The computational cost of agent-based multi-scale tumor growth simulations usually grows explosively with increasing the system size. Current models have to comprise a lot between model complexity and model fidelity. In this paper, this problem is investigated using a tumor model developed by us. Our model takes into account the discrete and the continuous nature involved in tumor development by integrating the discrete and the continuum approaches. Each individual tumor cell is modeled as a single agent that interacts with its surroundings biochemically and biomechanically. Cells move in an over-damped manner, producing a system of linear equations. The transport and metabolism of nutrients are described by reaction-diffusion equations. Cell proliferation is performed according to the biochemical and biomechanical conditions of the environment. Several methods for numerically solving the linear system of cell motion are compared in terms of performance and stability. After that, our model is analyzed referring to its computational bottlenecks. In general, this work can provide important instructing information for people who intend to work on multi-scale cancer modeling using the agent-based method.


Denial Constraint (DC) is a well-established formalism that captures a wide range of integrity constraints commonly encountered, including candidate keys, functional dependencies, and ordering constraints, among others. Given their significance, there has been considerable research interest in achieving fast verification and discovery of exact DCs within the database community. Despite the significant advancements in the field, prior work exhibits notable limitations when confronted with large-scale datasets. The current state-of-the-art exact DC verification algorithm demonstrates a quadratic (worst-case) time complexity relative to the dataset's number of rows. In the context of DC discovery, existing methodologies rely on a two-step algorithm that commences with an expensive data structure-building phase, often requiring hours to complete even for datasets containing only a few million rows. Consequently, users are left without any insights into the DCs that hold on their dataset until this lengthy building phase concludes. In this paper, we introduce Rapidash, a comprehensive framework for DC verification and discovery. Our work makes a dual contribution. First, we establish a connection between orthogonal range search and DC verification. We introduce a novel exact DC verification algorithm that demonstrates near-linear time complexity, representing a theoretical improvement over prior work. Second, we propose an anytime DC discovery algorithm that leverages our novel verification algorithm to gradually provide DCs to users, eliminating the need for the time-intensive building phase observed in prior work. To validate the effectiveness of our algorithms, we conduct extensive evaluations on four large-scale production datasets. Our results reveal that our DC verification algorithm achieves up to 40 times faster performance compared to state-of-the-art approaches.


The experiment has been carried out to perform the fertilizer test "3414" on cassava variety SC 5 in year 2007 at Xida Village of Wujia Town,Hepu County,Guangxi,China.The soil was found to have low N,medium P and medium K contents.The highest yield of cassava was found 28852.3 kg / ha when treated with T6(pure N @165.0 kg / ha,P2O5 @ 60.0 kg / ha,K2O @ 120.0 kg / ha).The results of effect-model analysis on interaction of N,P,K indicated that N was positively related to P and K,and P was negatively related to K.The effect of single-element on yield of cassava was in order of N P K.Multiple regression equation analysis revealed that the best fertilizer application was pure N @141.5kg / ha,P2O5 @36.5 kg / ha,K2O @124.4 kg / ha that resulted in highest yield(27094.8 kg / ha) of cassava.


As a result of analysis of module and nonmodule operations it was revealed that complication of realization of nonmodule operations in the system of remaining classes (namely arithmetic and algebraic comparison of operands, rounding off of sizes of operations result, calculation of the absolute value of number, division and increases of shots, control of the diagnostician and ERCC, etc.) will be realized due to finding position descriptions of the nonposition code.


Progress monitoring is a practice used to determine students' academic performance, measure their degree of improvement, and assess the efficacy of instruction (Center on Response to Intervention, n.d.). It is the one method of assessment that instructors can promptly give, interpret results, and alter instruction to maintain and promote sufficient improvement of reading skills. Consequently, teachers who consistently implement progress-monitoring instruments improve student achievement and are more apt to modify instruction to meet the needs of their students (Santi & Vaughn, 2007). The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to determine whether the Nearpod app, an interactive technology application, served as an effective method to monitor students' progress and check for understanding during instruction. The participants consisted of two teacher candidates in their final term of their clinical experience practicum. Both student teachers taught at a Title 1 school in Tustin, California. The school demographics consisted of 49% socioeconomically disadvantaged students and 26.4% English learners. The experimental group student teacher used Nearpod to check for understanding and perform progress monitoring in a 2/3-combination grade classroom comprised of 31 students. In the control group setting, the other student teacher in a 3rd grade classroom of 32 students did not use Nearpod for progress monitoring. Instead, she used traditional progress monitoring methods during instruction. The results of the study indicated that the use of the Nearpod app (student responder) improved student engagement and whole group assessment in a single lesson


Estimating levels of amber disease, caused by strains of the bacteria Serratia entomophila and S. proteamaculans, in populations of Costelytra zealandica is important for management of the pest. Since discovery of the disease, visual assessment has been the main method for disease estimation, but development of an amber disease specific DNA probe provides the opportunity to use bacterial colony blot analysis for detection of disease. Visual assessment and colony blot analysis of third instar grass grub populations produced similar estimates of disease and were highly correlated. The probe could also be used to determine the presence of disease causing bacteria in prepupal/pupal populations when visual disease symptoms were not evident.


The problem of determining whether or not a non-elementary subgroup of $PSL(2,\CC)$ is discrete is a long standing one. The importance of two generator subgroups comes from J{\o}rgensen's inequality which has as a corollary the fact that a non-elementary subgroup of $PSL(2,\CC)$ is discrete if and only if every non-elementary two generator subgroup is. A solution even in the two-generator $PSL(2,\RR)$ case appears to require an algorithm that relies on a the concept of {\sl trace minimizing} that was initiated by Rosenberger and Purzitsky in the 1970's Their work has lead to many discreteness results and algorithms. Here we show how their concept of trace minimizing leads to a theorem that gives bounds on the hyperbolic lengths of curves on the quotient surface that are the images of primitive generators in the case where the group is discrete and the quotient is a pair of pants. The result follows as a consequence of the Non-Euclidean Euclidean algorithm.


This paper examines how Suheir Hammad's poetry "talks back" (bell hooks) to dominant gendered discourses. My central argument is that Hammad's influential poetry is constitutive of a discourse of resistance. This paper posits resistance as being counter-hegemonic. It demonstrates how these representations signify a re-articulation of identity and a call for a redistribution of symbolic power. On the basis of a textual analysis of Hammad's poetry, supplemented with an individual interview with the artist involved, some discursive tactics emerge as interventions. From articulating her reactions to the September 11 attacks to her more recent mediated involvement with the uprisings commonly referred to as the "Arab Spring," such interventions are always subjected to co-optation. Nonetheless, they propelled her into the public sphere, thereby affording opportunities to present creative works that point to stronger possibilities for Middle Eastern womanhood.


Abstract The purpose of this paper is to elucidate and to look for efforts to deter spreading radicalism phenomena in the world. The terror attacks have engulfed many part of the world and blamed on radical and extremist groups who have put Islam and Muslim on world attention. Indeed the terror attacks have heightened a growing sense of Islamophobia. And therein is the paradox! Should the activities and "sin" of individual Muslim(s) or group(s) be visited on an entire community and relegion? As a consequence Islam is perceived as religion with a predilection to conflict, aggression and violence, peace is the kennel of Islamic religion and one of its significant ingredients. Many factor causing these phenomena, one of them is misunderstanding and misperception on Islamic norm and teaching they had got. It must be wrong in the process of norm transferring and teaching-knowledge, and values. Education is the rational answered and effort to prevent and deter radicalism phenomena. Compatibility of goals, matter, method of teaching with development (especially moral development) of student will produce internal power as a result of educational process. Madrasah as a varian of education or Islamic aducation empiricly has been contributed shaping moderat muslim, known now as Islam Nusantara. Keywords: madrasah; islamic education; radicalism; misperception; moderat


Density mapping techniques have been used to illustrate the horizontal distr ibution o[ several nematode populations in a field (1,2). These illustrations aid in interpretation of nematode distributions, interactions between populations, and edaphic and cultural influences. T h e amount o[ data obtained from a nematode distribution study in an al[al[a field suggested tile use of automated or computerized mapping (3). In geography and earth sciences, problems o~ handling a large number of data points to produce an overall picture in large scale mapping have led to the development o[ autocartographical techniques. A clearing house for such programs exists at Michigan State University,* but the programs reported herein are commercially available only.** Three programs were used to illustrate nematode distributions. Two were 2-dimensional with density classes shaded to contrast differences, and the other was a 3-dimensional map which plotted the densities as heights. T h e programs were implemented on an IBM 360 computer and had similar data input requirements. T h e counts for each sample site were standardized to nematodes/200 g and entered as a 44 × 44 matr ix reflecting their field locations. Each program defined symbols or coordinates to represent the populat ion at each core site, and finally printed the distribution o[ densities. T h e examples provided represent the horizontal distribution of Helicotylenchus digonicus Perry. T h e first program utilized was Grid, a


Exponential shear flows of polymer melts are investigated. These flows are of interest because they share some properties of both planar extension and simple, constant-rate, shear. In particular, embedded points separate exponentially in time, like extensional flows, yet the flow direction and velocity gradient are perpendicular, as for all shear deformations. A comparison between the predictions of the "pom-pom" molecular model of McLeish and Larson [J. Rheol. 42, 81–110 (1998)] in exponential shear and experimental data is presented. The solutions in exponential shear are used to contrast this flow with simple shear and extensional flows and the physical processes driving the solutions are analyzed in each of the three geometries. Accurate quantitative predictions are made using the multimode approach, and the possibility of using exponential shear to obtain the multimode nonlinear spectrum of a melt is explored. It is concluded that although exponential shear is less effective than extensional flows at...


