Especially within the latter half of the 20th century, incredible progress has been made in understanding how nicotine sustains compulsive use of tobacco products despite clear evidence of enormous harm. But it is unclear how to delineate the best ways to combine these different streams of knowledge--from diverse and often insular disciplines--to advance the field. A new concep- tual model must emerge from a true transdisciplinary synthesis of biopsychosocial perspectives, rather than the multidisciplinary approach. A multidisciplinary ap- proach adds one or two methods or measures from another discipline to an existing research program but falls short of full transdisciplinary integration (Stokols, 1998; Kahn & Prager, 1994). The characteristics of transdisciplinarity are collabo- ration, openness, trust, self-confidence with one's own discipline, and comfort that facilitates mutual respect and two-way communication. Transdisciplinarity is about the constructive breaking down of disciplinary boundaries and the institutional barriers that impede true collaborative work. Kahn and Prager (1994) identify certain milestones or phases that mark a transition from uni- and multi- to transdisciplinarity. The early phases include listening across the divide, use of analogy and metaphor, and finding common ground. Late phases include the emergence of shared language, new mea- sures, and methods. As stated by Sir Isaac Newton in a letter to Robert Hooke, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants" (Turnbull, 1959). The Sundance conference, sponsored by the Robert Paper prepared for New Partnerships and Paradigms for Tobacco Prevention Research, a conference sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Sundance, Utah, 6--7 May I997. 1 Portions of this paper are adapted from: Abrams DB. (in press). Nicotine addiction: paradigms for research in the 21st century. Proceedings of 'Addicted to Nicotine: A National Research Forum.' Nicotine & Tobacco Research. David B. Abrams, PhD, Brown University Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Correspondence to: David B. Abrams, PhD, Director, Brown University Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, Tel.: (40I) 793--4315; FAX: (401) 331-2453. Email: email@example.com Wood Johnson Foundation, may well go down in his- tory as a marker of a major paradigm shift toward transdisciplinary thinking about tobacco prevention research. Historians of science may want to note the transition. Program evaluators may want to mea- sure the specific markers of the paradigm shift toward transdisciplinarity and track over time whether the field moves in that direction over the next few decades. New paradigms are needed for tobacco prevention research that (a) characterize patterns of initiation, use, and cessation over time; and (b) bridge the boundaries between disciplines, both within and across different levels or 'systems' of structure from molecular (cellular) to molar (societal); and from fundamental science to policy applications (see Figure 1). Characterization of the patterns of tobacco initiation, use, and cessation must include both aggregate (group, population) and individual units of analysis. At the population level, it will be important to study the forces that determine the rise and fall of tobacco use within and across the generations over the years and decades of the 21st century. At the individual level, we need to know more about the forces that determine risk of tobacco initiation, progress to dependence, and relapse across at least two or three generations of the human lifespan. The goal is simply stated: complete elimination of the extra-cellular human exposure of our children to tobacco products in all forms. Nicotine can be a useful medication, when used appropriately. Tobacco products are the vector of one of the most health-damaging, human-created epidemics of all time. It is caused solely by the invention of cigarettes and other tobacco products and by the aggressive marketing and reckless greed of the tobacco industry. Apparently, societies are as 'addicted' to the economic benefits of the tobacco industry as individuals are to tobacco prod- ucts. In the developed nations from 1950 to 1999, tobacco has already killed more than 10 million women and 60 million men, and it will kill many more people worldwide in the next century (Murray & Lopez, 1996). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that tobacco will kill more people by the year 2020 than the 1462-2203199/S10015-09 © 1999 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco


ABSTRACTBackground: Individuals have different opinion regarding willingness to seek help from health care services. Some go readily for treatment, others only when in great pain and in advance state of ill health. This is especially true for people with advance age who have to face many physiological changes which act as a barrier to seek immediate help in health care setting. Thus, a study was conducted to analyse the health seeking behaviour among elderly. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 104 elderly aged 60 years and above. Non- probability convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data. Data was collected by interviewing the elderly at their residence. The data gathered was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software. Results: Assessment of the health status of elderly people revealed that, majority of the participant's 86.5% were suffering from chronic health problem, among them 37.8% suffered from hypertension 11.1% suffered from diabetic mellitus. Whereas, assessment of the practice of health seeking behaviour among elderly stated that all the participant's 100%  were seeking help for health problem in which 83.7% seek help from modern medication and still 16.3% seek help from alternative medication.  Also, the health seeking behavior was found to be statistically significant with health problem (p=0.002), ethnicity (0.007) and religion (p=0.007) respectively. Conclusions: Elderly are aware of seeking help from the health care center, but still elderly believe in alternative medication rather than modern medication which may be an alarming  truth in the health care setting.Keywords: alternative medication; elderly; health seeking behaviour; modern medication.


In some handset multifunctional mobile systems, antenna used in both Global Positioning System (GPS) and Family Radio Service (FRS) are needed. A new antenna, combining microstrip antenna with monopole antenna, works in GPS-L1 band and FRS 2.21 GHz is investigated in this paper. The antenna can work as microstrip antenna and monopole antenna at the same time. The antenna is easy to be fabricated and robust in application.


Abstract Records of 35 bird species which have only rarely been recorded in Turkey are given, thus updating recent overviews by Kasparek (1990, 1992).


Two size effect models,energy releasebased size effect law and unified size effect law,presented by Bazant are discussed in the present paper.By analyzing and comparing the two models,it is concluded that the energy releasebased size effect law is better applicable to concrete structures.


and quantitative research can be completed on current and historic NPM reform trends to test assumptions stated by PEMs about the factors necessary for the effective adoption and performance of NPM reform technologies


In order to play the role of deep litter system in pig breeding and control the pollution caused by the livestock and poultry dung,the origin and principle of deep litter system were explained.The selection of microorganism,design of pig house,choice of litter and the key points of daily management were discussed.According to the current problems in deep litter system,mismanagements were thought the primary cause to make it fail.Then,advices and suggestions about the development of deep litter system in future were presented.


The service-oriented characteristic of next generation optical network (NGON) has become increasingly obvious and the evolution trend from optical transport network (OTN) to service optical network (SON) has become more and more conspicuous as continuous appearance of new requirements of telecommunication services and intelligent development of OTN currently. But some pointed researches about key and fundamental problems which influence service-oriented evolution of optical network are lacked. These problems are considered in this paper, especially service-oriented functional extension of NGON and negotiation mechanism of network-oriented perspective and service-oriented perspective in SON environment are investigated and solutions of these problems are proposed. The solving of these problems provides major support to service combination of NGON and service-oriented evolution of NGON, and provides a new thought to constructing SON.


With the introduction of an outcome-oriented strategic evaluation system specifically designed to foresee and monitor research and development outcomes, research units in Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) have come to have a clear strategic agenda for formulating R&D scenarios and roadmaps that contribute directly to AIST's missions. This evaluation system and AIST's broader R&D outcomes agenda have been greatly enhanced by using roadmaps with clearly articulated goals, milestones, and benchmarks. This paper reports on the development and results of the evaluation system using roadmaps to guide AIST's research units and projects toward AIST's mission. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.


Background: Salmonella bacteraemia is an important public health problem in children from sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Understanding what constitutes natural acquired immunity to Salmonella is crucial for the development of Salmonella vaccine. It was hypothesized that natural Salmonella exposure within the GIT and peripheral blood induces the generation of specific-antibodies and T cells and these might provide protection to subsequent Salmonella infection.
Methods: Natural acquisition of antibody and T cell immunity to Salmonella was investigated in healthy and Salmonella infected Malawian children. Acquisition of typhoid vaccine induced T cell immunity in healthy adults from the United Kingdom (UK) was investigated to model natural immunizing events occurring within the gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) following Salmonella infection. Acquisition of immunity was examined using immunological tools including the intra-cellular cytokine staining assay (ICS), serum bactericidal activity (SBA) assay, ELISA and ELISpot. Exposure to Salmonella was examined using microbiological tools including standard culture and real-time PCR.
Principal findings: CD4+ T cells and IgG antibodies to Salmonella develops sequentially in under-five children. Acquisition of Salmonella-specific CD4+ T cells and antibodies coincides with the decline in S. Typhimurium bacteraemia cases in older children. As much as 47% of Malawian children (aged 6-18 months) are exposed to Salmonella at least once within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Natural Salmonella exposure within the GIT is associated with development of potentially protective SBA in children. Invasive Salmonella infection elicits an increase in generation of Salmonella-specific CD4+T cells, IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells (ASC). Oral Ty21a vaccination (model of natural Salmonella infection) did not elicit an increase in generation of both CD4+Cytokine+ and CD8+Cytokine+ T cells in the peripheral blood and gut mucosa compartments at day 11, and day 18 post vaccination.
Conclusion: Young children (<2 years of age) are more vulnerable to invasive Salmonella infection. Salmonella exposure within the GIT and peripheral blood compartments tissues facilitates acquisition of robust immunity (mediated by antibodies and T cells) in children and these might provide protection to subsequent Salmonella infection. Public health interventions are urgently required in SSA including vaccination with cross-protective Salmonella vaccine, improvements in sanitation, access to clean and safe water and food hygiene.


