Abstract Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. Albuminuria is an established risk factor, but additional biomarkers predicting CKD progression or CVD are needed. Arterial stiffness is an easily measurable parameter that has been associated with CVD and mortality. We evaluated the ability of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and urine albumin-creatinine (UAC) ratio to predict CKD progression, cardiovascular events, and mortality in a cohort of CKD patients. Methods In CKD stage 3–5 patients, PWV and UAC were measured at baseline. CKD progression was defined as 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), initiation of dialysis, or renal transplantation. A composite endpoint was defined as CKD progression, myocardial infarction, stroke, or death. Endpoints were analyzed using Cox regression analysis adjusted for possible confounders. Results We included 181 patients (median age 69 [interquartile range 60–75] years, 67% males) with a mean eGFR of 37 ± 12 mL/min/1.73 m2 and UAC 52 (5–472) mg/g. Mean PWV was 10.6 m/s. Median follow-up until first event was 4 (3–6) years with 44 and 89 patients reaching a CKD progression or composite endpoint, respectively. UAC (g/g) significantly predicted both CKD progression (HR 1.5 [1.2; 1.8]) and composite endpoints (HR 1.4 [1.1; 1.7]) in adjusted Cox regression. In contrast, PWV (m/s) was not associated with neither CKD progression (HR 0.99 [0.84; 1.18]) nor the composite endpoint (HR 1.03 [0.92; 1.15]). Conclusion In an aging CKD population, UAC predicted both CKD progression and a composite endpoint of CKD progression, cardiovascular events, or death, while PWV did not.


Extracellular signal-regulates kinase (ERKs)is the member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase supper family. It can be activated through receptor tyrosine kinase pathway or heterotrimeric G-protein coupled pathway. The activation of ERKs pathway can directly induce gene expression and cytoskeletal organization morphological changes .This signal transduction pathway plays advanced role in the process of cardiac hypertrophy.


Clustered motion of particles is found in Hamiltonian dynamics of symplectic coupled map systems. Particles assemble and move with strong correlation. The motion is chaotic but is distinguishable from random chaotic motion. Lyapunov analysis distinguishes global instability from local fluctuations. Clustered motions have finite lifetime. They have fractal geometric structure in the phase space, as the orbits are trapped to ruins of KAM tori and islands.


We address the `major open problem' of evaluating how much increased efficiency in estimation is possible using non-separable—as opposed to separable—measurements of N copies of m-level quantum systems. First, we study the six cases m = 2, N = 2, ..., 7 by computing the 3 × 3 Fisher information matrices for the corresponding optimal measurements recently devised by Vidal et al. We obtain simple polynomial expressions for the (`Gill–Massar') traces of the products of the inverse of the quantum Helstrom information matrix and these Fisher information matrices. The six traces all have minima of 2N − 1 in the pure state limit—while for separable measurements, the traces can equal N, but not exceed it. Then, the result of an analysis for m = 3, N = 2 leads us to conjecture that for optimal measurements for all m and N, the Gill–Massar trace achieves a minimum of (2N − 1)(m − 1) in the pure state limit.


The authors developed an impact damage-detection system for large-scale composite sandwich structures using an optical fiber network running throughout the structure. A Brillouin-based sensing system with high spatial resolution (pre-pump pulse Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA)) was utilized for distributed strain measurement. The PPP-BOTDA sensing system can measure axial strain along the optical fiber by employing stimulated Brillouin scattering. The system realizes a spatial resolution of 10 cm, a sampling interval of 5 cm, and a sensing range of more than 1 km. Our previous study revealed that a non-uniform axial strain within centimeter spatial resolution broadens the width of the Brillouin gain spectrum, which is the output of the PPP-BOTDA. The specific response of the PPP-BOTDA was employed to detect non-uniform strain distribution along a residual facesheet dent in a damaged area. First, the response of the optical fiber sensor network, formed in the adhesive layer, was simulated to clarify the effectiveness and limitations of the proposed damage-detection technique. The system was then validated by an experiment. As the damage became larger, the width of the Brillouin gain spectra became broader. Consequently, the location and size of barely visible damage could be estimated. The system developed is quite useful for a first inspection of large-scale sandwich structures in aerospace and marine applications.


This chapter provides examples of the ways in which victimization surveys have been used in environmental criminology to identify spatial distributions of crime and to test and refine hypotheses that speak to these distributions. It first makes some initial remarks on the variations in victimization surveys, which clearly affect what can be concluded from them with what confidence about differing forms of spatial contribution. It then provides three examples showing how national victimization surveys have been used to develop, test, and refine hypotheses drawn from environmental criminology that relate to spatial distributions of various crimes that link back to individual activity patterns. This is followed by a discussion of the benefits and limitations of victimization surveys in environmental criminology.


Introduction. Two Questions1"If men were angels, no government would be necessary,"2 suggests Publius. Hence, it is in the human nature that the roots of government are found. The raison d'etre of government is a central question of the field called political theory or political philosophy. Besides the investigation of the purpose of government, political philosophers, from the Ancients to the Moderns, have reflected on the function of political philosophy and, not surprisingly, on the relationship between political activity and philosophical activity. In the context of this essay, I shall transform this set of questions into a twofold question: the meta question and the political question.The meta question investigates the notion of political philosophy and subsequently its function. The definition of political philosophy constitutes the starting point of the discussion. The inquiry of political philosophy entails the reflection on human nature, which is necessary since men are no angels. In this debate, the idea of natural right transcends the meta question. Whereas some philosophers believe that there is such a natural right, others refute this claim. The following point concerns the relationship between theory and practice. Should political philosophy be confined to the room of theory or enter the political arena? If so, how do philosophers influence political practice? The conclusion of the meta question considers the potential end of philosophy.The political question st


T he overwhelming weight of scientific evidence clearly establishes cigarette smoking as a grave threat to personal health. This unpleasant fact can no longer be ignored. Nor can we deny that as physicians we forfeit an unparallelled opportunity to practice highly effective preventive medicine when we fail to counsel all patients and, in particular, our younger patients on the dangers of smoking. Yet, recent evidence indicates ( see article by Green and Horn ) that many physicians are inadequately meeting their responsibilities on this critical health issue. In part, some of the hesitancy to speak firmly to patients about smoking may reflect an madequate acquaintance with the evidence linking cigarettes to human disease. However, from my conversations with many smokers who have attended cigarette withdrawal clinics in New York City, I believe a far more significant factor is the physician's uncertainty as to how to approach the patient who wants to stop smoking and deal persuasively and effectively with that inevitable inquiry-"O.K., doctor, I believe what you say about smoking, now how do I go about stopping?" It is my intention here to grapple with this and related questions and present guidelines that may be useful to the practicing physician in assisting those patients who want help in breaking the cigarette habit.


We report on a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) based on a terahertz quantum cascade laser (QCL) and a fast terahertz quantum-well photodetector (QWP). The natural polarization of terahertz QWP and terahertz QCL can improve the coupling efficiency. A resolution of about 60 nm is obtained.


In order to predict the maize yield of changes in the following years for our managers and framers, we have applied a statistical model based on time series analysis. Nowadays, there is a variety of methods on yield prediction in agricultural .In order to prove the accuracy of prediction models, more than prediction model can be used. In the paper, the establishment of ARIMA (2, 1, 1) model was been established by using the timing sequence analysis on yield data. The partition results can not only guide farmer, provide an important method for accurately predicting in agricultural products, and can be used to implement variable input and precise fertilization recommendation.


In dialogical self theory (DST), the way dialogical relations allow innovation and transformation of the previous dialogical patterns is of central importance (Hermans 2004). In this chapter we explore a dialogical process through which innovation is aborted in psychotherapy – a cyclical movement between two opposing voices, one dominant that organizes the client's problematic self-narrative, and one innovative, non-dominant voice. We also discuss two different paths of escaping this cyclical movement. In the first path the innovative voice gains power over the previously dominant one, while in the second path the two opposing voices engage in dialogue, transforming them. These processes will be illustrated with two different cases from psychotherapy. Finally, we analyse the implications of our findings by DST.


The interface structure of SiO2/Si(100) synthesized with a highly concentrated ozone gas was analyzed by Fourier-transformed infrared absoption spectroscopy (FT-IR). The position of a transverse optical (TO) phonon peak of Si–O–Si asymmetric stretching vibration, which is a function of a Si–O–Si bond angle, remains constant at 1065 cm-1 within a ∼2 nm thickness of an ozone-oxide film. This result indicates that the thickness of structural transition layers at this interface where the Si–O–Si angle is distorted due to the stress at the interface is considerably limited, which is in contrast to a thermal oxide film on Si(100) showing the existence of structural transition layers.


(1) The monomolecular or multimolecular films of stearic acid or of palmitic acid were formed at the upper surface of sodium sulphite solution, and the velocity of the oxidation of sodium sulphite solution was studied, the main body of the solution being well agitated with a stirrer of special construction. It was confirmed that the velocity of the oxidation of sodium sulphite solution by oxygen, observed in the presence of the molecules of these fatty acids, and that observed in the absence of the molecules of the fatty acids, are almost identical under the conditions above described. (2) A short discussion on the result of the present experiments was made. The assumption, that a stationary liquid layer is present at the interface between gas and liquid, seems to be unfavourable to the interpretation of the phenomenon observed by the present writers. It was stated that the assumption, that the molecules of fatty acid at the upper surface of the liquid will also be agitated by the stirring of the main bod...


Eight serum samples from dogs immunized with canine parvovirus were measured for serum neutralization (SN) antibody and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody levels. The test result revealed that the SN antibody titers and the HI antibody titer possessed a direct proportional linear correlation and the SN was approximate to six times HI. The HI method was so easy that it may be finished within three hours, and after detecting the HI the titer of SN antibody would be calculated.


