HHE CONCEPT OF democracy raises perennial divisions among its advocates and critics that may be characterized in the following way. Defendants see it as a complex of principles and procedures designed to realize certain values-those of liberty, equality, fraternity, justicesuch that it constitutes a uniquely favored species of political praxis. Critics of democracy, in sharp contrast, tend to see it as nothing more than a set of techniques designed to ensure the rule of the most powerful under the guise of popular consent. Among its critics, there is a further distinction to be made between those who see democracy as a necessarily corrupt form of rule, a political apparatus designed to ensure the rule of special interests (a number of Marxists, Leninists, anarchists, etc.), and those who see the reduction of democracy to such terms as a lamentable departure made necessary by mass politics, the military-industrial complex, etc. (Schumpeter, Bachrach, Pateman, C. B. Macpherson, more or less fitting into this category). Far from believing that democracy is corrupt sui generis, these latter critics condemn representative democracy as a departure from the direct democracy of antiquity and reserve hope for a return to apurer, more participatory form. An examination of Marx's own views on democracy shows that he by no means fits easily into the positions of either the qualified or wholesale critics of democracy and that he shares more in common with classical political philosophers, notably Plato, Aristotle and Hegel, on the subject of politics and democracy than is commonly assumed.' Marx's views on democracy call into serious question the (revisionist) Marxist assumptions that democracy represents the political epiphenomenon of a specific economic system and, consequently, constitutes no more than a set of practices or procedures to translate economics into juridicalpolitical terms. In addition, Marx, following Hegel, convicts advocates of participatory democracy (democracy's reformist critics) of radical


Experimental testing technique of heavy ion induced single event upset (SEU) has been developed at HI-13 tandem accelerator. Monoenergetic heavy ions, well-distributed and with weak enough intensity, were obtained by using Q3D magnetic spectrometer. The irradiation ions were monitored and measured by a semiconductor detector located in the scattering chamber and a position sensitive semiconductor detector located at the focal plane of the Q3D spectrometer. Curves of SEU cross section versus linear energy transfer (LET) have been measured with eight kinds of ions for some SRAM devices. Predictions of SEU rates have been derived from the test data coupled with models of heavy ion and proton environment and models of the interaction of ions with microelectronic devices.


The article analyzes the provisions of the multilateral and bilateral international legal treaties of Ukraine aimed at the conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems and the implementation of an ecosystem approach, which is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way.Based on the conducted research, it is concluded that these issues are among the most important and relevant at the international legal level, therefore, our state, having assumed relevant obligations in this area, should focus its efforts to their proper reflection in the national regulatory and legal field and their practical realization.It is hoped that in the near future, the outlined issues will receive increased attention both at the level of environmental legislation and in practical terms, because according to the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic principles (strategy) of state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030» dated 28.02.2019, which now has the status of a leading pointer in the environmental sphere, the goal of state environmental policy is to achieve a good state of the environment by introducing an ecosystem approach to all areas of socio-economic development of Ukraine to ensure the constitutional right of every citizen to a clean and safe environment, introduction of balanced nature management and conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems.


Sol-gel and electrospinning techniques were incorporated to produce titanium (IV) oxide/polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP) composite nanofibers from solution containing PVP and titanium tetraisopropoxide. Diameters of the obtained composite fibers were in the range of 60 to 300 nm. The effects of PVP concentration and electrostatic field strength on the size and size distribution of as-spun fibers were investigated. Calcination of these composite fibers at 500°C resulted in pure anatase titania nanofibers without contamination of other phases. The obtained titania fibers can be used as photocatalyst for degradation of various substances. The effects of calcination temperature and time on phase and size of titania fibers obtained were also investigated in this study. Moreover, the effects of silicon, which was added as the secondary metal dopant to the titania nanofibers, on morphology, crystallinity, grain growth and thermal stability of the titania fibers were also discussed.


This article considers a proper name as a text: as a linguistic, semiotic, sociocultural, and ethnographic 'narrative.' The author assumes that the anthroponymic space in modern Bulgaria is a live environment which is permanently developing and transforming. The environment that retains archaic patterns while adding new ones, combining the tendencies for unification and individual diversification. The analysis of the name system shows a significant Balkan influence, multiple equivalents between Slavic and borrowed vocabulary, as well as the presence of all-Balkan names and common suffixes. Personal name as a text contains linguistic information (etymology, folk etymology, and its lexicographic representation); family stories (a narrative on choosing the name, kin names, interconnection of the names of the relatives and friends; cultural, ideological impact, fashion); and church and festive allusions (calendar name days). Lexicographic interpretation of anthroponyms is peculiar because of its suggestive modality, flexibility, creativity, absence of markedness, and the removal of semiotic binaries us — them, male — female, old — new, individual — collective, sameness — diversity etc. There is a strong loyalty to the tradition of keeping the family name which reveals itself in name-giving for the newborns: it might be a precise repetition of the name of the elders, or just one syllable or even a letter as part of this name, or a combination of parts of the names of two or several relatives (as a way of compromise). Bulgarian Christian Orthodox Church is rather liberal in terms of choosing the baptismal name and the day for its celebration which makes the text behind the name more elaborate, making it a true detective story. The research material is retrieved from dictionaries of personal names, published onomastic studies, author's interviews, observations, and field data. It is complete with a case study of reading the text of the female name Vaia.


This proposal is submitted in response to a programmatic need at LLL for a supplier of 50-cm targets (tritided) for the new RTNS-II facility. Previous letters of inquiry to Mound also delineate a need for recovery of tritium from expended RTNS-II targets. As explained in this proposal, the tritided target manufacturing and tritium recovery can be accomplished in an efficient and timely manner at Mound Facility. Mound has been a major tritium handling facility for over 20 yr. Multigram quantities of tritium are routinely handled in various production, recovery, research, and development processes. Mound is widely recognized as a leader in the design, installation, and operation of high-purity glovebox atmosphere systems, and tritium containment, effluent control, and waste packaging systems. Demonstrated performance and experience in these strategic technology areas makes this facility ideally suited for meeting LLL`s tritided accelerator target needs. After consolidation and evaluation of various inputs of information, the authors feel confident that Mound can fabricate and recover RTNS-II targets to meet LLL requirements. This proposal, therefore, outlines their plan for performing this work and requests that Mound Facility be designated by LLL as the fabrication and recovery site for large-diameter fully tritided accelerator targets.


This paper compares Fourier Transform Profilometry, a computer based technique for automatic 3-D measurement, with conventional Moife techniques. In Moire contouring techniques two gratings are used to generate Moire fringes. In contrast to that in FTP a grating pattern projected onto the object surface is Fourier transformed and processed. Results are analysed and some alternative tests are presented. In addition to that an application in medicine is proposed for pulmonary function testing. Several measurements of lung relaxation pressure by observi ng the depression of skin between ribs have been performed.


Combination of study undertaken in the native settings, combined with abroad studies, creates better environment for acquiring holistic perspectives. This is truer for management programs due to globalized business environment. Consequently, thousands depart annually for education abroad experiences with the expectation that they will become better professionals and return home with significantly enhanced/advanced competencies and skills. However, learning in a foreign milieu may not always be superior to learning at home. Indeed, the extent to which the study abroad programs aid in becoming successful is dependent on a vast number of variables. Hence, the objective of this chapter is to have a clearer understanding of how study abroad programs function in the development of students' professional competencies. Adopting a case-based approach, the focus is on Omani students' experiences related to management programs. It also aims to provide strategies to enhance the returns from study abroad management programs in general and especially for students of Oman. Study Abroad Management Programs: Strategies for Enhancing Returns


Plant Chromosomes at Mitosis, K. Fukui Outline of Mitotic Chromosomes Preparation Method for the Small Chromosome: Enzymatic Maceration/Air Drying (EMA) Method Preparation Method for the Large Chromosome: Squash Method Preparation Method for Chromosomal Samples of Woody Plants Preparation Method for Chromosome Samples of Suspension Cells Preparation Method for Chromosome Samples of Flowers and Leaves Permanent Preparation of Chromosome Samples Plant Chromosomes at Meiosis, P.G. Goicoechea and R. Giraldez Introduction Meiotic Synchrony and Meiotic Gradients Procedures Plant Chromosomes at Metabolic Phase, K. Taniguchi Introduction Morphological Classification by Distribution of Condensed Heterochromatin Visualizing Condensation Application of Chromosome Banding Techniques Polytene Chromosomes, W. Nagl Introduction Occurrence and Structure of Polytene Chromosomes in Plants Preparation Staining Methods DNA and Gene Analysis Digitation and Computer Analysis Future Challenges Flow Cytometry and Chromosome Sorting, J.S. Heslop-Harrison and T. Schwarzacher Introduction Procedures Future Applications Chromosome Dissection and Direct Cloning, Y. Kamisugi and K. Fukui Introduction Equipment Microdissection of Plant Chromosomes Direct Cloning Direct-Labeling and In Situ Hybridization Chromosome Banding Methods, B. Friebe, T.R. Endo, and B.S. Gill Introduction Principles of Chromosome Banding Procedures In Situ Hybridization, Y. Mukai Introduction Advances in In Situ Hybridization Procedures Sister Chromatid Exchange and Replication Banding, B. Friebe and F. Cortes Introduction Sister Chromatid Differentiation in Second Division Chromosomes Sister Chromatid Differentiation in Third Division Chromosomes Replication Banding Procedures Replication of Chromosomes, K. Taniguchi and I. Fujishige Introduction Principles of Replication Banding Procedures Applications Chromosome Manipulation in Wheat, J.P. Gustafson and J.W. Snape Introduction Genome Balance and Introgression Random Homologous Alien Transfers Irradiation Technologies and Selection Strategies Homologous Transfers by the Control of Recombination Alien Introgression and Gene Expression Conclusions Electron Microscopy and Plant Chromosomes, J.S. Heslop-Harrison Introduction Developments in Electron Microscopy General Precautions for Electron Microscopy The Specimen Procedure DNA:DNA In Situ Hybridization Quantification and Reconstruction of Three Dimensional Images from Serial Sections Transfer of Spread Chromosome Preparations from Slides to Electron Microscope Developments and Conclusions Analysis of Chromosome Information, K. Fukui and S. Nakayama Historical Perspective of Imaging Plant Chromosomes Concept of Image Analyses Instrumentation and Software Procedure Appendix I: Buffer Solutions Appendix II: Tissue Culture Media Index


