Soil moisture is the key state variable from both climate and hydrologic cycle assessment perspectives. Automated measurements of soil moisture were not possible in the past decades. Sensors deployed in the field with real-time monitoring networks such as the Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) in Nebraska have not only become affordable but enhanced the monitoring capability of the network with valuable soil moisture data added to the existing stream of hourly and daily weather data for precipitation, air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and soil temperature. However, to assure the quality of the data, quality control (QC) tools are needed. Earlier studies lacked the QC of soil water data in general as they were not part of a network that routinely collected soil water measurements. This paper presents a systematic QC analysis and methodology to evaluate the performance of candidate QC techniques using spatiallyextenstive soil water dataset available from the AWDN network. The six tests included are based on the general behavior of soil moisture, the statistical characteristics of the measurements, the soil properties, and the precipitation measurements. The threshold, step change, and spatial regression test proved most effective in identifying data problems. The results demonstrate that these methods will lead to early identification of potential instrument failures and other disturbances to the soil water measurements. Abbreviations ACIS – Applied Climate Information System AWDN Automated Weather Data Network QC quality control R&H SM model Robinson and Hubbard soil water model PIB method precipitation and irrigation based method PIAB method precipitation and irrigation amounts based method SRT spatial regression test ND number of days Introduction In the past, quality control (QC) procedures have been applied in a limited way to examine the validity of weather data (Guttman and Quayle, 1990) available from the archives of the National Climatic Data Center. QC generally involved a number of internal consistency tests, a threshold test, and a step change test for detecting potential outliers at a particular station (Wade, 1987; Meek and Hatfield, 1994; Eischeid et al., 1995; Hubbard et al. 2007a; This is an author-produced, peer-reviewed version of this article. The final, definitive version of this document can be found online at Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, published by American Society of Civil Engineers. Copyright restrictions may apply. DOI: 10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000174 Durre et al. 2007). Data collected for a given site may also be compared with data from surrounding stations to assess the accuracy of the measurement (Wade, 1987; Gandin, 1988; Eischeid et al., 1995; Hubbard et al., 2005; Hubbard et al. 2007a). An estimate is arrived at for the station of interest, based on the neighboring stations, and the difference between the computed value and the observation for the station of interest is tested to determine the likelihood of it being an outlier. For the inverse distance weighting technique, the estimate is formed by weighting the values at surrounding stations by the inverse of the distance separating the locations (Guttman et al., 1988; Wade, 1987). This does not remove any systematic differences between the stations. Other statistical approaches seek to provide a non-biased estimate (e.g. multiple regression, Eischeid et al., 1995 and Eischeid et al., 2000; bivariate linear regression test, Hubbard et al., 2005). The new Climate Reference Network was designed so that biases due to temperature observation times, station moves, and instrumentation type are eliminated. Examining data from the Climate Reference Network, Gallo (2006) suggests that "microclimate influences on temperatures observed at nearby (horizontally and vertically) stations are potentially much greater than influences that might be due to latitude or elevation differences between stations." Spatial statistical approaches can eliminate systematic bias due to both elevation and latitude differences. With a 24-30 day window for the formation of weighting factors for the spatial statistical approach (Hubbard et al., 2005), any systematic bias due to changing releationships between stations (microclimate) can be removed. An automated procedure for checking the tendency for flags to be grouped geographically is usefull in the event of strong and non-stationary horizontal gradients in the variable (You and Hubbard, 2006). Recently, the historical climate data has been combined with the near-real time stream of field data to provide an upto-date analysis in order to draw a comprehensive assessment of site-specific hydroclimatology for both current and historic conditions. The analyses are provided on an interactive basis through the Applied Climate Information System (ACIS, Hubbard et al., 2004) -a synchronous, distributed system developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Regional Climate Centers (RCCs). QC procedures have been employed on the historical data regularly however, to be useful the near-real time data requires considerable quality testing as well. Advances in the QC of ACIS data has included the QC of maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature (Hubbard et al., 2005; Hubbard and You, 2005; Hubbard et al., 2007), and of precipitation (You et al., 2007). QC of variables using physically-based processes are common. For instance, testing of hourly solar radiation against the estimated clear sky radiation (Allen, 1996; Geiger et al., 2002) and the use of soil heat diffusion theory to determine consistency in the soil temperature profile has shown some degree of success (Hu et al., 2002). These methods apply the physical properties or physically-based estimates or modeling results to help evaluate the validity of measurements. Soil water is the amount of water held in storage at a given time and is closely related to soil properties, antecedent precipitation, and drainage. Data quality from any sensor is dependant upon three main processes: (1) calibration, (2) installation, and (3) analysis of the collected observations. Hubbard et al., (2008) reported the calibration and installation of the sensors. The focus of this paper is primarily on the third point which deals with the analysis of the collected soil water observations. This will not only aid in improving techniques to add value to field-based observations but also increase confidence in utilizing these observations as has been recognized by Illston et al. (2008) and discussion on this approach is also lacking in the literature.. In this paper, QC tests were developed and their performance was evaluated on a unique soil water dataset. This dataset is unique because the AWDN stations collect soil moisture from multiple depths continuously for over 51 sites spread over eight climate divisions for more than 10 years between 1998-2008. Five tests are included and are based on the properties of soil water, the statistical characteristics of the measurements, the soil properties, and the precipitation measurements. Preliminary tests confirmed that the variability in precipitation and soil types were too high to allow a comparison with neighboring stations. This paper also includes examples of utilization of Robinson and Hubbard Soil Moisture (R&H SM) model (Robinson and Hubbard, 1990) in validating the soil water data. The R&H SM model,with precipitation input from measurements at the soil water monitoring site was applied to provide a reference estimate against which actual observations were compared. This is an author-produced, peer-reviewed version of this article. The final, definitive version of this document can be found online at Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, published by American Society of Civil Engineers. Copyright restrictions may apply. DOI: 10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000174 Materials and Methods Data The Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) collects soil water data from 51 locations in Nebraska, at four depths of 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 m for each location. The surface vegetation is predominantly rain-fed native grass of Nebraska. For our study, the focus of the analysis and implementation of automated quality control procedures is on the growing seasons from 1998 to 2005. The soil water data network has utilized two types of probes: the Vitel (Stevens Hydraprobe) and Theta (model ML2) probes. Both sensors are based on the concept of measuring the dielectric constantof soil and relating it to the volumetric water conent of the soil via acalibration curve. The Vitel probes were installed at 14 stations and the Theta probes were installed at 37 stations thus providing a total of 51 sites for measurement of soil moisture in the state (see Fig. 1 and Table 1). The time period of observations for each station is listed in Table 1. In this study, Dec. 31, 2005 is taken as the end date although data continues to be collected. Calibration curves for the probes were prepared by taking soil samples for each depth at every site. An electronic probe reading was taken f just prior to the collection of a physical soil sample from the field. The samples were then oven-dried and the volumetric water contents were compared to the probe readings. The resulting calibrations are shown in Fig. 2. More detailed information on installation and calibration of soil water probes was provided in Hubbard et al. (2008). One should note that using a single calibration curve would lead to more systematic error thereby propagating uncertainty in the in-situ observations. For example, using the "sand" calibration curve at a signal strength of 700 mv to estimate soil water in silty and clay soils would result in underestimation of soil moisture by 24% and 11% , respectively. Visual inspection of the raw data indicates that the variation of hourly soil water data measurements from the Vitel probe was considerably higher


To study the gradation applicability of Lucobit modifier and make it adapt to China's basic national conditions well, the gradation of AC-13C was selected to research pavement performance in this text. The mix design of AC-13C without Lucobit is researched first. And then the performance of AC-13C is verified. In the end, the performance comparisons between AC-13C with 7% Lucobit and without are carried out. Results show that the performance of AC-13C asphalt mixture with 7% Lucobit and without can all meet the requirement. Compared with the performance of AC-13C without Lucobit, the low temperature and water stability performance with Lucobit improve a little and the high temperature performance improves a lot. So Lucobit modifier can greatly improve the high temperature performance of AC-13C asphalt mixture.


Background Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are essential components of general anesthesia. But it is always associated with side effects called reflex cardiovascular responses. Many methods have been identified to attenuate these responses like intravenous lidocaine, deep inhalational anesthesia, vasodilators, intravenous magnesium sulphate even though therapeutic superiority remains understudied. Methods An institutional-based cohort study on 112 adult patients aged between 18–60 years was applied. 37 patients in the non-exposed group (Group N), 37 in the lidocaine group (Group L), and 38 in magnesium sulphate (Group M) were included. The hemodynamic parameters like heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure at various time points up to 7 minutes post-intubation were recorded and the effect of both drugs to reduce hemodynamic responses was compared. Parametric data were analyzed using ANOVA and nonparametric data using the Kuruska-Wallis H rank test. P-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results In all three groups, there was a statistically significant rise in heart rate and blood pressure from baseline. There was a statistically significant difference in mean heart rate throughout study minutes among the groups (p<0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in mean heart rate between Groups M and L at all post-intubation time intervals. In blood pressure at all three parameters there was statistically significant difference among groups at all-time points except no difference at 7th minutes in DBP. There was significantly lower blood pressure in group M compared to both groups. Conclusion In conclusion, prophylactic administration of magnesium sulphate and lidocaine was effective in attenuating hemodynamic responses to the stress effect of laryngoscopy and intubation. But based on our finding prophylaxis of magnesium sulphate is associated with a more favorable hemodynamic response.


