This article reviews data on the relatively high incidence of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans reporting mental health and substance abuse problems, and some perceived barriers that may account for low rates of their engaging in treatment. Treatment outcomes for veterans with co‐occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) are generally poorer than for those with PTSD or substance abuse alone. Several evidence‐based individual therapy approaches offered by VA Medical Centers are described along with how they conceptualize the relationship of substance abuse to PTSD. Problems with sequential treatment for persons with PTSD and substance abuse in specialized programs are discussed, including notably the practice of requiring veterans to be completely drug and alcohol free for a month or longer prior to entering PTSD treatment. Several integrated treatment programs are described along with a brief summary of evidence supporting their effectiveness. Some recent policy changes from the Department of Veterans Affairs that bode well for the future of PTSD/SUD treatment are described. Differences between younger and older veterans were cited along with their implications for treatment. Recommendations regarding how to better engage and retain OEF/OIF veterans with PTSD/SUD in treatment are presented together with examples of their implementation. The author concludes that to rise to the challenge of treating this difficult population it is necessary to adapt treatment to meet their needs rather than requiring them to adapt to therapies that may not be a good fit.


Objective: To examine the effectiveness of task-oriented progressive resistance strength training on lower extremity strength and functional performance in chronic stroke subjects. Design: Single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Medical centre and district hospital. Subjects: Forty-eight subjects at least one year post stroke. Interventions: Participants randomly allocated to two groups, control (n-/24) and experimental (n-/24). Subjects in the control group did not receive any rehabilitation training. Subjects in the experimental group were put on a four-week task-oriented progressive resistance strength training. Main measures: Lower extremity muscle strength, gait velocity, cadence, stride length, six-minute walk test, step test, and timed up and go test. Results: Muscle strength significantly improved in the experimental group for strong side muscle groups (ranged from 23.9% to 36.5%) and paretic side muscle groups (ranged from 10.1% to 77.9%). In the control group muscle strength changes ranged from 6.7% gain to 11.2% decline. The experimental group showed significant improvement in all selected measures of functional performance except for the step test. In the control group, the number of repetitions of the step test significantly decreased (-20.3%) with no change in other functional tests. There was a significant difference between groups for muscle strength and all functional measures. The strength gain was significantly associated with gain in the functional tests. Conclusions: The task-oriented progressive resistance strength training programme could improve lower extremity muscle strength in individuals with chronic stroke and could carry over into improvement in functional abilities.


In indonesia, a substantial waste cooking oil from households is being disposed to drainage and soil, according to the recent survey conducted in bogor, causing environmental damages of water and soil pollutions, as well as increase in ghg emission. in urban areas of Japan, waste cooking oil is mostly being solidified and disposed as incinerating waste, whereas in local areas, it is being disposed into drainage and causing sewage system deterioration. The waste cooking oil recycling programs conducted by Bogor and Niigata cities were reviewed highlighting environmental and economical issues. Similarities were found, in total waste cooking oil amounts collected, and the 60% ratio of total recycled bio diesel fuel for their vehicle operations. Life cycle impacts in GHG emission of cooking oil were estimated using operationaldata of a factory as well as reported data of LCA studies. The environmental advantage of the waste cooking oil recycling, compared with the drainage and soil disposals as well as the complete use, did not necessarily encourage the recycling activities, due to economical and technical constraints, the latter case in the Bogor City seems to be easily overcome, than the issues of high labour costs in Japan. Keywords-GHG emission; waste cooking oil; recycled energy; bio diesel fuel; life cycle impacts; LCA. I. REVIEW OF CURRENT WASTE COOKING OIL DISPOSALS AND RECYCLING Comparison of current waste cooking oil disposals and recycling between Indonesia and Japan in social, environmental issues and legislation were made as in Table 1. In Indonesia, most of households' waste cooking oil (hereafter WCO) is being disposed to either drainage or soil (being reported in Chapter 3), causing substantial drainage and edaphic pollution, where the sewage system has not been established in the nation, as well as high quantity GHG emission from the disposals to the environments. The latter is the environmental impact at the last life cycle of cooking oil, whereas the nation is the third largest GHG emission country in the world, the most of GHG emissions are derived from deforestation and land use changes, which is closely related to farming activities of palm oil production [1]. It is cited that in Indonesia, most of small business WCO, from such cassava chips, fish crackers and deep fried Tofu manufacturers, is being sold to street food shops and snack vendors for the complete use, causing concern over human health risks (citation made by BPLH, Kota Bogor). In Japan, most of residents in urban cities are solidifying WCO and disposing as incinerating waste, wasting valuable recyclable energy source. In local areas, the disposal of WCO to drainage is commonly practiced casing deterioration in sewage system, as shown in Table 1. It is commonly understood that WCO recycling is a good practice to the environment but not economically matched, due to the high labour costs for collection, transportation and recycling processes in Japan. There are two national and corresponding regional acts in Japan, related to waste disposals. The Water Pollution Prevention Act guides adequate waste of cooking trash and waste cooking oil, as well as right use of detergents to preserve the public water sources, without any specific penalty. On the other hand, the Waste Management Act actively prohibits disposal of waste including waste oil, without good management and control, with severe penalties of less than five year imprisonment or 10,000,000 JPY fine, when the Act is broken. The latter one is especially effective to prevent industrial waste disposals, and the governance of industrial companies in waste management is at high in the nation. II. PUBLIC WCO RECYCLING BUSINESSES IN BOGOR


Introduction: Intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA approved medical therapy for acute ischemic stroke. There is a paucity of data regarding the effe...


This paper describes the method of field trips to traffic parks which are expected to instill awareness of passing in early childhood. The background is that in general the community does not see the correct knowledge of traffic. The level of awareness of road users on the importance of safety is minimal, due to the lack of attention from families and educators. As an educator, it is not only based on completing the preparation, but also must be able to provide or instill a good personality education because of the character education for students, it can be ascertained that the student's personality will be good. With this phenomenon, it is necessary to instill passing awareness from an early age and implement traffic education and knowledge of road traffic with the field trip method. In this paper, the field trip method is a direct visit to a tourist object or park which is a place for playing while learning activities with the concept of development designed to be very safe for playing and learning activities. Furthermore, the steps in planting learning activities while playing in the traffic park are conveyed so that children are aware of traffic rules which are equipped with traffic that is designed to introduce police, traffic ethics, traffic culture, recognition of signs and markers. The core of planting traffic awareness in Early Childhood Education through the field trip method is that educators try to convey and convey the steps in cultivating awareness to early childhood using the field trip method, namely the learning process while playing integrated with the introduction of values which opens up an agreement so that children enthusiastic children, the core activity of instilling traffic ethics is the behavior of road users in implementing traffic laws and regulations as well as norms of courtesy among road users, namely around questions and answers about core activities, greetings and prayers. The learning process using the field trip method is expected when the child understands the knowledge of traffic rules and behaves as a correct road user.


Rieppel (2005; see also 2004, pp. 969–97, 2006, p. 143; Kearney and Rieppel, 2006) continues in his failure to distinguish justificationism, and the part it plays in ''true belief'', from justification, that which justifies critical error elimination (e.g., see Gattei, 2003). Without doubt, attempts to explain the objectivity and rationality of science as byproducts of its justification have failed (i.e., justificationism), and that is no more apparent than with Hume's classic problem of induction. The logic of scientific discovery was Karl Popper's (1959) solution to the problem of induction, where it is not the logic of discovering and justifying our hypotheses with observation statements, but the logic of discovering our errors that is the measure of science. An obvious parallel can be found in systematics, where it is the justificationism of pattern cladism that has exhibited one failure after another, while phylogenetic systematics, as justified by the logic of scientific discovery, has shown continued success in providing a coherent and consistent philosophy of historical inference (e.g., Kluge and Grant, 2006, p. 286; see also Kluge, 2003, 2005, pp. 39–42, 2007). Although Rieppel (2005) correctly distinguishes operationalism from conceptualism, he takes the position that the parsimony criterion can only be evaluated in terms of the operational, how the criterion is measured, not the normative, the role it plays conceptually (sensu Popper, 1959). Thus, from this biased position, Rieppel dismisses Kluge's (e.g., 2001) normative justification of parsimony in a deductive system of phylogenetic inference, i.e., the maximization of explanatory power. To begin with, Rieppel's (2005) gambit misrepresents Popper's position, as Popper repeatedly stresses the importance of parsimony in minimizing ad hoc and auxiliary hypotheses because that action protects the falsifiability of his deductive system. As e.g., as Popper (1959, p. 145; italics in the original; see also pp. 272–273, 420) clearly states:


Syringe system disclosed herein, in part, patients with reduced joint strength, provides a device for to make it easier to administer the drug. Embodiment of an exemplary syringe, a handle to form a hand grip, and the syringe barrel to increase the dose mark located on the inner tube, to shield the needle, the syringe barrel and slidably engageable and a tip cap. In one embodiment, the syringe system comprises a first flange and a second flange which forms a hand grip, the handle is provided. The handle is also contoured so as to correspond to the radius of the circular arc formed by the user's finger, the first arc forming the bottom surface of the first flange, the radius of the arc formed by the user's finger is contoured to correspond to the bottom surface of the second flange is formed, and is flatter than the first arc, and a second circular arc.


offer[s] authoritative and up-to-date surveys of original research in a particular subject area. Specially commissioned essays from leading figures in the disci-pline give critical examinations of the progress and direction of debates, as well as a foundation for future research. [dustcover]


ABSTRACT Rhizobium nod genes are essential for roothairdeformation andcortical cell division, early stages in thedevelopmentofnitrogen-fixingrootnodules.Nod- mutants areunableto initiate nodules onlegume roots. Weobserved thatN-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid and2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid,compounds knownto function as auxin transport inhibitors,inducednodule-likestructuresonalfalfaroots.Thenodule-likestructures(pseudonodules)werewhite, devoidofbacteria, andresembled nodules elicited byRhizobium meliloti exopolysac-charide (exo) mutants at both the histological andmolecularlevel. Two nodulin genes, ENOD2 and Nms-30, were ex-pressed. RNAisolatedfromthenodule-like structures hybrid- ized to pGmENOD2, a soybean early nodulin cDNA clone.RNAisolatedfromrootsdidnothybridize. Wedeterminedby in vitro translations of total RNA that the alfalfa nodulintranscriptNms-30 was alsoexpressed inthe nodule-like struc-tures. Thelate expressed nodulingenes, such as the leghemo-globin genes, were not transcribed.


