The two most common approaches for analysing count data are to use a generalized linear model (GLM), or transform data, and use a linear model (LM). The latter has recently been advocated to more reliably maintain control of type I error rates in tests for no association, while seemingly losing little in power. We make three points on this issue. Point 1 – Choice of statistical model should primarily be made on the grounds of data properties. Choice of testing procedure should be considered and addressed as a separate issue, after model choice. If models with the appropriate data properties nonetheless have statistical problems such as type I error control (i.e. type I error rate greatly exceeds the intended significance level), the best solution is to keep the model but fix the problems. Point 2 – When a test has problems with type I error control, it can usually be corrected, but this may require departure from software default approaches. In particular, resampling is a good solution for small samples that can be easy to implement. Point 3 –Tests based on models that better fit the data (e.g. a negative binomial for overdispersed count data) tend to have better power properties and in some instances have considerably higher power. We illustrate these issues for a 2 × 2 experiment with a count response. This seemingly simple problem becomes hard when the experimental design is unbalanced, and software default procedures using LMs or GLMs can have difficulties, although in both cases the issues can be fixed. We conclude that, when GLMs are thought to fit count data well, and when any necessary steps are taken to correct type I error rates, they should be used rather than LMs. Nonetheless, standard LM tests are often robust and can have good type I error control, so there is an argument for their use for counts when diagnostics are difficult and statistical models are complex, although at some risk of loss of power and interpretability.


Nowadays, information technologies are used in almost every field of Computer Science and Engineering. One of the most used areas is the health sector. With the use of digital hospital systems, patient data is now stored in a computerized environment, thereby creating biomedical data sets. These datasets, which are very large in size, are very difficult to analyze and interpret by a human. The machine learning algorithms are mainly used to analyze and interpreted these data sets. In this study, the performances of 5 machine learning algorithms have been compared by employing 5 different biomedical data sets and the results obtained were compared statistically. Results reveal that the KNN algorithm performs better for small biomedical data sets, whereas the ANN algorithm performs better for large data sets in terms of classification problem for the health sector.


The electrical efficiency of motors can be improved by replacing the standard Aluminum electrical conductor in the motor rotor with copper, which has a much higher electrical conductivity. Manufacturers, in coordination with various manufacturing associations and in conjunction with voluntary government initiatives, have developed a wide range of motors with increased electrical efficiencies. This paper discusses the latest developments in eliminating losses in energy utilities and highlights various areas of applications of energy efficiency enhancement by reducing mechanical losses.


�The diffusion of sound in space has always been a major topic interest to many composers working with music composed, produced, or performed using electronic means. Despite the rich possibilities inherent in current sound diffusion and spatialization systems, none of the current systems can fully mimic the spatial characteristics of natural sound systems. By examining the nature of our spatial hearing and the history of sound spatialization systems, this article attempts to map possible routes, taking us closer to full ''reality equivalent'' sound diffusion systems. Since the remote transmission of sound became possible in the late 19th century, ways have been sought to enable sound systems to deal not only with the frequency and amplitude elements that make up a sound event, but also with the spatiotemporal ones. This is, naturally, of the greatest importance when the sounds being transmitted are musical in nature. Prior to the current era, all musical events were fixed in and wholly part of the acoustic location in which they were being performed. With the breaking of that age-old bond came enormous challenges for the audio engineer in finding ways of restoring the bond correctly after such space/time transmissions. Perhaps more importantly, enormous opportunities opened for composers explore and exploit the relatively little-known territory of space in music.


This paper considers the detection of a distributed target in a partial observation scenario. A distributed target model is usually adopted when the target size is larger than the range bin, for example, in some high-resolution radars. Based on the distributed target model, joint processing of several consecutive range bins can be adopted to achieve performance improvement with respect to processing just one range bin. In applications in complex electromagnetic environments, the radars may miss some of their observations, a phenomenon that usually caused by interference, spectrum sharing, and so on. This partial observation problem leads to degradation of the estimation accuracy for the disturbance (clutter plus noise) covariance matrix and target amplitude vector, which results in decline of the target detection performance. In this paper, a scheme is proposed by using the low-rank priori knowledge of clutter covariance matrix to estimate the detector's unknown parameters. Specifically, the target amplitude vector is obtained by maximizing the likelihood function, and the disturbance covariance matrix is reconstructed by solving an optimization that considers both the likelihood maximization and low-rank property of the clutter covariance matrix. The simulation results indicate that this algorithm improves the estimation accuracy, and achieves a better detection performance in the partial observation scenarios.


The phase diagram and the ground state properties of the R(Y, Pr)BaCuT(Fe, Co)O5+y perovskites, where y is the concentration of the extra oxygen, have been studied using the Hubbard model. We consider two chains of magnetic ions and allow electron hopping between sites on different chains, modeling in this way the effect of the extra oxygen atoms in the system. By doping the system with oxygen, narrow regions of competing magnetic structures appear in the phase diagram and the magnetic ordering is rapidly destroyed with increasing oxygen concentration y. This is in agreement with the experimental results which show that magnetic ordering exists only for low extra oxygen concentration y (y<0.08). The magnetic properties of the system are only locally affected by the oxygen impurities clustering.


To investigate the method for real-time online monitoring and safety evaluation of geometric shape of long span bridge,Wuhan Yangluo Changjiang River Highway Bridge was taken as the research object and the geometric shape monitoring system of liquid pressure difference and semi-closed communication pipes was established.The testing point arrangement and data acquisition strategy of the geometric shape monitoring in the health monitoring system of the highway bridge are presented and the weighted evaluation method for the geometric shape monitoring that takes the statistics and shape characteristics as indices is particularly studied.The results of the study demonstrate that the geometric shape monitoring system can monitor and evaluate the changing characteristics of the geometric shape of the bridge online in real time and also with high testing precision and good long-term satiability.The statistics and shape characteristic indices can integrate the data evaluation of both a single testing point and all testing points and the system can be effectively applied to the evaluation of the geometric shape monitoring state of long span bridge.


(ProQuest: ... denotes "strike-through" in the original text omitted.)"The representation of Jews by European artists and thinkers is monotonous and repetitive" (p. 1), states Leonid Livak in the opening sentence of his new book, and yet this does not prevent him from writing one of the longest and most polemical explorations of the subject to appear in the past two decades. An undergraduate reading Livak's new book might formulate its thesis as follows: In writing of the Jews, classical and early modern Russian writers rarely went beyond preconceived religious and ethno-social notions dating to early Christian Europe, and Jewish-born writers who reached prominence in the first decades of the 20th century had to displace their Jewishness as the price of entering the Russian cultural mainstream. This twofold thesis is both true and not true, depending on what material one engages. Consider, for instance, the treatment of Jewish questions by Mikhail Lermontov or Leo Tolstoy, to say nothing of Nikolai Leskov and of the Russian neorealists and how they dealt with the burden of Russian guilt. Furthermore, the careers of such bicultural Jewish Russophone writers as Lev Lunts or Mikhail Kozakov in the prewar Soviet decades, and Fridrikh Gorenshtein, Philip Isaac Berman or Leonid Girshovich in the postwar decades, demonstrate that it is possible not to shed one's Jewishness to become-and be understood as-a Russian writer. (Livak concentrates on prose fiction, and so shall I in this essay, for argument's sake, even though some of the most powerful articulations of Jewish identity have been in Russian poetry and drama, while a number of the past century's dominant Russian-language poets were Jews-pace Marina Tsvetaeva.)There are many firsts in this learned, meandering, and provocative book. "To sum up," Livak announces early on, "the present study is not concerned with Europe's so-called Jewish question [...]" (P· 9). Among studies of Jewish culture and history in Imperial and Soviet Russia-and in Russia Abroad-it is perhaps the first one not to discuss the impact of the Pale of Settlement, pogroms, blood libel or the reforms of the 1860s on the representation of Jews in the Russian literary imagination. It is the first one to pay only meagre tribute to the prominence of Christian-Judaic dialogue in Silver Age Russian culture. And it is probably the first such study to make scant reference to the century-old debates about Jews in the Russian Revolution and to take little stock of the unprecedented influx of Jews into the literary mainstream during the early Soviet decades. Above all else, Livak's is the first book about Jewish aspects of Russian (and Soviet) culture to speak not of historical Russian Jews (some ethnographers, such as Natal'ia Iukhneva, have posited the existence of a subethnic category russkie evrei) but of a theoretical construct, "the jews." "This investigation, then," Livak explains, "is not primarily concerned with Jewish individuals living in Christian and post-Christian societies. Its main interest lies with the cultural model generating the image of 'the jews' whose literary life is my preoccupation" (p. 4). Livak takes the notion of "the jews" (sic) from cultural theory and runs with it. Having acknowledged the borrowing of the term "the jews" from Jean-Francois Lyotard-and having allowed that the term is "jarring" and "does not refer to real people or groups in any historical period" (p. 4)-Livak makes the Jews of Russia, where the span of Jewish history was brief as compared to the rest of Europe, the testing ground of his model. "A product of cultural modeling often reveals more about those who invoke it than those it describes" (p. 6), writes Livak as he critically dismisses prior approaches to Jewish themes and characters in European literature. Is Livak perhaps admitting the limitations of his methodology?Given the absence of articles in the Russian language, and also given the non-capitalization of ethnic or religious categories, one wonders how Livak's "the jews" would be rendered in Russian-and whether translation would not knock Livak's ahistorical discourse off its feet by obliterating the difference between "the jews" and the Jews. …


This paper proposes a new approach to the design of a robot actuator with physically variable stiffness. The proposed approach leverages the dynamic characteristics inherent in a pneumatic actuator, which behaves in essence as a series elastic actuator. By replacing the four-way servovalve used to control a typical pneumatic actuator with a pair of three-way valves, the stiffness of the series elastic component can be modulated independently of the actuator output force. Based on this notion, the authors propose a control approach for the simultaneous control of actuator output force and stiffness. Since the achievable output force and stiffness are coupled and configuration-dependent, the authors also present a control law that provides either maximum or minimum actuator output stiffness for a given displacement and desired force output. The general control and maximum/minimum stiffness approaches are experimentally demonstrated and shown to provide high fidelity control of force and stiffness, and additionally shown to provide a factor of 6 dynamic range in stiffness.