This study explores the state of social cohesion in South Africa amongst a small group of young people of different races. Social cohesion encompasses a variety of aspects, but this study focuses on racial social cohesion, which can also be thought of as racial integration. This study questions the importance of social cohesion in any society, examines the barriers to social cohesion in South Africa, explores potential solutions to those barriers. It also compares between racial disparity and economic inequality as potential causes of racial segregation. Social cohesion is a strong indicator of the general well being of a community and understanding the current perceptions of barriers is an essential step in improving social cohesion. Information for this study was collected from open-ended interviews and conversations with young South Africans living around the Durban area. Each individual had unique responses and thoughts about the current state of social cohesion. However, a noticeable trend emerged of a need to become a more socially cohesive nation; although, individuals differed on what steps to take to improve racial integration. Since the study is primarily exploratory in nature, few conclusions were made. The one overarching theme that came up was the need to establish open and honest dialogue across race lines in order to start addressing some of the underlying issues that are stunting social cohesion.


Comics and graphic novels constitute a unique cultural form that has developed its own vocabulary, allowing for a fascinating interplay of text and visual art. After a period of neglect, they have recently been theoretically analyzed in detail by scholars in the arts, humanities and linguistics (McCloud, 1993; Groensteen, 2007; Cohn, 2013). Our aim is to provide an empirical testbed for these theories. To this end, we develop a richly annotated curated corpus of graphic novels.


This 16th-century book of reading notes and reflections on philosophy and history was written by Lo Ch'in-shun, a philosopher of Ming China. This translation includes an introduction providing a brief biography of Lo and placing his work in a historical context.


A new fundamental waveform electronic watt-hour meter is developed.Development trends and latest fruits at home and abroad are introduced.Reasons that result in inaccurate measurement of electric energy under harmonic wave are summarized.Meanwhile,the design scheme of meter is represented;the part of energy measurement uses DSP chip to realize low pass filter and energy measurement by software programming;the software frame of the energy meter adopts the foreground/background structure.


In previous chapters we have seen how PDP models can be used as content-addressable memories and constraint-satisfaction mechanisms. PDP models are also of interest because of their learning capabilities. They learn, naturally and incrementally, in the course of processing. In this chapter, we will begin to explore learning in PDP models. We will consider two" classical" procedures for learning: the so-called Hebbian, or correla-tional learning rule, described by Hebb (1949) and before him by William James (1890), and the error-correcting or "delta" learning rule, as studied in slightly different forms by Widrow and Hoff (1960) and by Rosenblatt (1959). We will also explore the characteristics of one of the most basic network architectures that has been widely used in distributed memory modeling with the Hebb rule and the delta rule. This is the pattern associator. The pattern associator has a set of input units connected to a set of output units by a single layer of modifiable connections that are suitable for training with the Hebb rule and the delta rule. Models of this type have been extensively studied by James Anderson (see Anderson, 1983, for a more recent review), Kohonen (1977), and many others; a number of the papers in the Hinton and Anderson (1981) volume describe models of this type. The models of past-tense learning and of case-role assignment in PDP:18 and PDP:19 are pattern associators trained with the delta rule. An analysis of the delta rule in pattern associ ator models is described in PDP:ll. As these works point out, one-layer pattern associators have several suggestive properties that have made them attractive as models of learning and memory. They can learn to act as content-addressable memories; they generalize the responses they make to novel inputs that are similar to the inputs that they have been trained on; they learn to extract the prototype of a set of repeated experiences in ways that are very similar to the concept-learning characteristics seen in human cognitive processes; and they 84 BACKGROUND degrade gracefully with damage and noise. In this chapter our aim is to help you develop a basic understanding of the characteristics of these simple parallel networks. However, it must be noted that these kinds of networks have-limitations. In the next chapter we will examine these limitations and consider learning procedures that allow the same positive characteristics of pattern associators to manifest themselves in networks and overcome one important …


This study attempts to compare and elucidate, through the technique of mise en abyme, the characteristics of Gide's The Counterfeiters and...


Effects of storage temperature of old newspaper on its deinking performance and the content of sticky contaminants in the deinked pulps were studied in this paper.Furthermore,deinking chemicals dosage and flotation time were investigated via the orthogonal experimental design,and factors influencing deinking process and stickies behaviors were discussed.Results showed that the storage temperature affected significantly the deinking process and stickies content.ONP stored under -10℃has good deinking performance.More macro stickies and less colloid substances in DIP are found for the ONP stored under 20℃,while less macro stickies and more colloid substances are found in the samples stored under -10℃.


The major principles of establishing a statistical model for plates of the Tautenburg Schmidt telescope (134/200/400) are described. The model is intended to be used for the Monte Carlo simulation of the determination of coordinates and proper motions. It has been tested with orthogonal polynomials by determining positions of stars. Under certain conditions linear equations are sufficient for the reduction of measured to standard coordinates when using the AGK3 as the reference system.

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This literature review aims to collect systematically peer-reviewed research articles published in scientific journals that focus on the participation of children with disabilities in collaborative educational robotics activities. After systematic research, using three major digital scientific libraries, we full-screened eleven research studies that were implemented in inclusive or special settings and published during the period 2010-2022. These articles were selected as they described in detail the psycho-pedagogical methods that were used by the researchers to foster the participation of children with disabilities in collaborative educational robotics activities. The psycho-pedagogical methods have been categorized and presented critically in relation to the research methods and results. Finally, the discussion section of this review highlights the need of promoting collaborative methods in the context of inclusive educational robotics environments.


The water resources are a base of agricultural comprehensive development. The paper demonstrates the feasibility of water resources in the thinking of agricultural comprehensive development through the analysis of supply and demand balance of water resources in agricultural comprehensive development zone of Liaoning province, and puts forward the suggest of regulating agricultural structure of production.


It was long way to current highly integrated and smart modeling and simulation in engineering. This way started with separated problem solving for representation, manufacturing control, and visualization of mathematical surfaces. By now, autonomous engineering model system (EMS) serves lifecycle innovation and engineering of systems operated autonomous intelligent industrial and commercial products. Modeling platforms constitute one of the most important and extensive application areas in information technology. Advanced EMS is highly integrated, multidisciplinary, and multipurposed model structure. Any contribution to EMS must use contextual object modeling (CM) and continuous engineering (CE) which are within the most important achievements in engineering during the past two decades. Considering the above situation, this paper introduces the novel organized content model (OCM) approach, concept, and methodology as contribution to integrated and lifecycle serving model system of highly automated products. OCM organizes driving contexts for lifecycle of modeled product. It is an extension to the currently prevailing EMS structure to contribute fulfilling the new requirement of active context based integration of virtual (EMS) with physically operating cyber physical system (CPS) products. Other essential requirement is that relevant objects in EMS and CPS must be contextually driven by higher level decisions, intellectual property (IP) items, and human intervention attempts while EMS and CPS are increasingly autonomous. Therefore, main purpose of OCM is to support active driving contextual connections for EMS and CPS. In this way, this paper discusses integrated model of highly automated complex product system, extended OCM for situation controlled product system, and Support of Situation Awareness by OCM. Research for OCM is done at the Laboratory of Intelligent Engineering Systems (IESL). In this context, preliminary research at IESL and concept of configuring professional cloud organized modeling platform for the purpose of virtual research laboratory (VRL) are also included in this paper.


Whether fatigue of solder joint and the location of the chip are related to the curvature and torsional curvature of PCB are discussed. The torsional curvature is always neglected. In this paper the relationship of curvature and torsional curvature is discussed and a formula for fatigue of solder joint considering torsional curvature is obtained. Meanwhile, the location optimization considering curvature and torsional curvature is performed and four location areas are obtained to locate the chip for increasing the fatigue life of solder joints.


Diclazuril is a benzeneacetonitril anticoccidial with the activity against the extraintestinal stages of infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum as well as against intestinal coccidia in poultry. It is used as a feed additive for broiler chickens to prevent and treat coccidiosis. Electrochemical behavior of diclazuril in buffered solutions at the mercury electrode was investigated and discussed. Based on the adsorption behavior of diclazuril on the surface of the hanging mercury electrode, linear-sweep (LS) and square-wave (SW) adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric methods were described, validated, and applied to the determination of diclazuril in the bulk form. Limits of detection (LOD) of 1.5 × 10 -9 and 6 × 10 -10 mol L -1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 5 x 10 -9 and 2 × 10 -9 mol L -1 were achieved respectively in the linear-sweep and square-wave stripping methods. The described methods were successfully applied to the determination of diclazuril in the anticoccidial feed additive (Ezmo ® premix) and in protein-free poultry eggs without applying time-consuming extraction steps prior to the analysis.


