ABSTRACT The end of life of equipment is gaining interest among food companies who want to lower their environmental impacts. However, by considering their life cycle, is it the most impactful phase? To answer the question, a Life Cycle Assessment was carried out by comparing the manufacturing, use and final disposal of a food equipment. Primary data (materials, operations and cleaning consumption) were collected; the end of life was modelled considering European disposal. Eight midpoint indicators were adopted: results demonstrate that the end of life, as well as the raw materials extraction and production, contribute little on many categories. The main impact (95%) is due to the use phase, primarily in charge of electricity (responsible for 40-70% of eutrophication, acidification, and global warming potentials). Therefore, food producers aimed at improving their facilities should, firstly, focus on consumption optimization (e.g. using renewable electric energy) and, only later, on the equipment's final management.


Outcomes of the treatment of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are unsatisfactory due to a higher incidence of negative patient‐ and disease‐related risk factors connected with aging. Prediction of poor tolerance to aggressive treatment and low response to standard intensive chemotherapy are the main root causes why the treatment decision is challenging. For a long time, negative prognostic factors for treatment outcomes, overall survival, and early death such as the age itself, low‐performance status, high‐comorbidity burden, adverse cytogenetics, and secondary AML have been known, and they are routinely taken into account during therapeutic balance. In consideration of the risk factors and specific laboratory results, prognostic models have been created. Despite the abovementioned facts, the survival of older patients with AML remains very poor, that holds true even for the intensive therapy. For that reason, there is an increased effort to find a better approach how to select patients who would benefit from intensive treatment without decreasing their quality of life through severe complications with risk of high treatment‐related mortality. Based on the results of clinical studies, the geriatric assessment could be the missing step which would help select older patients who are really fit for intensive treatment and who will benefit from it the most. This review focuses on the risk factors that should be taken under advisement when the decision about the treatment is made. With reference to the published information, we propose an algorithm how to identify fit, vulnerable, and frail patients.


Legal Counseling for Residents of Moncongloe Lappara Village, Moncongloe District, Maros Regency in Understanding Legal Issues Through Utilization of the Legal Consultation and Aid Unit at the Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University conducted by the PPMU-PK-M Team of Hasanuddin University Research and Community Service Institute for partners (Village Heads of Moncongloe Lappara). A number of legal problems occurred in Moncongloe Lappara Village, Moncongloe District, Maros Regency, such as cases of buying and selling land belonging to other people, criminal acts of consumer protection, fraud, and the environment, so PPMU-PK-M activities can become a forum for the community and village officials in mapping problems and finding legal solutions by providing legal education and understanding for the community and village officials.


Based upon analysis of questions existed in construction managemnt of building enginering the necessity to carry out innovation in construction management is discussed;at the same time practical principle and scheme are proposed for innovation in order to meet the requirement of the development of market economy to ensure health,continuous and rapid development of construction enterprises.


Agriculture is a significant source of human survival and it accounts for the socio-economic growth in many developing countries including Sri Lanka. Paddy Cultivation occupies a remarkable place in Sri Lankan agricultural sector. Unpredictable climatic change has become a critical issue for paddy farmers while unawareness on pest, diseases, new technologies, etc. have also adversely affected Paddy Cultivation productivity. As a solution, the focus on the requirement of accurate weather predictions and timely access to the information for decision-making in Paddy Cultivation is highly progressive. This study introduces eKeth: a mobile platform that provides proper guidance for Sri Lankan paddy farmers through allowing timely access to data enhanced with machine learning. A weather prediction model based on machine learning has been developed to recommend the most suitable days for each farming task in paddy cultivation. The application includes several other features integrated with this machine learning model. Farmers can directly reach help from agriculture experts by posting a query on pest and disease-based issues. Fertilizer management feature allows calculating the amount of fertilizers upon different paddy types and growth stages. Buy and sell feature integrated with this mobile solution guide farmers on newly available machineries and the places where they can make purchases. Farmers can stay updated with the latest agriculture news though the news module while maintaining communications with other farmers and agriculture experts through the community forum empowered by this application. Machine Learning Model used in weather prediction achieved 89% accuracy for Random Forest. Statistical analysis of the user testing results recognizes that the system has been able to achieve a higher user satisfaction.


We would like to thank Breilmann et al. (1) for their comprehensive and challenging report on large differences in the placebo arm response between duloxetine and venlafaxine trials. The authors raise the question whether these large differences may compromise the assumption of transitivity in a network meta-analysis including duloxetine and venlafaxine trials. While we agree that this cannot be completely excluded, we would argue that such differences do not per se preclude a network meta-analysis. Differences between placebo arms of studies investigating different active treatments are to be expected and are typically not crucial, because the same placebo effect will act in the active study arm [2, see figure 1 there]. This is just the reason why we conduct placebo-controlled trials in order to distinguish the real treatment effect from the placebo effect. The comparison of responses in single arms (here placebo) between different studies is a non-randomized comparison which might lead to biased results. The classic Bucher method for network meta-analysis (3) was actually introduced as a valid alternative for such non-randomized comparisons of single treatment arms. Nowadays, standard methods of network meta-analysis use contrast-based information instead of arm-based responses which were used by Breilmann et al. (1). To elaborate on this, we here translate figure 1 in (2) into a model. Denoting the responses of two treatments A and B as yA1 (yB1) in the active arms and yA0 (yB0) in the corresponding placebo arms of two different studies (comparing A vs. placebo and B vs. placebo respectively), the model is


(1) The patterns of fruit consumption by European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) were examined in relation to in vitro nutritional values, the per cent apparent digestibilities, per cent metabolizable nergies, metabolizable nergies, the pulp and seed passage rates, and intake rates of six fruit species which occur in Wytham Wood, Oxfordshire. (2) The in vitro nutritional values, per cent apparent digestibilities, per cent metabolizable energies, and seed and pulp passage rates of the fruit species differed significantly. Blackbird preferences among winter and spring-ripening fruits were positively related to the in vitro energy, per cent metabolizable nergy, metabolizable nergy, per cent apparent digestibility, and seed passage rates of fruits. Preferences of birds for autumn-ripening fruits were related to seed passage rates only. (3) I propose that seed passage rates play an important role in determining preference, particularly if nutritional and other properties (e.g. accessibility) of fruit species are similar. Calculations how that birds obtain a high rate of energy gain by consuming fruits whose seeds are regurgitated. This is because gut volume may place a constraint on fruit uptake. Seed regurgitation results in a rapid elimination of non-nutritional seed 'ballast' and creates space in the gut for additional food. Fruit species containing seeds which are defecated have lower rates of energy gain because the seeds remain (and take up space) in the gut for much longer periods of time. (4) Fruit intake rates did not appear to constrain energy intake, and did not correspond with blackbird preferences.


The DFT/vdW-WF2s1 method, recently developed to include the van der Waals interactions in the Density Functional Theory and describe adsorption processes on metal surfaces by taking metal-screening effects into account, is applied to the case of the interaction of Xe and graphene with a transition-metal surface, namely Ni(111). In general the adsorption of rare-gas atoms on metal surfaces is important because is prototypical for physisorption processes. Moreover, the interaction of graphene with Ni(111) is of particular interest for practical applications (efficient and large-scale production of high-quality graphene) and, from a theoretical point of view, is particularly challenging, since it can be described by a delicate interplay between chemisorption and physisorption processes. The first-principles simulation of transition metals require particular care also because they can be viewed as intermediate systems between simple metals and insulating crystals. Even in these cases the method performs well as demonstrated by comparing our results with available experimental data and other theoretical investigations. We confirm that the rare gas Xe atom is preferentially adsorbed on the top-site configuration on the Ni(111) surface too. Our approach based on the use of the Maximally Localized Wannier Functions also allow us to well characterize the bonds between graphene and Ni(111).


Recent anomalies in the decays of B mesons and the Higgs boson provide hints towards lepton flavor (universality) violating physics beyond the Standard Model.We observe that four-fermion operators which can explain the B-physics anomalies have corresponding analogs in the kaon sector, and we analyze their
impact on K → πll0 and K → ll0 decays ðl ¼ μ; eÞ. For these processes, we note the corresponding physics opportunities at the NA62 experiment. In particular, assuming minimal flavor violation, we comment on the required improvements in sensitivity necessary to test the B-physics anomalies in the kaon
sector.


An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the degradation of betaine sources by rumen microbes. Five sources of betaine (anhydrous betaine, betaine-HCl, feed-grade betaine, lipidcoated betaine, and concentrated separator byproduct) were incubated in rumen fluid collected from steers fed grainor forage-based diets. In vitro degradation of betaine was slower with the high roughage diet than the grain diet. Betaine from concentrated separator by-product was degraded most rapidly, but no large differences occurred among the other four sources. The disappearance of betaine from lipid-coated product indicates that it did not resist ruminal degradation. Although betaine from all sources was degraded, some still remained after 24 hours of incubation, suggesting that some betaine may bypass the rumen.


We propose a software reliability growth modeling framework with multiple change point occurrence environment. Especially in our modeling framework, the probability distribution of the initial fault content follows a zero-truncated Poisson distribution. Therefore, our modeling approach in this paper can derive the proper mean time between software failures (MTBF), which is one of the important reliability assessment measures and is not able to derive in the usual nonhomogeneous Poisson process modeling, which is one of the well-known software reliability modeling approach. This paper also show numerical examples of application of our proposed multiple change point model to software reliability assessment by using actual fault counting data.