One of the most profound ideas in Martin Heidegger's Being and Time is the implicit link that he forges there between our relationship to time and our relationship to ideology. We tend to think of ideology as a set of presuppositions that forestalls the subject's doubts and questions concerning the structure of the social order and concerning the subject's own identity within that order. But this understanding does not go nearly far enough. As Heidegger makes clear, ideology (what he calls the They) extends beyond justifying a certain spatial arrangement of society and the subject; it also allows the subject to evade the strictures of temporality itself. The subject is its temporality, but ideology, with its 'vulgar interpretation of time,' produces a world in which time becomes a force external to the subject.1 As he describes it, 'What is characteristic of the "time" accessible to the vulgar understanding consists, among other things, precisely in the fact that it is a pure succession of nows, without beginning and without end, in which the ecstatic character of primordial temporality is levelled down' (Heidegger 1996, 302). Through ideology's transformative power, time ceases to be constitutive and irreducible—the fundamental horizon that defines our being—and becomes a series of infinite frozen moments through which we pass. Though Heidegger doesn't explore the political implications of this ideological victory—his concern is the individual's loss of an authentic being-towards-death, not politics—we can nonetheless clearly make out the ramifications of his critique on the terrain of politics: ideology blurs our primordial temporality not just in order to make existence


Although a variety of definitions of sustainability and sustainable entrepreneurship can be found in literature, the concept of the pursuit of both social, environmental and economic goals while cr ...


In this paper, the fuzzy logic controller for current controlled PWM inverter drives is proposed. To get high performance AC motor drives, the fuzzy logic controller controls the inverter switching patterns based on fuzzy rules to derive three phase sinusoidal currents. The advantage of the proposed method is that no exact system mathematical model is needed. Since the switching frequency is constant, it is easy to reduce harmonics by designing a power filter. The theoretical principle of the proposed method is discussed and verified by computer simulations. Simulations show that the proposed scheme has good transient performance and low current error.


A year ago I was able to lay before the Society an account of certain excavations which a Research Grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland had enabled me to make along the line of the Roman Wall from Forth to Clyde. In normal circumstances this investigation would ere now have been completed. But, since the momentous autumn of 1914, progress has of necessity tended to become increasingly slow; in the present national emergency it seems wrong to ask even a single workman to devote his energies to unproductive labour, except on the rare occasions when seasonal conditions preclude the possibility of more useful employment. It is true that the thread has not been lost. On the contrary, a good deal of interesting material is gradually being accumulated. In the meantime, however, the further report which I had hoped to be in a position to bring forward must be postponed. I propose to substitute for it a brief statement of the results obtained in a kindred enterprise, the means for which were supplied through the same munificent benefaction.


Figure 3 illustrates detection results. Our algorithm is able to detect objects under different scales, lighting conditions, or partial occlusions. Some failure cases are also shown in Figure 4, where most of them are caused by heavy occlusions or objects with similar appearance. Moreover, we present the region proposal results that generate the bounding boxes. It shows that our SVR models are able to select high-quality region proposals.


*An earlier version of this paper was written to provide background material for the oral comments made at the session on Inter-relationships Between Natural and Technological Disasters held at the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction in Yokohama, Japan on May 25, 1994.


Summary form only given. The ANTHEM code uses the implicit moment method to calculate plasma dynamics over time steps far exceeding the local plasma period and spatial scales well beyond a Debye length. Numerous improvements have been implemented since the first description of the code. It has been found that nonlinear magnetic waves may require an implicit treatment of the ν×B term in the auxiliary moment equations used in the implicit field solution. Such waves are associated with deep magnetic field penetration of opening switch plasmas. It has been noted that a differencing that stores electric field components both normal and parallel to cell faces is needed to minimize numerical diffusion of the magnetic field. It was found that ghost cells in conductors must be given a very high fictitious density to force the proper boundary values in the implicit solutions for these electric field components, thereby avoiding erroneous electron emission. It was also found that a cell-local time step must be used with implicit full-particle modeling to avoid finite grid instability heating


An automatic control technique for the flow regulation in pipeline systems is developed in the paper. The improvement for the previous work is the use of an optimal observer that reduces greatly the time of changing flow states and the adaptability for the regulation of frictionless flow. By first order Taylor-expanding equations of motion and continuity at equilibrium states, a set of linear equations are obtained then, the linear quadratic design technique in automatic control theory is used to control the flow states. In order to avoid measuring all states, an optimal state estimator is constructed. A pipeline system is taken as example. The regulation results are satisfactory. If the changes of discharges in this paper is effective for valve-motion synthesis in real pipeline systems.


The strong coupling constants of hadronic multiplets are fundamental parameters which carry information about the strong interactions among participating particles. These parameters can help us construct the hadron-hadron strong potential and gain information about the structure of the involved hadrons. Motivated by the recent observation of the doubly charmed state by LHCb, we determine the strong coupling constants among the doubly heavy spin-1/2 baryons, , and light pseudoscalar mesons, , K, and within the framework of the light cone QCD sum rules. The obtained results may help experimental groups in analysis of the related data at hadron colliders.


The attempt to eliminate subsurface damage in polished materials is a major objective in optical and semiconductor fabrication. The level of subsurface damage in optical components is proportional to the surface scatter and related to the laser damage threshold of the optic. The float polishing process has been shown to produce surfaces with low subsurface damage on ferrite materials. We have ground samples of rough cut Corning 7940 fused silica using synthetic polycrystalline diamond. These samples were then float polished on a precision machine manufactured by Toyoda Machine Works Limited. Our surfaces were characterized using differential phase interference microscopy, total internal reflection microscopy, and scatterometry. We will describe the fabrication process and report the results of the surface and subsurface characterization.


The effect of inosine on red cell membrane Na+K+ATPase in lead poisoning was studied in 13 subjects. In addition to enzyme damage, an appreciable increase in enzyme level was noted after 100 mg inosine i.m. for 20 days. It is felt that this form of management is useful in lead poisoning as a means of treating and preventing anaemia.


Li-ion batteries have the advantages of high efficiency, high energy density and long life, having developed rapidly in recent years. However, it is tough to accurately predict the decline trend of Li-ion battery capacity, which limits the further improvement of their service life and safety. In this study, a method of using wavelet denoising to preprocess the data and predicting the life of Li-ion battery based on whale optimization algorithm combined with long short-term memory network (WOA-LSTM) is proposed. In this paper, two sets of data sets B0005 and B0006 of NASA 's public data set are used. The original battery capacity data is subjected to wavelet transform and noise reduction to remove noise and redundant information. The calculation results of SNR and RMSE are 48.1119 and 0.006225, respectively. Then LSTM (Long short-term memory), RNN (Recurrent Neural Network), GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) and WOA-LSTM are used to predict the remaining useful life of the data set RUL (Remaining Useful Lifetime, RUL), and the data error is compared, showing that in the results of MAE, RMSE and MAPE three prediction error indicators. The prediction results of WOA-LSTM in B0005 and B0006 show the minimum prediction errors, which are 0.0563,0.0710,0.0415 in B0005 data set and 0.0583,0.0831,0.0454 in B0006 data set. Compared with the standard LSTM model, RNN model and GRU model, the error indexes of the model are decreased, which are 7 %, 4 % and 3 % respectively, which has great advantages. This method can provide a reliable predictive analysis method for battery design and fault diagnosis.


Resumen en: We propose a way to introduce stellar coro- nagraphy within FRIDA (inFRared Imager and Dissector for Adaptive Optics [AO] sys- tem of the Gran Telesco...


It has been known that traditional mobile agents( MA) cause problems of large delay time and high energy consumption,when monitoring the interested information in wireless sensor networks( WSNs). Considering above problems,bidirectional parallel mobile agent routing algorithm based on 3D cell space( 3D—BPMA) is presented. It combines MA and the traditional Client / Server( C / S) mode,which collects information in 3D cell space by using C / S mode and transmit messages in single-layer cell system and among routers by using bidirectional parallel strategy. Simulation results show that compared with LCF and DSG—MIP algorithms,3D—BPMA reduces average response time,average energy consumption of networks and improves delivery rate of MA.


We show that the Julia set of a non-elementary rational semigroup G is uniformly perfect when there is a uniform bound on the Lipschitz constants of the generators of G. This also proves that the limit set of a non-elementary Mobius group is uniformly perfect when there is a uniform bound on the Lipschitz constants of the generators of the group and this implies that the limit set of a finitely generated non-elementary Kleinian group is uniformly perfect.


The invention relates to a condensation dryer 1 having a drying chamber 3 for the articles to be dried, a process air circuit 2, a blower 19 in the process air circuit 2, a heat pump 13, 14, 15, 17 in which a refrigerant circulates, with an evaporator 13, a compressor 14, a throttle 17 and a condenser 15, the evaporator 13 and / or the condenser 15 is a heat exchanger with flat surfaces, comprising at least one endlessly folded, flattened tube 16, which forms a plurality of series to each other laterally displaced Maanderstapel 20th In addition, the invention relates to a method for operating this condensation dryer. 1


Nigeria's youth unemployment rate is at 54.4% in the last quarter of 2020 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2020) which thus gives us an obvious reality of the danger of ever-increasing youth unemployment flooding the landscape of Nigeria, while several governmental initiatives in time past have not been able to help in curbing youth unemployment challenges in Nigeria, this study adopt the systematic review analysis in assessing the capacity of apprenticeship and informal sector capacity in reducing youth unemployment in Nigeria. This study calls for apprenticeship modernization and informal sector support in reducing youth unemployment in Nigeria as both apprenticeship and informal sector were proven to be significant measures in reducing youth unemployment in Nigeria.


