【Objective】 The optimal drought period stream-flow forecasting model is studied to provide a basis for the management of river basin water resources.【Method】 This paper presents combined forecasting models of simple average and optimal weighted based on the principle of ARIMA,artificial neural network(ANN) and multiple linear regression(MLR),and applies the single models and the combinated models to the Xiying River of Shiyang River drought period stream-flow forecasting,and the results of the accuracy of those models,compared by using correlation coefficient,deterministic coefficient and root mean squared error,are also presented in this paper.【Result】 In single forecasting models,only the ARIMA model passes the examination of deterministic coefficient.The accuracy of optimal weighted combinated model is higher than simple average combination.In the combinated forecasting models,deterministic coefficient of the combination of ARIMA and MLR and the combination of ARIMA and ANN are higher than all single forecasting models.【Conclusion】 The accuracy of the optimal weighted model not only depends on the accuracy of the single forecasting models,but also depends on the correlation of the error of single forecasting models.The best optimal weighted combinated models of drought period stream-flow in Xiying River is the combination of ARIMA and MLR and the combination of ARIMA and ANN.


The theory for the X spectrum of an [AXn]3 C3v spin system is developed for the case |J AX |≥ JAA |≥JAX |≥ JXX = 0. The spectra of four molybdenum complexes with phosphorus-containing ligands are analysed on this basis. The sign of 3JPF is found to be positive. The coupling constants are discussed. The magnitude of 2JPP increases as the electronegativity of the groups attached to the phosphorus atoms increases. The sign of 4JFF is opposite to that of 2JPP.


Graduate programs face a serious dilemma with international doctoral students. On the one hand, international doctoral students are generally hard-working and extremely productive researchers. This is evident at every AEJMC convention when dozens of international students present papers, many of which are selected top student papers in divisions. International students also routinely score high on the GRE, though the validity of the scores from some countries is under question. In general, international students make doctoral programs look good. On the other hand, one of the main complaints voiced by alumni about their undergraduate experience is that too many courses are taught by international graduate students. Alumni complain about graduate assistants' accents, lack of knowledge about teaching, and lack of experience in U.S. media industries. Of the complaints, the language problem is the most serious. One way of dealing with this, of course, is to ignore it and hope the complaints are kept to a minimum. Another option is to remove graduate students entirely from the classroom and have them work as research assistants. However, since an increasing number of international doctoral students are finding jobs in the United States, this would leave the graduates woefully unprepared for their U.S. teaching careers. This would be a disservice to both the student and her/his future employer. A better solution would be to give the international student the necessary tools to succeed in the classroom. Students would benefit immensely from some added emphasis on teaching in their doctoral programs. Evidence of quality teaching abilities coupled with strong research potential would make an international doctoral graduate extremely marketable. Several moves could be made to help the international graduate student demonstrate teaching abilities. Some of these are minor; others require a stronger commitment from doctoral programs. Below is a partial list of opportunities that could/should be afforded to international graduate students. Increasing Students' Confidence in the Classroom One of the biggest shortcomings that international graduate students must overcome is the fear of failure in the classroom. Many international students lack confidence to teach classes in the United States because English is not their native language. However, the more experience students get in speaking publicly, the more confidence they'll have in front of a classroom full of students. Among the simplest ways of increasing students' classroom confidence is by requiring them to give presentations in their graduate classes. All first-year graduate students should be required to give presentations in their graduate-level courses. Fellow grad students are more understanding about language difficulties than are undergraduates. It is also helpful to have international students do presentations on topics that they arc comfortable with-international news flow, for example-or on topics that instructors can personally help them with-agenda setting in my case, for instance. Graduate students also make for great guest speakers. Last year, I had an international student-Jae-Hwa Shin, now an assistant professor at Southern Mississippi-speak to one of my classes about public relations research. Since I know little about research in this area and Jae-Hwa had presented several papers on the topic, she did a much better job handling the class than I would have. Students were engaged, asked great questions, and learned a whole lot more than if I had struggled with a presentation myself. I'm doing the same this semester with a student who has worked extensively in gatekeeping and influences on media content. International graduate students also can serve as an aide to instructors. They can sit in on classes and provide background on certain topics. I've often asked grad students for help in explaining topics during class, especially when I know they have extensive knowledge of the subject matter. …


Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have many future artificial intelligence (AI) applications; CNN hardware is an enabling technology to make this AI future come true. Two main specifications of CNN hardware are power and accuracy, which are determined at the design time by the CNN model, CNN hardware architecture, and the transformation scheme that maps the model onto the hardware. This paper points out that the above three design parameters share one common limitation that they are not flexible enough to offer power-accuracy tunability at deployment time and runtime. In response to this demand, we propose DrowsyNet, which randomly drops out a fraction of convolutional neurons to achieve a power-accuracy tradeoff. DrowsyNet is an inference-stage technique, which is different from traditional training-stage dropout. We further present that the dropout rates would better be set non-uniformly among convolutional layers. Experimental results show that up to 50% savings in the number of convolutions are available by trading away less than 11% of top-5 accuracy.


Menopause is natural phase in every women's life who is signed with the ended of menstruation cycle. In Indonesia, menopause is ussualy happen at 45 to 55ages. Menopause women gets threaten towards self system, which can be danger to social integrity function, identity, and self esteem (self concept) so that itcan be influencing to activity in their life interpersonally both in home and working area. The objective of this research was to prove the difference of self concept of working menopause woman and non – working menopause women at Ledug village of Kembaran sub district of Bnyumas region. This research was quantitative research with cross sectional of study approach, means that variables that were examined in this research were collected on the same time. Population in this research was women who were 45 to 55 yearsold with number of 585 women at Ledug village of Kembaran sub district of Banyumas region. The technique of taking sample used purposive sampling. The sample was47 working menopause women and 47 non- working menopause women. Data analyst method that was used was chi square test. Based on the result of research showedself concept of working menopause women concept with number of 4 women (36,4%) while self concept of non – working menopause women that were categorized as positive with number of 40 women  (48,2) and negative self concept were 7 women (63,6). The result of chi squere experiment were got analysis result p = 0,336 (p>a = 0,005) means there was no significant difference of self concept of working menopause women and non – working menopause women at Ledug village of Kembaran sub district of Banyumas  region. There was no significant difference of self concept of working menopause women and non – working menopause women at Ledug village of kembaran sub district of Banyumas region.


IN AUGUST, 1958, I was faced with the decision whether to continue practice on a salaried basis or to experiment with small animal house practice on my own. I elected to pursue the latter after many hours fraught with misgivings. These misgivings were due to my ignorance about this form of practice, which is very rare in North America, and to my early conditioning to practising small animal medicine from only a hospital or a clinic. After eighteen months in house practice, I am personally pleased with the results. Small animal house practice is very similar in form to most large animal practices because the animal is treated in its home and the success or failure of treatment depends in a strong measure on co-operation from the client. It differs in that it covers a smaller territory and deals only with the pets of an urban population. In my situation, my home serves as my base. My drugs, equipment, records and facilities for surgery are kept there. I maintain a telephone answering service which receives calls while I am away. I try to be available for telephone consultation between seven and eight in the morning. I arrange my calls on a circuit and try to confine them to the period between eight in the morning and seven in the evening. Except for genuine emergencies, I make no calls after seven p.m. through the week, after two p.m. on Saturdays, or on Sundays and holidays. I also make it a practice to take two weeks' vacation every six months. Under no circumstances are animals brought by clients to my premises for treatment or surgery. I will allow clients to pick up necessary medical refills or to leave specimens for medical examination if they inform me of their intent in advance. However, I try to discourage even the latter since I have found it can be adequately handled via the mails. I am very firm about this because my zoning is residential. Also, I am convinced that the client who seeks me at home is not a good risk professionally. My practising procedure is essentially no different from any medical practice. I make a diagnosis, instruct and inform the client in a program of treatment and dispense and prescribe medication. I maintain contact by telephone and if additional attention seems to be required, I make another call. I pick up mv major surgery and return it within 24 hours. I am a staunch supporter of the benefits of early ambulation. Where possible, I use a subcuticular stitch designed to relieve myself and the client of the expense of a follow-up trip for the removal of stitches. My initial expenses were minimal. While I anticipated at least one very austere year, I was fortunate because my standard of living did not deviate appreciably from the previous year when I had been salaried. My operating expenses are confined to a business telephone, answering service, station wagon, drugs and equipment, miscellaneous professional fees and insurance, and fifty


Tachocline toroidal fields are likely to exist in the form of narrow bands, at least during some phases of the solar cycle. Recent theoretical studies show that a narrow toroidal band in the solar tachocline can be held in equilibrium against its poleward slip due to the curvature stress by Coriolis forces from a prograde jet inside the band. Early attempts to detect convection-zone jets were made with the 7-month GONG data available at that time, but no clear evidence of jets was detected. We explore here long-term GONG data, in order to detect the amplitude, width and the latitude-location of jets that could exist in addition to background zonal flows. Using the latitudinal force-balance equation for toroidal bands in a typical solar tachocline, we first generate artificial helioseismic data that contain jets and we invert them in order to recover the jets. After this validation of the technique, we apply it to inversion of real data at different epochs.