Commercially recoverable sugar content in sugarcane (CCS, expressed as a percentage) is a key selection criterion in sugarcane breeding programs. In some sugarcane breeding programs there may be significant operational advantages in measuring CCS early in the crop growth cycle, well before commercial harvesting would normally commence, and in restricting growth by withholding irrigation to reduce cane yield and lodging. Two field experiments were conducted to investigate these effects. The experiments included clones representative of genotypes routinely assessed in the earliest stages of clonal selection in breeding programs. Differences among genotypes for CCS were expressed early when cane had very low CCS (in February or March), and then rates of increase in CCS following that time were similar in most genotypes. Therefore, time of sampling had little effect on ranking of genotypes for CCS, and selection for high CCS could be effective early in the year. Irrigation regime also had little effect on ranking of the clones for CCS, indicating that mild water stress could be imposed with no adverse effect on selection results. The results are discussed in relation to optimising selection procedures and systems in early stage selection trials in sugarcane breeding programs, and better understanding the physiological basis of genetic variation in CCS.


Barium titanate (BaTiO3) doped with Strontium (BST) nanoparticles prepared by using wet chemical method were thermally evaporated on to well cleaned glass substrates under the vacuum of 2 × 10−5 Torr, using 12A4 Hind Hivac coating unit. The thickness of the film was measured by quartz crystal monitor. From X-ray analysis, it has been found that BaTiO3 nanoparticles possess tetragonal structure and deposited films has a polycrystalline in nature, whereas the crystallinity of film increases with increase of temperature. Surface morphology of fabricated thin film observed that very homogeneous and uniform size. The transport mechanism in these films under a.c. fields was studied in the frequency range 12 Hz RD EM EM to 100 kHz, at different temperatures (303–483 K). The dependence of dielectric constant and loss factor for different thickness was investigated and results are discussed. The process of a.c. conduction has been explained on the basis of hopping conduction mechanism. The dielectric constant (ε′), temperature co-efficient of capacitance (TCC) and temperature co-efficient of permitivity (TCP) were estimated. The dependences of activation energy on thicknesses also studied and reported. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52


This paper presents an ultra-wideband one-dimension plane wave generator (PWG) antenna array. Ten electrical small wideband Vivaldi antenna elements are employed. Both the coupling and environment effect are involved in the proposed plane wave excitations optimization method. The theoretical bandwidth covers over 0.7GHz to 7GHz. The PWG generates plane wave whose amplitude variation is below ±1.45dB and phase variation is below ±10.5° in work frequency band by proposed method, which is better than the traditional optimization method results.


In all computational electromagnetics (CEM) methods, there exists a great need to develop state-of-art numerical techniques for efficient solution of multiscale electromagnetic problems involving geometrically-complex objects. The Finite Element Method (FEM) has been widely employed for handling such problems because of its adaptability to arbitrary geometries and material inhomogeneities. However, the direct solution of multiscale problems by means of FEM or other conventional CEM methods is challenging even with modern supercomputers, because of the large size of the resultant matrix system, whose solution may require a very large amount of computer memory and CPU time. The number of DoFs (degree of freedom) is large due to the need to capture the small scale effects on the large scale with adequate numerical precision. For instance, if a thin-wire is located in an inhomogeneous medium along with other large scale objects, and the thickness of the wire is only a small fraction of the wavelength inside the domain, then the mesh must be refined over the wire to properly account for the fine thickness of the wire, leading in turn to a large number of DoFs. In addition, the ill-conditioned nature of the matrix as well as the difficulties in mesh generation introduce certain limitations for efficient numerical modeling. Some of the approaches for modeling multiscale problems may be found in [1–8].


1Department of Hospital Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daejeon St, Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea 4Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea


A "J‐shaped" response of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) to changes in aortic pressure has been described in rabbits. Specifically, at low pressure a paradoxical increase in ADN activity was noted during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. We studied the physiological significance of this phenomenon. Lowering blood pressure (BP, Na‐nitroprusside) in anesthetized rats (n=4) abolished any ADN activity, suggesting that the "J‐shaped" response does not exist in rats. In anesthetized mice (spontaneously breathing 100% O2, n=11) total and systolic ADN activities mirrored BP changes elicited by Na‐nitroprusside and phenylephrine. In contrast, diastolic discharge activity showed an inverse relationship with BP, i.e., a decrease in BP caused an increase in diastolic ADN activity and vice versa. Electrical stimulation of the ADN (n=11 mice) during different phases of the cardiac cycle decreased BP and heart rate independently of the phase of the cardiac cycle, suggesting that central nervous system processing of ADN activity is independent of the cardiac cycle. Switching the inspiratory gas from 100% O2 to room air caused an immediate increase in diastolic ADN activity by 27.7±4.9% (n=4 mice) even before the onset of hypoxia‐induced hypotension. These results suggest that the ADN in mice (and possibly rabbits) but not in rats contains chemosensitive nerve fibers originating from glomus cells in the aortic bodies.


The extremely complex kinetics of pumping, quenching, and absorption in krypton fluoride excimer lasers is now relatively well understood. A single comprehensive kinetic model, solved approximately by analytic means and more exactly by a computer code of moderate size, is capable of simulating with great accuracy the performance of KrF lasers pumped by e‐beam sustained discharge, and self‐sustained discharge. We present the results of applications of this model to interpret and predict the limiting behavior and scaling of KrF lasers. A measure of remaining uncertainties is discussed.


The present invention includes the steps of that, the method of how to find out the positive or negative of the doctor who analyzes the spatial and temporal correlation of the brain wave to the computer interface (a) measure the brain waves of the subject from at least two places or more; (B) removing the jappa that is incorporated into the EEG; (C) determining whether ryeotneunji within the patient is that the decision making of the positive / negative; (D) synchronization rate (synchronization rate), bias (polarity) average, biases the swing width, and cross-correlation (cross-correlation) showing a case made the subject a decision of the cognitive affirmative / negative, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the brain wave , and the normalized cross-correlation calculating a (normalized cross-correlation) parameters; And (e) to the artificial neural network that is already a learning input the variables calculated in the step (d) includes the step of discerning the user's cognitive positive / negative doctor.


YanFu is a Chinese thinker and educationist in the modernization times. His theory is a mixture of advantages and disadvantages , based on vulgar evolutionism .His unique theory about saving the nation through education had abundant content and have come to a systematic theory system. He aimed at harmonious development in moral integrity ,intelligence and physique ,which broke through the old restriction of traditional education .His practical theory on education content embodied the demands of social development and changes in modern times , and it had great effects on the generation and development of our new education .His practice-emphasizing methodology made us find an effective course to break through traditional education .His educational theory not only affected the young intellectuals in that time , also has enlightenment to the up-to-date education.


The question of whether a country should adopt inflation targeting raises several issues. At the theoretical level, inflation targeting is alleged to promote central bank transparency, clarify communication, and establish a central bank commitment to price stability. These advantages are offset by the fact that inflation targeting could lead to rigid or formulaic policies that limit flexibility. Given the impossibility of rewriting history--trying to determine either what an inflation-targeting central bank would have done in response to some economic shock had it been a nontargeter or what a nontargeting central bank would have done had it been a targeter--the theoretical debate has never proved conclusive in deciding for or against inflation targeting.


The issue of whether a psychiatric classification focuses on individuals or on disorders is a fundamental conceptual problem that has significant implications for how the classification is both used and interpreted. Both positions have specific merits, which are outlined in this entry.

Keywords:

classification;
psychopathology;
abnormal;
stigma


The three morpheme compounds with three syllables take a comparatively important place in Chinese vocabulary, which should not be neglected. The structure patterns of the three morpheme compounds are much more complicated than those of the two morpheme compounds and the varieties of their patterns surpass those generally recognized in many vocabulary books. They can be divided into two main kinds: compound and derived patterns. The modifier center form (Pianzhen form in Chinese)holds a position of absolute superiority in the compound patterns, while the"attribute plus center"form stands in a superior position in the modifier center form, which shows a strong inclination of nouns of the three syllable compounds. Because of the special position of the modifier center form, what will be talked about most in this article are the various structure patterns, the characteristics and the combinative relations of these forms.


Objective — Electrical cardioversion (CV) is used to restore sinus rhythm (SR) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). In this prospective randomized study, we compared two different methods of electrical CV, namely transthoracic (TT) and low-energy transvenous internal CV (ICV), in patients with persistent AF with respect to efficacy, safety and the magnitude of myocardial damage provoked by either method. Methods and results — Fifty-two patients with persistent AF were randomly assigned to either TT (n = 26) or ICV (n = 26). The baseline characteristics of the two treatment groups were similar. TT CV was performed under sedation with hand-held electrodes in the apex-anterior position and high-energy (100-360 J) monophasic shocks. ICV was performed by a single catheter approach utilizing a special balloon-directed catheter with proximal and distal arrays of shock electrodes that were positioned in the right atrium and left pulmonary artery under fluoroscopy. Truncated, biphasic shocks of low energy (1-15 joules) were used. Cardiac troponin T (cTpnT), creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB levels were assessed before and 24 hours after each procedure. SR was restored in 24/26 (92%) patients in the ICV and 22/26 (85%) patients in the TT CV groups (p > 0.05). The mean energy to achieve SR was significantly higher with the TT method (9.8 ± 4.3 J vs. 246.4 ± 73.6 J, p < 0.05). CV with either method caused no elevation in cTpnT levels.Total CK and CK-MB levels remained unchanged with ICV. On the other hand, TT CV resulted in a significant increase in total CK (51.8 ± 30 vs. 156.5 ± 255.3, p < 0.05) and a nonsignificant rise in CK-MB levels (14.7 ± 7 vs. 17.3 ± 11.1, p > 0.05). Conclusions — In this prospective randomized comparison, TT and ICV were found to be equally effective to restore SR in patients with persistent AF. No evidence of myocardial damage was detected with either method.