The methods of Meta-analysis and SEM are used to synthesize the studies from 2000-2013 inquiring about relationships among knowledge sharing, organizational learning and organizational performance. The main findings of this study include: There is the significant correlation among knowledge sharing, organizational learning and organizational performance. The examination of moderator effects yielded important result: the source of literature affects heterogeneity, but others are not. As a result, some suggestions are provided for organizational performance based on knowledge and future research.


Issues In many countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates, large numbers of students, lecturers, administrators and other educational employees are becoming infected, with substantial impacts on the supply and quality of education providing access to HIV/AIDs prevention information and care is an important way of safeguarding Nigeria's investment in


Wearable computing is gaining more and more interest as new "wearables," intended for both work and leisure, are introduced. This trend brings benefits and challenges; for instance, the potential t ...


At the end of 1997, many Thai people hoped that 1998 would be the starting point for reforming the country. Even though the Thai economy was severely hit by the economic crisis, the new government of Chuan Leekpai promised economic recovery and better governance. As time went by, however, and the economy went into a sharp decline, expectations slowly diminished. The Chuan government rode out these difficulties, and had some success in projecting itself as the only option, but encountered increasing pressures from a critical civil society.


A new phenylpropanoid ester, anthriscusin was isolated from the roots of Anthriscus sylvestris HOFFM. (Umbelliferae), and was elucidated as O-[(Z)-2-angeloyloxymethyl-2-butenoyl]-3-methoxy-4, 5-methylenedioxycinnamyl alcohol on the basis of the spectral data and the chemical evidence.


Iynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanoic acíds were f Villa Ada; the largest city garden in Rome, Analytes were Id vapour phase. by sampling size-segregated aerosol fractions lded partic1es) onto inert filter membranes. as well as semi,urethane foam carlridges, located downstream to thcm, re enríchied from air in field eampaigns performed during all winter campaign was repeated in 200 l. In this way nol only iatíons of content, of al! c1asses of compounds in the atmoshe relatíve impact of emission sources onto the ambient qua lit y Irticle-size distribution, :ids, natural emission released by high vegetation as well as d over all the composítion of large particles (i,e. lOse exceedic sources characterised Ihe nature of aerosols affecting human Ítrated-PAH were concentrated in the fine ü'uctioll of aerosols, ing 2J.Ull, f\led the usual trend along the year. presenting their maximum inimum in summer. lnstead. components emitted from natural incentralions during (he mild season (spring and summer), Due ¡ummer, the average anmml eoncentration of benzo(a)pyren.: ihich represents the index of quality of the air seleeted by ltalian ~eree November 22, 1994, No. 191) lo represent carcinogenity • in urban air, although Ihis levels was passed in mos( days in


A physician might define problem drinking objectively, in terms of the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week. A person with a drinking problem, on the other hand, might offer a subjective definition, such as the anxiety of not knowing whether the next drink can or will be the last. Given the


Many insects hover with their wings beating in a horizontal plane ('normal hovering'), while some insects, e.g., hoverflies and dragonflies, hover with inclined stroke-planes. Here, we investigate the lateral dynamic flight stability of a hovering model hoverfly. The aerodynamic derivatives are computed using the method of computational fluid dynamics, and the equations of motion are solved by the techniques of eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis. The following is shown: The flight of the insect is unstable at normal hovering (stroke-plane angle equals 0) and the instability becomes weaker as the stroke-plane angle increases; the flight becomes stable at a relatively large stroke-plane angle (larger than about 24°). As previously shown, the instability at normal hovering is due to a positive roll-moment/side-velocity derivative produced by the 'changing-LEV-axial-velocity' effect. When the stroke-plane angle increases, the wings bend toward the back of the body, and the 'changing-LEV-axial-velocity' effect decreases; in addition, another effect, called the 'changing-relative-velocity' effect (the 'lateral wind', which is due to the side motion of the insect, changes the relative velocity of its wings), becomes increasingly stronger. This causes the roll-moment/side-velocity derivative to first decrease and then become negative, resulting in the above change in stability as a function of the stroke-plane angle.


Over the last decade, the environmental sciences have witnessed an incredible movement towards the utilization of high through-put molecular tools that are capable of detecting simultaneous changes of hundreds and even thousands of molecules and molecular components after exposure of organisms to different environmental stressors. These techniques have received lots of attention because they not only offer the potential to unravel novel mechanisms of physiological and toxic action, but they also are amenable for the discovery of biomarkers of exposure and effects. In this chapter we will review the state of knowledge of two of these holistic tools in ecotoxicological research: Proteomics and metabolomics. We will follow this review with a presentation of three of our own case studies utilizing proteomic and metabolomic tools: (i) Analysis of proteomic responses in fish exposed to different types of contaminants using GeneGo™; (ii) Comparison of proteomic and metabolomic responses in aquatic invertebrates exposed to herbicides; and (ii) Use of metabolomics to characterize egg quality in fish eating birds exposed to persistent organic pollutants. We will end with some ideas for future studies and research needs.

Keywords:

proteomics;
metabolomics;
ecotoxicology;
fish;
invertebrates;
birds;
aquatic;
wildlife;
biomarkers;
contaminants;
toxicity;
pollution


Sensitivity analysis results are presented to investigate the presence of single-phase rooftop Photovoltaic Cells (PV) in low voltage residential feeders, during short circuits in the overhead lines. The PV rating and location in the feeder and the fault location are considered as the variables of the sensitivity analysis. The single-phase faults are the main focus of this paper and the PV effect on fault current, current in distribution transformer secondary and the voltage at each bus of the feeder are investigated, during fault. Furthermore, to analyze the bus voltages and fault current in the presence of multiple PVs, each with different rating and location, a stochastic analysis is carried out to investigate the expected probability density function of these parameters, considering the uncertainties of PV rating and location as well as fault location.


VSC-HVDC system based on Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is an emerging technology since compared to the conventional VSCHVDC system an MMC presents several advantages such as modularity, low dv/dt, low harmonics, and low switching losses. In this paper, a comprehensive control strategy of an MMC-based VSC-HVDC system is proposed. In contrast to the conventional system control strategy, the DC side of the MMC operates as a controlled voltage source by the proposed method, and the dynamics of the transmission line voltage and current can be actively controlled. Validity of the proposed strategy was verified by 201-level full-scale computer simulation.


This article is intended to highlight the issue of predatory journals and how they have been used to degrade the open-access journals to be perceived as predatory ones. Since many of the predatory journals are available for readers free of cost over the internet (which is among one of the many features of open-access journals/publications), the international wave of the scientific community against predatory journals stigmatized and victimized the entire open-access model of scientific publication to be perceived as substandard quality. This article critically analyzes the definitions of predatory journals and identified key characteristics of predatory journals. It is observed that lack of peer-review and charging high Article Processing Charges (APC) from authors are the two most common features of predatory journals, whereas open-access journals strictly adhere to peer-review criteria and have a clear guideline and information about the article processing fee. Knowingly or unknowingly, several authors mentioned that predatory journals are mostly open access, an overgeneralization of the author pay model upon which open access lies. Peer-review is an essential component of open access journals but not predatory journals; thus, considering predatory journals under the broad notion of open-access model of publication is unfair, stigmatizing and victimizing the open-access journals and keeping them at risk of degradation. Associating open-access journals with predatory ones is a nuisance as both have different aims, modus-operandi, and quality concerns. Therefore, there is a dire need to make policies to discourage predatory practices without victimizing the noble idea of open-access journals/publications. Keywords: open access, predatory journals, article processing charges, peer-review


Postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD),due to its complicated pathogenesis,unclear disease cause and no methods available for its prevention and treatment,has become a focus in current anesthesiologic research.The role of anesthesia in POCD remains controversial,and the results of studies were not adequate for Meta analysis.However,the suggested involvement of anesthesia in POCD cannot be neglected.


South African agribusinesses are now part of the global trading environment and must compete, despite the presence of highly "unequal economic playing fields". Competing under these conditions is hard, with South African agribusinesses involved in an exhausting race of "catch-up" with competitors. However, given a global regulatory environment that entrenches the notions of international competition (on both regional and global levels), to "catch-up" and compete is exactly what agribusiness has to do. An analysis of the agro-food and fibre complex reveals a remarkable achievement, namely that, despite difficult local conditions, the agricultural industry succeeded in operating more competitively for the last eight years. On the primarily level the sugar, groundnuts, oranges, apples, grapes and wool industries establish themselves as "winners" in the global trading environment. On the value added level the maize flour, apple juice, grape juice and raisins industries have distinguished themselves as "winners". Agribusinesses in these industries clearly started to focus on the "right stuff". Unfortunately, some "losers" also emerged, while some industries created a positive "turnaround" situations.