EMT-Mediated Metastasis After EMT has transpired, the newly formed mesenchymal cells enter the bloodstream through the process of intravasation (invasion of cancer cells through the basement membrane) and disseminate throughout the body, eventually invading a distant organ site, through the process of extravasation (cancer cells exit the capillaries and invade an organ; Fig 1). At this distant organ site, the cancer cells undergo a Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition (MET), the reverse process of EMT, in order to colonize and form a secondary epithelial tumor. By reverting to their original epithelial phenotype, the cells regain the ability to proliferate rapidly and form cellcell junctions, two characteristics that are necessary for successful colonization. These characteristics were lost during the original EMT, when the cells acquired the ability to metastasize (Kalluri & Weinberg, 2009). After MET has occurred and a second epithelial tumor is established, the process of metastasis is complete. Thus, EMT is considered an important process during the early stages of metastasis, while MET is considered an important process during the later stages of metastasis (Brabletz, 2012). EMT induction primarily occurs through the activation of phosphorylation cascades by various cytokines and growth factors present within the tumor microenvironment, including TransINTRODUCTION Lung cancer is currently the most prevalent form of cancer in the United States, causing over 158,000 deaths each year (American Lung Association, 2016). More than 90% of these deaths and other cancer-associated mortality can be attributed to metastasis (Ray & Jablons, 2009). An immense clinical need exists for novel treatments either targeting or preventing metastasis, especially in early stage cancer patients. In order for distant metastasis to occur, primary tumor cells must disseminate through the blood vessels and invade a distant organ site (Brabletz, 2012). A biological phenomenon known as the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a key facilitator of this process. EMT involves a series of changes which allow a cancer cell to transition from a stationary epithelial phenotype to a migratory, drug resistant mesenchymal phenotype. This process includes the disassembly of epithelial cell-junctions and a loss of epithelial polarity in exchange for mesenchymal characteristics, such as a fibroblast-like morOpportunity for Pharmaceutical Intervention in Lung Cancer: Selective Inhibition of JAK1/2 to Eliminate EMT-Derived Mesenchymal Cells


Conversion of 12α-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (5) into the corresponding 17-cyclic ethylene acetal (1) was accompanied by acid- catalysed attack of ethylene glycol at C3 to give 17,17-ethylenedioxy- 3-(2′-hydroxyethoxy)-1-methylestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-12a-ol (2), which was the major product with prolonged reaction times. Exchange dioxolanation of androsta-1,4-diene-3,12,17-trione (8), prepared by Jones oxidation of (5), gave selectively the 12-monoacetal (9): the regioisomeric 17-monoacetal (4) was obtained by oxidation of the hydroxy acetal (1) with chromium trioxide in pyridine. The trione (8) likewise afforded selectively the 12,12-ethylenedithio acetal (11). Treatment of the trione (8) with p- toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing benzene gave 1-hydroxy-4-methylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-12,17- dione (7a).


The nexus between intellectual property(IP) and antimonopoly law has become a world-wide heated topic in making and implementing antimonopoly laws.Based on Spundfass(a German federal court case in 2004),two premises are determined that a compulsory license may be granted because of the IP owner's violation of antimonopoly law:(1) the granting is necessary for other firms to access the market;and(2) the owner's refusal of granting is without significant justification.Exercising IP is subject to antimonopoly law.To avoid the conflict between IP and antitrust law,one should balance the economic returns that the owner yields from IP and the impact that the exclusivity of IP exerts on society.An antimonopoly act should be enacted as early as possible in China and the antimonopoly guidelines related to IP should also be published.


The utility model discloses a disk-shaped spring rope clip. The structure is as follows: a small clip block, a big clip body and a disk-shaped spring mounting seat are connected; the disk-shaped spring mounting seat, a locating screw, a disk-shaped spring and a disk-shaped spring locating rod are mutually connected to form a component and the disk-shaped spring locating rod slides in a hole of the disk-shaped spring mounting seat; the disk-shaped spring is clamped in a space between the disk-shaped spring mounting seat and the disk-shaped spring locating rod; a pressing bolt, the big clip body and the disk-shaped spring locating rod are connected; the disk-shaped spring locating rod is pushed to compress the disk-shaped spring; the small clip block is pushed to move leftwards; the big clip block and the small clip block mutually clamp a steel wire rope; and the lower part of a connecting rod is connected with a hanging seat. The rope clip effectively controls the clamping force on the steel wire rope, does not generate overpressure or slip, has no phenomenon that the disk-shaped spring is scattered during transportation and installation and can effectively compensate the insufficient clamping force of the rope clip after the steel wire rope is pressed and deformed.


Power reversal control strategies for different types of hybrid line-commutated-converter (LCC)/modular multi-level converter (MMC) based high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems have been proposed with the consideration of system configurations and MMC's topologies. The studies show that the full-bridge (FB) MMC gives better performance than halfbridge (HB) MMCs in terms of power reversal in hybrid LCC/MMC systems. The modulation method employed in this paper can achieve a smooth online polarity reversal for hybrid LCC/FB-MMC HVDC systems. Additional DC switches and/or discharging resistors may be needed to reverse the DC polarity of LCC/HB-MMC HVDC systems. Based on the proposed strategies, the power reversal processes of the studied systems can be accomplished within several seconds. The speed can be changed according to system operation requirements. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies has been verified through simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC.


The paper highlights the impact of the inactive period distribution of an on-off source on the autocorrelation structure of the model. In particular, two discrete-time on-off models, both with geometric distribution of the active period, are considered: the GeoGeo model (GGM) and the ParetoGeo model (PGM), characterized by a geometric and Pareto-like distribution of the off periods length, respectively. The two models are compared in terms of their main statistical features as well as the queueing impact. The asymptotic behavior of the autocorrelation function for the proposed PGM has been analytically evaluated. It is shown it has a hyperbolic decay related to the tail behavior of the off periods distribution.


The inlining of recursive procedures,a problem for compiler optimizing,is studied through full control flow graph(FCFG) presented by Tang.The different versions of local variables is suggested as the key for such inlining.Based upon the definition-use path analysis,the inlinable recursive procedures are suggested to be those with no definition-use path crossing the recursive call sentence for all the local variables.The template for exit sentence is also presented,which can be applied in the occasions when there are multi recursive calls.A real example is utilized to describe the inlining approaches of recursive procedures.


Targeted tumor radiotherapy is selectively delivery of curative doses of radiation to malignant sites. The aim of the targeted tumor radiotherapy is to use the radionuclides which have high LET particle emissions conjugated to appropriate carrier molecules. The radionuclides are selectively collected by tumor cells, depositing lethal doses to tumor cells while no admission occur to normal cells. In theory, targeted radiotherapy has several advantages over conventional radiotherapy since it allows a high radiation dose to be administered without causing normal tissue toxicity, although there are some limitations in the availability of appropriate targeting agents and in the calculations of administered doses. Therefore, for routine clinical applications more progress is still needed. In this article, the potential use of targeted tumor radiotherapy is briefly reviewed. More general aspects and considerations, such as potential radionuclides, mechanisms of tumor targeting was also outlined.


In oral and maxillofacial surgery, there is a need for tissue engineered constructs for dental implants, reconstructions due to trauma, oral cancer or congenital defects. A non-invasive quality monitoring of the fabrication of tissue engineered constructs during their production and implantation is a required component of any successful tissue engineering technique. We demonstrate the design and application of a Raman spectroscopic probe for rapid and noninvasive monitoring of Ex Vivo Produced Oral Mucosa Equivalent constructs (EVPOMEs). We conducted in vivo studies to identify Raman spectroscopic failure indicators for EVPOMEs (already developed in vitro), and found that Raman spectra of EVPOMEs exposed to thermal stress showed correlation of the band height ratio of CH2 deformation to phenylalanine ring breathing modes, providing a Raman metric to distinguish between viable and nonviable constructs. This is the first step towards the ultimate goal to design a stand-alone system, which will be usable in a clinical setting, as the data processing and analysis will be performed with minimal user intervention, based on already established and tested Raman spectroscopic indicators for EVPOMEs.


To complement the two previous papers, it is useful to provide a more detailed description of data obtained on the new x‐ray microbeam system. In the experiment to be described, two‐dimensional movements were acquired for pellets placed on the mandible, tongue dorsum, tongue blade, and tongue tip as well as for two reference pellets on a vertical strut attached to an eye glass frame (for head movement corrections). Sampling rates reflected individual movement speeds: 180 samples/s (SPS) for the tongue tip, 90 SPS for the tongue blade, tongue dorsum, and mandible, and 45 SPS for the reference pellets. Four adult normal subjects each produced 50–75 repetitions of the utterances "hot apple," "hat apple," "haddock," and "hassock." Primary analyses focuesd on the contribution of these four movements to anterior lingual consonant productions, including 2‐D pellet positions at palatal contact, and the velocity, amplitude, and direction of the trajectories in achieving those positions. Position and trajectory patterns, along with variability distributions, provide certain perspectives on the motor control of these gestures. [Work supported by NINCDS Grant 16373‐8.]


An investigation,consisting of se quential extraction fractionation,field and pot experiments,was undertaken to study the form distributions of Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn in soil and effective lime +Ca,Mg,P fertilizer on Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn form dis tribution in soil.The result showed that Cd of original soil mainly existed in organic matter as bound form,while exotic Cd of soil was found predominantly in residual fraction and exchangeable forms,Pb,Cu,Zn of original soil mainly existed in residual fraction,exotic Pb,Cu,Zn of soil was found predominantly in Fe and Mn -oxides bound forms.The treatment of lime +Ca,Mg,P fertiliz er decreased Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn contents of exchangeab le forms in soil,but it increased Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn contents of carbonate form s in the soil.The available contents of heavy metals i ncreased with decreasing soil pH,it decreased with increasing soil pH.


This article surveys the history of the World Church of the Creator, a small and obscure organization, which has nevertheless had a significant influence on the international far right. The Creativity movement has had an impact on the far right in several ways, including spearheading an anti-Christian orientation among its younger activists, introducing vitriolic rhetoric that has contributed to violence and radicalism, fostering the development of a larger racial, as opposed to a national, identity in the global "white power" movement, and paradoxically, advocating the adoption of an organizing model which would explicitly seek to emulate certain characteristics of Judaism.


This paper analyzes the important functions of university library in the quality education for the students, and puts forward some effective methods for making good use of the superiorities of university library itself and giving full play to its functions of educating the students through its service.


"The cultivation of the finer feelings of the heart" a proven fornicator still I am a very sincere believer in the Bible though sceptical on some points of our current belief if there is life beyond the grave I am an accountable creature William Cowper Christopher Smart the ministers of "The Kirk of Scotland's Garland - a New Song" poems reflecting the recurrent themes of a benevolent God - life after death and accountability epilogue. Appendix: Reverend William McGill.


