Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) are critical to providing care to underserved populations in the United States. Their focus on interprofessional care has also made FQHCs ideal locations to integrate pharmacists into care teams and advance pharmacy practice. However, despite long‐standing involvement by pharmacists, there have been limited attempts to synthesize this literature. We conducted a comprehensive search for published literature on the roles of pharmacists in FQHCs and narrowed our search to 54 manuscripts and abstracts for inclusion in this narrative review. We found that pharmacists in FQHCs are providing care that is interprofessional, multifaceted, and evolving rapidly in response to environmental changes. Pharmacists are routinely involved in the traditional management of chronic disease, such as diabetes, hypertension, behavioral health, and respiratory conditions. In addition, pharmacists have forged roles in preventive care, infectious disease, and pain management. Models include appointment‐based approaches; however, there was also heterogeneity in approaches consistent with the dynamic nature of the healthcare system in the United States with engagement in population health, transitions of care, and telehealth, as a few examples. Collaborative practice agreements were used to deliver care in some cases, although this was not commonplace, and reimbursement by third party payers was rarely addressed. Relationships with community pharmacies, often driven by the 340B Drug Pricing Program, were also noted. Recommendations for future research in this area include increasing the rigor of future research by standardizing pharmacy interventions and including comparator groups, a greater focus on financial sustainability, and further exploration of how state laws surrounding pharmacist provider status and scope of practice impact pharmacy service development.


In this work, a possibility to develop a new zircon-based refractory coating
 for casting applications was investigated. Optimization of the coating
 composition with controlled rheological properties was attained by
 application of different coating components, particularly by application of a
 new suspension agent and by alteration of coating production procedure.
 Zircon powder with particle size of 25x10-6 m was used as filler. The zircon
 sample was investigated by means of the following methods: X-ray diffraction
 analysis, diffraction thermal analysis and polarized microscope. The shape
 and grain size were analyzed by means of the PC program package OZARIA 2.5.
 It was shown that application of this type of water-alcohol-based coating had
 a positive influence on surface quality, structural and mechanical properties
 of the castings of cast iron obtained by pouring into sand molds by means of
 the expandable patterns method (Lost Foam casting process).


The development and growth of new information technologies and their application to nearly all aspects of society are challenging European archives. New technologies are having an impact on several aspects of archival theory and practice through the introduction of records in new media into archives and through the use of information technologies in the management and description of archival records. Although various archives are reacting to this situation by developing partial applications, there is a need to develop integrated information systems and general automation plans for the archives. The authors discuss various partial and general applications and describe the comprehensive computerization of the Archivo General de Indias at greater length.


Purpose The goal of this research is to find out the incidence of any ophthalmic adverse effects associated with sofosbuvir − ribavirin combination therapy in comparison with sofosbuvir − ribavirin − interferon combination therapy in patients having chronic hepatitis C. Patients and methods A prospective nonrandomized comparative study was carried on 80 eyes of 40 patients with a documented diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C referred by the Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department. Study group 1 (20 patients; 40 eyes) patients enrolled in the dual-therapy delineation (a 24-week regimen of 400 mg/day sofosbuvir and a 600 mg/day ribavirin) and study group 2 (20 patients; 40 eyes) patients registered in the triple-therapy planning (12-week regimen of sofosbuvir and ribavirin plus 180-µg peginterferon α-2a subcutaneously weekly). All recorded patients were subjected to entire ophthalmic examination before the medicaments strategy inauguration with periodic examination at 3 and 6 months during the treatment plan using Schirmer test and tear film breakup time test. Results Retinopathy has been evidenced at 3 months after treatment onset in 15% of group 2 candidates and receded at 6 months, which dates 3 months after treatment termination, with no cases of retinopathy in group 1 patients; the difference was statistically insignificant. Schirmer test and tear film breakup time results changed significantly over the 6-month study period. In study group 1, values of both tests decreased at 3 months after the start of sofosbuvir antiviral drug therapy and continued to dwindle throughout the period of follow-up. On the contrary, in study group 2, they decreased at 3 months after treatment onset but came to the common standard values 3 months after treatment discontinuation. Conclusion In our research, both study groups show that the drug-induced dry eye effects were in any event reasonably mild and had trivial effect on one's daily performance. The retinal lesions in our patients were peacefully asymptomatic, as there were no effects on the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in all patients throughout the 6-month study period.


An efficient greener one pot synthesis of dimethyl-dihydro-7H-chromeno[3, 2-h]quinolin-8(9H)-one derivatives has been synthesized through cyclization of aromatic aldehyde, dimidone and 8-hydroxy-quinoline through one-pot condensation method is described. The synthesized compounds are screened for further biological activities against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus using cut plate method and disc diffusion method.


World business has become intensely competitive. Japan, the United States, and the European Community, often referred to as the Triad, dominate that competition. With only 13 percent of the world's population, the Triad produces 64 percent of the world's GNP (World Bank Atlas, 1991; ILO Yearbook, 1991). Moreover, the Triad accounts for 81 percent of the world's outward foreign direct investment, 47 percent of the world's exports, and 39 percent of inward foreign direct investment (U.N. Centre for Transnational Corporations, 1991), clearly demonstrating the Triad's dominant position in global cross-border economic activity, including that of transnational corporations. Therefore, to understand women's roles in management worldwide, it is essential to understand their role in the Triad, and in particular in transnational corporations. Good people allow corporations to compete. Yet, while top-quality human resource systems provide competitive advantages, companies worldwide draw from a restricted pool of potential managers. Although women represent over SO percent of the world population, in no country do women represent half, or even close to half, of the corporate managers. Even in the United States, where many believe the proportion of female executives to be outstanding, reality belies the belief: whereas 46 percent of the American work force is female, women consti-


Aim: To study the effects of local anesthesia on blood pressure in patients undergo extraction of maxillary teeth under infiltration local anesthesia and to compare the level of salivary chromogranin A before and after administration of local anesthesia and its possible correlation with hemodynamic effects of local anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients (18 female, 8 male) who need tooth extraction under infiltration local anesthesia were examined in two situations (pre and post local anesthetic administration). For each patient salivary sample was collected by salivette to estimate the level of chromogranin A using ELISA Kits. For all patients, the blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after administration of local anesthesia using automatic blood pressure recorder. Results: the results showed significant differences between salivary chromogranin A for patients before the administration of local anesthesia (580.33 ± 130.42) ng/ml and after the administration of local anesthesia (674.51+ 130.93) ng/ml with p 0.05) with pre –local anesthetic value. The pulse rate was increase in it is value after local anesthetic administration with a significant differences (p 0.05) while it caused increase in pulse rate with a significant effect (p < 0.05). Administration of infiltration local anesthesia caused significant effects on salivary chromogranin A levels, also this study showed that there was significant inverse correlation between systolic blood pressure and chromogranin A levels(p < 0.05) after administration of infiltrations local anesthesia during dental treatments (tooth extraction).


Objective To investigate the relationship between intraoperative blood loss and postoperative peritoneal tumor recurrence and prognosis in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical resection.Methods From Jan 2003 to Dec 2005,consecutively admitted 157 advanced gastric carcinoma patients undergoing radical gastrectomy were enrolled for this study.Intraoporative blood loss,tumor invasion depth (T phase),and postoperative chemotherapy,lymph node metastasis,perioperative blood transfusion,postoperative tumor recurrence and survival time were collected for the evaluation of the effect of intraoperative blood loss on postoperative tumor recurrence and the prognosis.Results The amount(517 ±287) ml of intraoperative blood loss in group with peritoneal recurrence was higher than that without peritoneal recurrence (372 ± 253) ml(P < 0.05).The amount of intraoperative blood loss in patients with peritoneal recurrence in T3-4 group,perioperative blood transfusion group,no chemotherapy group and no lymph node metastasis were respectively (522±270) ml,(539±331) ml,(516±322) ml and (513±343) ml,which was higher than that within the same group without peritoneal recurrence (371±276) ml,(347 ±248) ml,(290± 211) ml and (353± 249) ml,respectively (P < 0.05).Multivariate logistics regression analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis,intraoperative blood loss and postoperative chemotherapy were significantly correlated with peritoneal recurrence (P < 0.05).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that survival in patients with an intraoperative ≤400 ml blood loss was significantly longer than that of > 400ml blood loss (P < 0.05).Conclusion Intraoperative blood loss is an important predictor of peritoneal tumor recurrence in patients of advanced gastric cancer after radical gastreetomy.

Key words:
Stomach neoplasms;  Blood loss,surgical; Recurrence;  Prognosis


Investigation of natural compounds from popular medicinal plants have advanced in the last decades in the attempt to characterize scientifically the possible beneficial effects and side effects, as well as the determination of a safe dose of use [1]. Among the families of medicinal plants, the Myrtaceae family stands out, whose genus Psidium adds fruit species such as Psidium guajava, the popular guava. However, the species Psidium cattleianum and its variants, known as strawberry guava, has been studied in the last decades because of its medicinal property such as analgesic effects [2], antioxidant [3,4], anti-proliferative action [4], anticancer [4] and antimicrobial agent [5]. In popular medicine, P. cattleianum is known for its action against diabetes, tummy aches, urinary tract diseases and diarrhea, where it is recommended to use shoots, leaves and bark of the trunk [6].


Using policy networks and Advocacy Coalition Framework, the paper examines the implementation of the Philippine tourism enterprise zone fiscal incentives policy. The case study relies on documents ...