D such as Hurricane Katrina confer trauma and post-traumatic stress on all the victims including those who care for or support the care of the overt "victims." National attention has been paid intermittently to uprooted residents, assistance failures (especially from governmental agencies), and remarkably creative humane acts by local and nonlocal people. Highest priority should be paid to patients and victims, but serious consideration in disaster planning and response is also needed in caring for caregivers. These include nurses, physicians, trainees, staffs of health facilities, and administrators who manage the infrastructure that facilitates caregiving. Health professionals are often neglected since their culture promotes reticence to ask for support and assistance. In turn, their support staff, especially legally responsible administrators, are perhaps more invisible. They too live in the community and are torn between their work, facilitating their roles, and their own devastation. Compassion fatigue, a form of post-traumatic stress disorder, is a natural by-product of assisting traumatized and seriously distressed victims. If those healers are lost, either physically from relocating or emotionally because of secondary stress disorders, the ripple effect is enormous for the community. What were the compassion fatigue consequences of Hurricane Katrina for health professionals and support personnel? The losses from a disaster like Katrina reverberate far wider than most of us admit. The stimulus for this commentary on rebuilding healers was a direct result of calls we received, in our North Carolina center, from post-Katrina physicians, social workers, and hospital administrators. We know of no hard data on secondary stress disorders (compassion fatigue) specific to Katrina, but we report here our personal experience.


0968-0896/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.069 Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; DM tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization; HIV virus; DARQ, diarylquinoline; MTB, Mycobacterium tu resistance; NE, north-east; SE, south-east; NW, north minimum inhibitory concentration; SAR, structure–ac q All amino acid numbering corresponds to subuni tuberculosis ATP synthase. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 18 4714577; fax: E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (J. Chattopadhyay A new series of 20 quinoline derivatives possessing triazolo, ureido and thioureido substituents have been synthesized and their antimycobacterial properties have been evaluated. Compounds 10, 22 and 24 inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv up to 96%, 98% and 94% respectively, at a fixed concentration of 6.25 lg/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.125 lg/mL was obtained for compound 10 and 24, while for compound 22 it was 6.25 lg/mL. Molecular docking calculations suggest critical hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between polar functional groups (such as quinoline-nitrogen, urea-carbonyl and hydroxyl) of anti-mycobacterial (anti-TB) compounds and amino acids (Arg186 and Glu61) of ATP-synthase of M. tuberculosis, could be the probable reason for observed anti-mycobacterial action. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Beclin 1 is a haplo-insufficient tumor suppressor that is decreased in many human tumors. The function of Beclin 1 in cancer has been attributed primarily to its role in the degradative process of autophagy. However, the role of autophagy itself in tumorigenesis is context-dependent and can be both preventive and promoting. Due to its dual function in cancer a better understanding of this process is necessary to develop potential novel cancer therapies. To gain insight into the role of autophagy in breast carcinoma, I analyzed the autophagydependency of different subtypes of breast cancer. My results implicate that triple-negative breast carcinoma cells are more dependent on autophagy than luminal breast carcinoma cells. Chemical inhibition of autophagy decreased the tumorigenicity of triple-negative breast carcinoma cells with regard to proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. However, RNAi-mediated suppression of two autophagy genes, ATG5 and Beclin 1, revealed different outcomes. While suppression of ATG5 decreased glycolysis, Beclin 1 depletion did not affect the glycolytic rates. These results suggest autophagy-independent pro-tumorigenic effects of loss of Beclin 1 in cancer. Beclin 1 is a core component of the Vps34/Class III PI3K (PI3KC3) and Vps15/p150 complex that regulates multiple membrane trafficking events. I describe a novel mechanism of action for Beclin 1 in breast cancer involving its control of growth factor receptor signaling. I identify a specific stage of early endosome maturation that is regulated by Beclin 1, the transition of APPL1- containing phosphatidyIinositol 3-phosphate-negative (PI3P-) endosomes to PI3P+ endosomes. Beclin 1 regulates PI3P production in response to growth factor stimulation to control the residency time of growth factor receptors in the PI3P-/APPL+ signaling competent compartment. As a result, suppression of BECN1 sustains growth factor stimulated AKT and ERK activation resulting in increased breast carcinoma cell invasion. In human breast tumors, Beclin 1 expression is inversely correlated with AKT and ERK phosphorylation. Taken together my data identify a novel role for Beclin 1 in regulating growth factor signaling and reveal a mechanism by which loss of Beclin 1 expression would enhance breast cancer progression independent of its impact on autophagy.


Subsets of lymphocytes in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RASF-Ly) along with lymphocytes in peripheral bloods of normal subjects (Healthy-Ly) were studied.Percent of OKT-3+cells (P<0.01), OKT-4+cells (P<0.01), OKT-8+cells (P<0.05) and OK-Ial+cells (P<0.01) of RASF-Ly were significantly higher than those of Healthy-Ly. Therefore, we examined the correlation these percentage of subsets. Positive correlation were observed in RASF-Ly between percentage of OKT-8+cells (P<0.01) or Leu-7+cells (p<0.01) and that of OK-Ial+cells and also between percentage of OKT-8+cells and that of Leu-7+cells of RAST-Ly (p<0.01) . Since OK-Ial represents a marker of activated T cells, both OKT-8+cells and Leu-7+cells in RASF-Ly seemed to be activated and Leu-7+cells seemed also to be immature. NK activity of RASF-Ly was significantly lower than that of Healthy-Ly (p<0.01), whereas ADCC activity of RASF-Ly was similar to that of Healthy-Ly.


through the delicate membrane which forms the wvall of the minute vessels. This mutual interchange-exosmose an(d endosmose-is constant, and the menbranous vascular wall has an important part to play in the process, as it only admiits of the free passage of certain constituents and rctains others, just like the membrane of a dialyser through which the "crystalloids" can pass, wlhile the "colloids" are retained in their former positioun. The albl)uminious bodies ill tlhe blood are thus retained in the vessels while the true solutions of salts re(dily escape, as is seen in most secretions, especially that of the kidlncy. Tlhc various tissues are then constantly soaked with the fluii(ds of the bloo1( which have filteredI out of the vessels, andl thle surplus of fluid is con.stantly brought back into the 1)loo0( by a similar process of d1i fTuion. In this way, the relative quanitities of thle fluil in the tis.sues and( in the blood are kept in constant proportioni onie to the otlher, wlile the actual amount of watery constituents is, uini(ier normal circumstances, ICgulated by the kidneys, which act as overflow-pipes to the vessels, as well as outlets for the effete materials. When these imiiportanit organs are damaged, and their function impeded, as happens in acuite inflamnmnatory disease, we must nlot be surlpriscd to fin(l (edenia, as the result ; for the oxidation-products are acctumulatedl in thc tissues, an(d the \wa1tery parts of the blood and the urinary crystalloi(ds canl no longer pas1s off by the kidneys, the vessels become oerfliled Nvith salinc solutions, which soon pass into the tissues anId waterlog them. Oni the othler hand, when the blood happenis to be concenitrated by excess of crystalloids-as in (liabetes-and the kidnleys remain normal, the tissues are constantly being dried up by thc (litfusion into the capillaries, while the overfulness of the vesscls is conistantly relieved by the increasecl overflow through the kidneys. Just as overfulness of the vessels leads to cither ani increase(d passage of fluids into the tissues or fronit the ki(dnieys, so dlepletioni causes the opposite result. This has ofteni been (lemonstratedl experimentally, anid can be proved daily at the be(dsidle. No doubt, loss of blood causes a rapid passage of fluitl fron the tissues inito tlle vessels, and thus lowers the density of the blood ; and in somewhat the samle way can be explained the well klnoNvn efficacy of hydragugue catlartics ini removinig dropsical effusions, the fluidls of the wavtcrlogged tisstles passing into vessels to replace the fluids which the blood has lost through the intestine. Again, the same l)hysical forces explain the symptomn which frequently accompanies or follows copiouts watery purginlg; namely, temporary suppression of urine; here the tissues demand( back the fluids which they contributed durinig the emergency to make up the loss of watery ingredient sustainied by the blood througll the flolx from the intestinal mucous membrane. The various physical processes to vhich we have alluded seem to tenld towards maintaining a constant density of the blood ; and, in most of the cases cited, they are able for the task; for even in the diarrheoa of cholera the blood is not made thicker, so energetically are the tissues robbed of their fluids by the concentrated blood. A very different state of things happens, however, wlhen an impediment is ofiered to the onward flow of blood; then the watery parts are forced into the tissues, and a thickening of the blood occurs, accompanied by ani cedematous condition of the part. In this way, the impediment offered to the systemic circulation by severe and very prolonged asphyxia produces a thick tarry consistency of the bloodl. Dr. Johnson attributes the increased density and viscosity of the blood, which is characteristic of the collapse stage of cholera, to this cause ; and certainly his would appear a more reasonable explanation than many of those which have been given. The steps in the process he describes as the following. Durinig the diarrhcea, the blood ten(ds to become concentrated; but, by robbing the tissues of much of their water, preserves for a time its normal density, notwithstanding tle loss by the intestines. Wlhen the stage of collapse conminences, the respiration, an(d conisequently the flow of blood through the lungs, is imnpeded. This gives rise to venous engorgement and distension of the venouis system, and tte watery parts of the blood escape from the vessels into the tissues, which have been overdrained, and are, therefore, ready for their reception. The various points put forward in Dr. Johnson's paper remind us ,hat the greater part of the closed system of blood-vessels is composed :f a thin membrane, which allows free diffusion into and out of minute channels, wvhich, udler varyintg conditions, can act as irrigators i)r drainers of the parenclhyina of the body. Few p)hysicians can combinie the same amount of practical cxperience with physiological erudition as the author, wlhose ingenious application of physical l)henomena to practical m-edicinie e have just epitomised. Regarding the qucstion from a clinical rather than a I)urely physiological point of view, wve prCsume it is deein(d of minor iml)ortance to tletermiine the exact share takzln in the procc s. by the various channels tlat act as (lIains to the tissues, or the author would have gone more fully into the question as to what part is played by the lymphatics, and what by the blood-vessels.