The rapid development of modern remote education has posed development opportunities and challenges for voca-tional college libraries.This paper has summarized the characteristics of remote education and the functions of vocational col-lege libraries in remote education,explored the existing problems and reasons of vocational college libraries at present and put forward some development strategies.


Present study was undertaken to estimate yield losses due to tomato fruit borer in tomato crop at farm of Agricultural Research station, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, during the rabi season, 2013-14. In unprotected plots, the average height of plants, number of leaves and average weight of fruits per plant recorded were 43.78 cm, 50.13 and 45.69 gm, respectively. While these values in protected plots being 59.88 cm, 61.10 and 54.32 gm, respectively. On the basis of difference obtained in net yield in protected and unprotected plots the avoidable quantitative loss was 31.53 per cent on winter sown tomato crop.


The present invention relates to novel antiperspirant compositions containing titanium compounds as the active ingredient for retarding or inhibiting perspiration when applied to the human skin, More particularly, the anti perspirant agents are water-soluble titanic acid complexes of hydroxy aliphatic carboxylic acids, having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Also, within the scope of the present in vention is the method for inhibiting or retarding flow of perspiration from the human skin, utilizing the composi tions disclosed herein. Objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part hereinafter and in part will be obvious herefrom, or may be learned by practice with the invention, the same being realized and attained by means of the compositions, steps and methods pointed out in the appended claims. The invention consists in the novel compositions, steps and methods herein described. An object of our invention is to provide novel antiper spirant compositions which are highly effective in retard ing or preventing the flow of perspiration from the skin. Another object of our invention is to provide novel antiperspirant compositions which are non-irritating to the skin and which do not attack or deteriorate clothing fibers with which they come in contact. A still further object of our invention is to provide novel antiperspirant compositions containing water-soluble titanic acid complexes of hydroxy aliphatic carboxylic acids which do not require the incorporation of a protec tive agent to be non-irritating to the skin and to be non damaging to clothing fibers with which they come in con tact. Another object of our invention is to provide novel antiperspirant compositions which are non-toxic and which may be used as frequently as desired without effectuating undesirable side reactions. A further object of our invention is to provide a novel method for inhibiting or retarding the flow of perspiration from the human skin by the utilization of the foregoing compositions. Prior to the present invention attempts were made to use titanium salts as antiperspirant agents in the form of inorganic acid salts of titanium, such as titanium chloride, titanium sulfate, etc. Solutions of these salts, however, are so highly acidic that these titanium salts are highly irritating to the skin and deteriorate clothing so as to be useless alone as commercially acceptable antiperspirant agents. These salts also precipitate when the pH of their solutions is raised to a value where irritation and fabric damage will not occur. Where such compounds are used without adjustment of their pH there is required the addi tion of a protective agent to counteract their undesirable properties which not only increases the cost of such com positions but increases the difficulty of maintaining a sta ble composition. We have found that the foregoing objects of our in vention may be realized by incorporating one or more water-soluble titanic acid complexes of hydroxy aliphatic carboxylic acids having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms in a suit able vehicle having an aqueous phase wherein said com plexes are in aqueous solution. The titanic acid com plexes forming the active ingredient of our novel com position have been found to be highly effective in inhibit O


Asymptotic properties of linear quadratic regulators are exploited to aid in the design of static output feedback controllers, (an open problem in control engineering). Specifically, we offer a constructive proof to show that any controllable observable minimum-phase linear time-invariant dynamics with a non-zero high frequency gain can be stabilized using static output feedback.


We thank Dr Opolski and his colleagues for their kind words and interest in our research. Although our work is the largest analysis of cardiac tissue samples to date, we are aware of the small number of patients who donated samples from more than 1 area, as well as the relatively small number of samples from the right and left ventricles. This issue was clearly stated in the text and presented in Figure 1 and Table 1. …


Paintings belonging to domestic interior doors and shutters form a distinct genre within Venetian Renaissance art. Originally posssitioned at privileged thresholds, such as the boundary between two chambers or the front of a substantial cabinet, these works exhibit characteristic structural, decorative, and compositional features. Restoration of surviving and documented pictures to their embedded settings illuminates the complexity of internal arrangements in the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century palace. Attention to individual ensembles reveals that the doorway constituted a site of artistic innovation, hosting paintings with novel subjects and expressive interests that in turn related to the works' unique location and function.


This paper is an invitation for think the recent and next decades in the space of humanities and social sciences, and philosophy more involved in this, from the Foucault´s work, to the thirty years for your decease. My interest is the deepen-ing at the same time in two complementary directions: the philosophical task in dialog with contemporary ethnographic work. From this attitude I considered the main keys of your thinking. For this, first, I propose the type of approach considered like opportune. In second term, I expose a synthesis the gnoseological approach of analysis of processes of subjectivation, for to arrive in third term to final considerations about the study of problematization ways, like "ontology of the present or ourselves". From this, I pretend to extract the more important considerations for the task of investigation the contemporary subjectivity.


Objective To investigate the indication, treatment methods and effects in cases with missing maxillary incisors by means of orthodontic space closure. Method 9 cases with missing maxillary incisors were treated by orthodontic space closure. Results All cases had good treatment effects after orthodontic treatment. Conclusion Cases with missing maxillary incisors can be beated by orthodontic space closure with good treatment effects.


Immunotherapy alone or in combination has clearly improved the survival of patients with lung cancer. However, it may also be responsible for adverse events impacting these patients' quality of life. The ToxImmune study aims to identify prognostic factors that can help to predict immune‐related adverse events.


: Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are self driven, self configuring nodes that are distributed randomly to establish temporary links for common network access and communication process. Node availability and mobility plays a vital role in optimizing the network performance and the probability of routing ease in a network. The aim of layer 3 protocols is to optimally construct the path between nodes with least overhead and to preserve the throughput. The operational performance of MANET under the mobility models Random Way Point (RWP) and Manhattan Grid mobility (MG) patterns are tested under Proactive and Reactive routing protocols. Under proactive protocol, Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) and under reactive protocol, Ad-hoc On demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) is utilized for the performance evaluation. The best mobility model is categorized in terms of higher throughput and minimum overhead, with a considerable active link that retains transmission probability with minimum loss. The Manhattan mobility model is concluded as the best in preserving higher throughput, with lesser overhead and appreciable nodes connecting probability.


The village form of Hong Chun is full of rich traditional culture connotation. The whole village is like a Chinese character of cattle, which reflects the villagers'adoration to cattle. The layout and function of the symmetrical houses reflects the reverence to elder and male. From the roomy and luxury house, we can see that the costly and epicurean life of merchantmen of Huizhou.In a word, the special structure of Hong Chun can meet both the material and the immaterial life.


The accreditation requirement is that all engineering students be introduced to their professional responsibilities, and particularly, those relating to "social, health, safety and legal" aspects. There is no definition as to what this entails, and there are considerable differences between schools in delivered content. Ontario has made two substantial changes to Health and Safety legislation and regulation. Workers, supervisors and employers have always been covered by the legislation; the legislative changes mean that students are now covered under Occupational Health and Safety legislation. This change brings all undergraduate teaching facilities into compliance with the Industrial Regulations. The impact on research will be profound as all research laboratories will workplaces, under the Industrial Regulations, and supervisors will have "supervisory'' obligations for their students. Ontario now requires that all workers have introductory training on the health and safety system as well as training on workplace specific hazards. All supervisors are required to complete training on their responsibilities, including hazard recognition. This training is available as e-modules, and this minimum training is acceptable for all workplaces, and workplaces are allowed to use their own materials so long as they cover a defined list of topics. The supervisory level material defines a minimum standard of content for all engineers, which is readily supplemented by additional content, such as working at heights, WHMIS, and electrical safety.


This paper deals with the conflict over urban land between the City of Rio de Janeiro and the residents of Vila Autódromo, a slum neighbouring the area that would become the centre of activities for the 2016 Olympic Games. The work was based on an action research that lasted five years, accompanied by interviews and fieldwork starting from the third year. City Hall launched a series of initiatives that involved practices of intimidation and different forms of violence to implement an urban project. The residents, in turn, resorted to legal and technical support, producing an abundance of critical material regarding the compromise of social rights and the democratic experience. The case of Vila Autódromo shows that City Hall, through its agents, was able to deal with the ambiguities and imprecisions in the law to pursue its goals. It also demonstrates that resistance can sometimes stall and thwart the reproduction of violent structures, even if at great cost.