Treatment of hypertension remains a difficult task despite the availability of different types of medications lowering blood pressure by different mechanisms. In order to reach the target blood pressures recommended today combination therapy is required in most patients. The co‐administration of two drugs with different impacts on the cardiovascular system markedly increases the antihypertensive effectiveness without altering adversely tolerability. Fixed low‐dose combinations are becoming a valuable option not only as second‐line, but also as first‐line therapy. In this respect the co‐administration of thiazide diuretic with an AT1‐receptor blocker is particularly appealing. The diuretic‐induced decrease in total body sodium activates the renin–angiotensin system, thus rendering blood pressure maintenance angiotensin II‐dependent. During blockade of the renin–angiotensin system low doses of thiazides generally suffice, allowing the prevention of undesirable metabolic effects. Also, blockade of the AT1‐receptor, particularly when angiotensin II production is enhanced in response to diuretic therapy, is expected to be beneficial, since angiotensin II seems to contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal complications of hypertension.


The isolation and separation of infected individuals in response to epidemics has persevered throughout history as an effective public health measure. Since the devastation of the Black Death during the fourteenth century, major European cities continued to institute various forms of quarantine in order to address the threat of plague. Following the Great Plague of London in 1665-66 – the last major outbreak of bubonic plague to occur in England – the country had no way of knowing it would never again be visited by the disease in its epidemic form. In the eighteenth century, Parliament took measures aimed at preventing outbreaks of infection from abroad – primarily, through the institution of a rigorous maritime quarantine system. This decision ultimately came about as a result of the standard medical rhetoric of the age, that plague in its epidemic form was much easier to prevent than it was to control. Theories of contagion advanced by English physician Dr. Richard Mead (1673-1754), on which the government's activity was largely based, were received with dissatisfied medical and communal responses. Yet quarantine, even in its contemporary form, in no way remains free of controversy. In the case of plague, effective preventative measures could not be entirely understood until the epidemiology of the disease had been fully worked out. This essay examines the impact of eighteenth century medical discourse and theories of contagion asserted specifically by Dr. Mead in shaping maritime quarantine protocol in England.


Childminder agencies are coming into their own and have a lead role to play in the modernisation of childcare, says Imelda Redmond CBE, chief executive, 4Children.


A 6-Gbps feed-forward equalizer having a 6.2-dB gain at 3GHz is designed in 0.13-um CMOS technology and the equalizer helps error-free data recovery over a 7-m SATA cable with 14.7dB loss. Based on a differentially-connected varactor, the proposed equalizer uses only a one-fourth varactor size of a conventional equalizer, which enables the equalizer's integration in a pad-frame, high operating frequency, and low power dissipation of 3.6mW.


Tourism and national identity: heritage and nationhood in Scotland by Kalyan Bhandari gives a sound overview and interesting interpretation of how Scottish heritage and national identity is a part ...


In the January 2002 issue of the Journal, Kinney et al. report the difficulties they encountered in running a pilot intervention project to reduce asthmatic children's exposure to pests and associated allergens in New York City.1 They are to be commended for taking on such a difficult task. I suggest that a more comprehensive approach is needed and that there are some lessons to be learned from the past.

More than 30 years ago, a coalition of tenants, landlords, trade unions, vocational schools, municipal and state officials, community leaders, and members of the clergy, together with the Mount Sinai Department of Community Medicine, set up the East Harlem Environmental Extension Service. The aim of the service was to reverse the breakdown of tenement home and neighborhood environments and to eliminate the environmental health and safety problems linked to this breakdown. We found that the critical underlying problem was the absence of preventive maintenance.

At the time, I was district health officer of East Harlem. A group of us reported to the McGovern Committee of the US Senate on the health and safety burdens on people living in buildings with poorly functioning boilers, broken plumbing systems, rotting window frames and missing window guards, broken windows, harborages for insects and rodents, pools of stagnant water in cellars and courtyards, inadequate waste management, peeling of leaded paint, unlit and cluttered passageways, and garbage-filled courtyards.

We noted that lead poisoning, home accidents and injuries, the wintertime suffering of the old and young due to the cold, burns and deaths from tenement fires, carbon monoxide poisoning from use of indoor heaters where windows were kept shut, rat and insect bites, and needless mental suffering were some of the hazards and risks for the 130 000 people then living in East Harlem tenement buildings with deteriorating maintenance. We also suspected that bronchial asthma, then the second or third most frequent emergency room diagnosis in Mount Sinai's emergency room, might be triggered by allergic reactions to rodent dander and mites in house dust.2–4

Our premise was that a dedicated and competent person trained in tenement maintenance could do more for the health of slum residents than a doctor or nurse. We set up an organization that hired young men trained in building maintenance, subsidized their salaries, and placed them in high-risk buildings. But subsidies were not enough; there was a need for an organizational framework, and the best strategy was to use these subsidies as training stipends. The Extension Service, which served some 30 buildings, eventually fell apart as a result of budget cuts during the Vietnam War and administrative problems. But the idea of a comprehensive approach spread into other neighborhoods.

Some 15 years ago, a group of us reported on the results of a case–control study on the relationship of asthma to passive smoking, dust mites, and other environmental conditions among refugee children in the Gaza Strip, where environmental conditions were particularly severe.5 On the basis of my work in Harlem 30 years ago and in the Gaza Strip 15 years ago, I question the impact and sustainability of a segmental approach to asthma and other inner-city health problems. To cite just one particular problem, the application of "low-toxicity pesticides" will not itself be without risk and may induce respiratory illness in infants and children,6 and certainly in children with preexisting respiratory or immunological problems. The use of such pesticides is no substitute for a more ecological approach based on searching for and eliminating pests' breeding sites and food sources—a public health basic.


NaCaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphors were prepared by a solid-state reaction. Their luminescence properties reveal that an efficient energy transfer from the Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions occurs, and its mechanism is a resonant type by means of a dipole-quadrupole reaction. The critical distance of the energy transfer has been calculated by concentration-quenching and spectral-overlap methods. The varied emitted color of the phosphors from blue to yellow-greenish can be achieved by properly tuning the relative ratio of Ce3+ and Tb3+ through the energy transfer from the Ce3+ to Tb3+ ions. These results indicate that NaCaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ is potentially useful as a highly efficient, green-emitting, UV-convertible phosphor for white-light-emitting diodes. Moreover, the accurate oscillator strength ratio of the electric quadrupole-to-dipole transitions for the Tb3+ ion was obtained to be about 10(-3), which may be of much significance in the estimate of the critical distance of the dipole-quadrupole interaction between Ce3+ and Tb3+ ions through Dexter's energy-transfer theory.


GAS/SPEC SS Selective Solvent was first used in the amine section of GFU 244 at the Chevron (Port Arthur, Texas) Refinery during 1985 as a replacement for DEA (Diethanolamine). Since converting to GAS/SPEC SS Selective Solvent, the process parameters have been monitored closely to evaluate changes in utility requirements, solvent circulation rates and operating costs. Current operating conditions and annual operating costs were compared to the performance of DEA preceding the May, 1985 conversion. The results are summarized in this paper.


Laser oscillating welding of AZ91 and Ti-6Al-4V was carried out and the influence of oscillating parameters on morphology and mechanical property was investigated. The joint strength obtained with beam oscillating was enhanced compared that without oscillating. With oscillating frequency increased, welding width of Mg improved while the melting amount of Ti decreased. The tensile strength improved initially and then decreased when oscillating frequency increased.


This research aimed to study authority development in Dengue Heamorrhagic Fever (DHF) prevention and control integrated model comparison between non-epidemic of DHF areas with epidemic of DHF areas in Phukeaw District Chiyaphum province , was a cross sectional analytical type. The sample size amount 180 samples, allocation were non-epidemic area amount 90 samples and with epidemic areas amount 90 samples. Collection data was conducted during 1 st October to 30 th  November 2007. Result of this study found that; comparison basic factors level about DHF between non- epidemic of DHR areas with epidemic of DHF areas were difference consists; 1) Knowledge and social support in non-epidemic of DHF areas were nearly level. 2) Attitude and health believes in non-epidemic of DHF areas were better than them. 3) Activity of role to Aedes larva control in non-epidemic of DHF areas were least than them. The factors were difference significantly consists; 1) Attitude (P-value = .003) 2) Economic contents (P-value χ²=10.81;P-value = .004) and 3) Reinforcing factors (χ²=6.78;P-value = .033). Enabling factors were significantly power of prediction not found Aedes larva events 7.6% (Nagelkerke R2 = .076) in non-epidemic of DHF areas, and predisposing factors were significantly power of prediction not found Aedes larva events 47.1% (Nagelkerke R2 = .471) in epidemic of DHF areas. Samples group were recommend that; health volunteers should be consultant about DHF continuous in community, and all of organization should be issue budget support growth to DHF disease control, including support and promote to volunteer participation concern and health personnel should be on going evaluation and continue. This study indicated that, DHF prevention and control to future model must be able establish the net working integrated types with every organization in rural, and should be depend on multiples factors including consists; 1) behaviors factors 2) pathology of DHF factor and 3) rural policy factors, would be able DHF disease reduction sustainable.


Critical and discursive psychology have long been the sites to contest the roles of language, institutional knowledge and power structures in the maintenance of the discipline of psychology. For over 25 years, Ian Parker has been a key leading figure in the development of these debates. Until now, some of the central ideas of this critical work have remained disparate and scattered, this dispersion being further reinforced by the sheer vastness and diversity of approaches that consider themselves "critical". In his Routledge-series, Psychology after critique, for the first time, Parker brings together a reworked range of his most important papers to present a focused and radical presentation of key debates that he argues emerge from an early Paradigm revolutions and discourse debates


To avoid harm to our health and electronic equipments,composites applied for eletro-magnetic shielding had broad prospects.In the research,polycarbonate or polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was aopted as the base material,and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were adopted as the main fillers.Composite was prepared by melt blending.The rheological behavior was investigated and the step between 2.5 % and 3 % might be regarded as a rheological threshold.Shielding effectiveness of composites was tested.Composite whose shielding effectiveness was over 35 dB was prepared.