In this letter, a turbo product code (TPC) is combined with multilevel modulations (8-phase-shift keying and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation). The component codes are Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquengem (BCH) or extended BCH. We derive soft-input/soft-output modules based on the dual code, with exact Euclidean metrics, and we show that the iterative TPC decoder gains no advantage in performance from this. Next, we evaluate asymptotic approximations for maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding from a combinatorial approach that can be applied to any bit-interleaved multilevel modulated code, once the first term (or terms) of the Hamming weight spectrum are known. For the TPCs and modulations studied in this letter, random bit interleaving before modulation leads to improved ML asymptotes. Simulations confirm that this advantage is maintained also under iterative decoding.


This article describes LIBRA/Dx, a competition‐based parallel activation model for diagnostic reasoning. Within a causal network, the model uses a neurally inspired processing paradigm to generate the most plausible explanation for a set of observed manifestations. the model was built using LIBRA: a domain‐independent parallel activation network generator, that can be used to build network models with processing paradigms that are tailored to the specifics of an application domain. the underlying theory postulates that by simultaneously satisfying multiple constraints that may exist locally among domain concepts in a causal network (e.g., among disorders, syndromes, manifestations, etc.) it is possible to construct a plausible global explanation for a set of observed signs and symptoms. the proposed processing paradigm which uses an associative network of concepts to represent domain knowledge, lends itself to the kind of interactive processing that is necessary to capture the generative capacity of human diagnostic ability in novel situations. LIBRA/Dx offers a new approach to modeling a higher cognitive process: diagnostic reasoning, specifically in terms of the time‐course of processing and the nature of knowledge representation. It further contributes to our current understanding of the phenomena of human cognition, which have eluded successful explication in conventional computational formalisms.


This research aims at describing a naturalistic study of teaching writing to the eighth grade Student's at SMPN 1 Sambi in 2016/2017 Academic Year which includes the objective teaching writing, the material used by the teacher to teach writing, the procedures of teaching writing, the kinds of classroom technique used by teacher to teach writing to the eight grade students at SMP N 1 Sambi in 2016/2017 academic year, and the problems faced by the teacher in teaching writing to the eight grade students at SMP N 1 Sambi in 2016/2017 academic year.The research is qualitative research. The subject of the study is the eighth grade students class D at SMP N 1 Sambi which consists of 32 students. The object of the study is teaching writing to the eighth grade student's at SMPN 1 Sambi in 2016/2017 Academic Year. The methods of collecting data are observation, interview, document analysis. The technique for analyzing data are data reduction, data display, and conclusion and verification. The findings show that the objective of teaching writing is the students can to express the idea in the functional text and short simple essay in the form of descriptive and recount, to interact with the surrounding environment. The materials for teaching writing are taken from student's book flying start, Start Your Journey for Junior High Scool Year VIII, by Lindsey-Clark from Esis. The Procedure for teaching writing consist of 1)pre writing,2)drafting and responding,3)sharing and responding, and 4)revising. The technique used are control free technique and free writing technique .The Problem faced by the teacher are class mangement, limited time, and different capability of the students. Key Words : describe of teaching writing, objective ,material, procedure, kinds of classroom techniques, problem faced by teacher.


A kind of n -degree Kolmogorov's system =x(a -0-a -1x+a -2x + {n-1 }-a -3x +n+a -4x + {n-1 }y), =y(b -1x +n-b -2), (a -0,a_1,a_2,a_3,b_1,b_20, a -0 a -1 = a -2 a -3 ,a_4≠0,n≥3 and n∈N ) is investigted. The system has no limit cycle in the first quadrant when a -40. The stability of equilibrium, the sufficient conditions of nonexistence of the closed orbit and conditions of existence of the unique and stable limit cycle in the first quadrant of this system are discussed when a -40.


Future networks will need to support a large number of low-latency flows. In time-sensitive networks (TSN), paths for data flows are usually established at startup time of an application and remain untouched until the flow ends. There is no way to migrate existing flows easily to alternative paths without inducing significant additional delay or wasting resources. Therefore, the resource-utilization of TSN might degrade over time leading to a sub-optimal flow assignment. In this paper we address this problem by combining Software-defined Networking (SDN) that provides better control on network flows with TSN to be able to seamlessly migrate time-sensitive flows. We propose a SDN-based dynamic path reconfiguration algorithm for accommodating TSN flows and formulate it as optimization problem. By exploiting the control plane's global view, we evaluate different dynamic path configuration strategies under deterministic communication requirements. Our simulation results indicate that reconfiguring the flow assignments from time to time can improve the latency of time-sensitive flows and can increase the number of flows embedded in the network in worst-case scenarios.


Public awareness of environmental concerns are on the increase, and thus, safety standards have become more stringent, and far more analyses are required. Due to extensive oil exploitation, refi ning and transportation, oil pollution has become a major source of water and soil contamination. Although a number of standard procedures exist to quantify total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in soil, they all require time- and labor-intensive sample preparation, and most use per-halogenated solvents. Therefore, a feasibility study was undertaken to test the possibility of using near-infrared refl ectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for direct determination of oil contamination in soil. Based on a set of no. 43 samples spiked with known and independently confi rmed TPH contamination of 0.05 to 2.19 wt% (using liquid-solid extraction and US-EPA method 418.1) a chemometric model was developed. The regression model fulfi lled the following criteria for the reference data: validation coeffi cient r 2 ≥0.929 and root-mean-square error of validation ≤0.177. A set of no. 26 fi samples contaminated with weathered crude oil (≈0.1-5%) were analyzed by NIRS and conventional methods (i.e., extraction and US-EPA method 418.1). A correlation factor of r 2 ≥0.928 with a standard deviation of the absolute differences between true and predicted values of ≤0.251 was obtained.


Sweet sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L) Moench) is a potential alternative to sugarcane for dry areas and may serve as substrate for bio-alcohol production (Tuck et al. 2006) while producing grain for human consumption and/or feed. Moreover sorghum is drought and heat resistant and thus well adapted to conditions brought about by climate fluctuations (Borrell et al. 2000). Recent research indicated that many West African sorghum cultivars produce a large stock of sucrose that is not mobilized for grain filling; diverse germplasm is available for desirable traits for dual purpose sorghums (sugar X grain, Reddy et al. 2007). However, sorghum sweetness is a complex trait, highly prone to GxE (Genotype x Environment) interactions that are still poorly understood, as well as its competition with grain filling. A study was recently initiated to provide a functional analysis of the GxE control of sucrose accumulation in sorghum stems and its competition with grain filling. The present study focuses on the analysis, on contrasted or manipulated (pruned, sterile) genotypes, the variability in sorghum ability to accumulate sucrose while maintaining grain.


Automotive air-conditioner is one of speciality curricula in higher vocational and diploma colleges.In this paper,based on teaching in automotive air-conditioner,we expound application of teaching means on working process including training equipment,scene design,teaching content etc.And we discuss question in teaching of working process at the same time.


Summary

This lecture is designed for undergraduates, to show how satellites contribute to the understanding of ocean dynamics. Satellite sensors can measure properties of the surface ocean with a sampling coverage unachievable from ocean-going research vessels. The four geophysical variables of the ocean that satellites can observe are sea-surface temperature, surface winds, the relative height of the sea surface, and the color of the ocean. Sea surface temperature is measured by sensing the infrared radiation emanating from the ocean. Surface winds are deduced from the roughness of the surface ocean using a radar on the satellite. Sea surface height is estimated from knowing, very accurately the altitude of the satellite relative to the earth. Ocean color is measured with a spectrometer on board the satellite. The lecture will give students appreciation of the power of satellite oceanography, while also considering its limitations. This lecture avoids overly technical information and the particulars of the various satellites, in favor of a description of how the measurements are made that can be understood at the undergraduate level. Students are encouraged to make use of satellite data, which is publicly available.


Entrance edifice of the institutional campus artifice as the visible representation of status in their society. The design shall stand to show the status of the person who develops the setting, it could signify the power of the person or the entire place, and it could sometimes support certain cosmological belief system that prevails in that culture too. This study intended to identify the entrance edifice Physical features that influence observer's perception of the image of the institutional campus. To accomplish this, physical features of the entrance edifice and its characters were identified and developed into questionnaire material. A logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the Physical features of Entrance Edifice. The findings found the followings: (i) Physical features of Entrance Edifice influence the Visual perception of the Institutional Campus. (ii) The Physical features were found to impact the Visual perception of the Institutional campus in the order of Form Identity, Architectural Elements, Scale and Portion, color and material. These variances are based on the observers' perception, which can be integrated into the Institutional Campus Entrance Edifice design to strengthen the Image of the Institutional campus. It is clear that Entrance Edifices have the potential to build the image for a greater content and purpose through its Form Identity, Architectural Elements, Scale and Portion, color and material. Nevertheless, the entrance design could be a powerful element to build up the image of the physical settings it serves.


Future many cores, either for high performance computing or for embedded applications, are facing the power wall, and cannot be scaled up using only the reduction of technology nodes; 3D integration, using through silicon via (TSV) as an advanced packaging technology, allows further system integration, while reducing the power dissipation devoted to system-level communication. In this paper, we present a 3D modular and scalable network-on-chip (NoC) architecture implemented using robust asynchronous logic. The 3DNOC circuit targets a Telecom long-term evolution application; it is composed of two die layers, fabricated in 65 nm technology using TSV middle aspect ratio 1:8, and integrates ESD protection, a 3D design-for-test, and a fault tolerant scheme. The 3D links achieve 0.66 pJ/b energy consumption and 326 Mb/s data rate per pin for the parallel link. Thin die effect is demonstrated by thermal analysis and measurements, as well as the dynamic self-adaptation of the 3D link performances with 3D thermal conditions. Finally, the scalability of the 3DNOC circuit, in terms of power delivery network and thermal dissipation, is demonstrated by using simulations up to a 3D stack of eight die layers.