As an important transmission part, planetary gearbox is mainly used to output power and change the transmission power ratio of the whole transmission system. It is widely used in various complex mechanical equipment. Because the planetary gearbox often operates under heavy load and high speed, the gears and bearings will inevitably wear and malfunction, which will cause casualties and economic losses in serious cases. In order to accurately diagnose the fault of planetary gearbox, this paper design a fault diagnosis method based on multi-scale convolution neural network, and built a fault diagnosis simulation test-bed. At the same time, this paper compares the diagnosis accuracies of the multi-scale convolutional neural network with the traditional convolutional neural network and multi-core convolutional neural network. The result shows that the multiscale convolutional neural network has high recognition accuracy and is suitable for the fault diagnosis of planetary gearbox.


Introduction

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by a heterogeneous clinical and morphological expression that shares features of both myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic myeloproliferative disorders. In the last years therapy of CMML has undergone a change with the inclusion of the demethylating agents but data regarding their impact on the "real life" setting are still scarce. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of the different therapies and the time to therapy in an unselected Spanish population within the ERASME study.

Materials and methods

The ERASME study (CEL-SMD-2012-01) is an observational, post-authorization, prospective, multicenter study that will include a total of 600 patients with MDS and CMML and follow them during a minimum of three years (or until death). The primary objective of this study is to describe the disease progression in routine clinical practice, based on the initial therapeutic strategy, in patients with newly diagnosed MDS and CMML. We present here the results of a pre-specified interim analysis with data of CMML patients enrolled in the ERASME study. Initial patient management strategy is classified in three groups: Observation (OB) & support (SP) (including blood and platelet transfusions and growth factors), active therapy (AT) (including chemotherapy, azacitidine, lenalidomide, etc) and allogenic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) (including those patients receiving other therapies before transplant).

Results

A total of 41 CMML patients (34% women) with a median age of 80 years (range 49-91) have been recruited between January 2013-June 2014. The median follow-up time was 6.7 months (range 0.4-15.1). Morphological subtypes according WHO classification were CMML-1 (blasts count 13x109/L).

Karyotype was normal in 32 patients (86%). Five patients displayed cytogenetic abnormalities; 3 out of 5 patients with trisomy 8 (isolated or with one additional abnormality). The CMML-GESMD cytogenetic risk classification was low/intermediate/high risk in 83%/10%/5% of patients, respectively. The CPSS was low/int-1/int-2/high in 46%/32%/15%/5% of patients, respectively. Nine out of 41 patients were transfusion dependent at diagnosis.

Median bone marrow blast count was 3% (range 0-33). Hemoglobin, platelet and neutrophil count was: 11.1 g/dL (range 7.8-16.7), 106x103/µL (4.2-415), and 3.98x109/L (range 0.48-57.2), respectively. After diagnosis, 33, 7 and 1 of CMML patients were considered candidate to SP/OB, AT and HCT strategy, respectively. The main reasons for treatment selection were risk-disease (90%), symptomatology (83%), age (73%), and comorbidities (46%).The median time to AT initiation from diagnosis for AT/OB&SP was 0.52/2.5 months (range 0.22-2.29) and (range 1.0-4.7) for each group, respectively. Patients in active therapy received azacitidine (n=2, 29%), other low-dose chemotherapy (n=4, 57%) and other therapy (erythropoietin and azacitidine) (n=1, 14%), respectively. Only one patient was considered candidate for HCT and this patient received azacitidine prior the transplant. At last follow-up, a total of 5 (12%) of patients have died (2, 29% of active therapy and 3, 9% of support group) after a median of 3.6 months (range 3.1-4.1) and 1.7 months (range 0.7-10), for each group respectively.

Conclusions

CMML patients were treated on an individualized therapy strategy after diagnostic evaluation and prognosis assessment. More data on disease progression in routine clinical practice may be useful in characterizing the newly diagnosed CMML patients. Our prospective study confirms that azacitidine has been considered a therapy for CMML patients, including for HCT candidates.

Disclosures Off Label Use: Vidaza, erythropoietin stimulating agents, revlimid. Valcarcel: Celgene: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Rafel: Celgene: Employment. Garcia: Celgene, Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau.


The process of grieving is not just a personal and emotional journey, but a biological one as well. The body and brain are transformed by grief, making it impossible to simply decide to stop grieving. Recognizing the physical aspects of grief is crucial to fully heal and reduce feelings of sorrow and despair. While supporting someone who is grieving can be emotionally and physically draining, it is important to prioritize self-care and take breaks when needed. However, when spending time with a grieving person, it is vital to hold space for their emotions and validate their unique journey. This newsletter explores the differences between grief and depression, the complexities of complicated grief, the role of grief triggers, and how grief affects both the brain and body. It also delves into the neuroscience behind supporting someone in grief. By gaining a better understanding of the biological processes of grief, individuals can feel less alone and better equipped to navigate the grieving process. The focus should be on holding space for the grieving person, rather than trying to force happiness upon them.


A method for controlling downshifting of a transmission (2) of a motor vehicle in the overrun mode of an output gear (g) to a target gear (g-1) has the steps of: a) estimating (S2) an output gear with gear from the engine (1) exerted output torque (M b) calculating (S3) a target torque (M and c) controlling (S8) the engine (1) (at the target gear (g-1) with specification of the calculated target torque, M


Background: Studies have shown that medical students experience the transition between preclinical and clinical training as a stressful period. They are generally frustrated by their inability to apply their knowledge to solve clinical problems in practice. Preclinical patient contacts may offer a solution to this 'shock of practice.' We studied how students who have had preclinical patient contacts perceive the transition from preclinical to clinical training and, more specifically, how they value these early patient contacts as preparation for learning in clinical practice. Methods: A purposive sample of 21 students participated in three focus groups which met twice during their first weeks of clinical clerkships. The interviews were recorded and transcribed literally. Qualitative content analysis of the transcriptions was performed. Results: According to the students, working in clinical practice was enjoyable, motivated them to study and helped them to develop non-analytical reasoning skills. The students experienced stress due to increased working hours and work load, uncertainty as to what was expected of them and self-perceived lack of knowledge. They did not experience a major gap between the preclinical and clinical phase and felt well prepared for the clerkships. The preclinical patient contacts were considered to be instrumental in this. Conclusions: Early patient contacts seem to ameliorate the shock of practice and prepare students for clinical work. The problems mentioned by the students in this study are mainly related to the socialisation process. The results of this study have to be validated by quantitative research. Background The transition between the theoretical and the clinical phase of undergraduate medical education has often been characterised as the most stressful period of undergraduate medical education [1-3]. The first clinical year has been described as a period where medical students go through intense emotional experiences [4] and students have described entering the clinical arena as though they were being "thrown in at the deep end" [5]. Boshuizen [6] highlighted that the "shock of practice", a crisis experienced by many medical students on first entering the clinical workplace, is marked by a temporary decrease in their ability to properly use biomedical knowledge in clinical reasoning. The ability to use theoretical knowledge to solve clinical problems is claimed to be enhanced by ProblemBased Learning (PBL) [7]. It has been suggested that the transition from theory to practice is less problematic for students in a PBL curriculum. However, both Van de Wiel et al. [8] and Prince et al. [9] discovered that, despite the use of PBL, students from a PBL-based medical school experienced difficulties that were similar to those reported by students from more traditional curricula. Early patient contacts are advocated as a way to improve students' preparedness for clerkships and hence overcome the "shock of practice" [9-12]. As yet there is not much evidence of the effects of these contacts. An opportunity to examine such evidence was presented by the introduction of preclinical patient contacts in the Maastricht PBL curriculum. We explored the following research question: how do students who have had * Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com 2 Skills lab, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands Full list of author information is available at the end of the article BioMed Central © 2010 Godefrooij et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Godefrooij et al. BMC Medical Education 2010, 10:28 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/10/28 Page 2 of 9 preclinical patient contacts perceive the transition from preclinical to clinical training and, more specifically, how do they value these early patient contacts as preparation for learning in clinical practice?


wireless IC with energy harvesting is used as an example of a device where power exploration and optimization plays a key role during the architecture planning. The novelty of this approach lies in introducing the activity profile for the mixed-signal chip as an important indicator of the power consumption that can drive the design phase. The method presented in this paper is based on modeling of the complete chip in order to apply it with a mixed-language Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) environment. It was decided to use the Verilog-D, SystemVerilog and Verilog-AMS languages to represent behavior of the digital and analog/mixed-signal parts of the chip..