The nonlinear modelling ability of neural networks has been widely recognised as an effective tool to identify and control dynamic systems, with applications including nonlinear vehicle dynamics which this paper focuses on using multi-layer perceptron networks. Existing neural network literature does not detail some of the factors which effect neural network nonlinear modelling ability. This paper investigates into and concludes on required network size, structure and initial weights, considering results for networks of converged weights. The paper also presents an online training method and an error measure representing the network's parallel modelling ability over a range of operating conditions.


This paper presents the design and development of an automated steering control system that has been successfully deployed on an 18.3-m (60-ft) articulated bus for revenue service in a bus rapid transit line in Eugene, OR, USA, between June 2013 and May 2015. This automated steering system provides both lane keeping and S-curve precision docking on 4-km-long narrow and curving urban segments with six stations and mixed traffic lanes while the operator controls the speed. The objective of deploying an automated bus that carries passengers for an extensive period of time elevated the system safety and performance requirements. This paper describes three key elements in the controller design that address the safety and performance challenges, i.e., high precision, fault tolerance, and control transitions. The experience of designing and deploying such a system in revenue service helps advance the field of automated vehicle by directly addressing its safety issues as an integral part of the automated vehicle control system design.


We consider the lightest supersymmetric particle, the neutralino, in a minimal anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking model to be a possible candidate for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP) or cold dark matter, and we investigate its direct and indirect detections. The theoretically allowed supersymmetric parametric space for such a model, along with the recent bounds from the LHC, is constrained by the WMAP results for relic densities. The spin-independent and spin-dependent scattering cross sections for dark matter off nucleons are thus constrained from the WMAP results. They are found to be within the allowed regions of different ongoing direct detection experiments. The annihilation of such dark-matter candidates at the Galactic centre produces different standard model particles such as γ-rays and neutrinos. In this work, we calculate the possible fluxes of these γ-rays and neutrinos coming from the direction of the Galactic centre (and its neighbourhood) at terrestrial or satellite-borne detectors. The calculated γ-ray flux is compared with the observational results of the HESS experiment. The neutrino fluxes of different flavours from the Galactic centre and at different locations away from the Galactic centre produced by WIMP annihilation in this model are also obtained for four types of Galactic dark-matter halo profiles. The detection prospects of such νμ coming from the direction of the Galactic centre at the ANTARES under-sea detector are discussed in terms of the muon signal yield from these muon neutrinos. Both the γ-ray and neutrino signals are estimated for four different dark-matter halo profiles.


Volume XXVI Number 1 1999--2000 Preface...........................................................................................................................................................2 News and Notes..........................................................................................................................................3 Information on Electronic Discussion Group...............................................................................3 Membership Information......................................................................................................................3 1999 Polanyi Society Meeting Notice................................................................................................4 Classical and Conservative Liberalism: Burke, Hayek, Polanyi and Others.................5 Struan Jacobs Beyond Liberalism: A Reply to Some Comments.....................................................................16 R.T. Allen


. This paper deals with the possibility of establishing some kind of relationship between those languages which tend towards synthetic syntactic structures (not morphological) and speech communities with social and civil priorities which are equally synthetic and practical, and those languages with a more analytic syntax and communities with more 'analytic' civil and cultural priorities. The Roman world and Latin, as well as the British Empire and Modern English, seem to fit in the first frame, whereas Romance languages and European me-dieval societies, namely Spanish, could illustrate the second.


............................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, MAPS AND FIGURES ......................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER


Some great pundit once remarked, "Every time has its technology, and every technology has its time." Although this is a somewhat simplistic view of technology, it is indeed true that when one thinks of a time period (especially in modem times) one always associates with it the key technologies that "revolutionized" the way people lived then. For example, key technologies that "came of age" in the 1970s include the VLSI integrated circuit, the photocopier, the computer terminal, MOS memory, and scanners. In the 1980s we saw the advent and growth of the personal computer, fiber optics, FAX machines, and medical imaging systems of all types. It is not too difficult to predict what some of the key technologies of the 1990s will be; these include voice processing, image processing, wireless communications, and personal information terminals. Ifwe examine the various technologies noted above and look at the interval between the time the technology was "understood" and the time the technology began to mature and grow, we see a very complex and intricate relationship. For example, the basic principles of FAX were well understood for more than 150 years. However, until there were established worldwide standards for transmission and reception of FAX documents, the technology remained an intellectual curiosity that was shown and discussed primarily in the research laboratory. Similarly, the concept (and realization) of a videophone was demonstrated at the New York World's Fair in 1964 (so-called Picturephone Service), but the first commercially viable instruments were actually produced and sold in 1992. In this case it took a bandwidth reduction (from 1.5 Mbps down to 19.2 Kbps) and a major cost reduction, as well as algorithm breakthroughs in voice and video coding and in modem design, to achieve this minor miracle. Other technologies were able to leave the research laboratory rather rapidly, sometimes in response to national imperatives (e.g., miniaturization for the space program), and sometimes in response to business necessities. Hence, when fiber optic lines were first mass produced in the 1980s, it was estimated that it would take about two decades to convert the analog transmission facilities of the old Bell System to digital form. In reality the long-distance telephone network was fully digital by the end of 1989, fully 10 plus years before predicted. Similarly, in the case of cellular telephony, it was predicted that it would be about a decade before there would be 1 million cellular phones in use in the United States. By the end of 1992 (i.e., about 8 years after the beginning of the "cellular revolution"), the 10-millionth cellular phone was already operating in the United States, and the rate of growth of both cellular and wireless telephony was continuing unabated. Now we come to the decade of the 1990s and we have already seen strong evidence that the key technologies that are evolving are those that support multimedia computing, multimedia communication, ease of use, portability, and flexibility. The vision of the 1990s is ubiquitous, low-cost, easy-to-use communication and computation for everyone. One of the key technologies that must evolve and grow to support this vision is that of voice processing. Although research in voice processing has been carried out for several decades, it has been the confluence of cheap computation (as embodied by modern digital signal processor chips), low-cost memory, and algorithm improvements that has stimulated a wide range of uses for voice processing technology across the spectrum of telecommunications and consumer, military, and specialized applications.


Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the fresh and dry leaves of Eucalyptus grandis were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components of the fresh leaf oil were α-pinene (29.6%), p-cymene (19.8%), 1,8-cineole (12.8%) and α-terpineol (6.4%). While, the dry leaf oil had 1,8-cineole (47.4%), limonene (13.3%), α-pinene (7.5%) and spathulenol (7.1%). The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were tested against respiratory tract infectious microorganisms (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis) using the microdilution-broth methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of the oils ranged between (0.31 to 1.25) mg/ml and (0.63 - >5) mg/ml respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration values caused the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (membrane damage) which ranges from 8 to 24% in comparison with Triton-X-100. The accumulation of rhodamine 6G in bacterial cells showed that the essential oils were effective as efflux pump inhibitors. The results of this study support the use of the plant in folk medicine.

 Key words: Eucalyptus grandis, myrtaceae, essential oil, antimicrobial activity, efflux pump, R6G.


X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight static secondary ion mass spectroscopy were successfully applied in the surface characterization of plasticized PVC-based ion-selective electrode membranes, as well as of the starting material, PVC. Carboxylic and alkyl sulfate groups were identified on PVC and were proposed to represent the intrinsic ionic sites of the membranes. Enrichment of both the plasticizer and the ionophore was detected on the surface of the plasticized membranes, cast from THF solutions. The extent of enrichment was higher at the membrane-to-air side than at the membrane-to-mold side. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) was found as an unexpected impurity (originating from the PVC powder). This compound was also substantially enriched at the surfaces of the membranes. Surface composition of the plasticized PVC membrane did not change after 2.5 h of soaking in water.


Recent developments in social media technology will further extend, preserve, and integrate the museum experience with visitors' personal and social lives. The featured Web extra is a video of Computer's Entertainment Computing column editor Kelvin Sung discussing how mobile apps can enhance visitors' museum experiences.


We compute the hard diffractive hadroproduction of bosons W± at high energies using Regge factorization and taking into account multiple Pomeron exchange corrections. The ratio of diffractive to non-diffractive W production agrees with the current Tevatron data and a prediction for the LHC is presented.