Abstract : Research on diatomic molecules is briefly described. It involves f numbers, sigma states of AlO, electronic states of FeO, molecular orbital calculations, and the ALCHEMY program.


Photolithography is a major process in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. As the absolute temperature and temperature uniformity of the silicon wafer are important parameters for critical dimension control, special temperature considerations are needed during the various steps in the lithography sequence. The desire to print smaller features on larger substrates has necessitated more stringent wafer temperature control. It is becoming increasingly difficult to meet the tighter specifications using the current practices because wafer temperature is usually not measured in-line. Consequently, there are interests in developing in-situ wafer temperature metrology. This paper describes an intelligent in-line temperature acquisition system for continuously monitoring the wafer's spatial temperature distribution as well as the conditions of the sensing elements. Experimental results that demonstrate the feasibility of utilising the self-heating test to detect out-of-contact faults are presented.


Coffee is of global importance, ranking second to petroleum in world commodity trade. Moreover, coffee is of particular importance as a major export commodity in many low-income countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The primary purpose of the international political economy of coffee is to i...


This paper presents an approach to the recovery of damaged disks that measures the similarity among sectors using the Instance-based Feature Filtering algorithm and classification. After a hard-disk is destroyed, maliciously or accidentally, that hard-disk can be simply repaired using the recovery programs. However, there are always some sectors that cannot connect with the original file after recovery; typically, attempts are made to connect with the original file manually, or those attempts prove unsuccessful, the effort is abandoned. Therefore, an automatic process for finding the original file related to unconnected sectors is required. Typical methods assess the similarity among sectors and recommend relevant candidate sectors. Thus we propose an algorithm and process that can automatically find relevant sectors with the Extended Relief-F algorithm and the classifiers. We reformulated the Relief-F algorithm to select features by updating the difference functions and computation of the weight of features, apply those features to sectors, classify unconnected sectors, and recommend relevant candidate sectors. In the experiments, we also tested Information Gain, Odds Ratio and Relief-F for feature selection and compared them with the Extended Relief-F algorithm; additionally, we used the KNN and SVM classifiers for classification and estimation of relevant sectors. In the experimental results, the Extended Relief-F algorithm, compared with the others, performed best for all of the datasets.


European Union  which started  with  six  countries  and  now  includes twenty seven  countries  is  to  make  the  political  and economic  integration  possible. The issue  of  the  harmonization  of  taxation  system applied  in  the  member countries  of  EU constitutes  a  must  for  this  integration. Therefore it is very important to prevent unfair competition which can occur among member countries. There is no difference between the PCT practices of member countries, but when we get further details, several differences come into existence. To  Turkey, which applied  to  EU for  full  membership, tax practices bear  importance for  unfair competition that  member  countries  can  face toward  Turkey. Therefore, as a result of the studies done especially on indirect taxes, Turkish Tax System has been harmonized with the European legislation in part.


TiO2 are usually used as photoanode to get high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). TiO2 has good chemical stability, but still has poor electron mobility so that the DSSC efficiency is low. An alternative semiconductor metal-oxides such as ZnO currently are being explored due to ease of processing, higher electron mobility, interface band energetics, and can be utilized as photoanode also, but the chemical stability is low. Based on these facts, by combining the advantages of TiO2 and ZnO, the TiO2:ZnO composite can be an ideal material as a photoanode in DSSC. In this study, composite of TiO2:ZnO was synthesized using sol-gel method with ratio of TiO2 to ZnO were varied from 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, and 20:80 in atomic percent. DSSCs were fabricated by coating the photoanode using screen-printing technique on a FTO-glass substrate. Composite of TiO2:ZnO photoanodes were then sensitized in a solution of N719 dye for several hours. Finally, the DSSCs were assembled and the power conversion efficiency was measured using an I–V measurement system. The highest power conversion efficiency of 2.30% was obtained from the cell fabricated with TiO2:ZnO (50:50) photoanode. This result indicated that the balanced composition allowed to increase Jsc along with reducing recombination process and retaining high dye-loading capability.


A translator (1) forming a portable electronic helmet. Said transducer (1) comprises at least: a pickup device (5) sound with one hand at least one mouth microphone (8) and at least one microphone interlocution (9). The pickup device (5) is coupled to electronic means (11) so as to determine a current phase of conversation and adapt its functionality based on this phase, automatically.


I briefly introduce the theoretical frameworks for studies of two-body hadronic $B$ meson decays, which include the factorization assumption, the QCD-improved factorization, the perturbative QCD, the soft-collinear effective theory, the light-cone QCD sum rules, and the quark-diagram parametrization.


The central themes of this study are the character of the classical tradition of the early Middle Ages - creatively adapted to 'barbarian' literary tastes - and the refashioning and invention of poetic form in response to contemporary political events. Dr Godman accompanies his revaluation of specific authors with an analysis of the critical and historical issues raised by these poets' allusive art. He pays special attention to their self-awareness, to their sensitivity to their ancient precursors, to their rivalries with their peers, and to their attempts to shape and influence perception of public affairs. He argues persuasively that the subject of Frankish politics and Carolingian poetry has historical and literary implications that reach beyond our understanding of the early Middle Ages. Medieval historians, and students of medieval literature.


Statins are a class of drugs lowering LDL cholesterol. Their efficacy has been demonstrated in 9 clinical studies versus placebo. Those studied demonstrate that statins lower the risks of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and the necessity to perform a coronary revascularization. This effect has been observed in patients at high risk of clinical events complicating atherosclerosis; patients with known coronary artery disease, with previous ischemic stroke and patients with symptomatic lower limb atherosceloris. This effect has also been observed in patients at high risk of myocardial infarction due to combinations of at least three risk factors. This effect is independent of the initial level of LDL cholesterol and has been observed in patients with low levels of LDL cholestesterol. Utility of statins can be estimated by calculating the number needed to treat to avoid one event. Clinical stuies clearly show that this number is dependent of the risk in placebo group. So, global cardiovascular risk is the main criterion to use for assessing utility of a statin treatment. Statins have a frequent side effect; myalgias which occur in 6% of the patients. Statins have a rare but severe side effect; rhabdomyolysis; the risk is dose related and can be exacerbated by drug to drug interactions. Good clinical practice includes an evaluation of the global cardiovascular risk for patients at high risk the use of escalating dose of statins in order to reach the goals defined in published consensus. The choice of a given drug is determined by the results of randomized controlled trials and by the risk of drug to drug interactions.


the twentieth century, three French thinkers: Barthes, Foucault and Derrida tried to bet on a hermeneutic where the author's intentions were reduced to one more interpreta-tion, without any superiority over other possible ones. The present text not only seeks to demonstrate the need and advantages of this process of disregarding the author's intentions in the hermeneutics of the work, a process known as "the author's death", but also attempts to show that the paths taken by the authors in question they are not equivalent, but, when evaluating them individually, it is noted that Derrida's position is presented as the most appropriate to avoid trivializing the bet, although it is not exempt of new problems.


Abstract : The accuracy and speed with which experienced APPS operators can obtain UTM coordinates and the elevation above the datum plane for points of interest designated on various reconnaissance imagery types were determined. These points of interest were transferred by an analytical method from representative operational imagery--panoramic photography, infrared, and radar-- to 1:100,000 scale data base photography and their UTM coordinates and elevation above the datum plane determined. Results were compared with known values and error magnitudes and performance time requirements obtained. Results indicate that experienced APPS operators are very consistent in their placement of points of interest under the reference dot (monocular pointing). The median variability error was 1.6 meters in the XY-plane. Time required per point for monocular pointing was about .18 minutes.


This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, Share — copy OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS and redistribute the material in any medium or format, Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, as long as the authors and the original source are properly cited. © Copyright: Author(s) International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries


To compare the predictive performance for delivery with pre‐eclampsia (PE) at < 3 weeks and at any stage after assessment at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation of serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1)/PlGF ratio with that of a competing‐risks model utilizing maternal risk factors, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ophthalmic artery peak systolic velocity (PSV) ratio.


This paper provides an algorithm that can calculate the electrical energy cost for transmission networks by alternating current power transfer distribution factors (AC-PTDF). The proposed algorithm was formulated and programmed using the software Matlab. Matlab was used for the actual data gathering using the IEEE bus 14 system and the Wood & Wollenberg 6-Bus System. The results were also validated using Power World software. The proposed algorithm was used to calculate the power flow and AC-PTDF for both systems and the MW-Mile method was used to calculate the electrical energy cost. After the simulations, the results show that the distance and PTDFs of the transaction of Bus Networks determine the electrical energy cost. Also, the increase of Power injection through the transaction increases the electrical energy cost of the whole system.


In externally fertilising fishes, various factors in the surrounding environment may influence the viability of the sperm and eggs, thus determining the success of reproduction. In this thesis, the ...