Bladder metastasis of renal cell carcinoma is very uncommon. A solitary metachronous renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the bladder after nephron sparing surgery was incidentally diagnosed and treated with transurethral resection only. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a solitary bladder metastasis occurring after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) without any local or additional distant metastasis. Case Report A 53-year-old female patient presented with left dull flank pain, and had left renal mass. Abdominopelvic CT demonstrated a 45 x 50 mm solid mass at the lower pole of the left kidney and multiple cortical cysts in the right kidney. There were no metastatic lesions. Left nephron sparing surgery and right renal cyst excision were performed. The patient was discharged on the fourth postope- rative day without any surgical problems. Microscopically large tumor cells with clear cytoplasm showing glandular differentiation in some areas, otherwise forming nests, were observed. Pathological examination revealed renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type. Twenty-seven months after the first operation a polypoid mass on the left lateral wall of the bladder was observed in abdominopelvic CT. Radiologically, the left kidney was completely normal (Figure 1). The patient had no history of hematuria or any other urological manifestations and remained asymptomatic during the follow-up period. During cystoscopy, a solitary, pedunculated, hypervascular, and spherical lesion with a rough surface was observed 5 cm superior to the left ureteral orifice on the lateral bladder wall. The lesion was resected completely. The tumor was concluded to be metastasis from the RCC (Figure 2). The evaluation of metastatic disease with bone scintigraphy and thorax CT were all negative. The patient was free of recurrent disease after 6 months of follow-up without any additional treatment. Renal cell carcinomas most commonly metastasize to the lung, bone, lymph node, liver, adrenal gland, and the brain. Prognosis in metastatic disease is poor and 5-year survival is only 10%. The metastatic neoplasms in the bladder are less than 2% of all bladder tumors (1). In our patient, bladder metastasis was detected incidentally in the follow-up period without any signs or symptoms. The tumor did not invade the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa and enabled us to treat it with transuretral resection alone. Bladder recurrence more than 2 years after nephronsparing surgery for pT1 tumor with- out any symptoms suggests that, even small, renal cell carcinomas have the capability of late distant recurrences, and bladder recurrence may occur without any symptoms or signs, meaning that metastases investigation should include the bladder.


Because of the high mortality rate, increased medical costs, and ongoing global growth in the incidence of this malignancy, early detection has become a top priority. Early detection and treatment of melanoma are critically important; the likelihood of a positive outcome rises dramatically. To address this issue, academic researchers plan to develop a prototype image analysis system based on deep learning to determine whether a lesion is malignant or benign based on dermatoscopy image databases. Pretrained convolutional networks with simple architectures were employed in this study to grasp their design better and to train the given dataset more quickly. Using convolutional neural networks as the basis, this research seeks to develop a deep learning system capable of classifying images. To train our model with the pretrained AlexNet, VGG, and ResNet networks, we will use the learning transfer methodology (or transfer learning), whose architecture we will outline so that it may subsequently be adjusted to our data. In this research work, fairly basic pretrained convolutional networks have been used to understand their architecture and efficiently train the given dataset. However, other networks have much more complex structures or even the same networks used, but with many more layers. For possible future work, it is proposed to use, for example, ResNet-152, Vgg-19, or other different networks such as DenseNet or Inception.


[Extract] In the past decade we have witnessed the questioning of policies relating to cultural diversity, multiculturalism and citizenship. This has been exacerbated by the advent of 'globalized terrorism' in the wake of September 11 and has resulted in the adoption of protective measures both nationally and internationally. The discourses on fighting the war on terror have been conjoined with other issues such as border protection, ethnic crime and threats to 'Australian culture' from immigration and have added to negative public opinion relating to cultural diversity. A climate of concern over safety and security has been created. The adoption of a 'protective framework' has been accompanied by an erosion of civil liberties, freedoms and human rights which were traditionally associated with Western democracies. This has had impacts on minorities' sense of belonging in countries, such as Australia, with significant immigrant populations.


It is possible that at low temperatures and large density there exists a confining matter with restored chiral symmetry, just after the dense nuclear matter with broken chiral symmetry. Such a phase has, so far, been studied within a confining and chirally symmetric model, assuming a rigid quark Fermi surface. In the confining quarkyonic matter, however, near the Fermi surface, quarks group into color-singlet baryons. Interaction between quarks leads to a diffusion of the quark Fermi surface. Here, we study effects of such diffusion and verify that it does not destroy a possible existence of a confining but chirally symmetric matter at low temperatures.


Correspondence Address: (51) Int. Cl. FOLEY AND LARDNER LLP GOIC 25/00 (2006.01) SUTE SOO (52) U.S. Cl. .............................................................. 702/104 3OOOK STREET NW (57) ABSTRACT ASHINGTON, DC 20007 (US W 9 (US) After a vehicle is started up, a voltage value detected by a (73) Assignee: NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD. Voltage sensor while a Voltage detection target and the Voltage sensor are disconnected from each other is obtained (21) Appl. No.: 11/300,466 as an offset Voltage, and the Voltage value detected by the Voltage sensor is corrected based upon the offset Voltage thus (22) Filed: Dec. 15, 2005 obtained.


The vital impact of vertical intra-industry trade on inner economic equilibrium is splitting salary gap between skilled labors and unskilled labors.The path is that Chinese enterprises,which import intermediate products and undertake processing and assembly,are involved in the production system of multinationals.So,the relevant demand of skilled labors is increasing.The adjustment of employees' salaries within the multinationals also causes the splitting gap.Besides,the expanding gap within the industries can spread to the expanding gap around the industries.This paper proves the abovementioned viewpoints by empirical research of using panel data of 23 segment industries in manufacturing of our country.


Spinal contusion pathology in rats and mice is distinct. Cystic cavities form at the impact site in rats while a dense connective tissue matrix occupies the injury site in mice. Because inflammatory cells coordinate mechanisms of tissue injury and repair, we evaluated whether the unique anatomical presentation in spinally injured rats and mice is associated with a species‐specific inflammatory response. Immunohistochemistry was used to compare the leukocytic infiltrate between rats and mice. Microglia/macrophage reactions were similar between species; however, the onset and magnitude of lymphocyte and dendritic cell (DC) infiltration were markedly different. In rats, T‐cell numbers were highest between 3 and 7 days postinjury and declined by 50% over the next 3 weeks. In mice, significant T‐cell entry was not evident until 14 days postinjury, with T‐cell numbers doubling between 2 and 6 weeks. Dendritic cell influx paralleled T‐cell infiltration in rats but was absent in mouse spinal cord. De novo expression of major histocompatability class II molecules was increased in both species but to a greater extent in mice. Unique to mice were cells that resembled lymphocytes but did not express lymphocyte‐specific markers. These cells extended from blood vessels within the fibrotic tissue matrix and expressed fibronectin, collagen I, CD11b, CD34, CD13, and CD45. This phenotype is characteristic of fibrocytes, specialized blood‐borne cells involved in wound healing and immunity. Thus, species‐specific neuroinflammation may contribute to the formation of distinct tissue environments at the site of spinal cord injury in mice and rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:223–240, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The coupled steel plate and reinforced concrete (C-SPRC) composite wall is a new type of coupled-wall system consisting of steel coupling beams (SCBs) that join two SPRC walls where the steel plate shear wall (SPSW) is embedded in the RC wall. Although the C-SPRC wall has been extensively constructed in high-rise buildings in seismic regions, research on its behavior has rarely been reported. No code provisions are available for directly guiding the preliminary design of such coupled-wall systems. In the research, three 1/3-scaled C-SPRC wall subassemblies including one-and-a-half stories of SPRC walls and a half-span of SCB were tested under simulated earthquake action, considering the fabrication method of the embedded SPSW and the shear-span ratio of the SPRC walls as two test variables. The prime concern of the research was to evaluate the influences of those popular design and construction parameters on the seismic behavior of the C-SPRC wall. Deviating from the beam tip loading method used in conventional subassembly tests, the lateral cyclic load in this research was applied at the top of the wall pier so that the behaviors of both walls and SCBs could be examined. The test results exhibited the great seismic performance of the subassemblies with the coupling mechanism fully developed. The energy dissipation capacity and inter-story deformation capacity of the subassembly with the assembled SPSW were roughly 9.4% and 13.2% greater than those with the conventional welded SPSW. Compared with the subassembly with the shear-span ratio of 2.2, the interstory-deformation capacity of the one with the shear-span ratio of 2.0 was increased by approximately 13.4%, while the energy dissipation capacity was decreased by 10.9%. The test results were further compared with the simulation results using the proven-reliable finite element analysis with respect to the hysteretic curves, skeleton curves, energy dissipation capacities and failure patterns.


Abstract In July 2014, an occurrence of southern blight was observed on hooker chives (Allium hookeri) grown in Hamyang, South Korea. The typical symptoms included blighting and rotting, and severely infected plants eventually died. White mycelial mats spread over the infected hooker chives bulbs and sclerotia formed near the soil surface. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene region confirmed that the isolates were S. rolfsii. Koch's postulates were supported by pathogenicity tests conducted on healthy plants. Based on the morphological characteristics, pathogenicity tests on host plants, and molecular identification, the causal fungus was identified as S. rolfsii Saccardo. This is the first report of southern blight caused by S. rolfsii on hooker chives in South Korea.


A program of field tests of a new electromagnetic sounding technique was conducted In the Northern Territory. The tests were conducted to evaluate the operational features of the technique, and to determine its ability to provide useful depth Information over localised conductive structures. The results are compared with earlier work which used an alternative electromagnetic sounding technique, and with drilling results. The tests demonstrated the operational and Interpretive fiexibUity of the new technique. In particular they showed that the technique can be applied with normal, unmodified, electromagnetic prospecting equipment. The depth Information which the new technique provided was In good agreement with control Information.