Among quadruples or higher multiplicity stars, only a few doubly eclipsing binary systems have been discovered. They are important targets for understanding the formation and evolution of multiple stellar systems because we can obtain accurate stellar parameters from photometric and spectroscopic studies. We present the observational results of this kind of rare object, 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5, for which the doubly eclipsing feature had been detected previously from the SuperWASP photometric archive. Individual point-spread function photometry for two objects with a separation of about 1.″9 was performed for the first time in this study. Our time-series photometric data confirms the finding of Lohr et al. that the bright object A is an Algol-type detached eclipsing binary and the fainter B is a W UMa-type contact eclipsing. Using high-resolution optical spectra, we obtained well-defined radial velocity variations of system A. Furthermore, stationary spectral lines were detected that must have originated from a further, previously unrecognized stellar component. It was confirmed by the third object contribution from the light-curve analysis. No spectral feature of system B was detected, probably due to motion blur by long exposure times. We obtained the binary parameters and the absolute dimensions of systems A and B from light-curve synthesis with and without radial velocities, respectively. The primary and secondary components of system A have a spectral type of K1 and K5 main sequences, respectively. Two components of system B have nearly the same type of K3 main sequence. Light variations for both binaries are satisfactorily modeled by using two-spot models with one starspot on each component. We estimated the distances to systems A and B individually. Two systems may have similar distances of about 70 pc and seem to be gravitationally bound with a separation of about 130 AU. In conclusion, we suggest that 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5 is a quintuple stellar system with a hierarchical structure of a triple system A(ab)c and a binary system B(ab).


The present invention discloses a navigation aid total knee arthroplasty femur osteotomy gimbal means comprising a fixing block femur (1), a femoral osteotomy module (2) and the connecting rod (3), in the connecting rod (3) the upper end provided with a solid spheroid (6), said spherical body (6) provided inside the connecting through hole (13), an upper curved surface of the spherical member (6) abuts against the fixed block (8), the locking nut block (9) and femur osteotomy module (2) is fixed screwing; the lower end of the connecting rod (3) is connected to the slide (5), said slider (5) and femur fixed block (1) slide with, the present invention is fixed to the femur and the femoral osteotomy block modules connected by the connecting rod, one end of the connecting rod is provided with a slide, has one end connected to spherical body, the spherical body can be rotated in the universal positioning block of the femur, and in conjunction with the slide the sliding block, in order to better adjust the positioning of the femoral osteotomy and the correct position, simple and easy to operate, low cost, high accuracy.


Distribution of echinococcosis of dogs in different zones of Tadjikistan is in-vestigated. The dogs are infected by Echinococcus granulosus in plain zone at 66,6 %, in premountain zone at 80,6 %. The shepherd dogs are the most infected by E. granulosus (73,4 %). Intensity of infection makes 18 000 spp


Objective:to observe the effect of Tripterginum Wilfordii Polyglycoside(TWP) on mucosal immune of Collagen induced Arthritis(CIA) rats.Method:The CIA models and CIA plus TWP rats were induced by immunization with type Ⅱ collagen emulsified in the Complete Freud's Adjuvant.CIA rats with TWP were fed with TWP.The rats mucosal immune change is observed.Result:The TWP can treated the pathological changes on the CIA rats,and it can also decrease the ratio of CD~+_4/CD~+_8 in Peyer's patch.Moreover the TWP can ad just the T cell subgroup in the spleen.Conclusion:TWP acted as suppressor of immunity and inflammation in CIA rats.


RESUMO –This work assess the exergoeconomic performance of three biomass upgrading processes, namely wood pellets, torrefied wood pellets and pyrolysis slurry (a mixture of pyrolysis char and oil), integrated with a municipal combined heat and power plant. Economic data of the assessed processes has been obtained from the literature and has been combined with the exergy data following the specific exergy costing approach in order to perform the exergoeconomic analysis. The systems' exergetic efficiency can be improved by 22%, 26% and 31% for the integration with pyrolysis slurry, torrefied wood pellets and wood pellets, respectively, making wood pellets the most efficient integration option. However, the integration of pyrolysis slurry production yields the highest profit under the projected price scenario.


India is a country with a history that goes thousand of years ago. Our ancestors have given us the most creative architectural heritage sites in the world. These heritage sites are broadly categorized into two forms. The first ones are the sites that gained historical importance with time by their nature, scale, design and their original use to attract people. The second ones are unlisted historic sites like Palaces and Havelis which are lacking their historical and cultural importance and have failed to attract people into it. Hence it is important to preserve these heritage buildings by reusing them for daily functions. So that our upcoming generation should benefit and be aware of historic sites and where we have come from. The purpose of this research is to provide a review factor affecting adaptive reuse and to develop a holistic approach to adaptive reuse strategies for heritage structures.


In this paper, the systems with pure time delay are studied. The principles of Dahlin algorithm and Smith predictive algorithm are analyzed. The relationship between the two is discussed. The analysis leads to the discovery that the two algorithms are absolutely equal under certain conditions and they both do compensation action to the pure time delay systems with pure time delay. This has already proved by means of simulation.


Bazed on the practice,the paper discusses the basic theory of transition-curve and discusses the computing method of transition-curve,and develops a program for curve with Visual Basic in order to complete the coordinate of any curve-point in the measurement coordinate system.The paper provides convenient integration interface for the designer and the operator,meanwhile,it can improve the precision of point which we need and ensure the validity of the data.


Review question(s) Does liberal transfusion of red cells reduce the risk of clinically significant bleeding, severe/life-threatening bleeding or fatal bleeding compared to restrictive red cell transfusion.


In this paper a study is made of methods which may be used to modify the design of an active RC filter to compensate for the effects of operational amplifier gain bandwidth. The technique is applied to adjust the element values of an infinite-gain multiple-feedback low-pass active-RC filter. Sixty-five different possible compensation methods are identified. Of these twelve are shown to produce useful results.


Abstract : A study has been made of the scanning properties of some singly-curved reflecting surfaces. First considered was the focal region field distribution when a plane wave is incident at various angles upon the reflecting surface. The information gained from this analysis was then used to study the scanning properties of the reflectors when sources are placed in the focal region. In particular, the parabolic cylinder was first analyzed, and it was found that this surface could be scanned only several beamwidths without severe coma lobes occurring in the radiation pattern. A modified surface was then studied and it was found that this surface could be scanned over plus or minus 10 beamwidths, simply by switching the location of the feed. (Author)


Energy transitions are designed to improve the resilience, sustainability, and productivity of a country's energy system, and are the key instruments to mitigating the warming climate. Countries and regions have unique circumstances when projecting energy transition pathways. Nonetheless, East Asian economies have shared opportunities and challenges. From the perspective of fuel mix, East Asia had some initial success in renewable energy development accompanied by energy efficiency improvements. Nuclear energy, although controversial, has been well developed and is continuing its advancement in East Asia. However, the dominance of coal in the energy mix has not been sufficiently addressed, mostly because of legacy issues. The region's renewable energy potential is also underdeveloped due to a mismatch between resources and energy demand. Since the region as whole is well endowed with renewable energy resources, the region's advancement in regional energy connectivity presents a valuable institutional asset to further decarbonize East Asian energy sector beyond individual nation's efforts.


This study examines how changes in the information environment affect the informational advantage of geographically proximate agents. We find that the long-term advantage of local agents disappeared at the turn of the millennium. This is accompanied by the reduction in local bias of institutional investors and equity analysts. However, institutional investors continue to trade local stocks disproportionately more often than nonlocal stocks; moreover, their local trades outperform nonlocal trades in the short term -- even for large and liquid stocks. Our results are consistent with improvements in the information environment shortening the horizon of geographic proximity-based informational advantage.


State signaling and maintenance mechanisms play crucial roles in communication network protocols. State is used to facilitate indirections in protocols such as routing. Design approaches for traditional state signaling mechanisms have been categorized into soft and hard state. In both approaches, the state is deterministic. Hence, we call both as having strong state semantics, or more crisply, refer to them as strong state. If the state tracks entities with dynamic nature, strong state rapidly becomes invalidated and needs to be refreshed explicitly through control packets. In this paper, we evaluate the recently proposed weak state. Weak state is a generalization of soft state that is characterized by probabilistic semantics and local updates. It is interpreted as a probabilistic hint and not absolute truth. Weak state also contains the confidence in the state value, which is a measure of the probability that the state remains valid. The confidence or the state semantics is decayed locally without the need for explicit state update traffic traversing the network. The local updates also help the protocol use better estimates for the state value. We define two metrics, pure distortion and informed distortion, to evaluate the consistency of the weak state paradigm and compare it against strong state. Pure distortion measures the average gap between the actual value of the state and the value maintained at a remote node. On the other hand, the use of confidence increases the protocol's ability to cope with even large pure distortion. The resulting effective distortion is captured by the informed distortion metric. Using mathematical analysis, we compare weak with strong state. Local updates reduce the pure distortion because the protocol uses the best estimate of state value. The informed distortion is also significantly less because the probabilistic confidence value hints the protocol if the state is invalid. The weak state mechanism can be used to build protocols (-
eg: WSR [1]), which systematically interpret the state information. The state itself can be mostly updated locally, with less frequent explicit update messages over the network (i.e. leading to dramatic reductions in control traffic).


A model for the interaction between a multicomponent Maxwellian atmosphere and a spacecraft is described. Multidimensional, time-dependent gasdynamical simulations of the gas coma around the recently reconstructed aspherical rotating nucleus of comet 67P/C-G is used to analyze the outgassing pressure forces on the ESA spacecraft Rosetta. The forces were in general found to be directed significantly away from the cometocentric position vector of the spacecraft. It was also found that in a maximum outgassing scenario at comet rendezvous, the outgassing pressure force exceeds the gravitational attraction from the nucleus in the cometocentric direction of the Sun. Furthermore, the highly non-spherical pressure field was found to undergo very large changes as the nucleus rotated. Still, it was possible to represent the mean pressure field experienced by Rosetta by a fairly simple model, which can be used for the determination of the comet mass and the so-called oblateness coefficient c20 from the spacecraft Doppler signal. The oblateness coefficient represents a type of asphericity of the gravity field. The determination of the so-called triaxiality coefficient of the gravity field c22 may require using the true pressure field instead of the mean pressure field.