As natural languages change over time, automatically identifying this change is an area of interest. In this work, we develop a system that detects phrase substitution, new appearing phrases, and extinguishing phrases within a language. We also measure the overall language change. We achieve that using unsupervised learning, i.e., without time-based parallel corpora. Our proposed model employs an adversarial training procedure to learn how to align between time-based word em-beddings spaces and time-independent global word embed dings space, within the same language. We also propose a simple and effective dictionary-based validation method. We apply our approach to the Turkish language. As a dataset, we use the Turkish parliamentary minutes from 1920 to 2014. We accomplish promising results; %54.76 accuracy measured by our validation method on words with at least %0.01 probability.


An 0.1-Freon turbine generating plant was developed to utilize the energy from a heat source having small temperature differences. Investigations were carried out to study the boiling heat transfer in the evaporator and the flow distribution characteristics and the stability of the system.


Biodistribution studies of 67Ga-C60(OH)x have been conducted using KM mice. The results showed high localization of the 67Ga-C60(OH)x in the liver, spleen, bone and marrow but with slow clearance. It was also demon-strated that 67Ga-C60(OH)x was unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. The concentration of C60(OH)x affected the biodistribution. These data suggest that C60(OH)x may be used as a carrier of drug delivery system for lymphatic tar-geting due to its behavior as a micro-particle substance.


A study was conducted to determine the effect of head-wind profiles and mean head-wind velocities on runway landing capacity for airplanes flying constant-airspeed and constant-groundspeed approaches. It was determined that when the wind profiles were encountered with the currently used constant airspeed approach method, the landing capacity was reduced. The severity of these reductions increased as the mean head-wind value of the profile increased. When constant-groundspeed approaches were made in the same wind profiles, there were no losses in landing capacity. In an analysis of mean head winds, it was determined that in a mean head wind of 35 knots, the landing capacity using constant-airspeed approaches was 13% less than for the no wind condition. There were no reductions in landing capacity with constant-groundspeed approaches for mean head winds less than 35 knots. This same result was observed when the separation intervals between airplanes was reduced.


When considered as a process, instructional design is a whole that is supportive of learning. In an effort to meet the needs of different individuals in the educational process and respond better to the needs and conditions of different disciplines, it is necessary to make use of different instructional design models in the literature in both theory and practice-oriented areas. Therefore, it is a worthwhile attempt to probe into instructional designs and curriculum development models that are not oft-mentioned in the literature, yet would lend themselves to different ways of use in terms of different discipline areas and purposes. This paper intends to provide indepth information regarding the instructional design model developed by Bellon and Handler (1982)—a model that occupies a place in the international literature as well as in Turkey, a fortiori, concerning foreign language teaching field—and inform the reader about the employment of the model and its alternative employment types and areas. To this end, available sources related to the model were made subject to document analysis method. In the analysis of the documents, basic elements of the curriculum (aims, organization, operations, outcomes) were used as the main themes. Based on this general perspective, each element of the model in question was examined in detail. Accordingly, discussions and suggestions were made with regard to the use and employment areas of the model, characteristics of the emergent product or program as a result of the instructional design, and theoretical underpinnings of the instructional model. See extended abstract Received 18 December 2018 Accepted 30 December 2018


This paper tries to sort out several characteristics of the Xingxing cultivation in neo_Confucianism, based on the theory of Li Er_qu. It proposes that the characteristic of gradation reflects the depth of the knowledge and cultivation of the thinkers of neo_Confucianism, the accumulation refers to the concentration of Gongfu in time and space in the course of cultivation, the naturalness reflects a natural state of the cultivation of Gongfu dominated by noumenon (Xingxing_Benti), and the consistency reflects the ideal world of cultivation consistent in every aspect.


ABSTRACT: Poetry is the unrivalled literary form even in this century. It is an old form that exists for more than two thousand years. Having taken a number of dimensions, it continues to exist as a literary form. At the time when pioneer poets of new poetry appearing from South India, there emerged a group of poets who have consumed the new ideas of modern poetry. Cōlaikkiļi is one of them. Cōlaikkiļi (Uthumalebbe Mohamed Atheek) from Kalmunai, East Sri Lanka entered the poetic world in 1980. As an expression of experience, an individual's poetic abilities could be studied in different ways. Among the poetic form, the ability of expression, poetic techniques and the semantic content, the ability of expression is an important aspect. All poets express their experience. But Cōlaikkiļi differs from them in his ability of the usage of language, imagery, symbolism, blind, subtlity, clarity, briefness, satire, simile, metaphor and contradiction. These abilities of the poet are being studied basing on his poems in the 'Avaņam' anthology.


Total cross sections for electron scattering by ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$ molecules in the energy range 400--5000 eV have been measured with experimental errors of about 3%. The method was based on a transmission-beam technique, and a detailed error source analysis is included. Present results have been compared with available experimental and theoretical data. The dependence on electron energy of the total cross sections obtained shows an asymptotic behavior with increasing energies, in agreement with the Born-Bethe approximation. In addition, an analytical formula is provided to extrapolate total cross sections to higher energies. Finally, total cross-section values have been partitioned into elastic and inelastic (ionization and neutral dissociation) processes.


Simeon De Witt, a native of New York State, made major contributions to the origins and development of a distinctly American school of mapmaking. During the Revolution, as Assistant Geographer and Geographer on the staff of General George Washington, he prepared maps and surveys for the Continental Army. In 1784 he was appointed Surveyor- General of New York State, a position he filled with competence and distinction for fifty years. During this eventful and expansive half century, De Witt's cartographic contributions included preparing boundary surveys between New York and adjoining States, directing surveys of the "Military Tract," compiling a State map, serving, on commissions for the Erie Canal and for developing a plan for the expansion of New York City, cooperating with David H. Burr in compiling and publishing a map and atlas of New York State, and directing surveys for roads and railroads. When De Witt began his long tenure as Surveyor-General, much of the country west of the Hudson River was a wi...


There are a lot of hilly and mountainous areas in the Nagano Prefecture Nagano city. Therefore, there are a lot of isolated villages when the disaster happens. The protection in these regions is important. However, a current hazard map is aimed at a large area. It is difficult to use it in a small village in the hilly and mountainous area. Then, a small village in the hilly and mountainous area was targeted in this research. And, it has aimed at making the disaster prevention map that uses the aerial photographic data by Multicopter. The aerial images by Multicopter were taken as sequential pictures of the object area so that each picture overlapped in the rate 80% or more. These images were translated into three-dimensional images by using image analysis software. And these images were output by using a three-dimensional printer. In addition, the workshop was held for making the disaster prevention map. Then, a dangerous location was understood from local populace's aspect. An important disaster preventi...


Transportation is the soul of urban cities. Find sustainable ways to keep people moving in our cities is more important than ever. Historically, cities have developed in different ways. Each has its own personality and complexity. But in all cases, transport and mobility have played a key role in city life. Due to the relevance of mobility this article tries to establish the relationship between some variables. The method was developed by collecting, analyzing and comparing data on metropolitan regions in North America, South America, Europe and Oceania through a mathematical model. From each selected location the following data were gathered: population, area (km²), demographic density (inhab/km²), socio-economic aspects (annual GDP per capita), transport system (subway extension), number of trips per person per day and modal split (% non-motorized, % public transport and % private transport). In this study we analyze some variables that influence the number of trips per person per day. Understanding the associations between all the variables that influence the number of trips per person per day contributes the planners to determine whether changes are needed to improve in the transport system in the metropolitan region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3763


The construction and operation of fiber-optic sensing devices based on molecularly imprinted polymers are reported. Fiber-optic detection of an amino acid derivatized with a fluorescent labeling group (dansyl-L-phenyl-alanine) is demonstrated. The advantages of using molecularly imprinted polymers as artificial recognition systems in sensor technology are discussed.


This paper presents a gate driver, which has output voltage with double source voltage. Such a gate driver can reduce the number of voltage sources required to power a complicated system, such as a servo system. And hence, the space for the overall system can be decreased. The detailed operating principles are illustrated and some experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed topology.


A method for manufacturing a double-layer unbonded steel strand comprises the following steps: performing setting out a steel strand; primarily oiling the steel strand under pressure; primarily enwrapping the steel strand with a PE (polyethylene) sleeve; primarily cooling the steel strand; performing surface treatment, wherein the surface treatment comprises surface nicking, wiping and blowing; secondarily oiling the steel strand; secondarily enwrapping the steel strand with the PE sleeve; secondarily cooling the steel strand; drawing the steel strand. By the method, a multi-layer anticorrosion problem is solved; the manufactured steel strand has the characteristics of high anticorrosion ability, long service life and convenience in transportation construction; the method can be widely applied to manufacturing of unbonded steel strands for stay cables of a large bridge, external cables and other pull cables.


We are pleased to introduce Worldwide AI — a new column in AI Magazine that we hope will keep AAAI members informed about AI efforts around the world.


Abstract : If a passage is so narrow that species must line up in it in single file, then a Markov-type process can take place in which several species considered together would have an average flow from their high to low total concentration, but some subset of the species could have an average flow against their individual gradients. Hodkin and Keynes (J. Physiol., Vol.128, 1955) proposed this type of model to explain observed exchange rates of potassium and its labelled isotope across the membrane of a living cell. We extend this approach by assuming that there are particles of different types (e.g., Na+, K+, H2O) which complete for entry into a passage.