The remaining useful life (RUL) of a lithium-ion battery is directly related to the safety and reliability of the electric system powered by a lithium-ion battery. Accurate prediction of RUL can ensure timely replacement and maintenance of the batteries of the power supply system, and avoid potential safety hazards in the lithium-ion battery power supply system. In order to solve the problem that the prediction accuracy of the RUL of lithium-ion batteries is reduced due to the local capacity recovery phenomenon in the process of the capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries, a prediction model based on the combination of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA)-variational mode decomposition (VMD) and short-term memory neural network (LSTM) was proposed. First, WOA was used to optimize the VMD parameters, so that the WOA-VMD could fully decompose the capacity signal of the lithium-ion battery and separate the dual component with global attenuation trend and a series of fluctuating components representing the capacity recovery from the capacity signal of the lithium-ion battery. Then, LSTML was used to predict the dual component and fluctuation components, so that LSTM could avoid the interference of the capacity recovery to the prediction. Finally, the RUL prediction results were obtained by stacking and reconstructing the component prediction results. The experimental results show that WOA-VMD-LSTM can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of the RUL of lithium-ion batteries. The average cycle error was one cycle, the average RMSE was less than 0.69%, and the average MAPE was less than 0.43%.


The availability of multi-sensed data, especially in remote sensing, leads to new possibilities in the area of target recognition. In fact, the information contained in an individual sensor represents only one facet of the reality. The use of several sensors aims at covering different facets of real world objects. In this study, the targets to recognize are the planimetric features (i.e. roads, energy transmission lines, railroads and rivers). The sensors used are visible type satellite sensors (SPOT Panchromatic and Landsat TM) as well as radar satellites (Radarsat fine mode and ERS-1). Sensor resolutions range from 8 to 30 meters/pixel. In this study, the modeling is not limited, as it is generally the case, to the problem feature's reality, but to each sensor that will be used. Moreover, the decision space (here a 3D symbolic map) has to be modeled in the same way as the reality and sensors to lead to a coherent and uniform system. Each model is developed using an object- oriented approach. Each reality-object is defined through its radiometric, geometric and topologic feature. The sensor model objects are defined in accordance to image acquisition and definition, including the stereo image cases (for SPOT and Radarsat). Finally, the decision space objects define the resulting 3D symbolic map where, for instance, a pixel attributes contain classification information as well as position, accuracy, reality object's membership values, etc.


METHODS Thirty eight patients with coronary artery chronic total occlusions (CTO) (CTO group) and 38 patients with normal coronary arteries (normal group) were enrolled in series. In the patients with CTO, coronary collateral development was graded according to the Rentrop score method. Rentrop score 0-1 collateral development was regarded as poor collateral group and 2-3 collateral development was regarded as good collateral group. Plasma catestatin level and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by ELISA kits.


This paper analyzed total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) of 30 regions in China during the period of 2004-2010, considering natural disasters effects. Based on the input-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA), the paper computes the total-factor energy efficiency of 30 regions in China and the relationship among three main regional area of China, the east area, the middies and the west. The paper also further explored the total-factor energy efficiency by using Malmqusit index to find out the main factor of it and proposed improvement advices based on the analysis. The empirical results of the paper indicate that the total-factor energy efficiency of China in the period is decreasing and that of different regions has varies changes during the period; the total-factor energy efficiency of three main areas is also different with each other but has the trend of convergence. The paper also came to the conclusion that technical change is a double-edged sword, which makes less contribution to total factor energy efficiency compared to ignoring the effects. Thus, the government needs to make reasonable use of technology to minimise the negative effects and increase investment in technology science and encourage technological innovation, thus really improve the energy efficiency in China.


Eremothecium ashbyii Guilliermond is a remarkable organism because of its capability of synthesizing relatively large amounts of riboflavin under appropriate conditions. This vitamin is synthesized to a limited extent by a rather wide variety of microorganisms (Pridham, 1952), but those known particularly for their riboflavin producing abilities along with E. a&hbyii are Ashbya gosypi'i (Wickerham et al., 1946; Tanner et al., 1948), some yeasts of the Candida genus (Tanner et al., 1945), and certain clostridia (Meade et al., 1947). Most microorganisms which require riboflavin for growth are satisfied with less than 1 jug per ml. Some strains of E. ashbyii are capable of producing in excess of 1,000 j&g per ml under proper conditions, and yields of this order are being obtained currently in industry. E. ashbyii, a cotton parasite, was described first by Guilliermond (1935) and by Guilliermond, Fontaine, and Raffy (1935) who observed the presence of a yellow pigment which sometimes crystallized in the vacuoles of the hyphae. Data regarding the nutritional requirements of E. ashbyii have not been entirely in agreement. Schopfer (1944) reported biotin to be essential for growth while thiamin and i-inositol were indicated as supplementary factors. In contrast, Dulaney and Grutter (1950) found that if certain amino acids were present in concentrations above 0.1 per cent, then only i-inositol was essential. Yaw (1952) has supported Dulaney and Grutter (1950) on the essentiality of inositol. Phytin can replace inositol under certain conditions (Minoura, 1950a). The role of a number of amino acids was studied also by the above investigators and by Schopfer and Guilloud (1945a). It does not appear that stimulation of growth of the organism and riboflavin formation are parallel (Minoura, 1950b). Unidentified nutritional factors evidently exist for E. ashbyii (Schopfer, 1944; Schopfer and


With the development of world economies and the continuous improvement of living standards, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have attracted significant attention because of their widespread detection in wastewater and the natural environment. Their biological toxicity, environmental persistence, and other hazardous characteristics might pose a threat to the ecological environment and human health. How to treat source-separated urine as a valuable recyclable resource has become a novel challenge. In this review, we briefly described the sources of pharmaceuticals, explored the various metabolic pathways of pharmaceuticals, and concluded that urinary excretion is the primary metabolic pathway of pharmaceuticals. Next, the current status of pharmaceutical contamination in human urine, sewage plants, and surface water was summarized. It is shown that the concentration of pharmaceuticals in human urine is usually 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than that in sewage plants and surface water. Then, the research progress of various technologies to treat pharmaceutical contaminants in urine was analyzed and compared, indicating the promise of advanced oxidation technologies to treat such wastewater, among which electrochemical oxidation has received widespread attention due to its advantages of cleanness, flexibility, and controllability. Therefore, the research progress of electrode materials and electrochemical technology to treat urine was reviewed, and finally, the future development direction was proposed, namely, coupling membrane treatment technology with intellectual development, which will help realize the scale and industrialization of source-separated urine treatment.


A MXene-based composite aerogel enabling highly efficient photothermally driven membrane distillation with dual-mode anti-biofouling properties make it highly appealing for solar-driven desalination.


SARS-CoV-2 has been a pandemic which began in 2019. The clinical presentation of COVID-19 is highly variable and
ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia, cytokine storm, and death. The prevalence of morbidity and
mortality due to Covid – 19 were notably higher in people with co-morbidities, and several studies have documented the
same. Renal transplant recipients are more susceptible for infections especially in this pandemic time. The mortality is
very high in such patients, as they are on immunosuppressive agents. We report a case of covid – 19 infection in a renal
transplant recipient.


Do moral disagreements regarding specific issues (e.g., patriotism, chastity) reflect deep cognitive differences (i.e., distinct cognitive mechanisms) between liberals and conservatives? Dyadic morality suggests that the answer is "no." Despite moral diversity, we reveal that moral cognition—in both liberals and conservatives—is rooted in a harm-based template. A dyadic template suggests that harm should be central within moral cognition, an idea tested—and confirmed—through six specific hypotheses. Studies suggest that moral judgment occurs via dyadic comparison, in which counter-normative acts are compared with a prototype of harm. Dyadic comparison explains why harm is the most accessible and important of moral content, why harm organizes—and overlaps with—diverse moral content, and why harm best translates across moral content. Dyadic morality suggests that various moral content (e.g., loyalty, purity) are varieties of perceived harm and that past research has substantially exaggerated moral differences between liberals and conservatives.


Beta-propeller Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), also known as static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood, is a rare form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) characterized by early-onset developmental delay and further neurological deterioration in early adulthood.


The Financial Times is probably the most important business information resource used in Britain. This paper is the first detailed evaluation of the Monthly Index to the Financial Times Scope, arrangement, indexing methods, timeliness and price are evaluated


This paper presents a fast and accurate alignment method for polyphonic symbolic music signals. It is known that to accurately align piano performances, methods using the voice structure are needed. However, such methods typically have high computational cost and they are applicable only when prior voice information is given. It is pointed out that alignment errors are typically accompanied by performance errors in the aligned signal. This suggests the possibility of correcting (or realigning) preliminary results by a fast (but not-so-accurate) alignment method with a refined method applied to limited segments of aligned signals, to save the computational cost. To realise this, we develop a method for detecting performance errors and a realignment method that works fast and accurately in local regions around performance errors. To remove the dependence on prior voice information, voice separation is performed to the reference signal in the local regions. By applying our method to results obtained by previously proposed hidden Markov models, the highest accuracies are achieved with short computation time. Our source code is published in the accompanying web page, together with a user interface to examine and correct alignment results.


In order to make a proper assessment of candidate materials for advanced high-burnup fuels, thermochemical studies of fuel materials have been performed. Using data from the ECN thermochemical database (TBASE), which has been updated and extended for the present work, the suitability of various advanced fuel materials and inert matrices is studied. Detailed thermodynamic equilibrium calculations are performed for Puo.42U0.5802 and Pu0.40U0.e0N for values of the burnup up to 200 MWd/kgHM. The formation of metallic phases, the pressure buildup and the stability of nitride or oxide phases is studied for each fuel type. The results for the chemical form of the solid fission products are given.