Abstract : At present in many countries work proceeds on the creation of means of communication in millimetric wave band. The main reason for considerable attention to millimetric range is a possibility of designing of the broadband and super wide-band lines for the transmission of high-speed information in digital form, which possess a good freedom from interference and large electromagnetic compatibility with the existing radio-electronics systems. In this document there are developed three fundamental new communications in millimetric wave band: super-multichannel waveguide lines, radiorelay lines and satellite lines. And the possibility of the optimum use of these is investigated for neworks.


Successful Faculty Development and Evaluation: The Complete Teaching Portfolio. ERIC Digest........................................... 1 WHAT IS A TEACHING PORTFOLIO?..................................... 2 WHAT DOES HIGHER EDUCATION VALUE?............................ 2 WHAT SHOULD A TEACHING PORTFOLIO CONTAIN?...............3 HOW CAN ADMINISTRATORS BUILD INTEREST?.....................3 REFERENCES.................................................................. 4


The paper presents a possible stock level optimization method, based on a stochastic model. The consume demand for the stored product is considered a discrete random quantity. It was adopted the hypothesis that the repartition law of the demand probability is known for the time interval of stock existence (operation). The main aim of the optimization procedure is to minimize the total expenses (costs) involved by the existence or lack of the reserve stock. For a better understanding of the proposed algorithm, a calculation example is presented.


Given my interest in understanding how ophthalmology is practised around the world and expanding my exposure to paediatric ophthalmology, I decided to search for a paediatric observership or similar programme in a foreign country.
My six-week observership in the USA at Duke University from the end of July to the beginning of September 2013 took me one year to plan and was self-funded; however, it was worth every dime.
The entire six weeks I spent in the Pediatric Department of Duke Eye Center was inspiring from a medical, surgical and research perspective. I was also fortunate to participate in two research studies.


In this study, the physicochemical traits of soybean (100-seed weight, seed coat rate, protein content, composition, and amino acid content) and the quality of tofu (texture and sensory characteristics) were evaluated in order to determine the features of six varieties (Saedanbaek, Daechan, Daepung2, Seonpung, Miso, Saegeum) in terms of textural and sensory characteristics of tofu. Regardless of cultivar, the order of amino acid composition rate was as follows: Glutamic acid > Aspartic acid > Arginine > Leucine > Lysine. Approximately 50-60% of tofu (dry weight) consisted of protein, and among the cultivars, Tofu made from Saedanbaek showed the highest amount of protein at 59%. It was followed by tofu made from Miso at 54%. The rest contained about 50% protein. According to the result of correlation, crude lipid (-0.933**), crude protein (0.961**), and total phosphorus (0.924**) were strongly correlated with tofu hardness, and such factors could be utilized as an indicator of tofu quality.


: The existence of the street to survive causes the child in bad condition. This resulted in the children being in the limitations of economic conditions that could reduce the rights of the child. Child's life on the streets can be pushed toward dehumanization because the learning process of the child always happens on the streets full of risk. This research aims to analyze the social construction that can lead to street children experience dehumanization. This qualitative descriptive study using a case study which is explanatory. For the informant used the maximum variation sampling. Data collection is done using observation, interview, and documentation. Data validation is done using triangulation of data sources. The results showed children from the category of children of the street and a part of street family experience the process of dehumanization because the child in her life feel that there is no longer the right solution to survive apart from the life of the streets. While street children from the category of children on the street are not subjected to dehumanizing because children are still getting more attention from parents and children assume the street, not the place to survive but to seek additional income.


Map of South Africa and the Cape Colony. The map shows districts, towns, villages, roads, rivers and mountains. The map also indicates the routes taken by Henry Lichtenstein and John Campbell. An inset map depicts the cape peninsula and False Bay. Scale not given.


The Optimal Sequenced Route (OSR) query strives to flnd a route of minimum length starting from a given source location and passing through a number of typed locations in a speciflc sequence imposed on the types of the locations. In this paper, we propose a precomputation approach to OSR query in vector spaces. We exploit the geometric properties of the solution space and theoretically prove its relation to Additively Weighted Voronoi diagrams. Our approach recursively accesses these diagrams to incrementally build the optimal sequenced route. Our experimental results verify that our pre-computation approach outperforms the previous index-based approaches in terms of query response time.


The apparatus for avoiding fluctuations in a digitally produced output clock includes a digital clock generator (19), a buffer (29), a level measuring device (28) and a controller (21). The buffer (29) stores a received input clock with a digital signal and outputs it to an output clock. The level measuring device (28) measures the level of the buffer (29). The controller (21) uses the filling level of the buffer (29) for regulating the frequenz of the output clock digitally generated. The deviation of the input clock from the clock output is the disturbance of the control. The apparatus further includes a compensation means (16) which carries out an additional coarse estimate of the disturbance, the control and uses for pre-compensating the output clock.


Simulation has been used successfully for years to improve system design and management. With the emphasis on process improvement in all aspects of a business, simulation is being recognized as a tool that can be of significant benefit. Simulation helps maximize process performance before a process is implemented. A frequent decision to be made when using simulation for general business processes is whether to simulate the process or the system. Process simulation, unlike system simulation, models the logical activity sequence rather than the actual material flow. This is a departure from the traditional system simulation perspective. To model a process you define an activity sequence rather than a workstation routing sequence. Many people confuse process simulation with system simulation because this distinction is unclear. The issues and challenges of simulating a process instead of a system are discussed, with a resolution presented. Characteristics that using process simulation in place of simulation are also discussed. Examples are given of how process improvement using process mapping can be extended to include simulation.


(57) Abstract: The present invention epitaxy continuous layer based upon GaN that emits radiation relates luminescent diode chip consisting of (3) (1), said layer active zone (19), n-doped layer ( 4) and p- doped layer having a (5). p- doped layer (5) has a reflective contact metallization to the main plane away from the active zone (19) (9) (6), wherein the metal coating is radiolucent contact layer (15) and the reflective layer with a (16). The present invention further relates to a method and luminescence diode structure device having such a luminescent diode chip manufacturing such luminescence diode chip using thin film technology.


Objective
To investigate the nasopharyngeal carriage rate and antibiotic resistance profiles of Moraxella catarrhalis among children with respiratory tract infections in Chongqing Youyang County in order to provide data for clinical drug selection.

Methods
Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from children with respiratory tract infection admitted at the Department of Pediatrics, Youyang Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January to December in 2015, and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates were tested and collected.The antibiotic susceptibility was tested by E-test method and disc diffusion tests, and susceptibility was judged according to breakpoints in European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing(EUCAST), Clinical and Laboratory Stan-dards Institute(CLSI 2014)and British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy(BSAC). β-lactamase activity was determined by the chromogenic cephalosporin nitrocefin.

Results
The nasopharyngeal carriage rate of Moraxella catarrhalis was 9.6%(101/1 054 cases) in children aged 1 month to 12 years old, major in winter (13.8%, 52/378 cases) among children younger than 3 years old(10.5%, 90/860 cases). The carriage rate was low in summer(4.0%, 8/200 cases). The positive rate of β-lactamase was 99.0%(100/101 cases). All of the isolates were sensitive to Amoxycillin-Clavulanate.Most of the isolates were sensitive to Cephalosporin antibiotics according to EUCAST and CLSI 2014 criteria.According to CLSI 2014, the resistance rate to Erythromycin was 15.8%(16/101 cases). The resistance rate to Ampicillin was 68.3%(69/101 cases)on the basis of the BSAC breakpoints, and the intermediate rate and resistant rate to Cefuroxime were 45.5%(46/101 cases)and 49.5%(50/101 cases), respectively.

Conclusions
Moraxella catarrhalis was mostly seen among children younger than 3 years old with respiratory tract infections, especially in winter.The results indicated that 99.0% of the isolates were positive in β-lactamase, but all of the isolates were sensitive to Amoxycillin-Clavulanate.

Key words:
Moraxella catarrhalis; Carriage rate; Antibiotic resistance; Child


STUDY OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to clarify whether fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can diagnose lung cancer in various clinical specimens in comparison with conventional cytology.

DESIGN
Prospective study.

SETTING
University hospital in a metropolitan area.

PATIENTS
Fifty consecutive patients with abnormal chest radiography or CT scan findings were enrolled. The patients included 32 men and 18 women, with an average age of 64 years. The final definitive diagnosis was made by histologic examination, as follows: 38 primary lung cancers (24 adenocarcinomas, 8 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 large cell carcinomas, and 4 small cell carcinomas); 1 metastatic renal cell carcinoma; and 11 benign lesions.

METHODS
Four types of clinical specimens were analyzed. Cells obtained by transbronchial brushing and transbronchial fine-needle aspiration using a fiberoptic bronchoscope under fluoroscopy, CT scan-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, and bronchial washings. On every examination, duplicate slides were made for analyses of conventional cytology and FISH.