Abstract : Aortic blood PO2 and pH and internal jugular blood PO2 were measured continuously in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that received a 3000-rad midline tissue dose pulse of mixed gamma-neutron radiation. Immediately after irradiation the aortic blood PO2 and pH increased slightly (5 to 10 torr and 0.05 pH unit, respectively); these changes were consistent with earlier reports that monkeys hyperventilated after similar irradiation. Venous blood PO2 did not change after irradiation. It was concluded that lack of oxygen in the blood does not contribute to radiation-induced early transient incapacitation (ETI). If brain hypoxia does cause ETI, it must result from inadequate blood supply to all or part of the brain.


A suitable expression is obtained for the time evolution operator first derived by Louisell and describing the dynamics of a driven harmonic oscillator. It allows one to relate the time evolution operator to different translation operators of interest


Introduction: Bryophytes are considered as a remarkable reservoir of new, natural products or secondary compounds, many of which have shown interesting biological activity. Biological activities of number of liverworts and mosses were studied which suggests that they contain a large number of terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Aims: To assess antimicrobial activity of moss Bryum argenteum (Hedw.) (Bryales: Bryaceae) methanolic crude extract against plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (pv.) (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae).


This index presents a list of ancient documents relevant to argument that Paul's construction of Abraham as a Spiritual ancestor of tallt faith people was based on his encounter with the Roman Ideology based on Aeneas as the founder of Rome.Keywords: Abraham; Rome


Although alcoholism is increasingly recognized as a family disease, most research looks solely at the alcoholic, or occasionally at the alcoholic's spouse. However, there are a multitude of potential studies regarding the alcoholic family system, parent-child communication, marital communication, and sibling communication in the alcoholic home. To initiate efforts to theorize about communication patterns in alcoholic families, a study focused on alcoholism as a source of family stress, and specifically, on the quality of a family's communication. Five family inventories from D. H. Olson, H. I. McCubbin, H. L. Barnes, and A. S. Larsen's 1985 publication, "Family Inventories," were used (administered by a therapist) to survey 6 treatment families and 16 control families at an urban treatment center. Olson's research is based on the Circumplex Model, a model which integrates family concepts and identifies types of marital and family systems within a systemic framework. Although the study sample was too small to achieve statistically significant results, findings do suggest that treatment improves family communication and cohesion, but that there is little or no change in family adaptability. Future studies are needed to replicate this study and to address other questions in family communication which deal with treatment effectiveness, so that a more long-lasting method for eliminating active alcoholism as a source of family stress can be provided. (Contains 1 table of data and 61 references.) (PA) *********************************************************************** * . Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** COMMUNICATION IN THE ALCOHOLIC FAMILY: A SUMMARY OF A CASE STUDY


We discuss the controllability and observability of time-invariant (continuous time) linear systems with interval coefficients using the notion of being full rank of interval matrices. The most important advantage of the proposed attitude is to consider these two essential concepts, that is, control lability and observability, in interval time-invariant linear systems, which, in turn, may play important roles in the analysis of uncertain systems. Some different definitions on to be full rank of matrices have been utilized to propose different views on the controllability and observability of interval linear systems according to different criteria. Finally, in several control-observation processes, the controllability and observability are evaluated based on the given achievements.


Commentary on: Hopewell S, Adedire O, Copsey BJ,  et al. (2018) Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Falls are common in older populations and levels of frailty, increasing age, impairment of functional status (cognitive/physiological), reduced mobility and environmental factors increase risk.1 Identification and reduction of modifiable …


This paper considers a low speed maneuvering problem for long articulated vehicle combinations. High precision maneuvering is achieved by designing a model-based state feedback optimal control method, commanding the steering of the first unit and a moveable coupling point between the first unit and the trailer. Simulation results are presented for a tight 90 degree turn, involving both forward and backward motions.


We report the analysis of high temporal resolution ground- and space-based photometric observations of SZ Lyncis, a binary star one of whose components is a high amplitude δ Scuti. UBVR photometric observations were obtained from Mt. Abu Infrared Observatory and Fairborn Observatory; archival observations from the WASP project were also included. Furthermore, the continuous, high-quality light curve from the TESS project was extensively used for the analysis. The well resolved light curve from TESS reveals the presence of 23 frequencies with four independent modes, 13 harmonics of the main pulsation frequency of 8.296943 ± 0.000002 d−1, and their combinations. The frequency 8.296 d−1 is identified as the fundamental radial mode by amplitude ratio method and using the estimated pulsation constant. The frequencies 14.535, 32.620, and 4.584 d−1 are newly discovered for SZ Lyn. Out of these three, 14.535 and 32.620 d−1 are identified as non-radial lower order p modes and 4.584 d−1 could be an indication of a g mode in a δ Scuti star. As a result of frequency determination and mode identification, the physical parameters of SZ Lyn were revised by optimizations of stellar pulsation models with the observed frequencies. The theoretical models correspond to 7500 K ≤ Teff ≤ 7800 K and log(g) = 3.81 ± 0.06. The mass of SZ Lyn was estimated to be close to 1.7–2.0 M⊙ using evolutionary sequences. The period–density relation estimates a mean density (ρ) of 0.1054 ± 0.0016 g cm−3.


The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classic combinatorial optimization problem, which is simple to state but very difficult t o solve. This problem is known to be NP-hard, and cannot be solved exactly in polynomial time. Genetic algorithms have been successfully utilized for solving NP-hard problems in the last 30 years. They can reduce the running times of NPcomplete problems substantially. The main purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction about genetic algorithm and travelling salesman problem. And we are going to discuss how genetic algorithm can be applied, especially its mutation operators to solve the TSP. In the end we will conclude that inversion mutation operator will always gives better results compared to other mutation operators. Keywords— Genetic Algorithm, Travelling Salesman problem, Mutation Operators.