Chitosan-carbon composite material(CHI-C) was prepared.Pt-Au catalysts supported on chitosanmodified carbon black with different Pt/ Au atomic ratios were prepared by a sol immobilization method.The samples were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The activity and stability for methanol electrocatalytic oxidation reaction were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperograms,respectively.The effects of Pt / Au atomic ratios and chitosan modification on the activities and stabilities were studied.As a result,Pt 1.0 ^Au / C catalyst showed the best catalytic activity.Adding small amount CHI to carbon black support can improve the stability of Pt 1.0 ^Au / C catalyst.


The high-energy laser weapon in United States will be deployed in the approaching 20 years.As one of directed energy weapon,the laser weapon has the huge operation superiority in future war.Based on the analysis of the operation mechanism of high-energy laser weapon and the damage factor of missile shell that being irradiated by the high-energy laser weapon,a model of calculating the required time for damaging the attack ballistic missile is built,and the damage was analyzed when the ballistic missile′s shell of the body or the warhead was irradiated by the concatenation wave laser weapon.The above model as one of the effective evaluation methods of high-energy laser weapon′s damaging effectiveness can provide theoretical basis for the high-energy laser weapon intercept ballistic missile.


The objective of this study is to investigate postpartum profiles of biochemical blood constituents and body weight changes in Ouled Djellal ewes (n=10), during four weeks following parturition. Fundamental indices of the protein and energy metabolism, levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sodium were determined. These biochemical indices were evaluated at one week intervals for four week period. Body weight measurements were taken at lambing, at the second and at the fourth week postpartum. Serum glucose, triglyceride, creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase (AST), Aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), calcium levels and body weight were found to vary significantly during postpartum. However, serum cholesterol, urea, albumin, total protein, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, chloride, sodium levels did not vary significantly during the experiment period. In conclusion, during the first month of postpartum ewe in semi-arid area, there are significant changes in certain blood biochemical indices and body weight, which are attributed to increase metabolic activities due to lactation.


We prove that the smallest elements of Shi parts and cone type parts exist and form Garside shadows. The latter resolves a conjecture of Parkinson and the second author as well as a conjecture of Hohlweg, Nadeau and Williams.


In this paper,the model of two-dimensional phononic crystals consisting of wide-sharp scatterers is proposed.The band structures of the two-dimensional phononic crystals with square and round wide-sharp scatterers of different filling rate are calculated by using of the plane wave expansion method.The results showed that the full band gaps can be also obtained by using of the wide-sharp structural scatterers,and that the maximal gap of square and round wide-sharp structures exists in the cases of f=0.313 6 and f=0.321 6,respectively.


This paper presents a compact temperature sensor with frequency output, suitable to be used in low-cost wireless sensor networks. It works with a supply voltage of 1.2 V, and a power consumption of 1.35 μW. The sensor, designed in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology using only MOS transistors, shows high linearity over a temperature range of (-40 °C, +120 °C), with output frequencies that vary from 100 kHz. Recovered temperatures show a maximum error of -0.67/+0.66 °C over the whole range.


In November 2006 I found myself staring at item no. 80 from Box 23 of the Greta Garbo material held at the Rosenbach Museum and Library in Philadelphia. Item 80 is an envelope from the Pont-Royal Hotel on the front of which is written 'Greta's foot Sept. 1958'. Inside is a pencil tracing of Garbo's foot extending across two small sheets of unlined notepaper. I held the two pieces of paper in mid-air and stared at them with what I hoped was a look of sufficient scholarly intensity to satisfy the two archivists looking on. 'Looks about a size 8', I have written in my notes, but in my excitement I failed to note down whether it was her left or her right foot. Elsewhere in the collection*that of Mercedes de Acosta*I encountered a yellow cotton ankle sock with a lipstick kiss still visible upon it. Further afield in the same papers, there is a single silk stocking that once belonged to Marlene Dietrich. Nowhere present is the pair of slightly used socks that Greta generously offered to Mercedes in a note from 1938. But this is not what took me to Philadelphia; no, this visit was the culmination of a six-year desire to see what 'nothing' looked like. What took me on this hiding to 'nothing'? In April 2000, the world's press reported on the opening of a long-embargoed cache of letters from Greta Garbo to Mercedes de Acosta, the Spanish-born aristocrat turned screenwriter widely thought to have been Garbo's lover. At issue was whether the letters would somehow 'prove' the nature of the relationship between the two women. De Acosta had met Garbo in Hollywood in June 1931 at the home of Austrian-born actress and screenwriter Salka Viertel. The usually guarded Garbo evidently was quite taken with de Acosta, as she initiated further contact. The two continued to keep company and their pairing received occasional mentions in fan magazines. Tension entered the relationship the following year when Garbo refused to permit de Acosta to accompany her to Sweden. Feeling herself to be abandoned, de Acosta embarked on a new affair with rival star Marlene Dietrich whose interest in the lovelorn Mercedes had apparently been piqued by the Garbo connection. The affair with Dietrich, while passionate and exciting, was relatively short lived; Dietrich tired not only of de Acosta's stifling behaviour but also of her endless monologues on the subject of Garbo. The Garbo letters were deposited by de Acosta in the Rosenbach Museum in Philadelphia in 1960 with the condition that they remain sealed until 10 years after the star's death. There are some 90 items, including 55 letters and a variety of telegrams, florists' cards and ephemera: scraps of paper, mailing labels, a feather. These date from 1931 or 1932*the period of their initial meeting*to 1959, shortly before Garbo broke off contact as a result of the publication of de Acosta's autobiography, Here Lies the Heart


Crisis is a dimension of the relations between two countries and it denotes a major change in quality or grade of this relationship. Every crisis acts as the instability of the system; therefore, crisis is separated into many small groups in order to find more consistent choices. In this study, undoubtedly the subject is not the definition of crisis but the Cyprus issue and crisis management in The Eastern Mediterranean. This issue is also the sum of direct measures with the purpose to limit the tense situation, provocation and conflict. Due to the location of Cyprus, controlling the entire Eastern Mediterranean, not only the littoral countries but all major powers will compete for the future of the island and its hydrocarbon resources. In this context the issue of Cyprus and the importance of the Eastern Mediterranean is no longer a topic between Turks and Greeks living on the island but also between international actors. The dispute between Turkey-Greek Cypriot has been defined as the most challenging issue for the future of region. When the regional equation has been reestablishing, unstable situation of the Eastern Mediterranean is more crucial regarding the energy security and actors are trying to reevaluate their status progressively.


The invention provides a photoelectric probe for oil monitoring on water surface. The probe includes a light source, coaxial optical lenses, a photoelectric detector, and a control and signal processing circuit. The coaxial optical lenses include a semi-reflection semitransparent lens and a projection lens; the semi-reflection semitransparent lens is placed aslant relative to the projection lens surface; the semi-reflection semitransparent lens is between the projection lens and the focus of the projection lens; and the photoelectric detector and the light source are symmetrically arranged at two sides of the semi-reflection semitransparent lens, wherein the photoelectric detector and the light source are in the focal position of the projection lens. The invention adopts the LED light source and a silicon photoelectric diode array to reach lower cost; large area array light source and near-field conjugated lens compression make light intensity stronger, so as to effectively improve the detection distance; the coaxial optical method is employed; the light source and detector are in the same size; the light source beam and the reflected beam are completely overlapped; and the measurement range is greater.


This paper describes the functionality and performance of a 2 watt Ku-band linear (multi-carrier) transmit module used in the outdoor unit (ODU) of very small aperture terminal (VSAT) earth stations.


Objective:To observation the clinical effectivense of microecologic agent of Bifidobacterium on actue necrotizing pancreatitis compicated infection.Methods:Clinical observation and stool bacterial culture were performed on 9 patients of actue necrotizing pancreatitis who were administered with microecologic agent of Bifidobacterium. Results: Bifidobacterium may relieve clinical symptoms,and bacterial culture revealed that the amount of Bifidobaterium was increased while E.coli decreased.Conclusion:Microecologic agent of Bifidobacterium may be effective in ANP complicated infection.


The application of emerging, novel processing techniques such as high hydrostatic pressure or pulsed electric fields can be utilized to replace, enhance or modify conventional techniques of food production. In addition to quality improvements and consumer benefits by gentle microbial inactivation and improvement of mass transfer processes, their potential to improve energy efficiency and sustainability of food production will be discussed within this review.


This study aims to identify the factors contributing to stress among indigenous preschool children. The subjects of the study consisted of an Orang Asli pre-school child who had been diagnosed with stress at 73 points based on the Child and Adolescent of Experiences (CASE) stress test. The design of a qualitative of case studies has been used in interviewing, observing and analyzing documents as a data collection instrument. Nvivo software is used as a tool to assist in the process of data transcription analysis. The findings show that school factors contributors to stress on indigenous preschool children involved in this study. However, efforts must be mobilized by the school to help indigenous children involved in the psychological and emotional aspects of developing in education.