RESULTS
Classifications according to conventional cytology were as follows: class I, 4 patients; class II, 15 patients; class IIIa, 3 patients; class IIIb, 5 patients; and class V, 23 patients. A classification higher than class IIIb was considered to be positive for cancer. For cytology, we found no false-positive cases and 11 false-negative cases. The specificity was 100%, and the sensitivity was 71.8%. By FISH, 34 cases showed aberrant copy numbers in either chromosome 3 or 17. We found no false-positive cases and five false-negative cases. The specificity was 100%, and the sensitivity was 87.1%.

CONCLUSION
The ability of FISH to detect aneusomic lung cancer cells is superior to conventional cytology for the diagnosis of lung cancer.


Urban forest restoration programs have been increasing worldwide in recent decades. A mail survey by Borneman and Hostetler (2004) gathered basic information on 33 urban natural areas programs in the United States and Canada and found the programs differed considerably along key variables such as budget, hectares under jurisdiction, and staffing. In terms of their commonalities, most programs were engaged in some form of restoration activity such as invasive plant removal and all relied at least in part on volunteer stewardship efforts.


The invention discloses a kind of method and apparatus for being managed to the connection between multiple internal integrated circuits (IC) of such as high-speed internal equipment interface.Disclose the coordination for being connected and disconnected from event, and/or High Speed Inter Chip TM (HSIC) pause of the operation of interface and the improvement project of recovery.In one embodiment, connection/disconnection process " equipment " initiation and that " main frame " is initiated is disclosed, the process provides improved timing, synchronization and power consumption.


Little is known about possible impact of sexually explicit material (SEM) or pornography use on young people's sexual socialization. The efforts so far have been characteristically brief (one-item measures assessing self-rated influence of pornography on one's sex life were often used) and direct – thus vulnerable to normative expectations and socially desirable answers. According to our conceptualization, pornographic imagery competes with other socially available sexual narratives in the process of sexual scripting, particularly in the formation of personal sexual scripts. It should be, therefore, possible to retrospectively assess the impact of SEM on sexual socialization by measuring the overlap between a pornographic and personal depiction of sex, which is what the Sexual Scripts Overlap Scale (SSOS) does. The SSOS has been recently found a useful tool in modeling mediated effects of early SEM use on sexual satisfaction of young adults. To facilitate wider application of this composite measure, a brief but more robust version of the scale (SSOS-S ; k=20) has been developed and validated using two online surveys. The paper includes description of the scale, including scale items and scoring procedure, as well as the results of reliability and validity tests (construct, convergent, and divergent validity were assessed).


By radioimmunoassay, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP)in serum, and β2 -MG.THP and albumin (Alb) in urine for 24 h were measured in 28 patients with cor pulmonale during acute aggravating phase. It indicated that level of βb2-MG in serum and urine and Alb in urine in the patients had an obvious increase (P0.01), however, THP in serum and urine decreased significantly (P0.05). The positive rate of those indexes used is notably superior to urea nitride and creatinine in serum. It showed that there were various degrees of functional damages in renal glomeruli and tubules in those patients. And it was a very sensitive index to determine some damages in renal function by observing β2-MG, THP in serum and urine and Alb in urine.


The temporal dynamics of eye movement response to a change in direction of stimulus motion has been used to compare the processing speeds of different types of stimuli (Mulligan, ARVO '97). In this study, the pursuit response to colored targets was measured to test the hypothesis that the slow response of the chromatic system (as measured using traditional temporal sensitivity measures such as contrast sensitivity) results in increased eye movement latencies. Subjects viewed a small (0.4 deg) Gaussian spot which moved downward at a speed of 6.6 deg/sec. At a variable time during the trajectory, the dot's direction of motion changed by 30 degrees, either to the right or left. Subjects were instructed to pursue the spot. Eye movements were measured using a video ophthalmoscope with an angular resolution of approximately 1 arc min and a temporal sampling rate of 60 Hz. Stimuli were modulated in chrominance for a variety of hue directions, combined with a range of small luminance increments and decrements, to insure that some of the stimuli fell in the subjects' equiluminance planes. The smooth portions of the resulting eye movement traces were fit by convolving the stimulus velocity with an exponential having variable onset latency, time constant and amplitude. Smooth eye movements with few saccades were observed for all stimuli. Pursuit responses to stimuli having a significant luminance component are well-fit by exponentials having latencies and time constants on the order of 100 msec. Increases in pursuit response latency on the order of 100-200 msec are observed in response to certain stimuli, which occur in pairs of complementary hues, corresponding to the intersection of the stimulus section with the subjects' equiluminant plane. Smooth eye movements can be made in response to purely chromatic stimuli, but are slower than responses to stimuli with a luminance component.


In this study, we present a parallel topology algorithm with a suitable interpolation method for chimera simulations in CFD. The implementation is done in the unstructured Finite Volume (FV) framework and special attention is given to the numerical algorithm. The aim of the proposed algorithm is to approximate fields with discontinuities with application to two-phase incompressible flows. First, the overset topology problem in partitioned polyhedral meshes is addressed, and then a new interpolation algorithm for generally discontinuous fields is introduced. We describe how the properties of FV are used in favor of the interpolation algorithm and how this intuitive process helps to achieve high-resolution results. The performance of the proposed algorithm is quantified and tested in various test cases, together with a comparison with an already existing interpolation scheme. Finally, scalability tests are presented to prove computational efficiency. The method suggests to be highly accurate in propagation cases and performs well in unsteady two-phase problems executed in parallel architectures.


We propose a model of chosen preferences together with conditions on choice data that falsify and identify our model. Preferences on alternatives are defined on attributes—e.g. candidates for a job may be experienced or inexperienced. Choice behavior is driven by a subset of attributes. Whenever an attribute becomes salient, the decision maker chooses to make it relevant or irrelevant for her future choices—e.g. employers may deliberately ignore race in the future to prevent discrimination. We identify when this decision is based on the maximization of a meta-preference, implying that preference changes are deliberate. This shows that theories of endogenous preferences, motivated reasoning, evolving attention, changing awareness, etc. can be empirically founded. Moreover, the model can rationalize heterogeneity in choice behavior even under the testable hypothesis that agents' preferences and meta-preferences are identical.


Although the data I will report are about lesbians and birth order, my belief is that the sequence of methods used in this study might well apply to a meaningful research project on personality groupings of alcoholics. There are many nature and nurture aspects of lesbianism that are parallel with views on alcoholism: both are stigmatized as antisocial and sometimes criminal; the origins of these habits are attributed by some to inheritance, related to personality, as well as to experiential factors. In many instances, problems of mental health are involved and the consequences have bearing beyond the individual, upon family life and society. The study reported here is based on information gathered from a sampling of lesbians from across the nation and a comparison group of women (225 homosexuals and 233 comparisons), equivalent as groups in age range, educational levels, and size and location of community where they live, and in the proportions of those who had had psychotherapy. All filled out a questionnaire of some 450 items modified and adapted from a previous study of male homosexuals in psychoana ly~ i s .~ In that study, definite patterns of mothering, fathering, and the triangular parent-child relationships and other data distinguished the homosexuals as a group from the group of nonhomosexuals. From the direct evaluation of the questionnaire data among the women, however, no such identifiable and interpretable differences distinguished the homosexuals ( H ) and comparisons (C) , although many distinctive subgroups emerged, along other lines. These data are consistent with the supposition that the establishment of sex-role identity-and hence the ways to homosexuality-are quite different in men and in women. One major aspect of the background for women is, of course, their position secondary to men in our society. Opportunities in the major business and professions are difficult for girls to attain, so it is not odd that more than half of young girls have been "tomboys," in this way expressing their wishes for the opportunities and privileges men have largely denied to women. As they pass into puberty, girls are forced to make a choice. Some continue to strive for achievement (as though they were the heir, the honored son); some accept the helpmate role (with any one of a number of attitudes: full-hearted compliance, regret, make it a bargain, play-the-game for all it is worth); others feel forced into the role and enter the competitive lists for a man with fear and panic. Some do not comply, finding the effort too difficult or unsatisfying, and some may rebel against man as "the enemy," the "exploiter." Others may accept the limitations of being second-class citizens and seek closeness and affection where they can find it, often more comfortably with another woman. For men, in contrast, a reputation for heterosexual potency is much more basic to self-esteem and their image of acceptable masculinity. Although the differences in questionnaire answers did not directly provide ways for distinguishing lesbians from heterosexual women, a significant data did appear in the proportion of cases related to birth order and gender of sibling^.^ Lesbians were overrepresented among only children (43 H to 31 C ) , and counting these


Starting out with a contemplation of the narrow and complex relationships between power, violence, and words, this paper tries to make evident the violent nature of certain acts of speech, in particular the characteristics which are inherent to slander. TRAMAS 25 • UAM-X • MÉXICO • 2006 • PP. 113-128 114 C O N V E R G E N C I A S Son las palabras las que toman una actitud, no los cuerpos; las que se tejen, no los vestidos; las que brillan, no las armaduras; las que retumban, no las tormentas. Son las palabras las que sangran,


The capability of global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) altimetry to map mesoscale sea surface height (SSH) fields is analyzed using synthetic measurements derived from a high-resolution (1/10°) numerical model of the North Pacific. As an example, we consider the GPS and GLONASS constellation transmitters and assume six reflection-capable receivers onboard the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate satellites in high-inclination (720 km, 72°) orbits. An individual GNSS-R measurement has a ~10-km footprint. The SSH measurement error is simulated as a function of the incidence angle and the error in the delay measurement between the transmitter and receiver. The delay measurement error is assumed to have Gaussian white noise distribution with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.0 or 2.0 m. Two days of synthetic measurements are used to reconstruct SSH fields using a two-dimensional variational algorithm. For the 1.0-m delay error, the basin-wide RMSE of the mapped field is 2.3 cm and the spatial correlation between the mapped and true mesoscale fields is larger than 0.9. For the 2.0-m delay error, the basin-wide RMSE is 3.8 cm and the spatial correlation is larger than 0.8. Spectral and synoptic analyses suggest that two days of measurements can reproduce mesoscale features down to 100 km. The result demonstrates the ability of GNSS-R altimetry to suppress large measurement errors due to the high density of measurements and the potential to constrain mesoscale features down to scales beyond what the constellation of existing nadir-altimeters allows.