Objectives: To determine the learning styles of medical students in a medical college in Pakistan and to match the learning styles of students with the instructional strategies in clinical classes.
Methods: The cross-sectional descriptive study involved medical students of the Islamic International Medical College (IIMC), in clinical classes. Both male and female students were administered a questionnaire based on Kolb's learning style inventory. Instructions to fill the questionnaire were given verbally to all students.
Results: Majority of students had the accommodators learning style (N=83, 54.6%) while convergers, divergers and assimilators were less in number. The learning scheme consists mainly of lecture based learning (42 hours per week) and case based learning (31 hours per week)
Conclusions: Majority of students of clinical classes of IIMC had the accommodator learning style, followed by converger, diverger, and assimilator learning styles. The learning scheme of IIMC provided learning opportunities for all styles of learning and consisted of adequate instructional strategies. (Rawal Med J 2008;33:239-241).


Writing scholars interested in stakeholder attitudes need ways to reconstruct them from archives because (a) interview/survey studies are not always feasible (particularly in historical work) and (b) the question/answer format of these studies may exclude key attitudes that emerge in unprompted expressions of opinion. Accordingly, this article argues for filter theory—a pragmatic model of interpretive attitudes—as an effective hermeneutic for archival reception studies. Complementing a previous study of administrative attitudes about the Mexican Wolf Blue Range Reintroduction Project, the present study applies filter theory to a sample of ranchers' written opinions about the Project. The main findings are as follows: Ranchers and administrators differentially value resident rights versus Project goals; ranchers warrant resistance to the Project based on these misaligned attitudes; nonetheless, both groups value the ideal of a balanced environment and evidence collected on the ground. These findings suggest the need to redefine rhetorical resistance and common ground as arguments warranted by mis/alignments between groups' interpretive attitudes. They also indicate revisions to initial recommendations for extending rhetorical common ground in the Project.


Studies of the history of leisure have emphasized the separation between work and leisure which developed with the growth of industrial society. Only scant attention has been devoted by historians and sociologists of leisure to the continuing links between work and leisure throughout the nineteenth century, as reflected in recreational activities organized by employers for their employees. Such attention as has been paid to the subject has concentrated on industrial workers, largely ignoring the more systematic and extensive provision of leisure in work organizations belonging to the public sector. In an attempt to explore linkages between work and leisure in this emerging sector, the article focuses on the English police force and will address the following questions. What did the authorities aim to achieve in imposing control through leisure? How did the policemen react to such policies and was this strategy successful? What prompted the social and economic elite to become involved in moulding entertainment for police employees, and what was the impact of police leisure on the community at large?


THE categories used by psychiatrists have puzzled scientists in other fields. As frequently occurs in the "natural history" state of a new field of investigation, our present taxonomy owed its origin to historical accident and has persisted because of failure to devise an adequate substitute for the admittedly inexact terminology and classifications. The clinical observations that led Kraepelin to group mental diseases as he did are still valid. There exist, however, a great nu'iber of alternate methods of grouping that have arisen as the result of improved techniques in neighborii1g fields. Endocrinologists, biochemists, psychologists, sociologists, and workers in other disciplines have proffered such classifications. The psychiatrist has rightfully resisted new groupings which may suit some other discipline, but which would fit our clinical material even less satisfactorily than the present Kraepelinian terminology. The acceptance of Kraepelin's classification resulted not so much from the pertinence of his categories, as from Bleuler's rationalization for Kraepelin's groupings in his classic monograph. In the light of our current knowledge of scientific theories this rationalization is inadequate, since it lacks both exclusiveness and predictability. Further, the associationist theory and the elementarism of miiind on which Bleuler's theory was based are no longer acceptable. The failure of allied disciplines in making major contributions to the field of mental disease has been most discouraging. This failure may be due to malapropos or phenotypical groupings of patients with mental disease, rather than to biochemistry, neuropathology, endocrinology, etc. A system of classification is needed which will mutually satisfy the psychiatrist and scientists in related disciplines. D. L. Gerard and I have proposed a new approach to this problem (Taxonomny of Mental Disease. J. Gen. Psyjchol. [in press]). We have offered, not a new taxonomy, but a proposal as to how such a taxonomy should be evolved. The method involves two essential considerations: (1) That the "psychiatry" of an individual is an end product of processes which themselves are not essentially psychiatric, and an adequate taxonomy should, therefore, be capable of subsuming and incorporating data provided by all related disciplines in terms of which these individuals could be classified. The "abnormal" is thus continuous with all other areas of human behavior and is used to designate certain patterns of attributes. Search for these attributes and determnination of their relatedness are functions of research in psychiatry. (2) By the technique of cluster analysis, in which items for the clusters are drawn not only from psychopathological symptoms but from any or all of these related disciplines, it would be possible to differentiate individuals into disscriminable types, and to establish the relatedness of an individual to any specific pattern of "abnormality." Observation of many individuals through time, in physical and social space, should lead, by way of conceptual perceptions, to a restructuring of the field into meaningful configurations of operationally deinonstrable attribute clusters which would appear as "figures" on the ground of the assertable total attributes of the population. Previous attempts at establishing psychiatric taxonomy have not included the total field of assertable and pertinent attributes, and have imposed a priori "idealized" categories, instead of allowing experimentally determined attribute clusters and relationships to suggest adequate categories and principles of organization. Preliminary experimental work carried out cooperatively by Worcester State Hospital, the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Worcester AMemorial Hospital, and Clark University, and supported in part by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, has utilized attributes drawn from biochemistry, neurology, morphology, psychopathology, and physiology. We plan to extend the approach to include sociology, psychology, and histology. Success in this field might well suggest similar application to other biological problems. NATHAN S. KLINE


In this paper, we introduce two variational PDEs (Partial Differential Equations) as the regularization terms to the image restoration model based on the modified Hopfield neural network. The performance of these regularization terms is analyzed from the viewpoint of nonlinear diffusion. It can be shown that the two proposed restoration models have superior edge preserving performance than the traditional restoration model.


A 67-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of progressive fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss and poor performance status. Her initial investigations showed anemia and pancytopenia: hemoglobin11.2 g/dL; WBC 2.3 K/uL, and platelets 63 K/uL. Physical examination was unremarkable without any lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Bone marrow (BM) evaluation revealed a hypercellular (80–90%) BM with slightly increased hyperchromatic megakaryocytes (Fig. 1A; hematoxylin and eosin (H&E): 5009 magnification), polytypic plasma cells (Fig. 1B; 5009 magnification) with focal interstitial lymphoid aggregates, granulocytic and erythroid hyperplasia and markedly increased paratrabecular fibrosis which was positive for reticulin (4+) (Fig. 1C; 5009 magnification) and patchy positive


Males of the hermit crab, Pagurusfilholi, often grasp the edges of shells occupied by females and drag them during the mating season. This behavior was experimentally confirmed to be a precopulatory guarding behavior displayed by males for ripe females, and males were found to recognize females which were within about 5 days of spawning. Most theoretical models for mating preference assume the choosing sex (the male in the present case) has complete reproductive information about potential mates, and predict that males will preferably choose more fecund females and/or females that will require less guarding time (i.e. that will spawn sooner) as partners. Several male-choice experiments between two ripe females, both previously guarded by other males, were carried out to examine the above predictions. Males did not prefer females of larger size, higher fecundity or with less time remaining until spawning. These results suggest that males may not have complete information about potential partners, rather that male hermit crabs may adopt a mating strategy of pairing with the first ripe female they encounter. Even with such incomplete mate assessment, males may enhance their reproductive success by recognizing ripe females that will spawn within a given time (about 5 days in the present case).


The debates on Nelly Dean of Wuthering Heights have been focused on her bias and reliability as a narrator. While the early critics had seen her in a favorable light, later scholars were negative towards her. Charges against her were diverse, ranging from inexplicable behaviour to willful misunderstanding, double-dealing, or even villainy. These accusations mainly result from some inexplicable and seemingly unjustifiable behaviors of Nelly. This paper aims to explain and defend those behaviors by considering her social relations and class. For this it will first explain the existence of different colliding social forces in Nelly. She possesses several positive social traits characterized by class consciousness, professional work ethic, and cultured and reasonable thinking. By contrast, there are some negative social characteristics in her such as pursuit of self-interest and feeling of uneasiness about her social status and job stability. As a result, Nelly is seen as a character, despite some positive traits, mostly swayed by negative forces. Frequently, she succumbs to a desire to avoid trouble or serious problems. However, this sin is forgivable in that it faithfully reflects the general traits of her class. All in all, compared with the protagonists of Wuthering Heights whose motives are relatively simple, she is a character developed in greater detail and with greater skill, the more realistically portrayed.


Classification of tumor from cancer causing to non-cancer causing, it plays a main role in diagnosing the disease effectively without any flaws. In this proposed paper, a novel methodology is presented in order to classify a given Magnetic resonant brain image as normal or abnormal using OTSU binarization segmentation with help of tetrolate transform. By replacing wavelet transform with tetrolate transform the classification is made efficient in case of images with geometric shapes. A good number of features are extracted by using OTSU binarization from edge-based segmentation, the more number of features makes the classification for effective and accurate. The image is finely segmented pixel by pixel for good accuracy and about 12 features like We calculate four different type of accuracy like RBF (Radial Basis Function), linear, polygonal and quadratic based on image features. We performed our proposed methods with four different kernels LIN (Linear), HPOL (Homogeneous Polynomial), and IPOL and GRB (Gaussian Radial Basis function) kernel to achieve the highest classification accuracy. The work is added with advancement by using Graphical user interface (GUI), which makes the user comfortable in accessing the method where most of the users are from clinical background and are not aware of any software and their usage.