This study aimed to investigate the structural features, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibitory effect, and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from leaf and fruit of Leucaena leucocephala. MALDI-TOF-MS, thiolysis coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS, and 13C-NMR confirmed that these proanthocyanidins were complex mixtures of propelargonidins, procyanidins, and prodelphinidins. (Epi)catechin, (epi)gallocatechin, (epi)catechin gallate, and (epi)gallocatechin gallate were the main constitutive units. The findings obtained from enzyme analysis revealed that the proanthocyanidins had inhibitory effects on both monophenolase and diphenolase of tyrosinase. The IC50 values of leaf and fruit proanthocyanidins were 73.5 ± 2.7 and 52.3 ± 3.5 µg/mL for monophenolase activity, and 27.2 ± 1.4 and 16.1 ± 1.1 µg/mL for diphenolase activity, respectively. The inhibition of diphenolase by proanthocyanidins were proved to be reversible and mixed type. In addition, it was also found from various antioxidant methods that the proanthocyanidins in leaf and fruit possessed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 103.4 ± 0.8 and 87.8 ± 1.1 µg/mL, ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 72.9 ± 0.4 and 65.7 ± 0.9 µg/mL, and ferric reducing antioxidant power with FRAP values of 3.74 ± 0.03 and 4.02 ± 0.15 mmol AAE/g, respectively. The results obtained suggested that the proanthocyanidins from leaf and fruit of L. leucocephala might have the potential to be exploited as natural tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidants.


Recent experiences with the 10 MW{sub e} Solar Two and the 2.5 MW{sub t} TSA (Technology Program Solar Air Receiver) demonstration plants are reported. The heat transfer fluids used in these solar power towers are molten-nitrate salt and atmospheric air, respectively. Lessons learned and suggested technology improvements for next-generation plants are categorized according to subsystem. The next steps to be taken in the commercialization process for each these new power plant technologies is also presented.


Observational constraints on the radio and γ-ray emission regions of PSR B1055-52 seen through our line of sight are presented by analysing the position angle curves of radio linear polarization and fitting the observed pulse widths of radio and γ-ray pulses and the phase offsets between them. Aberration, retardation and magnetic field sweep back effects that can cause additional phase offset between the emissions from different locations are taken into account. The following conclusions are obtained. (i) The radio main pulse and γ-ray pulses are emitted from the same pole, while the radio interpulse is emitted from the opposite pole. (ii) The interpulse emission region locates on the open field lines much closer to the magnetic axis than those of the main pulse, and the emission altitudes are higher than those of the main pulse. (iii) At each pole, there are probably two groups of field lines where radio emission is generated, of which the outer one consists of open field lines near (or including) the last open field lines and the inner one consists of open field lines from very near the magnetic pole to approximately the midway between the magnetic axis and the last open field lines. (iv) The γ-ray pulse comes from inner open field lines rather than from the last open field lines, and the emission altitudes are beyond the null charge surface.


The design of an image acquisition and processing based on a fixed point DSP is presented.IT is implemented by mainly using chips of SAA7111,TMS320VC5402 and IDT72V235.The system has advantages of flexible and simple interface,high processing speed.This system can be applied on the robot,optesthesia,fingerprint identification,vehicle tag identification,vehicle queue length detection.


We document that announcement-period abnormal returns of sovereign wealth fund (SWF) equity investments in publicly traded firms are positive but lower than those of comparable private investments. Further, SWF investment targets suffer from declining return on assets and sales growth over the following three years. Our results are robust to controls for target and deal characteristics and are not driven by SWF target selection criteria. Larger discounts are associated with SWFs taking seats on boards of directors and with SWFs under strict government control acquiring greater stakes, supporting the hypothesis that political influence negatively affects firm value and performance.


A meeting of the Society was held in the Lecture Hall of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, St. James's Park, Westminster, London, S.W.I, on Thursday, March 22nd, 1945, at which a paper by Mr. R. H. Bound, F.R.Ae.S., F.S.E., M.I.M.E., A.M.I.A.E., on "Hydraulics for Aircraft," was read and discussed. In the chair, the President, Sir Roy Fedden.


Shalvi and Weinstein (1990, 1993, 1994) proposed a computationally efficient iterative super-exponential algorithm (SEA) using higher-order cumulants for blind equalization. For practical situations of finite signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and channels allowed to have zeros on the unit circle, it can be shown that the linear equalizer obtained using the SEA is stable with a nonlinear relation to the nonblind minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer, that it is a perfect phase equalizer for some cumulant orders, and that it is the same as the linear equalizer associated with Shalvi and Weinstein's blind deconvolution criteria for some cumulant orders. Then some simulation results are presented to justify the analytic results followed by some conclusions.


Mycobacterium kansasii is a slow-growing, nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that primarily affects lung tissue. Cutaneous infection with M. kansasii has not been reported previously in heart transplant recipients in Korea. We report a case of cutaneous infection caused by M. kansasii in a heart transplant recipient. The patient was treated successfully for 18 months with ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, ethambutol, and rifampin. (Korean J Med 2011;81:121-125)


This paper presents an approach for reducing the torque ripple of permanent magnet brushless DC motors. The technique requires coordination of an outer speed loop with an inner current loop. The inner current loop is responsible for shaping the phase currents during the commutation intervals. The outer speed loop is responsible for commanding the magnitude of the phase currents. It is shown that the speed loop must be sufficiently fast that the commanded phase current is able to respond to potential ripple torque during phase commutation; a simple direct adaptive controller satisfies this requirement. The inner current loop must be able to adaptively change the slope of the commanded current in order to avoid poor current regulation through inverter saturation in the face of large back EMFs. The composite control is able to reduce torque ripple to a level which is dictated by phase ripple currents.


Digital content industry is a fusion product of the modern IT and culture,it is the direction of development of the contemporary cultural industry.To be able to learn more about the actual role of various elements of industrial development,the thesis chooses 9 indicators of the level of residents' cultural consumption,the copyright trade,electronic information products trade,etc.Using"Gray Relational Theory",the paper has a careful analysis on relational degree of various indicators,and achieves the conclusion that the electronic information products trade has a powerful stimulating effect on China's digital content industry.It also finds that the shortage of human resources,residents' cultural consumption and other indicators do not give much contribution to industrial development.


The IEEE 802.11 based network is the most popular wireless network, but its packet latency and loss rate in mobility support disable a lot of interactive real-time network applications to run on wireless mobile station. The existing handoff schemes can only resolve the problems of inner ESS domain handoff, but cannot effectively resolve that of inter ESS domains handoff because the handoff between two ESS domains involves network layer operations. In this paper, a smooth handoff scheme based on virtual interface in wireless network is proposed. This scheme applies a time-sharing policy on physical wireless interface, which enables mobile station to establish new wireless link with the right new access point at the same time to keep normal communication in present wireless link with the previous access point, so it can resolve the problems of packet latency and loss ratio not only for inner ESS domain handoff but also for inter ESS domain handoff perfectly. And the simulation results on NS2 confirms that it could satisfy the demand of interactive real-time applications in wireless mobile network.


This paper first compared the status of maritime education in China and abroad,then fully integrated the successful outcome in the research project of CAI at navigational course "Ship′s Structure and Equipment",which was applied to teach the course "Ship′s Structure and Equipment" by using 3Danimation,at last,it has drawn a conclusion that more CAI methods are very fit for teaching navigation practical courses.


Network security situation awareness model is the research basis in network security situation awareness. Through building this model, we can measure the relationships among system components and that between the components and environments. We put forward the conceptual model of network security situation awareness, and establish the model of current network security situation evaluation and future network security situation prediction.


The large decrease in estrogen following menopause appears to explain the dramatic increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women. Gynecologists are well placed to play a primary role in the diagnosis, prevention and management of CVD in these patients; this role may include advice on lifestyle changes, and, if appropriate, prescribing preventative treatments such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and lipid-lowering drugs. The use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) to prevent CVD is supported by a number of observational studies. However, recently, large, randomized trials gave unexpected, conflicting data on the cardiovascular benefits of HRT, leading to confusion, and influencing both patient and clinical perceptions regarding the role of HRT postmenopause. These different outcomes may be due to differences in the HRT regimens, mean age and mean time from menopause at enrollment, duration of therapy, and patient selection bias in observational studies. A 'unified hypothesis' consistent with findings from all studies has now been developed: HRT initiated at the time of the menopause prevents CVD, whereas HRT initiated years after the menopause seems to increase CHD events. This knowledge is essential for gynecologists making clinical decisions regarding HRT use.


OBJECTIVE Spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage is extremely rare in full-term newborns. Reports to date have been limited to descriptions of individual cases, small groups within larger studies of intracranial hemorrhage, and one series of four patients. Structural lesions are rarely identified, and the majority of patients described have been managed without surgical intervention. METHODS Analysis of a computerized database of pediatric neurosurgical patients from January 1960 to February 2000 identified full-term newborns younger than 3 months of age with nontraumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhages. Prenatal histories, labor and delivery histories, clinical presentations, imaging studies, management, and outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS Eleven full-term newborns with spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhages were identified. The majority had normal prenatal courses. Most presented within the first 2 days of life (6 of 11 patients), and the most common presenting sign was seizure (7 of 11 patients). No cause was identified in 6 of 11 patients; the remainder were attributed to coagulopathy (n = 3), ruptured intracranial aneurysm (n = 1), or hemorrhagic infarction (n = 1). Eight patients underwent surgical hematoma evacuation on the basis of radiographic evidence of significant mass effect, evidence of signs of elevated intracranial pressure, or both. Three patients did not receive surgical intervention. There were no subsequent hemorrhages or deaths during a mean follow-up period of 4.5 years (range, 1–16 yr). Four patients had normal neurological outcomes, four had motor deficits (one of whom additionally demonstrated cognitive delay), and three had delayed speech. CONCLUSION No cause is identified in most newborns with spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Radiographic evidence of mass effect or signs of elevated intracranial pressure may necessitate surgical hematoma evacuation. Outcome varies widely and may be normal, even in patients with sizeable intraparenchymal hemorrhages.