The effect of ageing on damping capacities of the Ni_(53) Ga_(27) Fe_(15) Co_5 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy(FSMA) was investigated by using low frequency torsion pendulum.The results show that when the strain amplitude was less than 4.0×10~(-5),the damping capacities of the Ni_(53) Ga_(27) Fe_(15) Co_5 alloy were determined by frequency,when the strain amplitude was more than 4.0×10~(-5) those were controlled by strain amplitude before and after ageing.Martensitic transformation temperature decreased,the converse transformation temperature increased and latent heat of phase transition was reduced of the Ni_(53) Ga_(27) Fe_(15) Co_5 alloy after ageing at 700℃for 4 h,the damping capacities of the ageing alloy were twice larger than those of the as-cast alloy.The maximum damping capacities reached 0.139.


Pascal, the core language for over a decade in most Computer Science programs, is beginning to show its age. Its widespread adoption began at a time when faculty wanted to introduce structured programming techniques to beginning students. Pascal's simplicity and enforcement of the principles of structured programming quickly led to its becoming the predominant language for the first course (CS 1). While suitable for teaching structured programming in the introductory course, standard Pascal is not the best choice for teaching data abstraction, the implementation of object-oriented designs, or team progr amming. Thus, many schools are now experimenting with using a second language like Ada or C++ in the second course (CS2). However, most of us have found that using different languages in CS 1 and CS2 dc)es not work well. Because our students are struggling with both syntactic and semantic problems, many of them experience great difficulties in learning two languages during their first year of study. A solution to this problem adopted at an increasing number of schools is to use A& in both courses.


Objective:5- year follow- up of the blood pressure and its related factors was analyzed in the staff of Yuxi city.Methods:The blood pressure,triglyceride,cholesterol and body mass index of 6324 cases of staff were respectively measured in September 1993 and APril 1998.The livers were scanned by B- mode ultrasonic examination.Results:Prevalence rate of hypertension was 7.21% in 1993,but 6.10% in 1998.Hypertension with hypertriglyceridemia increased with ages in less than 60 years old.The incidences of hypertension,obesity and fatty liver of the staff with hypertriglyceridemia were higher than one of the staff with normal triglyceride,and the incidence of hypertriglyceridemia elevated year by year.Conclusions:Hypertriglyceridemia is a serious risk factor of cardiovascular idseases.It was active significance to prevent and treat hypertriglyceridemia for reducing effectively acute attack and death of cardiovascular diseases.


In this paper, we introduce a fractional heat conduction equation with a time-fractional derivative based on using the fractional heat Fourier law, in a half space in contact with vacuum perfectly-conductive half space. The Caputo fractional derivative is used to study the interaction between elastic, thermal, and magnetic fields. The solutions for displacement, temperature, stress and perturbed magnetic fields both in the vacuum and in the half-space are derived. The solutions are first obtained in terms of Laplace transform. The inverse of the Laplace transform is done numerically using a method based on Fourier expansion techniques. Numerical results for a copper-like material are presented graphically and discussed.


26 Introduction Consumers' demands for an ever expanding and diverse suite of beef and cattle production characteristics continue to drive ranchers to diversify the quality attributes of their cattle. More today than ever, purchasers of food products derived from animals are interested in quality characteristics that go beyond the physical features of the product itself. Instead, buyers are more focused on how animal welfare, how they are raised (Li et al. 2018; Lagerkvist and Hess 2011; Lusk and Norwood 2011) and what feed, supplements, implants or antibiotics are administered (Key and McBride 2014; McKendree et al. 2013). Simultaneously, the collection of value-added management, vaccination, and marketing programs available to ranchers continues to grow. The combination of these two trends adds substantial ranch-level complexity for cattlemen who must determine which programs and practices will maximize the value of their cattle at time of sale. While the vast majority of these programs will add costs to beef operations, the additional revenue generated from enrolling in these programs is uncertain and highly variable (Zimmerman et al. 2012; Blank, Saitone, and Sexton 2016). This paper uses data from the largest satellite video auction in the Western United States, Western Video Market (WVM) Auction, and a hedonic regression framework to estimate the premiums/discounts associated with value-added management, vaccination and marketing practices used by ranchers in 2017. Satellite video auctions operate much like traditional auctions with several alterations: i) allowing sellers access to a geographically-broader buyer base by facilitating bidding from remote locales, ii) mitigating cattle stress and incremental hauling costs by not transporting cattle to the auction location before delivery to the buyer, iii) permitting sellers to differentiate their cattle by including comprehensive descriptions of the programs and on-ranch practices used, and iv) allowing ranchers to market lots of cattle for future delivery. From a research perspective, these satellite video auctions provide unique opportunities to analyze lot-level sales data with comprehensive details on the specific programs and practices associated with each lot of cattle sold. These data then allow researchers to provide ranchers with information about the marginal valuation associated with each program or practice employed. Studies utilizing satellite video auction data and employing a hedonic regression framework began with the advent of these types of sales and systematic data collection (e.g., Bailey and Peterson 1991; Bailey, PeterBeef Cattle Management and Marketing Programs: Do They Add Value for Ranchers in the Western United States?


the present paper attempts at providing a lexical and semantic analysis of the lexical field referring to personal hygiene and cultivation of beauty. Particular attention will be paid to the examination of various uses of the key terms and their literal and metaphorical meaning. in addition, in the investigation conducted an attempt is made to classify the selected items into a number of subcategories such as cleansing substances, rooms, pieces of furniture, accessories and activities related to the cultivation of beauty in mediaeval times. the terms under discussion cover the period from oe till 1550.


The collective modes in layered narrow-tight-binding-band superconductors are investigated within the ladder-diagram approximation with the vacuum-polarization correction. The in-plane nearest-neighbor interaction and the interplane nearest-neighbor tunneling are assumed. For the extended {ital s}-wave and {ital d}-wave states, the in-plane and out-of-plane longitudinal plasma frequencies (plasmon energies) in the long-wavelength limit are calculated as functions of hole density and temperature {ital T}. Their expressions almost coincide with those for the normal-state electrons in the same tight-binding model. Both of the in-plane and out-of-plane results are almost unaffected by the anisotropy of the order parameter, and almost do not depend on {ital T}. The out-of-plane plasma frequency can be smaller than the superconducting energy gap for the extended {ital s}-wave state. The obtained in-plane and out-of-plane plasma frequencies (though they are for the longitudinal modes) are compared with the recent experimental results for the transverse plasma frequencies in high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconductors. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


Genomics has been identified by the Institute of Medicine (I OM) as one of eight new emerging areas critically important to building public health infrastructure and capacity in workforce development initiatives. The completion of the human genome map in 2003, creates new possibilities for the public health workforce to respond to these new scientific advances. A number of genomic competencies have been developed with dialogue among interdisciplinary teams representing various organizations. These competencies were developed in an effort to ensure a basic level of needed competence in genomics in practice and training of the public health workforce. With appropriate training, the role of genomic influences may be woven into existing knowledge of environmental, behavioral and lifestyle factors and applied to an improved understanding of the risks of disease predisposition and acquisition. Many of the top ten causes of death in the United States are potentially preventable, with nine having a known genetic component. One of the challenges for the public health educational system as discussed herein is to train new students as well as the existing workforce in the applications of genomics to population health in order to achieve its remit of improving health and preventing disease. The uptake of genomics into public health practice will take place in the context of a variety of potential impact factors which will be considered along with acknowledgement of shrinking budgets for public health services, programs and education. The public health community must avail themselves of freely available existing educational resources in genomics and forge new partnerships to assure the appropriate education and training is taking place. The Genomics Competency/Resource


Oman Ophiolite is one of the best-preserved ophiolite in the world and the type locality of oceanic lithosphere. ICDP Oman Drilling Project (OmDP) drilled ~100% core recovery of continual lower crustal section in Hole GT1A (22° 53.535'N, 58° 30.904'E; 403.7 m depth) and GT2A (22° 51.793'N, 58° 31.198'E; 406.77 m depth). These cores were cut in half and conducted on-board description on D/V CHIKYU during July-August 2017. Igneous and alteration petrologists, structural geologists, geochemists, physical property specialists and paleomagnetists got a series of core description. Both GT1A and GT2A cores consist of ~65% of olivine gabbro, ~25% of olivine-bearing gabbro and olivine melagabbro. Minor rock types are anorthositic gabbro, troctolitic


Constrained by the limited sizes and shape, the receiving set of the wireless power transmission system was hard to supply the increasing energy demand. The key of this problem is improving the space utilization rate. This paper was focused on the orientation stability of the receiving set and its temperature rise inside the human body, and determined the optimal sharp of the core. An equation was built according to the geometrical relationship. The solutions were the size of the core and the turns of the wire. Thus, the optimal parameters of the receiving set were acquired. Finally, this method was verified by the experiments.