Three new monoacetates of diterpene diols were isolated from Mylia verrucosa and the structures were determined as [2], [3] and [9] on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to (1) investigate the effect of freshness on consumers' willingness to pay, (2) derive static and dynamic pricing strategies and (3) compare the effect of these pricing strategies on a retailer's revenue and food waste. This investigation helps to reveal the potentials of dynamic pricing strategies for building more sustainable business models.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct an online experiment to measure consumers' willingness to pay for fresh and three-days' old strawberries. The impact of freshness on willingness to pay is analysed using univariate tests and regression analysis. Pricing strategies are compared using a Monte Carlo simulation.FindingsThe results of this study show that freshness largely determines consumers' willingness to pay and price sensitivity. This renders dynamic pricing a promising strategy from an economic point of view. The results of the simulation study show that food waste can be reduced by up to 53.6% with a dynamic pricing instead of a static pricing strategy in the case that there are as many consumers as strawberry packages in the inventory. Revenue can be increased by up to 10% compared to a static pricing strategy based on fresh strawberries.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that food retailers can improve their revenue when switching from static to dynamic pricing. Furthermore, in most cases, food retailers can reduce food waste with a dynamic instead of a static-pricing strategy, which might help to improve their image through a more sustainable business model and attract additional consumers.Originality/valueThis study is the first to analyse the possibility of using food freshness to design a dynamic pricing strategy and to analyse the impact of such a pricing strategy on both, a retailer's revenue and a retailer's food waste.


Purpose : GDC-0449 (Genentech) is a new hedgehog pathway inhibitor that has been shown in a Phase I trial to reduce locally advanced/metastatic BCCs. We tested the efficacy of GDC-0449 for BCC prevention in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS). Methods : We enrolled 41 BCNS patients from 3 clinical centers from September 2009 to January 2011. Subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive once daily oral GDC-0449 (150 mg) or placebo. The primary endpoint was to assess the number of new surgically eligible BCCs per month after 3 months; secondary endpoints included assessment of the change in size of existing BCCs and safety/tolerability. Results : 36 subjects (24 GDC-0449, 12 placebo) have been enrolled for greater than 1 month. Upon review of results at the interim analysis, the DSMB ended the placebo arm of the trial due to statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. Subjects treated with GDC-0449 developed 0.07 new BCCs per month vs. 1.74 BCCs per month for those receiving placebo (p Conclusion : GDC-0449 has anti-BCC efficacy in BCNS patients and may be a potential new drug for BCC prevention and treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-1. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-1


A doule protective flexible lining was used to keep the garbage separated from the aquifer in the construction of a 70-acre landfill over a major aquifer serving all of southern New Jersey. The landfill uses a primary lining based on Hypalon synthetic rubber and a secondary lining of PVC as a backup. The Hypalon liner is compatible with the types of waste at the landfill and is resistant to weathering and ultraviolet light. The second liner provides an added measure of protection. The 4-phase construction is briefly outlined.


In the last "President's Page," Rutt Bridges gave us an insightful look at the current good times we are experiencing in our industry, as well as a look back at the less-than-good times that a lot of us remember. He pointed out the crucial role that geophysics has played in improving the productivity and exploration effectiveness of oil companies. Having said this, Rutt also mentioned that companies today are facing the bleak prospect of a shortage of skilled explorationists.


Abstract 1. The habitat heterogeneity hypothesis states that the more complex the habitat, the higher the species richness. The present study analyzes the effect of local factors on regional spider (Araneidae and Thomisidae) richness. The main objective is to disentangle the relative importance of habitat structure and other environmental variables.


It is the policy of all workplace that all employees will enjoy a work environment free from all forms of discrimination, including sexual harassment. No employee, either male or female, shall be subjected to discrimination. Any employee who believes he or she has been the subject of discrimination, including sexual harassment, should report the alleged incident immediately not only to his or her supervisor but also to the Director of Personnel. An investigation will be undertaken immediately, and any employee who has been found by the company to discriminate against another employee will be subject to appropriate sanctions. Prevention is the best tool for the elimination of sexual harassment. An employee should take all steps necessary to prevent sexual harassment from occurring, such as affirmatively raising the subject, expressing strong disapproval, developing appropriate sanctions, informing employees their right to raise and how to raise the issue of harassment under the existing rules and regulations of the country, and developing methods to sensitize all concerned.


Summary form only given. The light-matter interactions are classified in two sets: the quantified interactions in which matter performs transitions between stationary states, and the parametric interactions for which matter excited by the light returns to its initial stationary state after the interaction. Strong parametric interactions require a space-coherence of the light beams, that is the same phase between each wave and molecular dipole of same frequency at each implied molecule. With different frequencies producing generally different wavelengths, it is difficult to get the space-coherence. Therefore, except for refraction, the observation of parametric interactions requires particular conditions. Parametric interactions allowing frequency multiplications, combinations, shifts, etc often use two indices of refraction of crystals. G. L. Lamb Jr. (Rev. Mod. Phys., 43 , 99 (1971)) describes another general trick allowing parametric interactions: the use of "ultrashort light pulses" defined as "shorter than all relevant time constants". Thus, the qualifying "ultrashort", generally bound to femtosecond light pulses, applies NOT to the light only but to the set of the light and the refracting medium. Therefore, ordinary light whose coherence time is some nanoseconds is made of ultrashort pulses when it propagates in low pressure gases having a Raman resonance of the order of 100 MHz. Unhappily it is difficult to find a gas having so low a Raman frequency in a well populated state. Among common gases, only neutral atomic hydrogen in states 2S and (or) 2P (say H*) works well. Refraction and most parametric effects work without threshold of energy: the experiments show that the weakest light beam excites transitorily all molecules of a big prism, making a global non-stationary state, enough for a regular refraction. A frequency shifting interaction may be considered as produced by an interaction between several non-stationary states produced by the refraction of the corresponding electromagnetic beams; as these non-stationary states have the same symmetry, they interact through Raman type resonances. Thus, the effect is named "space-coherent Raman effect on time-incoherent light" (CREIL). An efficient interaction requires an increase of the entropy of the system, that is a flood of energy from modes having a high temperature (deduced from Planck's law) to colder modes. Consequently, the light is generally redshifted while the radio, thermal radiations are blueshifted. The frequency shifts, produced by thermodynamically allowed transfers of energy "catalyzed" by a refraction in H*, may be confused with Doppler shifts, the relative frequency shifts being constants if the dispersion of the polarisability of the gas is neglected. Usually, the blueshift of the radio frequencies is not detected, so that only the redshift of light is considered


David Steinmetz's third report and major paper for Lit. 314, a course his senior year on the writings and thought of John Milton.


This paper examines market reaction to international dual listings. The sample consists of the only six (6) firms that cross-listed their equity abroad and which are also listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The market reaction to a cross-listing program is positive and seen as a welcoming development to the selected companies and their shareholders at large. The stock price reaction is related to choice of exchange, geographical location (i.e., emerging or developed markets), and avenues for raising equity capital (i.e., public versus private offerings).


We are witnessing a revolution in our understanding of primary aldosteronism. In the past two decades, we have learned that primary aldosteronism is a highly prevalent syndrome that is largely attributable to pathogenic somatic mutations, that contributes to cardiovascular, metabolic, and kidney disease, and that when recognized, can be adequately treated with widely available mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and/or surgical adrenalectomy. Unfortunately, primary aldosteronism is rarely diagnosed, or adequately treated, mainly because of a lack of awareness and education. Most clinicians still possess an outdated understanding of primary aldosteronism; from primary care physicians to hypertension specialists, there is an urgent need to re-define and re-introduce primary aldosteronism to clinicians with a modern and practical approach. In this state-of-the-art review, we provide readers with the most updated knowledge on the pathogenesis, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of primary aldosteronism. In particular, we underscore the public health importance of promptly recognizing and treating primary aldosteronism and provide pragmatic solutions to modify clinical practices to achieve this.


This paper describes how contractors will cope with the number of smaller lines and projects as opposed to long-line, big-inch pipeline projects. The paper also examines maintenance of the system and upgrading as opposed to new construction. The contractors also comment on how they are keeping down personnel and equipment, the major items in a contractor's budget. Innovations in construction methods and equipment are examined.


The dynamic pattern formation and the beam-steering characteristics of cholesteric gratings were studied. Films with a planar cholesteric texture and various thickness to pitch length ratios (d/p) were fabricated. An optical microscope was used to observe the stripe patterns of the cholesteric gratings formed by applying a voltage to the planar films. The micrographs showed that the cholesteric gratings were formed in two different ways, depending on the sample's d/p ratio. For samples with 1/2≤d/p≤1.0, the grating stripes simultaneously appeared across the whole sample, and the contrast of the stripes increased with time during formation. For films with d/p≥1.5, the stripes were initiated near the edges, and near the defects on the substrates, and then slowly extended to the whole sample along the rubbing direction. The diffraction measurements showed that the diffracted beams could be steered either electrically or optically only for the latter type of film. These results can be well explained theoretically.