We consider the incompressible fluid motion described by the
Navier-Stokes equations in a cylindrical domain $\Omega\subset\R^3$ under
the slip boundary conditions. First we prove long time existence of regular
solutions such that $v\in W_2^{2,1}(\Omega\times(0,T))$,
$\nabla p\in L_2(\Omega\times(0,T))$, where $v$ is the velocity of the fluid
and $p$ the pressure. To show this we need smallness of
$\|v_{,x_3}(0)\|_{L_2(\Omega)}$ and $\|f_{,x_3}\|_{L_2(\Omega\times(0,T))}$,
where $f$ is the external force and $x_3$ is the axis along the cylinder.
The above smallness restrictions mean that the considered solution remains
close to the two-dimensional solution, which, as is well known, is regular.

Having $T$ sufficiently large and imposing some decay estimates on
$\|f(t)\|_{L_2(\Omega)}$ we continue the local solution step by step up to
the global one.


This paper reports on pilot studies of adolescents who have been studying Italian as a second language (L2), for at least one year, post-elementary (primary school). The study was conducted in Canada and Australia. The study focuses on the use of the Italian language abroad as a social dialect spoken by high school students, in certain social contexts in Canada and Australia were asked to complete a voluntary written survey. The data collected, once analysed, revealed a framework of patterns of adolescent communication, consisting of connotative and clique-coded language discourses. This framework was utilised to undertake a cross-cultural comparison on Italian adolescent discourse. The paper points out that it is essential for a teacher of Italian, as a second language (L2), to incorporate adolescent learning interest in considering the design of a specific learning syllabus.


Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of radial artery occlusion (RAO) in patients undergoing percutaneous cardiac catheterization. Study Design: Prospective study Place and Duration: The study was conducted at cardiology department of Cat A Hospital Batkhela and Fauji Foundation Hospital Peshawar for six months duration from January 2021 to June 2021. Methods: Total one hundred and forty patients of both genders were included in this study. Patients' detailed demographics including age, sex and body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients who underwent percutaneous cardiac catheterization were presented in this study. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking history were analyzed. Frequency of radial artery occlusion (RAO) was measured by Barbeau test. Chi square test and fisher test was used to measure prevalence of RAO with respect to comorbidities. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 23.0 version. Results: There were 100 (71.4%) male patients and 40 (28.6%) patients were females. Mean age of the patients was 53.7±8.44 years with mean BMI 28.6±9.51 kg/m2. Mean height of the patients 167.5 ± 5.11 cm with mean weight 75.9±11.14 kg. Most common risk factor was hypertension found in 90 (64.3%) cases, followed by smokers 80 (57.14%) and diabetes mellitus 75 (53.6%). Prevalence of radial artery occlusion (RAO) was found among 25 (17.9%) cases, most of them were females. Prevalence of RAO was most common among smokers 20 (80%) followed by diabetes mellitus 17 (68%) and hypertension 14 (56%). Conclusion: We concluded in this study that frequency of radial artery occlusion (RAO) was 17.9% among patients undergoing percutaneous cardiac catheterization. Hypertension, smoking and diabetes were the most common risk factors among all these cases. To achieve long-term patency of the radial artery in patients with high predictors of RAO, meticulous management and close follow-up are essential. Keywords: Cardiac Catheterization, Radial Artery Occlusion (RAO), DM, HTN, Smoking


The shape of the low-mass (faint) end of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF) or ultraviolet luminosity function (UVLF) at z>6 is an open question for understanding which galaxies primarily drove cosmic reionisation. Resolved photometry of Local Group low-mass galaxies allows us to reconstruct their star formation histories, stellar masses, and UV luminosities at early times, and this fossil record provides a powerful `near-far' technique for studying the reionisation-era SMF/UVLF, probing orders of magnitude lower in mass than direct HST/JWST observations. Using 882 low-mass (Mstar<10^9 Msun) galaxies across 11 Milky Way- and Local Group-analogue environments from the FIRE-2 cosmological baryonic zoom-in simulations, we characterise their progenitors at z ~ 6 - 9, the mergers/disruption of those progenitors over time, and how well their present-day fossil record traces the high-redshift SMF. A present-day galaxy with Mstar ~ 10^5 Msun (10^9 Msun) had ~1 (~30) progenitors at z ~ 7, and its main progenitor comprised ~100% (~50%) of the total stellar mass of all its progenitors at z ~ 7. We show that although only ~ 15% of the early population of low-mass galaxies survives to present day, the fossil record of surviving Local Group galaxies accurately traces the low-mass slope of the SMF at z ~ 6 - 9. We find no obvious mass dependence to the mergers and accretion, and show that applying this reconstruction technique to just the low-mass galaxies at z = 0 and not the MW/M31 hosts correctly recovers the slope of the SMF down to Mstar ~ 10^4.5 Msun at z>6. Thus, we validate the `near-far' approach as an unbiased tool for probing low-mass reionisation-era galaxies.


This paper investigates the structure of incremental liability rules. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for an incremental liability rule to be efficient. A liability rule, in the ordinary sense of the term, to be called a standard liability rule, is a rule which specifies the proportions in which the loss, in case of accident, is to be apportioned between the victim and the injurer as a function of their proportions of non-negligence. An incremental liability rule is a rule which specifies (i) which of the two parties, the victim or the injurer, is to be the non-residual liability holder; and (ii) the proportion of the incremental loss, which can be ascribed to the negligence of the non-residual party, to be borne by the non-residual liability holder. The necessary and sufficient conditions for an incremental liability rule to be efficient, derived in the paper, can be stated as follows: Let the party which is the residual liability holder when both parties are non-negligent be designated as r and the other party as nr. An incremental liability rule is efficient for every admissible application iff its structure is such that: (i) If party r is negligent and party nr is non-negligent, then party r must remain the residual liability holder. (ii) If party nr is negligent and party r is non-negligent, then party nr must either become the residual liability holder or liability of nr must be equal to the entire incremental loss which can be ascribed to the negligence of nr.


In a country where individualism is emphasized less than in Western countries, we ask whether the CEO (shacho) of a Japanese corporation positively affects firm performance. To answer this question, we construct a shacho-firm matched panel data set in the period 1990 through 2002 of all listed 1419 Japanese manufacturing firms and their 3520 shachos. Though we find a positive abnormal stock return on the date a shacho change is announced, especially when the shacho change is non-routine, we document that this effect is short-lived. There seems to be no long-run positive change in performance or policies after a shacho change, even when the shacho change is non-routine. Finally, in trying to explain firm performance or policies, we attempt to separate a firm-fixed effect from a shacho-fixed effect, and are unable to disentangle a shacho-fixed effect. We are thus left to conclude that shachos do not positively matter in the Japanese corporation in this decade of a stagnant economy.


Could a tree survive for centuries on an oceanic island under strong human pressure? And what if the island is subject to the recurrent activity of several volcanoes? The Canary Islands archipelago, in the North Atlantic Ocean, meets both conditions. These volcanic islands have been inhabited by humans for the last two millennia (Arco et al. 1997) and currently are a major tourist destination (15 million visitors in 2016). Surviving here for centuries is certainly a real challenge for any tree, since in addition to usual volcanic activity, the human arrival triggered extinctions of endemic species and disappearance of whole ecosystems. But unexpected things sometimes happen. The Teide National Park, in Tenerife island, was declared in 1954 and includes several active volcanoes, the highest of which is named Teide and peaks at 3,718 m above sea level, just 15 km away from the shoreline in the midst of the island. Park managers, concerned with preserving and recovering Teide's native flora and fauna (see Olano et al. 2017), are now directing their efforts to study the population dynamics and longevity of remaining Canary Islands junipers (Juniperus cedrus Webb. & Berthel.). Their aim is to discern whether these large shrubs, or small trees, were once able to form forests that could have covered the currently treeless landscape. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


An empirical new correlation is used to calculate the Gurney velocity as an important parameter for the estimation of explosive energy output without considering the heat contents of explosives and detonation products. The number of nitrogen molecules as well as the ratios of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen to oxygen are the fundamental factors in the new method. The new correlation may be applied to any CaHbNcOd explosive, in which b is nonzero, at any loading density. The calculated Gurney velocity for both pure and explosive formulations shows good agreement with respect to measured values. Moreover, there is no need to use any assumed decomposition reaction.


Graves inscriptions, which are subject of analysis in the present paper, are a basic element of the sepulchral space of the Evangelical Reformed Parish burial ground in Zelów that  brings together the descendants of Czech religious emigrants. It is assumed that the tombstone inscription is a linguistic and iconic message with a defined, conventionalized structure, containing both obligatory and optional verbal elements. This analysis will cover non-obligatory verbal elements represented by final formulas in the form of quotations from the Bible, mainly from the Old Testament (passim the Book of Psalms), less frequently from the New Testament (passim the Gospels). Biblical passages testify to the relationship of the deceased and the tombstone's founder to God; moreover, they express the desire to commune with God and hope for the reward that is the eternal life.


In building the first major U.S. public work -- the Erie Canal -- the engineering challenge was to cross hundreds of miles of farmland and forests with technologies relatively new to the United States. In Robert Moses' time -- 100 years later -- the challenge was to get public works built in big cities -- and problems with people proved to be among the toughest. Moses got things built, and so successfully that he might be called Mr. Public Works for the $27 billion in public works he created -- parkways, parks, bridges, tunnels and a hydropower complex. Reportedly even the Interstate Highway System owes much to Mr. Moses. He succeeded because he learned how to play the game of politics and power: eventually that got him into trouble, says Robert Caro in The Power Broker, his noted biography of Moses, which is here excerpted. The unvarnished portrait has been called nasty, venomous and vindictive by the nearly 89-year-old Moses, who is an Honorary Member of ASCE. He suggests that readers look at the record instead.