According to the need of the elder-care,this paper uses Common Sense Reasoning(CSR) in the elder-care reasoning system,and combines it with the ontology. It also studies and discusses the main technology of this system,such as ontology-based knowledge representation,common sense knowledge storage,rule representation and common sense inference,and validates the feasibility,efficiency and importance of common sense reasoning in the elder-care reasoning system through representative application.


Stormwater can pick up debris, chemicals, dirt, and other pollutants and flow into a storm sewer system or directly to a lake, stream, river, wetland, or coastal water. Anything that enters a storm sewer system is discharged untreated into the waterbodies we use for swimming, fishing, and providing drinking water. Polluted stormwater runoff can have many adverse effects on plants, fish, animals, and people.


Bread is a staple food worldwide. It commonly undergoes physico-chemical and microbiological changes which impair its quality and shelf-life. Staling determines organoleptic impairment, whereas microbiological spoilage causes visible mould growth and invisible production of mycotoxins. To tackle this economic and safety issue, the bakery industry has been working to identify treatments which allow bread safety and extended shelf-life. Physical methods and chemical preservatives have long been used. However, new frontiers have been recently explored. Sourdough turned out an ancient but novel technology to preserve standard and gluten-free bread. Promising results have also been obtained by application of alternative bio-preservation techniques, including antifungal peptides and plant extracts. Active packaging, with absorbing and/or releasing compounds effective against bread staling and/or with antimicrobials preventing growth of undesirable microorganisms, showed up an emerging area of food technology which can confer many preservation benefits. Nanotechnologies are also opening up a whole universe of new possibilities for the food industry and the consumers. This work thus aims to provide an overview of opportunities and challenges that traditional and innovative anti-staling and anti-spoilage methods can offer to extend bread shelf-life and to provide a basis for driving further research on nanotechnology applications into the bakery industry.


A new fully balanced log-domain integrator structure is proposed. The use of the differential structures can reduce the distortion and improve the dynamic range of the circuits. Two balanced versions: the complementary transistor pair (CTP) and the all-npn transistors, are introduced. The circuits were verified by the simulations of a fifth-order Chebyshev low-pass filter.


Document agreeing to pay 200 francs to the order of Messrs. Huth & Co. of Neufreystaedt. Dated March 26, 1844 and signed with the mark of the [wife] of Weber.


Objective To develop a laser treatment machine for the benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH),which can both avoid the transurethral resection symptoms(TURS) and rapidly remove the big BPH.Methods The machine adopted a long plus laser with 80W average power and 1000W peak value power in order to rapidly vaporize the neoplasm.Because of its high power,short operation time and small thermal penetraction depth,it could avoid the post-operation edema of the organ is resulted from the concretion of traditional continuous-wavelength YAG laser.The control system based on AT89C51 dominated the laser power,and meanwhile,it monitored the process to protect the machine.It was connected with the Hospital Information System(HIS) via RS232.Results The chicken breast tissues were irradiated with the sample machine under water,and the groove irradiated by laser was 4mm in width and 2.5mm in depth with the irradiation speed of 5mm/s.The arbonation of tissue surface was slight and the thermal damage to the adjacent tissues was the minimal.Conclusion This machine can rapidly vaporize the neoplasm with the minimal thermal damage to the adjacent non-irradiated tissues.It is desirable for the treatment of big BPH.


Value belongs to the category of relation——a relation between subject and object.Man's value is the unity of self-value and social value,as well as man and nature.It is important for us to know ourselves better and set up a right value orientation and honorable life goal that we know the value of the man nature unity.


Product demand forecasting is crucial for logistics and production to have the right item in the right place at the right time. This affects the performance of the entire supply chain. The problem of predicting future consumption becomes especially challenging for intermittent demand, where demand occurrences appear sporadically in time. This pattern is often experienced in slow-moving, high-value items, which happens in e-commerce, manufacturing, and automotive industries. However, many of the forecasting methods may perform poorly for this kind of item demand. Moreover, the typical methods for this problem do not have underlying statistical models, so they do not provide access to estimates of forecast uncertainty. It is essential in an intermittent demand context where inventory control is inherently difficult and meaningful. This thesis proposes an approach to probabilistic time series forecasting that combines state-space models with deep learning. The usage of the state-space model provides interpretability and statistical assumptions. Simultaneously, the deep learning approach offers the ability to learn complex patterns from multiple time series using additional input like weather or calendar events. This is ensured by the separate parameterization of the state space model per time series via a recursive neural network. I then conducted experiments on simulated data and two real data sets with intermittent time series. Also, I tested the performance of the model on data consisting of three other demand types. In all cases, I compared results with the best baseline models, using a variety of relevant metrics. Finally, it presented the advantages of the proposed approach.


Interactive exhibits are now commonplace in museum settings. However, many technologies co-exist uneasily
 with more traditional methods of display. In this paper we
 describe a design strategy for mixing realities in museum
 spaces. An approach is adopted for developing `interactives'
 which complement rather than replace conventional
 methods. Our approach is explored through an exhibition
 which provides visitors with the opportunity to hear and
 leave opinions on unclassified historical artefacts. An
 analysis of visitor interaction reveals that avoiding
 simulation of established methods can allow visitors to
 weave novel and traditional practices. These results indicate
 designs for mixing realities in broader settings.


An experiment was conducted to measure the transmittance of a flowing stream of nitrogen gas that has been seeded with nominal 0.009-μ carbon particles. All measurements were made at 1-atm pressure and room temperature. The measurements were made by passing a beam of light from an external source through the seeded gas stream, and then determining the transmittance with a spectrophotometer. The experimental results show that the absorption cross section decreases as the seed density increases. This is attributed to particle agglomeration. The measurements also show that the transmittance is almost independent of wavelength for wavelengths from 200 to 3500 nm. At a seed density of 10−5 g/cm3, the absorption cross section is between 17 000 and 19 600 cm2/g. At a seed density of 10−4 g/cm3, the absorption cross section is between 10 800 and 13 000 cm2/g.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective condensation reduction methods using double wall system in underground parking lot. Opening shape on the double wall, thermal properties of wall materials and indoor ventilation rates are the major variables. The result of the study indicates that opening shape with large linear opening at the top of the wall are the most effective opening shape for the surface temperature increase of the double wall. Reduced thermal conductance of the double wall material also contributed to the surface temperature increase slightly. The most effective method for the reduction of surface condensation risk is increasing indoor ventilation rate. Increased ventilation rate contributed to considerable surface temperature increases of all type of double walls with different opening shapes.


We present a protocol for eliciting dynamic beliefs from forecasters. At time t = 0, forecasters hold beliefs about a random variable of interest that will realize publicly at time t = 1. Between t = 0 and t = 1, forecasters observe private information that impacts their beliefs. We design a class of protocols that, at the outset, elicit forecasters' beliefs about the random variable and elicit beliefs about any private information they expect to receive over time, and then elicit the private information that forecasters receive as they receive it. We show that any alternative elicitation mechanism can be approximated by protocols in our class. The information elicited can be used to solve optimally an arbitrary dynamic decision problem.


We have proposed that BiFeO3 films are suitable for piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting applications, because of the low dielectric permittivity and excellent ferroelectricity. In this paper, the improvement of the piezoelectric properties of the domain-engineered BiFeO3 films was discussed. The (100) epitaxial films were prepared at growth temperatures between 500 and 650°C on Nb-doped (100) SrRuO3 single crystals. The combinatorial sputtering method was employed in order to prevent Bi defects during high-temperature deposition. The domain structure and e31,f piezoelectric coefficients of the films were characterized by a piezoelectric force microscopy and direct piezoelectric response, respectively. The highest e31,f coefficient of -4.3 C/m2 and figures of merit of 14 GPa were obtained in the film deposited at 600°C, which has the highest domain wall density. This suggests that the introduction of the domain walls is effective to enhance the piezoelectric properties of BiFeO3 films.


: Background: Hearing impairment is a factor that directly compromises the individual's language. This can vary according to the type and degree of hearing loss. Objective: to investigate the relation between Speech development in hearing-impaired children in Arar city, KSA. Methods: A cross-sectional study will be conducted in Arar, Northern Saudi Arabia. This study will include randomly selected participants aging between 0- 6 years old. A systematic random sampling technique was used from the children attending 5 randomly selected primary health care centers. We included every 2 nd child. Collected data will be coded and analyzed using SPSS program (version 15) . P-value of less than 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Results: Hearing disorders was 13.6% and speech delay was 23.1%. There were 52.8% with moderate hearing loss, 33.3% with severe hearing loss, and 13.9% with deafness. 66.7% of cases were visiting a doctor. Cases having hearing aids were 50%, Hearing improvement from using hearing aids were 33.3%, 66.7% show no improvement, cases with speech improvement from using hearing aids were 25%, 75% show no improvement. Conclusion: in children 1-6 years old , in Arar, Northern Saudi Arabia, hearing disorders affects the speech development to a varying and considerable degrees. There was speech improvement after using hearing aids in 25% of cases.