The man-maguey relationship in Mesoamerica, and the use of the plant for pulque production goes back 10 000 years ago and three thousand years respectively. This agro-industry that flourished in the last third of the nineteenth century is at risk even its traditional use and others more profitable uses such as the production of inulin and fructose syrup with high demand in the international market. The use of maguey was documented and compared in localities of four municipalities of Puebla and Tlaxcala, selected by means of stratified random sampling. Data of taxonomic, socio-economic, management and activities of producers, "tlachiqueros" Álvarez-Duarte, M.C.; E. García-Moya, J. SuárezEspinosa, M. Luna-Cavazos, y M. Rodríguez-Acosta CONOCIMIENTO TRADICIONAL, CULTIVO Y APROVECHAMIENTO DEL MAGUEY PULQUERO EN LOS MUNICIPIOS DE PUEBLA Y TLAXCALA TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, CULTIVATION AND USE OF MAGUEY PULQUERO IN MUNICIPALITIES OF PUEBLA AND TLAXCALA Instituto Politécnico Nacional Núm. 45: 205-222. Enero 2018


Purpose
There is an increasing interest in visiting protected areas in the Algarve (Portugal). Tourists are interested in contact with nature activities. However, protected areas are quite sensitive to human pressure and are limited in their carrying capacity. The purpose of this study is to fill a literature gap concerning which features attract tourists who visit saltpans via a pedestrian tour and what sort of pressure they inflict on waterbirds' behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach
The tour consists of a predefined path with interpretive boards and guides who provide explanations to visitors. This study is threefold: to find out if waterbirds are disturbed by the presence of tourists, if tourists prefer to learn more about saltpans instead of finding waterbirds and if tourists have any preferred waterbird species. The methods used are direct observations with binoculars of the saltpan area and a short questionnaire. With the data collected, three hypotheses are tested.

Findings
The results show that the occurrence of waterbirds does not vary according to the presence or absence of tourist visits, tourists prefer visiting saltpans rather than watching waterbirds and there is some waterbird species preference.

Practical implications
Few people can visit the saltpan while keeping disturbance of both waterbirds and workers to a minimum. This study gives insights into sustainable ecotourism practices and how to articulate them with saltpan works.

Originality/value
The value of this study can be demonstrated by the interconnection between traditional salt production, waterbirds' habitat, visitors' interest and their interaction.


We have fabricated superconducting thin films on MgO(100) substrates with nearly pure Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 (2:2:2:3) phase using pulsed laser evaporation and post‐annealing. The films had c axes perpendicular to the substrates. Superconducting films with onset temperatures of 125 K and zero resistance at 110 K were obtained. X‐ray microprobe fluorescence measurements indicate that a typical composition of films is Tl0.66Ba1.77Ca1.46Cu3Ox, which is low in Tl compared to that expected for the 2:2:2:3 phase. A typical grain size is greater than 10 μm as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.


During the past three decades, the cities of the developing world in general, and of Africa in particular, have witnessed a remarkable and in many ways unprecedented demographic growth spurt. Despite some slowdown in rates of increase in the past few years as a result of falling wages, contracting social services, and changing demographic trends, contemporary urban areas remain the growth poles of economic progress and the lightning rods of political and social unrest. Nowhere is this dilemma more visible nor the resulting problems more intractable than in the crowded cities of sub-Saharan Africa, where projections of urban population growth remain the highest in the world. This essay focuses on the conceptual, empirical, and policy-relevant linkages among urbanization, rural–urban migration, and economic development. First, recent trends and future scenarios for urban population growth are reviewed, with special emphasis on African urbanization. Then, the growth and significance of the urban informal economy and the role of women in informal economic activities are examined. Rural–urban migration is discussed in both a descriptive and an analytical framework; the economic crisis in Africa and its relationship to urbanization and migration are considered. An analysis of policy options designed to ameliorate the deteriorating economic, social, and environmental dilemmas posed by Africa's rapid urban growth concludes the study. This material may not be reproduced in any form without written permission from the author. One of the most significant of all postwar demographic phenomena and the one that promises to loom even larger in the future is the rapid growth of cities in developing countries. In 1950, some 275 million people were living in third world cities, 38 percent of the 724 million total urban population. According to United Nations estimates, the world's urban population had reached 2.3 billion by 1990, with 61 percent (1.4 billion) living in the cities of developing countries. The UN projects that in 2025, more than 4 billion, or 77 percent of the urban dwellers of the world, will reside in less developed regions. This number will represent an overall increase of 186 percent, or 2.61 billion new urbanites in Africa, Asia, and Latin America since 1990. Depending on the nature of development strategies pursued, the total in 2025 could be substantially higher or lower than the 4 billion estimate. Figure 1 provides a three-stage portrayal of the projected growth of Figure 1 Urban population estimates and projections, developing regions and China, 1950–2000 Asia China Africa Latin America Middle East 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 R eg io ns Population (millions) 188 393 792 61 170 212 19 64 181 67 173 226 18 60 99 Urban population, 1950 Increase in urban population, 1950–1980 Increase in urban population, 1980–2000


Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients suffer from high mortality despite advancing therapeutics. Five-year survival of HNSCC patients decreases dramatically as disease stage progresses. Locoregional invasion, an early step in the metastatic process, significantly contributes to HNSCC mortality. Initial steps of invasion involve the formation of protrusions from the cancer cell known as invadopodia. Mature invadopodia secrete matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing a way forward for the tumor cell. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate invadopodia formation could reveal molecular targets to prevent locoregional invasion and metastasis. Others have shown that during the maturation phase of invadopodia, adaptor protein tyrosine kinase substrate with four Src homology 3 domains (TKS4) is expressed, MMP 2 and 9 are secreted, and microtubules polymerize elongating the invadopodia into the ECM. In neuronal cells, doublecortin like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a microtubule binding protein, stabilizes and bundles microtubules, contributing to neural elongation, migration, and axon formation. Although, DCLK1 has been implicated in the progression of several cancers including colorectal and pancreas, little is known about its role in invadopodia formation. In preliminary studies, we observed an increase in DCLK1 levels at the invasive front of patient HNSCC, specifically where stromal fibroblasts meet the tumor. Initial the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) analysis reveal DCLK1 is elevated as lymph node stage and histological grade progress. Further, TCGA analysis shows that both TKS4 and DCLK1 overexpression correlates with reduced 5-year survival in HNSCC patients and, DCLK1 and TKS4 are positively correlated. We demonstrate expression of TKS4 and DCLK1 in a panel of HNSCC cell lines. Further, TKS4 and DCLK1 coimmunoprecipitate, indicating they are either directly interactive with each other or are a part of the same molecular complex. Inhibition of the upstream activator of TKS4, c-Src, with dasatinib reduced the levels of TKS4 interacting with DCLK1. Further, shRNA knockdown of DCLK1 in HNSCC cells decreased migration and invasion through a transwell assay, inhibiting functional tumor cell invasion. Localization of DCLK1 to invadopodia was confirmed by confocal microscopy. To better understand the molecular partners of DCLK1 that are likely involved in invadopodia, we performed TCGA analysis and saw a positive correlation between kinesins KIF1A, B, C and select Rab GTPases to both DCLK1 and TKS4. Additionally, DCLK1 coimmunoprecipitated with Rab 40b and heavy chain kinesin. In summary, we have uncovered a fascinating biological role of DCLK1 in the function of invadopodia that promote tumor cell invasion and can be uniquely targeted for therapy. Citation Format: Levi K. Arnold, Michael Barry, Prabhu Ramamoorthy, Brendan Otteman, Shrikant Ananat, Sufi Thomas. On the cutting edge of the leading edge: investigating the role of DCLK1 in invadopodia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2899.


Indigenous Peoples globally experience extreme poverty, marginalization and vulnerability which make them among the worst for nutrition and health in any country. However, the wealth of traditional knowledge embedded in food systems can contribute to creation of effective nutrition promotion programs for food security. Our work documented local food systems in 10 groups of Indigenous Peoples living in rural settings in 8 countries (Canada, Peru, Federated States of Micronesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Colombia, India, Thailand) and used 24‐hr dietary data to determine % energy derived from local, often unique foods in contrast to market foods with high energy contents and low nutrient density. Numbers of locally available food species varied from 32 (Maasai, Kenya) to 240 (Pohnpeian, Micronesia); access to market food contributed from 5% to 90% of total adult dietary energy. Diversity in local food species correlated positively with several nutrients and dietary quality. Stunting in children was up to 50% often without low weight/height; adult BMIs varied with obesity prevalence highest with high % energy from market food. In developing nutrition and health interventions for Indigenous Peoples local indigenous food resources need to be incorporated into many activities, with consideration of physical activity and improved knowledge and access to quality market food.


The South African government has set as a policy objective the halving of poverty by 2014, although the meaning of this goal has not yet been defined. This article frames government's stated target of halving poverty by 2014 in terms of specific measures of the poverty gap and poverty headcount ratio, using newly released income and expenditure survey data. With the poverty line as defined here, approximately half the South African population falls below the poverty line. Despite this, the aggregate poverty gap is surprisingly only about 3% of GDP. Projections of poverty in 2014 under various growth scenarios indicate that growth alone will be insufficient to halve poverty by that time, and that any worsening of distribution will put the target of halving poverty by 2014 beyond reach. However, projecting the effects of a range of growth and distributional scenarios indicate that halving poverty appears feasible with moderate growth rates and fairly mild pro-poor distributional change. The results are indicative as to the scale of distributional changes necessary to halve poverty under various growth scenarios.