Describes the important contributions of quality gurus like Deming, Juran, Crosby, Feigenbaum, Ishikawa and Garvin which led to the evolutionary development of Strategic Quality Management (SQM). In addition, the core concepts of SQM, namely, customer focus, leadership, strategic quality planning, design quality, speed and prevention, people participation and partnership, fact‐based management and continuous improvement are identified and are compared with Malcolm Baldrige and European Quality Award criteria and ISO 9001 certification requirements. Also a framework for implementing strategies based on these seven core concepts is recommended. Develops a comparative analysis of Malcolm Baldridge and European Quality Awards, and ISO 9001 requirements.


Samples of rice bakanae disease w ere collected from Jiangyan,Jingjiang,Changzhou in Jiangsu Province. Seventy seven isolates of Fusarium fujikuroi w ere identified,and their sensitivity to prochloraz and JS399-19 w ere investigated using mycelium grow th inhibition method. The results exhibited that the EC50 values of prochloraz to F. fujikuroi isolates w ere from 0. 020 to 1. 333 μg / m L.Among the 77 F. fujikuroi isolates,18 isolates exhibited medium level resistance to prochloraz,w ith a frequency of 23. 38%; w hile 59 isolates show ed high level resistance,w ith a frequency of 76. 62%.The resistant population of F. fujikuroi to prochloraz w as dominant in Jiangsu Province. The EC50 values of JS399-19 to F. fujikuroi isolates w ere from 0. 0124 to 2. 040 μg / m L,and the sensitivity frequency of F. fujikuro isolates to JS399-19 exhibited a Gaussian distribution,w ith mean EC50value( 0. 684 ± 0. 265) μg /m L,which could be considered as sensitivity baseline of F. fujikuro to JS399-19 in Jiangsu Province.


This paper proposes an approach for the indexing configuration of aggregation hierarchy.Retrieval cost,storage cost and update cost for all kinds of candidate paths through cost model are estimated,and optimal index configuration based on real database usage is choosen.The accuracy of the method is tested through experiments,and the performance of the method is compared with other indexing scheme.The results showes that the method can provide optimal indexing for OODB.


To our best knowledge, this study conducts the first analysis of the money market fund investors' response to the major Spanish fund company mergers from 1994 to 2004. By using an event date methodology considering three significant moments in the merger process: (1) Public announcement (2) Merger (3) Change of denomination of the funds, we obtain that investors' response to mergers is statistically significant when considering small fund companies. On the other hand, we do not detect a significant investors' response to large fund family mergers.


As the current study on credit evaluation for e-commerce did not take into account the system incomplete problem caused by the complexity of the transaction participants and asymmetric information problem, the complexity analysis on credit evaluation for e-commerce is necessary. Based on diamond model and the complex systems theory, the complexity analysis model on credit evaluation for e-commerce was constructed. Next, the method using UML for visual modeling of the complexity was proposed, and the specific implementation of the process was described. It will contribute to the standardization of credit evaluation process for e-commerce.


In order to meet the demand of large flow rate steam supply,the rocket steam generator,using of liquid oxygen and alcohol,was developed and tested on the ground bench.The test results show that,the pressure build up time in combustion chamber is about two seconds,and typical steam parameters,such as pressure,flow rate,temperature and water vapor volume concentration,were 0.86MPa,40kg/s,254℃,80%,respectively.When total tested time exceeds thousand seconds,oxidation film formed on the injector panel can effectively prevent the spread of hot gas to the internal,and enhance the life duration of injector.As large flow steam source,the rocket steam generator may be applicable for altitude simulation facility.


Dengue virus(DENV) is the pathogen of Dengue fever(DF),which is a major public health prob-lem in tropical and sub-tropical regions and the most important arboviral disease of humans.In 2012,DF ranks as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world.Fast and accurate diagnosis for DENV infection can effectively control the outbreak of DF and reduce death cases.Methods used for diagnosis of dengue infections include virus isolation,serology and molecular techniques.Each of three methods has its advantages and disadvantages,the suitable choice of methods in clinical practice should based on the clini-cal condition of patients.


While there has been a longstanding interest in stability of non-isothermal reactors there has only recently developed a comparable interest in the dynamics of onen isothermal reactors with complex chemical reaction networks. In the recent literature there has been paid particular attention to the study of biological reaction systems which might exhibit sustained oscillations (biological clocks) or bistability (biological switches). Results are presented which bear upon the relationship between the algebraic structure of the underlvine reaction network and the extent to which reactors might give - v rise to such "exotic" dynamics. dynamics. These results have their origins in three recent papers (3-51 in which may be found defini- tions and proofs set in a more formal and general context. Our purpose here is not to break new ground, but rather to bring together in one article some of those results and to present them in an informal manner, divorced from proof and the concomitant mathematical apparatus. We make no attempt to present results in their most general form nor to maintain consistency with the language employed in the three aforementioned articles. Sections 2-4 are preparatory to Section 5, in which our main findings are stated.


Objective: To evaluate effects of coronary artery angioplasty on QT dispersion (QTd) in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods:129 consecutive patients with coronary heart disease performed PTCA and/or CASI (coronary artery stent implantation) were divided into three groups: single vessel lesion group (35 patients), double vessel lesion group (50 patients) and three vessel lesion group (44 patients).There was a normal group by coronory angiography (86 cases). QTd and QTcd were measured in one week before operation and 48 hours after operation.Results:QTd and QTcd after operation were shorter than before operation in vessel lesion group(P0.01). The difference in QTd and QTcd is significant between vessel lesion groups and normal group before operation(P 0.01). The change of QTd and QTcd was increased with the lesion vessels increasing (P0.05) and it was of high diagnostic specificity to measure the QTcd. Conclusions:Myocardial ischemia lead to longer QTd and QTcd, the change was greater when the lesion vessels increased but QTd and QTcd are shortened after PTCA. QTcd is of high specificity .


Background: OSA affects up to quarter of general population. It is associated with morbid obesity with a higher morbidity and mortality rates. STOP Bang questionnaire is a validated method for OSA screening. OSA patients are at high risk of developing airway obstruction, cardiac events, congestive heart failure, stroke and desaturation post operatively. The aim of this study is to evaluate adverse respiratory events in patients undergoing bariatric surgery in relation to risk of OSA using Stop Bang questionnaire. Methods: This prospective double cohort study was conducted in Tanta University Hospital from Marchto August 2017. During the preoperative assessment, STOP-BANG questionnaire was performed. After extubation, patients were transferred to PACU unit. Respiratory complications were assessed thereafter. Based on STOP-BANG score, patients were divided into two groups, high risk of OSA with STOP-BANG > 3 (Group I) and low risk of OSA with STOP-BANG 0.001). Higher number of respiratory complications was noted in high-risk group (31 patients, 59%) compared to (24 patients, 46%) in group II yet, it was not significant. Conclusion: Obese patients with STOP-BANG score > 3 undergoing bariatric surgery are associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, CAD, and renal insufficiency. High-risk OSA obese patients are at higher risk of developing respiratory compilations like inability to breathe deeply and hypoxia in postoperatively.


Patients with chronic diseases need continuous healthcare management along with a treatment-based healthcare service and an extended decision-making support model that provides self-management guidelines and a checkup schedule based on the patients' behavior. Thus, in order to facilitate improvement in patients' health, the present study proposes a Healthcare Decision Support System (HDSS)-based PEI model in which personalized, rule-evolution, and intelligent concepts are mounted. The proposed PEI model provides personalized monitoring and guidelines through the Dynamic Healthgraphics service using Infographics, which is a data visualization technique to view the examination results and health status of patients at a glance.


Kant divided the reliability of human perception into two innate idea forms,time and space,which have been the main topics of transcendental sensibility.Their status and function vary.In Kantian theory that human cognition is under the principle of subjectivity,the two conceptions of outer-stimulation and spatial form are of vital importance.


Generalized Response Surface Methodology (GRSM) is a novel general-purpose metaheuristic based on Box and Wilson's Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Both GRSM and RSM estimate local gradients to search for the optimal solution. These gradients use local …rst-order polynomials. GRSM, however, uses these gradients to estimate a better search direction than the steepest ascent direction used by RSM. Moreover, GRSM allows multiple responses, selecting one response as goal and the other responses as constrained variables. Finally, these estimated gradients may be used to test whether the estimated solution is indeed optimal. The focus of this paper is optimization of simulated systems.


Professional paper Recent progress in robotics makes robots suitable for many different applications. Beside manipulative and installation applications, which are the most common for robot manipulator, milling can be performed as well. In the near future, robot manipulators, integrated with spindle, proper cutting tool and milling parameters could replace conventional CNC middle toleranced machining, especially for soft material end products. In general, tool life behaviour in milling with robots is not available or studied. Therefore, this work presents the analysis of HSS tool wear in milling MDF (medium density fibreboard) with an anthropomorphic robot. The focus is on the correlation of the tool wear and the workpiece position in the robot operation area. To analyse this, tests were performed in four different positions according to the distance between robot base and test milling position. Results show that increasing distance significantly affects tool wear, on account of vibrations, what shows completely different behaviour than stiff conventional CNC machine tools.


Preferential tariff rates are often not utilized by qualified beneficiaries. Two reasons are complex rules of origin and erosion of preference margins as a result of multilateral trade liberalization. Our paper contributes to this research by providing evidence from high-quality disaggregated customs data of the utilization rate for Australia's preferential trading arrangements in the period 2000-9. A pattern of low ratios of imports receiving preferential tariff treatment to the total value of bilateral imports applies to all six of Australia's PTAs. Over half of Australian imports from New Zealand, the Pacific Island Forum economies, Thailand and Chile claimed preferential treatment in 2000, but all had lower utilization rates by 2009. This is primarily because of the increasing number of zero MFN tariff lines. Where MFN tariffs are positive, preferential tariffs are utilized and preferred trading partners pay lower customs duties. Positive utilization rates indicate that tariff preferences do have an impact, and at a minimum the exporters claiming the preferential tariff rate are better off than they would be in its absence, but by themselves utilization rates shed no light on the size of the impact on trade flows or on economic wellbeing.