The present invention for producing a triazole sleepy thione derivatives of general formula train triazole derivative of (II) a non-magnetic (aprotic) to by sulfur and at a temperature of 140 to 160 ℃ in the presence of a polar diluent the general formula (I) a novel process, the amount of the reactive components is selected such that there triazole derivatives of sulfur per mole of 6 to 15 moles of the formula (II), is passed through the air during a reaction in the reaction mixture: Wherein R


The pKa = 13.41 of the title compound (5), determined by a kinetic method, is about 1.3 units lower than the pKa of (2-oxacyclopentylidene)pentacarbonylchromium(0) (1) in 50% MeCN−50% water at 25 °C. The acidifying effect of the methyl group is attributed to its stabilizing effect on the CC double-bond resonance structure of the anion (5-). The rate constant for deprotonation of 5 by OH- is about the same as for deprotonation of 1, despite the higher acidity of 5. This means that the intrinsic rate constant for proton transfer from 5 is significantly lower than that from 1. This reduction in the intrinsic rate constant is mainly the result of the imbalanced nature of the transition state which deprives the transition state from the stabilizing effect of the methyl group. Based on precedents, the most likely mechanism for the hydrolysis of 5 involves rate-limiting protonation of 5- concerted with metal−carbon bond cleavage. Even though the relatively small kinetic solvent isotope effect cannot rigorously e...


With the development of the custom power technology,the research of UPQC(Unified Power Quality Conditioner) is booming.In order to minimize the energy of compensation,a theory of calculating compensating component of voltage is raised.Genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to calculate the optimized compensating component.The theory is proved by the result of simulation and calculation.By using this method,the stability of the DC voltage is improved and the cost of the main circuit is reduced.


Double-stranded DNA in AdMVs stimulate the cGASSTING signaling pathway in macrophages and nonhematopoietic cells, leading to overproduction of IFN-I. Secreted IFN-I, in turn, activates other immune cells, such as B and T lymphocytes, and promotes secretion of autoantibodies that cause tissue damage in various organs. The tissue damage promotes apoptosis of damaged cells, resulting in further AdMV production, which perpetuates IFN-I production in SLE. Credit: Osaka University


Abstract Agrammatic aphasics demonstrate sensitivity to syntactic structure although they generally fail to make adequate use of structural information in producing and comprehending sentences. Under the 'mapping hypothesis' (cf. Schwartz et at. 1987), the agrammatic performance pattern is taken to reflect impaired mapping between grammatical constituents (subject, object) and thematic roles (agent, theme). We describe a treatment programme ('mapping therapy') directed at the remediation of mapping operations, and report results of a study designed to assess the effects of this intervention on comprehension and production. Eight chronic non-fluent aphasics were trained to identify the verb, agent, and patient/theme in sentences presented in a combined writtenspoken format. Three types of sentences were used: active transitives with action verbs (Type A); active transitives with experiential verbs (Type B), and non-canonical sentence types (e.g. passives) with action verbs (Type C). The first phase of trai...


Topic modeling can reveal the latent structure of text data and is useful for knowledge discovery, search relevance ranking, document classification, and so on. One of the major challenges in topic modeling is to deal with large datasets and large numbers of topics in real-world applications. In this paper, we investigate techniques for scaling up the non-probabilistic topic modeling approaches such as RLSI and NMF. We propose a general topic modeling method, referred to as Group Matrix Factorization (GMF), to enhance the scalability and efficiency of the non-probabilistic approaches. GMF assumes that the text documents have already been categorized into multiple semantic classes, and there exist class-specific topics for each of the classes as well as shared topics across all classes. Topic modeling is then formalized as a problem of minimizing a general objective function with regularizations and/or constraints on the class-specific topics and shared topics. In this way, the learning of class-specific topics can be conducted in parallel, and thus the scalability and efficiency can be greatly improved. We apply GMF to RLSI and NMF, obtaining Group RLSI (GRLSI) and Group NMF (GNMF) respectively. Experiments on a Wikipedia dataset and a real-world web dataset, each containing about 3 million documents, show that GRLSI and GNMF can greatly improve RLSI and NMF in terms of scalability and efficiency. The topics discovered by GRLSI and GNMF are coherent and have good readability. Further experiments on a search relevance dataset, containing 30,000 labeled queries, show that the use of topics learned by GRLSI and GNMF can significantly improve search relevance.


Trinitarian theology occupies a central place in the work of Dumitru Stăniloae. For him, Trinity is "real metaphysics" and, in several studies, he develops a rich and complex Triadology drawing on the philosophical notions of dialogue and intersubjectivity. Since both these notions have been developed first by Western philosophy, the article aims to examine Stăniloae's debt to Western thought. Contrary to some widespread opinions, the article will argue that Stăniloae's engagement with the West was not only polemical, but also constructive and fruitful. In a first step, the article will identify the readings through which these notions of subjectivity and dialogue entered Stăniloae's understanding of the Trinity. Then, it will move to analyse the way in which Stăniloae rephrased these concepts in the frame of the Orthodox tradition. Finally, it will assess the originality and the impact of Western thought on Stăniloae, by comparing his Trinitarian model with several modern models from East and West.


This paper proposes a model of fuzzy chaotic neuron (FCN), which is derived from chaotic neuron, as to combine fuzzy logic with chaotic neural network. We first give the expression of FCN and analyze its fuzzy character, scattering character and Lyapunov exponent separately. Some restrains of the parameter k are deduced to make sure the FCN has both fuzzy and chaotic character. After that the paper constructs a fuzzy chaotic neural network (FCNN) on the basis of FCN, and list weight-updating method. At last is an example, in which a fuzzy self-associate problem is solved using FCNN.


The utility model discloses a measurement device of release and lower explosive limit of a household appliance hydrocarbon refrigerant. The device comprises a hydrocarbon refrigerant concentration measurement system, a refrigerant temperature and flow control system and a quality measurement system, and is characterized by also comprising a box body temperature control system. According to the design, the influence of hot air convection on the quality measurement system is reduced, an external storage pipeline mechanism is adopted in the refrigerant temperature and flow control system, a thermal insulation layer is coated at the outer side, the quality measurement system has a three-point weighing measurement mechanism, and a concentration measurement sensor of the hydrocarbon refrigerant concentration measurement system is arranged at the outer side. The device is mainly used for measuring whether the leaked hydrocarbon refrigerant of the refrigerator and air conditioner reaches the lower explosive limit, is controlled by employing programmable logic controller (PLC), has the refrigerant heating and releasing control function and concentration measurement and explosive limit alarm functions and has the primary alarm and secondary alarm functions of the explosive limit.


When it comes to the assessment of design behaviors and outcomes, direct observations by external viewers and subjective reflections by the participants themselves can all yield important information. External viewers, for example, may code video evidence or apply design metrics to a designer's solutions, both of which can lead to interesting statistical analyses and detailed insights. In collecting and analyzing designers' personal reflections and perceptions, researchers often utilize Likert-type scales, multiple choice questions, or short open-ended prompts. While these modes of data collection are useful and valid, they also constrain participants' responses to fixed options in the case of Likert-type scales and multiple-choice questions, and to verbal expressions in the case of open-ended prompts. Few examples of other types of reflection activities (e.g., graphing, sketching) have been presented or studied in the engineering education literature. In this project, which is part of a larger investigation into high performance design teams, we explored the use of graphing and other visual techniques for recording designers' perceptions of their design processes and products. Our primary aim was to introduce greater richness into the evaluation of designers' behaviors and outcomes as we posed research questions about their relationship to cognitive variables. In this paper, we will discuss two of these reflection activities— an emotional state plot and a graphical assessment of a design solution's feasibility, usefulness, and novelty—in the context of a team design challenge. While the designers under study worked as teams, each individual designer provided her/his perceptions of the team process and design solutions using these reflection activities. Our analysis of individual perceptions from seven design teams of 4-5 designers each will be reported here. This investigation also includes the cognitive style of each participant (as measured by Kirton's Adaption-Innovation inventory—KAI®) as a potential mediating variable on the individual perceptions of emotions and outcomes. This paper will provide details of the two reflection activities, our associated methods of analysis, key findings related to the designers' perceptions and cognitive styles, benefits and limitations of these two reflection activities, and implications for design educators. 1.0 Introduction and Project Context The work presented here is part of an NSF-funded effort in which we are mapping the individual characteristics of design team members and their interactions to their performance in terms of creative design to identify the behavioral building blocks of design teams that produce high performance outcomes (i.e., High Performance Design Teams). We anticipate that the identification of such behavioral building blocks will lead to scientific cognitive-behavioral models of design teams that will be applicable in academic and industry environments, as well as new tools for improving the effectiveness of those teams. In that original context, our aim is to identify and map the behavioral building blocks of High Performance Design Teams (HPDTs) through two functional objectives: 1. Identify the behavioral interaction sequences and individual characteristics that characterize high performance design teams (i.e., the HPDT "genome"); and 2. Map these sequences and characteristics to creative design outcomes. The project utilizes a unique team interaction measurement system called the Interaction Dynamics Notation (IDN)1 to characterize interaction behaviors between individuals on a team, as well as the Kirton Adaption-Innovation inventory (KAI)2,3 to measure individual cognitive styles. These data are then analyzed in conjunction with design outcome measures. Team outcomes are measured in two ways: (1) the concept prototypes delivered by each team are analyzed in terms of standard metrics such as novelty, feasibility, paradigm relatedness, and elaboration; and (2) the reflections of team members on their design performance are recorded via a debrief survey. So far, data have been collected from a total of 31 design teams across academia and industry, and preliminary results from the analyses of team interaction behavior and individual characteristics from a sample of the data have been published4,5. In this paper, we focus on two reflection questions included in the debrief survey—i.e., an emotional state plot (behavior) and a graphical assessment of each design solution (outcome)— that prompt the team members to record their reflections visually. The emotional state plot asks each participant to graph her/his emotional "journey" across the course of a team design challenge, while the design solution graphical assessment asks them to plot the relative feasibility, usefulness, and novelty of each complete design solution on a triangular map. Within this context, our research questions are directed toward the patterns in and the relationships between the emotional state graphs and design solution maps, as well as the influence of cognitive style in each case.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of pain management education, which were conducted as part of the quality improvement project, on the knowledge and attitude toward pain management of nurses and certified caregivers. Methods: The research design was one group pre- and post-test design. The participants were 113 in total including 60 registered nurses and 53 certified caregivers in a long-term care hospital. The Korean Knowledge and Attitude Survey on Pain Management Scale (K-KASP) was measured a week prior to the education and a week after the education. Data were analyzed by paired t-test. Results: The Knowledge and attitude toward pain management were significantly improved between the pre- and post-test in both registered nurses (t=7.94, p<.001) and certified caregivers (t=4.25, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the positive effects of pain management education on the knowledge and attitude toward pain management of both registered nurses and certified caregivers in a long-term care hospital. Further study is needed to empower pain management competencies of the nursing staff in long-term care hospitals.