The architecture,processing flow,collecting points and the main system construction of MMS monitoring are described firstly,then issues related to the construction are recommendations.


A multimodal sensor composed of an electrical conductivity (EC) sensor and a temperature sensor on the same Si chip was successfully fabricated using compatible complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The EC sensor measured the electrical conductivity between Pt electrodes, and the temperature sensor measured the forward voltage of a p–n junction diode. We confirmed the output signal in a wide dynamic range of ECs. For real-time measurement in the rumen of cows, a wireless system was fabricated. The system included a sensor, a battery, an antenna, an analog signal-processing circuit board, an AC-to-DC converter board, and a receiver–transmitter board. We adjusted the wireless system design with focus on the measurement range to adapt the system to the rumen. Real-time and simultaneous measurements of EC and temperature in the rumen using the multimodal sensor unit were performed. The wireless system successfully received signals continuously, and enabled the measurement of the rumen conditions in real time.


Abstract Based upon Reed-Recker's (1971) composite easterly wave and the associated cumulus cloud population determined by Cho and Ogura (1974), the effects of cumulus cloud on the large-scale moisture distribution are studied in this note. It has been found that the moisture contents in the upper troposphere increase almost linearly with increasing deep cloud activity. There is also a marked increase in moisture content in the lower troposphere when the weather changes from a relatively suppressed condition to a relatively disturbed condition. However, further intensification of deep cloud activity does not lead to any significant increase in moisture content in the lower troposphere. In the region of the wave where deep cloud activities are developing, the rate of moisture supply of the troposphere exceeds that of precipitation and the atmosphere is moistened. In other regions, where deep cloud activities are decaying, the rate of precipitation exceeds that of the moisture supply and the moisture conten...


Technological advances in ad hoc networking and the miniaturization of electromechanical systems are making possible the use of large numbers of mobile agents (for example, mobile robots, human agents, and unmanned vehicles) to perform surveillance, search and rescue, transport, and delivery tasks in aerial, underwater, space, and land environments. However, the successful execution of such tasks often hinges upon accurate position information, which is needed in lower-level locomotion and path-planning algorithms. Common techniques for the localization of mobile robots are the classical preinstalled beacon-based localization algorithms, fixed feature-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms, and Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation. However, these localization techniques work based on assumptions such as the existence of distinct and static features that can be revisited often or line of sight to GPS satellites, which may not be feasible for operations such as search and rescue, environment monitoring, and oceanic exploration. In the case of GPS navigation, there is also a current concern about signal jamming for outdoor navigation, especially for unmanned aerial vehicle coordination and control. Instead, cooperative localization is emerging as an alternative localization technique that can be employed in such scenarios.


A description is given of the use of touch sensing as part of a larger system the authors are building for 3-D shape recovery and object recognition using touch and vision methods. The authors focus on three exploratory procedures (EPs) they have built to acquire and interpret sparse 3D touch data: grasping by containment, planar surface exploration, and surface contour exploration. Experimental results for each of these procedures are presented. The EPs can be used in a coarse-to-fine sensing strategy that tries to build shape descriptions at a number of levels. An important feature of this system is the multiple representations used in recovering and reasoning about shape.<<ETX>>


Yuan Guo Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Lan Wen The Open University of Hunan Jikang Chen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Gen Pan Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhimin Wu Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zheng Li Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hui Wang Central South University of Forestry and Technology Qingmei Xiao Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Caisheng Qiu Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Songhua Long Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Xinlin Zhao Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yufu Wang (  china firstname.lastname@example.com ) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences


The results of this study shows that Ngejot tradition in Banjar Tangeb, Badung Regency has a very strong tolerance between Hindus and Catholics.  The existence of the Ngejot tradition in Banjar Tangeb has a very significant function in the survival of a harmonious religion, between Hinduism and Catholicism. The tradition, which in this case serves as a forum for inter-religious harmony, is a meeting of two different cultures that has become the hallmark of the Tangeb community, namely tradition in the form of delivering food to neighbors of different religions.  The approach used in this research is an anthropological approach.  In this case, the Ngejot tradition is a tradition that refers to the concept of tali asih in Catholicism and the concept of Katwang Asih in Hinduism.  In the Ngejot tradition, there is a communication process between the two religions that complement each other even though the form is without structure.  Ngejot tradition is manifested in the form of delivering food to relatives and neighbors of different religions during major religious holidays, such as Galungan for Hindus or Christmas for Catholics.  The diversity of Balinese society causes this tradition to emerge, as a result of the meeting between different Catholic and Hindu cultures that gave birth to the Ngejot tradition.  Thus, the Ngejot tradition is able to create a harmonious and harmonious life between religions in their daily lives.  Likewise, the Ngejot tradition has been passed down from generation to generation and is unique.  Furthermore, based on the roles and functions in the Ngejot tradition, the author finds a relationship between the two different religions, Hinduism and Catholicism, so that they are able to realize mutual respect and mutual respect to achieve harmony in religious and social life.


YRIA has had no stable civilian rule since 1949, the year of her first army coup; her politics have become a theater for ambitious army men.' In the twenty-four years since Syria gained independence from the French, the country has had eight years of parliamentary rule (1945-49 and 1954-58) and five years of semi-parliamentary government (late 1961 to February 1966). Long periods of military intervention has alternated with shorter eras of parliamentary and semi-parliamentary rule, while the government has always stood under the shadow of military domination. Since March 1949, Syria has experienced some sixteen army coups nine of them successful. Only three times did the officers who achieved successful coups pass the reins of power to civilians and call for a retreat to the barracks. Since 1963 a pattern has developed in which civilians and the army have alternated in power, but the army has never retreated to the barracks. One instance of this syndrome was the coup of March 1963, when officers, who were members of or sympathetic to the Arab Socialist Ba'th party, overthrew the parliamentary system and handed the government over to the civilian faction of the Ba'th. The army-Ba'th faction acted as king-maker. Between 1963 and 1964 Syria was governed by the Ba'th-army coalition supported by pro-Nasserist Arab unionists. The army increasingly became the dominant group in a Ba'th-dominated government. When unity talks with Egypt failed, Ba'th succumbed to a military dictatorship of General Amin al-Hafiz. This was the end of parliamentary rule in Syria. The army-Ba'th faction which staged the February 1966 coup seemed ready to hand the government over to the civilians, but the transfer of power never took place. And, since that time, the Syrian army has never returned to the barracks, never yielded full executive power and political control. The recent coups, as well as the former ones, have not always been engineered independently by the officers: several have been supported, encouraged, and initiated by individual civilian politicians, and by political parties and groups. In fact, some Syrian politicians have even spoken of the coup recently as an election. Since the collapse of the U.A.R. in 1961 there have been at least six "political parties" in the army: the "leftists" and the "mainstream" (moderate) Ba'thists; the champions of civilian and military governments, the Nasserist Unionists, and the anti-Nasser Unionists. Thus a six-cornered struggle exists between the two Ba'th factions and the Nasser and anti-Nasser forces, some advocating civilian rule, others military domination. (As we shall see, conflicts which divide Syria go beyond the political-ideological divisions rooted in the traditional ethnic pluralism, in the ancient urban-rural rivalries, and, above all, in the gap between center and periphery.)


The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the interfacial reaction between titanium matrix composites (TMCs) and A380 alloy in aluminum die-casting. In-situ synthesized titanium matrix composites and H13 tool steel were immersed in molten A380 alloy in a mold at 993 K for times varying from 0 to 1200 s. In-situ synthesis TMCs and interfacial reaction between TMCs and A380 alloy were examined by X-ray diffraction, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and electron probe micro-analyzer. The reaction behavior shows that TMCs can a substitution for H13 tool steel.


When box beam is bent,the assumption that the section is plane is not satisfied and the shear lag is produced.In this paper,two extensive coordinates are taken to describe the bent deformation of the box beam.The formula of general poential energy of the structure is derived and thus the Euler differential equation according to the variation principle,and then the bent stress and the shear lag coefficient are worked out.The calculated example and test results are given.