Quine and Davidson employ proxy functions to demonstrate that the use of language (behaviouristically conceived) is compatible with indefinitely many radically different reference relations. They also believe that the use of language (behaviouristically conceived) is all that determines reference. From this they infer that reference is indeterminate, i.e. that there are no facts of the matter as to what singular terms designate and what predicates apply to. Yet referential indeterminacy yields rather dire consequences. One thus does wonder whether one can hold on to a Quine-Davidson stance in semantics-cum-metaphysics and still avoid embracing referential indeterminacy. I argue that one can. Anyone adhering to the behaviouristic account pivotal to the Quine-Davidson stance is bound to acknowledge certain facts about verbal behaviour – that some utterances are tied to situations, that some utterances are tied to segments in situations, that some predicates have non-contextualised conditions of application, and that use involves causal dependencies. The restrictions from these facts ensure that only reference relations generated by means of rather exceptional proxy functions are compatible with verbal behaviour. I conclude that this allows one to rebuff the Quine-Davidson argument for the indeterminacy of reference, as it were, from within. I moreover tentatively conclude that the line of thought laid out provides good reason for just about anyone to hold that there are facts about reference after all. Reassessing Referential Indeterminacy 1 Reassessing Referential Indeterminacy 1. The Thesis Explored Celebrated ideas often share the fate of human celebrities: they become shrouded in a haze of publicity, adoration, and rumour. This might very well be true of the claim that reference is indeterminate. So let me begin with some clarifications. Firstly, the thesis concerns semantic reference, not speaker's reference. It is a thesis about what singular terms as well as their utterances designate and what predicates as well as their utterances apply to. Secondly, the thesis is not an epistemological claim. What is claimed is rather that there are no facts of the matter as to what singular terms designate and what predicates apply to. Speaking of the 'inscrutability of reference' hence is misleading – as Quine acknowledges: "It is what I have called inscrutability of reference; 'indeterminacy of reference' would have been better". Thirdly, the thesis is neither to be confused with, nor grounded in, the claim that many terms are vague and/or ambiguous. Neither phenomenon plays any role in the arguments Quine and Davidson put forth. Indeterminacy of reference is thought to arise even if we idealize away vagueness and ambiguity. Fourthly, the indeterminacy of reference is independent of any indeterminacy of logical form. Quine and Davidson agree that even if one assumes a determinate logical form, reference still comes out indeterminate. Finally, the thesis is meant to cover all languages. Indeterminacy is not confined to distant primitive tongues. As the saying goes, indeterminacy begins at home. Anyone who holds that reference is indeterminate is hence committed to the claim that there are no facts of the matter as to what singular terms designate and what predicates apply to. To render this idea more lucid, let me define an interpretation of a language L to be a complete assignment of extensions to the singular terms and predicates of L. Let us furthermore agree to call some interpretation correct for some language L if and only if it is compatible with all the facts that determine the semantic properties of L. Employing this terminology, the thesis that reference is indeterminate – that there are no facts of the matter pertaining to reference – unfolds thus: (IR) For every language L, there are indefinitely many fundamentally different yet equally correct interpretations. This is precisely what Quine and Davidson, the avowed champions of indeterminacy, seek to establish. Please note that the claim they aim to prove is neutral with respect to their general approach in semantics-cum-metaphysics. The indeterminacy thesis is neither wedded to any specific stance in semantics, nor is it intrinsically linked to the scenario of radical translation or interpretation, respectively. Since Quine and Davidson often run the thesis together with what they take to be the argument to establish its truth, this is easy to miss. Reassessing Referential Indeterminacy 2 The indeterminacy thesis is not perfectly neutral, though. It comes with two rather sensible background assumptions. The one assumption is that semantic facts are dependent facts. What sentences mean – what their truth conditions are – and what words refer to is in the end fixed by non-semantic facts. Assuming otherwise would run counter to what Quine and Davidson believe. It furthermore would turn at least some semantic facts into brute facts, and that is hardly appealing. The other assumption is that reference is a substantial relation between words and things rather than a purely disquotational intra-linguistic relation. That again makes sense. For it is very hard to see how reference could possibly be indeterminate if all facts about reference were exhausted by trivialities such as "'rabbit' denotes rabbits". Disquotational theories of reference do not so much solve the indeterminacy problem as sidestep it. The purported indeterminacy poses a serious threat to anyone's understanding of the interrelation of mind, language, and the world. If (IR) is true, neither any singular term nor any predicate stands in any determinate relation to things in the world. Imagine you assert "Gene Kelly was the greatest dancer ever". Your assertion will be about very many different objects – Mount Everest and Khrushchev's shoe, say – and it will put these objects in very many different classes. That will be true in every single case. We hence cannot use our singular terms to pick out certain things rather than others, and we cannot use predicates to classify certain objects rather than others. The indeterminacy of reference thus dissolves reference. As Leeds puts it: "Let us take inscrutability of reference as having shown that there is no such relation as reference". Worse still, given that what you have said is just what you have thought, (IR) implies an indeterminacy of thought. The indeterminacy of reference thus dissolves intentionality, too. We consequently can rely neither on language nor on thought to relate to the going-ons in any specific region of the world. Yet it is very hard to envisage what else could allow us to do so. If reference is indeterminate, then, we are sort of losing the world. Not everyone will think that that is all too well. In fact, not even everyone who subscribes to a Quine-Davidson stance in semanticscum-metaphysics will think that this is all too well. The question thus is, can she do something about it? Imagine that you are a staunch adherent of the Quine-Davidson stance in semantics-cum-metaphysics. Can you hold on to these views and still escape (IR) and its dire consequences? Quine and Davidson think that you cannot. They argue that once you have endorsed their approach to semantics-cum-metaphysics, acknowledging that reference is indeterminate becomes inevitable. I beg to differ. I will argue that even a committed adherent of their general views can indeed avoid subscribing to (IR). More precisely, I will argue that a Quine-Davidson stance in semantics-cummetaphysics provides all the means needed to undercut the inference from the principles of that stance to the indeterminacy of reference. I thus maintain that one can rebuff the indeterminacy thesis, as it were, from within. I will moreover argue – though somewhat tentatively – that anyone adherent the Quine-Davidson approach should rather reject the indeterminacy thesis. For I think that the failure of the general argument Quine and Reassessing Referential Indeterminacy 3 Davidson rely on to infer (IR) provides good reasons to believe that reference isn't really indeterminate at all. 2. The Argument for the Indeterminacy of Reference Quine and Davidson argue that the totality of all relevant facts radically underdetermines the interpretation of any given language. From this they conclude that reference is indeterminate. Suitably expanded, the Quine-Davidson argument for the indeterminacy of reference is best captured by the following scheme: (a) Semantic properties are exclusively determined by A facts. (b) For any language L, the totality of A facts is compatible with indefinitely many radically different interpretations.


The invention relates to a method for disubstituting carboxylic acid amides on the geminal carbonyl-C-atom using at least one grignard reagent in the presence of a metal alcoholate compound used as a catalyst and in the presence of another organometallic compound used as a co-catalyst.


Insect feeding behavior includes a series of activities,such as orientation,taxis,identification and food intake. The complicated physiological process is regulated by insect's visual, olfactory,gustatory and neural perception. This kind of behavior is not only influenced by physical factors coming from the environment and chemical composition of host plant, but also associated with its own physiological status. This article is summarized the feeding process,sensory mechanism of host location,regulation mechanism of neuropeptide and influencing factors to provide some meaningful references for understanding the relationship between insect and environment and developing a new technology to regulate the pest feeding behavior.


A new type of semiconductor unipolar laser operating in the mid-infrared spectral region, the Quantum Fountain intersubband laser, is demonstrated. It is based on optical pumping of a three-bound-state coupled quantum well structure in the GaAs/AlGaAs material system. The lasing transition occurs between the two excited states. Population inversion can be achieved by benefitting from LO-phonon resonance between the two lower subbands. The optical pumping scheme enables a simpler design of the active region than electrically pumped intersubband lasers. Moreover, because doped layers and metallic contacts are not necessary for the operation of the Quantum Fountain laser, free-carrier and plasmon absorptions can be minimised, thus allowing long- wavelength operation. Large optical gains are measured using pump-probe experiments with a free-electron laser. Lasing action under optical pumping by a pulsed CO2 laser has been achieved at a record long wavelength of 15.5 micrometer with an output peak power of the order of 0.6 W at low temperatures.


Few empirical studies have examined how fathers influence daughters' sexual interactions with male peers. We hypothesized that paternal emotional responsiveness would empower daughters to refuse unwanted sex. Female undergraduates (N = 144) and their fathers completed measures of paternal responsiveness during adolescence; daughters also reported their global self-worth, acceptance of male partner dominance, and sexual refusal behaviors. As expected, paternal responsiveness promoted daughters' refusals of unwanted sex. Paternal responsiveness predicted daughters' self-worth, partially explaining daughters' increased sexual assertiveness. Perceived paternal responsiveness also negatively predicted daughters' acceptance of male dominance. These results suggest that positive paternal relationships promote daughters' sexual agency.


Yallourn fly ash is mainly rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) and there is a potential to utilise this waste material by the exploitation of the metallic cations within it. Four valuable major metals: Fe, Mg, Ca and Si have been separated and expressed in the form of a variety of compounds: ferrihydrite, magnetite, magnesioferrite, magnesian calcite and silica gel, all of which are potentially useful compared to the original fly ash which is a valueless waste. Another key target of this research is to utilise the magnesium derived from this fly ash for mineral carbonation which can permanently be used to capture CO2 without any leakage because the resultant carbonates are thermodynamically stable. Chemically, this process relies on the use of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) to form stable carbonate compounds. The brown coal fly ash studied here is unique as it is rich in magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4) that forms the main matrix, with iron (Fe) being the most abundant element (~ 50 wt%). The relatively high amount of Mg (~ 28 wt%) renders it worthy to investigate the possible extraction of magnesium from this fly ash by chemical leaching, which can then be used in carbonation processes. The main challenge is the co-existence of Fe with Mg, which means that Fe will be extracted out simultaneously during the leaching process. The core challenge addressed here is to effectively mobilise Fe and Mg out of the magnesioferrite matrix in this unique fly ash. As Fe and Mg were strongly chemically bound in the fly ash matrix, the initial phases of this work entailed the testing of experimental leaching parameters using hydrochloric acid that led to greater Fe and Mg mobility. A key novelty of this research was the implementation of a two-stage leaching process that resulted in greater Fe and Mg extractions compared to just a single leaching stage. It was found that any sulphur (S)-bearing species inherently present in fly ash acts as a reductant for the reduction of solid Fe3+ into aqueous Fe2+, resulting in a greater mobilisation of Fe into the aqueous phase. This hypothesis was verified by performing the leaching of fly ash with the addition of S-bearing compounds. The kinetics of fly ash leaching was also investigated, which resulted in the development of a model that took into account the varying reactivities of metals composed of different elution affinities at a definite temperature range. Eventually, the Fe2+/3+ and Mg-rich leachate produced was pH-adjusted to produce several compounds with the potential to be precursors to value-added products. Finally, the extraction of Si and Al from fly ash was found to be achievable by leaching the pre-acid leached fly ash with sodium hydroxide.


The fabrics of unconsolidate d sediments from the Peru continental margin have been studied using back scattered electron imagery of polished, resin-impregnated samples. These studies reveal a great complexity and heterogeneity of sediment microfacies and demonstrate that this new technique has considerable potential in paleoceanographic and paleoclimatological research. Individual sediment components include planktonic fecal pellets of copepods and anchovies and small terrigenous sediment aggregates produced by benthic activity. Even in intervals where laminae are best preserved, some evidence exists from electron microscope studies for the activity of a benthic meiofauna. Studies of lamination style reveal great variation in composition, spacing, and thickness of laminae. The internal fine-structure of diatom ooze laminae indicates a range of depositional mechanisms from fall out from bloom events to deposition from or reworking by bottom currents. Much of the lamination encountered along the Peruvian margin is a spaced diatom ooze lamination, which is characteristic of sequences having relatively low sedimentation rates and records periodic bloom events. The occurrence of varve-type laminations in sequences older than about 100 k.y. suggests that the Peruvian coastal strip may once have had a regular wet season.