Based on the data of the interval sowing under the field conditions,the influence of meteorological conditions on the number of grain per spike and setting percentage of rice Xieyou 9308 and Shaonuo119 were studied.The result showed that the temperature was the major meteorological factor that affected the number of grain per spike and setting percentage of rice.From 25 to 21 days before heading period,a opposite quadratic regression could be used to describe the relationship between the number of grain per spike and temperature,while the setting percentage had a quadratic regression with the temperature.The number of grain per spike would increase and the setting percentage would be improved when the air temperature was between 28.5℃ and 32.0℃ during the young panicle differentiation period.


The aim is to study the prices, cost and profitability of honey from the Ruse region. A serious problem has been defined for honey, which is a major product of regional beekeeping, respectively its profitability - steadily declining prices do not cover the rising costs of production and sale. The study found that the average prices of the online segment of organic honey compared to the same offline segment in packages of 1 kg have a difference of almost 2 times, and in the smallest cuts 3 times. The gross profit (margin) of the regional honey of the B2B offline markets in the biological and conventional segment for 2020 is negative. The study found that own B2C online channels in the conventional segment achieve a net return of 48 BGN/year per beehive, and in the biological segment - 97.92 BGN/year per beehive. The latter provides 150 beehives with a net income of 1224 BGN/month, which is the yield on the sale of organic honey on the offline B2C markets with 950 beehives. Marketing strategies of beekeeping farms in the Ruse region are needed to achieve competitiveness and profitability at the sectoral and regional level.


Quasi-truth (a.k.a. pragmatic truth or partial truth) is typically advanced as a framework accounting for incompleteness and uncertainty in the actual practices of science. Also, it is said to be useful for accommodating cases of inconsistency in science without leading to triviality. In this paper, we argue that the given developments do not deliver all that is promised. We examine the most prominent account of quasi-truth available in the literature, advanced by da Costa and collaborators in many places, and argue that it cannot legitimately account for incompleteness in science: we shall claim that it conflates paraconsistency and paracompleteness. It also cannot account for inconsistencies, because no direct contradiction of the form α ∧ ¬α can be quasi-true, according to the framework. Finally, we advance an alternative interpretation of the formalism in terms of dealing with distinct contexts where incompatible information is dealt with. This does not save the original program, but seems to make better sense of the formalism.


A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) on yield and nodulation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) at Agriculture Research Farm (N) Mingora Swat during 2014 2015. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Basal dose of NPK @ (20-60-60 kg ha-1) were applied to the entire treatments plot in the form urea, SSP and SOP. Iron was applied at the rate of 0.5 and 1.0 kg ha-1 in the form of ferrous sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O) and molybdenum was applied at the rate of 0.05 and 0.10 kg ha-1 in the form of ammonium molybdate {(NH4)6Mo O24.4H2O)} as foliar spray. The results showed that application of iron and molybdenum significantly increased the grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index (%), 1000 seed weight (g), total N uptake, protein content, number of total and active nodules plant-1. It was observed that combined application of iron and molybdenum significantly produced greater crop yields and more nodulation than the sole application of iron or molybdenum. These results suggested that combined application of iron @ 1.0 kg ha-1 and molybdenum @ 0.10 kg ha-1 as foliar spray significantly enhanced the crop yields and root nodulation in lentil under the agro-climatic conditions of Swat valley. It is therefore recommended that Fe and Mo may be applied to lentil in Swat valley for better crop yields and greater root nodulation.


The Fanconi anemia pathway supports hematopoietic stem cell survival in response to inflammatory and metabolic stress. We show that polyubiquitination and proteasome degradation of FANCL is inhibited by Akt1 activation, revealing a potentially important mechanism for the maintenance of stem cell function.


We propose a novel framework based on multiresolution wavelet decomposition for compressing motion capture data. Given a global error constraint, our system finds the optimal combination of the decomposition levels for the joints that minimizes the number of frames stored. Our approach can achieve at least 30 to 1 compression ratio in the reconstruction without noticeable perceptual artifacts; eg negligible foot skate is observed.


The present invention provides a structure that can be formed by the methods and which for producing a microelectronic structure, in double-layer, a photosensitive, in the exposure by using a wet developable bottom anti-reflective coating stack thereby reducing the reflectance by the substrate. The present invention provides a dye-filled composition and dye addition compositions for use in anti-reflective coating. Anti-reflective coating is crosslinked photochemically disassembly with a thermally crosslinkable. The bottom anti-reflective coating stack is developed concurrently with the photoresist has a gradient optical properties. The present method and structure are particularly suitable for high-NA lithographic processing steps.


Abstract. Pyasi A, Soni KK, Verma RK. 2013. Effect of ectomycorrhizae on growth and establishment of sal (Shorea robusta) seedlings in central India. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 44-49. The aim of the present study was to develop ectomycorrhiza in sal sapling outside the sal growing areas. For this purpose sal seedling were raised at Jabalpur which is around 80 km away from natural sal forest (Motinala, Madhya Pradesh, India). Seed sowing was done with inoculation of ectomycorrhizal inocula prepared by isolating the fungi from surface sterilized young basidiocarp of Lycoperdon compactum and Russula michiganensis. The inocula of ectomycorrhizal fungus were prepared in wheat grains treated with gypsum. The synthesis of ectomycorrhiza was observed in the sapling planted in the experimental field at Jabalpur with production of basidiocarp of Lycoperdon compactum near saplings. The mycorrhized saplings also showed higher growth indices.


Objective To investigate the curative effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy combined with tendon lengthening in the treatment of lower-extremity spasticity in cerebral palsy.Methods Twenty-three cerebral palsy children with lower-extremity spasticity and contracture were treated with selective dorsal rhizotomy combined with tendon lengthening simultaneously.Evaluation including clinical assessment of spasticity(Ashworth scale) and the range-of-motion of joints assessment was performed pre-operation and 6 months,12 months post-operation respectively.Results All cases were followed up for 12 ~ 17 months(mean 14 months).Muscle tone decreased obviously.Spasticity and contracture were alleviated significantly.The range-of-motion of joints including ankle dorsiflexion,knee extending and hip abduction was increased after operation.The motor ability was improved significantly after treatment.The effective rate was 81% and no complications occurred in all cases.Conclusion Selective dorsal rhizotomy combined with tendon lengthening in the treatment of lower-extremity in cerebral palsy can ameliorate spasticity,retrieve contracture,decrease handicap and improve quality of life.


We derive a new expression for the exact bit-error probability for the detection of a coherent binary phase-shift keying signal experiencing a number of asynchronous interferers having unequal power levels in Rayleigh fading channels. The new expression is readily computed in terms of the coefficients of a Hermite polynomial.


Background: The sudden increase in demand for blood transfusion globally without the corresponding increase in voluntary blood supply (donation) has become a serious health problem. Countries across the world are facing serious problem of blood scarcity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate the socio- cultural factors affecting voluntary blood donation in Akwa Ibom State. Methods: A survey research design was adopted for the study and was carried out from January to May 2017. Three hundred respondents were purposely selected for the study from the three Senatorial districts using simple random techniques. Data were collected, collated and analyzed into frequencies and percentages and were also presented in tables. Results: The findings of the study revealed that majority (91.5%) people have good knowledge of voluntary blood donation due to the level of awareness and also view the exercise as important even without reward (remuneration) from recipients despite the influence of some socio-cultural factors such as culture, religion among others. Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that socio-cultural barriers to voluntary blood donation still exist, thereby giving room for misconception. Therefore, there should be intensified health education using various methods including health workers, print media and community leaders on the benefit of voluntary blood donation. This will help to correct some misconceptions on blood donation as there are people who still believe in the dictates of their religious and cultural practices as it relates to blood donation and its attendant health implication.


In this paper I analyze #akademiuppropet from a digital feminist perspective. Feminist activists are increasingly turning to digital technologies and social media platforms to dialogue, network and ...


Teaching and learning activity in the classroom is the most important thing in the whole education process. The teaching and learning activity is influenced by any factors, one of the factors is model of learning. For implementing the competence based curriculum has improved cooperative learning model. By this model we can hope the quality of learning can be reached, and in the last can improve the achievement of learning for the student.


The observatories of tomorrow will necessarily be equipped with robotic facilities which will ease the use and allow a full time schedule optimization. Herein we present the application of organic materials with photochromic properties in astronomical spectrographs. Photochromism is the reversible transformation of the optical (in particular the color) and spectral properties of a material by suitable light. Organic photochromic materials can be cast in thin layers (tens to hundredths of microns) where a chosen pattern can be written leaving the layer with two areas showing different refractive index and absorption/transmission spectra. We used the opaque/transparent property of such photochromic materials to build rewritable focal plane mask for MOS spectroscopy. They were tested in laboratory and then sky tests were successfully carried out by using the AFOSC camera (Asiago Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera) of the 1.8 m telescope at Asiago Observatory. The results obtained are encouraging and the first MOS writing device is now in use at the astronomical observatory of Asiago.