Special Publication 800-70 Revision 2, National Checklist Program for IT Products Guidelines for Checklist Users and Developers, describes security configuration checklists and their benefits, and it explains how to use the NIST National Checklist Program (NCP) to find and retrieve checklists. The publication also describes the policies, procedures, and general requirements for participation in the NCP. SP 800-70 Revision 2 updates the previous version of the document, which was released in 2009, primarily by adding additional SCAP-oriented guidance and content related to the United States Government Configuration Baseline (USGCB).


This paper aims to give an overview of the morphosyntax and semantics of potential event modality in Koromu (Kesawai), a Madang language in the Papuan group. Potential event modality refers to Palmer's "events that are not actualized...but are merely potential" (2001:70). Some characteristics of event modality are compared with English and other Papuan /regional languages. The study is based on Koromu data in recorded texts, collected over a number of years, and on earlier grammatical analysis (Priestley 2002a, 2008, and forthcoming a). Meanings are represented in semantic explications in the natural semantic metalanguage, a metalanguage that can be used in many different languages (Goddard and Wierzbicka 2002). The findings include a range of constructions and meanings for "imperative" and "desiderative" type expressions, a distinction between external, internal and negative desires, and strategies for testing meaning and grammar analysis with Koromu speakers.


In this article, the problem surrounding human papillomavirus—which causes some cancers, among which cervical cancer is the most prominent— and the prophylactic vaccination against it is addressed. First, the most relevant facts about both the virus and the vaccines are described. Second, the problems of the efficacy and safety of the vaccines are discussed. Third, two ethical problems of HPV vaccination are discussed: should it be obligatory or optional? Should it target only women or men too? I conclude with a call to extend HPV vaccination and HPV education in particular, and vaccination education in general.


An emerging trend in health care is the increased use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by consumers. This has led to the integration of CAM services into conventional hospital settings, which is often called integrative medicine (IM). This is most commonly seen for the management of cancer-related symptoms and side effects.
This study sets out to understand different approaches to IM models of care through a comprehensive assessment of what is known about IM, evaluation of how IM operates in a number of major centres, and a comparison between the main models across three countries.
Our scoping review identified five main models of IM that could be categorised into three systems (independent, dependent, and integrative). These differing models and systems depict a range of philosophical, theoretical, and practical considerations in the execution of IM models of care; moving from a focus on providers to a focus on patient centred care.
The insights developed in our review were then applied to investigate the structure of IM centres and to explore the experiences of senior stakeholders of IM centres in three Western countries - the USA, Germany, and Australia. Centres in the USA and Germany were identified from their prominence in the literature, while Australian centres were identified as part of a scoping exercise that determined the proportion of cancer hospitals providing supportive care and CAM services. A mixed methods approach that incorporated survey and interview data was used to explore the IM models in operation.
All of the IM centres emphasised the need for collaboration and engagement between all stakeholders. The German and USA centres retained a strong emphasis on physician-focused care while Australian centres demonstrated a greater focus on patient-centred care. The patient-centred care model requires recognition of the need to personalise medical care, including CAM, for the individual, and the requirement for more collaboration between disciplines, within teams and between staff and patients. Patient-centred care appears to represent the future direction of health care services.
An organisational assessment tool was developed based on the results of this study to determine the level of integration of individual IM centres. The tool was applied to Australian IM centres. The majority of the Australian centres were evaluated as level 3 of collaboration, which indicates that in these centres CAM is integrated into the hospital system, but that the expansion of the CAM program is controlled by the hospital. The organisational assessment tool provides a means of assessing where a service sits on this matrix and could be used to plan service development.
IM healthcare is complex and requires an understanding of the contextual and philosophical background of both conventional medicine and CAM in order to identify and address key barriers from both medical paradigms. Collaboration and engagement between all stakeholders is essential to meet the demands of patients seeking IM care, and to provide safe patient-centred care.


: Cancers are the second largest epidemiological burden in Africa. This led us to study the hospital proportions and histological and histogenetic types of cancers in anatomical pathology at the Souro Sanou University Hospital (CHUSS) in Bobo-Dioulasso, and the possible implications for public health. This was a cross-sectional study that ran from June 1 to December 10, 2021 with data inclusion from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020. The data collected concerned: notified cases of tumors and those diagnosed with cancer, sociodemographic characteristics, location and histological and histogenetic types of these cancers. Of the 6,316 cancer cases notified by the different clinical services from 2013 to 2020, there were 1,388 cases of cancer confirmed (or 22.0%) by histology at the CHUSS anatomy-pathology department. Of the 3,605 specimens analyzed, this represented a malignancy proportion of 38.5%. There was an average annual number of 173.5 confirmed cancer cases per year. For a sex ratio of 0.4 and a female predominance of 72.1%, the average age of the cancer cases was 49.3±3.9 years (extremes from 1 to 92 years), with the 40–60-year age group being the most represented (46.4%) and those under 15 years of age representing 3.2%. The organs most affected by cancer were breast (25.5%), uterus (22.4%) and stomach (9.1%). Breast (32.9%) and cervical (31.1%) cancers were the most common in women. In men, the most frequent cancers were: stomach (19.8%) and prostate (13.9%). Histologically, more than two out of five cancers were carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas accounted for 43.37%, and adenocarcinomas were found in 13.61%. There was no difference in histogenetic or histological type according to age or sex. Affecting more the less than 60 years with 75,1%, it is about cancers avoidable by actions of promotion and prevention in public health. This underlines the importance of setting up a cancer registry and organizing cancer care based on promotion and primary prevention.


[1] The Southeast Crater of Mount Etna (Italy) was characterized by a violent eruptive activity between 26 January and 24 June 2000. This activity produced 64 lava fountain episodes with repose periods from 3 hours to 10 days. We estimated a volume of about 15–20 × 106 m3 lava and at least 2–3 × 106 m3 of tephra. We compared the paroxysmal volcanic activity to its associated seismic signature: The high number of events highlighted a strict correlation between tremor and volcanic activity. Seismic and volcanic characteristics, such as the frequency of occurrence, the duration of lava fountains and the associated tremor energy, suggested the subdivision of the studied period into two stages separated by the 20 February event. Combining volcanic with seismic data, we observed some useful relationships among lava fountain height, sustained column height and Reduced Displacement; in addition, we found that the entire episode was well correlated with the duration of the amplitude increase. Computing the tremor energy linked to each event, the total energy associated with lava fountains episodes results in 76% of the energy released during the whole period. Finally, the different ratios among the overall spectral amplitude of the seismic signals of the stations located at different altitudes suggested to us the elaboration of a simple qualitative model to explain the dynamic behavior of the tremor source during the whole episode.


The utility model discloses a gear-shifting position-replacing mechanism with a gear selecting and replacing slot shaped like Chinese character 'Wang' in the technical field of automotive transmissions, which comprises a guide pin, a gear selecting and replacing plug shaped like a Chinese character 'Wang', a locating sleeve and a gear selecting shaft; the gear selecting and replacing plug shaped like Chinese character 'Wang' is respectively contacted with the locating sleeve and the guide pin; the guide pin and the gear selecting shaft are mutually parallel; and the gear selecting shaft is fixedly connected with the gear selecting and replacing plug shaped like Chinese character 'Wang'. Accurate gear selecting and replacing location is realized; therefore, the gears are clear; the gear replacing quality is improved; and the driving intensity of drivers is lightened.


Beginning in fall 1993, Golden West College, in California, began pilot testing an English-as-a-Seccind-Language (ESL) course adapted from the Focal Skills approach, which features instruction in intensive modules in listening, reading, writing, and general immersion. The listening and reading skills modules were offered in the fall 1993 semester, followed by the writing skills and immersion modules in spring 1994. To measure the effectiveness of the pilot courses, student performance in two secticns, as measured by Focal Skills assessment instruments, was compared with that of students in two regular ESL sections during the fall 1993 semester. In addition, analyses were included of the continued skill development of pilot students through spring 1994 and ensuing course referrals. Results generally indicated that both the Focal Skills and comparison groups showed significant but comparable gains in reading and writing skills in the fall 1993 semester. Spring semester measurement showed that pilot students continued to make marked gains. Comparisons of the spring 1994 semester course referrals indicated a nonsignificant tendency for higher level course referrals for the pilot group students. At best, the results constituted marginal evidence for the effectiveness of the Focal Skills pilot. However, since the control and pilot students were not randomly assigned and were self-selected, caution must be taken in interpreting these findings and it is recommended that a second year pilot and evaluation be conducted. Data tables and a description of ESL courses at the college are attached. (Author/KP) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** Evaluation of the Focal Skills Pilot ESL Program at Golden West College, 1993-94 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Eclucabonip Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document nas been fetarOduced as Irteceved from the Person or orgarfizabon oogina ling II C ?Amor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quaiity PoInts of vew or opubons stated tntnisclocu men) do not necessanty represent otfictai OE RI posifion or pobcy Golden West College Matriculation Research August 1994 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY S. Isonio TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Steven lsonio Advisor, Matriculation Research & Assessment


The invention discloses a device for updating an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) from a long distance by a CPU (Central Processing Unit) and a method for updating the FPGA from a long distance by the CPU. The device comprises a controller module, an FPGA module, a configuration module and a buffer module, wherein the controller module is connected with an upper computer in a wired/wireless way, a second GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) interface of the controller module is connected with an enable pin of the buffer controller, an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) of the controller module is connected with a data input end of the buffer module, a first GPIO interface of the controller module is connected with a configuration signal of the FPGA module, a data output end of the buffer module is connected with SPIs of the FPGA module and the configuration module respectively, a FPGA configuration file is updated from a long distance based on MPC5200B and a real-time operation system VxWorks. According to the device and the method, the cost is saved, the operability of the system is improved, the design difficulty is reduced, the on-line updating of the FPGA is easily realized, and the configuration efficiency and the configuration flexibility of the FPGA are improved.