This chapter shows how moral standards were bound up with certain academic rituals and circumstances, such as disputations. Public disputations were a formalized method of oral debate in the presence of an audience and derived from the medieval university. Satirical and polemical writers proposed that virtue and vice were manifested in these demanding situations, which excited men to lose control when they were defending their views against opponents. The chapter traces reasons for futile academic disputes (abusus disputandi) and fights (rixae, contentiones), which were criticised in several dissertations in Germany. In the early eighteenth century some dissertations explained logomachies by appealing to such motives as self-love, pleasure or ambition, which were also familiar from contemporary moral philosophy. Paul's first epistle to Timothy (6:4) also included the word logomachia, condemning men who disputed with words that caused envy, strife and other railings.Keywords: futile academic disputes; Germany; logomachia; moral standards; polemical writers


We report low-frequency observations of quasi-periodic, circularly polarized, harmonic type III radio bursts whose associated sunspot active regions were located close to the solar limb. The measured periodicity of the bursts at 80 MHz was ≈5.2 s, and their average degree of circular polarization (dcp) was ≈0.12. We calculated the associated magnetic field B (1) using the empirical relationship between the dcp and B for the harmonic type III emission, and (2) from the observed quasi-periodicity of the bursts. Both the methods result in B ≈ 4.2 G at the location of the 80 MHz plasma level (radial distance r ≈ 1.3 R☉) in the active region corona.


The current paper examines to what extent different factors influence our ability to remember. Data used in the analysis origins from a psychological memory experiment conducted at the University of Lund. During the study phase of the experiment, participants viewed different objects which could either appear as a word or a picture. The object type was randomly chosen which resulted in varying sequences of each object type. In the later test phase participants were asked about the objects and their properties. One of the factors analyzed is what impact the switching of object type has on the memory performance. In order to examine this, data was split up into categories depending on if a switch was present or not. Each participant's mean was calculated for each category. Any potential differences between the categories were then compared by using bootstrap.

The second factor examined concerns if the position (beginning, middle or end) of the object during the study phase influences the performance. The procedure used had much resemblance with the above mentioned calculations.

Results from these two analyses suggest that the switching of object type has quite an impact on memory performance while the position during the study phase hardly affects the performance at all.

MatLab, MS Excel and SPSS were utilized for the analyses.


The first frame of a GOP is encoded in intra mode which generates a larger number of bits. In addition, the first frame is used for the inter mode encoding of the following frames. Thus the intial QP for the first frame affects the first frame as well as the following frames. Traditionally, the initial QP is determined among four constant values only depending on the bpp. Although this initialization scheme is simple, yet it is not accurate enough. An accurate intial QP prediction scheme should not only depends on bpp but also on the complexity of the video sequence and the output bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a traffic model for finding the optimal initial QP which maximizes the PSNR of the GOP. We also propose a method to find model parameters for real-time video encoding. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed traffic model captures initial QP characteristics effectively and the proposed method for model parameters accurately estimates the real values.


Abstract This three year follow-up study presents the treatment outcomes of 19 Dine' (Navajo) clients who completed a culturally sensitive, alpha/theta neurofeedback training program. In an attempt to both replicate the earlier positive studies of Peniston (1989) and to determine if neurofeedback skills would significantly decrease both alcohol consumption and other behavioral indicators of substance abuse, these participants received an average of 40 culturally modified neurofeedback training sessions. This training was adjunctive to their normal 33 day residential treatment. According to DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse, 4 (21%) participants now meet criteria for "sustained full remission", 12 (63%) for "sustained partial remission", and 3 (16%) still remain "dependent" (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The majority of participants also showed a significant increase in "level of functioning" as measured by the DSM-IV Axis V GAF. Subjective reports from participants indicated that their origin...


In this study an extract of Aschophyllum nodosum was used to improve growth and flowering in plants of Rebutia heliosa and Sulcorebutia canigueralli. The two experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group without the use of Ascophyllum nodosum (CTRL), irrigated with water and fertilized every two weeks; ii) group treated with 10% Ascophyllum nodosum (AS) powder mixed with the substrate, irrigated with water and fertilized every two weeks. All plants treated with Ascophyllum nodosum showed a significant increase in the agronomic characteristics analysed. The cacti (Rebutia heliosa and Sulcorebutia canigueralli) grown in the algae treated substrate showed a significant increase in plant height, suckers number, vegetative and roots weight, plant circumference, flowers number and flower time and seed germination. Effects certainly due to an improvement in the nutritional status of the plants induced by an increase in nutrient assimilation, which manifests itself in increased stress tolerance. Positive effects can be found especially on plant species that have difficulty in germinating, rooting and flowering or as in this experiment on plants that are slow to grow or have difficulty in being grown in greenhouses and in climatic conditions different from those in which they originated.


While multisensory environments (or sensory rooms) are gaining traction in the learning environments, few studies have assessed the comparative effectiveness of specific elements and the link to individuals' unique sensory needs. This study describes the creation and evaluation of a sensory well–being hub for diverse learners with developmental disabilities and distinct sensory profiles in a Chicago public high school. The sensory well–being hub is a simple and adaptable freestanding structure with various sensory affordances, supporting a wide range of atypical sensory processing in neurodiverse individuals. Data were collected during one academic year using surveys, focus groups, field observations, sensor data, log–in sheets, and student records. Results show that the hub was used for both scheduled (preventive) visits and unscheduled (spontaneously needed) ones. The most visited elements in the hub were a beanbag with weighted blanket, sensory cocoon with tensile fabric and a media wall, and a fidget wall with various components. The sensory affordances most often sought by users were compression, quietness, tactility, and proprioception. Students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) differed from those without ASD in the ways they used sensory intervention even though the two groups were equivalent in sensory profiles (in thresholds for registration and active–to–passive response to stimuli). Based on the study findings, design suggestions were included to inform sensory hub design in other learning environments.


The deep learning has demonstrated its effectiveness and powerful in computer vision, which is used to classify and localize depending on image and has a feature as high accuracy and easiness. In this proposed work, we focus on the improvement of food recognition system for resolve the challenges, which faced in the construction of the system and the main reason for these challenges is an intra class, which are different in ingredients, sizes, shapes, cooking method and occultation's. So, all these different make foods classify is challenge because make high non- linear. This proposed work presents a new approach depending on the latest algorithms of deep learning to develop the food recognition system including classification, localization, segmentation and food volume estimation. Our proposed work has four methods including classification, localization, segmentation and food volume estimation. The classification and localization have three steps. Firstly, the food image enhancement using image processing. Secondly, we improve the algorithm by combination of convolution neural network (CNN) and edge detector method for extract low and high level of features. Thirdly, locate the item of food through the Region Proposal Network (RPN). In the segmentation method, we develop instance segmentation, in order to get the best boundaries for the image food. Finally, we develop CNN to find the food volume estimation in respect of transforms to 3-Dimensional reconstructions (3D) to calculate the calories of image food.


The effect of microwave and conventional cooking methods, designed to simulate those used in home meal preparation, upon nutrient retention in Colossus Peas (Vigna uniguiculata) was studied. Neither method resulted in significant changes in the fat, protein, β-carotene and ascorbic acid content of the peas. Microwave cooking resulted in significantly greater losses of several ammo acids, but resulted in significantly greater retention of thiamin and riboflavin than the conventional treatment. Although each of the mineral components exhibited different magnitudes of loss by the two cooking methods, different due to method of cooking were not significant. Both Fe and Cu were completely retained in the peas cooked by both methods. Both cooking methods (15-60 min cooking) resulted in 92-97% loss of trypsin inhibitor.


The CMS High Level Trigger (HLT) is a collection of software algorithms that run using an optimized version of the CMS offline reconstruction software. The HLT uses Python configuration files each containing hundreds of "modules", organized in "sequences" and "paths". Each configuration usually uses an average of 2200 different modules and more than 400 independent trigger paths. The complexity of the HLT configurations and their large number require the design of a suitable data management system. The work presented here describes the solution designed to manage the considerable number of configurations developed and to assist the editing of new configurations.


Background: Patients who are candidates for TURP are elderly with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases with anticipated problems during spinal anesthesia. Aim: To compare three different doses (5mg, 7.5mg and 10mg) of Bupivacaine after adding 25 mcg of fentanyl during spinal anesthesia in transurethral resection of prostate surgeries. Methods: Single blinded Randomized clinical study conducted in 75 patients. The subjects were allocated in to three groups. Group A - received Inj. 0.5% Bupivacaine 5 mg, Group B- received Inj. 0.5% Bupivacaine 7.5 mg, Group C received Inj.0.5% Bupivacaine 10 mg added with 25 mcg of Fentanyl. Baseline and intraoperative vital parameters, time to sensory block at t10, maximum sensory height, time to two segment sensory regression, total duration of sensory blockade, grading of motor blockade and total duration of motor blockade were recorded. Results: Maximum sensory level achieved in Group A was T9, Group B T7 and in Group C it was T5. Time to T10 level in Group A was 7.88 ±0.80 minutes, Group B 5.41 ±0.50 minutes and Group C 3.33 ±0.65 minutes. Two segment sensory regression times in Group A was 56.8±13.61 minutes, Group B 79.58 ±25.32 minutes, and Group C was 116.25 ±9.35 minutes. Total duration of pain free interval in Group A was 84.6 ±20.41 minutes, Group B 104.12 ±45.89 minutes. Group C was 194.20 ±41.53 minutes. Conclusion: Low dose of Bupivacaine (5mg) with addition of Fentanyl 25 μg can be used for painless TURP surgeries when compared to higher doses (7.5mg and 10 mg) without any major side effects and facilitates early discharge.