The increasing frequency of extreme droughts and flash floods in recent years due to climate change has increased the interest in sustainable water use and efficient water resource management. Because the water resource sector is closely related to human activities and affected by interactions between the humanities and social sciences, there is a need for interdisciplinary research that can consider various elements, such as society and the economy. This study elucidates relationships within the social and hydrological systems and quantitatively analyzes the effects of a multi-purpose dam on the target society using a system dynamics model. A causal loop was used to identify causal relationships between the social and hydrological components of the target area, and a simulation model was constructed using the system dynamics technique. Additionally, climate change and socio-economic scenarios were applied to analyze the future effects of the multi-purpose dam on population change, the regional economy, water use, and flood damage prevention in the target area. The model proved reliable in predicting socio-economic changes in the target area and can be used to make decisions about efficient water resource management and water-resource-related facility planning.


English language has an important role since English language become an International language. In order to make the students can speak English well, it would require the role of a good educational institution. Al Islam boarding school located in Sukomoro Nganjuk is one of the educational institutions that successfully consider in carrying out the role. It is evidence that the students of Al Islam boarding school are proficient and fluent in English. Of course Al- Islam certainly has its own learning design to reach the goal. This research aims to investigate the types of speaking activities focusing on fluency used by an English teacher in Al- Islam Junior High School Sukomoro Nganjuk and the difficulties faced by students in speaking fluently. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The data of this research had been obtained from the results of interviews, observations, and questionnaires. The results of this study were processed using the theory of Penny Ur and Friederike. The results of the study explained that there were 12 activities used by the teacher during the research. Those are: interview, role play, questioning activity, guessing game, daily conversation, vocabulary enrichment, speech, English week, discussion, telling story, reading poem and also debate activity. Meanwhile, there are some difficulties experienced by students in speaking fluency, those are: (1) Inhibition. (2) Nothing to say. (3) Low or uneven participation. (4) Mother tongue used.


This is a preliminary study about the morphological features of blue spotted maskray, Neotrygon kuhlii from Sabah waters. This study is aimed at determining the intraspecific morphological variations of N. kuhlii relative to its gender and variant life stages. A total of 40 specimens which have disc width range between 174.0 mm to 375.0 mm were examined. Nine specimens were collected from fish trawlers in Pitas (Kudat Zone); ten were collected from fishermen through the Sabah Fish Marketing (SAFMA) wharf in Kota Kinabalu (West Coast Zone); and 21 were collected from Sandakan (East Coast Zone) through trawling. Specimens were collected from July
2009 to January 2010. Out of the 40 specimens, 16 were spot types (40.0%); 17 were ring types (42.5%) and seven combination patterns (17.5%). Spot type N. kuhlii consists mostly of specimens with disc width of more than 300.0 mm (75.0%) whereas majority of the ring type N. kuhlii had disc width ranging from 200.0 mm to 300.0 mm (76.5%). There was no fuzzy spot type found in this study. Rays with combination pattern were evenly distributed in all ranges of disc width. In this study, combination pattern indicates transition stage of rays between different life stages.
Rays with different spotting pattern did not show significant morphological variation. Female and male rays shared a similar spotting pattern. This study showed that the variation of colour patterns occurs depending on life stage instead of gender and species variation. This is the first study to describe the change of colour patterns
relative to their life stage.


In this work, heat transfer surface modification is made by layers of carbon nanofiber (CNF) on 50μm nickel wire using a chemical vapor deposition process (CVD). Three different CNF layer morphologies are made, at 500 ̊C, 600 ̊C and 700 ̊C, to investigate their influence on heat transfer performance characteristics. Moreover, the influence of the CNFs layer thickness on each batch of morphology is studied. Experimental results shows that samples made at 500 ̊C creates an insulating layer of CNFs, which is attributed to the dense structure of the layer of fibers, resulting in 25% lower heat transfer compared to the heat transfer performance of the bare wire. However, samples made at 600 ̊C, exhibit relatively open layer of CNFs and lower thermal conductivity compared to samples made 500 ̊C, resulting in an enhancement of 24%. This is because the relative open structure leads to relatively better flow permeability which increases the heat transfer surface area. Samples made at 700 ̊C are partly covered with dense CNFs layer and partly with amorphous layer of carbon. Heat transfer enhancement of 34% is achieved which is attributed to the rough surface created by the carbon nano structures.


Abstract Fatigue crack growth rates (FCGRs) of X70 pipeline steel base metal (BM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were studied in the hydrogen sulphide environment. X-ray diffraction method was used to measure the residual stress of BM and HAZ. Modified wedge open loaded specimen was selected for the test in the simulated actual working conditions. In the saturated H2S environment, the crack growth experiments were carried out under low frequency (f = 0·01 Hz) and three stress ratios (R = 0·7, 0·8 and 0·9). Results showed that there was obvious residual tensile stress in HAZ. The presence of H2S greatly accelerated the FCGR. With rising stress ratio, crack closure effect weakened, and then the increasing degree of hydrogen embrittlement of the crack tip leads to FCGR acceleration. Microstructure defects, inclusions and high residual tensile stress of HAZ made the FCGR of this area higher than the FCGR of BM. Scanning electron microscopy scans of the fracture suggested that the fracture mode of the corrosion fatigue of the X70 material belonged to brittle fracture. Cleavage fracture was the dominant form. The differences between corrosion fatigue fracture morphologies of BM and HAZ were not very large, and the relief of the fracture of HAZ was larger and the cracks longer.


Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University * Department of Rehabilitation Japanese Red Cross Kanazawa Hospital ** Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University † Coresponding author Introduction Since diabetic foot ulcers cause gait disturbances, decrease the quality of life, and lead to high mortality in diabetic patients, the prevention of diabetic ulcers is very important . To date, in addition to poor peripheral circulation dynamics and decreased defense sensation, Abstract Foot ulcers cause gait disturbances, decreased quality of life, and high rates of mortality in diabetic patients. High plantar pressure and failure of peripheral circulation dynamics have been mentioned as risk factors for diabetic foot ulcers. It has been reported that plantar pressure is affected by the limited joint mobility (LJM) of foot joints. Therefore, preventing LJM of foot joints is important for prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Failure of peripheral circulation dynamics can be evaluated by measuring brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). The LJM of foot joints and arteriosclerosis are involved in the etiology of diabetic foot ulcers, but there have been no studies regarding the relationship between these two factors. We investigated the relationship between the range of motion (ROM) of foot joints and baPWV in diabetic patients. The study population consisted of 48 diabetic patients admitted to hospital for glycemic control and diabetes education. The LJM parameters measured were passive ROM of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint, flexion and extension of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, and pronation and supination of the subtalar joint. baPWV was measured using an automated device. Pearson's and partial correlation coefficients of patients' baPWV and ROM values were calculated. The control conditions were age, gender, diabetes condition (diabetes duration, HbA1c levels, and diabetic polyneuropathy), and arteriosclerosis status (systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The mean age of the subjects was 57.4±11.8 years. ROM values for ankle, first metatarsophalangeal, and subtalar joints were 56.9°±8.8°, 89.7°±11.8°, and 27.0°±7.1°, respectively. Partial correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between baPWV and ankle ROM (r=−0.35, p=0.03) after controlling for age, sex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, diabetes duration, HbA1c level, and diabetic polyneuropathy. No significant associations of these outcomes were found in other joints. In diabetic patients, baPWV and ankle ROM were significantly negatively correlated when controlling for factors such as age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, diabetes duration, HbA1c level, and diabetic polyneuropathy. However, additional studies are needed to draw clinical conclusions.


The rubber body is a key component of elastic coupling,and the operating performance of coupling is directly determined by its structure,materials.The constitutive model parameter of rubber for calculation is determined by uniaxial tensile experiment of rubber material,the static stiffness characteristic of the rubber are simulated and analyzed by using ABAQUS.The theory result is very close to the experiment.The research results have certain guiding significance for structure optimization design in engineering.


The ecological footprint is a quantitative method which can measure the sustainable development of ecological. In this way, we can conclude the impact degree of human activities on the environment. In this paper, the study region is Huanggang which is in Hubei province. Based on the introduction of ecological footprint, we calculate and analyze the agro-ecological footprint of Huanggang.The results show that the agro-ecological footprint of Huanggang is: 1.728252hm2/person.The available ecological capacity is 0.314946hm2/person; Per capita ecological deficit is up to1.413306hm2/person.This result shows that the agriculture development of Huanggang is in the state of unsustainable, meanwhile, we proposed some countermeasures to improve the agriculture sustainable capability of Huanggang.


A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of nitrogen and boron, applied singly and in combination, on the growth of young, thinned lodgepole pine in the interior of British Columbia. Resul...


Case 2. Acrodermatitis Enteropathica. This rare inheritable malady, which is transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene, is usually fatal if not treated. The photograph displays the characteristic features of the disorder. Note the total alopecia, paronychia involving all twenty digits, crusted and scaling lesions at all the natural orifices, and psoriasiform lesions over the projecting surfaces of the skin (i.e. knees, occiput, etc) from which the disorder gets its name. The enteropathy is characterized by the passage of pale bulky foaming stinking stools with malabsorption of fat. Treatment: 'Diodoquin' in adequate dose is specific. The disorder may be due to absence or deficiency of an intestinal enzyme, ? oligopeptidase.