The palaeogeographic and tectonic setting of the Lower Jurassic Nishinakayama Formation (Toyora Group, southwest Japan) is interpreted based on new U–Pb ages for detrital zircon grains separated from a sandstone sample, combined with available provenance data. The newly obtained age spectrum of detrital zircon grains is characterized by multiple age clusters. Specifically, (1) nearly syndepositional (Lower Jurassic; 182–200 Ma), (2) Early Permian to Late Triassic (205–288 Ma), and (3) Precambrian (1,855–2,660 Ma). The youngest zircon age (182.4 ± 5.1 Ma) is consistent with the biostratigraphically constrained depositional age (falciferum ammonite Zone, lower Toarcian). The presence of a near‐syndepositional age cluster, as well as the presence of volcanic tuff layers in the studied succession, indicates the likely extensive influence of an active volcanic arc in the depositional area. The age cluster of 205–288 Ma suggests, in contrast, that older granitic batholiths were also being sourced. Precambrian detrital zircon grains would have been derived from continental blocks with mainly Proterozoic crusts, most likely from the North China Craton. When combined with available geochemical, petrological, and palaeontological data, our detrital zircon data demonstrate that deposition of the Nishinakayama Formation was located at an active continental margin, possibly close to the northern extremity of the South China Craton. Abundant terrigenous clastics were likely supplied to the sedimentary basin from the Qinling‐Dabieshan‐Sulu Suture Zone, which was formed by the collision of the North and South China cratons.


We introduce a method for the controlled construction of oxygen vacancy profiles within the conducting filaments of TaOx resistive switching devices, with spatial resolutions approaching the sub-nanometer scale. We identify controllable power signatures in the resistive switching curves of memristive devices, and using analytical and numerical models demonstrate they are consistent with specific, designable radial vacancy profiles within the conducting filaments resulting from high-order hysteresis. The design of radial vacancy profiles is shown to address important technological challenges in memristive systems such as controlled state writing, half-select errors, and designed retention.


Baby Creme By Country Comfort - 2 Oz, 2 Pack see review, you will get discount or special price this product


The modern college students of our nation are hooked on the internet,which is diagnosed as the internet addition disorder(IAD),and this concern has become a social problem that cannot be neglect.This issue both relates with the internet and the college students themselves.In the basis of analyzing other patterns of intervention,to devise a new meaning of intervene,which employs the sports as the chief method.Then further analyzing the feasibility of it and addressing the notable matters while put the new mode into practice.


"No growth" policy is not the answer to preserving the environment. Conservationists and developers must evolve rational dialogue to settle differences.


The combined effects of fertilization and drought stress on the growth of Prunella vulgarisand the production of rosmarinic acid (RA), ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) were investigated. The factors studied included two water conditions and three fertilizer regimes. The results showed that moderate drought stress dramatically decreases spica biomass production but increases the content of RA, UA and OA in spicas of P. vulgaris. Total RA, UA and OA yields were found to be significantly higher in well-watered plants than in drought-stressed plants. An appropriate amount of fertilizer could alleviate the negative effect of drought stress on the growth of P. vulgaris and its production of RA, UA, and OA.The interaction of water and fertilizer treatments significantly influences vegetative dry weight, reproductive dry weight and total RA, UA and OA yields in P. vulgaris. The results suggest that the application of the proper amount of fertilizer aids P. vulgaris production in arid and semi-arid regions and that the combined use of fertilizer and properly timed exposure to drought stress can enhance total RA, UA and OA yields in P. vulgaris.

 Key words: Prunella vulgaris L., N, P and K fertilizer, growth, drought, secondary metabolites.


In modern society where the pace of life is increasingly fast, people's demand for clothing reflects their pursuit of speed. The resulting fast fashion clothing industry breaks the traditional marketing mode and develops rapidly, realizing the rapid transformation of consumer goods in the design of new clothing products. Therefore, in the current clothing industry, "fast fashion" has become a marketing method that is mainly used. Based on the current development situation of the clothing industry, this paper takes URBAN REVIVO, one of the most successful local brands in recent years in China, as an example to analyze and compare the marketing strategies of the clothing fast fashion brand by using marketing models, so as to provide help and guidance for the practice of "fast fashion" clothing industry. Conclusions can be drawn that, under the guidance of STP theory, URBAN REVIVO has made differentiated and accurate market positioning and has achieved good development. From the perspective of 4P theory, URBAN REVIVO 's success lies in its product strategy of more styles, less quantity, its price strategy of parity, its efficient channel strategy, as well as its less-discount promotion strategy.


A random effect specification controls for heterogeneity and provides consistent estimates of unemployment and employment hazard parameters from an uninitialized work history data set. The initial conditions problem, arising because the first spell in the sample period has no known starting date, is solved by a Bayesian technique given by Chamberlain, in which the random effect distribution is conditioned on forward recurrence information. Several models are estimated which indicate the biases involved in ignoring heterogeneity and forward recurrence information, as well as the bias resulting from an assumption of independence of random effects across states.


The goal of the paper is to determine and discuss issues related to development and management of innovative infrastructure of Russian industry. Achieving the goal of the paper is based on the results of the authors' research focused on obstacles and mechanisms of development and management of innovative infrastructure of Russian industrial businesses. The research was carried out in different regions in order to assess the current state of innovative infrastructure of Russian industry. The results show that main obstacles to successful development of innovative infrastructure of Russian industrial businesses include the lack of cooperation between organizations, the gap between scientific and business communities, the lack of communication among participants of the innovation process, the low level of motivation to development, the lack of financial resources, the underdeveloped mechanisms of commercialization of innovations or the unwillingness of businesses to finance innovation projects. The mechanisms of development and management of innovative infrastructure should include the support of research and development activities focused on the innovation needs of the Russian economy and the development of cooperation and communication among participants of the innovation process.


The basic characters of PVDF piezoelectricitic film for monitoring structures are studied. Experiments have been conducted to show the dynamic response. The results indicate that the insensitivity of PVDF piezoelectricitic film for monitoring structures is very high. The result indicates that the impact loading of the structures can be real-timely detected by using PVDF piezoelectricitic film.


Converter circuit arrangement for converting a multi-phase generator voltage to a high voltage DC voltage comprising a transformer (200) having at least one primary-side winding (210) for each phase and a plurality of secondary windings (220) per phase, wherein each of the secondary windings (220) of different phase with a rectifier cell (100) and said rectifier cells with their input (154) and outputs (152) connected to each other, wherein the rectifier cells (100) from an input rectifier, respectively (110) and two series-connected boost converters (180, 190) exist and the center tap of the secondary winding (220) of the transformer (200) is connected to the centers of the series circuit of the boost converter.


Using the questionnaire on nature of science to Junior School Science Teachers of Zhejiang Province.Interview results showed that:By the statistics and analysis of the dimension on "the view of scientific world","scientific inquiry activity",and "the scientific enterprise",we can see their views on the nature of science are slightly in favor of the traditional concept.On this basis,put forward countermeasures and suggestions:Opening HPS course in junior school science teacher education curricula to help teachers understand the nature of science from pre-subject and develop their views of nature of science.For example:Through the philosophy of science,understanding the logical structure of science and development models;Investigation on the history of science,highlighting the science of human meaning;By examining the sociology of science,understanding the social institutions of science.


Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Method All clinical pathogens isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at hospital from 2002 to 2008 were analyzed by retrospective statistical technique. The pathogens were isolated and identified by routine method, and antibiotic sensitivity test were determined by Kirby-Bauer method. Result 97 strains of pathogens were isolated from CSF, of which gram-positive cocci was 54.63%, gram-negative bacteria was 28.87%, and cryptococcus neoforman was 13.40%. The 6 most common bacteria were isolated, of which the coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) was accounted for 40.21% , Acinetobacter spp 8.25% , pseudomonas aeruginosa 6.19% , Staphylococcus aureas 5.15% , Klebsiella pneumoniae 5.15% and Enterococcus 5.15% , and Methicillin-resistant S.aureus and Methicillin-resistant S.coagulase-negative were accounted for 80.0% and 89.7% , respectively. The pathogens had relatively high antibiotic resistance against antibiotics commonly used in clinic, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci spp was not found. Meropeenem and cefoperazne / sul show high antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacterium. Conclusion The gram-positive cocci was the main pathogen which isolated from the CSF of patients with Bacterial Meningitis (BM) in recent 6 years, and BM was mainly hospital acquired. The pathogens isolated from the CSF had relatively high antibiotic resistance against antibiotics commonly used in clinic, and the rising trend of infection by cryptococcus neoforman should be worthy of watching out.