Integrated sensing and processing (ISP) encompasses the use of optical computing and adapted excitation signals to physically implement chemometric calculations in spectroscopic sensors for imaging. As data sets become larger and more complex with each emerging generation of hyperspectral imagers, the 'pixel‐to‐pupil' ratio increases at a rate faster than computing power can accommodate. In response to the need for faster and more efficient methods of processing, many analog solutions to the problem of high data dimensionality have emerged. The successful development of ISP has strong implications for military imaging, biosensing, spectroscopic imaging, and pharmaceutical process analytical technology (PAT). ISP developments in spectroscopy and PAT have emerged as alternatives to conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), near‐infrared (NIR), IR, UV–visible, fluorescence, Raman, and acoustic‐resonance spectrometry (ARS). Flourishing applications of ISP have demonstrated predictive ability equivalent to conventional approaches for sample differentiation and analyte quantification, in only a fraction of the time required for traditional spectrometric measurements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Schistosoma japonicum from the People's Republic of China is considered to represent a single species comprising either 1 or 4 'strains'. We conducted an allozyme electrophoretic study to examine the extent of genetic variation in S. japonicum from mainland China. The allelic profiles of S. japonicum from 7 provinces were established at 16 enzyme loci. S. japonicum from Sichuan had 3–5 (19–31%) fixed differences compared with those from Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and Yunnan, suggesting that S. japonicum in mainland China represents a species complex. In addition, genetic markers were also established for different laboratory-maintained populations of S. japonicum which has significant implications for studying the biology of these organisms in human and animal hosts, and for the control and surveillance of human schistosomiasis in China.


A selective and practical bromine–metal exchange on bromoheterocyclics bearing substituents with an acidic proton under non-cryogenic conditions was developed by a simple modification of an existing protocol. Our protocol of using a combination of i-PrMgCl and n-BuLi has not only solved the problem of intermolecular quenching that often occurred when using alkyl lithium alone as the reagent for halogen–lithium exchange, but also offered a highly selective method for performing bromo–metal exchange on dibrominated arene compounds through chelation effect.


We prove inequalities that compare the regulator of a number field with its absolute discriminant. We also prove inequalities that compare the the relative regulator of an extension $l/k$ of number fields with a product of heights of multiplicatively independent relative units.


Modifications of m ucopolysaccharide (MPS) content were investigated in the livers of thyroidectomized, thyroidectomized plus CCl4-treated and in non-thyroid-ectomized CCl4-treated rats using histological and histochemical methods. Thyroidectomy seems to decrease the amount of UPS in the liver, inhibiting at the same time depolymerization and accumulation of acid MPS. On CCl, treatment increased amounts of acid MPS were noted. Hepatotoxic effect was found to be concomitant with increased depolymerization. After thyroidectomy the characteristic damaging effects of CCl4 treatment could not assert themselves, the histological pattern of the livers being similar to that of thyroidectomized. rats. These examinations seem to indicate a parallelism between MPS and changes of hepatoendocrine correlations. The histological examinations confirmed the histochernical results. On the basis of the results obtained the present authors believe that changes occurring in the polymerization, quantity and quality of MPS may contribute to increase the capacity of the liver to inactivate estrogen, and to counteract the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4 treatment in cases of hypothyrosis. From the results of previous investigations, the present authors point out the interrelation between tryptophan and MPS metabolism.


Targeting Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) for Treatment of Human Disease
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) plays a crucial role in the coordination of immune recognition receptors and orchestrates multiple downstream signaling pathways in various hematopoietic cells. In addition to its well-known function in transducing Fcγ receptor- and B cell receptor-mediated events, SYK signals downstream of a growing list of immunoreceptor pathways that modulate the innate and adaptive responses.


Heterogeneous nucleation and growth of acicular ferrite in HSLA steel weld-metal were in-situ observed by using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The applied thermal cycle simulated cooling rate of large heat-input welding. The high time-resolved images made for heterogeneous nucleation at inclusion and hard impingement between ferrite plates to be clear. Furthermore, the crystal orientation relationships between observed substrate for the heterogeneous nucleation and nucleated solid were analyzed.


Our aim in what follows is to show how Fibonacci representations play a role in determining winning moves for Wythoffs Nim [1, 2] very analogous to the role of binary representations in Bouton's Nim [3 ] . The particulars of these two games can be found in the preceding references, but for the convenience of the reader, we briefly recount the rules of play. In Bouton's Nim (usually referred to simply as nim) two players alternate picking up from a given collection of piles of counters (such as stones or coins). In his turn, a player must pick up at least one counter, so is never allowed a "pass." All counters picked up in one turn must come from a single pile, although the selection of pile can be changed from turn to turn. The number of counters picked up is constrained above by the size of the selected pile, but is otherwise an open choice on each move. The player who makes the last move (picking up the last counter) is declared the winner. In Wythoffs Nim, only two piles are involved. On each turn a player may move as in Bouton's Nim, but has the added option of picking up from both piles, provided he picks up an equal number of counters from the two piles. As in Bouton's Nim, the winner is the player who makes the last move. As has been known since Wythoffs original paper [1 ] , the strategy for Wythoffs Nim consists of always leaving the opponent one of a sequence of pairs (1,2), (3,5), (4,7) , -


K-Ta mixed oxides photocatalysts have been prepared by impregnation followed by calcination. The influence of the reaction temperature (450°C–900°C) on the phase formation, crystal morphology, and photocatalytic activity in hydrogen generation of the produced materials was investigated. The detailed analysis has revealed that all products exhibit high crystallinity and irregular structure. Moreover, two different crystal structures of potassium tantalates such as KTaO3 and K2Ta4O11 were obtained. It was also found that the sample composed of KTaO3 and traces of unreacted Ta2O5 (annealed at 600°C) exhibits the highest activity in the reaction of photocatalytic hydrogen generation. The crystallographic phases, optical and vibronic properties were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-vis and resonance Raman spectroscopic methods, respectively. Morphology and chemical composition of the produced samples were studied using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) as its mode.


Adopting a corpus-based approach, this paper aims to explore the different usages of the Mandarin verbs of doing zuo, nong, and gao. Though often employed to define one another in dictionaries, these three verbs are not always interchangeable. Rather, they exhibit different patterns of use and selectional preferences of the complements, and display different semantic prosodies. Zuo emphasizes the action of engaging in or creating and mainly collocates with the objectival type arguments; nong has the sense of handling and favors as its arguments existing, concrete objects; gαo specifies the action of initiating and is usually taken as associated with objects nouns denoting unusual, unconventional, or even unfavorable movements. In this paper, it is also shown that gαo often keeps bad company and tends to carry negative semantic prosody, while nong and zuo are basically neutral. The effects of a corpus-based approach on language teaching and learning are discussed as well.


Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) and carcinosarcoma of the esophagus are rare entities, making up fewer than 2% of esophageal malignancies. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in 1 case of BSCC and 2 cases of carcinosarcoma and subsequent array CGH in 1 case each of BSCC and carcinosarcoma revealed common chromosomal gains at 2p25.3-2p12, 7q21.3-7q22.3, and 11q13.2-11q13.4. Chromosomal losses at 13q31qter were observed in both carcinosarcomas. In addition, progression of genomic instability from in situ to invasive carcinosarcoma could be demonstrated by using array CGH. Our observations suggest a common genetic origin of BSCC and carcinosarcoma.


This mixed methods study sought to explore how experiencing a state of flow, or optimal enjoyment, while performing live music impacted the subjective well-being of young adults. Live music performance serves as a space of transgressive eroticism, which is necessary to facilitate dedifferentiation, an intrapsychic state developmental and relational state of merger where new ego growth occurs. 67 young adults (18-35 years of age) who had performed live music in the past year completed an anonymous online survey consisting of an empirical assessment of the convergence of flow and well-being utilizing the Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996), Scale of Positive and Negative Affect (SPANE) (Diener et al., 2010), Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2010), and Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS) (Zimmerman et al., 2008). Participants were also asked a series of qualitative questions about the quality of their flow experiences and impact on their subjective well-being. This study found evidence that the process of dedifferentiation occurs during flow state experiences, making experiences of flow (and, by proxy, dedifferentiation) spaces of psychic growth leading to intrapychic development and improved functioning. Future research into the utilization of flow experiences as a transcendent function facilitating dedifferentiation has implications for the treatment of survivors of trauma as well as those young adults experiencing clinically significant levels of depression and anxiety. RESOLVING DISSONANCE: HOW EXPERIENCES OF FLOW IN LIVE MUSIC PERFORMANCE FACILITATE DEDIFFERENTIATION AND IMPACT THE SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING OF YOUNG ADULTS A project based upon an independent investigation, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Work.


This viewgraph presentation describes world energy issues and alternate fueling effects on aircraft design. The contents include: 1) US Uses about 100 Quad/year (1 Q = 10(exp 15) Btu) World Energy Use: about 433 Q/yr; 2) US Renewable Energy about 6%; 3) Nuclear Could Grow: Has Legacy Problems; 4) Energy Sources Primarily NonRenewable Hydrocarbon; 5) Notes; 6) Alternate Fuels Effect Aircraft Design; 7) Conventional-Biomass Issue - Food or Fuel; 8) Alternate fuels must be environmentally benign; 9) World Carbon (CO2) Emissions Problem; 10) Jim Hansen s Global Warming Warnings; 11) Gas Hydrates (Clathrates), Solar & Biomass Locations; 12) Global Energy Sector Response; 13) Alternative Renewables; 14) Stratospheric Sulfur Injection Global Cooling Switch; 15) Potential Global Energy Sector Response; and 16) New Sealing and Fluid Flow Challenges.


The invention discloses a method for removing heat stable salts. The method can solve the problems that the exchanged area of the ion exchange resin used for removing heat stable salts is small, the exchange speed is slow and the time of the exchange process is rather long in the prior art. The invention adopts the method that the small ball shape ion exchange resin with the diameter of the particle between 0.1-0.17mm is filled in an ion exchange resin tower with the height-to-diameter ratio of four to one-two to one, the amine adsorbent containing heat stable salts with the concentration beyond 0.55mol/L passes through the ion exchange resin tower by the space velocity of 1.0-3.0/h under the temperature of 20-60 DEG C, when the amine adsorbent solution of the inlet and outlet of the ion exchange resin tower have the same pH value, the regeneration and circulation utilization can be conducted by the ion exchange resin tower.