Abstract. Often overlooked in studies of ice growth is how the crystal faces grow laterally. This paper explores the implications of such lateral-type growth and how it may explain air pockets and other secondary features of vapor-grown ice in air. For example, using a new crystal-growth chamber, we observed air pockets forming at crystal corners when a sublimated crystal is regrown. This and other observations support the idea that the lateral spreading of a face, and its (in some cases) extension as a thin overhang over the adjoining region, is driven by a flux of surface-mobile admolecules across the face to the lateral-growth front. Inspired by recent work on this topic by Prof. A. Yamashita of Osaka Kyoiku University, we call this flux adjoining surface transport (AST) and the extension overgrowth protruding growth, then apply the concepts to observed ice and snow crystals, including some from a cloud chamber and others from our experiments. We also suggest that such lateral-type growth may explain other air pockets, droxtal centers in dendrites, hollow terracing and banding, multiple-capped columns, scrolls, trigonals, and sheath clusters. For dendrites and sheaths, AST may increase their maximum dimensions and round their tips.


Spatially periodic disturbances, such as eccentric disturbances in steel rolling, are prevalent in rotary machines. However, traditional repetitive control (RC) fails to achieve satis-factory results when faced with them, as their periods are affected by the rotation speed of the machine. Moreover, the transport delay in steel rolling poses another challenge for control. In this paper, we propose higher-order spatial repetitive control (HSRC) to deal with these problems. The key idea of HSRC is to construct a higher-order spatial internal model, which can synthesize information from all past cycles in the spatial domain, rather than only focusing on the previous cycle in the time domain like the internal model of typical RC. Further, the inherent time-varying delay in steel rolling is converted into a time-invariant spatial delay, which can be readily compensated within the HSRC framework. In addition, the index storage technique is utilized to realize HSRC to mitigate the storage burden. The effectiveness and superiority of HSRC over conventional methods are verified through experiments conducted on a single-stand rolling mill.


1 288 bacteria were isolated from the healthy cotton rhizospheric soils in the five major cotton production regions of Xinjiang in 1998~1999. Among them, 116 bacteria which have strong antibiotic ability to the high pathogen R105 ( R.Solani AG-4) and pathogens F106,F122,F129 ( Fusarium) on the LB medium plates were screened. In glasshouse experiments, ten B.subtilis were the most effective in protecting cotton seedling diseases against R105( R.Solani ) and showed better effect than chemical treatments(MBC,PCNB). Three B.Subtilis have distinct control effect in the field testing.


Each workplace presents a certain stress degree, but working with the patients presumes an intense professional stress, with influence over the physical and psychical health of employees. Most studies concerning the occupational stress in the case of the medical personnel were done in occidental countries, with the interest being lower in countries undergoing development.In my opinion, the stress affects the health, safety of individuals and implicitly the management of the organisation, businesses and national economies. The workplace stress, also called occupational or professional stress, may affect anyone and at any level, but especially it can affect the well-functioning of the organisation management. The professional stress is one of the issues which all today's companies are confronted with. It is generated by the professional life, the working environment, with the consequences being over the professional and personal activities and also over the health of people who provide the respective work.In the hospital, the working environment is stressful and presumes a certain rhythm, professionalism, a certain work attitude, adoption of some solutions, methods of fulfilling the confronted tasks, identification of some issue outsourcing strategies, the maintenance of a health status and prolonged physical effort resistance, and of course the healthcare organisations need to have a very well defined management.The hereby study proposes to assess the stress level and the underlining of certain significant aspects regarding the medical staff's activity, their psychology and work satisfaction. And also the adoption of some modern methods regarding the management in Romanian healthcare organisations.


A 15 years old male was assaulted by a few people near his home. He suffered with a few abrasions, a contusion and minor fracture of skull bone. He survived for approximately 22 hrs while on conservative treatment. On post mortem examination, frothy blood was seen coming out from the right ventricle, along with plenty of air bubbles in jugular veins and in heart as well eliciting the diagnosis of air embolism. The case is being presented here for drawing attention towards the fact that simple head injury, augmented by lapses in treatment due to lack of suspicion, can lead to fatal degrees of air embolism.


A far-ultraviolet spectrometer and several far-ultraviolet photometers have been carried to an altitude of 347 km to measure the spectrum of three regions at high galactic latitudes. After correction for O I airglow and for stars in the field of view, a nearly uniform residual intensity of 285 plus or minus 32 photons per (sq cm s sr A) is found over the spectral range 1230-1680 A, along with some evidence for a sharp rise in intensity longward of 1680 A. It is argued that the signal is not likely to be due to light scattering from interstellar dust. The flat spectrum could represent the integrated light of distance galaxies. The sharp rise must be due to some other phenomenon.


Governments are increasingly utilizing the Internet to perform their functions. The Indian welfare state has been historically plagued with problems of corruption and red tape. With the advent of the Internet and the growing penetration of the Internet in India, the government has commenced shifting its functions to the Internet. India aims to regulate all digital activity through the Information Technology Act 2000. The Act contains detailed provisions regarding electronic governance. This article examines these provisions. Part-1 introduces the rationale and well as the technical and legal background of electronic governance. Part-2 contains an examination of the provisions which act as a backbone for electronic governance. Part-3 contains an examination of the various provisions contained in the act which facilitate electronic governance. Part-4 examines the provisions relating to voluntary implementation of electronic governance, and finally Part-5 concludes the legal framework for electronic governance in India. I. AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE It has been stated that, "open government is a contradiction in terms. You can be open – or you can have a government". However, with the advent of new technologies, regulatory agencies are increasingly harnessing the power of digital technologies to meet the informational demands of rulemaking and to expand public involvement in policymaking. Governments are increasingly adopting technological means, shifting from walls to webs. India aims to regulate all digital activity through the Information Technology Act, 2000. The heading of Chapter III of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (hereinafter "ITA") reads as "electronic governance". Electronic governance may be defined as the use of informational and computer technology to facilitate interaction between, on the one hand, a public authority and, on the other hand, individual citizens, businesses, or non-governmental organizations. However, it is pertinent to note that e-government differs from e-governance. E-government constitutes the way the public sector institutions use technology to conduct administration and to enhance the delivery of existing services. E-governance, however, is not simply about technological or physical application for public affairs but about the ways political and social powers are organized and used. E-governance deals with how the citizens interact with the government or influence the legislative or public sector processes. * LLB (Hons), Amity Law School. Apar Gupta publishes Apar's Law & Technology Blog, available at www. apargupta.com 1 JONATHAN LYNN & ANTHONY JAY, THE COMPLETE YES MINISTER 21 (1988). 2 See, e.g., Robert M. Kossick, Mexico's Emerging E-Government Program: The Role Of The Internet In Promoting Economic Development, Democratic Governance, & The Rule Of Law, 8 L. & BUS. REV. AM 141 (2002). 3 THOMAS FRIEDMAN, THE LEXUS & THE OLIVE TREE: UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION 39-58 (1999). 4 Information Technology Act, 2000 (India) available at http://www.mit.gov.in/itbillonline/it_framef.asp (last visited Apr. 23, 2006) [hereinafter Information ITA]. 5 John C. Reitz, E-Government, 54 AM. J. COMP. L. 733 (2006). 6 PAN SUK KIM, DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRATIC E-GOVERNANCE IN CYBERSPACE & SHAPING EGOVERNANCE FOR QUALITY OF LIFE 15 (2004).


Background: Telestroke is increasingly used by hospitals, but there has been limited research on its impact on treatment and outcomes. Methods: Using a 100% sample of traditional Medicare beneficia...


Aggregate carriers are concerned that it is difficult to load trucks close to their allowable gross weight while not exceeding the allowable axle weights. A limited experiment was designed to assess whether a fifth wheel on-board scale could assist the driver of an aggregate truck to determine whether the truck's axle weights conformed to provincial axle weight lae. The experiment would provide on-board scale system costs, installation and calibration time and accuracy. The time allowed for the experiment was insufficient to establish long-term reliability of maintenance costs of the scales and no aggregate producer or carrier was prepared to consider redistribution of load in the case where the truck was found to be out of compliance with provincial axle weight law.


In the year 1928, the pre-eminent British physicist -- Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, derived his very successful equation now popularly known as the Dirac equation. This unprecedented equation is one of the most beautiful, subtle, noble and esoteric equations in physics. One of its greatest embellishments is embedded in that this equation exhibits a perfect symmetry -- which amongst others -- requires, that the Universe contain as much matter as antimatter, or that, for every known fundamental particle, there exists a corresponding antiparticle. We show here that the Dirac theory in its bare form -- without the need of the Pauli Exclusion Principle; can -- via, its internal logic -- beautifully explain the stability of the Dirac Void -- i.e., the empty Dirac Sea. There is no need for one to `uglify' Dirac's otherwise beautiful, self-contained and consistent theory by indiscriminately stuffing the Dirac vacuum with an infinite amount of invisible negative energy in-order to prevent the positive energy Electron from falling into the negative energy state.


The experiments leading to the determination of the primary strucutre of Bence-Jones-Protein Vor. are reported. The variable part of this immunoglobulin polypeptide chain can easily be identified as a typical representative of subgroup I of the lambde-chains. The constant part is characterized by the Kern- and OZ+ markers. The sequence data of this protein are in complete agreement with the demands of the germ line theroy of antibody formation. To demonstrate the evolutionary origin of the V-henes, a phylohenetic tree of all completely sequenced Vk-, Vlambde-, and VH-chains is constructed. Teh evolutionary rate of immunoglobulins is calculated and compared to that of other protein families.