An efficient approach is presented to identify the stability and quality to short-circuit gas metal arc welding (GMAW) by using power spectral analysis and time-frequency. spectral analysis methods. A systematic analysis based on experimental data shows that the short-circuiting frequency is a determining factor on weld process stability. The relationship between the short-circuiting frequency and the process stability is established. Moreover, using the time-frequency analysis method, some disturbances and unpredictable variation of welding conditions, which contributes to an instable process, can be easily identified and weld defects can he located A set of experiments with designed disturbances was conducted to verify the method. The result, show that it is possible to evaluate the process stability and detect weld defects automatically during the welding process. The time-frequency analysis method is also useful in tuning or relining a welding procedure to obtain the greatest level of stability.


Abstract Cancer drug therapy has been increasingly administered to patients at home. Such therapy at home includes oral medicine or FOLFOX therapy with continuous injection using an infuser pump, which necessitates exposure measures at home. We conducted a self-administered survey to health professionals on exposure measures at the Designated Regional Cancer Centers and Hospitals in Japan. The purpose of the survey was to evaluate the current status of exposure measures after issuing the Guidelines 2015, a previous version of the Guidelines 2019. The survey results included, "Health professionals wonder how much they should instruct patients and family to take exposure measures," "Patients feel alienated if their family adheres to exposure measures strictly," "Health professionals wonder how they should instruct patients and their family who are excessively concerned about exposure to cancer drugs." In addition, the survey results included suggested measures or requests such as "It would be helpful if we have educational materials and measures related to cancer drug exposure for patients and family," "We need guidelines or educational materials for home visiting nurses or home care workers." Guidelines 2019 does not set clinical questions (CQs); however, it has additional measures that were indicated, including "environmental contamination and exposure pathways of hazardous drug at home," "safe handling of hazardous drug: management and handing of injection or oral drug, body fluids and waste," "How to keep daily living safe while hazardous drug is active in body fluids and waste: use of restroom, management of stoma, washing clothes." In this session, we will introduce the current status, issues and strategies of the home care of patients receiving cancer drugs in Japan.


In this paper different solution heat-treatment processes was researched and the influence of different solution heat-treatment processes on the microstructures and hardness of the 2A16 aluminum alloy are analyzed.It is shown that the optimal solution heat-treatment process can be obtained at 525℃×10min,which can provide an evidence for the identification and optimization of parameters of heat-treatment process of the 2Al6.


Data in the sciences frequently occur as sequences of multidimensional arrays called tensors. How can hidden, evolving trends in such data be extracted while preserving the tensor structure? The model that is traditionally used is the linear dynamical system (LDS) with Gaussian noise, which treats the latent state and observation at each time slice as a vector. We present the multilinear dynamical system (MLDS) for modeling tensor time series and an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the parameters. The MLDS models each tensor observation in the time series as the multilinear projection of the corresponding member of a sequence of latent tensors. The latent tensors are again evolving with respect to a multilinear projection. Compared to the LDS with an equal number of parameters, the MLDS achieves higher prediction accuracy and marginal likelihood for both artificial and real datasets.


This Resource Is a JET-TV news item about Heberle's patients organizing to host a fundraiser to help pay for his legal defense. The Pain Relief Network is also involved in this egregious case. In January 2005 Dr. David Klees was sentenced to 29 years in prison for 'illegal painkiller prescriptions' and Dr. Paul Heberle compassionately took on the pain patients of Dr. Klees. Then federal law enforcement came after Heberle, shutting down his practice leaving dozens of patients entirely abandoned by the medical establishment and by government.


This polishing slurry contains abrasive grains formed of a metal oxide, a permanganate salt and an inorganic compound other than the permanganate salt. With respect to the inorganic compound, the redox potential of a solution that is obtained by adding the inorganic compound into a 1.0% by mass aqueous solution of the permanganate salt so that the inorganic compound accounts for 1.0% by mass of the aqueous solution of the permanganate salt is higher than the redox potential of the aqueous solution of the permanganate salt. It is preferable that the content of the inorganic compound is from 0.7 part by mass to 150 parts by mass (inclusive) relative to 100 parts by mass of the permanganate salt. It is also preferable that the abrasive grains formed of a metal oxide are manganese oxide particles.


 The negatives were: first, the fact that there had been a housing boom over the 2003–07 period, which meant that the household sector and the banking sector were somewhat stretched in terms of their balance sheets; second, and this is quite important from New Zealand's point of view, the banks' balance sheets were 40% funded offshore, and a large part of that was funded in the short-term wholesale markets. This left the New Zealand banking system vulnerable to the liquidity shock and credit contraction arising from the financial crisis. Finally, the fact that the NZ dollar was internationalised, ie commonly traded in the international markets, also meant that the NZ dollar was somewhat exposed following Lehman's failure and the very sharp reversal of risk appetite in the international financial markets. So, as a consequence, the NZ dollar substantially depreciated in late 2008/early 2009.


During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Rabbi Joseph Karo composed two major Jewish codes of law: the Beit Yosef, and its abridged version, Sulchan 'Aruch. Though several centuries of legal discussion and scholarship have passed since their publication, these double codes of law were never superseded. This codification project defined the axial place of law in Jewish tradition. I argue that it responded to changes in legal processes and the enforcement of law that simultaneously transformed early modern Europe and the Ottoman world. Transcontinentally connected changes in political institutions—the formation of a centralized Islamic empire in the Ottoman case, and the formation of centralized states in Europe—dramatically redefined the role of law and legal codification in the forging of state power and community identities. The resultant belief among Sephardi rabbis, including Karo, that changes in Jewish legal tradition were now needed, prompted a redefinition of Jewish legal culture, whereby law (a gradually centralized conception of it) began to be seen as the foundation of Jewish religious heritage and ethnic identity. Despite the absence of state backing, early modern transformations in Jewish law were thus part of comparable changes taking place in the European and Islamic legal worlds.


Abstract The authors of this article present a brief set of questions to be used in direct practice encounters with the aged. Founded on a body of research literature that suggests a positive relationship between higher levels of spiritual and religious activities and well being among the aged. These open-ended questions are designed to assist practitioners working with the elderly explore the role religion and spirituality play in their lives with respect to affective and instrumental support and meaning making. This short inventory can be integrated into any bio-psycho-social assessment or at any point in the helping relationship.


The present invention is directed to the determination of the force imposed on a terminal being crimped onto a wire. The crimping mechanism includes a cantilevered member which is deflected an amount that is proportional to the crimping force imposed on the terminal by the crimping bar. The amount of this deflection is sensed by four strain gages which are coupled to the cantilevered member and are electrically interconnected to form a Wheatstone bridge. The output of the Wheatstone bridge is then translated into actual force being imposed upon the terminal.


In this study, a bio-inspired dung beetle robot was developed that emulated the dung rolling motion of the dung beetle. Dung beetles, which can roll objects up to 1000 times their own body weight, are one of the strongest insect species in the world. While the locomotion of many insects, such as cockroaches, inchworms, and butterflies, has been studied widely, the locomotion of dung beetles has rarely been given attention. Here, we report on the development of a dung beetle robot made specifically to investigate dung-rolling behavior and to determine and understand the underlying mechanism. Two versions of the robot were built, and the leg trajectories were carefully designed based on kinematic analysis. Cylinder and ball rolling experiments were conducted, and the results showed that the dung beetle robot could successfully and reliably roll objects. This further suggests that the dung beetle robot, with its current morphology, is capable of reliably rolling dung without the need for complex control strategies.


Yersinia enterocoliticaand related species recovery frequency was studied in recently slaughtered animals in San Luis, Argentina. A total of 493 samples from bovine rectal contents (100), young goat (100), chicken (50) and pig (103) caecal contents, and chicken skins (140) were analyzed. Forty-sixY. enterocoliticastrains, threeYersinia intermediastrains and oneYersinia frederikseniistrain were obtained from 7.5% of the samples. A highestY. enterocoliticarecovery was from the caecal contents from pigs (26.2% positive samples). Most of the strains belonged to biovar 1, serovar 0:5. In porcines, the isolated biovars were different from those recovered from these animals in Europe. The pathogenicity was assessed by virulence tests with positive autoagglutination and calcium dependence at 37°C for threeY. enterocoliticastrains from porcines and negative results for the remaining ones.


Margaret Thatcher, the first woman Prime Minister of Britain, was a controversial figure who has been largely ignored in feminist rhetorical scholarship. This article argues that the field should pay attention to political women in the 1980s to consider how they contributed to conservative and Neo-liberal ideologies that persist today. Examining Thatcher's rhetorical performance in Prime Minister's Questions during the Falklands War, this article argues that she manipulated her political context with great success and contributes to an understanding of diverse women's rhetorical practices.


Abstract The technical and legal challenges of attribution in cyberspace prevent the meaningful operation of the international law framework of State responsibility. Despite the anticipation surrounding its publication, the Tallinn Manual 2.0 went no further than its predecessor in offering a cogent legal solution to this problem. Instead, the Manual confined its analysis of attribution to the well-known provisions of the International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility. This article departs from the Tallinn Manual 2.0 in arguing that the due diligence principle offers a preferable and appropriate standard of attribution in cyberspace.