Selective Laser Melting (SLM) was used to develop a manufacturing route for high temperature aero-engine components from the Ni-superalloys CM247LC, focussing on improving the microstructure, mechanical properties, and processing route. A statistical design of experiments approach was applied to determine the optimum processing parameters leading to the least structural defects. High-speed imaging was used to observe the melt pool during SLM. Microstructural investigations showed that certain elements were selectively evaporated, then condensed in the form of particles. These were then re-incorporated within the build. Cracks and pores were found in SLM-processed samples and these were sometimes associated with these condensed particles. Residual stresses, developed within SLMprocessed samples, were measured using neutron diffraction, highlighting the role of the scanning strategy on the residual stress development.

The solidification microstructures formed in SLM-processed samples were characterised using analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cells, with identical orientation and 700 nm in width containing a high density of very small γʹ (up to 20 nm), were observed. Cell boundaries and grain boundaries were found to contain high densities of dislocations, Hf/Ti/Ta/W-rich precipitates and γ/γʹ eutectic containing larger particles of γʹ up to about 50 nm. The cooling rate derived from the cell size was estimated at 106 K/s, but the cooling rate, derived from the size of γʹ within grains was estimated as 104 K/s based on Jominy end-quench test.

SLM-processed samples also showed high yield strength due to their fine microstructures, alongside poor ductility resulting from the presence of cracks. Post-SLM heat treatments were used to reduce the extent of cracking and porosity by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPping) and also to promote the precipitation of γʹ. These treatments improve the ductility in vertically built samples, but the ductility in horizontally built samples remains low. Though SLM-processed samples subjected to post-processing heat treatments showed poor creep strength, this was improved by HIPping. A novel approach for netshape SLM/HIP processing was assessed for manufacturing a blisk using powder CM247LC or dual materials.


Introduction. Based on clinical studies data voriconazole is recommended as the drug of choice for treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA) – a widespread infectious complications occurring in immunocompromised patients and is characterized by severe clinical course and high mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of voriconazole compared to other preparations recommended in the Russian practice for the treatment of IA in adult patients. Materials and methods. The authors constructed a «decision tree» type of model, which compared the three treatment alternatives for the IA in adult patients, depending on the drug in first-line therapy: 1) voriconazole, 2), caspofungin, or 3) amphotericin B lipid complex (LC). Efficacy was assessed as the probability of patient survival within 14 weeks of starting treatment. We took into account the drugs cost and an increase in the hospitalization duration due to the development of serious adverse events. The model parameters were determined on the basis of the published results of clinical studies, the costs were calculated on the basis of medicines prices in the public procurement and the average bed-day cost in system of obligatory health insurance. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results. It has been shown that the use of voriconazole for treatment of IA is the dominant strategy compared to the use of caspofungin and amphotericin B LC, providing cost reduction while achieving maximum effect. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (1000 simulations) showed stability of the revealed pattern. Conclusion. The use of voriconazole in the treatment of IA allows to save the greatest number of lives at minimal cost compared to other preparations recommended in the Russian practice.


Aim:To detect the expression of cFLIP mRNA and apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue.Methods:The expression of cFLIP mRNA in 45 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma,23 cases of gastric corresponding atypical hyperplasia,and 21 cases of normal gastric tissue was detected by using in situ hybridization.The apoptosis was examined by TUNEL assay.Results:Compared with the gastric adenocarcinoma group,the positive expression rates of cFLIP mRNA in normal gastric tissue and atypical hyperplasia tissue both decreased(χ2=5.818 and 4.900,P=0.012 and 0.021).In gastric adenocarcinoma tissue,AI in the tissue with positive expression of cFLIP mRNA was lower than that with negative expression(t=7.425,P0.001).Conclusion:cFLIP is closely related to the carcinogenesis,development,infiltration and metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma and may play an important role in the inhibition of gastric adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis.


The optimal partition method OPM is one kind of ordered clustering.However,as it needs calcaulating variation and a large amount of computation,it is not easy to operate.In this paper,the Matlab program language is offered to carry out the algorithm for OPM and the program is made use of to determine the classification standard of ascertaining the rainfall.


Many reports has been revealing that anxiety and negative emotion could appear and become an obstacle during language learners' language learning (e.g. Atay & Kurt, 2006; Cheng, 2001, 2004; Horwitz, 2001; Kurt & Atay, 2007; Leki, 1999). This qualitative study has been conducted to explore the anxiety the relevant reasons why university students in Taiwan feel anxious during their learning. Sixteen students in southern Taiwan had cooperated with the researcher to investigate their learning experience and major factors of anxiety in writing subject. The findings conceptualized from students' qualitative statements revealed five major issues that were directly regarded as significant reasons why university students in Taiwan might undergo the anxious period during their writing course at school.


Object-oriented and structured methods are two visible and orderly basic methods in software development. In this article, based on the conclusion of the internal continuity and the main differences between object-oriented method and structured method, 5 pieces of advice are suggested to seek for the new development of object-oriented method while persisting on the successful experience of structured method. The purpose of this article is to get better utility of object-oriented method.


A pulsed beam of TMD molecules was produced by expansion through a supersonic nozzle. The vibrational spectra was studies using a pulsed alexandrite laser beam. (AIP)


Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. The conveyance loss was calculated experimentally by different researcher on different canals around the world. In this paper author have tried to review some of the research work and recommend an average water loss from the canal irrespective of the soil and other environmental condition. There are different materials which have been used in canal lining to reduce this water loss. No such material can be said it is the best material for reducing water loss because it depends on the site and its environmental condition. Now a days geosynthetic alone or geosynthetic with concrete or precast concrete is used to for canal lining in this paper they have tried to see the strength, durability etc. of different geosynthetic material and its application in canal lining.


The Kempen Feeding System is a complete feeding concept for dairy cows, which consists of a specialized feeder and free-choice access to dry hay and a specially formulated concentrate. The Kempen Feeder ensures that the pellet intake is equal throughout the day. The Kempen Pellet has an appropriate diameter and a specific formulation designed for safe and efficient rumen function. It contains all ingredients necessary for healthy and fertile cows with high lifetime production.


BACKGROUND Ebola Virus Disease (Ebola) is a viral hemorrhagic fever that causes severe illness and can be fatal. Symptoms present 2 to 21 days after exposure to the Ebola virus and include: sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, and fatigue, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and unexplained bleeding or bruising.1 In December 2013, an outbreak of Ebola began in Guinea and by March 2014 cases were reported in neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone.2,3 Within months, this outbreak rapidly progressed to become the largest in the history of the disease. Though the outbreak was concentrated in Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone, cases were imported into seven other countries, including the United States.4 An imported case of Ebola in a traveler from Liberia was reported in Dallas, Texas in September 2014. Subsequently, two healthcare workers who cared for this individual developed Ebola. In October 2014, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene reported an imported case of Ebola in a physician who had recently returned from Guinea.5 In response to the threat of imported Ebola cases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) implemented a number of control measures through the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine.6 The CDC and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection began enhanced entry screening for individuals entering the U.S. from Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone in mid-October 2014 (Mali was briefly added from November 2014 to January 2015).7,8 The Department of Homeland Security subsequently required all passengers flying from an Ebola-affected country to arrive in the U.S. at one of five designated airports for entry screening. On October 27, 2014, the CDC released the Interim U.S. Guidance for Monitoring and Movement of Persons with Potential Ebola Virus Exposure for the post-arrival monitoring of travelers from Ebola-affected countries by state and local public health departments.9,10 This document recommended that these travelers be monitored for 21 days after their last potential exposure to Ebola virus (21 days being the longest incubation period). The Rhode Island Department of Health (RIDOH) immediately incorporated these guidelines into its traveler monitoring program.


Background –Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will cause various complications, one of which is diabetic ulcers. The incidence of diabetic ulcers in DM patients is still high, namely in 2020 it has reached 25% throughout their lives. Patients will be susceptible to severe infections if they do not understand how to properly care for wounds, so that patients with diabetic ulcers can experience problems in the form of impaired tissue integrity. The development of wound care with modern dressing methods has become a trend now, because this wound treatment uses the moist concept so that it speeds up the wound drying process.Objectives –The case study aims to provide nursing care to patients with grade III diabetic ulcers with the main problem being impaired tissue integrity.Method –This type of case study uses a qualitative research design with a case study approach. The sample in this study consisted of 2 diabetic ulcer patients with conventional wound care for 6 days.Results –The results of case management for 6x8 hours showed that the wound condition had decreased in the BJWAT assessment score, but the wound healing process had not been resolved, namely patient 1 on the first day the BJWAT score was 38 then the sixth day it became 28 , while patient 2 on the first day was 39 then days sixth to 27. The wound healing process does take quite a long time, which can reach 12-20 weeks.Conclusion– The conclusion of this scientific paper is that after treating the wound using 0.9% NaCl solution compressed with metronidazole and gentamicin ointment for 6x8 hours, the wound healing process has not been resolved, but the BJWAT wound assessment score has decreased


We present the Snapshot Hubble U-band Cluster Survey (SHUCS), an ongoing deep U-band imaging survey of nearby star-forming galaxies. Thanks to the information provided by the U band, together with archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical data, we are able to constrain reliable ages, masses, and extinctions of the cluster populations of these galaxies. We show some preliminary results from the study of one of the SHUCS galaxies, NGC 2146. Using the recovered cluster ages we try to understand the propagation of the star formation in one of the tidal streams where a ring-like cluster complex has been found. The Ruby Ring, so named due to its appearance, shows a clear ring-like distribution of star clusters around a central object. We find evidence of a spatial and temporal correlation between the central cluster and the clusters in the ring. The Ruby Ring is the product of an intense and localised burst of star formation, similar to the extended cluster complexes observed in M 51 and the Antennae, but more impressive because is quite isolated. We discuss the formation of the Ruby Ring in a "collect & collapse" framework. The predictions made by this model agree quite well with the estimated bubble radius and expansion velocity produced by the feedback from the central cluster, making the Ruby Ring an interesting case of triggered star formation.