AbstractAn experimental program investigating the potential of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) as a strengthening option for glulam beams subjected to simulated blast loads was undertaken. A total...


Any silkworm breeding programme involves selection of suitable parents. In order to know the superiority of a breed/hybrid a common index giving adequate weightage to all important metric traits is of prime importance. Ten commercial traits viz., fecundity, hatching, larval weight on 5th day of 5th instar, its duration, total larval period, % of malformed cocoons, pupation rate, cocoon and shell weight and shell % were analyzed. The data revealed significant variability among the breeds, of which the promising breeds were identified using multiple trait Evaluation Index (EI) method for cumulative effect of several quantitative characters. Based on these analyses, the breeds ND5, CSR19, PO1, SPO, UDHEY-3, PO3, CSR18, ND2 and NSP were observed scoring maximum EI values (>50). These have been identified as promising breeds and recommended for further use in breeding to boost bivoltine silk production.


Objective: Review literature regarding the efficacy of stress management interventions in the private sector workplace. As stress is deemed to have a cognitive variable, the paper focuses exclusively on interventions that had a cognitive-based program. This is the first review paper to examine the private sector workplace exclusively. Method: Search from 2000 to date for any studies evaluating cognitive-based stress management interventions in the private sector workplace. Studies can include either an in-person/group delivery or individual/via web delivery. Sixteen studies were identified. Results: There is high heterogeneity across the studies in demographics, design, population samples, and program length. Except for one study, all programs showed me-dium to high significance effect sizes on the primary measure of reduced perception of stress. A select number of studies showed greater increases at six months+ follow-up data collection points. There was no consistent data regarding whether online or in-person delivery was more effective. Conclusions: Stress management interventions can be a useful tool to provide employees with the cognitive skills required to combat and prevent stress. The choice of the correct tool for the organization's specific needs may be of significance for efficacy. Thorough consideration of implementation and evaluation of the program is advised for maximum efficacy. With consistent usage of the skills learned, employees may see not only an increase in their stress management skills over time but also an increase in their sense of self-efficacy. Increased self-efficacy may lead to positive improvements in other areas of their life beyond the professional sphere.


THE POWDER FOR FEEDING SWEETENER ANIMAL IS PRESENTED IN INTIMATE a mixture whose distribution Sweetener / ENHANCER IS PRACTICALLY CONSTANT, not static, and the proportion of the sweetener RESPECT TO THE ENHANCER is practically constant and just a dust particle to another. Its particle size is particularly between 10 and 100 MI M, with a Gaussian distribution. It USED IN PARTICULAR TO PREPARE FOR ANIMALS FOOD, FOR EXAMPLE FOR BREEDING PIGS IN WHICH THE SWEETENER is a salt of saccharin and ENHANCER IS NEOHESPERIDINE dihydrochalcone (NHDC), thaumatin or GLYCYRRHIZIN.


The experiments on breakdown in transformer oil at small gaps between the hemispherical electrodes under the linearly increasing AC voltage were carried out. The stochastic regularities of breakdown initiation were studied using previously proposed theories. Analytical expressions were derived that allowed the authors to reconstruct the probability density function /spl mu/(E) for transformer oil using the experimental data of present and previous work. The probability density functions of the breakdown initiation for the transformer oil are determined at various parameters of experiment (radius of curvature of electrodes, gap length between them and the growth rate of the amplitude of AC voltage). The conception of dynamic electric strength originates from the stochastic approach proposed by averaging the breakdown voltages over the probability distributions.


Pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis (DG) can be divided into basic pathogenesis and antecedent pathogenesis. The basic pathogenesis is disfunction of the spleen in transport, and the antecedent pathogenesisincludes blood stasis,phlegm stagnation, stagnation of Qi, dampness retention. According to basic pathogenesis and antecedent pathogenesis, general treatment and special treatment should be used respectively. Basic treatment includes regulating the flow of Qi to activate the spleen, eliminating dampness to activate the spleen, replenishing Qi to invigorate the spleen, inducing diuresis to reinforce the spleen and promoting digestion to invigorate the spleen. Special treatment includes promoting circulation of Qi to remove dampness, resolving phlegm and removing turbid pathogens and activating circulation of blood to remove blood stasis.


The Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions (MICE) industry is a rapidly growing sector of Australian tourism and has been the subject of a recently launched National Strategy. This paper begins with an overview of the nature and scope of the MICE sector, and the potential benefits of its expansion. It then sets down and discusses a framework for assessing the economic impacts of MICE and the relevant multipliers to use in national economic impact assessment. The paper next provides a summary and critique of two studies which attempt to estimate the impact of meetings and conventions to the Australian economy. It concludes with a recommendation that future empirical work provide data relevant to the exhibited framework for economic analysis so as to allow more accurate estimation of the value of MICE to the Australian economy and to inform policy making in this important sector.


The length-we; ght relationship, relative condition factor, growth, maturity, mortality and exploitaticn of Ariomma indica from north Andhra Pradesh coast was studied. Growth parameters estimated for von Bertalanff'y's growth function were L,, = 23.48 cm, K = 0.571 per year and t, = —0.182 years. The fish attains maturity at 150.5 mm and has a longevity of 5.25 years. The total mortality Z and the fishing mortality F were estimated as 2.3385 and 1.0322 respectively. The exploitation ratio E = 0.441 indicated near optimal state of exploitation of the stock. The trend of fishery during 1981 — 91 is elso presented.


The paper investigates mental models which form a basis for graphic (multimodal) metaphors that were connected with the representation of animals in American editions in the time that is traditionally called the Great Depression. This period began when the Stock Market crashed on October 29, 1929. As is known, that was the time of Herbert Hoover's (Republican) unfortunate presidency. In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected, who immediately started "The New Deal" program. The methods of investigation are formed on the basis of conceptual metaphor theory, multimodal metaphor approach. These methods of study have been further changed in the process of the given research so that linguistic data could be analyzed in a more detailed way. As a result the authors have described transferred meanings, pun, decomposition of set-expressions and analyzed images that are deeply rooted in culture. All these form the basis for satire and irony in political cartoons of the given period. The animalistic images of that period included bulls and bears, lambs (sheep), horses, cows, swine, donkeys, crocodiles, squirrels, eagles (interchangeable with falcons) and domestic fowl. Americans of different social strata, brokers, H. Hoover, F. D. Roosevelt, the Congress, the Administration, state programs, and US economy formed the target metaphoric sphere. The causes of the Depression as seen by the American cartoonists of that period are compared with what is happening today in US cartoon as far as economic reduction is concerned. The results of the research in question contribute to the investigations of political metaphors. Some results may also be of interest for scholars whose professional sphere is linked to cross-cultural and linguo-cultural studies.


Study of European households of the medieval and early modern past is a well-established concern in historical research. Households have been considered as material settings and as the groups of people who lived together in those settings. They have also been studied as the location where the most basic human relationships were formed and maintained. Use of such a malleable term as "household" has enabled historians to investigate various characteristics of domestic life: the relationship of the household to production, to community organization, to the affective and political lives of its members. The variability of what "household" might represent-from kin grouping to economic grouping to political grouping-means that use of the term constitutes a very flexible means to the end of reconnecting private and public life in the past. Historians talk about households when they want to get at any of a variety of social, economic, and political relationships by means of domestic arrangements.' Not surprisingly, discussions of the households of elites have reflected the particular historiographic contexts which have shaped the


This paper applies our established analytic technique of the relative derivative, (dy/dx)(a/b), to a quantitative comparative static analysis of a macroeconomy as based on the IS-LM framework coupled with a production function of five factors, capital, labor, oil, coal, and solar energy, resulting in twelve linear equations containing the general equilibrium growth rates of twelve endogenous variables, which are the six pairs of the (price, quantity) for the above output and five inputs. We conduct several simulations by substituting economically sensible values into all the parameters with some alterations for mathematical comparison, and finally we conclude with a summary remark. Mathematics Subject Classification: 91B02, 26B10, 91B62, 91B64, 91B76


The Life and Origins of Paul Bunyan: Volume 1 M. Ryan Croker Department of English Master of Fine Arts This novel is a chronicle of the early days of Paul Bunyan, an important figure in American folk culture. While Paul Bunyan is a central figure in the tale, the story itself is told through the eyes of Clay Filinger, a young man from the backwoods of Kentucky who leaves his home on a journey of American exploration. Clay reaches Boston, where he hires on to work for John Patrick, a wealthy merchant headed to Maine in search of pirate treasure. John is travelling with his nephew, Randolph Bunyan. Along with them are two more hired men: Stokes, a foul riverman, and Silas Jefferson, a smooth-talking man with criminal intentions. As they travel up the coast, they encounter a shipwreck with one survivor, a pregnant Irish girl named Muirenn. Muirenn reveals to Clay that she is, in fact several hundred years old, having been trapped as a girl by the King of the Fair Folk. It is this supernatural king who is the father of her child. Clay, not wanting anything to do with these events, flees as soon as possible. He is turned back, however, by threats from a pooka, a mysterious creature. Shortly thereafter, Clay confronts a mysterious and powerful being called Liath Luacra. During the conflict, Muirenn gives birth to a boy named Paul, who is adopted by Randolph Bunyan. She then dies. The men finally find themselves in The Aroostook Valley of Maine. John Patrick continues looking for his treasure, and Clay does what he can to protect Paul. After some months, Silas Jefferson rides into town with a band of armed men, looking for Patrick's treasure. Clay fights him, and Jefferson is killed, but promptly possessed by Liath Luacra. The pooka is forced to become a huge blue ox while Clay and the others flee. Finding themselves on the other side of a river, Clay and his companions eventually are forced into a final confrontation with Constance Jefferson, who came with her brother, and finally with Liath Luacra. With luck and supernatural help, Constance is defeated and Liath Luacra is forced to flee. Keywords: Paul Bunyan, Maine, Aroostook War Croker iii