Health problems are placed at the intersection of individual, community and society. Everything affecting society or community has implications on health issues and problems, not only at individual level, but also at society level. Social change in its diverse forms, touching various layers and fields of the social life can have a significant impact on communities and societies and implicitly on health issues. Revolutions, processes of transition, new trends of consumption, fashions, social or economic crises, all these have not only social consequences, but implications on the health of individuals and societies as well. We will further invoke several examples, not necessarily related to the articles in this issue, but pointing to very recent and intriguing social transformations that have influence on health. The labour market is a field marked by constant transformation: changes in the labour market (unemployment, ageing labour force), changes in the structure and type of work (less physical work, stress and burnout at the workplace, new workplace arrangements, temporary job contracts) and also changes in social security systems. All these can bring about new occupational diseases, new concerns for the occupational physicians and new needs for adjustments at the work place for elderly or diseased people working. As a consequence, new subfields of research have developed recently, at the intersection between health and work, in an effort to find the proper response to the above mentioned changes.


An encounter with otherness betrays a foreign existence, and creates a series of moments worth remembering. Establishing an enlarged body, compressed, dilate...


The study aims to shed light on the item (documentation requirement) within one of the components of the general requirements of the international standard (ISO 9001:2015) in the prefabricated building factory in Kirkuk/ Iraq. The purpose of the study was to find out the reality of the availability and application of these requirements to obtain the certificate of international standards by indicating the levels of achievement of the documentation item, as well as an attempt to open horizons for the application of other necessary items for the factory to obtain the mentioned certificate. To achieve this goal, checklists were relied upon, which contributed to obtaining the necessary data to achieve the study objective. The study found statistical results showing that there is a large gap (70%) between the actual reality of the documentation requirement and the theoretical academic reality, and the organization must address this gap to improve its performance in obtaining the mentioned certificate. The study included proposals and recommendations, the most prominent of which was the need to establish a computerized database to collect data on the factory's operations and activities to benefit from it in future analysis and documentation processes.


Research background: Commonly known and used parametric tests e.g. Student, Behrens? Fisher, Snedecor, Bartlett, Cochran, Hartley tests are applicable when there is an evidence that samples come from the Normal general population. What makes things worse is that testers are not fully aware in what degree of abnormality distorts results of parametric tests listed above and suchlike. So, it is no exaggeration to say that testing for normality (goodness-of-fit testing, GoFT) is a gate to proper parametric statistical reasoning. It seems that the gate opens too easily. In other words, most popular goodness-of-fit tests are weaker than statisticians want them to be.
Purpose of the article: The main purpose of this paper is to put forward the GoFT that is, in particular circumstances, more powerful than GoFTs used until now. The other goals are to define a similarity measure between an alternative distribution and the normal one and to calculate the power of normality tests for a big set of alternatives. And, of course, to interest statisticians in using the GoFTs in their practice.
Method: There are two ways to make GoFT more powerful: extensive and intensive one. The extensive method consists in drawing large samples. The intensive method consists in extracting more information from mall samples. In order to make the test method intensive, the test statistics, as distinct from all existing GoFTs, has two components. The first component (denoted by ?) is a classic Kolmogorov / Lilliefors test statistics i.e. the greatest absolute difference between theoretical and empirical cumulative distribution functions. The second component is the order statistics (r) at which the ?_max^((r) ) locate itself. Of course ?_max^((r) ) is the conditional random variable with (r) being the condition. Large scale Monte Carlo simulations provided data sufficient to in-depth study of properties of distributions of ?_max^((r) ) random variable.
Findings & value-added: Simulation study shows that the Two Component Modified Lilliefors test for normality is the most powerful for some type of alternatives, especially for the symmetrical, unimodal and bimodal distributions with positive excess kurtosis, for symmetrical and unimodal distributions with negative excess kurtosis and small sample sizes. Due to the values of skewness and excess kurtosis, and the defined similarity measure between the ND and an alternative, alternative distributions are close to the normal distribution. Numerous examples of real data show the usefulness of the proposed GoFT.


Fourier ptychography (FP) is a promising technique for high-throughput imaging. Reconstruction algorithms and illumination paradigm are two key aspects of FP. In this review, we mainly focus on illumination strategies in FP. We derive the space-bandwidth-time product (SBP-T) for the characterization of FP performance. Based on the analysis of SBP-T, we categorize the illumination strategy in FP effectively and discuss each category


Received September 26 Address corresponden MBChB, FRCPC, Divi Hospital, 4480 Oak St, V (e-mail: email@example.com Dr. Hassall has receive tion support from AstraZ Pharmaceutical Products, The term ''metaplasia'' is defined as a change of 1 adult cell type to another, usually as a postinjury healing phenomenon (1), and Barrett esophagus (BE) is a prototypical metaplastic condition in adults (2) and children (3,4). What type or types of mucosa should qualify as metaplastic has been a subject of considerable debate, but for many years, BE has been defined as the presence in the tubular esophagus of columnar mucosa with goblet cells containing acid mucin, occurring as a result of chronic, severe gastrointestinal reflux (5). However, the recent Montreal Global Consensus document (6) has proposed new terminology and included pure gastric cardia-type metaplasia as part of the spectrum of BE. In the context of changing concepts, 2 pediatric cases are presented in which normal squamous mucosa of the tubular esophagus was replaced by gastric cardia-type mucosa without goblet cells, and the significance of this is discussed.


: A series of novel α -cyano substituted indolyl bis-chalcones ( 3a−l ) has been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity against the human breast cancer MCF7 (estrogen receptor - positive) and normal Vero cell lines using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay method. Compounds 3a, 3c and 3d showed potent activit y (GI 50 = 11.7, 15.3 and 17.9 µM respectively) against the human breast cancer MCF7 cell line, which was almost as good as that of adriamycin (GI 50 = < 0.1 µM) whereas, screening against the normal Vero Monkey cell line showed moderate selectivity. Furthermore, all the synthesized compounds screened for their antioxidant potential against DPPH, NO, SOR, and H 2 O 2 radicals. Most of the bis - chalcones exhibited significant DPPH (51.09−12.72 %) and NO (64.11−34.43 %) radical scavenging activity and modest activi ty against SOR (88.08−43.14 %) and H 2 O 2 (80.13−56.0 %) radicals compared to the reference standard ascorbic acid (40.78 %, 42.63 %, 87.05 %, and 79.42 % respectively). Current study provides impetus for the development of highly potent indolyl bis -chalcone derivatives as anticancer leads.


Engine vibration has caused a great deal of research for isolation to be performed. Traditionally, isolation was achieved through the use of pure elastomeric (rubber) mounts. However, with advances in vehicle technology, these types of mounts have become inadequate. The inadequacy stems from the vibration profile associated with the engine, i.e. high displacement at low frequency and small displacement at high frequency. Ideal isolation would be achieved through a stiff mount for low frequency and a soft mount for high frequency. This is contradictory to the performance of the elastomeric mounts. Hydraulic mounts were then developed to address this problem. A hydraulic mount has variable stiffness and damping due to the use of a decoupler and an inertia track. However, further advances in vehicle technology have rendered these mounts inadequate as well. Examples of these advances are hybridization (electric and hydraulic) and cylinder on demand (VCM, MDS & ACC). With these technologies, the vibration excitation has a significantly different profile, occurs over a wide range of frequencies, and calls for a new technology that can address this need. Magnetorheological (MR) fluid is a smart material that is able to change viscosity in the presence of a magnetic field. With the use of MR fluid, variable damping and stiffness can be achieved. An MR mount has been developed and tested. The performance of the mount depends on the geometry of the rubber part as well as the behavior of the MR fluid. The rubber top of the mount is the topic of this study due to its major impact on the isolation characteristics of the MR mount. To develop a design methodology to address the isolation needs of different hybrid vehicles, a geometric parametric finite element analysis has been completed and presented in this paper.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Objective:Through once large dose feeding Gaocha and observing the rapid toxicity effect on the mice,the safety of Gaocha was studied. Methods:The test of acute toxicity according to GB15193-2003(Appraisal process and Methods of Toxicity of Food Safety)was carried out to research the toxicology of food of the Gaocha. The mice were feed Gaocha with 0.4mL/10g each time,after that were feed normal. Then observed and recorded in the next 14d. Results:There was no evident poisoning symptom or any death for animals after test on the young mice of different sex which had eaten the Gaocha with 22.8g/kg. Be equivalent to that 275 times of adult drink amounts a day. Conclusion:It is concluded that the Gaocha is highly safe for drinking.