Since the reaction between urea and diacetyl monoxime was first described (Fearon, 1939) it has formed the basis of most laboratory methods of estimating urea. Many modifications of the technique as originally described have since been suggested in order to try and overcome some of the difficulties of the strongly acid solutions required, light sensitivity of the coloured product of the reaction, and the deviation of the reaction from Beers Law. The advent of automatic systems of analysis and in particular of the AutoAnalyzerl has reduced the severity of some of these problems but has by no means eliminated them. The method until recently advocated by the Technicon Company, and widely used in Britain, is basically that of Marsh, Fingerhut, and Kirsch (1957) but includes the modified ferric alum acid reagent suggested by Richter and Lapointe (1962). This method utilizes an acid reagent consisting of 33% v/v sulphuric acid and 33% v/v phosphoric acid, and a diacetyl monoxime reagent in 15% w/v sodium chloride. These reagents


The article deals with the area of modelling and simulation and it is focused on automatically generated flight routes as a part of complex simulation tool for the air defence mission planning. The routes are based on generic plane model, which consists of a controller part (a pilot) and plane dynamic model and it is defined by the system of differential equations with adjustable parameters, for instance values of velocity, acceleration, pitch and yaw angles or determined way-points. The simulation is done in the Jupyter notebook environment, using the Python programming language, where the complete set of all the possible flight routes is generated and evaluated in accordance with further requirements, e.g. analysis of optimal track for the attack.


The determination of the optimum radial circulation distribution of the propeller is investigated based on the improved lifting-line model and the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. The axial, radial and tangential induced velocities are considered, and the kinematics boundary condition that the direction of vortex line is consistent with the local flow field direction is fulfilled by iteration calculation. Therefore, the improved lifting-line model could be applied on many conditions including the heavy loaded condition to determine the circulation distribution. Meanwhile, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. A mutation strategy for premature convergence particles is added in the algorithm. And the traditional variational calculus method is replaced by this optimization method to calculate the propeller radial circulation distribution. Several circulation distribution optimizations and the analysis of calculations are carried out. Optimization results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the method.


Social interdependence theory mainly concerns the action effects,internal psychological processes,interaction patterns and outcomes when individuals interact in the cooperative and competitive situations.It refers to three forms of interdependence,that is,positive interdependence,negative interdependence and no interdependence,which can create promotive,oppositional and no interaction respectively,and thus lead to the corresponding outcomes.In order to promote effective cooperative learning,teachers should make good efforts to stimulate positive interdependence and avoid negative or no interdependence among students in the instructional design.The operation of positive interdependence is achieved by enhancing individual responsibility;while that of promotive interdependence by emphasizing social skills and group processing.Therefore,social interdependence theory can provide implications for teachers to develop cooperative learning activities in five aspects of design: interdependence form,individual accountability,interaction pattern,social skills and group processing.


The aim of the present study was to create a source separation and waste reduction culture in Ardabil city in a randomized systematic way. The present semi-experimental study was conducted in two regions of Ardabil city. The number of sample in each region was 100 (50 as control, 50
 as case population). In order to determine the effect of the profile of households in regions 1 and 2 and the effect of training on the amount of produced waste and the increase of awareness on source waste separation, two-step sampling, before and after training, was conducted in both groups.
 Beside a questionnaire also was completed before and after training. The results showed the statistically significant relationship between the income and reduction of produced waste in region 1 and 2. In the case group, level of awareness in regions 1 and 2 was changed from low-medium (first
 step) to medium-high (second step). Also, amount of produced waste was reduced in second steps in the case group. This result indicates the effect of training as an intervention factor, on waste management. Therefore, the desirable education system should be selected according to the status
 of society and the cultural, social, and economic conditions of each region and it is advisable to use specialized staff with health and environmental views to train citizens in order to source waste separation and waste management.


This paper introduces the features of No.7 signaling network, according to the main factors and netting principles of optimizing No.7 signaling network, analyzes on the constitutive structure and problems existing in the No.7 signaling network of Shanxi Province, and advances the scheme of optimizing No.7 signaling network of Shanxi Province.


Background: Acute poisonings are common and are treated at different levels of the health care system. Since most fatal poisonings occur outside hospital, these must be included when studying characteristics of such deaths. The pattern of toxic agents differs between fatal and non-fatal poisonings. By including all poisoning episodes, causefatality rates can be calculated. Methods: Fatal and non-fatal acute poisonings in subjects aged ≥16 years in Oslo (428 198 inhabitants) were included consecutively in an observational multi-centre study including the ambulance services, the Oslo Emergency Ward (outpatient clinic), and hospitals, as well as medico-legal autopsies from 1st April 2003 to 31st March 2004. Characteristics of fatal poisonings were examined, and a comparison of toxic agents was made between fatal and nonfatal acute poisoning. Results: In Oslo, during the one-year period studied, 103 subjects aged ≥16 years died of acute poisoning. The annual mortality rate was 24 per 100 000. The male-female ratio was 2:1, and the mean age was 44 years (range 19-86 years). In 92 cases (89%), death occurred outside hospital. The main toxic agents were opiates or opioids (65% of cases), followed by ethanol (9%), tricyclic anti-depressants (TCAs) (4%), benzodiazepines (4%), and zopiclone (4%). Seventy-one (69%) were evaluated as accidental deaths and 32 (31%) as suicides. In 70% of all cases, and in 34% of suicides, the deceased was classified as drug or alcohol dependent. When compared with the 2981 non-fatal acute poisonings registered during the study period, the case fatality rate was 3% (95% C.I., 0.03-0.04). Methanol, TCAs, and antihistamines had the highest case fatality rates; 33% (95% C.I., 0.008-0.91), 14% (95% C.I., 0.04-0.33), and 10% (95% C.I., 0.02-0.27), respectively. Conclusions: Three per cent of all acute poisonings were fatal, and nine out of ten deaths by acute poisonings occurred outside hospital. Two-thirds were evaluated as accidental deaths. Although case fatality rates were highest for methanol, TCAs, and antihistamines, most deaths were caused by opiates or opioids. Background Deaths by acute poisoning are mainly suicides or consequences of substance use disorders. The majority of deaths attributed to substance use disorder are considered accidental, i.e. death was not the intended outcome [1]. However, a post-mortem determination of the intention behind a fatal intake is uncertain. Some suicides might be classified as accidental deaths, and vice versa [2]. Furthermore, self-destructiveness is a common feature among those with suicidal behaviour and among those repeatedly treated for accidental overdoses [3]. This may explain why the evaluated intention in repeated acute poisonings often changes from one admission to another [4]. Hence, the inclusion of all deaths by acute poisoning will give a more complete picture of mortality and toxic agents used among this group of people with unnatural deaths. The changing availability of drugs influences the pattern of toxic agents in fatal poisonings [5-7]. During recent decades there has been a shift in prescriptions from tricyclic anti-depressants (TCAs) to newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants, although the recent controversy regarding suicide risk is still debated [8,9]. The implementation of methadone maintenance treatment has led to an increase in deaths related to methadone intake [7], but the magnitude of the increase varies between countries [1]. Regular updates on the pattern of toxic agents used are therefore * Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com 1 Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2010 Bjornaas et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bjornaas et al. BMC Emergency Medicine 2010, 10:13 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-227X/10/13 Page 2 of 11 of interest, as it is important in the discussion of prescription policy and treatment of drug addiction. Death certificates seldom include additional agents according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system [10], and the coding of ethanol poisoning is problematic in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. Important information regarding toxic patterns is therefore lost if studies are based solely on death certificates and mortality statistics [10,11]. Studies designed to examine the patterns of both main and additional agents in acute poisonings are therefore necessary. In order to describe the pattern of poisoning it would be useful to compare the toxic agents used in fatal versus non-fatal poisonings, and hence the relative influence of each agent on mortality rates. Case fatality rates can be calculated as long as all fatal poisonings in a defined area are known, along with the number of diagnosed non-fatal acute poisonings. The aim of the present study was to describe the pattern of drugs detected in fatal acute poisonings in Oslo during one year, including deaths both in and outside hospitals. Methods Acute poisonings in subjects aged 16 years or older occurring in Oslo were included consecutively in an observational multicentre study from 1st April 2003 to 31st March 2004. This was a prospective study using a standardized data collection form, and the cases were included consecutively. The complete study involved the four hospitals in Oslo that treat patients with acute poisoning, the Oslo Emergency Ward (outpatient clinic), the ambulance service in Oslo, and the Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo. The patients were included on admission. All contacts were recorded, and each poisoning episode was traced through different levels of care using of each patient's unique personal identification number. This also included those found dead and subjected to medico-legal examination. Thus, a complete one-year picture of all patients in the capital of Norway who were in contact with health care services because of acute poisoning was obtained. The catchment area had a total population of 521 886, of which 428 198 were older than 16 years (1st January 2004). Data on fatal poisoning is presented here. The intention behind the fatal intake, the history of substance use disorder, and previous suicide attempts were assessed. Furthermore, the main toxic agents in fatal and non-fatal acute poisonings in the same geographical area and period were compared, and casefatality rates were calculated. Epidemiological data on the non-fatal poisonings has been presented previously [12,13]. Data collection The inclusion criterion for the present part of the study was exposure to a toxic substance in an amount leading to death in subjects ≥16 years, i.e. a primary diagnosis of acute poisoning. Deaths both in and outside hospitals were included. Furthermore, both deliberate acute poisonings and accidental poisonings were included. Exclusion criteria were chronic poisoning and admission to hospital or the Institute of Forensic Medicine with another primary diagnosis, such as trauma, even if intoxication (mostly from ethanol) was the underlying reason for the accident. Medico-legal autopsies were performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo. The Institute of Forensic Medicine examines all deaths due to poisoning, according to Norwegian law. Forensic pathologists at the Institute perform the autopsies. Police records are available if relevant. In all forensic cases, toxicological analyses were performed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse. For deaths occurring in hospitals where a medico-legal autopsy was not performed, physicians obtained data by completing a standardized registration form based on medical files. If the patient had been conscious during the hospital stay, the form was completed based on a clinical interview. Classification of toxic agents Toxic agents were recorded and classified as main or additional agents. Toxicologists at the Institute of Forensic Toxicology and the forensic pathologist did the determination of the toxic agents responsible for the death in the fatal cases. However, for patients who survived, and for fatal poisonings in hospital not subjected to medicolegal autopsy, the treating physician made the determination of the toxic agents leading to hospitalization. For all medico-legal autopsies, drug screening was performed. The main toxic agent in fatal poisonings was defined as the substance supposed to be the main contributor to death. Toxicological analyses included a drugscreening program. According to the Institute of Forensic Toxicology's standard protocol, blood from the common iliac vein was used. Alcohols (ethanol, methanol, isoproanol and aceton) were analysed with headspace gas chromatography (GC), and two different columns were used. Immunological screening was used for amphetamines, cannabis (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC), cocaine/benzoylecognin, opiates and opioids, and positive results were confirmed using GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Liquid chromatography single stage mass spectrometry (LCsingle MS) was used for benzodiazepines and their metabolites, and for 63 of the most commonly encountered drugs within the given groups: analgesics, antiBjornaas et al. BMC Emergency Medicine 2010, 10:13 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-227X/10/13 Page 3 of 11 depressants, neuroleptics, anti-epileptics, and others. Confirmation tests used also LC-single MS, but with different extraction and separation columns. In addition, carbon monoxide was analysed for. Other drugs were analysed on request. Heroin metabolizes