Shared decision making should be employed in deciding on the best course of treatment for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, experts say. In this slideshow, we highlight some of the key recommendations for diagnosing osteoporosis and assessing fracture risk in postmenopausal women.


Li2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass was prepared by using cheap industrial raw materials,such as alumina,talcum,kaolin and Li2CO3.The TG-DTA results show that the optimal processing regime is nucleation at 730 ℃ for 1 h followed by crystallization at 1 150 ℃for 2 h with heating rate 5 ℃/min.The XRD patterns indicate that the main crystalline phases are spodumene,cordierite and magnesium aluminum spinel,and the SEM analysis shows there is a large amount of tiny crystals.


The Dilemma Choosing a Vaccine The rapid spread of the covid19 pandemic has posed a dilemma for us, should we vaccinate children against SARSCoV2 infection, with which type of vaccine, or should children be exposed to natural infection and stay unvaccinated? The prevention of COVID19 is more effective than the treatment of a child with COVID19 or long-COVID19, which is a kind of recommendation for vaccination of children against SARSCoV2. A new circumstance is the poor efficacy of previous vaccines, in adults, against new strains of SARSCoV2 and the fact that, in the September wave of the COVID19 pandemic, a worrying number of children became ill compared to previous waves. So far, only a few countries in the world have achieved vaccination coverage of over 80%.


It is found out that intensity of microbiological process under composting of straw manure in clamps is influenced by density, humidity, correlation of components in initial mixture and active aeration as well. Experimental research showed that active aeration of composted mixture in clamps under humidity of 67 and correlation of manureof cattle and straw 50:50 in the colume 60m3 per twenty-four hours a tonne significantlythe temperature of self-heating and minimize the time of preparing composts to 38 days.


A process for producing a sensor device comprising the steps of: Disposing a sensor element (3) in a recess (2) of a housing (1), wherein the sensor element (3) for detecting an environmental condition outside the recess (2) is used; tight sealing of an opening of the recess (2) having a plate member (9) to prevent the interior and the exterior of the recess (2) communicating with each other; Performing a treatment of the housing (1) together with the plate member (9) which foreign matter prevents during the treatment to penetrate into the interior of the recess (2); and Forming a through-hole (11) in said plate member (9) to establish a connection between the interior and exterior of the recess (2), wherein the treatment by washing of the housing using a solution and / or applying a protective agent against moisture to a surface of the housing and allowing to dry, the solution and / or the protective agent from moisture prior to the formation of ...


This paper proposes the concept of inverse perlin noise which is a reverse process of perlin noise. The proposed method enables users to feel the haptic sensation when he/she rubs on the surface of an object. We extract individual random signals from a target object modeled by perlin noise and apply them to haptic actuators. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we compute errors between the original perlin noise and the reconstructed noise function obtained from the inverse perlin noise. Through the experiment, we verify that the proposed method has enough possibility to be applied in tactile rendering.


In developing countries, social and cultural bias is believed to exist, favouring a particular age and sex group in the allocation of food, medical care etc. In the present study, the intrafamily distribution of calories among preschool children and the adults was analysed. A one day recall method of diet survey conducted by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) among 1878 rural households in 10 states of India during 1975–80 formed the data base. In 31% of the households the preschool child, adult male and female were consuming adequate sources of energy while in 19% the intakes were inadequate. In about 25% of households, the intake of adults was adequate unlike that of the preschool child. Intakes of boys and girls were essentially similar. The adult male did not consume his share of energy at the expense of other members. Female literacy status had a significant positive effect on the energy status of preschool child.


This note analyses the long-run impact of trade on population health by applying cointegration techniques to US time series data for the period 1960 to 2011. Despite the concerns of many commentators and observers, it is found that trade has a positive and significant long-run impact on population health, as measured by life expectancy.


The objective of this chapter is to monitor database transactions and provide information accountability to databases. It provides a methodology to retrieve and standardize different audit logs in a uniform XML format which are extracted from different databases. The financial transactions obtained through audit logs are then analyzed with database forensic audit. The transactions are examined, detected, and classified as per regulations and well-defined RBI antimony laundering rules to obtain outliers and suspicious transactions within audit logs. Bayesian network is used in this research to represent rule-based outlier detection model which identifies the risk level of the suspicious transactions.


Modeling the hydrology of low‐gradient forested watersheds on shallow, poorly drained soils of the coastal plain is a challenging task due to complexities in watershed delineation, microtopography, evapotranspiration, runoff generation processes and pathways including flooding and submergence caused by tropical storms, and complexity of vegetation species. The main objective of this study was to calibrate and validate the GIS‐based spatially distributed hydrologic model SWAT for the 72.6 km2 low‐gradient, third‐order Turkey Creek watershed within the Francis Marion National Forest in the South Carolina Coastal Plain. Model calibration used GIS spatial data of the watershed and 2.75 years (2005‐2007) of streamflow and climate data, and the model was validated with 2.5 years (2008‐2010) of data. Based on limited field measurements, results showed that the SWAT model with an improved one‐parameter "depletion coefficient" for plant evapotranspiration in the SCS curve number (CN) estimate can predict the daily and monthly streamflow processes of this watershed reasonably well and better than the CN method. The model performance was "good" (E = 0.68; RSR = 0.56) to "very good" (E = 0.90; RSR = 0.31) for the monthly calibration and validation periods but only "satisfactory" (E = 0.59; RSR = 0.64) to "good" (E = 0.70; RSR = 0.55) for the daily calibration and validation periods. Better predictions were found for the validation period that included two wetter years than the calibration with two drier years. The model's predictions of the zero or near‐zero flow days of summer were also in agreement with the measurements for 60% of the time. However, it was concluded that the refined SWAT model was still unable to accurately capture the flow dynamics of this forest ecosystem with shallow, high water table soils for events preceded by wet saturated conditions during the dry summer and wet winter periods, warranting further investigations on these forest systems. The five‐year average annual runoff coefficient of 19% with a baseflow amount of 27%, on average, of the runoff (streamflow) and ET of 987 mm predicted by the model were found reasonable compared to the estimated values and other published data for the region. Further improvements in estimates of forest potential evapotranspiration, rainfall spatial variability, and antecedent moisture as a function of water table should reduce uncertainties in flow predictions, allowing the model to be used in hydrologic impact assessments of land use change, land management practices, and climate change in coastal landscapes.


Abstract The beta effect on translation of cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices with height-dependent circulation (the beta-drift problem) is investigated via numerical experiments using a dry version of a multilevel primitive equation model (Florida State University model). The vertical structure of vortex circulation influences steady translation in a manner similar to that of the horizontal structure. Both spatially change the mean relative angular momentum (MRAM) of the vortex. The translation speed and its meridional component are both approximately proportional to the square root of the magnitude of MRAM of the initial (or quasi-steady-state) symmetric circulation. The latitude is another important factor controlling the speed of the beta drift. The meridional component decreases by about 45% when the central latitude of the vortex increases from 10° to 30°N. The beta-drift speed is intimately related to the axially asymmetric pressure field. During quasi-steady vortex translation the asymmetric press...


In this paper, we use a general mathematical and experimental methodology to analyze image deconvolution. The main procedure is to use an example image convolving it with a know Gaussian point spread function and then develop algorithms to recover the image. Observe the deconvolution process by adding Gaussian and Poisson noise at different signal to noise ratios. In addition, we will describe the effect of the width of the Gaussian which is used to blur the image. The core algorithms in this paper is the iterative E-M algorithm as well as the non-iterative least squares deconvolution algorithm.


The enormous costs involved in constructing prototype broadcast and multimedia systems, and the variety of specialisations which must come together in order to design them, have encouraged the formation of strategic research collaborations between organisations. Such collaborations are promoted through many national and international support frameworks which aim to stimulate innovation, education, technical standards, new markets and the acceptance of new technology by society. These frameworks encourage synergy and communications between projects, and usually award and administer the expenditure of research grants. The author believes, however, that insufficient attention within collaborative projects is paid to planning and management, with the result that a large proportion do not achieve their potential. Managers who are very competent at leading in-company projects often fail to recognise that collaborative ventures require additional skills such as: the choosing of partner companies, the division of effort, cross-cultural awareness, IPR strategies, company vs project allegiances and promoting healthy competition. This paper looks at some of the literature and studies which have been conducted in this area.


ABSTRACT The refractive indices (ne no) and density have been measured at various temperature in the nematic-isotropic phases of nematogenic Methoxy-41-Pentyl-41-tolane. The molecular polarizability, nematic orientational order parameter are evaluated by Neugebauer anisotropic local field model. The distribution function f(β) and hence the higher order parameter ⟨P4⟩ at different temperatures in the nematic phases have been estimated.


A person has more than 300 degrees of mobility, but it is practically impossible to recreate such a kinematic scheme. In this article, a kinematic scheme of the exoskeleton is proposed that is most necessary for human movement. A 3D model of the exoskeleton actuating unit with an electrohydraulic drive has been developed in the CAD system and the values of masses, coordinates of mass centers, inertia tensors of the links of the exoskeleton actuating unit have been calculated. A launch file has been developed in the MATLAB environment for modeling the dynamics of the exoskeleton actuating unit. The control laws in the degrees of mobility of the actuating unit of the exoskeleton are selected. As a result of the theoretical study, the ranges of changes in the generalized coordinates for the joints under study are determined. The dependences of the power and the moment in the joints 9, 10 on time are obtained. The conducted studies have shown that lifting the leg will require more energy and this makes it necessary to develop power plants, explore various types of drives and ways to control them energy-efficiently. The obtained data can serve in the development of a medical exoskeleton.