 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION The Life and Origins of Paul Bunyan: Volume 1 M. Ryan Croker Department of English Master of Fine Arts My first experience with the folklore surrounding Paul Bunyan was with the Disney cartoon produced in 1958. The deep, booming voice of Thurl Ravenscroft is something I still remember, even though it has been many years since I've seen the cartoon. I remember thinking that it was an almost otherworldly voice, something that made Paul Bunyan linger in my memories longer than other characters from similar cartoons. Around the same period of my childhood, my mother gave me an old copy of a book of Greek and Roman mythology that she had read as a child. I was very taken with the stories of gods and heroes, incorporating them in my play as other children might incorporate popular television characters. I compared the gods to superheroes like Superman, or the Flash, melding them into my own personal mythology. It is no surprise, then, that when I found a book of American "tall tales" I could easily fit them into the world of gods and heroes. These characters, like Mike Fink, Stormalong, and yes, Paul Bunyan, were, to me, simply the demigods of Americana. As an undergraduate in college, I was a history major. Progressing through my course of study, I became more and more interested in the folkloric aspect of history, the melding of beliefs and ideas to reflect new cultural identities. For example, my capstone paper in the History program was an exploration of the Cibola myth. Cibola is the name given to the legendary seven cities of gold, a legend made most famous by the Coronado expedition. I posited that the Cibola Croker iv

 myth was the result of a cultural blending that began soon after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. There was the legend of Antilia, which told of seven Portuguese bishops fleeing from Iberia during the Moorish invasion in the early 700's (Weaver 25). There was the Aztec legend of Aztlán, their mythical homeland, which consisted of seven caves (Zorita 145). It was these myths, along with several others, including ancient traditions connected to the number seven (Reynolds 669), and the medieval legend of Prester John (Nowell 435), which, in my theory, joined together to create the Cibola myth; one strong enough to send Coronado and hundreds of men chasing a dream. It is this idea of exploring mythological origins that led me to want to look at the American myth of Paul Bunyan in a new way. This is not to say that my novel is claiming to be a true understanding of the various myths involved, rather, my novel is an attempt to incorporate different mythologies into a new understanding of Paul Bunyan. It is, in other words, a new take on an old character as well as an attempt to demonstrate the usefulness of combining mythologies in order to understand them. This is, of course, a piece of fiction, but fiction can be very useful for exploring mythology as opposed to a historical or folkloric approach. My original intention was to explore the entire life of Paul Bunyan in one novel. However, as I wrote, the story became more and more interesting and complex, forcing me to divide it into pieces, the first piece ending when Paul is less than a year old. This is not to say that I have failed at my goals, rather, quite the opposite. By focusing on the origins of Paul Bunyan in such detail, I was able to combine myth and history in a satisfying way as well as being able to lay the groundwork for future volumes in the Paul Bunyan saga. I began with a look at what could be considered defining American impulses of the nineteenth century. There is of course, the notion of Manifest Destiny, the idea that the United Croker v

 States would eventually fill the North American continent. This idea was very important during the nineteenth century, showing up in political campaigns and in the popular media of the time. However, I decided to look beyond this to the writings of Fredrick Jackson Turner. Turner was a historian who, at the 1893 World's Fair, read his "Frontier Thesis" which claimed that America's westward expansion functioned as a "safety valve." In his own words, "As has been indicated, the frontier is productive of individualism. Complex society is precipitated by the wilderness into a kind of primitive organization based on the family. The tendency is anti-social. It produces antipathy to control, and particularly to any direct control" (Turner 33). This is to say that America's frontier created individuals who looked at individuality as a virtue and rejected being told what to do. If they disagreed with prevailing cultural norms or taxes, they could simply pack up and move. If these ideas are viewed as a sort of American myth, it is possible to see how these ideas might work well with other ideas. After all, the myth of Manifest Destiny is the offspring of Christian beliefs and doctrines, particularly within the cultures of the predominately Protestant groups that immigrated to America. Likewise, the myth of the staunchly independent American has been around longer than the United States and while Turner helped to explain it, the idea still persists in many forms today. It is this idea that most influenced the creation of my main character, Clay Filinger. He is a product of the frontier, having grown up in Kentucky, a state which, in the early nineteenth century, was the frontier, settled by and producing individuals defined by their individuality. Jackson went on to describe this type of American by saying, Croker vi

 The works of travelers along each frontier from colonial days onward describe certain common traits, and these traits have, while softening down, still persisted as survivals in the place of their origin, even when a higher social organization succeeded. The result is that to the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics. That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy, that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom—these are traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the existence of the frontier (Turner 38). This is how I would choose to describe Clay Filinger, a man who is coarse, but inquisitive, and full of restless energy. I felt that using this particular notion of American identity had created a myth that would be useful to create a character in a story based on older myths. It would help to fit the American experience into the mythical experience. Because I wanted to explore how myths can combine and influence the creation of new myths, I wanted to look for an older myth that could inform a new interpretation of Paul Bunyan. Since my concept of Paul Bunyan had included the gigantic, deep voiced Bunyan of the Disney cartoon, I looked for giants in myth. The first that comes to mind is the Goliath story of the Bible. I thought about using this idea, having Paul Bunyan be the descendant of Goliath, but this idea seemed too foreign, requiring more of a convoluted backstory, and hindering my idea of creating American myths. The ancient Israelite world was too far removed from nineteenth Croker vii

 century America to make a reasonable connection. I then remembered hearing a story of Fionn mac Cumhaill (pronounced "Finn MacCool") a legendary Irish giant. I've always considered immigration to be central to the American story, and the nineteenth century was a time of great immigration. One of the major immigrant groups was the Irish, most of them fleeing the famine caused by the bli


Abstract : Funds from this DEPSCoR project were used to purchase a Packard/Canerra TopCount Microplate Scintillation Counter system including harvester, software and printer. The TopCount A99XX Series Microplate Scintillation Counter includes software to run the machine and additional software packages to analyze the data. The Microplate 496 Plate Sealer includes pacers to handle 96- and 24-well plates both 96- and 24-well plates. The GAST Vacuum pump has a maximum of 760 mm Hg. The printer is an FX-870 printer. The complete system is being used for investigating the binding of radiolabelled ligands to membrane-bound neurotransmitter receptors. Additionally, it is being used to study the effect of environmental toxicants on these receptors. It is being utilized by the staff of the multidisciplinary Center for Environmental Health Sciences, located administratively within the College of Veterinary Medicine, at Mississippi State University.


ABSTRACT Objective: analyzing the trends of the incidence of hepatitis B and C in Brazil in the period from 1997-2010. Method: an ecological study in which there were calculated the incidence rates of hepatitis B and C per 100.000 inhabitants/year, considering the confirmed cases in the period 1997-2010. The Joinpoint program was used to study the trends. Results: there were confirmed 153 921 cases of hepatitis B. Met trend of significant increase in incidence in the country. In most regions, except in the South, there was an upward trend, with low variation. Concerning hepatitis C, 129 045 cases were confirmed, with increasing initial trend followed by significant decline from 2004. By region, there was significant increase in incidence in the Northeast and Southeast, stability in the North and initial increase followed by decrease in the South and Midwest. Conclusion: new cases of hepatitis B increased significantly, while the hepatitis C decreased during the last five years. Descriptors: Hepatitis; Incidence; Health Public Policy. RESUMO Objetivo : analisar as tendencias de incidencia de hepatite B e C no Brasil no periodo de 1997-2010. Metodo : estudo ecologico, no qual se calcularam as taxas de incidencia de hepatite B e C por 100.000 habitantes/ano, considerando os casos confirmados no periodo de 1997-2010. O programa Joinpoint foi empregado para estudar as tendencias. Resultados : foram confirmados 153.921 casos de hepatite B. Encontrou-se tendencia de aumento significativo da incidencia no pais. Na maioria das regioes, exceto Sul, observou-se tendencia de aumento, apresentando baixa variacao. Concernente a hepatite C, foram confirmados 129.045 casos, com tendencia inicial crescente seguida de declinio significativo a partir de 2004. Por regioes, constatou-se aumento significativo da incidencia no Nordeste e Sudeste, estabilidade no Norte e aumento inicial seguido de descenso no Sul e Centro-Oeste. Conclusao : os casos novos de hepatite B aumentaram significativamente, enquanto os de hepatite C diminuiram durante os ultimos cinco anos. Descritores : Hepatite; Incidencia; Politicas Publicas de Saude. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las tendencias de la incidencia de la hepatitis B y C en Brasil durante el periodo 1997-2010. Metodo: estudio ecologico en el que se calcula la tasa de incidencia de la hepatitis B y C por 100.000 habitantes/ano, teniendo en cuenta los casos confirmados durante el periodo 1997-2010. El programa Joinpoint se utilizo para estudiar las tendencias. Resultados: 153 921 casos de hepatitis B fueron confirmados. Se encontro una tendencia de aumento significativo de la incidencia en el pais. En la mayoria de las regiones, con excepcion del Sur, hubo una tendencia al alza, con escasa variacion. En cuanto a la hepatitis C, se confirmaron 129 045 casos, con el aumento de la tendencia inicial seguida de un descenso significativo a partir de 2004. Por regiones, hubo aumento significativo de la incidencia en el Noreste y Sureste, la estabilidad en el Norte e aumento inicial seguido de disminucion en el Sur y Medio Oeste. Conclusion: los nuevos casos de hepatitis B aumentaron significativamente, mientras que los casos de hepatitis C se redujeron en los ultimos cinco anos. Descriptores: Hepatitis; Incidencia; Politicas Publicas de Salud. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Using the framework based on set-theory, I develop a formal definition of Agree as a syntactic operation. I begin by constructing a formal definition of a version of long-distance Agree in which a structurally higher element values a feature on a structurally lower element, and modify that definition to reflect various versions of Agree that have been proposed in the "minimalist" literature. I then discuss the theoretical implications of these formal definitions, arguing that Agree requires a new conception of the lexicon, and unjustifiably violates NTC in all its non-vacuous forms.