A 27-year-old surgical resident from South America noticed occasional tingling in her right hand on awakening. She performed a modified Allen test1 on her own hands and noticed a subtle line of demarcation on the palm of her right hand accompanied by induction of similar tingling sensations. The demarcation was not seen on the left hand. We suspected an incomplete palmar arch, and to better demonstrate these findings, we wrapped the patient's right hand with a latex bandage to exsanguinate the extremity. …


Fitness trackers - wearables that continuously record a wearer's step count and related activity data - are quickly gaining in popularity. Apart from being useful for individuals seeking a more healthy lifestyle, their data is also being used in court and by insurance companies to adjust premiums. For these use cases, it is essential to ensure authenticity and integrity of data. Here we demonstrate a flaw in the way firmware for Withings' Activite is verified, allowing an adversary to compromise the tracker itself. This type of attack has so far not been applied to fitness trackers. Vendors have started mitigating previous attacks, which manipulated data by interfering with wireless channels, or by physically moving the tracker to fool sensors. Hardware similarities amongst different trackers suggest findings can be transferred to other tracker as well.


This report describes the safety and economic consequences of bivalve fouling in raw-water systems at nuclear power plants. The report lists events that could cause a normal fouling situation to become more critical and describes scenarios in which bivalve fouling could cause unsafe or unwanted conditions such as transients and shutdowns. Several fouling events that have occurred at various nuclear plants are briefly reviewed, and recommendations are made to aid in the detection and control of bivalve fouling.


The sediment soft soil is widely distributed in Meizi Road,New District,Wuhan City.The vacuum surcharge preloading method was applied to the settlement treatment of foundation.The length of testing area was 300 m and divided into 3 sub areas with 6 cross sections,in which measuring equipments were set up to monitor the deformation on the surface and deep soils.Based on testing results,the settlement of foundation treated by the vacuum surcharge preloading is calculated under the condition of the loading and the vacuum preloading separately and then add up the calculated results together.


© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. As the technology for wireless communications advances and the cost of manufacturing a sensor node continues to decrease, a low-cost but yet powerful sensor network may be deployed for various applications that can be envisioned for daily life. Although each sensor node may seem to be much less capable than a traditional stationary sensor, a collective effort of the sensor nodes may provide sensing capabilities in space and time that surpass the stationary sensor.


The biotechnological approach is a promising strategy to overcome some serious diseases which affect stone fruits such as Sharka. However, members of the genus Prunus are among the most challenging with respect to in vitro organogenesiS: regeneration and transformation are highly dependent on species, genotype, and source of explants. We focused our activity on the development of adventitious shoot regeneration protocols using leaves of micropropagated Prunus varieties, and on the optimisation of regeneration ratios based on the hypocotyl slices strategy from mature peach seeds ('Nemaguard', 'Missour', 'Montclar', 'Romestar', 'Percoco di Tursi'), apricot ('Sancastrese', 'Hatif Hatif', 'Vitillo', Boccuccia spinosa, 'Palummella'), and plum ('Stanley', 'St. Julien'). The infection of hypocotyl slices of 'Stanley' and 'St. Julien' with Agrobacteriuni tumefaciens containing the plasmid pGA482GG/PPV-CP33 carrying the Plum Pox Virus (PPV) coat protein, the GUS and NPTII genes, allowed the creation of 8 transgenic clones of 'Stanley' and 3 transgenic clones of 'St. Julien'. GUS activity and molecular analysis of regenerated shoots confirmed the insertion of PPV-CP and NPTII genes in the plant genome and the absence of bacterial contamination. Challenging of transgenic 'St. Julien' clones with sap prepared from leaves of Nicotiana benthainiana infected with PPV produced no symptoms on inoculated and on post-inoculation generated leaves. DAS-ELISA results confirmed the absence of virus infection in transgenic plants. INTRODUCTION Fruit crop improvement by genetic transformation requires development of reliable regeneration protocols and determination of suitable transformation conditions. Sharka is one of the most devastating diseases of stone fruits caused by Plum Pox Virus (PPV), a member of the Potyvirus genus. Because it is aphid-transmitted, the control of PPV is very difficult, and an effective treatment to cure virus-infected trees is currently not available. The lack of natural resistance genes and the very long terms needed for conventional breeding procedures, greatly favour the strategy of genetically engineered resistance. The insertion of portion of viral genetic sequences appears a suitable tool to fight PPV. Coat protein protection technology for plant viruses, including different isolates of PPV, has been applied extensively during the past several years (Mante et al., 1991; Laimer et al., 1992 Scorza et al., 1994). In this paper we report recent results on adventitious shoot regeneration in stone fruits. Additionally we discuss the transfer of the PPV coat protein gene in hypocotyl slices of plum as well as some preliminary results concerning Sharka resistance. Proc. IS on Biotechnol. Temp. Fruit Crops & Trop. Species 583 Eds. R.E. Litz and R. Scorza Acta Hort. 738, ISHS 2007 MATERIALS AND METHODS Regeneration Two sources of explants were utilized: micropropagated plants and mature seeds. In the first case, a protocol was developed to induce adventitious shoot formation from the first apical leaves of pre-conditioned apices excised from in vitro shoot cultures (Fig. I). The induction of regeneration depended on the alternated use of dark-BA-NAA with light-auxin-free conditions, both at apices and leaves stages (Gentile and Monticelli 2002; Gentile et al., 2002). In the second case, transversal and longitudinal sections of hypocotyls (Mante et al., 1991). leaflets from in vitro-developed epicotyls, and transverse stem sections of dark-elongated epicotyls, derived from mature seeds of se\eral genotypes (Table I), were cultured in different regeneration media, as reported in Table 2. Genetic Transformation Agrobacterijim tu/neJiciens strain EHA1OI containing the plasmid pGA482GG/ppVCp33 harboring GUS and NPTII marker genes, was used to inlèct plant material derived from seeds (Mante et al., 1991). Shoots grown in presence of 20-80 J.ig/rnI kanamycin were assayed for GUS activity (Jefferson. 1987). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on DNA extractions from in vitro leaves from kanamycin resistant clones, as in Scorza et al. (1994). In Vivo Assessment of Virus Infection Three transgenic clones of 'St. Julien' were mechanically inoculated at the ffiur-to five-leaf stage by rubbing the upper leaf surface using a cotton swab. One non-transgenic and two Nicotiana benthanjiana plants were used as controls. For inoculations, sap was prepared from N. bentha,nia,ja leaves previously infected with PPV-M strain. Inoculated plants were kept in an air-conditioned growth chamber (16 hrs light/8 hrs dark) at 25°C. Plants were evaluated daily for symptoms. An assessment of virus infection in inoculated and after-inoculation newly developed leaves of transgenic plants was made, by double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) using a polyclonal antiserum for PPV (Kamenova and Peters, 1999). Controls for DAS-ELISA included sample buffer alone, uninfected, and virus-infected N. benthanijana tissues. Absorbance at 405 nm was measured with a Humareader microplate reader about 60-90 min after addition of the substrate (p-ni trophenyl phosphate). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. I shows the regeneration percentage of leaves from pre-conditioned apices of micropropagated plants. The adventitious shoots developed at the petiole site (Gentile et al., 2002). The inducing media that stimulated the highest regeneration percentages on mature seeds in every evaluated variety are listed in Table 1. As in the previous case, genotype dependence of morphogenic ability was evident in both, within and among species. Leaves from epicotyl apices showed a higher morphogenic ability at petiole level compared with hypocotyl sections, excepting 'Missour'. Our experience confirms that major determinants for regeneration and transformation are genotype and selection procedures (Petri and Burgos, 2005). Although infection experiments were carried out on all the genotypes evaluated for regeneration, genetic transformation was obtained only from plum hypocotyl sections. A delayed selection on kanamycmn permitted us to obtain 8 clones of 'Stanley' (Gentile et al., 2004) and 3 clones of 'St. Julien' which expressed GUS gene. Molecular analysis confirmed the integration of the PPV-CP gene (Fig. 2) into the plant genome. Propagation and rooting of transgenic clones (Monticelli et al., 2004) allowed the in vivo transfer and grafting trials. Plant inoculation of transgenic clones of 'St. Julien' with sap from leaves of PPV-infected N. benthaniiana plants, produced no symptoms on inoculated and developed leaves following to inoculation in the transgenic plantlets. DAS-ELJ5A results confirmed the absence of virus infection in these transgenic materials.


Lewis acid-catalyzed cyclization of prolinal and 2-piperidine-carbaldehyde benzylimines 11, 12 results in the diastereoselective formation of α-amino-β-alkyl-substituted indolizidines 15, 17, 19, 21 and -quinolizidines 16, 18, 20, respectively. Both diastereoselectivity and constitution depend on the Lewis acid. FeCl3 yields α,β- trans-α-(benzylamino)-β-isopropenyl derivatives 15 and 16, probably by a cationic cyclization via carbenium ions 32a, b. In contrast, TiCl4 yields ,α,β- cis-α-(benzylideneamino)-β-isopropyl derivatives 19 and 20 by a novel cyclization/intermolecular hydride transfer mechanism, which was supported by deuterium labeling studies. Compounds 15, 16, 19, and 20 were converted to the diastereomeric acetamides 24, 25 and 28, 29. By an analogous cyclization of the aldehydes 8 and 9 only α ,β-cis-α-hydroxy--isopropenylindolizidines 51 and -quinolizidines 52 were obtained irrespective of the Lewis acid used. The structures of 30 and 52 were elucidated by X-ray analysis.


The cleaning aid property of Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS) was studies. The locking capacity of CMS to Ca +,detersive value and anti redeposition property improved with higher DS.CMS had better scattering capacity of solid dirt than CMC.The optimum amount of adding CMS as substitution to CMC in laundry powder was obtained. Another test showed the detersive efficiency of combination with CMS and CMC was better than that of any single component.