1 PROBLEM AND MOTIVATION Web servers are complex applications that handle sensitive information. Their security is essential because they usually are public, therefore exposed to a wide range of attacks. Even if there are different ways to verify and test if they satisfy the desired security guarantees, something as simple as installing a new plugin could require the entire process of certification to be restarted. Most web servers have a plugin system through which thirdparty software components can be installed to extend the base functionality. Having a plugin system is a common practice, because the installation of a plugin is usually simple and adds complex functionality with little effort, but this is problematic as well because it comes with security risks. The installed plugin can have unintended behavior, steal secrets or install malicious code. One way to verify if a program satisfies a specification is by using a verification-enabled language such as Coq, Dafny or F⋆. In these languages, a programmer can code the web server and give a specification for the desired security guarantees. Then, the language checks if the program satisfies the specification, and if not, it warns the programmer. An example of a specification may be: "the program never opens the file /etc/passwd". The problem with these languages is that they need the entire source code of the application to check if the specification is satisfied, therefore it is not possible to verify the web server without also verifying the plugins. This is inconvenient, since we may not have access to the plugin's source code, or if we have, it implies to try to verify code written by third parties which would take away the simplicity of using them. This implies that after we tried and verified the web server, the specification is lost once the web server is linked with plugins since they may be adversarial. This is bad since the specification usually contains important security properties and correctness guarantees. The same problem also makes it difficult to adopt static verification for large applications. Static verification is hard to do and takes a lot of effort. Even if the critical components would make sense to verify, it is not worth it, because the specification is lost once the critical component interacts with other unverified components. Therefore, we propose to study the interoperability between verified and unverified code and how we are able to prove that the resulting program satisfies a specification. Our goal is to create a mechanism through which a programmer is able to integrate a statically verified component with an unverified piece of code, and still be able to prove safety properties about the whole program. We study this problem in the context of the verification-enabled programming language F⋆ [1] developed at Microsoft Research and Inria. F⋆ is used to verify big projects such as the whole HTTPS stack, including TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3, and also the cryptographic primitives. After verification, F⋆ extracts to OCaml, C or ASM code. Figure 1: The statically verified web server is linked with a third-party plugin and library that are malicious and try to steal secrets, therefore breaking all the proved guaranties.


The purpose of the present study was to develop and estimate the psychometric properties of the Faith in Marital Life Scale as an instrument for evaluation of religious attitudes toward marital relationship. To this end, a sample of 243 students together with their spouses was selected using the cluster random sampling method from among the students of universities in Tehran province. The data collection instruments included the Faith in Marital Relationship Scale developed on the basis of theoretical studies and interviews with successful religious couples, the Sanctification in Marriage Questionnaire, the Manifestation of God in Marital Life Scale (Mahoney, et al, 1999), the Marital Satisfaction Index (Hudson, 1992) and the Islamic Religiosity Scale (Bahrami, Ehsan, 2005). The obtained data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation and independent t-test. At the pilot stage, the content validity and the face validity of the scale were confirmed by experts and by the sample respectively and 19 items were eliminated. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed that the 33 remaining items were significantly loaded with 6 factors: religious practice-belief pattern, (lack of) doubt about faith, reliance on God, manifestation of God, religious valuation, and religious responsibility. The results further indicated that the Faith in Marital Life Scale had significant convergent validity with the scores of the Sanctification in Marriage Questionnaire, the Manifestation of God in Marital Life Scale, the Marital Satisfaction Index and the Islamic Religiosity Scale (p<0.001). The correlation of the subjects' scores in re-administration of the Scale with a one-week interval was significant (r=0.85) signifying good test-retest reliability of the scale (p<0.001). Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.93 for all the extracted questions. Considering these findings, it can be concluded that the Faith in Marital Life Scale is an instrument with appropriate validity and reliability for evaluation of the role of religious attitudes toward marital life among couples.


Local microstructure of metastable overchilled vapour is studied with modified Ornstein-Zernike equation appluing LJ potential for particle interaction. It's found that inner structure of considerable system is more sharp than in thermodynamically equilibrium gas.


In five different studies we examined the effect of soy‐containing diets and equol injections on depression, serotonin levels, weight gain and white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition of female Long‐Evans rats in various stages of life. In these experiments the rats were intact, ovariectomized or experienced natural ovarian failure (NOF). The results of all the experiments will be presented, but experiment 5 is covered here due to space limitations. From conception the female rats were exposed to either: a) a soy‐rich (Phyto‐600) or b) low‐soy diet (Phyto‐low). After approximately 290 days all the rats experienced NOF. At 330 days‐old the animals were examined in the Porsolt forced swim test (PFST). One month later the animals were again tested in the PFST [after the animals fed the Phyto‐low diet were injected with equol (@ 5 mg/kg/day) for one week]. At the first PFST, serotonin levels and mobility were decreased in the Phyto‐low fed animals compared to the Phyto‐600 animals. After the equol injections the differences in the measured parameters by treatment disappeared. Equol increased mobility in aged‐female rats that had undergone NOF and increased serotonin levels comparable to Phyto‐600 fed animals. In all the studies, animals fed a soy‐rich diet decreased body weight and adipose tissue deposition vs. a low‐soy diet. (Grant Support: USDA 2004‐01811)


Background: Since nursing job is perceived as personally and professionally demanding, internal resources such as resilience and coping skills are essential to improve nurses health and wellbeing and therefore work productivity and quality of patient care. Objective: To assess the effect of social support on nurses resilience. Moreover, we investigated the impact of demographic characteristics of nurses on their resilience. Methods: We conducted an on-line cross-sectional study in Greece. Data were collected during October 2022. We used the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support to measure social support, and the Brief Resilience Scale to measure resilience. We measured the following demographic characteristics of nurses: gender, age, self-perceived health status, COVID-19 diagnosis, MSc/PhD diploma, and clinical experience. Results: Study population included 963 nurses with a mean age of 37.9 years. Nurses experienced moderate levels of resilience and high levels of social support. Multivariable linear regression analysis identified that increased significant others support and increased friends support were associated with increased resilience. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between age and resilience. Also, nurses with good/very good health had higher levels of resilience compared to nurses with very poor/poor/moderate health. Finally, resilience was higher among nurses with MSc/PhD diploma. Conclusions: We found a positive relationship between social support and resilience among nurses. Understanding of factors that influence nurses resilience can add invaluable knowledge to develop and establish tailored programs. Peer support is essential to improve nurses resilience and promote patient healthcare.


Marianne Moore (1887–1972) has established a central position in the high modernist community through her published works and critical exchanges with contemporaries. Her oeuvre serves as a sort of ...


This study aimed to know (1) reading English novel habit among ELED students in a private university of Yogyakarta, (2) English sentence structure mastery among ELED students in a private university of Yogyakarta, and (3) the correlation between reading English novel habit and English sentence structure mastery among ELED students in a private university of Yogyakarta. This study used quantitative research approach and correlational design using the questionnaire to measure the first variable. The second variable was measured from the score of the structure and written expression section of English Proficiency Test in International Language Testing Class. The data were collected from 91 ELED students of batch 2015. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics processed in statistical software. This study used Pearson Product Moment correlation to see the correlation between two variables. The analysis of the data showed that students' reading English novel habit was in the moderate level (mean: 43.33) and students' English sentence structure mastery


The invention relates to a bus node for an electric coupling of a bus system (3) to a functional module arrangement (6), having an electronic circuit for converting electrical signals between a bus protocol provided by the bus system (3) and an internal communications protocol provided by the functional module arrangement (6), and having a first coupling means (32, 33) for electrically connecting the electronic circuit to the functional module arrangement (6) and having a second coupling means (36, 37) for electrically connecting the electronic circuit to the bus system (3). According to the invention the first coupling means (32, 33) comprises a first contact means (33) that is designed for directly electrically contacting an earth connection (26) of the functional module arrangement (6).


Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most common cardiovascular complications with a complex pathogenesis where inflammatory markers are involved in disease etiology. The aim of this


Lots of work regarding the scour around bridge piers in straight channelhave been done in the past by many researchers. Many factors which affectscour around piers such as shape of piers, size, positioning and orientationetc. have been studied in detail by them. However, similar studies inmeandering channels are scanty. Very few researchers have studied theeffect of angular displacement which has considerable effects of scouraround bridge piers.In this paper an attempt has been made to carry out a detailed study ofangular displacement on scour. A constant diameter bridge pier of circularshape has been tested in a meandering channel bend with bend angle as 800 .The test bed was prepared by using uniform sand having d50 as 0.27 mmand run was taken for a discharge of 2.5 l/s.


The purpose of this study is to determine the role of media relations in enhancing the image of PT XL Axiata Tbk and the obstacles that public relation face in implementating media relations. The research method used is a qualitative research method in which data collection techniques used are through the primary data which are interviews and observations and secondary data which are library research, internet and corporate's documents. The results obtained in this study are that PT XL Axiata Tbk. use media relations as a tool for companies to improve the image because the corporate feels that the XL's image has to be good and strong because of the very tight competition with other major operators. XL has implemented various media relations activities such as press releases, press conferences, press tours, press luncheon, press briefings, press interviews and held a special event. Besides, PR XL also felt the importance of maintaining personal relationships with journalists in order to optimize the media relations to enhance the image of XL to the fullest. The conclusion of this study is that XL has conducted media relations activities as well because XL has been organized to carrying out all media relations activities . PR XL can overcome the obstacles in the implementation of media relations so in the end there are no significant problems encountered in the implementation of its activities.