A semiconductor device (10) having a semiconductor element having an electrode (10a) on a surface, wherein the device comprises an electrode member (30) are provided wherein: an insulating ceramic support (31) with multiple perforations (31a) which pass through the principal planes; and Metal pillar (32) in the plurality of perforations (31a) are arranged and are made of copper or aluminum, wherein one end of each of the plurality of metal pillars with the electrode is connected by a solder layer at an interface between the electrode and the one end of the metal pillars and one end of each of the metal pillars (32) is arranged on one principal plane of the insulating ceramic mount (31).


The earliest authenticated library, that of Pharaoh Ramses II, in the second millennium before our era, bore an inscription over its portals designating it as "the house of healing for the soul." Knowledge of the inscription was made available to the Western world in the time of Caesar by Diodorus Siculus in his Greek History of the World, but it seems to have been unnoticed even by the keenest Roman bibliophiles. Finally, when the History was translated into Latin by Poggio in the fifteenth century, the significance of the unusual library motto began to make an impact upon scholars. It is mentioned by several Renaissance writers, and it was adopted by the Swedish Royal Library for its official bookplate. Then, in 1760, when the beautiful baroque library was built at St. Gall, the inscription, in Greek, was placed upon a scroll above the doors of the main hall where it remains a focal point of interest for present-day scholars.


Wrathall, "The Design of a High Power Solid State Automotive Switch in CMOS-DMOS Technology', 6/85, pp. 229-233. Glogolja et al., "Smart-Sipmos-An Intelligent Power Switch', IEEE Conference Rocord, 3/86, pp. 429-433. Zoilo, "The Boom Starts in Smart Power Products', Electronics, 7/86, pp. 97-101. "Cars Lead the Drive to Use Smart Power', Power, Special Report, 2/87, pp. 34-35. O'Leary, "Isolation at the Turning Point', New Elec tronics, 1/88, pp. 32-38.


We present a number of results related to quantum algorithms with small error probability and quantum algorithms that are zero-error. First, we give a tight analysis of the trade-offs between the number of queries of quantum search algorithms, their error probability, the size of the search space, and the number of solutions in this space. Using this, we deduce new lower and upper bounds for quantum versions of amplification problems. Next, we establish nearly optimal quantum-classical separations for the query complexity of monotone functions in the zero-error model (where our quantum zero-error model is defined so as to be robust when the quantum gates are noisy). Also, we present a communication complexity problem related to a total function for which there is a quantum-classical communication complexity gap in the zero-error model. Finally, we prove separations for monotone graph properties in the zero-error and other error models which imply that the evasiveness conjecture for such properties does not hold for quantum computers.


The effects of performance feedback of success and failure given by partners to 96 subjects of the same or opposite racial groups were measured in terms of subsequent performance on a pairedassociate learning task and number of negative and positive adjectives checked for self and partner. Analysis of Variance showed that the Procedure yielded a significant interaction between Feedback and Race of S. Blacks were more fadorably influenced than Whites by success reports in terms of improvement in performance, increase in positive adjectives for Self and increase in positive adjectives for partner. Failure reports resulted in greater improvement in performance for Blacks and Whites when given by Blacks. Positive self and partner evaluation declined more for Black Ss than for White Ss in a failure condition. All but one of the hypotheses were confirmed. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF NIALTN, EDUCATIONS WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO DUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY


Over many years, crime in Switzerland has been a subject of controversy. For some observers, Switzerland was almost a 'crime-free' society, others saw it as a society with the usual crime rates but with better ways of concealing them, and many more saw it as a safe haven for economic and financial crime. Research conducted over the past 20 years has clarified many issues. Switzerland's crime levels are probably below the European average, although not unusually low, but have seen the usual increase over recent decades. Available indicators of economic crime show a rather low rate of untaxed incomes and corruption. Swiss criminology has been associated with several European innovations, such as the international crime surveys, the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, and generally violence research, particularly in connection with urban violence, school violence and a large cohort study of 21,000 young men. Of particular interest are several evaluations, including a few randomized experiments and large-scale trials with heroin prescription to drug addicts.


Audiovisual translation (AVT) from English into other languages is gaining popularity both in the entertainment and professional realms. Besides language difficulties, an interpreter has to face cultural challenges and a lack of professional knowledge of a particular subject field. This paper examines medical AVT from English to Kazakh. Translation issues in this field have rarely been the focus of linguistic studies, with hardly any studies of the matter with Kazakh as a target language. During the Covid-19 pandemic, it is crucial to be aware of cutting-edge technology and treatment techniques that are available in English. The TEDMED oral report "The Wireless Future of Medicine" made by Eric Topol, a distinguished cardiologist and geneticist, and its voice-over translation provided by the Kazakhstan national bureau of translations were chosen as the material for this pilot study. Continuous sampling was used to select 95 terms and term phrases (T-units) in the source text that were further distributed into eight subject field groups. A standard classification was used to identify the translation technique in each case in the target text. As a result, frequency models were built for both subject groups and translation techniques. Groups related to medical procedures, medical devices, anatomy and physiology were the most frequent. There was a clear correlation between the subject field and dominant translation technique: equivalence prevailed in the fields connected with Kazakh medicine from nomadic times, while in other fields, there was an increase of techniques other than the equivalence.


In China, urbanisation, industrialisation and increasing population are straining the existing infrastructure facilities, the shortage of which will suffocate economic growth and social development. In order to overcome the 'bottleneck', the Chinese government has explored the mechanism of the build–operation–transfer (BOT) model to encourage infrastructure provisions from the private sector. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique, this paper constructs a three-level hierarchy for identifying the critical risk factors for water supply BOT projects in China. By comparing the 28 risk factors, the critical risk factors were short-listed and found to include 'change of taxation policy', 'fluctuation of loan interest rate', 'variation of water resources price', 'fluctuation of foreign exchange rates', 'competitors' and so on. Finally, strategies of risk management were proposed, including risk minimisation, risk transfer, risk allocation and risk retention.


Received 7 December 2005; published 8 March 2006Coherent Raman scattering can be used for detection of nuclear spin transitions in solids and atomic vaporsif both nuclear spin states of the spin transition to be detected are connected to a single nuclear spin state of adifferent electronic state by allowed optical transitions. This is not the case in crystals with high symmetry.Here, we introduce the coherent double Raman experiment, where the difference between nuclear spin transi-tions in two different electronic states is observed. In contrast to the conventional Raman scattering experi-ment, this scheme is applicable also to systems with high symmetry, where the nuclear spin does not changeduring an optical transition.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.094408 PACS number s : 76.70.Hb, 76.30.Kg, 32.10.Fn


Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) can occur as a consequence of feeding high energy rations to dairy cattle. During SARA, the rate of rumen shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) production exceeds SCFA absorption and results in an unhealthy depression of rumen pH. Definitions of SARA, derived primarily from experiments using ruminally cannulated animals, vary somewhat but typically are based on rumen pH being below a particular threshold (5.5, 5.6, or 5.8) for a certain duration of time (Oetzel, 2007; Plaizier et al., 2008). Zebeli and Metzler-Zebeli (2012) recently proposed that SARA be defined as rumen pH below 5.8 for 6 or more hours per day based on meta-analyses indicating that this threshold resulted in both a decrease in fibre digestibility and an increase in plasma levels of acute phase proteins.


century, a classical text was conveniently available as a key to their interpretation.1 Vitruvius had famously derided these "mon sters" as paintings of the impossible: "These things do not exist nor can they exist nor have they ever existed."2 He wrote of archi tecture with ridiculously thin supports and of heads and bodies sprouting from plants and concluded that grotesques cause delight rather than appealing to judgment.3 Vitru vius's language was central to the debate over grotesques in the sixteenth century. Vi truvius mentioned figures, human and bes tial, appearing out of foliage but seemed most outraged by architectural violations of the laws of physics. Renaissance commen tators shifted their focus to hybrid monsters.4 Daniele Barbaro, in his 1567 commentary on Vitruvius, added a reference to "mixtures of various species" among the list of impos sibilities. Barbaro also offered an explana tion: "Certainly, just as fantasy in sleep con fusedly represents images of things to us and often puts together things of a diverse nature, so we could say do grotesques, which we could definitely call the dreams of paint ing."5 Dialectic, Barbaro maintained, satisfies reason, oratory the senses and reason, poetry more the senses than reason. Grotesques are instead akin to sophistry—argument and pure artistry for their own sake, untethered by logic or nature.6 Giorgio Vasari deemed grotesques "a very ridiculous and licentious species of painting" but also praised their inventiveness: "miscar ried monsters [sconciature di mostri] . . . things without rules ... a great weight on the thinnest thread that could not hold it, a horse with legs of leaves and a man the legs of a crane, and infinite swags of drapery and sparrows."7 Vasari listed impossibilities—a weight and drapery without support and hy brid monsters—but also sparrows, local birds that naturally fly. Vasari's odd reference to sparrows, which are hardly "miscarried mon sters," betrays a tension between art and na ture characteristic of Renaissance grotesques. Ancient examples include birds neatly arranged in a pattern on perches, but nothing like the veristic birds that flit around Re


The couple of permanent magnet coil is used as geophone for many years.In general,there are a few troubles such as electromagnetic interference,permanent magnet's non-linearity,and base band (10~300 Hz) transmission to be disturbed.A new method of seismic acquisition,which uses tangential laser Doppler effect with an optimized differential optical configuration,was proposed.The frequency bandwidth was properly determined by analyzing the frequency of the Doppler signal.The velocity,displacement,acceleration and frequency can be acquired in real-time by F/V converting the FM Doppler signal.A dynamic range of 100 dB and the linear frequency range of 1.0 to 1 000 Hz are realized.