Neurosis and Grotus performance at the Caribbean Club, Preston, on Tuesday the 2nd of November 1993.
Supporting acts: Dead Wrong and Bob Tilton.
7:00pm - 11:00pm
Tickets £4

This collection contains promotional posters, band pictures, band biographies, and magazine reviews of the bands.


The European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB) is the voice of the co-operative banks in Europe. It represents, promotes and defends the common interests of its 28 member institutions and of co-operative banks in general. Co-operative banks form decentralised networks which are subject to banking as well as co-operative legislation. Democracy, transparency and proximity are the three key characteristics of the co-operative banks' business model. With 4,050 locally operating banks and 58,000 outlets co-operative banks are widely represented throughout the enlarged European Union, playing a major role in the financial and economic system. They have a long tradition in serving 210 million customers, mainly consumers, retailers and communities. The co-operative banks in Europe represent 79 million members and 749,000 employees and have a total average market share of about 20%.


Numerous anaesthetic breathing systems have been introduced over the past decade. The term 'breathing system' is now universally used rather than breathing circuits since the circular absorber system is the only one that involves a circuit or circular flow of gases. The classification of breathing systems has been a favourite pastime for many anaesthesiologists. The result has been a hopelessly confusing terminology (Dorsch & Dorsch 1994). We have elected to use Conway's classification (Conway 1974), i.e. open, semi-open, closed and semi-closed systems.


Some analytical applications of carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) modified with cyclic voltammetric electrogenerated poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) coatings are described. Cyclic voltammograms in aqueous solutions of the phenolic antioxidants tert-butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propylgallate (PG), and tert-butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) showed that electrocatalytic effects and an improved electrode kinetics occurred at the modified microelectrodes when compared with GC electrodes of conventional size. Moreover, reproducible voltammograms were obtained, obviating the need of cleaning or pretreatment of the coated microelectrode. Another important analytical advantage was the greatly improved resolution for mixtures of analytes. The behavior of P3MT-CFMEs in organized media was tested by considering their voltammetric response towards the electrochemical oxidation of PG. The nonionic surfactant Pluronic F 68 was selected as the most suitable to form micellar solutions of PG, as well as the emulsifying agent for the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions. A 20:80 ethyl acetate:n-hexane mixture was used as the organic phase and a 0.05 mol L−1 H3PO4/H2PO4− buffer solution of pH 2.0 as the aqueous continuous phase. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the PG oxidation current was purely diffusion-controlled in the organized medium. The analytical characteristics obtained by using differential pulse voltammetry were slightly better than those obtained in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the improved resolution for mixtures of analytes is retained in the oil-in-water emulsified medium. The proposed method was applied with good results to the determination of PG in spiked commercial dehydrated soup samples by direct emulsification of aliquots of the sample extract in the ethyl acetate:n-hexane mixture.


Every k morphism between algebraic varieties defined over a field k maps a k rational point to a k rational point. Its converse is not true. In this paper, the author studies some conditions under which the converse is true and use the main theorem to study an unsolved problem on permutation polynomials in several indeterminates: let a polynomial f over the field F q be a permutation polynomial of a finite extension of F q , whether f is a permutation polynomial of F q ?


In this paper I propose an evaluation of the Tunisian-European integration process through the study of the Tunisian economic returns convergence with those of its European economic and financial partners. This work is founded on the influence of three fundamental variables on this convergence. I begin with a descriptive study of these variables, and then try to formulate an empirical measurement to evaluate Tunisian-European integration aspects. Results shows that the Tunisian integration fluctuation through the period is mainly due to the country governance problems and not to the economic or financial spheres. Keywords: Tunisian-European Integration, Convergence, Growth, Returns, Governance, Saving, Investment.


In this section, we present additional results for the handle completion task. This task consists of creating a set of handles that represents a plausible shape and contains the handles in a given incomplete set. Here, we explore the challenging setup where the incomplete set of handles (A) contains a single element. We solve this problem by minimizing Equation 8 (main paper) through gradient descent, which corresponds to finding the latent representation z∗ that minimizes the coverage loss C(z,A). Results are presented in Figure A1. We are able to generate multiple completion proposals (in blue) for each incomplete set of handles (in orange) by minimizing C(z,A) starting from different values of z, initially sampled from a standard gaussian distribution N (0, I). As we can see in Figure A1, the "completed" set of handles corresponds to plausible shapes while approximating the elements in the incomplete set.


An investigation was conducted on the puzzling variation in heat transfer along the length of the can of a polyzonal spiral fuel element. The heat transfer characteristics were studied in a rig using a four times scale model of the fuel element. The axial heat transfer variation was found to be caused by a combination of flow and temperature effects, the former being more important. The use of an unheated can or a ring Venturi upstream of the can improves the heat transfer, and other ways of improving the flow are discussed. (D.L.C.)


Industrial control systems (ICS) are designed to be resilient, capable of recovering from process faults and failures with limited impact to operations. Current ICS resiliency strategies use redundant PLCs. However, these redundant PLCs, being of similar make and model, can be exploited by the same cyber attack, defeating the ICS's resiliency strategy. This research proposes a resiliency strategy for ICS that employs an active defense technique to remove the cyber common cause failure. The resiliency of the active defense strategy is compared to traditional ICS resiliency by implementing both strategies in a semi-simulated wastewater treatment plant aeration basin that experiences a cyber attack. The active defense technique was shown to maintain effective treatment of the wastewater through the cyber attack where the traditional implementation allowed a process disruption that prevented the effective treatment of the wastewater.


Mathematical simulation is widely used for the design, optimization of glass melting furnaces. The furnace consists of two different spaces including the glass melt and the combustion space, therefore, the simulation of the glass-melting system is focused on the above two spaces. Current three-dimensional mathematical models for simulating flow and heat transfer processes in glass-melting furnaces are summarized,including combustion model, glass tank melt model, coupled model and various sub-models, and validation included.


1,3-bis (1-methyl-1-isocyanatoethyl) benzene in the base body carboxylic imide carbodiimide ethylene oxide units of from 12 to 40% by weight based on the weight of the imide [-CH 1,3-bis (1-methyl-1-isocyanatoethyl) benzene, carbodiimide, ethylene oxide units.


This essay analyzes a number of issues surrounding the Menchu/Stoll dispute. In locating Stoll's criticism of Rigoberta within a larger referential arena that includes an attack on the North American academic left and an unbridled anti-Marxism, the authors attempt to reveal how Stoll's ideological agenda is functionally compatible with the larger political agenda of the New Right. The authors also attempt to reveal Stoll's distortions of Guatemalan guerrilla history as well as problems with his analysis and collection of the data.


This paper proposes an efficient design method of nearfield focused beamformer with frequency invariant patterns for underwater radiated noise measurement, where the impinging of the wideband radiated source on the acoustic array is restricted by the angular and range conditions of the Fresnel approximation. With the Fresnel approximation, the received signal can be first amplitude-compensated and phase-shifted according to the signal attenuation and the wave curvature before the beamforming operation, and then the problem of nearfield wideband beamforming can be readily transformed to a corresponding farfield issue, and the well-established farfield design method of frequency invariant beamformers (FIBs) can be used. Representative example is presented to demonstrate the reduced design complexity and the encouraging beamforming performance under nearfield condition.


The dichotomous choice contingent valuation has been one of the most popular method to estimate Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) for nonmarket goods, such as environmental resources. Standard estimation procedures rely upon fully parametric assumptions on the model. This paper provides a new semiparamet-ric estimation of the WTP distribution, which consists of three steps: In the first step, a finite-dimensional slope parameter is estimated by existing methods. In the second step, an infinite dimensional parameter is estimated by the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation (NP-MLE). In the final step, the distribution of the WTP is estimated based on the first two steps. Consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator are proven. Furthermore, the method is shown to be semiparametirically efficient.