Molecular cooling is essential for studying the formation of substructure of dissipative dark-matter halos that may host compact objects such as black holes. Here, we analyze the reaction rates relevant for the formation, dissociation, and transition of hydrogenic molecules while allowing for different values of the physical parameters: the coupling constant, the proton mass, and the electron mass. For all cases, we rescale the reaction rates for the standard molecular hydrogen, so our results are valid as long as the dark matter is weakly coupled and one of the fermions is much heavier than the other. These results will allow a robust numerical treatment of cosmic structure, in particular for minihalos for which molecular cooling is important, in a dissipative dark-matter scenario.


Two large-scale environmental disasters in Assam's easternmost district Tinsukia, raised great passion and held much traction in local print, electronic and social media platforms in 2020. The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) granted post-facto approval for opencast mining in Saleki Proposed Reserved Forest (PRF) under Dehing-Patkai Elephant Reserve in Assam. Later, the public sector company, Oil India Limited (OIL) reported a gas leak in Baghjan that resulted in a major blowout resulting in deaths and displacement in the area. In this article, we argue that these events constitute a tragic outcome of decades of appropriation of natural resources by the oil, tea and coal industry all of which depend on obsolete technologies of extraction. We focus on how this is happening in a place that has several disaffected, marginalised people who once relied on agriculture for their livelihoods. We argue that these two events are not aberrations in the global narrative of inter-governmental concerns for climate change. Instead, we believe that they are part of a global template of re-colonisation that continued long after the formal transfers of power that occurred in Africa and Asia in the 20th century.


Online banking allover the world is seen to be a new trend in the banking industry in the many developedand developing countries and there is a wide agreement that this channel will have a significant impact on the market. It has been in operation since the 1980s, developing from a simplistic form to a sophisticated one and is based on the internet as a typical open network that has diversified business strategies, resulting in the trespass on business borders (from "virtual" or "brick-and-mortar" to "click-and-mortar" modelj.It has ever since been rapidly changing and Kenya seems to be at per taking up this new technology promptly, thus the concern of this study, our main focus being selected commercial banks more so Equity bank with the main objective being to analyze the factors affecting the performance of online banking not only in this bank but allover Kenya. Perhaps, the developments in online banking have shown a typical case to which themost modem competition forces in business model applies. A survey of 20 people was conducted with 17 valid responses and data collected using selfadministered semistructured questionnaire. It found that, for the banking sector in Kenya, the determinants of online banking' performance and adoption decision revolved around the secure services as the most important dimension, followed by convenience of use for the case of its features, awareness and the knowledge of IT based systems. However for it to be successful, a joint effort of all the banks has to be considered to create a wide spread awareness of the same and the charges to be lowered in order to attract many other worthy customers who shy away due to not only the scare created by the high charges but also fall short of awareness of what it is and how to operate it. This paper concludes that there exist various challenges to performance of online banking in the commercial banks of Kenya. The banks have thus employed strategic responses to overcome these challenges with some of them being more popular than the others depending on the impact they have on the system. Lack of required literacy and specialized skills to understand the system itself, security and awareness from customers were some of the major challenges that were identified. The entire internal and external environment however needs to be considered during the implementation of e-banking strategies. It has contributed greatly to saving costs and has intensified the competition severely, making the banking industry more beneficial to customers, but less attractive for new entrants. A number of barriers were also identified from the survey.


WHILE RESPECTABLE PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE OVER THE PAST 10 TO 15 years in understanding many of the clinical and pathologic features of ocular adnexal lymphoid tumors, 1-16 definitive answers to several central biologic questions continue to elude us. Probably the most trenchant issue is: can one predict the ultimate fate of the patient, in terms of localized versus systemic disease, based on any feature(s) of the biopsy specimen that is obtained from the ocular adnexa? Ocular adnexal lymphoid lesions pose distinctive biologic problems because they are either extranodal or completely extralymphatic. There are no formed lymph nodes in the orbits, lacrimal glands, lids, or conjunctivas, so that all of these locations represent extranodal sites. The conjunctival7 and the lacrimal gland,'8 however, do possess lymphocytes and/or plasma cells, and therefore may be somewhat analogous to tonsillar or bowel tissue in terms of being extranodal yet lymphatic by offering a modified lymphoidal milieu. The orbit, on the other hand, lacks both a standing population of lymphocytes and endothelial-lined lymphatic channels; it truly represents an extralymphatic site, as indeed does the tissue of the lids. It is instructive to review from a telescoped historical perspective what some of our predecessors have written about the nettlesome subject of adnexal lymphoid lesions. It will become apparent that we should remain modest regarding our latter-day achievements because we have far from totally allayed their uncertainties. Friedenwald,19 in his 1929 text titled "The Pathology of the Eye," commented on both lymphosarcoma of the ocular adnexa and "inflammatory pseudotumors" in the following manner:


Most states have adopted significant measures to reduce the incidence of driving under the influence (DUI) but a DUI death occurs about every 53 minutes; a significant portion of these accidents are the result of recidivist DUI drivers. A relatively new and novel way states can reduce DUI deaths from repeat offenders is to require offenders to install an interlock device on their vehicle, but not all states have adopted this measure. We explore whether the Policy Typology and Policy Diffusion Frameworks can help us understand the politics behind why some states have adopted interlock policies while others have not. Employing over-time data from the American states our results suggest that the adoption of interlock laws is best explained by internal factors to the state and the adoption of interlock laws by neighboring states. In addition, the adoption of interlock laws is a form of incremental policymaking—states with existing DUI laws are more likely to adopt interlock policies. We conclude that interlock policies diffuse in a manner similar to other regulatory policies and that interlock policies should be categorized as protective regulatory policies rather than social regulatory policies.


The current distribution of three phases under faulty conditions is affected by position-changing and sheath grounding of cables,which can not be settled by traditional sequence component method.To solve the problem,the double-sided elimination method was used to set up an equivalent circuit and develop a software package for calculating the ground fault current distribution along EHV cable lines.Based on an EHV cable engineering project of Shanghai,the single,double,and three phases to ground fault current and its distribution along cable lines,the dangerous voltage,and the induced voltage and circular current in cable sheaths under load current were calculated and analyzed.


The paper reconstructs Keynes's conception of the nature and method of economics focusing on The Theory of Probability and The General Theory and shows that Keynes's theoretical work as an economist was an attempt to cope with the complexity of the economic world and the organic interdependence of the economic variables. Keynes offers a theoretical framework where the macroscopic outcome of the model is the result of the interaction of heterogeneous and not fully rational agents that revise their behaviour as they accumulate information. In the presence of true uncertainty the interactions of agents generate macro-instability and out-ofequilibrium paths. This approach has much in common with the approaches to complexity that have recently emerged.


Fresh-water atyid shrimps are an ancient group of carideans that uses "passive" cleaning mechanisms to protect their gills from fouling. We studied gill cleaning in Paratya curvirostris from New Zealand, and P. compressa, Caridina japonica, C. typus, C. leucosticta, C. serratirostris, Neocaridina denticulata, and Atyopsis spinipes from Japan. Gill cleaning in atyids involves epipod-setobranch complexes, associated with their pereiopods, and multidenticulate setae on the posterior end of the scaphognathite. Multidenticulate scaphognathite setae are particularly well developed in atyids and show a negative correlation with the number of setobranch setae in different species. At one extreme is A. spinipes, lacking setobranch setae but having the largest number of multidenticulate scaphognathite setae, which are relatively longer and have the maximum number of digitate scale setules. At the other extreme are P. curvirostris and P. compressa, with the largest number of setobranch setae but the smallest number of multidenticulate scaphognathite setae, which are relatively shorter and have a smaller number of digitate scale setules. In atyids, there is a compromise between these two gill-cleaning mechanisms. Mapping gill types and gill-cleaning mechanisms on a decapod cladogram suggests that phyllobranchiate gills represent a convergent derived state that evolved independently from trichobranchiate ancestors, in carideans, thalassinids, anomalans, and brachyurans. There are no particular associations between the type of gills and the mechanism used to clean them. "Active" gill cleaning, using pereiopods, has evolved independently in several lines. If the primitive gill-cleaning mechanism is setiferous epipods, then epipod-setobranch complexes must have been independently derived in carideans and the astacid-thalassinid group. Multidenticulate scaphognathite setae occur with both setiferous epipods and epipod-setobranch complexes. The multidenticulate scaphognathite setae may be the ancestral state for the Pleocyemata, or a synapomorphy of the Caridea, and the Homarida-Astacida-Thalassinida-Brachyura group, having been lost in the Anomala which have "active" gill cleaning. Atyids are an ancient group of fresh-water shrimps widespread throughout the tropics, with a few species penetrating cooler regions (Ortmann, 1894; Fryer, 1977; Hung et al., 1993). Their diverse habitats include estuaries, ponds, lakes, swift mountain streams, and caves. In all these habitats atyid shrimps are exposed to harmful debris and the attacks of fouling organisms. It is, therefore, necessary for them to clean their body surface and especially the antennae, gills, and embryos. Though cleaning mechanisms are diverse among different species, crustacean decapods generally clean their antenna using the endopodite of the third maxillipeds, the thoracic body and gills using the first, second, and fifth pereiopods or epipodite of the third maxillipeds, and the abdomen and telson using the fifth pereiopods (Bauer, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1989; Felgenhauer and Schram, 1978, 1979; Pohle, 1989b; Read et al., 1991). In all decapods, the gills are flushed regularly by the pumping action of the scaphognathite of the second maxilla. Water enters the gill chamber near the posterior thoracopods and exits through the oral region. This respiratory current brings harmful debris and fouling organisms to the gill chamber. The branchiostegite not only protects the gills, but also provides a sheltered habitat for other organisms. A number of gill-cleaning mechanisms have evolved to prevent settlement of fouling organisms (Bauer, 1979; Ritchie and H0eg, 1981; Fleischer et al., 1992). Decapod gills are cleaned by up to four major kinds of appendages: the thoracic epipods with compound setae are mainly used in penaeids, nephropids, palinurids, and brachyurans; the pereiopods in carideans, stenopodids, thalassinids, and anomurans; the epipod-setobranch complex in carideans or setobranchs only in axiids and astacids; and scaphognathite setae (reviewed in Bauer, 1981, 1989). Reversal of the respiratory current also cleans