The importance of philosophical methodology in the organization of scientific knowledge is recognized. The task of the analysis given in this article was the integration of knowledge on the study of the selfconcept as a psychological phenomenon, since the topic of this research is relevant not only in psychology, but also in philosophy. The history of the development of the self-concept unfolds within the framework of the study of the idea of «I», the consideration of the problems of which originates in ancient cultures and accompanies the entire path of development of philosophical thought, then emerging as a branch of psychological knowledge. Psychological research «I» continues the scientific search for the origins of this phenomenon from the standpoint of various theoretical schools. The study of self-concept is formed as an independent research direction and its central construct, starting with the works of W. James, who for the first time in psychology considers the aspect of considering the «I» by the subject of cognition itself. In subsequent studies, the self-concept is revealed most fully and independentlyin the K. Rogers' phenomenological approach in the mainstream of humanistic psychology.At present, the construction of the selfconcept is influenced by many other theories, both psychological and philosophical, such as Russian philosophical thought of the 20s, the work of transcendentalists and the views of other representatives of philosophy, starting with ideas about the «I» characteristic of the archaic cultures of the East and West.


Previously we have shown that the combination of radiotherapy with human-umbilical-cord-derived mesenchymal stem-cell therapy significantly reduces the size of the xenotumours in mice, both in the directly irradiated tumour and in the distant non-irradiated tumour or in its metastasis. We have also shown that exosomes secreted from mesenchymal stem-cells pre-irradiated with 2 Gy are quantitatively, functionally and qualitatively different from the exosomes secreted from non-irradiated mesenchymal cells and also that proteins, exosomes and microvesicles secreted by mesenchymal cells suffer a dramatic change when cells are activated or non-activated, with the amount of protein present in the exosomes of the pre-irradiated cells being 1.5-fold times greater compared to those from non-irradiated cells. This finding correlates with a dramatic increase in the anti-tumour activity of the exosomes secreted by pre-irradiated mesenchymal-cells. After the proteomic analysis of the load of the exosomes released from both irradiated and non-irradiated cells, we conclude that annexin A1 is the most important and significant difference between the exosomes released by the cells in either status. Knowing the role of annexin A1 in the control of hypoxia and inflammation which is characteristic of acute-distress-respiratory syndrome, we have designed a hypothetical therapeutic strategy, based on the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells stimulated with radiation, to alleviate the symptoms of patients who, due to pneumonia caused by COVID-19, require the care of an intensive care unit for patients with life-threatening conditions. With this hypothesis, we would seek to improve the patients' respiratory capacity and increase the expectations of their cure.


5, 6-Disubstituted pyrimidine nucleoside analogues are prepared by addition of oxirane to the pyrimidine (II) as the key step. Bicyclic fluorinated nucleosides [cf. (XI) and (XII)] are prepared via DAST-promoted cyclization of partly protected diols.


Objective
To evaluate the effects of seminar teaching in clinical noviciate of internal medicine.

Methods
Clinical medicine undergraduates were randomly apportioned to a experimental group (n=15) with seminar teaching method, and a control group (n=15) with traditional teaching method. Mini-clinical evaluation exercise(Mini-CEX) , Chinese version of critical thinking disposition inventory (CTDI-CV) and active learning state (ALS) scale were used to evaluate the teaching effects.

Results
In the experimental group, medical students' scores of each index of Mini-CEX, CTDI-CV (exception of critical thinking ability self-confidence and cognitive maturity) and ALS scale were significantly higher than those before clinical noviciate and those of the control group.

Conclusions
Implementing seminar teaching in clinical noviciate of internal medicine is conducive to improve clinical practice ability, clinical thinking ability and autonomous learning ability of medical students.

Key words:
Seminar teaching; Clinical noviciate; Internal medicine; Medical student


The octahedral cage-like structure of amorphous ZnO was deduced from the experimental results given by PL spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, Infrared adsorption spectroscopy and combining with corresponding Raman spectra. The octahedral cage-like structure can explain the UV emission character of amorphous ZnO.


For the last few years we have experienced a great expansion over the wireless technologies. As the world is getting more globalize and revolutionize there is a need for further improvisation and technical evolution. We are very familiar with Bluetooth technology, which has changed the way of data transmission in the last half decade, but due to the disadvantages such as time and range factor which matters a lot in today's fast world Bluetooth is not enough. Thus Bluetooth will be replaced by a new and much more powerful wireless technology in the near future known as Zigbee. Zigbee is a low power, low cost, low complexity wireless standard technology starting to take off in the market. Recently it arrived in the 2.4 GHz band, joining the well established Bluetooth. Likely applications of technology are based around monitoring and control in smart homes and in industrial automation.


This paper reports the results of a detailed energy integration study of all the units of an existing oil refinery was found to incorporate a high degree of energy recovery: integration accounts for savings 16% of current usage. An energy savings target 22% of current usage was established. Realistic retrofit proposals with a 2-year payback would lead to 46% of this target being achieved


This book deals with various techniques employed in connection with serology, immunology and blood banking. Many procedures described are advanced.


Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa is a bacterium native to Central America and causal agent of a disease known as P ierce's disease (PD), whose natural spread only relies on xylem -feeding insects. Within Europe, it has been detected for the first time in Mallorca Island, Spain, in 2017. This first confirmation of PD within Europe raised great concern about the risk posed by the bacterium to the European wine industry. A better understanding of the occurrence and ethology of candidate vectors in European winegrowing systems is a prerequisite to develop effective control strategies against a vector-associated spread of X. fastidiosa after its introduction into a new environment. Therefore, we aimed at (i) characterizing the insect vectors community in Central European vineyards and (ii) analyzing the probing and feeding behavior of prevalent species in order to decipher differences in the transmission potential of X. fastidiosa by these candidate vectors to grapevine. Spittlebugs and sharpshooters represented the most abundant vector candidates in vineyards in Germany. Two spittlebugs whose vector competence has been demonstrated in previous studies, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius, currently assumed to be responsible for all outbreaks detected in Europe so far, and Neophilaenus campestris, were the most abundant xylem-feeders within monitored vineyards. In addition, two sharpshooters were occasionally collected on vine shoots, the autochthonous Cicadella viridis and the introduced Nearctic Graphocephala fennahi. The latter, member of the same genus as the American PD-vector Graphocephala atropunctata, is a common sharpshooter species in Central Europe and present on grapevine plants located in public parks and private gardens. We additionally characterized and compared the feeding characteristics of spittlebug and sharpshooter species on grapevine using the EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) technique. Here we present the main differences in host-insect interaction and their possible reflection on bacterium epidemiology and vector-bacterium relationship.


A non-contact detection technique of measuring both the frequency and the amplitude of periodic movement using the property of nonlinear phase modulation is proposed and demonstrated by a 22-40 GHz radar sensor. It is shown that this method has the following advantages: (1) no calibration of signal amplitude required for accurate measurement of movement amplitude; (2) ability of self-verification; (3) very simple architecture. The method can be used to detect movements with amplitudes larger than 0.335 of the carrier wavelength for a fixed carrier frequency system and 0.214 of the minimum carrier wavelength for a frequency tunable system. By analyzing and simulating the wide angle incidence effect, it is shown that a proper choice of radio frequency, measurement distance, and antenna pattern can ensure accurate measurement of movement amplitudes.


Because the underwater acoustic communication network transmits data through the underwater acoustic wireless link, the Underwater Acoustic Communication Network is easy to suffer from the external artificial interference, in this paper, the detection algorithm of wormhole attack in Underwater Acoustic Communication Network based on Azimuth measurement technology is studied. The existence of wormhole attack is judged by Azimuth or distance outliers, and the security performance of underwater acoustic communication network is evaluated. The influence of different azimuth direction errors on the detection probability of wormhole attack is analyzed by simulation. The simulation results show that this method has a good detection effect for Underwater Acoustic Communication Network.


In September 1967, 14 ocean bottom heat flow measurements were attempted in the Tasman Sea from the ESSA Coast and Geodetic Survey ship Oceanographer. Seven of these are considered successful and are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1.


When analyzing the statistical and topological characteristics of complex networks, an effective and convenient way is to compute the centralities for recognizing influential and significant nodes or structures. Centralities for nodes are widely researched to depict the networks from a certain perspective and perform great efficiency, yet most of them are restricted to local environment or some specific configurations and hard to be generalized to structural patterns of networks. In this paper we propose a new centrality for nodes and motifs by the von Neumann entropy, which allows us to investigate the importance of nodes or structural patterns in the view of structural complexity. By calculating and comparing similarities of this centrality with classical ones, it is shown that the von Neumann entropy node centrality is an all-round index for selecting crucial nodes, and able to evaluate and summarize the performance of other centralities. Furthermore, when the analysis is generalized to motifs to achieve the von Neumann entropy motif centrality, the all-round property is kept, the structural information is sufficiently reflected by integrating the nodes and connections, and the high-centrality motifs found by this mechanism perform greater impact on the networks than high-centrality single nodes found by classical node centralities. This new methodology reveals the influence of various structural patterns on the regularity and complexity of networks, which provides us a fresh perspective to study networks and performs great potentials to discover essential structural features in networks.


AbstractThe present study evaluated the association of carbon monoxide intoxication (COI) with Parkinson disease (PD).A total of 9012 adults newly diagnosed with COI were enrolled in this study as the COI cohort. The control (non-COI) cohort, comprising 36,048 participants, was matched for each COI patient according to age, sex, and the year of hospitalization. We calculated the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals by using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.The overall incidence of PD (per 10,000 person-year) in the COI and non-COI cohorts was 27.4 and 2.53, respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities, the COI patients exhibited a 9.08-fold increased risk for PD. The COI patients without comorbidity exhibited a significantly higher risk of PD (adjusted HR = 15.8) than did the COI patients without comorbidity (adjusted HR = 4.15). Patients with COI and receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy exhibited a 14.3-fold increased risk of PD; the adjusted HR of patients who did not receive hyperbaric oxygen treatment was increased 7.97-fold.The risk of PD increased in the COI patients and the significance increased in young people. COI is a crucial factor leading to PD.