Pattern mining on frequent closed sequence is one of hot spots in data mining. Aimed at the set of frequent closed sequential patterns being mined more efficient, PBIDE is proposed, which is the BIDE algorithm based on the expansion of position. The position information, expansion event, and optimization strategy are defined. Firstly, the numbers of different sequences identities are calculated in the position information of each event. And frequent 1-sequence can be obtained by comparing the threshold with their numbers. Secondly, according to the idea of prefix and adjacent position expanding, for every frequent 1-sequence, the expansions of position are checked directly. The expansions of position include three directions: backward, forward and medially. That the pseudo-projection database is scanned repeatedly is avoided. The optimization strategy is applied to reduce the time and memory consumed in the process of pre-expansion and expansion. So, the set of frequent closed sequential patterns will be mind more efficient than before. The experimental results show that PBIDE has significantly lower running time costs than BIDE, especially on the intensive datasets.


We demonstrate a four-wave mixing (FWM) technique to measure near- and mid-infrared (IR) laser pulse shapes in time domain. Few cycle 800 nm laser pulses were synchronized with the IR pulse and focused colinearly to generate a plasma filament in air. Second harmonic radiation around 400 nm was generated through FWM, with a yield proportional to the IR pulse intensity. Excellent signal to noise ratio was observed from 2.1 μm to 18 μm. With proper phase stabilization of the IR beam, this technique is a promising step toward direct electric field sensing of near-IR pulses in air.


On the basis of the original assumptions of Christian tradition regarding the relationship between humans and animals - assumptions radically undermined by modern science from Galileo down to our own day - the author outlines the moral principles governing experimentation on animals, principles which are clarified by recourse to reflections developed within the utilitarian tradition.


In this paper, a novel approach to ranking fuzzy numbers based on the mean and the fuzzy degree of fuzzy number is proposed. In the approach, a new ranking index that is comprehensive consideration of the mean and the fuzzy degree of fuzzy number is constructed, and then the properties of the ranking index are given. Moreover, to compare the proposed approach with the existing approaches, numerical examples are given. The comparative results illustrate that the approach proposed in this paper is better and has simpler calculations.


After researching on cost-effectiveness of promise keeping and perfidy,an economic model of creditability choice is established,and the general level of promise keeping in the society and the influence of the time length of an enterprise persistent management on creditability choice is analyzed.It is thought that it is necessary to carry out reforms on mechanism of checking,preventing and punishing perfidy,reforms on promoting promise keeping in the society,and reforms on the basic hypothesis of economic study,to create a healthy environment of promise keeping.


The transient pressure produced by explosive sources in a two‐layered liquid half space has been evaluated in terms of definite integrals, using Cagniard's method of inversion of the Laplace transforms involved.


An analysis of more than five decades of research on pedestrian behavior understanding followed by a review of autonomous driving technologies designed for interaction with pedestrians is presented. The meta-analysis of past literature identifies more than 30 factors, ranging from social to environmental conditions, which can potentially influence the way pedestrians behave. Based on these findings and the current state-of-the-art solutions for interaction between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians, a road map for future research is proposed regarding what methods and modalities of communication should be used by AVs, what information should be considered by algorithmic solutions for accurate prediction of pedestrians' intentions, and what behavioral studies are required to better understand pedestrians' actions in various situations. conducts a survey of intrusion detection methods for in-vehicle networks (IVNs), highlighting the constraints and characteristics of intrusion detection methods for in-vehicle networks and its corresponding drawbacks. In this the different vehicle attacks are divided into different layers according to the source of the An IVN envi-ronment is introduced, and the constraints and characteristics of an intrusion detection system (IDS) design for IVNs Various optimization objectives are considered and comprehensively compared. Finally, the trend, open issues, and emerging research directions are described.


*Ginseng Research Division, Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.**Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea.***Department of Plant Resources, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.****National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-853, Korea.ABSTRACT : The transcriptomes of four ginseng accessions such as Cheonryang (Korean ginseng cultivar), Yunpoong(Korean ginseng cultivar), G03080 (breeding line of Korean ginseng), and P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) was charac-terized. As a result of sequencing, total lengths of the reads in each sample were 156.42 Mb (Cheonryang cultivar), 161.95Mb (Yunpoong cultivar), 165.07 Mb (G03080 breeding line), and 166.48 Mb (P. quinquefolius). Using a BLAST searchagainst the Phytozome databases with an arbitrary expectation value of 1E-10, over 20,000 unigenes were functionally anno-tated and classified using DAVID software, and were found in response to external stress in the G03080 breeding line, as wellas in the Cheonryang cultivar, which was associated with the ion binding term. Finally, unigenes related to transmembranetransporter activity were observed in Cheonryang and P. quinquefolius , which involves controlling osmotic pressure and tur-gor pressure within the cell. The expression patterns were analyzed to identify dehydrin family genes that were abundantlydetected in the Cheonryang cultivar and the G03080 breeding line. In addition, the Yunpoong cultivar and P. quinquefoliusaccession had higher expression of heat shock proteins expressed in Ricinus communis. These results will be a valuableresource for understanding the structure and function of the ginseng transcriptomes.Key Words : Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolius, Transcriptomes, Next Generation Sequencing


Administrative University is the result of institutional selection under the planned economy system with the influence of historical tradition culture.Administration makes the University depart from its tenet and endanger its academic development.It must be removed from the concept and governance through establishing the concept of service-oriented administrative and faculty government to recast academic spirit.Transforming the external governance mode and the interior governance structure and continuously improving the modern university system are essential to enhance the university's academic freedom and autonomy capability.


A new hydraulic cylinder has been designed and tested which improves the cylinder operation characteristics. This cylinder uses state of the art seals at pressures of up to 5000 psi that reduce friction by 10 to 25 percent and eliminate "stick-slip". Application of this type cylinder can greatly reduce hydraulic system size and cost to the OEM, as well as reduce energy cost to the end user of the equipment.


to which all organisms are subjected, by producing both pollen and seeds. With respect to the plants belonging to the gyno-dicecious sub-class, or those which co-exist as hermaphrodites and females, it has been proved that they yield a much larger supply of seed than they would have done if they had all remained hermaphrodites; and we may feel sure from the large number of seeds produced by many plants that such production is often necessary or advantageous. It is therefore probable that the two forms in this sub-class have been separated or developed for this special end. Various hermaphrodite plants have become heterostyled, and now exist under two or three forms; and we may confidently believe that this has been effected in order that cross-fertilization should be assured. For the full and legitimate fertilization of these plants pollen from the one form must be applied to the stigma of another. If the sexual elements belonging to the same form are united the union is an illegitimate one and more or less sterile. With dimorphic species two illegitimate unions, and with trimorphic species twelve are possible. There is reason to believe that the sterility of these unions has not been specially acquired, but follows as an incidental result from the sexual elements of the two or three forms having been adapted to act on one another in a particular manner, so that any other kind of union is inefficient, like that between distinct species. Another and still more remarkable incidental result is that the seedlings from an illegitimate union are often dwarfed and more or less or completely barren} like hybrids from the union of two widely distinct species."


Statement of hormonal activity and potential malignancy are the most important issues of diagnosis and selection of appropriate treatment way for patients with adrenal tumors. Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is rare disease with poor prognosis. Incidience of ACC is about 0.5–2per million, and no more then 2–4% among adrenal tumors. Th is draft of guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of ACC is off ered to common discussion among wide round of specialists.


Since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, there have been many scientific reports regarding gastrointestinal manifestations. Several reports indicate the possibility of viral shedding via faeces and the possibility of faecal‐oral transmission.


The electronic structure of modified CuGaS2, which belongs to the family of Cu-containing chalcopyrites, has been analyzed from first principles within the density functional theory. The chalcopyrite matrix has been modified by introducing a high concentration of atomic impurities that included transition metals and elements of group IVa at substitutional sites of the lattice host. For selected cases, an intermediate band has been found that potentially fulfills the requirements as stated for intermediate-band solar cell materials. Preliminary thermochemical estimations of the stability of the compounds proposed against eventual secondary phases in the form of binary chalcogenides have greatly simplified the general screening. Elements of groups VIIIb and IVa have been identified as interesting impurity candidates to obtain intermediate bands within the main gap of the modified ternary host. Additionally, modified chalcopyrite compounds with potential applications as magnetic semiconductors or spintronic ...