Large-scale land conversion of peat for agricultural purposes requires clearance, drainage, fertilizer application, and liming to increase the pH and boost microbial activity. The objective of this present study was to compare the soil chemical properties of oil palm plantation one-three years oil palm planted and mature oil palm that were previously a secondary tropical peat swamp forest. Soil samples were collected randomly at difference age's oil palm plantation from a Young Oil Palm Plantation (YOPP) in one year period of time at same place and Mature Oil Palm Plantation (MOPP) another place from oil palm plantation in Batang Igan, Sibu Sarawak, Malaysia. Approach: Forty eight soil samples were taken using a peat soil auger at 0-15 cm depths in every area. The samples were air dried and then sieved to pass 2 mm sieve. Soil pH in water and KCl, soil CEC, Organic Matter (OM), Organic Carbon (OC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorous (TP), Total Potassium (TK), carbon to nitrogen ratio and carbon to phosphorous ratio were determined using standard procedures. Statistical analysis showed that CEC, TC and OM content were statistically similar. Results: The soil pHwater, TN and C/N ration shows highly significant for all difference age's oil palm plantation. Difference with pHKCl and TK content shows no significantly difference between YOPP 2 years and 3 years but both areas significantly higher with MOPP. For TP and C/P ratio content has no significant difference for YOPP (2 years) and MOPP but significantly difference with YOPP (3 years). Conclusion: Regardless of difference age's oil palm plantation, total carbon, organic matter and CEC was statistically similar to different ages of oil palm plantation, but soil acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, C/N and C/P ratio was significantly higher between three areas weather YOPP (2 years), YOPP (3 years) and MOPP.


Eye tracking technologies produce a series of timestamped gaze fixation points that can be attributed to objects within a subject's field of vision. These fixation points are often aggregated in order to generate a measurement of the gaze duration in Area of Interest studies. Error is typically measured on the basis of the variation between individual gaze fixation points and the intended point of fixation. These underlying errors in fixation have no inherent transformation for making a statement about error in gaze duration, even though they are expected to be related. In this work we develop an algorithm for estimating the error distribution of gaze duration measurement through Monte Carlo simulation using the content of an eye tracking calibration log file. We provide this algorithm in an open source application to allow researchers to understand the error in their gaze duration measurements. We use this application to conduct experiments on the expected error bounds for different duration measurements across a fixed session length for a simulated area of interest study on a mobile device. The results indicate that error in gaze duration estimation is sensitive to fixation error beyond a bound that will depend on the size of the area of interest and the comparative length of the viewing session.


The utility model relates to a flow detection sensor which is used for a smog purifying and filtering system, and the sensor comprises a safety mesh enclosure, a mesh enclosure fixing plate, a flow fan assembly, and a system control module. The flow fan assembly comprises a flow fan and a Hall element. The signal output end of the flow fan assembly is connected with the signal input end of the system control module. The safety mesh enclosure consists of a grid-shaped plane and a fence-shaped annular structure which is connected with the periphery of the grid-shaped plane. The utility model also relates to the smog purifying and filtering system equipped with the flow detection sensor, and the system comprises a filtering device and a fan assembly which are sequentially arranged. A cavity is disposed between the filtering device and a fan supporting plate. The interior of the cavity is provided with the flow detection sensor. According to the utility model, the constant flow control is achieved through monitoring the changes of the number of revolution of the flow fan, thereby maintaining the same effect of smoking for a long time, and judging the working states of the filtering device.


The continuous surveillance, monitoring and operational planning of hydro-dams and hydro-sites is a very important issue, considering the impact of these critical structures on the environment, society, economy and ecology. On one hand, the failure of hydro-dams can dramatically affect the environment and humans; on the other hand, the operating policies must take into account the impact of the water resource exploitation on the hydro-site region and on the regions supplied by the reservoir.


ABSTRACT This research aimed to : (1) improve the accuracy of consistency principle of materials for the topic of Democracy within the Dictate of Civic Education for class X of hearing impaired students, (2) improve the accuracy of sufficiency principle of materials for the topic of Democracy within the Dictate of Civic Education in class X of hearing impaired students. This research used embedded single qualitative method. Data were collected by means of interview, document analysis, and observation. Triangulation of data and theories were conducted to ensure the data validity. The data were then analyzed using content analysis method. Based on the research findings, it was concluded that: (1) Dra.Wahyu Trimei Pujilestari 's Dictate of Civic Education for class X of hearing impaired students had not fully met the consistency principle and the determined indicators in the syllabus. This was evident from the fact that there were still some indicators of consistency principle that were not covered yet, such as: a. balance of the materials, b. range of the materials, and c. presentation of the materials; (2)  Materials for the topic of Democracy within the Dictate of Civic Education in class X of hearing impaired students had not met the sufficiency principle, of which materials to be taught should be adequate to help students master basic competences. This was proved by the fact that there were several indicators of sufficiency principle that had not been covered such as: a. coverage of the materials, b. connection with Pancasila, c. accuracy of the facts. Materials in the syllabus were not fully listed in the Dictate of Civic Education in class X of hearing impaired students. Some addition and omission were necessary. K eywords : Consistency, Sufficiency, Teaching Materials, Dictate


This paper analyzes a misleading problem, then calculates and drews a conclusion that energy in circuit is transferred by electromagnetism field, has revealed the essence of energy transferring in circuit.


The oxidative C-H amination of N"-aryl-N'-tosyl/N'-methylsulfonylamidines and N,N'-bis(aryl)amidines has been accomplished using iodobenzene as a catalyst to furnish 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles in the presence of mCPBA as a terminal oxidant at room temperature. The reaction is general, and the target products can be obtained in moderate to high yields.


Purpose: To develop a new spectrophotometric method for the analysis of losartan potassium in pharmaceutical formulations by making its complex with copper. Method: A coloured complex based on UV/Vis spectroscopic method was developed for the determination of losartan potassium concentration in pharmaceutical formulations in the visible region. The colored complex of losartan was formed with cupric acetate (5:4). Analysis was carried out by the two methods - absorption ratio and calibration curve methods. The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision.


This article presents a method for quantification of methanol and ethanol integrated in the same gas-chromatographic run with a quantification of gases dissolved in mineral oil, making it an integrated tool in transformer diagnostics. The results of aging experiments at 120 °C and 60 °C of Kraft paper, copper, barrier, and pressboard immersed in mineral oil, as well as the aging of thermal upgrade paper in mineral and natural ester oil at 140 °C are presented, in order to investigate correlations between different aging markers and to evaluate their partitioning between oil and cellulose at defined conditions. The results of partitioning experiments at 60 °C showed that re-absorption of methanol from oil to the cellulose materials is faster than the re-absorption of furans. This means that methanol is a paper-degradation marker that can be used in diagnostics over shorter equilibrium times and for the detection of developing faults at broader temperature ranges. Furthermore, a statistical overview of methanol concentration from a database and two transformer fault diagnostic cases are presented. Therefore, in addition to an analysis of gases dissolved in oil, the use of methanol and ethanol in transformer fault and failure investigations should be explored and verified through transformer fault investigations and postmortem analyses.


A method of successive approximations is used to study the nonstationary vibration of a piezoelectric layer subject to electric and mechanical excitation and to solve associated initial–boundary-value problems. At each approximation, the method of characteristics is used. The accuracy of the method is assessed. The electrically and mechanically excited processes are compared. The dynamic electromechanical state is analyzed


With the speed of software development lagging behind that of hardware development as well as the situation of software redevelopment,this essay proposes the component-based software reuse technology as an effective solution.


JOURNAL OF THE SCANDINAVIAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Acta Sociologica is published quarterly by Universitetsforlaget nd the Scandinavian Sociological Association. The purpose of the journal is to present research results of international standard within the fields of sociology and societal research. Articles are normally written by Scandinavian sociologists, but contributions from sociologists outside Scandinavia re also welcome. The articles differ in scope and theoretical starting point and represent a variety of issues within the field of sociology. CONTENTS: Vol. 28 No. 1, March 1985 Articles Pertti Koistinen On the Social Determinants ofTechnological Development Carl-Ulrik Schierup The Immigrants and the Crisis Michael Anselme, Good Jobs and Bad: A Differentiated structuring ofthe Robert Weisz Labor Market Simo Aho Labour Society in Crisis Book Reviews


The use of proteolytic enzymes in the surgical treatment of adhesions has indicated a definite superiority for the vegetable enzyme, papain. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 This report is concerned with the development of a sterile papain preparation suitable for clinical use, the standardization of the product and some descriptive aspects of its behavior in the peritoneum. The two procedures previously described for the preparation of a sterile trypsin product 5 have been applied to papain with varying success. The simplest method, namely, the pressure filtration of a glycerine extract has been discarded as unsuitable for clinical purposes. Even though filtered glycerine extracts of trypsin lose very little activity in the course of 8 months'storage and glycerine extracts of papain show a high degree of heat stability, the storage behavior of the latter is unfavorable. About 50 assays on 12 different lots over periods up to 4 months showed that filtrates stored open in the refrigerator averaged a 50% activity-loss in 1 month and ampouled filtrates stored in the refrigerator averaged a 50% activity-loss in 4 months. The cause for this deterioration was not determined although a number of possibilities were examined such as atmospheric oxidation, contact with mercury vapor, exposure to ultra-violet light and absorption of alkali from the container. The second method, previously described, consisted in filtration of aqueous or glycerine extracts through Berkefeld filters (N) and precipitation of the active product with alcohol and ether. This presented no unexpected difficulty when applied to papain and the powdered products have shown consistent stability on storage. The firm of Parke Davis & Co. have cooperated in producing sterile and standard preparations by this method. The activity of the standardized, sterile product corresponds closely to that of the ordinary stock product, mgm. for mgm.