Some arguments are brought that often active dwarf galaxies are the circumnuclear regions of LSB-galaxies in fact,rather than an ordinary galaxies.


Seven new ferrocene acyl propionic acid-dipeptide compounds FcL1~FcL7 were obtained by the reaction of condensation, with ferrocene acyl propionic acid and dipeptide as raw materials. These compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The electrochemical properties of these compounds were investigated by different electro- chemical methods and their kinetic parameters were determined. The research shows that on the surface of electrode happened single electronic redox reaction, the reaction on the electrode is controlled by diffusion, and the redox response of ferro- cene-peptide to ions of IIB is great except FcL1~FcL2. Keywords ferrocene; dipeptide receptors; electrochemistry; ion response


Random-phase marks in the Fresnel domain to scramble optical image are proposed.The system needn't any lens and image encryption in the system is completely achieved by Fresnel diffraction.The method can encrypt an original image to random noise by using two statistically independent random-phase masks put respectively in the input and transformed planes.The wavelength of monochrome plane wave,the distance of propagation and the phase codes,are used as secret code keys to encrypt the original image.The system is simplified and higher security is achieved.


N α-Acetyl arginyl-glycyl-aspar- tyl-p-methoxyl phenylethylamine(W2002) is an analog of the RGD(Arg-Gly-Asp)containing peptide sequence that is recognized by the platelet membrane glucoprotein(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa receptor. To investigate the bioactivity of W2002 as an antiplatelet agent, turbidimetric method and platelet count were used to determine the platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate(ADP) and high shear rate, respectively. The results indicated that W2002 can inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP and high shear rate. The content of platelet membrane fibrinogen was detected by determining the bound radioactivity of [ 125I]fibrinogen in platelet pellet. W2002 blocked [ 125I]fibrinogen binding to platelet GPⅡb/Ⅲa〔IC 50=(41.5±2.9)μmol·L -1〕. Its activity has no significant difference between the old and young people. The results suggest that W2002 play its role of inhibition on platelet aggregation by suppressing the binding of fibrinogen to platelet membrane GPⅡb/Ⅲa.


Explains a processing technology for machining an multi-hole plate part,positioning in the special fixture,machining in the ordinary lathe. It will help for the mass production.


As far back as human records allow, hierarchy formed the structure of the ancient Near East.1 From an early priest-king to the "great man" (king), royal rule united both the secular and the sacred.2 Sometimes viewed as the shepherd of his people,3 the king united himself ceremonially to a goddess in a "sacred marriage" by which he gained validation and elevation in office as well as religious supremacy.4 During the second millennium, patrimonialism dominated the hierarchic landscape, whereby "the house of the father" stratified society. The "fathers" included the eldest son, his father, all ancestral "fathers" (though deceased), the father of the clan, the father of the tribe (if such existed), and the king. The king also possibly served a suzerain "father" as his vassal, and all kings, whether vassal or overlord, served the gods, the ultimate fathers. This meant that every man had at least one "father" over him and most men had someone under them. Viewed as producers of male heirs, women held considerably less power. However, if married to a "father" higher up in the hierarchy, a woman possessed some freedom and limited ability to manage affairs.5 During the first millennium b.c., the great kings of the Neo-Assyrian period ushered in a new era of increased military might and


The invention relates to a spray method in the air of a first liquid (36a) comprising a solvent and a water-immiscible active product with the first liquid, the method comprising steps of: contacting the first liquid ( 36a) with the active product, the first agitating liquid in contact with the active product to obtain a substantially homogeneous mixture (36) and unstable, and nebulization of the mixture before the liquid separates from the active ingredient, during a cycle of nebulization.


This paper designs a new signaling protocol based on FC for embedded safety critical network,and the protocol realizes differentiated service in the queue scheduling according to different data types.Based on this protocol,it discusses how to extend NS2,especially how to build a simulation model by extending frame,node,Agent and link.The simulation results indicate that queue scheduling algorithms work well in differentiated service.Extending NS2 to verify network protocol and algorithms can raise efficiency and reduce costs,on the other hand,it is much more flexible.


The study mainly focus on the Shuifang epikarst spring basin.By using the multi-parameter instrument CDTP300,interannual continuous data of conductivity,water temperature and water level are got.Annual and monthly CO2 consumption in two years are calculated by means of karst hydrochemistry-discharge method.The result shows that CO2 consumption of Shuifang Spring is relatively high in June,July and August;while it's low in January,February and December.The maximum value of CO2 absorptive quantity appeared in July and the minimum in January.The result also shows that the monthly discharge of the Shuifang Spring and rainfall are intensively correlated with the CO2 consumption,and the CO2 consumption in rainy season is much larger than dry season.The bicarbonate concentration of the Shuifang Spring is influenced by air temperature,rainfall,discharge and soil CO2.There are two months time-delay between the biggest monthly CO2 consumption and the highest bicarbonate concentration.Through this study it is found that the estimate of carbon flux in small watersheds by hydrochemistry-discharge method is more accurate than large watersheds and it may give an effective method to the further research on carbon sink for karstification and its control mechanism in epikarst zone.


The invention discloses a rotary table vision glue injection system and a working method thereof. The rotary table vision glue injection system comprises a controller and a rotary mechanism which is connected with the controller by virtue of a signal end, wherein the rotary mechanism comprises a rotary table; four stations are uniformly distributed on the rotary table and respectively comprise a feeding station, a glue injection station, a detection station and a discharging station; the feeding signal end of the controller is connected with the signal end of the feeding station; the glue injection signal end of the controller is connected with the signal end of the glue injection station; the detection signal end of the controller is connected with the signal end of the detection station. The beneficial effects of the rotary table vision glue injection system are mainly represented in that the rotary table rotates to carry out a series of procedures including feeding, injecting glue, detecting and discharging; the working efficiency is greatly improved.


The analysis of the RUNX3 gene methylation status was conducted in the prospective group of 262 bladder cancer patients. In comparison to normal urothelium, a high frequency (63 %) of RUNX3 promoter hypermethylation was observed in tumor tissues. А statistically significant association of RUNX3 epigenetic abnormalities with a more aggressive tumor phenotype – an advanced tumor stage and grade, as well as a large tumor size – was found. We have shown that RUNX3 hypermethylation is an independent risk factor for progression and cancer-specific survival in the group of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.


Due to the difficulty in describing the nonlinear characteristic of Francis turbine, this paper takes advantage of the powerful nonlinear approximate ability of the feed forward neural network to put up the Francis turbine neural network model (FTNNM) and the neural network identification model (NNIM) for the nonlinear Francis hydroturbine generator set (TGS) including FTNNM. The neural network model predicts control (NNMPC) uses NNIM to predict future response to potential control signals of the FTGS. An optimization algorithm then computes the control signals that optimize future FTGS performance. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to train the FTNNM and the NNIM. The convergence speed of the offline training is fast and the accuracy of the model is high. The neural network model FTNNM reflect nonlinear characteristic of the Francis turbine truly and the neural network identification model NNIM reflect the nonlinear relationship between the inputs and outputs of the FTGS. Simulation results show that NNMPC is an effective tool for the nonlinear FTGS including FTNNM


Objective To evaluate the mesh paddle as a substitute for the conventional paddle on the quality of the ultrasound image in a dual-modality breast imaging system.Methods Gray scale and color Doppler images were obtained through the mesh paddle and TPX paddle in 43 solid breast masses in 41 patients.The contrast,contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR) and signal strength of images were analyzed through different paddles.Flow signals were analyzed by calculating the number of color pixels in the color box.Results There were significant differences in contrast,CNR and signal strength between the mesh paddle and TPX paddle(P0.01,P0.01 and P0.001,respectively).In the 22 masses displaying flow signals in direct-contact scans,the display rate of flow signals through the mesh and TPX paddles was 100% and 40.91%,respectively.Compared with the mesh paddle,the number of color pixels for TPX paddle apparently decreased(P0.001).Conclusion The mesh paddle can improve ultrasound image quality,reduce acoustic attenuation and increase display rates of flow signals in the color Doppler mode in the dual-modality system.