The efficiency and the power factor are lower for oil pump and wind generation at light load,and the control schemes for loss minimization in existence need accurate machine parameters and complex algebraic model.To solve these problems,a new control strategy is proposed which is simple in structure and has the straightforward goal of minimizing the loss and increase the power factor.The comparison of motor efficiency and power factor in simulation results between the new method and constant volts/hertz control are presented.The result shows both efficiency and power factor of new method are increased;also the new method is strongly stable,simple and easy implementation.


Abstract The yields of essential oils obtained from dried leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora and E. camaldulensis ranged according to the location between 2.3% and 5.9% for E. citriodora and between 0.6% and 1.4% for E. camaldulensis. Twenty-eight components were identified by GC/MS. In E. citriodora and E. camaldulensis, 90% of the isolated oils were obtained after one hour distillation and they contained maximal amounts of citronellal (75%) for E. citriodora oil and 1,8-cineole (47–71%) for E. camaldulensis oil. At longer isolation times further quantities of oils collected became negligible and the proportions of the main constituents fell significantly. The chemical composition of the oils of E. citriodora and E. camaldulensis obtained from plants located in the economically most relevant areas of Benin depended on location and harvesting time. The effects of these two parameters are different for the two oils. An oil of E. citriodora rich in citronellal (>75%) could be obtained throughout the year with ...


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or aerial drones have a very encouraging future owing to the flexibility of their use in plenty of applications and the provision of less costly solutions in comparison to fixed infrastructure networks. It is a very challenging design problem to realize a collaborating end-to-end routing solution for a UAV network, which is very prone to link failures due to its highly dynamic nature. In this paper, a simple Proactive Routing scheme with Multiple ground Base Stations deployment (PRMBS) is presented. In PRMBS, periodic messages called DNA for Drones and Network Association from the ground base stations side are broadcast and relayed into the whole network. There are no separate hello messages in PRMBS and the role of a hello message is played by DNA messages. The path for data traffic is formed in a reverse manner to reach the respective ground base station from which the DNA message was received. The proposed proactive scheme is simulated in Network-Simulator-2 and its hows very promising results for dynamic UAV networks.


Abstract Two symmetric invariant probability measures μ 1 and μ 2 are constructed such that each of them possesses the strong uniqueness property but their product μ 1 × μ 2 turns out to be a symmetric invariant probability measure without the uniqueness property.


This dissertation examines the protection of human rights by the MKRI (2003-2008) in reviewing the constitutionality of legislation. The Amendments of the UUD NRI 1945 transformed human rights as natural rights into constitutional provisions and later established the MKRI with a jurisdiction to review the constitutionality of legislation. In exercising its jurisdiction to review the constitutionality of legislation the MKRI performs its function as a human rights court if the constitutional basis for review is Ch. XA of the UUD NRI 1945. Therefore human rights protection is the rationale for the MKRI. The thesis to be defended here is that in reviewing the constitutionality of legislation the MKRI should enhance the protection of human rights by upholding the concept of natural rights, i.e. rights first – government second. This view should be implemented within the judicial reasoning of the MKRI's decisions through the natural law theory of constitutional interpretation. This research reveals two important findings. First, in the most substantial case, i.e. concerning the right to life, the holding of the MKRI is dominated by positivist view, i.e. government first – rights second. Second, in applying rights-limitation clause, the MKRI is excessive. Therefore, these holdings bring negative impact to the notion of human rights protection. It could be concluded that the practice of the MKRI did not reflect its function as a human rights court.


Abstract Co–Cr–Mo alloy (CCM) is widely used as structural material for biomedical applications, such as coronary stent, hip and knee replacements and dental implants, due to their excellent biocompatibility, wear resistance, corrosion and mechanical properties. In the present work, 'harmonic structure' design is proposed for CCM with improved mechanical properties. The harmonic structure consists of coarse-grained (CG) regions called 'core' surrounded by a continuously connected 3D network of ultra-fine grain (UFG) regions called 'shell'. Harmonic structure CCM compacts were fabricated by a combination of severe plastic deformation and powder metallurgy process. Mechanical milling was used to produce UFG region on the surface of powder by controlling the milling conditions, leading to bimodal structure in the milled powder. Subsequently, the mechanically milled bimodal powder was sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering. Sintered compacts of milled powder exhibited 'harmonic structure' and they demonstrated outstanding mechanical properties compared to Initial powder compacts.


This is the second time that the authors have accomplished the difficult task of organizing a sound, workmanlike, and concise text in the rapidly changing field of family therapy. Drs. Glick and Kessler, the major contributors, are psychiatrists and professors at medical schools, clinicians as well as teachers. With assistance from experts in law, psychology, nursing, pharmacology, pediatrics, architecture, and occupational therapy, they have revised their original introductory text. The care they have taken in selecting from a vast accumulation of writings in the literature is reflected in the sensible, readable distillate produced. Professionals in a variety of disciplines, such as psychiatry, law, psychology, social work, education, and the ministry, will find this book an understandable and comprehensive introduction to the field of marital and family therapy.


Teacher's job satisfaction has been considered a very important element in the training and development of pupils in their early academic years. This study investigates the impact of ve determinants of the teacher's job satisfaction in the context of primary and secondary schools, when controlling for their age, gender, ex- perience, marital status and education. These ve determinants include occupational stress, empowerment, interpersonal relationships, working conditions and self-ecacy. A sample, of 280 respondents, is drawn from school teachers of Karachi. Principal component and hierarchical multiple regression analyses are used to test the proposed hypotheses. With exception of self-ecacy, the results show that occupational stress, empowerment, interpersonal relationships and working conditions have been found sta- tistically signicant predictor of teacher's job satisfaction in Karachi. Therefore, the school administration and management should mainly concentrate on developing in- terpersonal relationships as well as providing them with a suitable working conditions. Consequently, school teachers could remain satised with their job which may lead to produce better candidates for the higher education as well as highly-competitive profes- sionals for dierent manufacturing and service industries. Moreover, teachers should also be given an appropriate level of autonomy to manage the academic aairs of stu- dents in classrooms. It would not only help them reduce their occupational stress but also enhance their level of job satisfaction. Managerial implications and areas for future research are also discussed.


Salinity greatly affects gylcophyte plants such as sugarcane. It is one of the major factors that limit plant growth and consequently crop productivity. The aim of this study was to clone the full length of the SOS1 gene, a plasma membrane Na/H antiporter and to characterize the gene through in silico characterization and real time quantitative PCR. Sugarcane, wild sugarcane, commercial cultivar (KPS94-13) and interspecific hybrid (biotec2) plants at the age of 1.5 months old were subjected to 1/10 Hoagland nutrient solution supplemented with 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCI for 0-5 days. Total RNA from the leaves and roots of the plants were used as the template for first strand cDNA synthesis. The full length of SoSOS1 was 3,390 bp. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that putative SoSOS1 derived from KPS 94-13 was classified into the SOS1 group. The analysis of trans-membrane protein using TMPRED program showed 11 putative trans-membrane domains. The analysis of SoSOS1 cDNA expression in the leaves and roots of the three sugarcane genotypes by real-time PCR revealed that the SoSOS1 cDNA expression levels in roots were higher than in leaves during 1-3 days period and subsequently the leaves were at higher levels than in roots during 4-5 days period at 100 mM NaCI stress. While at 200 mM NaCI stress the SoSOS1 cDNA expressions in leaves of the commercial cultivar and interspecific hybrid sugarcane were higher than in the roots. © 2018 Friends Science Publishers


We describe briefly the elements of the GLM model that successfully describes soft hadronic interactions at energies from ISR to LHC. This model is based on a single Pomeron with a large intercept {Delta}{sub IP}= 0.23 and slope {alpha} Prime {sub IP}= 0, and so provides a natural matching with perturbative QCD. We summarize themain features and results of competing models for soft interactions at LHC energies.


The invention discloses a copper coil inspection bench capable of preventing surface scratching, and belongs to the field of copper machining. The copper coil inspection bench comprises a coiler, an uncoiler, a detection system and a rack. The coiler comprises a three-claw coiler body, a driving disc and a spline shaft sleeve. The upper end of the spline shaft sleeve is connected with the three-claw coiler body. The three-claw coiler body is used for coiling a copper belt. The driving disc is of a disc structure, and the spline shaft sleeve penetrates the circle center of the driving disc and is fixedly connected with the driving disc. The uncoiler comprises an uncoiling sleeve, a driven disc, the spline shaft sleeve and a second bearing. The driven disc is of a disc structure, the spline shaft sleeve is welded to the circle center of the driven disc, the lower end of the spline shaft sleeve is arranged on the second bearing, the uncoiling sleeve is connected to the position above the spline shaft sleeve on the driven disc through a spline, and the copper belt is uncoiled through the uncoiling sleeve. The copper coil inspection bench is mainly used for effectively solving the problems of bruising and scratching of the lower end of the copper belt, and meanwhile effectively controlling burrs, flanges and the like at the lower end of the copper belt.


Well, maybe. As I write this from Birmingham, the British city where I live and work, Judith Thompson's My Pyramids! Or: How I Got Fired from the Dairy Queen and Ended Up in Abu Ghraib, by Pvt. Lynndie England is playing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The production, by Toronto's Volcano Theatre, has received strong reviews in the British press. This even-handed treatment in the national newspapers makes a welcome change from the way that Canadian theatre is often covered here, when it is covered at all — more commonly, the British media treat Canadian theatre with a mixture of condescension, derision and, very rarely, rapturous embrace (usually when Ronnie Burkett comes to town).


