effect of JA-Me at a concentration of 100 μl l - 1 and ethylene applied in the gaseous form at a concentration of 10 μl l - 1 on leaf growth, anthocyanin accumulation and CO 2 evolution in uncooled and cooled, derooted bulbs of 'Apeldoorn' and 'Oxford' tulips, was investigated. JA-Me partially reversed the inhibitory effect of ethylene on the increase in leaf length in uncooled bulbs, and to a smaller degree in those cooled. JA-Me applied alone did not affect leaf growth. Ethylene evidently inhibited anthocyanin accumulation induced by JA-Me applied simultaneously. CO 2 evolution was similar after treatments with JA-Me, ethylene and JA-Me + ethylene. Simultaneous application of JA-Me with ethylene induced gum formation more than these compounds applied individually. Thus, interaction between JA-Me and ethylene is synergistic or antagonistic in the regulation of some physiological processes in tulips.


Many technological options now exist for tourism authorities and researchers to understand the movement of different cohorts of tourists within destinations. However, while the merits and challenges of these methods have received attention within tourism literature, the data that results from different methods have rarely been compared. This preliminary study fills this gap by examining data that emanated from two techniques for capturing tracking data: an app that could be downloaded and placed on participants' phones, and a study phone distributed to tourists that it was pre-loaded with a tracking app. The results reveal that these subtly different techniques produce widely varying results. The implications of these differences are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.


Preliminary sampling of banded iron formation (BIF) of Agori Formation in Goindari and Pararawa areas of Sonbhadra district, has indicated gold mineralisation. Samples of BIF analysed 0.2g/t to 0.96 g/t and a sheared quartz vein sample gave 5.46 g/t gold.


As we look to use Wear OS (formerly known as Android Wear) devices for fitness and health monitoring, it is important to evaluate the reliability of its ecosystem. The goal of this paper is to understand the reliability weak spots in Wear OS ecosystem. We develop a state-aware fuzzing tool, Vulcan, without any elevated privileges, to uncover these weak spots by fuzzing Wear OS apps. We evaluate the outcomes due to these weak spots by fuzzing 100 popular apps downloaded from Google Play Store. The outcomes include causing specific apps to crash, causing the running app to become unresponsive, and causing the device to reboot. We finally propose a proof-of-concept mitigation solution to address the system reboot issue.


Is gametogenesis possible in vitro? This question was one of the relevant topics in a comprehensive review published in 1965 by Etienne Wolff and Katy Haffen (1), describing results of pioneering organ culture work on vertebrate and invertebrate gonads carried out between 1913 and 1965. Wolff and Haffen provided a partial answer to the above question by indicating that organ culture methods allow "far greater differentiation of the germ cells to occur since they are surrounded by their natural environment, namely the somatic cells of the gonads." The early recognition that spermatogenic cells can differentiate in vitro in close association with somatic cells can be regarded as the most forwardlooking aspect of this statement. Another important remark in Wolff and Haffen's review was the anticipated potential use of in vitro organ and cell culture systems for determining the role of various factors, including hormones, in the regulation of the spermatogenic process.


Numerous social networks, such as Flickr, Picasa, Instagram, and even news agencies, encourage their users to upload content in the form of annotated images. These image collections have become extremely large, containing hundreds of millions of images from millions of users. One consequence is that retrieval of a full set of thematic images, such as ancient ruins in Italy or mountain climbing in Peru, requires multiple collection searches. This is very time‐consuming for the user, particularly because these collections have not been developed for distributed system search and typically have no externally available collection description. In this paper, we present a system that can automatically generate an image collection description suitable for distributed search. Our approach enhances the image tag sets collected by the host system for development of a collection description that provides an extended vocabulary to match search query terms. The benefit of using collection descriptions in the image retrieval process is the ability to first select collections that are relevant to the query before retrieval of relevant images from those collections. This two‐step process improves query processing efficiency, because irrelevant collections need not be searched. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Updating a bilingual dictionary is a formidable task. The lexicographer has to have an intimate knowledge of both languages involved in all the pertinent fields. To this purpose, the work of professional translators could be used to good advantage. In a large majority of such translations, both the original word and the English equivalent chosen are found in already existing bilingual dictionaries. We are concerned with the case where either the source word or the English equivalent are not listed. The translator ordinarily does not relay his discovery or new interpretation to the lexicographer; he may be quite unaware of this.
 A side by side comparison of the original and the translation would reveal such deviations to the lexicographer. The original article is sufficient to indicate a missing word in the dictionary. The translation is needed to obtain its equivalent. A dictionary and the translation are needed to detect a new equivalent.
 This comparison is time-consuming and tedious. The following procedures, programmed at Ramo-Wooldridge relieve the lexicographer of this drudgery and yet supply him with the results.


Very rarely do physical devices function as intended by their designers the first time they are implemented. Usually, there are two ways in which the behavior of a device may deviate from the intended one: the device may not exhibit a desired behavior or it may result in an undesirable behavior. We describe a model-based method for solving the latter task. This method involves diagnosis and repair of the failed device and verification of the modified device. It uses compiled structure-behavior-function (SBF) models of how the device works. In an SBF model, the behaviors and the structural elements of a device act as indices into causal mechanisms that explain how the structure of the device produces its behaviors. The causal mechanisms in turn serve as indices into qualitative relations between device variables. The KRITIK2 system uses this indexing scheme to access relevant causal mechanisms and qualitative relations, and uses this knowledge for solving the diagnosis, repair, and verification subtasks of redesign. KRITIK2 shows that this model-based method is sufficient for parametric redesign even for devices in which a single cause results in multiple effects and a single structural element plays a role in multiple causal behaviors.