3 Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, Karapagam University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, (India) ABSTRACT Network and internet applications are growing rapidly in the recent past. These applications are used by thousands of users and controlled by different administrative entities. It is mainly used as an efficient means for communication, entertainment and education. With the rapid growth of internet, there is a need for protecting confidential data. The Internet was however originally designed for research and educational purpose, not for commercial applications. So internet was not designed with security in mind. As the internet grows the existing security framework was not adequate for modern day applications. Cryptography plays a vital role in network security. Though, many cryptographic algorithms are implemented by the research community all over the world. But all the algorithms had some limitations such as the algorithms are implemented for specific applications, key size or block size limited to 64,128 and 256 bits. This paper presents various evaluation techniques and performance metrics that can be used to test any cryptographic algorithms. This work will be base for further research work especially in implementing new encryption algorithms.


The object-oriented hardware description language AleC++ controls most of the Alecsis simulator operation. To support generality and avoid specialization, many activities otherwise located in the simulation engine are transferred to the input stage. In that sense, AleC++ serves not only as the modeling language, but also to customize the simulator and create supporting libraries. Hardware description languages for digital simulation have been around for decades, VHDL and Verilog being one of the most elaborated examples. Although the area of analog modeling languages is not as crowded as for their digital counterparts, some of them, like MAST (SABER), M (Lsim), ALFA, Verilog-AMS and VHDL-AMS represent concepts that provide for the flexible analog behavioral modeling. However, we wanted to emphasize object-orientation of modeling. The object is an entity encapsulated within defined boundaries, so that its external features, which are accessible to other objects, are separated from its internal features, which are hidden from them. From this definition, one can see that the problem of modeling is clearly object-oriented. Property inheritance, operator overloading, access control, are all the features of C++ that fit nicely to the modeling problem.


One stage light gas gun is an important device for experiments of low-speed supercavitation projectiles. After a reasonable simplification to the gas gun, movements of the projectile in the barrel have been analyzed and the relationships between the initial pressure of the gas gun and the exit velocity of the projectile were obtained. For meeting the velocity difference between at the gun exit and water-entry, a speed impairment factor was employed. The results of the adiabatic analysis of the simplified gun show that the best ratio between gun chamber volume and the barrel length is related to the gas thermodynamic process and the gas residual pressure has relation to the gas thermodynamic process. The low-speed supercavitation projectile experiments have been carried out. The movements of the projectile in the gas gun and the supercavitation shape and projectile speed after water-entry have been numerically simulated.


This report provides an overview of the activities funded in 1994 by states using funds available for quality improvement and supply building in the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG). Information on the activities was obtained through mail surveys conducted by the National Child Care Information Center with 45 states and territories responding. Selected descriptions of funded projects are provided--with the grant amount where available--in each of nine topic areas: (1) systems of professional development; (2) child care resource and referral agencies; (3) consumer education and support of families; (4) support of licensing; (5) development of family child care networks; (6) state certification of quality programs; (7) programs for teen parents; (8) community coordinators and interagency facilitators; and (9) leveraging funds. Following the topic descriptions, there is a synopsis of the activities funded through the CCDBG quality improvement funds. Contains 23 references (called "Resources") and a list of block grant administrators. (KDFB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to 00 improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this CN document do not necessarily represent C> official OERI position or policy. '71" U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN Administration on Children, Youth Administration for Children Child SERVICES and Families and Families Care Bureau Report on the Activities of the States Using Child Care and Development Block Grant Quality Improvements Funds BEST COPY AVAILABLE,


Exergy transfer is a new field for study, based on thermodynamical property of ex-ergy and energy transfer, and with the purpose of studying the rate of exergy transferand its effect. The article explains some fundamental concepts and introduces fundamen-tal regularity for exergy transfer.


Introduction Services specially concerned with mentally ill old people have arisen in response to changing needs and expectations in society. They take advantage of the knowledge gained in recent years of the epidemiology and natural history of the mental disorders of late life and their alleviation. The form of service adopted in a particular locality is usually shaped by patterns of care for the elderly provided by psychiatric and other services in the past. In this review we consider, first, the demographic background and epidemiology ofmental disorders in the elderly. Then we examine the way in which mentally ill old people use health and social services in general; and finally we discuss in some detail the history, planning and variety of those services which are specifically concerned with old people with mental disorders.


Summary The activity of an enzyme that converts 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, a carcinogen, to 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, a possible proximate carcinogen of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, was assayed in extracts of normal liver and in a variety of slowly and fast growing hepatomas. Normal liver and slowly growing hepatomas contained relatively large amounts of this enzyme, while fast growing hepatomas apparently lacked it. The enzyme, which converts 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide to 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide, was purified 80-fold from rat liver supernatant. NADH2 or NADPH2 served as hydrogen donors, and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, 4-nitro-6-quinolinecarboxylic acid-1-oxide, and dichlorophenolindophenol could act as hydrogen acceptors. The enzyme activity was inhibited by dicoumarol, and stimulated by albumin and Tween 80. The enzyme was identified as DT diaphorase. The role of this enzyme in carcinogenesis by 4NQO is discussed.


The insertion of an alkyne into an a,b-unsaturated Fischer metalcarbene complex leads to a 1-metalla-1,3,5-hexatriene. This usually undergoes subsequent insertion of a carbon monoxide molecule, and the resulting dienylketene complex, in a 6p-electrocyclization, yields an alkoxycyclohexadienone or its tautomeric hydroquinone monoether. The overall process is a [3+2+1] cocyclization and constitutes the so-called Dotz reaction. With a dialkylamino instead of the alkoxy group on the carbene center, or an additional dialkylamino group on C3 of an alkoxycarbene complex, the 1-metalla-1,3,5-hexatrienes resulting from alkyne insertion more generally do not undergo CO insertion, but direct 6p-electrocyclizaTopics Organomet Chem (2004) 13: 21– 57 DOI 10.1007/b98762 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 tion and subsequent reductive elimination to yield fiverather than six-membered rings. 1-Dialkylamino-1-arylcarbenemetals thus yield indenes, and 1-alkoxy-3-dialkylaminopropenylidenemetal complexes with alkynes furnish 3-alkoxy-5-dialkylaminocyclopentadienes, which essentially are protected cyclopentenones and even doubly protected cyclopentadienones. The multifunctionality of these cyclopentadienes makes them highly versatile building blocks for organic synthesis. Synthetically useful cyclopentenones are also obtained from 1-cyclopropyl-1-alkoxycarbenemetals with alkynes. Yet, with certain combinations of substituents and conditions, the amino-substituted metallatrienes can also undergo CO insertion with subsequent cyclization to five-membered rings, twofold alkyne and CO insertion with subsequent intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition to yield cyclopenta[b]pyranes, or even threefold alkyne insertion with subsequent twofold cyclization to yield spiro[4.4]nonatrienes. Variously amino-substituted a,b-unsaturated Fischer carbenes can also give rise to pyrrolidines, pyridines, and pyrroles. Normal, i.e., 1-alkoxy-substituted, a,b-unsaturated Fischer carbene complexes react with acceptor-substituted alkenes and alkadienes to yield donor–acceptor-substituted vinylcyclopropanes or cyclopentenes and cycloheptadienes, respectively. Enantiocontrolled formal [3+2] cycloadditions of chirally modified alkoxycarbenemetals with imines can be achieved to yield, after hydrolysis of the alkoxypyrrolines, 1,2,5-trisubstituted pyrrolidin-3-ones with high enantiomeric excesses.


This atricle puts forward an electric field simulated metho d, inquires into an electrostatic field in electric current field stimutlated avera ge medium by keeping on the conductive medium and simplifies mathematical operat ions with experiments. It provides a real practioal way to settle techmical matt ers of a cathode design in the electtrochemistry revision proeessing.


Global Emissions Trading has grown out of direct work with Annex I delegates and representatives of the business community. Thus, it reflects and responds to their concerns and their assessment of the political and practical feasibility of different options. Several authors have contributed to this volume, but the papers were developed together and the result is a unified and cohesive text, which aims to provide a focus for future debate on issues where there are real conflicts of interest and genuine uncertainties about appropriate design. Further, the book should stimulate debate on the solutions proposed and encourage research in areas where recommendations are ambiguous.


The internal blown flap was numerically simulated. Firstly, a parameterization method was developed, which can properly describe the shape of the internal blown flap according to such geometrical parameters as flap chord length, flap deflection, height of blowing slot and its position. Then the reliability of the numerical simulation was validated through comparing the pressure distribution of the CC020-010EJ fundamental generic circulation control airfoil with the computational results and available experiment results. The effects of the geometrical parameters on the aerodynamic performance of the internal blown flap was investigated. The investigation results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of flap chord length and flap deflection angle and with the decrease of height of blowing slot and its front position. Lastly, a method of optimal design of the geometrical parameters of the internal blown flap was developed. The design variables include flap chord length, flap deflection, height of blowing slot and its position. The optimal design is based on maximum lift coefficient, the angle of attack of 5 degrees and the design constraint of stall angle of attack of less than 9 degrees. The optimization results show that the optimal design method can apparently raise the lift coefficient of an internal blown flap up to 1.7.