The characteristics and advantages of bicomponent coextrusion were reviewed.Physical model of three-dimensional isothermal bicomponent coextrusion was established.Polyflow package was used to numerical analysis and the different velocity fields based on different dies were presented.The die was optimally designed and the results of numerical simulation were discussed.The results of numerical simulation are significant for designing dies of bicomponent coextrusion.


The Anthropocene is characterized by close interdependencies between the natural Earth system and the human society, posing novel challenges to model development. Here we present a conceptual model describing the long-term coevolution of natural and socioeconomic subsystems of Earth. While the climate is represented via a global carbon cycle, we use economic concepts to model socio-metabolic flows of biomass and fossil fuels between nature and society. A wellbeing-dependent parametrization of fertility and mortality governs human population dynamics. Our analysis focuses on assessing possible asymptotic states of the Earth system for a qualitative understanding of its complex dynamics rather than quantitative predictions. Low dimension and simple equations enable a parameter-space analysis allowing us to identify preconditions of several asymptotic states and hence fates of humanity and planet. These include a sustainable co-evolution of nature and society, a global collapse and everlasting oscillations. We consider scenarios corresponding to different socio-cultural stages of human history. The necessity of accounting for the "human factor" in Earth system models is highlighted by the fact that carbon stocks during the past centuries evolved opposing to what would "naturally" be expected on a planet without humans. The intensity of biomass use and the contribution of ecosystem services to human well-being are found to be crucial determinants of the asymptotic state in a biomass-only scenario. The capitalistic, fossil-based scenario reveals that trajectories with fundamentally different asymptotic states might still be almost indistinguishable during a very long transient phase. Given current population levels, our study also supports the claim that besides reducing the global demand for energy, only the extensive use of renewable energies may pave the way into a sustainable future.


This study investigated the effect of several metabolic enhancers on the expression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes and their influence on the production of high‐value PUFA in the marine microalgae Isochrysis sp., CASA CC 101.


The title compound, C17H27N3O2+·2I−·H2O, was synthesized from 1-(2-morpholinoethyl)benzimidazole and ethyl iodide in dimethylformamide. In the molecule, the benzimidazole ring is connected to the morpholine ring by an ethylene group. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter- and intramolecular O—H⋯I, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯I interactions.


The Urartians believed that the life in the world would continue in the after-life, too, and thus built their tombs in the form of a room or a house filled with their belongings. Condolence meal must have been prepared after the burial of the deceased. The finds such as pottery and animal bones obtained from tombs reveal that the abovementioned meal tradition existed. The serving cups, which were put in tombs together with the deceased, and the food and beverage in such cups imply that they were placed in tombs in order for the dead person to utilize them during his/her journey to the other world or for spirits not to disturb the living people. While open mouth splay dishware was used for food, round and trefoil mouth jugs, wineglasses, fruit plates, and pots were used for beverages. Both burial ceremonies and burial types varied. In Van/Altıntepe Necropolis, 35 underground rock-cut tombs, 4 earthen graves, and 7 urna graves were detected. These graves were formed according to the social levels of the common people. 5 commodity groups have been identified by taking liner features all total 2062 pieces of ceramic 166 found in this tomb: 1. Tiles (Red Brilliant Biainili) Lined Goods, 2-Brown Lined Goods, 3-Pink Lined Goods, 4-Cream Lined Goods and 5-Grey Lined Goods.


Radio irregularity is a phenomenon that is present in wireless sensor networks that makes its radio range non-spherical in nature. On the other hand, design of topology control protocol usually considers connectivity and energy consumption as the main factors for implementation. We develop both linear and non-linear models to capture radio irregularity using regression analysis on distance and received signal strength. These models are assessed by implementing a simple middleware to be added to topology control algorithms


Simplified characterizations, like Solow's "trinity" (greed, rationality and equilibrium ), and theorems based on simplistic assumptions that were useful in the past are no longer good enough. They cannot explain the dominant behavior patterns of the economic system, in particular the increasingly harmful "bubbles". The pattern consists of an asset bubble that creates a lot of paper wealth, followed by a collapse and consequent destruction and redistribution of paper wealth, followed by "socialization" of bank losses and central bank intervention leading to ultra-low interest rates, followed by bad investments, and another asset bubble of some sort. Not all bubbles are as catastrophic as the one in 2008-2009, but thanks to globalization and "contagion", the next one could be even worse. Because of political gridlock, nothing sufficiently effective has been done since 2009 to prevent that catastrophe. This paper examines the key assumptions underlying the failed neoclassical economic growth theory, including the virtual absence of thermodynamics and finance (debt) in the standard models. It suggests some alternatives that could point the way to a more adequate theory.


Stratospheric ultraviolet (UV) photolysis is the dominant sink reaction and main origin of isotopic enrichment for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). To a large extent, the flux of isotopically heavy N2O from the stratosphere is responsible for the enrichment of tropospheric N2O relative to its sources at the Earth's surface. In order to simulate the stratospheric enrichments quantitatively in atmospheric models and to examine the global N2O cycle using isotope measurements, knowledge of the fractionation constants is required. However, to date, all experimental studies of isotopic enrichment in N2O photolysis have been performed at room temperature only. Here we report the first temperature-dependent (193 < T/K < 295) measurements of 18O and position-dependent 15N fractionation constants obtained by broadband photolysis
at wavelengths of relevance to the stratospheric "UV window". For a given extent of reaction, we find higher enrichments at lower temperatures, qualitatively in agreement with theoretical predictions. The relative changes are in the order 14N15NO > N218O > 15N14NO, similar to the absolute values. If temperature was the only parameter of influence, not only the fractionation constants themselves, but also the ratio of fractionation constants at the central to terminal nitrogen sites, η = 15e2/15e1, should decrease along the vertical stratospheric temperature gradient. These temperature effects do not help to explain the lower η values observed in the lower stratosphere, but they are nevertheless essential ingredients for models of atmospheric isotope chemistry.
We also investigate a hitherto unexplained artefact in laboratory measurements of N2O photolysis: At high degrees of conversion, N2O loss by the reaction with O(1D) becomes important, presumably due to the photochemical production and subsequent photolysis of NO2 in the reaction cell. The effect gains importance with increasing concentration and in the present study, it caused decreases in the measured fractionation constants requiring correction for initial N2O mixing ratios of 4 mmol mol−1.


Central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors exhibit significant biological heterogeneity and pose challenges in diagnosis and clinical management. Among these, medulloblastoma is the most common and extensively studied tumor. Advances in understanding the molecular alterations of these tumors, using genomic and epigenomic platforms, have led to refinement in their diagnosis, classification, and guiding clinical management. This review discusses the current understanding of the molecular underpinnings of CNS embryonal tumors and details their clinical presentation, histopathological, and molecular features. Based on the recent discoveries, the current state of management of medulloblastoma and other embryonal tumors, including the recent biomarker-based clinical trials, is reviewed.


Acknowledgments We particularly thank the many people who have been involved in establishing and continuing data collection at the Bruntland Burn, particularly C. Birkel, M. Blumstock, J.J. Dick, J. Geris, K. Piegat, C. Tunaley, and H. Wang.


Given a finite simple graph G $G$ , an odd cover of G $G$ is a collection of complete bipartite graphs, or bicliques, in which each edge of G $G$ appears in an odd number of bicliques, and each nonedge of G $G$ appears in an even number of bicliques. We denote the minimum cardinality of an odd cover of G $G$ by b 2 ( G ) ${b}_{2}(G)$ and prove that b 2 ( G ) ${b}_{2}(G)$ is bounded below by half of the rank over F 2 ${{\mathbb{F}}}_{2}$ of the adjacency matrix of G $G$ . We show that this lower bound is tight in the case when G $G$ is a bipartite graph and almost tight when G $G$ is an odd cycle. However, we also present an infinite family of graphs which shows that this lower bound can be arbitrarily far away from b 2 ( G ) ${b}_{2}(G)$ . Babai and Frankl proposed the "odd cover problem," which in our language is equivalent to determining b 2 ( K n ) ${b}_{2}({K}_{n})$ . In this paper, we determine that b 2 ( K n ) ${b}_{2}({K}_{n})$ is n ∕ 2 $n\unicode{x02215}2$ when 8 ∣ n $8| n$ and is ( n + 1 ) ∕ 2 $(n+1)\unicode{x02215}2$ when n $n$ is equivalent to 1 or − 1 $-1$ modulo 8.


Readers will doubtless notice that this issue of Language Awareness contains only two papers instead of the usual three of four published in each single issue. The reason for this is that there have been several special issues recently, in Volume 8 in particular, and there has often not been much or any space to include book reviews. So in order to adjust for this, a larger number of book reviews is included in this issue. However, subsequent issues will revert to the normal number of papers.


Objective To investigate the related factors of EPI in floating children in HuangPu district of Guangzhou city,and to explore management policy of EPI in Floating Children.Methods Overall survey was conducted to investigate the current immunization status of floating children in four streets,which have more floating people,by using face-to-face inquiry and checking data.Parents were investigated to comprehend their cognition and affect to EPI by knowledge questionnaire related EPI.Health care providers and management people were investigated to know their serving situation to floating children.Results Immunization coverage rate related to many aspects of children.Those children's vaccination rates were lower whose parents were businessman and had lower knowledge level(p0.05).The higher of the knowledge level the higher of the vaccination rates;Those children's vaccination rates were lower who came from village(p0.05);Vaccination rates of those children were higher whose parents had more knowledge of EFI(p0.05);Serving situation of health care providers also affected vaccination rates of floating children.Many villages and resident committees usually attend EPI.Conclusion Low immunization coverage rate of floating children in HuangPu district of Guangzhou city related to many affecting factors.We should enhance the management of EPI of floating children,and decrease the incidence rates of infectious diseases.