This paper first introduces what TQM is and the characteristics of it,then the paper touches upon the necessities of adopting TQM and what measures should be taken to successfully carry TQM out in University Library.Finally,an ideal TQM model of university library is recommended in this paper.


The Arctic is warming rapidly, and sea ice is disappearing. This is expected to have profound effects on Arctic wildlife. However, empirical evidence that this decline in sea ice is associated with a decline in Arctic wildlife populations is lacking.


The invention relates to an actuator comprising a body (1); two bases (4, 6); a first piston (11); a shaft (12) extending through a bottom (6) and a first chamber (15). According to the invention: a) on the side opposite the first chamber, a second piston (13) delimits the second (16) and third (17) chambers; b) a rod (14) is integral with the second piston (13); c) the body (1) is provided with two stops (9, 10) of the pistons; d) the shaft (12) has a third stop (18) of the rod (14) and, e) the dimensions are chosen so as to obtain the contacts: the first piston (11) on the second base (4) of the rod (14) on the third abutment (18) of the first piston (11) on one (9) of the two stops, of the rod (14) on the third abutment (18) and pistons (11, 13 ) on the stops (9, 10). One application is the realization of an adjustable flaps nozzle.


The main topic of the paper is an experiment described by Hopkins, Houston and Peters published in Accounting Review in 2000. Their study concerned on impact of accounting method on judgement of analysts in case of accounting method selection for the business combination reporting. This experiment demonstrated the influence of selected accounting method on judgement of analysts regardless of the sole business combination reported via different ways.


Conclusions: Language learning anxiety is a kind of anxiety that is not uncommon for foreign language learners, but when the level of language learning anxiety is too high, it will affect the learning efficiency and communication ability of foreign language learners. Most of the current college students have the need to learn English, so schools should pay attention to students' language learning anxiety and give appropriate interventions to students who need help. The research explores the influence of the flipped classroom model on the language learning anxiety of college students. The results show that the flipped classroom model can better relieve students' foreign language learning anxiety problems than the traditional model, and it can remarkably improve three of the four dimensions of foreign language learning anxiety. will their entrepreneurial achievements. Therefore, based on college students' psychology and as the theoretical basis, this study analyzes the impact of college students' entrepreneurial environment on students' psychology, and evaluates students' entrepreneurial performance. The results show that col lege students' entrepreneurial environment has a significant impact on students' psychology, and different entrepreneurial environments will lead to changes in entrepreneurs' psychological anxiety. The above results in the entrepreneurial activities of college students, their entrepreneurial environment is the main factor affecting their entrepreneurial performance, and the main mechanism affecting students' entrepreneurial performance is to affect students' entrepreneurial anxiety. Therefore, in to improve students' entrepreneurial performance, we can alleviate students' entrepreneurial by changing the entrepreneurial environment, to promote the development of entrepreneurship. Background: Consumer psychology is an important branch of psychology. Taking the phenomenon of people ' s psychological activities in the process of consumption as the research object, this paper studies and analyzes the psychological characteristics and laws of psychological activities of consumers in their daily purchase behavior. The theory of consumer ps ychology takes the consumer's consumption activities as the research starting point, and analyzes the law of consumer behavior through the grasp of consumer psychology, so as to provide psychological theoretical reference for businesses to design business strategies. Consumer psychology is the psychological activity produced by consumers in the process of consumption, including the psychological feelings and experiences of consumers in observing goods, searching goods, contacting goods, choosing goods and purchasing goods. Consumer psychology generally includes four kinds: conformity, seeking differences, comparison and realism. Under the influence of conformity psychology, consumers tend to consume blindly, that is, they have no own ideas and determine whether


The present study was carried out to find class I molecular marker for resistance and susceptibility against Haemonchus contortus infection in Rambouillet crossbred sheep. Random samples of blood and faeces (50) were collected from adult sheep maintained at Sheep Breeding Farm, Reasi, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Genomic DNA was isolated and a 719 bp fragment from exon IV-V of MHC-DYA was amplified using specific primers. The PCR product was digested with restriction enzyme Alu I and Taq I. Alu I digestion revealed only one type of banding pattern with 3 bands of size 386 bp, 323bp and 10 bp. Taq I digestion of PCR product also revealed only one type of banding pattern with two bands of size 670 bp and 49 bp. Hence the exon IV-V of MHC-DYA gene was monomorphic for restriction enzyme Alu I and Taq I. Faecal egg count was done by modified McMaster's method following faecal larvae culture to identify the% of Haemonchus contortus. All the eggs counted were of strongyles out of which 90±5% (85–95%) of larvae were of Haemonchus contortus. Twenty one animals with epg of 0 were grouped as resistant. Nine animals were grouped as susceptible with epg of 400 and above. Since no polymorphism was detected, no association could be established.


According the characteristic of the CFD soft ware package we introduce the CFD simulation method and basic pattern of every kinds of formulas and the set of parameter,and we sum the important theory accordance for the imitating analysis of the architecture wind environment.


Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films (∼3000 A) with low electrical resistivity and high optical transparency have been grown by pulsed-laser deposition on glass substrates without a postdeposition anneal. Films were deposited at substrate temperatures ranging from room temperature to 400 °C in O2 partial pressures ranging from 0.1 to 50 mTorr. For 3000-A-thick AZO films grown at room temperature in an oxygen pressure of 5 mTorr, the electrical resistivity was 8.7×10−4 Ω cm and the average optical transmittance was 86% in the visible range (400–700 nm). For 3000-A-thick AZO films deposited at 200 °C in 5 mTorr of oxygen, the resistivity was 3.8×10−4 Ω cm and the average optical transmittance in the visible range was 91%. AZO films grown at 200 °C were used as an anode contact for organic light-emitting diodes. The external quantum efficiency measured from these devices was about 0.3% at a current density of 100 A/m2.


We used a network of eight pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) sites (n trees = 70) and one Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) site (n trees = 53) to develop drought-sensitive master chronologies for the two areas in southern Scandinavia: a SW-area centred on 57°N 12.7°E and a NE-area centred on 58.8°N 18.2°E. The ratio of actual to equilibrium evapotranspiration (AET/EET) was used as a measure of drought during the growing season defined as the period with average daily temperatures above 9°C. Instrumental data were used to parameterize the relationship between tree-ring data and the drought index (DI) over 1922—2000 for the SW area and over 1922—1995 for the NE area. The DI reconstructions explained 29.7% (SW area) and 43.7% (NE area) of the variance in the observed DI index in the calibration period, and were extended back to AD 1770 for the SW area and to AD 1750 for the NE area. Reconstructed drought dynamics suggested strong decadal- and century-scale temporal variability and limited regional synchronicity over 1770—2000. Large variations in DI were observed in both regions in the second half of the 1700s. Dry conditions were synchronously reconstructed in both sub-regions during 1781—1784, 1853—1855, and, to a lesser degree, during 1974—1978. Over the 1945—1975 period the SW area exhibited a trend towards drier growing seasons, whereas no such trend could be identified for the NE area. Analysis of correlation maps indicated that regional DI dynamics reflected two different climate regimes, associated with the Kattegat area (SW reconstruction) and southeastern Swedish coast of the Baltic sea (NE reconstruction).


The characteristics of the surface temperature deviation in East Asia-Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean and its relation to the South China Sea monsoon onset is analyzed by EOF technique. The results show that the SST condition in South China Sea-Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean has significant influence on the South China Sea monsoon onset. It is proceeded by altering the longitudinal thermal differences between East Asia and Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean. The warmer (colder) the SST in South China Sea-Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean, the weaker (stronger) the South China Sea monsoon. The results also indicates that the SST condition in South China Sea in winter can be used as a preceding sign for South China Sea monsoon onset.


The agriculture industrialization development is restricted and affected by many synthetic factors. To quicken the development step, it is necessary to initiate ten sustaining systems to realize the sustainable development for agriculture industrialization, grow the sustainable development vigor.


How do experienced ESL instructors plan and organise their teaching practices to make curriculum innovations? The present research sought answers to this question in three different educational contexts, attempting to document the curriculum concepts, pedagogical knowledge, and processes of instructional planning that eight teachers used to create novel courses for adult ESL learners. Findings describe (1) four modes of planning and twelve cycles of information-gathering in the ESL curriculum planning of one teacher, (2) verification of this framework among four additional teachers, as well as (3) an additional framework for documenting teachers' orientations to curriculum content in second language writing instruction, accounting for three teachers' processes of accommodating an instructional innovation into their usual teaching practices. This study aims to investigate the relationships among four variables in the ESL classroom in Hong Kong: (1) question types, (2) questioning strategies, (3) student attitudes, and (4) patterns of interaction. The questions of four ESL teachers in Hong Kong were analysed. The findings indicate that the overwhelming number of responses generated by these questions are restricted rather than elaborate, irrespective of the type of question that elicited them. In addition, referential and open questions are less effective than display and closed questions in eliciting responses from students. This study suggests that in Hong Kong, ESL students prefer to be modest rather than to show off by giving lengthy responses to teacher questions. In this situation, the use of appropriate questioning strategies, e.g. probing, deserves special attention if teachers want their students to produce longer and syntactically more complex answers. Recreational problem-solving activities such as word searches, crossword puzzles, tic-tac-toe, scrambled words, and word creation represent interesting and challenging opportunities for students to acquire Spanish vocabulary. This article discusses practical strategies designed to elicit vocabulary without translation and presents examples of a cross-skills approach that requires students to utilise different linguistic abilities to generate appropriate lexical responses. Figures at the end provide specific examples to demonstrate how these exercises may be constructed.