Objective: To test whether the format in which women receive probabilistic information about breast cancer and mammography affects their comprehension. Methods: A convenience sample of 180 women received pre-assembled randomized packages containing a breast health information brochure, with probabilities presented in either verbal or numeric format, and four questionnaires. Enclosed questionnaires assessed women's knowledge of breast health, socio-demographic/ clinical characteristics, comprehension of breast health information brochure and format preference. Results: Nearly two-thirds of the study participants reported a preference for the numeric format. However, the study results showed that comprehension was significantly higher among women who received probabilistic information in verbal format than those who received the information in numeric format. This higher degree of comprehension was sustained even if the verbal format was inconsistent with the respondents' format preference, and even if the respondents' educational background were relatively limited. Women's comprehension was strongly associated with the interaction between received format and their format preferences as well as their education level and their perceived benefit of early detection of breast cancer. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that comprehension of information depends on: (1) women's readiness to receive information; and (2) their education and numeracy skills in processing and interpreting probabilistic information, particularly, when presented in quantitative format. Attention must be paid to these factors when designing or communicating breast health information in order to ensure full comprehension of information, and to avoid any potential discrimination which people may face relating to their poor education or numeracy skills. Systematic investigation into the relationships among readiness, numeracy problems, and format preferences could help build effective guidelines for providing women with appropriate and comprehensible information.


The Manaslu Conservation Area in north-central Nepal is considered a biodiversity hotspot, but very little is known about the ecology of its forests and its residents' ethnobotanical practices. This study integrated data from ecological sample plots in 19 forest patches and an ethnobotanical inventory conducted with village residents to explore spatial patterns of diversity in woody plant species and their local uses. The study identified a total of 155 woody plant species in 103 genera and 54 plant families. Local residents named 96% (149) of these species and cited 404 uses for them. The uses involving the greatest number of species were fuel (104) and fodder (54). Seven forest community types were identified: 2, blue pine and rhododendron, primarily below 2200 m, and 5 communities (mixed laurel, oak–laurel, mixed maple, oak–ash and kharsu oak) mostly above 2200 m. Among the forest community types, the oak–laurel forest, at 1–3 km from the study villages, had the highest number of species, species used by humans, and different uses. These research findings provide a first assessment of ecological diversity and ethnobotanical resources for the region and highlight concerns for forest resources and opportunities for collaborative conservation planning.


Ultrasound has been utilized to assist gene transfection. In combination with ultrasound, microbubble-based contrast agents have also been used to enhance the transfection efficiency by inducing acoustic inertial cavitation. However, the relations between inertial cavitation and gene transfection rate/cell viability are still unknown. It is the primary purpose of this study to examine the relations experimentally and quantitatively. A commercial contrast agent Levovist ® was used, and


Solute transport processes affect the performance of a wide range of water engineering structures. In the context of urban drainage, the effects of dispersion may act to reduce peak concentrations associated with intermittent discharges or cause pollutants to be retained for longer or shorter durations than mean travel times would predict. With respect to surcharged manholes, previous research employed laboratory experiments to identify best-fit parameter values for the first-order advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and aggregated dead zone (ADZ) routing models. This paper presents data from a new set of smaller-scale laboratory measurements and demonstrates that the threshold depth separating two distinct hydraulic regimes can be identified independently of scale. However, the fitted ADE and ADZ routing model parameters are not generally amenable to conventional hydraulic scaling, because the models do not provide good fits to the observed data. An alternative approach is proposed based on the cumulative residence time distribution (CRTD). This approach is shown to be scalable and practical. The solute transport characteristics of a specific configuration of a surcharged manhole are shown to be characterized by just two dimensionless CRTDs corresponding to prethreshold and postthreshold surcharge depths.


Super-resolution (SR) reconstruction is one of the effective ways to improve the spatial resolution of remote sensing images, but the blur kernel estimation without any additional prior information is the key to the quality of SR reconstruction. Facing the above problem, a blind super-resolution method via sparse representation and transformed self-similarity is proposed in this paper. In this method, the blur kernel as well as the reconstructed high-resolution image are estimated at the same time using the structural self-similarity from a single image, a down-sampled version of the observed image is used as the training samples for the dictionary learning, and the internal patch search space is expanded using the transformed self-similarity to improve the quality of estimation. Experiment results show that, our method performs well both in quality of kernel estimation and SR reconstruction.


Using artificial neural network,the objective functional model of tractor back-wall blank forming in drawing process was established,a mapping between forming parameters and performance evaluation indexes was built,which provided important preferences for researching and optimizing these parameters. The neural network model of high precision was obtained by the training of orthogonal test method. At last a model of tractor back-wall blank was built. According to the test results,the error of the network was less than 5%,so the network was available. it established foundation for the process parameters optimization.


The present invention relates to a kind of method preparing Resorcinol, the method uses Water-soluble Ru complex compound [RuCl
 2 (TPPTS)
 2 ]
 2 as catalyzer, be that in the medium of 0-4, prepare Resorcinol by catalytic hydrogenating reduction para benzoquinone, the reaction times controls at 10-100 minute in pH value.After reaction terminates, Resorcinol productive rate is greater than 85%, and catalyzer is reusable.Described method considerably reduces the consumption of recyclable catalyzer, significantly reduces costs; Improve catalytic efficiency and reaction homogeneity by adopting homogeneous catalyst, accelerated reaction in acid condition simultaneously, shortens preparation time; Catalyzer and product are convenient to be separated, and catalyzer can be recycled, economic environmental protection, easy and simple to handle.


We formulate a conjecture for the second generation characters of indecomposable tilting modules for ${\rm SL}_3$. This gives many new conjectural decomposition numbers for symmetric groups. Our conjecture can be interpreted as saying that these characters are governed by a discrete dynamical system ("billiards bouncing in alcoves"). The conjecture implies that decomposition numbers for symmetric groups display (at least) exponential growth.


Purpose

This paper aims to highlight the importance and need to include carbon emissions from international transport in the sourcing decisions of corporate organizations and the calculation of national emissions inventories (NEIs).

Design/methodology/approach

The paper proposes a method of attributing emissions from international transportation in global supply chains and calculating their impact on the economic sustainability of corporate organizations through a carbon price.

Findings

An application of the original model developed in this paper showed that international transport emissions can have an important effect on NEIs. An example of the imports of manufactured items from China and Germany to the USA showed a 3 per cent increase in emissions from manufacturing activities in the USA.

Research limitations/implications

Introducing carbon pricing on international transport emissions is expected to motivate corporate leaders to include emissions from international transport as a factor in their sourcing decisions.

Practical implications

Inclusion of international transport emissions along with the imposition of a carbon tax are designed to act as disincentives to generating emissions from supply chain activities. It is argued that the implementation of the model may provide long-term benefits associated with reduced emissions and a level playing field to organizations which use efficient technologies in manufacturing.

Social implications

It is recognized that the implementation of a carbon tax on international transport emissions may face resistance from several stakeholders, including governments of exporting countries, corporations and customers, due to an increase in cost.

Originality/value

This paper provides an original method to include emissions from international transport in supply chain decisions.