Neglect or unilateral spatial inattention (USI) is defined as a condition where the "patient fails to report, respond or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented to the side opposite of the brain lesion." The Test of Visual Perceptual Skills non-motor Revised (TVPS-R) is a widely administered test of visual-analysis skills administered to brain injured patients to assess visual perception .. We hypothesized that USI could be diagnosed by administering the TVPS-R in the traditional horizontal format and in an experimental vertical format which would serve as a control. Our prediction being that more errors would be committed on the horizontal test items that were presented in the neglected hemi-field. We further hypothesized that by using a test we developed, the midline shift laser test, a measurable midline shift in an ipsilesional direction would be present in those subjects diagnosed with USI. We also planned to investigate the efficacy of the Star Cancellation test in paralleling the diagnoses of USI made by occupational therapists (OTs). Subjects for this investigation included those with recent brain injuries, both with neglect and without neglect. The diagnosis of neglect/US! was determined by licensed occupational therapists with experience in brain injury and neglect. The OTs then ran our series of tests, including the Star Cancellation test, two subtests of the TVPS-R in both a traditional horizontal format and an experimental vertical format, and finally the midline shift laser test. The results from all three tests were analyzed for recognizable patterns to confirm or disconfirm the study hypotheses . Results showed that subjects with neglect were not significantly more likely to miss the items in their neglected hemi-field on the TVPS-R subtests; however, they did show a


VERTEBROBASILAR ischemia is a common disorder which is now frequently diagnosed by medical students, house officers, practitioners, and consultants alike. Although brainstem softening was recognized in the 19th century, the underlying pathology was not understood until the classic report of Kubik and Adams in 1946.' These authors called attention to the clinical features in patients discovered at postmortem to have had an occlusion of the basilar artery and emphasized the abrupt onset and very poor prognosis of this condition. After Fisher reported that transient ischemic attacks frequently occurred in patients with occlusion of the internal carotid artery and, in fact, that they warned of an impending stroke, Denny-Brown, Siekert, Millikan, Fang, Williams, and others called attention to similar transient ischemic episodes related to disease of the posterior circulation. The term "vertebrobasilar insufficiency" was born. Treatment for this newly described condition began in the 1950's with enthusiastic use of anticoagulant therapy as a result of a number of clinical trials, all of which were uncontrolled. Also, in all of these trials vertebrobasilar disease was considered as a single entity. Most studies revealed a small measure of benefit from anticoagulant treatment when large groups of patients were studied. Clinicians are still debating the indications for anticoagulant therapy in patients with vertebrobasilar ischemia. Since the 1950's, a number of therapies have been used for posterior circulation ischemia. Surgically created extracranial-intracranial shunts (usually occipital to posterior inferior cerebellar artery) have been tried in a small number of patients; the indications for this procedure remain uncertain. Some investigators have advocated carotid endarterectomy for patients with vertebrobasilar ischemia and coexistent carotid stenosis; when formally studied, carotid surgery offered little or no benefit in a group of patients with this combination of findings. Antiplatelet aggregating agents, e.g., aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, and


At 80 °C 1a-acetyl-l-phthalimido-1a,6b-dihydrobenzofuro[2,3-b]azirine 1(X = Ac) transfers phthalimidonitrene to a series of traps: Me2SO, 2-methoxynaphthalene, indene, methyl methacrylate, methyl crotonate, mesityl oxide, cis- and trans-stilbene and cyclohexene. Oxidation of N-aminophthalimide with lead tetraacetate in the presence of these traps gives the same major products (ref. 2a). With 1,3-dimethoxybenzenes, the reagent 1(X = Ac) provides 2H- and 3H-azepines e.g.25a and 24a as the major products with N-phthalimidoanilines e.g.18 formed to a lesser extent. On the other hand Pb(OAc)4 oxidation of N-aminophthalimide in the presence of 1,3-dimethoxybenzenes gives N-phthalimidoanilines and no detectable 2H- or 3H-azepines. Small quantities of acetic or benzoic acid present during the dissociation of 1(X = Ac) in the presence of 1,3-dimethoxybenzenes cause marked increases in the formation of N-phthalimidoanilines compared with azepines. The unusually stable and isolable 2H-azepines 25 rearrange to 3H-azepines 24 only on heating and 5,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2-phthalimido-2H-azepine 25d is characterised by X-ray crystal structure analysis.


At the University of Colorado, Boulder, a new program designed to link graduate students with 1st and 2nd year undergraduate students through engineering research projects and mentoring relationships was initiated in Spring 2011. Your Own Undergraduate Research Experience at the University of Colorado (YOU'RE@CU) has three main goals: (1) increase retention of undergraduate students in engineering, particularly women and underrepresented minorities (URMs); (2) excite undergraduate student interest in research projects and future careers in academia or industry; (3) provide graduate students with training and hands-on mentoring experience with the expectation that this will positively influence graduate student choices to seek a career in academia. This paper illustrates the details of the YOU'RE@CU program during its pilot implementation in Spring 2011. The assessment strategy and methods are also explained, with presentation of qualitative data and discussion of the overall data analysis process.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


The embodiment of the invention discloses a method and device for collecting traffic information. The method comprises the steps that locating information, reported by a floating car in the process of traveling on a current road section, of all locating points is received; for each locating point, the distance between the locating point and a signal lamp closest to the floating car in the traveling direction of the floating car is calculated according to position information in the locating information of the locating point; whether the distance is smaller than a preset red light influence distance of the signal lamp or not is judged; if yes, it means that the floating car is influenced by a red light and travels slowly or stops, and the locating information of the locating point is deleted; if not, the locating information of the locating point is reserved; according to the reserved locating information of the locating point, the traveling speed of the floating car on the current road section is determined. By means of the method and device for collecting the traffic information, the influence of the signal lamp on the accuracy of a collection result can be eliminated, and therefore the collection result is more accurate.


Two complete diets containing 55% dry mixed grass (DMG, diet 1) or 55% cotton seed hulls (CSH, diet 2) were compared with a control diet containing 55 parts DMG and 5p parts concentrate supplement, fed separately, to 3 permanently rumen fistulated crossbred (Jersy x Ongole) bulls using 3x3 latin square design. Ruminal concentrations of all the nitrogen fractions except that of residual N were higher on complete diets than on control diet. Peak concentrations of all nitrogen fractions were at 4 it post-feeding except residual nitrogen which peaked at 2 h post-feeding. The TVFA concentrations, peaked at 4 h post feeding on all diets, were inveresely related with pH. The digestibility of all the nutrients except that of DM was comparable on all the diets. All the experimental animals were on positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances and met the DCP and TDN requirements. Higher rumen fermentability and nutrient utilization on diet 2 indicated that utilization of poor quality roughages can be improved by their incorporation in the complete diets rather than feeding separately along with concentrate mixture.


This article is the product of a monographic study that de- picts the results of an ethnographic examination conducted in Santiago de Cali's fifth street South during the course of a few months, which purpose was knowing, interacting and analyzing a distinguishing phenomenon occurring in the public space: the South Chaplin's performance. The power of the representation as well as the comprehensible acting of the character allowed the researchers to recognize the dynamics that Richard Senett and Erving Goffman have theorized around observation and urban micro-sociology.


The chemical analytic properties of Am in its various valence states are studied, including the hydroxide, fluoride, phosphate, and oxalate. The possibility of extraction of acid solutions by organic solvents is reviewed, as regards Am(III) and Am(V). The difficulty of separating Am from its principal impurities (Pu and rare earths) is noted. The principal methods for determining Am, viz. absorption spectrometry of the tetra-, penta-, and hexavalent states and radiometry of Am/sup 241/, are reviewed. (T.F.H.)


The problem with which this study is concerned is the development of a plan to reform the structure of the current system of Iranian higher education, both quantitatively and qualitatively. These goals have been set by the Charter of Educational Revolution and coincide with the Development Plans of the nation which have aimed to bring about a fundamental change in society. Educational history of Iran since ancient times is discussed, with special emphasis on higher education, and the religio-cultural influences in shaping the organization of educational institutions and curricula are overviewed. The nation developed one of the world's oldest scholastic centers of higher learning, Gondi-Shapur Academy, whose international faculty contributed significantly to the advancement of knowledge. Iranian culture was exposed to Islam following the Arab invasion; and Islamic doctrine, which has been opposed to secular education, has dominated the educational philosophy of the country. Western education came to Iran through military institutions and religious institutions. Modern schools increased during the last decades of the nineteenth century; however, their progressive development can be traced only from the reign of Reza Shah, beginning in 1925. The first modern university of Iran was established forty years ago. The provincial universities and other institutions of higher learning came into existence in following years. After adopting the Charter of Educational Revolution in 1968, Iran experienced a rapid expansion of its institutions of higher learning. The percentage of total student enrollment in these institutions has never exceeded 0.37 per cent of the population, however, because the institutions could not expand rapidly enough to accommodate the students who applied for admission. Graduate education is also in the primary stages of development, currently comprising 2.4 per cent of the college students of the nation. To cope with these shortcomings, the study has come to the following conclusions: 1. The system of higher education in Iran should develop qualified graduate schools to educate highly advanced professionals and scholars to fill the positions which the nation, until the present time, has had to award to personnel who have received their education abroad.


Emphasis is placed on the dosimetry for radon and daughters, rather than on monitoring and instrumentation. The objectives of the meeting were to exchange scientific information, to identify problem areas in radon-daughter dosimetry, and to make any observations or recommendations by the participants through issuance of this report. The discussion topics included the history of dosimetry for radon and daughters, human data, aerosols, deposition and movement in the respiratory tract, dose calculations, dose-to-working-level-month (WLM) conversion factors, animal experiments, and the development of regulations and remedial criteria for reducing population exposures to radon daughters. This report contains a summary of Workshop discussions plus individual statements contributed by several of the participants. The outstanding problem areas from the standpoint of dosimetry appear to involve the appropriate lung organ mass to be used (average lung-tissue dose vs. high-level local dose); recognition of the discrete, rather than continuous, structure of the mucus; lack of knowledge about lung clearance; the variability of dose with the degree of disequilibrium and the unattached fraction of radon daughters for a given WLM; and questions about the character of uranium mine atmospheres actually breathed in the older mines from which much of the epidemiological information originates. The development ofmore » criteria for taking remedial action to reduce exposures involves additional concerns of basing long-term risk assessment on short-term sampling and applying WLM data for miners to general populations.« less