Along with the education reform deepens gradually,using multimedia courseware assisted instruction has been a necessary means for many teachers improving their teaching. Courseware on the market can't satisfy teachers'actual demand.Teachers making courseware with the myselves is showing a tendency,The article gives all a brief discuss about collecting materials,creation platform and principles of self-control courseware in school at present.


Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. is an erect, branched small tree up to 6 m tall with soft wood and paripinnate leaves. Flowers are yellow with brown streaks on the corolla. Fruits are sub cylindrical and shortly beaked. Seeds are green or brown and usually mottled. The plant is used as astringent, anti-inflammatory, carminative, demulcent, anthelmintic and antimicrobial. The phytochemical analysis of the methanol and ethanol extracts of both stem and root of Sesbania sesban revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phytosterol, phenol, flavonoids, fixed oil and gum. The leaf extract showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, protein, phytosterol, flavonoids and fixed oil. In vitro biological screening effects of the methanol stem extract was tested against ten bacterial species and five fungal species. Highly significant activity was observed against the bacteria Erwinia amylovora followed by Escherichia coli. In the case of fungi Curvularia lunata and Fusarium oxysporum were inhibited completely.


Policy gradient algorithms have found wide adoption in NLP, but have recently become subject to criticism, doubting their suitability for NMT. Choshen et al. (2020) identify multiple weaknesses and suspect that their success is determined by the shape of output distributions rather than the reward. In this paper, we revisit these claims and study them under a wider range of configurations. Our experiments on in-domain and cross-domain adaptation reveal the importance of exploration and reward scaling, and provide empirical counter-evidence to these claims.


The differentiation degree in test paper decides the test questions' quality and the test's effectiveness.Traditional differentiation degree in test paper adopts artificial visual observation method or high and low scores statistical discrete method,and so on.The test accuracy may be not high in these ways,or the operation process is very long.This paper proposes a method of Logistic model slope differentiation degree.According to the distribution of tester's ability,its curve graph can be represented by VB program in the sensitive area of Logistic model slope,then it can obtain the test's differentiation degree.It is concluded that regardless of operating speed or accuracy,it is much better than traditional statistical method.


Police and Community in Chicago: A Tale of Three Cities. By Wesley G. Skogan. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp Xii, 344. Tables, notes, bib., index. Cloth $35.00). Off The Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor. By Sudhir Alladi Venkatesch. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006) Pp. Xix, 426. Notes, index. Cloth $27.95). The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents' Activism in Chicago Public Housing. By Roberta Feldman and Susan Stall. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp Xx, 388. Illus., appendixes, notes, index. Cloth $90.00, paper $43.99). The Politics of Place: A History of Zoning in Chicago. By Joseph P. Schweiterman and Dana Claspall. Ed. Jane Heron. (Chicago: Lake Claremont Press, 2006. Pp Ix, 191. Illus., appendixes, notes, bib., index. Paper $19.95). Far from the dazzling lights, new skyscrapers, and gentrified neighborhoods of Chicago's lakefront lay many not-so magnificent miles of poverty. There are no Starbucks on every corner, no SUVs crowding the curbs. Instead there are some of the largest and most profoundly deprived neighborhoods in the nation. In some respects they are frozen in time. When America discovered its cities in the 1970s the plight of these citizens was at the center of the discussion. Now, as the glow of gentrification, the global city, and the vibrant re-emergence of immigrant neighborhoods captures our attention, a quartet of new books remind us that, out a few miles from the lake, there remains the other Chicago, much of it struggling to survive. The book that in some ways does not fit with the others actually provides at least part of the basic reasons why the other three stories evolved as they did. A History of Zoning in Chicago by Joseph Schwieterman and Dana Caspall is a straightforward narrative of the idea that local government should, for the greater welfare, regulate what got built, how big it should be, and where it should go. The initial idea that urban growth should be positively guided rather than left untended was born in the Progressive era's quest for the orderly and controlled city. Reformers fretted over the unhealthy pollutants that spread when industry invaded impoverished residential areas (or, conversely, landlords built tenements in dangerous places). On the other side of town, middle-class homeowners fretted when apartment buildings or retail interests invaded their residential districts. Not only did some apartments seem too tall or dense for their sites, but the mobility of "flat-dwellers" made them seem unstable for neighbors whose entire worth was sunk in a mortgage. Unfortunately, the authors omit discussion of the closely-related movement for local option as a way to exclude a particular kind of retail land use-especially saloons-from particular neighborhoods. By 1909 roughly two-thirds of the city was dry. Representatives of these collective fears were finally hammered into shape in a monumental 1923 Zoning Ordinance that designated what land uses should occupy every block in the city. It was one of the most complicated pieces of legislation enacted, but that did not keep it from becoming obsolete very quickly. Chicago was a dynamic, constantly evolving organism, and what followed was an epic eight-decade struggle between developers, professional planners, and politicians over how many exceptions-which turned out to be in the thousands-should be made. As was the case with so many other kinds of ordinances, the exceptions and variances were subject to the whims of ward-level politics. Schweiterman and Caspall are at their best in describing how changes in taste, design, building innovation, financing, and the growing scale of both housing and commercial developments forced revisions. There are fascinating accounts of the effort to enact skyscraper height-limits, the vogue of 1920s apartment hotels, the rise of planned developments, the destructive force of urban renewal, the controversy over four-plus ones, the triumph of high rise towers, the creation of planned manufacturing districts, and many other aspects of Chicago's built environment. …


Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a glucocorticoid-responsive form of pancreatitis that can mimic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). AIP can manifest as either a diffuse or focal type, depending on the affected portion of the pancreas. In some instances, unnecessary major pancreatic surgeries have been performed for AIP, particularly the focal type, when suspicion of malignant lesions cannot be ruled out after a comprehensive diagnostic workup. In the current issue of Clinical Endoscopy, Yonamine et al. explored the clinical differences between focal-type AIP (23 patients) and PDAC (44 patients) and also assessed the impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition on the diagnosis of focal-type AIP. The authors chose candidate factors to differentiate focal-type AIP and PDAC as follows: (1) serologic findings (carbohydrate antigen 19–9, immunoglobulin G4 [IgG4]), (2) computed tomography (CT) findings (contrast enhancement pattern, capsule-like rim), (3) endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) findings (length of the main pancreatic duct [MPD] stenosis, the diameter of the upstream MPD from the stricture, and visibility of the side branches arising from the MPD stenosis), and (4) EUS findings. A multivariate analysis showed that only homogenous delayed enhancement on CT (odds ratio, 10.2; p=0.015) was a significant factor indicative of AIP compared to PDAC. Serum IgG4 level (>135 mg/dL) was not a significant factor, albeit with a relatively high odds ratio of 10.2 (p=0.096). Although the study by Yonamine et al. identified homogenous delayed enhancement as the only significant indicator of AIP, it is important to consider all the characteristic imaging features of AIP. While this study did not utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI should be used in clinical practice to differentiate focal-type AIP from PDAC due to its superior tissue contrast resolution and the availability of diffusion-weighted imaging or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. The imaging features of AIP on CT or MRI may include the capsule-like rim, diffuse pancreatic enlargement, homogenous delayed enhancement, speckled enhancement, multiple pancreatic masses, absence of MPD dilatation, multiple MPD strictures, penetrating duct sign, and enhanced duct sign. Additionally, it is crucial to evaluate extrapancreatic organ involvement in AIP since it is a pancreatic manifestation of an IgG4-related disease. Assessing the involvement of the bile duct, kidney, retroperitoneal fibroThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


: The garbage on small water areas such as parks, lakes and urban rivers is mainly divided into lightweight floating garbage such as garbage bags and leaves and heavy floating garbage such as tires and animal carcasses. The garbage cleaning robot designed in this paper is mainly used to cleaning heavy floating garbage. This paper introduced in detail the structural design process of the garbage cleaning robot, including the design of the hull, the cleaner, the pushing device and the calculation of related parameters.


Resistance to black pod is becoming an increasingly important selection criterion in Cote d'Ivoire. Early pathology research had shown presence of phytoalexins in #Theobroma# spp. but not in #T. cacao#. No interaction between #Phytophthora palmivora# isolates and clone resistance was identified. Seasonal variation in pod resistance was observed, which appeared to be related to variations in humidity and/or light intensity. Recent results have shown significant variation for field resistance in hybrid and clone trials. Heritibility at single tree level was relatively high after many years of observation under uniform growing conditions. Genetic markers (QTL's) for field resistance were identified in one progeny, explaining 20 to 38% of total variation. Field level of attack appeared also to be affected by pod load and period of pod production (escape). Early screening tests applied to 9 clones showed good correlation among leaf, twig and root inoculations and between these methods and general combining ability for field resistance. The use of leaf inoculations will be routinely introduced in the recurrent selection breeding programme initiated in the early 1990's. (Resume d'auteur)


The film,The Legend of 1900,is extremely controversial and is hard to be defined.It covers many elements and concerns many themes,and it has many Bible,freedom,philosophy,existence,music,love and so on.To understand these key words turns out to be a good way to understand the film fully.


: With the development of network infrastructure, user data has shown an exponential growth. Improving the transmission quality of user network is essential for the current requirements, however, user network environment is generally quite complicated and there exists all kinds of problems, consequently, the traditional central server architecture cannot solve these issues out because it cannot support the high throughput in the network. According to these drawbacks, in this paper, we propose a new architecture, which is made of the edge nodes as points of presence (POP). This architecture improves significantly the user experience including connection and transmission by using network detection, data encryption, and smart access point selection. In particular, this improvement becomes more obvious to the user who experiences the slow network speed in network disk. Furthermore, this technology can be applied on services that require low latency and high throughput.