Since the 1990s the Russian language has had an increasing presence in the public space in Germany. As a result of migration in the past decades, it has become one of the most spoken migrant languages in Germany. Russian is used predominantly in families from post-Soviet countries with a Russianspeaking population. With regard to acquisition processes, language socialization and attitudes, migrants are not a homogeneous group: the majority are resettlers of German origin, then there are Jewish émigrés and Russian-speaking refugees of other ethnic origins. On the basis of recent statistical data, Anstatt (2011) states that these groups together make about 4.5 million. There are a lot of factors supporting the vitality of Russian under migration conditions. In multilingual cities like Berlin, as well as in some smaller localities, Russian speakers have developed a widespread infrastructure (shops, bilingual kindergartens and primary schools, medical care institutions, libraries, radio channels, regional newspapers, social media, etc.). Such developments seem to be part of a worldwide trend. Russian is gaining increasing visibility and this is not linked to tourism alone. Russian as a foreign language has been studied at schools and at the tertiary level for more than half a century, although teaching took different paths in West and East Germany. The purpose of this paper is to offer an overview of the recent situation of Russian as a school subject in Germany, taking into consideration the factors that determine the status of Russian as a part of foreign language teaching system, the societal value of the Russian language as well as the 'key actors' involved. The history of Russian, more than other school subjects, clearly shows that in the times of societal transformations or even changes in the political systems, the educational system responds to this change. Undoubtedly, every citizen of EU must have an opportunity to learn English as the language of global communication. Therefore, it is offered as a first foreign language in all federal states of Germany, starting not later than in the third grade. This opens an opportunity to learn a second foreign language already at the lower secondary level and a third and fourth language later. While it is obligatory to learn a second language, the language can be chosen according to the school profile. Russian is primarily offered as a second, third or fourth language. A few schools with a bilingual profile offer Russian either as a first foreign language or as a language of instruction in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). Depending on the grade at the entry level and the number of class hours, the proficiency level B1 or B2 is reached in secondary schools (Table 1).


A case of a twenty-one year old woman with Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection that represents the fifteen case reported in the literature is here presented. Hypothesis for which this association is infrequent and several therapeutic alternatives are reviewed.


Continued development of inflorescence primordia in winter dormant buds of Vitis vinifera 'Pinot Noir' is reported. In buds sampled from a commercial vineyard in the cool climate wine region of Southern Tasmania, mitotic activity was evident throughout the period from harvest to bud swell the following season. Results showed that in spite of buds entering apparent dormancy, cell division and inflorescence development continued throughout the winter months.


Killian‐Jamieson diverticulum is a rare form of pharyngoesophageal diverticula emerging in the anterolateral wall of the cervical esophagus. We present a case of Killian‐Jamieson diverticulum that mimicked a thyroid nodule on sonography (US), and for which a US‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) was performed. The possibility of Killian‐Jamieson diverticulum should be considered when a thyroid nodule is seen adjacent to the esophagus even without US change during/after swallowing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009


The non-linear finite element method for plate-shell structure is proposed to trace up whole-process analysis of tapered H-section steel column,while the effects of many factors on member such as residual stress,initial geometric imperfections and so on are focused.According to load-deformation curves resulted from numerical analysis,interactive buckling of tapered H-section steel column is discussed.The behaviors on local buckling and overall buckling brought by width-thickness ratio of web,tapered ratio,width-thickness ratio of flange,and slenderness are emphatically researched.


Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia( VBD) is relatively rare,its etiology remains unknown. VBD is characterized by vertebral-basilar artery involvement,the clinical manifestation of VBD is not typical,the diagnosis mainly depends on imaging examination. The chief dealing is symptomatic treatment and the prognosis is poor,misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of VBD is common. On 24 February 2012,a VBD patient who was misdiagnosed as multiple system atrophy,was admitted to our hospital,medical record of the case is reported below,which may increase awareness of cerebrovascular variation diseases among clinical staff.


The invention discloses a heat-source-free early strength polycarboxylate water reducer and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: any one or more than two selected from a reducing agent, a chain transfer agent and an unsaturated acid derivative are mixed with water, such that a water solution with a mass percentage concentration of 44+/-3% is obtained, and is marked as an X material; unsaturated sulfonate and a monomer a are mixed with water, such that a water solution with a mass percentage concentration of 26+/-1% is obtained, and is marked as a Y material; unsaturated polyoxyethylene ether and water are added into a polymerization reaction kettle, and stirring is carried out until unsaturated polyoxyethylene ether is completely dissolved; an oxidizing agent is added and the mixture is well mixed; the adding of the X material and the Y material is started, and an adding time is controlled at 1-3h; when adding is finished, the temperature is maintained for 1-2h; the polymerization reaction is finished, and a product is neutralized with an alkali solution with a mass percentage concentration of 20+/-2% until the pH is 6-7. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple process, reduced cost, easy industrialization and no environment pollution. With the method, the water reducing rate of the water reducer is improved, and concrete early strength is improved.


Wylam Parish Council is the elected Council representing around 2000 people who live within the boundaries of the Parish. The present Parish Council was elected in May 2007 and represents the interests of Wylam residents with Tynedale Council and Northumberland County Council and other service providers. There are eight Parish Councillors. The current annual Precept, a sum raised through Council Tax, is £30,000


Despite the considerable protection provided by the patent system, a surprisingly small number of firms use patents, instead favouring the use of secrecy. This suggests that natural market forces protect inventors so that formal protections are not necessary. Using firm-level data, this study provides the first empirical evidence on the relationship between knowledge tradeability and the choice of IPR protection methods. Consistent with recent theoretical results, we find that firms engaged in licensing agreements are more likely to use secrecy than patents and that the largest R&D investors tend to use secrecy more than patents. Also, large firms, or manufacturing firms of any size are more likely to use patents, whilst firms that obtain information from internal and non-market sources are more inclined to use secrecy.


A radiographic and histologic study of bat bones showed that there is a progressive loss of bone tissue during hibernation and abrupt reversal at arousal. Enhanced osteolysis accounted for the bone loss; osteoclasia was not observed.


This thesis is based on the development of novel catalytic reactions for the synthesis and application of organometallic reagents. The main focus is directed towards organoboronate derivatives. We ...


Soils can beneficially or adversely affect human health, and likewise human activity can improve or destroy soil health. In the new anthropogenic era, it is worth examining the soil health–human health nexus. To do this, the author evaluates soil from the perspective of what infects us, what heals us, what contaminates us, what nourishes us, and what we breathe. Likewise, the author examines the impact of humans on soil using a similar matrix and suggests strategies to improve human health by maintaining or improving soil health.


Spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) operating at L-band and above are nowadays a well-established tool for Earth remote sensing. In this respect, a new frontier of technological and scientific progress is represented by satellite Ka-Band SARs. Since approximately 2010, a number of European Space Agency (ESA) studies have been funded in this direction. The main identified benefit of Ka-band systems is that the short wavelength allows the implementation on a single platform of single-pass interferometry, both cross-track and along-track, with adequate interferometric sensitivity. Ka-band is also interesting due to the low penetration in media such as ice, snow, and vegetation. In principle, the 500 MHz allocation also enables high-resolution measurements. Atmospheric effects represent a severe limitation to Ka-Band SARs. Gases and water particles introduce attenuation and path delay also in clear-sky condition; raindrops also depolarization. Finally, atmospheric turbulence causes scintillation effects. Unfortunately, very few studies and experiments exist at Ka Band. With this general context, the project KaBandSARApp aims to consolidate a Ka-band SAR mission concept, linking user (product-level) observation requirements to mission requirements, and evaluating and highlighting the expected performances for a set of relevant applications. This purpose will be pursued through the development of an End-to-End (E2E) performance tool, where atmospheric effects have been simulated through a Forward Model (FM) of SAR response. This work describes the developed forward model in the general context of atmospheric effects on SAR retrieved signal. A case study relative to a quite common and light cloud (alto-stratus) will be presented and discussed.


A case report of a patient with agranulocytosis associated with sulphasalazine therapy is described. Recovery followed supportive therapy and withdrawal of the drug. Investigations including tests for leucocyte antibodies, the presence of which might have suggested an immunological cause for the drug reaction, were negative; an acetylation study, however, characterized the patient as a 'slow' acetylator phenotype, suggesting that the drug reaction was more likely to have been toxic in nature. It is suggested that acetylation studies be performed in patients who have previously shown serious side effects to sulphasalazine to assess the incidence of 'slow' acetylators.


This application note illustrates how Waters ACQUITY UPLC H-Class PLUS System with 6-port Column Manager coupled with the ACQUITY UPLC PDA and ACQUITY QDa detectors can be used to quickly and efficiently establish a number of method parameters. Empower 3 Software's Custom Reporting, Custom Fields, and Mass Analysis features can be used to streamline the decision making process during method development. Benefits Faster method scouting assays can be performed by combining UPLC with generic gradients, as compared to HPLC ■ By using short UPLC columns in method development, many column chemistries can be screened rapidly and automatically using the ACQUITY UPLC Column Manager ■ Combining UPLC with mass spectra data facilitates peak tracking during method optimization and complemented UV data for confirming impurities ■ Expedite data mining using custom calculation reports in Empower Software ■ Introduction Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosed in the USA, it is estimated one in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime.1-4The most serious class of skin cancers are the melanomas, developing in the melanocyte cells of skin. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 65,000 mortalities per year attributed to melanomas.5 Around 95% of melanomas are caused by exposure to UV radiation.6 Due to damaging effects of UV light on skin, increasing numbers of cosmetics and personal care products are formulated with chemicals that actively filter out UV radiation. However long term contact with chemical sunscreens may increase the risk of developing a skin allergy to sunlight.7 For this reason the type and amount of sunscreen agents in formulations have been strictly regulated around the world and effective methods for simultaneously detecting multiple chemical sunscreen agents in formulations are necessary.8 HPLC has been applied extensively to this application.9 However, drawbacks associated with methods published to date include prohibitive analysis times on HPLC scale columns and/or the use of toxic solvents. In this application note, we show how Waters ACQUITY UPLC H-Class PLUS System with 6-port Column Manager coupled with the ACQUITY UPLC PDA and ACQUITY QDa detectors can be used to quickly and efficiently establish a number of method parameters. Empower 3 Software's Custom Reporting, Custom Fields, and Mass Analysis features can be used to streamline the decision making process during method development. Experimental A panel of seven UV filters from different chemical and regulatory classes (Figure 1) was assembled for method development on the ACQUITY UPLC H-Class PLUS System with PDA/QDa detection equipped with 6-port Column Manager under Empower 3 Software control. These UV filters were deliberately chosen because they have proven difficult to fully resolve by typical HPLC methods: homosalate, octylsalicylate, and avobenzone, and two later generation UV filters that have so far shown to have prohibitive retention times for HPLC analysis: octyltriazone and bemotrizinol. Figure 1. Seven UV filters investigated for method development activities: 1) octocrylene, 2) avobenzone, 3) mexoryl XL, 4) octyl salicylate, 5) bemotrizinol, 6) homosalate, and 7) octyl triazone. Mixed solvent standards were prepared at 25 ppm in 60:40 methonol: water from individual stock solutions and subjected to a method development screen designed to investigate the column chemistry, organic modifier, column temperature, and mobile phase pH.