The article describes the analysis of authors' experience in the field of the inspection of buildings' technical condition. The results of the study were obtained at different times for a large selection of constructions. The researched objects were of various life cycles or erection stages, used for different purposes. The aim of such an analysis is a probabilistic estimation of the following facts: - the influence of different origin cracks in monolithic reinforced concrete buildings and structures on degradation of their properties, load bearing capacity and durability - the origin and causes of cracks in monolithic reinforced concrete constructions in connection with violations of building process - concrete shrinkage cracks and load cracks, their interdependence - the danger degree of crack formation and growth process in correspondence with durability forecast. The majority of all cracks identified in monolithic reinforced constructions are of the shrinkage origin. The width of cracks opening in general was within the permissible limits according to SP 63.13330.2012 Concrete and reinforced concrete constructions. The verification estimate of constructions determined the convergence of theory and experimental results for crack formation. The shrinkage cracks practically do not influence operational suitability for structures under the static load. But the cyclic dynamic loading upon the open constructions together with the action of the environment is more dangerous for the durability forecast.


Universities love to boast about their presumably small average class size. And how often are parents stunned to hear how large their freshman's average class size seems to be? And since they are using the same words, we can safely assume that they are reporting the same thing. Can't we? Actually, no! There is a distorting phenomenon that occurs when computing average class sizes that needs to be widely circulated. Namely, the average reported by the university, which is the same as the average experienced by the faculty, is significantly different from the average experienced by the students. Rather than try to explain this at the abstract level, let me present a hypothetical example. A certain (remarkably small) university has precisely 200 students. All 200 are taking the same five courses, say English, Mathematics, Economics, History, and Psychology. Suppose that History and Psychology are taught in large lectures of 200, but all the other classes are taught in small sections of 20 students each. What is the average class size?


Complex fenestration systems (CFS) include windows featuring complex glazing such as translucent and transparent insulation, solar control films, patterned or decorative glass, in-between pane shades, etc. CFS are believed to exhibit superior energy performance, but may have adverse effects on environmental features important for building-occupant satisfaction requirements such as the outdoor view (connection to outside), indoor view (feeling of privacy), luminance (major factor for discomfort glare), and light diffusion quality (relates to uniformity of illuminance on work plane). This article is part of a larger effort to rate complex fenestration systems for energy performance and indoor environment quality (IEQ). In the end, IEQ ratings must be derived from direct studies of how building occupants perceive the indoor environment conditions created by the installed fenestration product. As a first step, this work tackles the theoretical development of new metrics to rate CFS with regards to IEQ, namely the view impairment index, luminance index, and light diffusion quality index. The new indices are applied to some typical CFS, namely a diffuse window, and a clear window combined with an interior shading screen, and integrated perforated Venetian blinds. The results show that the diffuse window may increase the luminance by more than 100% under clear sky conditions when compared with a clear window with a similar light transmittance. White colored Venetian blinds may increase the window luminance by up to 50% and reduce the outdoor view by up to 66% as compared with a clear window with a similar light transmittance.


Objective To study the catalytic activity of gallium sulfate in the synthesis of n-butyl propionate. Methods The effects of amount of gallium sulfate, molar ratio of alcohol to acid, reaction time and repeated times of catalyst on the yield of n-butyl propionate were investigated. Results Gallium sulfate had high catalytic activity and could be recovered easily, operated simply, post-treated conveniently and used repeatedly. Under the best conditions, the yield of n-butyl propionate could reach 86.03%. Conclusion Gallium sulfate is an excellent catalyst for the synthesis of n-butyl propionate.


Magnetism is a topic with a long history. Yet, an incredible number of new fundamental phenomena have been uncovered during the past three decades, making magnetism a key actor of modern condensed matter physics. Most new phenomena are intrinsically related to the nanoscale, and pertain to two categories: either new ways for magnetization to behave in statics or dynamics, a field called nanomagnetism; or the interplay of the localized moments underlying a magnetic order with conduction electrons and their spin, a field called spin electronics or in short: spintronics. Foundation events for this golden area are the discovery of interlayer exchange coupling and most notably the giant magnetoresistance effect in the 1980's. The former is singular example of a quantum phenomenon robust at room temperature, while the latter motivated the Nobel Prize for Physics to Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert in 2007. The physics side of this Nobel Prize is the discovery that ultrathin magnetic layers can act as very efficient filters for conduction electrons depending on their spin; the societal side is their application to the development of so-called electronic spin valves and highly sensitive sensors of magnetic field. This played a key role in boosting the storage capacity of hard disk drives, underlying our modern communication network. Many other effects share this balance between new physics and high impact or prospect for applications: interfacial magnetic anisotropy (resulting from the broken symmetry of solids at interfaces, and use again in hard disk drives), precessional magnetization dynamics (the text-book case of a moment precessing around a magnetic field however applied to magnetization, with prospects in compact RF antennas and energy harvesting), the spin-transfer torques (the reverse effect of giant magnetoresistance: however spin-polarized conduction electrons set magnetization into motion, key to the current emergence of magnetic random access memories), the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (an indirect exchange favoring non-colinear magnetization states) etc. A clear trend is also expansion towards interdisciplinarity, in physics such as with the ultrafast interaction between light and magnetism, engineering with neuromorphic computing, health and medicine making use of magnetic nanoparticles etc. At a time of rising expectations to address societal concerns, magnetism has key assets however also challenges in terms of high-performance and low-power computing, sustainability, material criticality etc.


The author describes a course taught at Arizona State University which introduces students to topic integration, requiring students to prepare written and oral communication materials that integrate technical, economic, manufacturing, ethical, and human issues. As students prepare their oral and written communication materials they also learn to focus on economic, manufacturing, ethical, and human issues. During the informative phase of the course, which results in a 2000-word informative report, students first develop a detailed project plan outlining a specific company (real or imaginary) and their roles in that company. In addition, the plan helps them determine the audiences they will address and the reason(s) why the company needs to know the information in the report.<<ETX>>


PURPOSE: To provide a novel compound having antiparasitic and insecticidal activities, especially anthelmintic, acaracidal and nematocidal activities. CONSTITUTION: This compound expressed by formula I-IV or the like is obtained by culturing Streptomyces hygroscopicus MA-6825 (ATCC55144), MA-6864 (ATCC55145) or MA-6865 (ATCC55146) in an aqueous fermentation medium containing carbon, nitrogen and an assimilable salt and then isolating from the fermentation medium. The culture is preferably carried out at from 27 to 28°C at a pH of from 6 to 7.5. For isolating the objective compound from the fermentation medium, the fermentation medium is extracted with a water- immiscible solvent such as ethyl acetate or the like and then purified by column chromatography containing silica gel, thin-layer chromatography, high- performance liquid chromatography, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


Abstract The total phenolic content of foliage from 11 elm species and 2 cultivars was measured, and the relationship to gypsy moth developmental studies was determined. The 13 elms, Ulmus wilsonia...


We were pleased to see Gillian Tober and Duncan Raistrick's letter commenting on our paper Untreated Heavy Drinkers: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Dependence and Readiness to Change (Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2003, pp. 317–337), since it provides us with an opportunity to continue to debate the nature of dependence. In their comments, Tober and Raistrick presented an argument that our quantitative and qualitative results gave 'valuable and additional support to the nature of the dependence construct as described by Raistrick et al. (1994) and measured by their scale, the LDQ'. They emphasized the distinction between dependence and both consumption and harm, stressing that dependence consists primarily in the degree of control experienced by drinkers in the face of biological, social or cognitive cues to drink. As one of us has argued elsewhere, the concept of dependence has historically been central to concerns about substance use (Hartney, 2000). An interesting parallel between the untreated heavy drinkers who participated in our study and the professionals who attempt to understand and treat substance use problems described by Raistrick et al. (1994), is that both are divided between those who believe dependence to be of crucial importance, and those who consider it to be unimportant or non-existent. Participants varied between those who queried every question on the LDQ, asking whether it indicated they had 'a problem', whilst others, in contrast, requested they skip all of the LDQ items as 'not applicable' (all participants were nevertheless required to provide a response for all items). While it is clear that dependence exists as a construct the question remains whether the concept of dependence is useful, in terms of accuracy and relevance. With regards to whether the construct of dependence is accurate as an indicator of a problem (a considerable concern to our sample of untreated heavy drinkers), Tober and Raistrick themselves stated that dependence is distinguished from the actual exertion of control over drinking behaviour. Neither does the construct of dependence accurately provide an indication of dangerous consumption levels and patterns of drinking (such as periodic heavy drinking or binge drinking). So what, in fact, is dependence if not simply feeling of loss of control? The danger in the construct of dependence continuing to take centre stage as the crucial factor in explaining excessive substance use is that it absolves the need for change in millions of drinkers and drug users who


In "Randomness is Nonsense," Dr. Preston C. Hammer argues that a property (randomness) of a sequence which disappears on testing is not a property of the sequence. We feel randomness to be a matter of belief, which may be explained as follows:In observing a series of numbers one may view them to behave at random or totally predictable. The latter view is based on the fact that every number obeys laws of number theory <u>and</u> is based on the belief that if time and money are available to simulate the series of numbers we would be able to precisely predict the behavior of the series (for instance, via a nonlinear congruential method). So both views are a matter of belief.


The paper reviews Li Hong-zhang's attitude towards Chinese Educational Mission in different time, which was the important cause for the plan coming to a premature end. Li Hong-zhang's attitudes refracted the localization on the ideology and concepts of the advocates of the westernization movement. This localization led the plan to die on the vine, and it also indicated the fortune and finale of the whole westernization movement later.