In recent years the energy demand is increasing tremendously. To fulfil the demand major conventional energy producing sources require large/mega capacity plants. Along with that the importance of nonconventional energy sources is also getting emphasize due to their advantages such as fuel is free of cost, availability of fuel, less transmission losses etc. consequently solar energy (photovoltaic/thermal);wind energy are very popular. The Seeback effect also can be used to produce the small amount of electricity from the various places where heat produced is a loss in the process. Thermoelectric generators which are used to generate electricity can play important role in achieving sustainable energy solution. In this paper a study of thermoelectric generation (TEG) is done to observe the effectiveness of temperature difference to produce electricity from the waste heat of various equipment. Keywords— Thermoelectric generation, waste heat, thermoelectric cooling)


Inquiry-based curricula help students develop a range of skills (Kuhn, 2005), however specific outcomes have been shown to depend on the instructional design of inquiry curricula (Kirschner et al 2006). Across three courses of vertically integrated inquiry-based practical curricula, we have identified clear developmental trajectories in the scientific inquiry and communication skills of students, as they move from novice to expert, and gain an understanding of how new knowledge is created in their discipline. Abstract: Internationally, inquiry-based curricula are highly recommended as a form of student-active learning (Abd-El-Khalick et al 2004), thought to help students develop skills in lifelong learning and the evaluation of evidence in complex settings (Kuhn 2005). However, the degree of guidance and ownership provided to students during inquiry classes has been shown to have a significant impact on the learning outcomes that students achieve (Kirschner et al 2006). In the context of a series of three undergraduate courses with vertically integrated, inquiry-based practical curricula, across which there is a reduction in the guidance provided to students, and an increase in the complexity of skills required of students, we have investigated the development of students' scientific inquiry and communication skills. To determine the gains in scientific inquiry and communication skills attained by students, we examined the assessment artefacts from a sample of students (n=22) who took all three courses consecutively. The hypothesis and figure legends from three assignments in the first course, and one assignment from each of the second and third courses, were analysed for the degree of specific details included in each written statement, as well as the clarity, accuracy and relevance of the statements in each context.


When investigating Naqin landslide bodies of Fangcheng,it has adopted the multi-channel instantaneous status Rayleigh surface wave survey and high density resistivity method to accurately calculate the geometrical shapes and sliding scale of landslide bodies,as well as the weathering degree of rockbodies,which offered all-around and accurate data for harnessing landslide.The application case in Naqin has shown a good effection for governing landslide.


Most dimension reduction methods based on nonparametric smoothing are highly sensitive to outliers and to data coming from heavy-tailed distributions. We show that the recently proposed methods by Xia et al. (2002) can be made robust in such a way that preserves all advantages of the original approach. Their extension based on the local one-step M-estimators is sufficiently robust to outliers and data from heavy tailed distributions, it is relatively easy to implement, and surprisingly, it performs as well as the original methods when applied to normally distributed data.


This paper summarizes the studies in recent years of the digestive system in Osteichthyes during its development from morphology,histology,and cytology,aiming at a relatively more systematic and comprehensive understanding and the promotion of a further study of it.


It was probably after King Dusan's promotion to emperor that he and his wife Helena gifted the Church of Peribleptos in Ohrid with several icons, among which is an icon of the Virgin Mary with Child, inv. no. 81, now in the Ohrid Gallery of Icons, the subject of this paper. Behind the Virgin and Christ according to the stylistic and physical characteristics may be hidden the image of Empress Helena and her son Uros. The portrait of the Virgin Mary and Empress Helena bear a striking resemblance if we refer to her portrait from Lesnovo church (1345). It is possible that the same master who painted Uros in the fresco of Decani may have painted the icon of the Virgin with Child. Decani paintings in the narthex with the Nemanjic dynasty family tree date from 1347-1348 when Uros was eleven or twelve. The icon was painted approximately around 1343-1344. Decani's main architect was a Franciscan monk Fra Vita from Kotor. An opinion has been expressed that the icon painter was a Byzantine artist working in the Adri...


HiWay fracturing uses impulse sand to achieve the proppant column supporting the rock wall surface, creating an open flow channel that is more conducive to improving the stimulation effect. The deformation law of the proppant column under the compression of the fracture wall surface is directly related to the effectiveness of the high conductivity fracture. However, the related laboratory physical simulation experiments are challenging to conduct, which restricts the study of the interaction between the fracture surface and the proppant column. In this paper, first, establish the finite element model of the interaction between the fracturing crack and the proppant column, and the variation law of stress-deformation of the crack wall and displacement of the crack wall under the closure stress is analyzed. Furthermore, this paper carries out the quantitative characterization of the active support area of the proppant column. Finally, the accuracy of the simulation results is verified by applying the experimental results of indoor proppant column rock plate compression. The numerical simulation method proposed in this paper can effectively realize the simulation of the interaction between the fracture surface and the proppant column in HiWay fracturing based on real engineering parameters, which lays theoretical and simulation experimental support for improving the effect of channel fracturing stimulation.


Investigations. The father's hand X-rays show shortening of the middle phalanx of the left little finger. The feet show bilateral hallux valgus, valgus deformity affecting the other toes and some thickening of the shafts of the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals. The right hip shows radiological changes consistent with previous Perthe's disease. X-rays of the son's hands show the sequelae of old coned epiphyses resulting in mal-alignment of the bones of the index and little fingers. Some residual deformities of the toes are evident. The femoral heads are small. The daughter's hand X-rays show shortening, and characteristic deformities of the proximal ends of all middle phalanges resulting from previous coned epiphyses. There are minor changes in the proximal phalanges of both great toes. The femoral heads are small and there are changes suggestive of old Perthe's disease. Comment. The three affected family members all show the characteristic features of the trichorhino-phalangeal syndrome, which was flrst described by Giedion (1966). In addition to the sparse hair, bulbous nose and phalangeal abnormalities this family show some additional features such as lax joints, laterally placed patellae, and small femoral heads with changes similar to those of Perthe's disease.


This paper reports that performance testing is required for training and inspection, and for validation of results of the vulnerability assessment which is a section of the US DOE Master Safeguards and Security Agreement (NSSA). It is essential, regardless of the reason for performing the test, that the collection of data be well planned to eliminate the bias of the data collector. Essential Elements of Analysis (EEA) is a proven technique that provides a systematic procedure for breaking down test objectives to obtain the optimum detailed measurement criteria. Developing clear, concise objectives removes most of the bias of the data collectors' observations. The EEA technique breaks down critical issues to a point at which test measurements and data can be quantified. Performance tests of procedures can be quantified using this technique, with a completed job task analysis serving as the basis for the EEA.


We report the characterization and independent detection of K2-60b, as well as the detection and characterization of K2-107b, two transiting hot gaseous planets from the K2 space mission. We confirm the planetary nature of the two systems and determine their fundamental parameters combining the K2 time-series data with FIES@NOT and HARPS-N@TNG spectroscopic observations. K2-60b has a radius of 0.683±0.037 RJup and a mass of 0.426±0.037 MJup and orbits a G4 V star with an orbital period of 3.00267±0.00006days. K2-107b has a radius of 1.44±0.15 RJup and a mass of 0.84±0.08 MJup and orbits an F9 IV star every 3.31392±0.00002 days. K2-60b is among the few planets at the edge of the so-called "desert" of short-period sub-Jovian planets. K2107b is a highly inflated Jovian planet orbiting an evolved star about to leave the main sequence.


The thesis from the angle of technological philosophy and technological sociology defines the social status of the information technology talents, and gives a deep analysis of "upward flow" that the social status is from low to high, "level flow" that the social status flows between the equal status, "downward flow" that the social status from high to low. The thesis indicates the multi directed social flow characteristic of information technology talents, and gives the idiographic countermeasures that makes the social flow of the information technology talents normal according to the mistakes of the social flow of information technology talents under Chinese existing conditions.