ABSTRACT Background The study was undertaken among the rural and black communities of the Uthungulu health district of the KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Method A cross-sectional community-based descriptive study was conducted. A multi-stage sampling strategy was adopted to obtain a representative sample of the communities. Results The mean age of the population was 27 years and majority was female (54%). Among the adult population only 30% were educated, 19% were engaged in some form of economic activities while 9% were in the formal employment sector. The average monthly income per household was R1 301 (95% CI, R1 283; R1 308). The illnesses were reported by 27% of the total population over a period of one month. Notably higher rates of female individuals (29%) were sick compared to males (24%, p < 0.001). The rates of illnesses among adult females (39%) were also significantly higher than among males (31%, p < 0.009). Most of them (69%) attended primary health care (PHC) clinics for medical services, while 67% reported chronic conditions. Age (OR = 1.4), gender (OR = 0.711), education (OR = 0.64) and economic activities (OR = 1.9) were found to be associated with being ill or not. Conclusion The rural black communities are underdeveloped and deprived, which results in higher prevalence of illnesses; however, the utilisation of PHC facilities is comparatively higher than in the rest of the province and other parts of the country. Interventions to improve community health care services among the deprived population should be focused through public health strategies such as all-encompassing PHC that includes health promotion, education and basic essential amenities.


Frozen shoulder is one of the causes of pain and disability and is associated with poor posture and limited movement of the shoulder girdle. The aim was to compare upper body posture and shoulder range of motion in women with frozen and healthy shoulders and was performed on 30 affected women and 30 healthy women. Head and shoulder angle forward, imaging, range of motion flexion, abduction، external rotation of the shoulder with a goniometer and chest kyphosis with a flexible ruler.The results showed a significant difference between head and shoulder angle, kyphosis, range of motion flexion, abduction and external rotation in normal and healthy individuals. The results showed that frozen shoulder subjects had more shoulder and head angle and kyphosis than healthy individuals and less range of motion of flexion, abduction ،external rotation. It is recommended that people with frozen shoulders, upper body posture examined and a correction program considered


Amphotericin is standard therapy for many fungal infections, but its efficacy is often limited by toxic side effects. Delivery of amphotericin in a


The paper deals with various cases and conditions for removability of sets under quasiisometrical maps. The distribution of intrinsic boundary components of domains in Rn is studied.


The Rise and Fall of World Orders, Torbjorn L. Knutsen (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1999). 324 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-7190-4057-4), $24.95.

The Rise and Decline of the State, Martin Van Creveld (Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press. 1999). 439 pp.. cloth (ISBN: 0-521-65190-5), $54.95.

Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations, Bill McSvveeney (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 239 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-521-66177-3). $54.95.

Books reviewed in this article:

Torbjorn L. Knutsen, The Rise and Fall of World Orders

Martin Van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State

Bill McSweeney, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations


Corals are mainly dependent on the organic matter produced by photosynthesis of their symbiotic algae zooxanthellae, but also using particulate organic matter in seawater such as plankton as nutrient sources. However, we still do not know much about the seasonal variation of nutritional dependence, such as how much it changes depending on seawater temperature and light intensity. Carbon isotopic ratios (δ 13 C) and nitrogen isotopic ratios (δ 15 N) have been used as key indicators in estimating the nutrients of living organisms. Sulfur isotopic ratio (δ 34 S) also is applied as a useful estimation technique to know feed origin. In this study, we studied seasonal variation in nutrient source of Temperate zone coral by using stable isotopic ratio. measured metabolisms such as photosynthesis, and calcification measurement metabolisms, coral soft by water-jet separated into host coral and by centrifugation. remove


The distance scales of elliptical lenticular galaxies derived from several distance indicators have been intercompared and reduced to thescale (1) previously derived from the velocity dispersion indicator via therevised Faber-Jackson relation. This scale is found to be in near perfect agreement with the scale (5) derived from the luminosity index and from the 21 cm line width indicator via the revised Tully-Fisher relation for groups including a mixed population of early-type and spiral galaxies. It is also in excellent agreement with the distance scale (2) derived by Michard from his first magnitude-diameter-color relation (except f


Research objective: The aim of this work is to evaluate the socio-emotional wellbeing of youth and to specify their directions of improvement. Research methods: Theoretical analysis of works on educational psychology and social psychology devoted to the issues of the socio-emotional wellbeing and psychological safety of students; conducting testing of students. Research results: Basing on the analysis of the theoretic and methodological material we defined and described personal qualities of students, which determine socio-emotional (psychosocial) well-being and which are indices of social-psychological safety of education environment. These indices are as follows: communication skills, social tolerance, creativity. The conducted investigation allowed us to reveal positive correlation connections between the level of subjective well-being and formedness of personal qualities, which define the socio-emotional wellbeing of students. The authors have concluded that it is necessary to improve the organization of the educational process in order to ensure the socio-emotional wellbeing of students and social safety of society as a whole To prevent the threats, the necessity of creation of a safe educational environment is grounded which should comprise a tolerant environment, and psychologically comfortable environment excluding any violence and requiring the relevant professional training of teachers and education personnel.


The aim of the research was to identify the relationship between the motivating climate and motor satisfaction, self-confidence, skill level, and the relationship between motor satisfaction and self-confidence, as well as the relation between motor satisfaction and skill performance level, as well as the relationship between selfconfidence and the skill performance level in the rhythmic exercises. Girls of Zagazig University for the academic year (2018-2019), the two researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of this research. The basic research sample was selected in a deliberate manner. The sample was 120 students, and a random sample of 30 students was taken as an exploratory sample for conducting the exploratory study. The most important results indicated a significant positive correlation between both the motivating and motor climates and the climate of selfconfidence and the climate of motivation (Performance mastery climate) and the skill performance level in the rhythmic exercises. There is also a positive correlation between Motor satisfaction, self-confidence, level of skillful performance in rhythmic exercises, as well as between self-confidence and the skill performance level in the rhythmic exercises. [Heba Mohammed Saeed Abu Zeid and Nashwa Salah El-Din Mohammed El-Sayed. The dynamic climate and its relationship to motor satisfaction, self-confidence and the level of skillful performance in rhythmic exercises. J Am Sci 2019;15(6):78-91]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas150619.11.


The Master thesis is focused on operative planning a managing of chemical-technological and mechanictechnological production and inventory. The Master Thesis is than concentrating on time series analysis and optimization models used for planning and managing of production and inventory and their using in the company Trestles a.s.


This paper presents a comprehensive framework model of a distribution company with security and reliability considerations. A probabilistic wind farm, which is a renewable energy resource, is modeled in this work. The requirement energy of distribution company can be either provided by distribution company's own distributed generations or purchased from power market. Two reliability indices as well as DC load flow equations are also considered in order to satisfy reliability and security constraints, respectively. Since allocating proper spinning reserve improves reliability level, the amount of spinning reserve will be calculated iteratively. In this work, all equations are expressed in a linear fashion in which unit commitment formulation depends on binary variables associated with only on/off of units. The benders decomposition method is used to solve security-based unit commitment.


Quantitative (q) methods in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used successfully for many years. However, there is a lack of general acceptance of qNMR in the pharmaceutical industry, whereas chromatographic methods are well established and documented in analytical standards, pharmacopoeia and drug master files. However, NMR spectroscopy can be considered as a quantitative primary ratio method of measurement, since the ratio of substances in a mixture can be determined directly from the NMR spectral measurement without referencing to another substance. The absolute amount of substances can be determined by using simple reference substances. The purpose of this short review article is to highlight some capabilities of qNMR spectroscopic methods in drug quality evaluation, indicating that qNMR spectroscopy should be more often applied when chromatographic methods are not working effectively. NMR spectroscopy can be used in different fields of the quality evaluation of drugs: to identify a drug to determine the level of impurities and elucidate their structure, and to ■


Background in music education: The relationship between new technology and learning is gaining more relevance in the field of music education (Webster 2002). The present study deals with an area still under-studied, that of interactive musical systems, in an attempt to understand in what way it can affect the learning and the musical creativity of children. In particular, we chose to study young children, 3/5 years old, because at this age the problem of the interaction between child and machine takes on a fundamental role in the learning process. Imberty (2002), in accordance with the psychologist Daniel Stern (1977), describes the musical development of young children as based on the vocal play between child and mother (lallation, baby-talk), characterised by the mechanism of repetition and variation. The point of interest is to verify what type of music development arises when this interaction takes place not between two human subjects, but rather between a child and a machine.