Rationale: The efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in the treatment and prophylaxis of cancer-related venous thromboembolism (VTE) is reportedly similar to that of heparin. However, the effect of DOACs on the prophylaxis of cancer-related arterial thromboembolism (ATE) remains unclear. To our knowledge, we present the 1st case where cerebral ATE was encountered during edoxaban administration for VTE in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma. Patient concerns: In March 2017, a 63-year-old female was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma (cT2aN3M1b stage IVa) along with having asymptomatic VTE; thus, 60 mg/day edoxaban administration was initiated. In addition, 1st-line chemotherapy generated a partial antitumoral response. However, owing to lung cancer progression, a secondary treatment with pembrolizumab administration was initiated. The patient suddenly experienced aphasia 11 days after pembrolizumab administration. Diagnosis: The patient was diagnosed as multiple cerebral ATE using brain magnetic resonance imaging. However, VTE recurrence was not observed. Based on the findings of lung cancer progression and increased coagulation, cerebral ATE was diagnosed as Trousseau syndrome. Interventions: DOAC administration was switched to heparin administration. Outcomes: Coagulation profile normalized and aphasia improved without any further disease symptoms. Lessons: We considered that DOACs are effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of VTE but may be insufficient for ATE prevention. Therefore, DOACs should be replaced with heparin to prevent ATE when cancer and coagulation become uncontrollable with DOAC.


We study a deep matrix factorization problem. It takes as input the matrix $X$ obtained by multiplying $K$ matrices (called factors) and aims at recovering the factors. When $K=1$, this is the usual compressed sensing framework; $K=2$: Examples of applications are dictionary learning, blind deconvolution, self-calibration; $K\geq 3$: can be applied to many fast transforms (such as the FFT). In particular, we apply the theorems to deep convolutional network.

Using a Lifting, we provide : a necessary and sufficient conditions for the identifiability of the factors (up to a scale indeterminacy); - an analogue of the Null-Space-Property, called the Deep-Null-Space-Property which is necessary and sufficient to guarantee the stable recovery of the factors.


Background: Congenital major malformations (CMM) are one of the most important causes of admission of newborns in hospitals, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The incidence of CMM depends age of affected patients. In newborns infants, it is approximately 2-3%. The great majority of CMM occurs sporadic (86%), genetic and exogenic factors both play a role in their occurrence. The aim of this research is to determine the incidence and the associated factors with CMM in Iran.
Methods: This is a prospective, analytical, and descriptive study. This study was performed with simple randomized sampling for two year, which involved all live born infants without no anomaly (control group) and all newborns with CMM (patients group). There was a total of 10450 infants. Stillbirth infants and those who died in few hours after birth were excluded and finally 9200 newborns were enrolled in our study.
Findings: As a result, the incidence of CMM was approximately 1.8%, isolate malformation (74%) were more common than multiple malformations, musculoskeletal system were the most affected system, and multifactorial inheritance accounted the most etiologic factor. There was no predominance of the two sexes in patients group. Maternal age of over 30 years, consanguineous marriage and positive familial history of CMM, were associated with higher incidence of CMM. Rout of delivery and incidence of prematurity had no CMM incidence rate.
Conclusions: Although we got the same result as other investigations, if we enrolled abortions, stillbirth infants and if we used screening tests and genetical studies, the incidence of CMM would be more than 1.8%. Smoking, using drugs, high fever, viral rash and ultrasonography during pregnancy may be probable etiologic factors in CMM. We recommend multicenteral and larger studies for CMM in Iran.


Present work was designed to know the inter-species genetic variation by detecting polymorphisms and analysing the nucleotide sequences of cytochrome b gene. Blood samples were collected from apparently healthy adult animals of indigenous goat, sheep and pig of Asom, and mitochondrial DNA was extracted for amplification by PCR. One half of the PCR product was used for restriction digestion while the other half after purification was sent for sequencing. Species specific restriction patterns were observed for cytochrome b gene amplicon upon digestion with AluI, HinfI, and HaeIII. The nucleotide sequence results were further analyzed using ClustalW and Mega5 softwares for unambiguous species typing. The percent similarity study showed that goat cytochrome b gene had 89.64 and 82.12% similarity with sheep and pig respectively. Phylogenetic tree also revealed close relationship of goat and sheep cytochrome b gene. Lowest pair wise distance was observed between goat and sheep (0.123) followed by goat and pig (0.227). Pig and sheep cytochrome b gene showed the highest degree of pair wise distance (0.255) between the nucleotides. From the present study, it can be concluded that RFLP and sequence analysis of cytochrome b gene provided the information about the extent of inter-species genetic diversity and can be used as a powerful tool for genetic traceability of species.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and versatile pathogenic bacterium that can adapt in various environmental condition, which play a role in multiple virulence factor and resistance to antibiotics. Moreover, molecular identification techniques using single target gene is more susceptible to error and false positive. Thus, the detection of this strain with high specificity and sensitivity is crucial in order to control this pathogenic bacterium. The aim of this study was to evaluate six bacteria strains (13-1, 66-1, 00-1, 46-1, 10-R and 67-1) isolated from Dorper sheep milk and two P. aeruginosa ATCC strains (ATCC BAA-2108 and ATCC27853) for prompt identification of the strains based on uniplex polymerase chain reaction which targeting PA-SS, PA-GS, lasI/R, gyrB and ecfX genes. In the present study, the Dorper sheep milk's samples (n = 32) were collected and tested with California mastitis test (CMT). Out of 32 milk's samples, six of the samples were detected with strong mastitis, and thus were continued with inoculation process on selective media Pseudomonas Agar P (for pyocyanin) or F (fluorescein) and MacConkey agar for differentiation. After extraction of the bacteria chromosomal DNA, uniplex PCR amplification were carried out by using 16S rRNA (PA-SS and PA-GS) primers and specific P. aeruginosa genes (lasI/R, gyrB and ecfX) primers. The specificity of the primers was also examined by non-Pseudomonas species as a control for data comparison. Sequence analysis has revealed that six of the isolated samples were confirmed as P. aeruginosa strains with the respective genes sequence confirmed by BLAST and Clustal Omega. From this study, lasI/R, gyrB and ecfX were highly reliable primers with the percentage of identification of more than 95.0% as compared to PA-SS and PA-GS which were less than 90.0%. This study concludes that highly specific and sensitive assay has been developed using lasI/R, gyrB and ecfX targeted genes for the detection of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from fresh sheep milk samples.


Background: Although total hip arthroplasty is an effective procedure, not all patients gain the same degree of improvement; many factors play a role in the outcome; one of the suggested factor was age. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 78 cases underwent primary total hip arthroplasty where age is the main factor for differentiation. Those patients were divided into three equal groups (young, middle, and old). The patients were evaluated for functional outcome depending on harris hip score (HHS) and complications rate through short–term follow-up (6–12 months) compared to these data with other groups. Results: Male was 54% of total patient, the patients underwent surgery for a different reason but mainly due to trauma, or it is complications, the comparison shows that less time of hospitalization in the young age group with statistically significant lower change in HHS in the same age group, but the complications rate was statistically insignificant among three group. Conclusion: Younger patients have lower HHS changes than older age, where older patients had prolonged hospital admission.


Research Projects Agency, grant # DAAB07-02-1-L28. In large part because of their guidance, this project was interesting and challenging, enabling me to hone my technical proficiency in integrated circuits while here at Berkeley. My fellow graduate students have provided me with the best possible support for intellectual development and social interaction, particularly Through all the exhilarating highs and heartbreaking lows of graduate studies, from IC classes, to prelim studying, lunches, and pre-distortion, I never felt alone because of my core group of friends. Thanks goes to many other friends I have encountered here, including Wongkomet, Luns Tee, and the entire 60 GHz group. So many others have helped and touched my life, of which there are too many to name. I apologize for not remembering everyone, but hope that a simple thank you will suffice. Thank you to all my professors, both here and at my alma mater, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for shaping my intellectual experience and view of the world. In particular, there are two here I would like to note, Professor Borivoje Nikolic for his always honest assessments and advice (though I have long since forgotten his wise teachings on Booth recoded multipliers) and Dr. Reza Moazzami of Haas, who has shown me that as a Berkeley EECS grad, there is no direction you cannot go. Also, thank you to Ruth Gjerde and Rosita Alvarez-Croft, who were invaluable in helping me get everything done! No list would be complete without thanks to the four most important people in my life. My parents and sister, Lanting can never be thanked enough for the unconditional love through the years. Finally, most of all, I would like to thank Sherry Zhao for her unwavering, patience, love, inspiration, advice, and support. You are beautiful in every possible way! iii listen: there's a hell of a good universe next door; let's go-e.e. cummings Ren wai you ren; tian wai you tian (Literal translation: Beyond people, there are people; Beyond sky, there is more sky)-Chinese proverb iv Table of contents


The aim of this article is to make some geometric remarks and some preliminary calculations in order to construct the optimal atmospheric arc of a spatial shuttle (problem of reentry on Earth or Mars Sample Return project). The system describing the trajectories is in dimension 6, the control is the bank angle and the cost is the total thermal flux. Moreover there are state constraints (thermal flux, normal acceleration and dynamic pressure). Our study is mainly geometric and is founded on the evaluation of the accessibility set taking into account the state constraints. We make an analysis of the extremals of the Minimum Principle in the non-constrained case, and give a version of the Minimum Principle adapted to deal with the state constraints.