Thirty‐three children under age 20 with medulloblastoma, treated between 1962 and 1976, at the University of California and the Claire Zellerbach Saroni Tumor Institute of Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco, were retrospectively studied. A relationship between dose and local control rate was suggested by an improved five‐year survival in those patients receiving doses greater than 5000 rads to the posterior fossa. The posterior fossa, either alone or with the spinal cord, was the most frequent site of failure. Results of re‐irradiation for failure were encouraging and no significant complications were noted. A study of the effects of craniospinal irradiation on the hematopoietic and immune system demonstrated a marked decrease in the peripheral lymphocyte population at the completion of therapy and suggested a functional impairment of the remaining lymphocytes. Other side effects of irradiation included suppression of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis and one instance of brain necrosis. Current treatment policy and proposals for future modifications are discussed. Cancer 43:1014–1020, 1979.


4517Background: Neoadjuvant GC is standard for pts with MIBC and can result in pathologic downstaging to non-MIBC ( < pT2N0) at radical cystectomy (RC), which correlates with improved survival. Bas...


We attempt to formulate issues around modularity and Zilber's trichotomy in a setting that intersects additive combinatorics. In particular, we update the open problems on quasi-finite structures from [9].


Skin blistering diseases due to autoantibodies are typically treated with high dose systemic corticosteroids and other conventional immunosuppressants. However, in severe cases, this treatment may not be sufficient to achieve disease control or contraindicated because of comorbidity.


Objective To investigate clinical efficacy of Mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF) in patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning(DEACMP).Methods A total of 87 patients diagnosed as DEACMP in our hospital with dementia,psychiatric and extrapyramidal symptoms was randomly divided into a control group and a study group.The control group underwent conventional therapy,while the study group was injected with 30 microgram of mNGF every day in addition to conventional therapy.Both the groups were assessed for the clinical curative effect,electroencephalogram and Hasegawa dementia scale(HDS) before and after treatment.Results The efficacy rate of mNGF group was 81.4% while the rate of the control group was 47.7% with significant difference (P0.05).Conclusion mNGF is effective in the treatment of patients with DEACP.


Immunogenicity and allcrgcnicity studies in rodents show that cefotaxime and cefur- oxime are less immunogenic than benzylpenicillin or the semisynthetic penicillins. Cross-reactions of these antibiotics with benzylpenicilloyl-specific animal and human IgE antibodies appear minimal. Some cross-reactivity at the level of cell-mediated allergic reactions may, however, be expected.


Article history: Received: November 2, 2020 Received in revised format: November 27 2020 Accepted: December 21, 2020 Available online: December 21, 2020 This study explores the impact of board characteristics and ownership structures on the strategic decisions taken for R&D investment. The study employs a sample comprising 1736 firm-year observations of 434 technological firms listed on the Taiwanese Stock Exchange (TWSE) between 2014 and 2017. Contrary to extant research, the findings reveal that board independence plays a crucial role relative to R&D intensity, as strong evidence reflects a positive and significant relationship thereon. Moreover, the empirical results demonstrate negative and significant relationships between CEO Duality, Board size (in big companies), Executive & Manager, Board of Directors and Top Blockholders; ownership structures, and firm R&D intensity. Interestingly, the ownership structure results emerging from this Taiwanese contextual study support, and are consistent with the predictions of the 'entrenchment argument' and are counter to the 'convergence of interest' argument. The findings emerging from this research provide an opportunity for further discussion and analysis regarding corporate governance principles and regulations. Firms seeking to optimize their R&D policy imperatives may benefit from such a study. © 2021 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada


Due to the limitation of oilfield reserve and size, oil field development benefit is the key to small marginal oilfield development. One-hole multi-purpose technology can meet the need of small marginal oilfield development. In this paper, related tools and construction application of the one-hole multi-purpose technology were introduced, and their performance and characteristics are analyzed in detail. Successful application of the one-hole multi-purpose technology in BZ3-2 small marginal oilfield has proved that the technology has high adaptability, also provides a new pattern for marginal oilfield development.


Telecommunications, Transportation and Location contains both sytheses and interpretations of what others have found in regard to these interactions as well as new work that extends earlier findings. The material is presented in a rigorous yet accessible manner to open it to a wide audience of practitioners concerned with policy-making within various levels of government and within private business.


Under normal pressure, the isothermal LLE data of water-isopropyl ether-phenol (H2O-(CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2-C6H5OH) system at 319.15K and 329.15K were measured respectively, by using the gas chromatograph method. The inner-scaling method was used to determine the concentration of (CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2 and C6H5OH in this ternary system. Acetylacetone (CH3COCH2COCH3) was chosen as the inner-scaling sample because of its small measurement error and good precision. During measurement, the n-butyl alcohol (n-C4H9OH) was chosen as the diluent. The retaining time of (CH3)2 CHOCH(CH3)2CH3COCH2 COCH3 and C6H5OH are 1.495 min, 2.383 min and 4.843 min respectively, and the relative correcting factors of (CH3)2 CHOCH (CH3)2 and C6H5OH to CH3COCH2COCH3 are 0.575 and 0.445. The mean reclaiming ratio for isopropyl ether is 95.9%, and its root-mean-square error is 1.4%. The mean reclaiming ratio for phenol is 101.1%, and its root-mean-square error is 4.6%. The measured LLE data at two given temperatures mentioned above and their corresponding isothermal section diagrams were given. There was an isothermal section diagram at 319K for the ternary system published in 2003, which was measured with working curve method. The comparison shows that the mean feature is similar to each other, but the results of the inner-scaling method are more reliable than the results of the working curve method. There was a wrong eatimation about two dual-phase co-existing areas in the result of the working curve method. According to the result of the inner-scaling method, there is only one dual-phase co-existing area.


This paper introduced the status of production,scientific research,processing and sale of minor coarse cereals in Ningxia,the main issues existing in the production and processing were analyzed,and the advice on using resource advantage was put forward in or- der to drive the industrialization process and improve the farmers' income as well as promoting the regional development.


We report on a novel method of optical nanopatterning, where wavelength-selective photochemical transformations are exploited to achieve deep sub-wavelength spatial resolution with near-UV and visible photons.


Many papers suggest that 'optimal' monetary policy rules for small open economies should not respond to the exchange rate. However, these papers often neglect the link between the frictions present in the model economy and the welfare losses that households actually experience. We show that with imperfect pass-through of the exchange rate to (retail) import prices and uncovered interest parity shocks, law of one price and consumption gaps affect welfare and thus feature in the loss function that should be used to analyze optimal monetary policy. These terms are in addition to the domestic inflation and output gap terms that commonly feature in quadratic approximations to welfare. We then optimize the coefficients of a generalized Taylor rule conditional on a model estimated using Bayesian methods, and consider the implications of this rule for policy and the dynamics of the exchange rate.


LIAS DEPOSITS IN THE LUBLIN COAL BASIN

Summary
Jurassic rocks with flora have been found in drillings east of Łeczna, in the course of geological surveys connected with documentation of black coal deposits in the Lublin Coal Basin. In early works, the rocks were treated as weathering cover of the Carboniferous. However, the authors gathered rich floristic material indicative of their Early Jurassic age. This was given support by finding similar sequences in other boreholes in the Lublin Coal Basin. The pa per presents preliminary results of the studies on that problem.


Narrow-line regions of Seyfert galaxies In the classical paradigm of active galactic nuclei (AGN), the narrow-line regions (NLRs) of Seyfert galaxies consist of gas ionised by the AGN, which extends beyond the nuclear torus and reaches to kiloparsec distances (Fig. 1). These scales make the NLRs suitable for spatially resolved observations of the interplay between the AGN and their host galaxies, such as the transport of gas toward the galactic nucleus, the role of gravitational instabilities, the feedback of the nucleus including outflows, and the origin of gas in the central regions of active galaxies.


We report here on studies of the system of settlement in eastern Languedoc (France), all of which have given precedence to inter-site spatial analysis. We evoke statistical and geostatistical analyses applied to establishments, then typologies and the computation of hierarchical scores by correspondence factor analysis: those computations were used in a simple gravity model to construct networks of establishments. Next we turn to the environment and the development of farmland. This approach allows us to define two typologies: one for infield/outfield farming, the other for topographical environments. The micro-regional profiles established in this way provide information about the development of the physical settings of habitat. This analysis has been supplemented for the Vaunage by a study of off-site artefacts that are indicative of farmed areas. For the same region and for the Lunellois, archaeological data were cross-matched with the remains of centuriations. Thirdly we look at epigraphic data that provide valuable indications about the society of the time. There again we have given precedence to spatial processing of data: mapping of citizens and peregrines, distribution of Latin or indigenous names, and analysis of spatial dynamics affecting aristocratic families.