Profilometry by fringe projection is an optical metrology technique implemented projecting a sinusoidal grating onto a three-dimensional surface, where the resulting deformed grating image represents the object's height dis- tribution modulated in phase. Fringe projection can be implemented as a phase shifting process or as a one-frame method. In this work, both approaches are compared using a correlation and a Fourier transform based algorithm for phase extraction. As a first step of the surface recovering process, a wrapped phase image is obtained. Therefore, a correction is applied by means of a phase un- wrapping algorithm, obtaining a continuous phase distribution. The results show that the phase shifting approach returns a phase distribution with higher resolution and less noise than the one-frame approach.


Background

To better understand the epidemic dynamic of notifiable BIDs in China, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control measures.
Methods

we gathered data from the NIDRIS in China from 2004 to 2019. The methods of descriptive epidemiology were applied to analyze the data of BIDs. The Joinpoint Regression analysis was utilized to examine trends in the incidence rates of BIDs.
Results

During 2004‒2019, the average annual incidence rate reported for notifiable BIDs was 134.00 of 100 000. The overall average annual percent changes (AAPC) for RTDs and DCFTDs was -1.98% and -11.66%, respectively. Both of BSTDs and ZVDs showed increasing trends with AAPCs of 4.74% and 4.46%, respectively. Pertussis and scarlet fever showed the fastest increase of the incidence rate in the age group of 0~5 years with AAPC of 15.17% and 12.05%. RTDs had the highest incidence rate in Northwest China. South and East China represented a higher morbidity in BSTDs. The proportion of laboratory confirmation of BIDs have increased from 43.80–64.04%.
Conclusions

RTDs and DCFTDs showed an overall downward trend in China for a dozen years, while BSTDs and ZVDs indicated significantly upward trends.


Objective: We examined relations between young adult texting and accessing the web while driving with driving outcomes (viz. crashes and traffic citations). Our premise is that engaging in texting and accessing the web while driving is not only distracting but that these activities represent a pattern of behavior that leads to an increase in unwanted outcomes, such as crashes and citations. Methods: College students (N = 274) on 3 campuses (one in California and 2 in Utah) completed an electronic questionnaire regarding their driving experience and cell phone use. Results: Our data indicate that 3 out of 4 (74.3%) young adults engage in texting while driving, over half on a weekly basis (51.8%), and some engage in accessing the web while driving (16.8%). Data analysis revealed a relationship between these cell phone behaviors and traffic citations and crashes. Conclusion: The findings support Jessor and Jessor's (1977) "problem behavior syndrome" by showing that traffic citations are related to texting and accessing the web while driving and that crashes are related to accessing the web while driving. Limitations and recommendations are discussed.


Irreversible mental retardation occurs in transferase deficiency galactosemia. Because of the documented alteration of CNS levels of free and lipid-bound inositol in the disorder, we have examined the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol (PhI) in isolated brain synaptosomes of galactose toxic rats. Emphasis has been on the effects of acetylcholine (Ach) since enhanced PhI turnover is seen in response to neurotransmitters. Experimental galactose toxicity was produced by feeding a 40% galactose diet to weanling rats. Cortical synaptosomes were prepared from control and galactose toxic rats from 37-83 days of age and incubated for 40 min with 33PO4 and [3H]-inositol in the presence or absence of Ach. Phospholipids were extracted from synaptosomal membranes; GC analysis was employed to determine chemical levels (nmole/mg protein) and specific radioactivities (dpm/peak area). Ach stimulation of synaptosomes from control and galactose toxic rats produced similar changes in PhI levels and 33PO4 incorporation into PhI, however, synaptosomes from galactose toxic rats showed a 50% decrease in [3H]-inositol labeling of PhI compared to control synaptosomes. This abnormality in PhI metabolism could be important in the CNS disturbances associated with galactose toxic states.


In the new frameworks of economic exchange (Internet, purchase of services, sharing, among others), ownership does not disappear, but its function changes: firstly, it becomes a right to manage access to resources which are thought of as media for dematerialized goods: experiences or functionalities. It is no longer necessary to acquire the resources physically to enjoy them. Thus, the idea of a new economy not theorized as the acquisition of material resources in a market but as an opening access of to the wider group of "accomplishment goods" (education, nutrition, socialization, and more) for which the resources are only a medium opens the possibility of a world of sharing which may be articulated with the utopia of the commons.


The Federal Constitution, art. 225 raised the level of fundamental rights protection, instituting numerous environmental and legal guardianship measures to be implemented, among them, demanded the creation of territorial spaces of environmental protection. It is in this mode are the Permanent preservation areas-APPs. Thus, the present study seeks to analyse the benefits and harms of consolidated spaces in Permanent preservation areas to ensure environmental protection and reconcile with sustainable development. The realization of this scientific research will be drawn from a literature search, which sought information about lifting the existing knowledge on the subject. After investigation, it is concluded that the environmental management of Permanent preservation areas provides the opportunity of integration of efforts for the conservation of the forest and water, aiming at improving the quality of life of the populations residents and the management of conflicts in use of natural resources.


The one-university idea—that the University of California is a single institution whose campuses are united in the pursuit of a common mission and common standards of quality—has been a guiding organizational principle since UC President Robert Gordon Sproul first articulated it in the 1930s. This paper examines the origins of the one-university idea in the Sproul era, the role it has played in UC's institutional development through waves of decentralization and campus expansion, and whether it remains relevant today.


Studies of young women, the so-called Generation Y, the labor market are scarce, especially in Brazil. This study sought to fill this gap, aim identify how women of Generation Y with the work environment, with regard to commitment, career advancement opportunities and the existence of prejudices (sexism). 10 interviews were conducted with women aged up to 35 years and who are or have professional activity. The results show that young women perceive themselves more committed than their male colleagues at work, admit they suffered prejudice related to sexism, but identify equal opportunities for professional growth in their businesses than men. They understand that women are ascending professionally, yet suffer from overload with motherhood and housework, and pay less than men. The article concludes with some thoughts on the need for further research on the subject.


The response of typical highway bridges to the vertical component of earthquake ground motion has a significant effect on their elastic behavior. When vertical motions are considered along with horizontal excitation, significantly more damage may accumulate at the base of the piers, larger shear forces may occur in the piers and in the abutments, the shear capacity of the pier will diminish due to tension forces and larger forces in the pier foundation and in the abutment will occur.


Fetal neocortical tissue was grafted into neocortical lesion cavities made in newborn rats. After two weeks survival, in vitro binding of [3H]- estradiol to cytosolic preparations provided evidence of estrogen receptors within the transplants. The observed high levels correspond to previous work demonstrating elevated estrogen receptor levels during the first postnatal week in the rat cerebral cortex.


This chapter is the first of four to explore the ways in which the different layers of the Christian past came to symbolize distinctive Victorian problems. It focuses on the early church, and its significance for debates over the authority of Christian orthodoxy. Beginning with the Oxford Movement and its prehistory, a period during which high church Anglicans emphasized the static authority of patristic orthodoxy, the chapter highlights John Henry Newman's role in distilling a more dynamic conception of the growth of religious mind. Anti-dogmatic liberals such as Arthur Penrhyn Stanley tried to separate early Christian progress from its doctrinal dimensions. But a larger number, beginning with Christian Karl Josias Bunsen, preferred to intensify the apologetic emphasis which Newman had placed on orthodoxy as the expression of developing religious subjectivity: a stance which gave new kinds of rational justification to the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation.


This paper forms a continuation of (1), extending the concept of a meromorphic operator to not necessarily bounded, closed linear operators in complex Banach space. Let T denote such an operator with range and domain in Banach space X. We shall study the class of such operators T where λ = 0 and λ = ∞ are the only allowable points of accumulation of σ(T) and every isolated point of σ(T) is a pole of Rλ(T). We shall write (0, ∞) to represent the class of such operators. If λ = 0 (λ = ∞) is the only allowable point of accumulation of σ(T), we shall write (0) ((∞)) to denote the corresponding class of operators.


The use of composted hardwood bark in potting mixes has been reported (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) to reduce considerably root rots caused by Phytophthora and Pytlum spp. These root rots are encountered due to poor hygiene methods and especially where peat it used as the major component of potting mixes (7). Initial studies (8) have shown that extract of sawdust and composted bark from some of the Western Australian native trees tend to suppress sporangial production, zoospore release and survival of Phytophthora cinnemomt. This communication reports the effect of these materials on the expression of disease by this pathogen on potted plants.