The popularity of estimation to bounds for sums of eigenvalues started from P. Li and S. T. Yau for the study of the P\'{o}lya conjecture. This subject is extended to different types of differential operators. This paper explores for the sums of the first $m$ eigenvalues of Sturm-Liouville operators from two aspects. Firstly, by the complete continuity of eigenvalues, we propose a family of critical systems consisting of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, indexed by the exponent $p\in(1,\infty)$ of the Lebesgue spaces concerned. There have profound relations between the solvability of these systems and the optimal lower or upper bounds for the sums of the first $m$ eigenvalues of Sturm-Liouville operators, which provides a novel idea to study the optimal bounds. Secondly, we investigate the integrability or solvability of the critical systems. With suitable selection of exponents $p$, the critical systems are equivalent to the polynomial Hamiltonian systems of $m$ degrees of freedom. Using the differential Galois theory, we perform a complete classification for meromorphic integrability of these polynomial critical systems. As a by-product of this classification, it gives a positive answer to the conjecture raised by Tian, Wei and Zhang [J. Math. Phys. 64, 092701 (2023)] on the critical systems for optimal eigenvalue gaps. The numerical simulations of the Poincar\'{e} cross sections show that the critical systems for sums of eigenvalues can appear complex dynamical phenomena, such as periodic trajectories, quasi-periodic trajectories and chaos.


In this article, the role of particles in the structure of utterance is analyzed. Particles utter the implicit content that is the object of several theories in Pragmatics. There are three types of implicit content – presuppositions, implications and conversational implicatures. It is considered that the implicit content uttered by particles is the conventional implicature, because the implicit content follows directly from the meaning of particle, not the whole utterance. An utterance with a neutral word order is constructed and particles pat and tikai are inserted to find the implicit content that is expressed by particles.KEY WORDS: particles, implicit content, presupposition, implication, conversational implicature, conventional implicature.


The search for educational qualification becomes a competitive differential. Defining a degree by face-to-face or distance learning can be a differential in the student curriculum. This research has as study problem: what are the relevant factors for students of the 2nd and 3rd years of high school when considering opting for a degree? The main objective of the study is to identify the relevant factors in the decision on the degree to be chosen. The deductive, qualitative and quantitative approach was used. As methods of procedure the descriptive study and case study. The techniques of data collection were bibliographic research, documentary research and questionnaire. 318 responses were collected and from the tabulation of the data obtained it was identified that the quality of teaching is presented as the highest priority by students, followed by the market opportunities offered by the desired course and the quality of the faculty. The data also reveal that these students, mostly are between 15 and 17 years old, predominantly female with 54.43%. Regarding the face-to-face and distance learning modality, 80.20% of the respondents stated that they prefer to undertake higher education in an institution in person. It is concluded that despite the difficulties imposed by the Brazilian economy, most students still prefer to carry out higher education in institutions in person, anchored by factors involving the quality of teaching, quality of the faculty and opportunities in the labor market, in addition to In addition, a study made it possible to explain feelings and desires about the choices that involve graduation.


A control topology input-parallel–output-series converter system is investigated, which is suitable for high-voltage and high-output power applications. In this control method input current sharing (ICS) and output current sharing (OVS) taken into account. As observed, ICS is automatically attained as OVS sharing is controlled. In this design, two modules are connected in series, Module 1 provided variable voltage but in Module 2 by using three-level neutral-point-clamped converter and designing a comprehensive control feedback system, which regulates the DC voltages at the constant magnitude and constant frequency, helps to provide constant output voltages in the event of uncertain disturbance and load variation, A feedback double closed-loop control topology (inner current loop control and outer voltage loop control) with the combination of sliding mode control and a proportional–integral control method. A simulation model is built, by using MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulation results show excellent performance and feasibility of this system. This will be beneficial for research and improvement for the grid-connected converter.


Abstract It has been known for many years that deformation results in softening of rubber and that the initial stress-strain curve determined during the first deformation is unique and cannot be re...


The value of the company becomes the main goal for every company, both go puplic companies and not go public, but there are many factors that can influence the value of the company and one of them is good corporate governance. Coal mining subsector companies that are the object of analysis of Good Corporate Governance mechanism which consists of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, board size, proportion of independent board of directors and audit committee are the variables in the formulation of the problem in this study on the value of the company proxied by Price to Book Value, as well as with Corporate Social Responsibility as a moderating variable. Based on the analysis that has been done, this study uses descriptive analysis, classical assumption test and interaction test. The results of this study prove that managerial ownership and audit committee have a significant positive effect on firm value, then institutional ownership, the size of the board of directors and the proportion of independent board of directors has no significant positive effect on firm value. In moderating variables CSR is only able to become a pure moderator in the influence of the audit committee on peer value, while in the influence of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, board size and the proportion of independent board of commissioners on the value of the company, CSR is not able to become a pure moderator. Keywords: Good Corporate Governance mechanism, company value, Price to book Value, Corporate Social Responsibility


The stability analysis of the time-delay system is a hot area in recent years.However many theoretical results concerning this problem are too complex to apply in the real application.To address this problem,this paper proposed a simply algorithm based on PSO for the time-delay system stability analysis.This paper also presented an example of designing the router by utilizing the proposed algorithm.The simulation results indicate that the algorithm is effective and simple for the time-delay system stability analysis.


Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate how certified labels are being communicated through sustainable marketing within the grocery store sector.Research Question: How can the grocery store se ...


Over the course of time, many species of crab have evolved to better suit their environment and make the most of their genetic limitations. One of the more novel adaptations of many crabs is the structural variation within their legs depending on their habitat and preferred feeding substrates. For instance, the family Majidae is recognized for their long, spindle-like legs and their resemblance to spiders [I]. Members of this family, such as Pugettia producta and Pugettia gracilis (appendix 1) are known for clinging to the kelp that they so often choose to devour, at depths ranging from the intertidal down past 128 meters [2]. On the other hand, the family Grapsidae is more familiar to those who leave no stones unturned at the seashore. Hemigrapsus nudus (appendix 2) is a very representative species of this family, very quick out of water compared to many other crabs. It has a very varied diet as an omnivore, from feeding on smaller animals to scavenging and scraping diatoms and algae off of rocks [I]. H. nudus even occasionally ravages freshly seeded oysters at oyster farms, bestowing on it quite the reputation as a pest [3]. H. nudus is also found fairly high in the intertidal zone, necessitating more efficient travel in both aqueous and sandy environments [2].


Received 13 February 2017 Accepted 22 August 2017 Available online 15 December 2017 Amorphous silica thin films were applied on the 316L stainless steel substrates by sol-gel dipping technique. The starting materials (TEOS, ethanol, HCl, PEG, and NaOH) were used to prepare a gel and then deposited on a substrate. Microstructure, topography, corrosion behavior, and surface hardness were investigated using SEM, AFM, electrochemical method, and micro-hardness measurements. The fabrication parameters utilized to enhance anticorrosion and mechanical properties including calcinations temperature, pH value, and mole ratio of alkoxide to alcohol were studied. Taguchi approach was used as a statistical experimental design technique to set the optimal parameters. Roughness and current corrosion density were evaluated as the response parameter. The pH value is the parameter of the most major effect on the roughness; pH less than or equal to 4 increases the roughness but more pH value decreases the roughness. The ratio of alkoxide to alcohol is the most influential variable on current corrosion density. The increase of alkoxide amount improves the corrosion behavior, which might be related to the increase of the coating density. Consequently, the optimized conditions obtained through Taguchi method target at reaching the highest anticorrosion efficiency involving calcination at 300 °C, pH=6, and the mole ratio of alkoxide to alcohol as 0.167.


We consider the problem of clustering grouped and functional data, which are indexed by a covariate, and assessing the dependency of the clustered groups on the covariate. We assume that each observation within a group is a draw from a mixture model. The mixture components and the number of such components can change with the covariate, and are assumed to be unknown a priori. In addition to learning the "local" clusters within each group we also assume the existence of "global clusters" indexed over the covariate domain when the observations across the groups are jointly analyzed. The number of global clusters is also unknown and to be inferred from the data. We propose a nonparametric Bayesian solution to this problem, reposing on the theory of dependent Dirichlet processes, where the dependency among the Dirichlet processes is regulated by a spatial or a graphical model distribution indexed by the covariate. Our proposed model, which we refer to as the graphical Dirichlet process mixture, is capable of joint modeling and inference of both global and local clusters in a flexible and computationally efficient manner. The global clusters are supported by a Dirichlet process, while the local clusters are randomly selected using another hierarchy of Dirichlet processes. We provide an analysis of the model properties, including a stick-breaking and a Polya-urn scheme characterization. The graphical and spatial dependency are investigated, along with a discussion of the model identifiability. We present MCMC sampling methods, and discuss the computational implications of using a spatial or a graphical model distribution as the base measure in our model. Finally, the model behavior and inference algorithm are demonstrated by several data examples, including a clustering analysis of the progesterone hormone data.


The formulation of the problem in this study is the effect of the Cooperative Learning model of the types of  Team Games Tournament on the ability of students to understand the concept of physics learning in class X in SMK PGRI 2 Palembang. This study aims to determine whether or not there is an influence of the cooperative learning model of type of  Team Games Tournament (TGT) on the ability of students to understand the concepts of physics in class X learning at SMK PGRI 2 Palembang. The research method used is the Experimental Design method, the category of Posstest-Only Control Design. in this design often used in research experiments with data collection technigues obtained using tests, and documentation.The average value of student learning outcomes in the experimental class can be categorized  as good at 78.47  by using the cooperative games tournament  type (TGT) Model, while the average value of the learning outcomes of the control class by not using the model cooperative Team Type Tournament games can be categorized enough with the average  student learning outcomes is 63.05. Based on calculations t arithmetic > t table = 7.105 > 1.667 ie t arithmetic = 7.105 and  t table = 1.667 then accept the hypothesis (ha) which  means " There is an influence of the cooperative learning model Team Games Tournament type (TGT) on the ability of students to understand the concept of learning physics in class X in SMK PGRI 2 Palembang .