Sediment accumulation in reservoirs is one of the serious problems in the dam management works in Japan. In this paper, two series of experiments are conducted to simulate the sediment release from the dam reservoir with an operation of water surface elevation of the reservoir. Onedimensional numerical calculation is tested using the experimental condition. It is found that the one-dimensional model can predict the behavior of the sediment movement. However, it is suggested that two-dimensional model is required to predict more accurate sediment movement.


Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that is normally present in the oral cavity of the population. This opportunistic pathogen is frequently isolated from the human mouth but its presence in the oral cavity is not indicative of disease. Colonization of the oral cavity by Candida albicans involves the acquisition and maintenance of a stable yeast population. Micro-organisms are continually being removed from the oral cavity by host clearance mechanisms, and so, in order to survive and inhabit this eco-system, Candida albicans cells have to adhere and replicate. Orthodontic and other oral appliances seem to favor candidal presence. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature, with specific attention to colonization, intra-oral density of the candidal organisms and Candida carriage status in orthodontic patients during treatment.


Social Capital, Human Capital and Performance of Traditional Clusters of MSEs: A Case Study of Herat City, Afghanistan Parviz Ahmad VALIZADAH This article aims to examine the association between human capital and social capital as it functions in traditional clusters of micro and small-scale enterprises (MSEs), and to assess their impact on the performance of the MSEs. The primary data for this article were collected from 205 traditional MSEs clustered in Herat City, Afghanistan. The hypotheses derived from human capital and social capital theories are tested in order to examine the association and causal relationship among human capital, social capital, and MSEs performance. The results of this article reveal that human capital is significantly associated with social capital and that both types of capital are important factors in determining the MSE's performance in traditional enterprises in Herat City. Human capital formation seems to have a crucial role in relation to the social capital and the MSE's performance in this study.


Oil and gas projects are risky undertakings, which may cause severe damage to property and the environment, not to mention, personal injury and death to personnel. Contractual provision such as an indemnity and mutual hold harmless clause is used as a tool in allocating the risks. However, as a consequence of the private and government litigation arising from the Macondo oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 as well as revised perceptions of risk exposure, evidence suggests that operators generally are seeking to modify the established approach to liability allocation through individual contract negotiations with contractors. This scenario has significant and potentially adverse financial implications for the contractors and for the long-term sustainability of the industry. In this respect, there is a tendency that the oil companies will pass a greater share of the risks onto contractors. This problem could lead to financial impairment and unfairness to the contractors. An empirical study was conducted to investigate the issues and problems with regard to risk allocation provisions and indemnity and hold harmless clauses of oilfield service contracts in Malaysia. The data for the empirical study was drawn from the intensive semi-structured interviews of ten respondents from oil companies, contractors and one legal practitioner. The finding of this empirical study indicates that contractors are concerned about the one-way adversarial style of operator-contractor relationship and also that they are being allocated more contractual risks. The methodology employed in this paper will essentially be a combination of literature review and qualitative study i.e. semi-structured interview, which will be carried out in a prescriptive, comparative and analytic manner.


Andrej TarkowskiBergstrom, Lena Alexopoulou, Richard A. Flavell and Fariba Zare, Maria Bokarewa, Nancy Nenonen, Thomashttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/172/9/5656J Immunol€2004; 172:5656-5663; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/172/9/5656.full#ref-list-1This article cites 30 articles, 8 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai.org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:


In this research, we are to investigate how heuristic methods using fuzzy statistical theory can be used in data processing and its application. Instead of merely trying to detect a turning point, in this paper, we construct several fuzzy procedures based on fuzzy statistics and AI concept for different case. The application of various detecting procedures can be found very useful in the many fields, such as, economic modeling, quality control, finance, biology, meteorology and ecology are discussed. We believe that these efficient approaches have advantages over model based criteria or other 'black-box' machine learning procedures in that it produces transparent decision models that are easily understood by decision-makers.


Shortage of water resources and waste of agricultural water are strange phenomena in China. Owing to the unitarity of the main body of property right of Chinese small water resources projects, their management and utilization efficiency is restricted. Property right reform of small water resources projects is that their property right is arranged according to modes of profit-making organizations, and it is in favor of operators' active improvement of operation efficiency of water resources projects. Therefore, property right reform of water resources projects will greatly improve water saving.


The features of ETO products are multi-species but single production for each contract,how to design pull system,improve throughput and control WIP,response to customers' demand quickly are big problems. To study the pull system which is designed for products of this kind,a HVAC manufacturing company was taken as the case since it is a typical ETO product,and the VSM was used to analyze the production system and critical business process,and the Kanban and Conw ip were combined to build pull system. The production process and critical parts procurement process were simulated with Arena,and objective function was constituted with chosen output indexes. The parameters of the system were optimized with Opt Quest under different weights. The overall performance of the systeme improves 15. 5% ~ 30. 5%,and the parameters of pull system are steady. The results showed that the designed pull system is feasible and effective.


Abstract Families play important roles in transitions to end-of-life care, yet we know little about the social relations between doctors and families at the point of referral to specialist palliative care. In this study, we explore how medical specialists negotiated the transition to specialist palliative care with families. Drawing on data from 20 qualitative interviews, we examine data accounts about the roles of family members in discussions with clinical specialists about palliative care, and how families shape interpersonal dynamics. Our results indicate that families fulfil important 'functions' and 'roles' in these delicate and emotionally laden conversations. Specialists' accounts articulated referral processes as distinctly relational moments, with families viewed as potential 'resources' but also as 'complications', in attempts to encourage the 'smooth' transition to end-of-life care. On the basis of these results, we argue that further attention should be paid to the centrality of families in key moments in care (and communication therein) and how they may be utilised, managed and experienced by a range of health professionals.


Abstract : In October 2011, the United States Army published doctrine espousing its newest core competencies: Combined Arms Maneuver (CAM) and Wide Area Security (WAS). The Army's use of the term core competencies introduced questions of validity since the Army failed to provide a common understanding of the terms, methods for competency identification, or their applicability in capability-based planning or operations. The use of these terms is neither academic nor arbitrary, as they are required by U.S. Code Title 10, Department of Defense Directives, defense acquisitions, and joint doctrine. Core competency theory originated when Prahalad and Hamel introduced the terms in their 1990 Harvard Business Review article in which they also outlined the roots of competitive advantage and the linkage of core competencies, core products, and value in end products. Firms follow methods to identify core competencies using definitions, characteristics, and properties to make resource and strategy decisions to outperform their competition. The currently espoused Army core competencies are not based on this business theory and therefore fail to provide the same value that businesses realize. Improperly identifying core competencies places the Army at risk of expending precious resources and time towards the wrong assets and strategies. Placing core competencies in Army operations doctrine only exacerbates the poor adaptation of business theory. The Army's difficulty in identifying core competencies indicates the need for developing the theory that includes definitions and methods of identification. If the Army can correctly identify its core competencies, it can better manage capabilities in a resource-constrained environment and design strategies and approaches that capitalize on organizational strengths.


A series of synthetic N‐acylpyrrolidone and ‐piperidone derivatives of the natural alkaloid piperlongumine were prepared and tested for their activities against Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii parasites. Replacement of one of the aryl meta‐methoxy groups by halogens such as chlorine, bromine and iodine led to distinctly increased antiparasitic activities. For instance, the new bromo‐ and iodo‐substituted compounds 3 b/c and 4 b/c showed strong activity against L. major promastigotes (IC50=4.5–5.8 μM). Their activities against L. major amastigotes were moderate. In addition, the new compounds 3 b, 3 c, and 4 a–c exhibited high activity against T. gondii parasites (IC50=2.0–3.5 μM) with considerable selectivities when taking their effects on non‐malignant Vero cells into account. Notable antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei was also found for 4 b. Antifungal activity against Madurella mycetomatis was observed for compound 4 c at higher doses. Quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) studies were carried out, and docking calculations of test compounds bound to tubulin revealed binding differences between the 2‐pyrrolidone and 2‐piperidone derivatives. Microtubules‐destabilizing effects were observed for 4 b in T. b. brucei cells.


Mental health is one of the major issues facing the UK, with about 300 people out of every 1000 experiencing these problems every year. Nearly one-quarter (23%) of the total burden of disease is attributable to mental health disorders, compared to 16% to cancer and 16% to heart disease. The Care Quality Commission (CQC) has a duty under the Mental Health Act to monitor how services in England exercise their powers and discharge their duties in relation to individuals who are detained in hospital under the Act or are subject to community treatment orders (CTOs) or guardianship. The prime objective of this duty is to protect the rights of people who are subject to the powers of the Act and to review the use of legal powers of compulsion. The CQC (2013) has recently published the third Mental Health Act Annual Report on its monitoring of the use of the Mental Health Act 1983. The overall message from the report is that mental health services must do more to ensure that the care they provide to patients in hospital is based on individual needs. The report reveals that 15% of people receiving care under the Act are not being involved in the decisions made about them. There are also a number of other key findings.


Abstract. This article shares the first-time geographic information system (GIS) experiences of two advanced placement human geography classes. The teacher had participated in a summer GIS workshop and then brought those skills into her classroom for the students' benefit. Eighteen students shared their experiences researching their family history, working to map the migration of their genealogy to the United States, and presenting their findings to their classmates. Researchers were on hand to observe presentations and collected survey data from the students. Overall it was a very successful educational experience in which students utilized a "new" technology in the context of their own lives.