M ajor advances in biomolecular techniques as well as in the sensitivity and accuracy of mass spectrometers are transforming the scientific landscape by fueling unprecedented advances in analytical biochemistry—the 'omics revolution, which refers to the study of genes (genomics), transcripts (transcriptomics), proteins (proteo-mics) and the various metabolites (metabolomics). It is now possible to secure inventories of lipids, proteins, metabolites and RNA species in purified cell populations and to determine how these entities change in relation to cellular function. The humble spermatozoon is an ideal target for these new technologies because these cells can be obtained in large numbers, in an absolutely pure state and can be routinely and robustly induced to perform their major biological function—fertilization–in vitro. The spermatozoon is also an excellent target for proteomics because the functional transformation of these cells during their journey from the seminiferous tubules of the testes to the surface of the oocyte, takes place in the complete absence of con-temporaneous gene transcription. Rather, functionality is conferred upon these cells by post-translational changes to their protein complement that, in turn, induce critical changes in sperm metabolism. Integrating the 'omics profiles of spermatozoa holds the key to understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate their biology. The development of these powerful new analytical tools that include DNA sequencing, DNA microarrays, mass spectrometry and protein arrays, with user interfaces that encourage their incorporation into gamete biology laboratories, will ensure that we learn more about the cell biology of mammalian spermatozoa in the next 5 years than we have learnt in the previous 50. In this Special Issue of Asian Journal of Andrology, we acknowledge these technical developments by highlighting contributions that have been made by some of the pioneers of sperm cell 'omics. Mark Baker, 1 for example, has been responsible for developing the first detailed proteomic profiles of human, rat and mouse spermatozoa and, in so doing, has created a resource that can be used by all gamete biologists to further their research on the cell biology of spermatozoa. Mark has also pioneered the use of label free proteomics to determine how the protein structure of mammalian spermatozoa changes in concert with their physiological status during epididymal transit or capacitation. These studies have opened up new avenues of research on the roles played by membrane receptors, kinases and specific chaperones in the control of sperm function. Moreover, technologies are now available that allow us to drill …


1 Overview, background and historical origin of born globals; development of theoretical and empirical research 3 Mika Gabrielsson and V.H. Manek Kirpalani 2 Born global or simply rapidly internationalizing? Review, critique, and future prospects 16 Leonidas C. Leonidou and Saeed Samiee 3 Determinants of diff erent types of born globals 36 Matthias Baum, Christian Schwens and Rüdiger Kabst 4 Born global and bornagain global fi rms: a comparison of internationalization patterns 46 Michael Sheppard and Rod McNaughton 5 The born global dilemma: tradeoff between rapid growth and control 57 Carl Arthur Solberg 6 An inquiry into born global fi rms' learning process: a case study of information technologybased SMEs 71 Alex Rialp, Inmaculada GalvánSánchez and Minerva García


A novel method for multiplexing intensity‐type fiber‐optic sensors using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and spatial division multiplexing (SDM) is proposed and demonstrated. A variation of ±0.2 dB at a loss of −10.95 dB is obtained, which is comparable with that obtained by the traditional method. The experimental results show that the sensor at the up‐leading fiber has no influence on the sensor at the down‐leading fiber. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 432–435, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24071


The role of biomass in of impact brought about by urbanization is well known and documented. A micro-level study of above ground biomass estimation and through that, carbon sequestration have been considered in BITS-PILANI,DUBAI CAMPUS, with the ideal trees marked out for their relevance and dominance in the campus; with maximum age possibility of 10 years(inception of the campus). Trees like Azadirachta indica, Delonix regia, Millingtonia hortensis and Conocarpus lancifolius have shown biomass growth rates at 1.08 tons/year, 0.305 tons/year, 0.917 tons/year and 1.052 tons/ year respectively, and CO2 sequestered rates of 1.782 tons/year, 0.504 tons/year, 1.514 tons/year and 1.737 tons/year. These statistics are recorded in the campus. Techniques like regressional analyses and allometric equations were used to help determine these rates as that is the most effective way to sustain the ecosystem and get effective results. Tabular representation and factual data are further expanded and discussed.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide combined open loop/closed loop power control in a wireless communication system. SOLUTION: There are provided a method, system and apparatus for setting a transmit power control level in a wireless communication system. Aspects of both open loop and closed loop transmit power control schemes are used to determine a transmit power level. A method includes measuring a power level of a received signal, receiving a transmit power control (TPC) command, and calculating a transmit power level based on the path loss and the TPC command. COPYRIGHT: (C)2012,JPO&INPIT


It is shown that the effective potential for electron-atom scattering, below inelastic thresholds, has the asymptotic form - alpha r-4-( alpha q-6 beta -24 gamma k12)r-6- delta r-7+O(r-8). The expressions for alpha , alpha 1 and beta are well known. The main new result is that the non-adiabatic correction to the dipole polarisation potential is a linear function of k12, namely (6 beta +24 gamma k12)r-6. An exact expression is obtained for gamma . For e-H scattering, gamma =319/48. The term - delta r-7 arises from the fact that the dipole-polarised states have permanent quadrupole moments. For e-H scattering, delta approximately=48.


The tetrel bonding and π-stacking interactions in a new dinuclear zinc complex using a tetradentate N2O2 donor Schiff base have been analysed energetically using DFT calculations and several computational tools.


Over the last century, the use of synthetic fertilizers and the fossil fuel combustion to satisfy the increasing demand for food and energy of a growing population has resulted in a massive alteration of the nitrogen (N) cycle. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate atmospheric N deposition through the use of different monitoring approaches, both physical and biomonitor-based ones, paying special attention to those issues that currently remain poorly understood. The first work was focused on the study of the nitrogenous organic fraction of rain samples. Both canopy throughfall and bulk deposition samples from four holm oak forests of the Iberian Peninsula were analyzed for their dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content. The results showed that the contribution of the organic fraction to the total N budgets ranged in BD from 34% to 56%, and in TF from 38% to 72%. Data also revealed that agricultural activities and traffic-related pollutants generated in metropolitan areas may play an important role as potential sources of organic nitrogenous compounds. Finally, it was found that DON might be an additional nutrient for this forests type (canopy uptake). In the other chapters we studied N atmospheric pollution by using mosses as biomonitors. Firstly, we evaluated the feasibility of Pleurochaete squarrosa (Brid.) Lindb. (PS) as an alternative species for heavy metals and N deposition surveys in a Mediterranean area of southern Europe. To that end we compared the response of this species to that of Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. (HC), a commonly used and validated species in biomonitoring surveys. Both bryophytes showed similar spatial distribution patterns for N. Similarly, the two species discriminated sites both highly and scarcely affected by trace element deposition. Regarding O15N, PS gave a more congruent picture with the location of the main sources of N emissions in the area. All these data suggested that PS may be a suitable biomonitor in Mediterranean areas. Besides, bryophytes are among the most vulnerable organisms to N pollution. Thus, in our third study we evaluated the physiological response of Hypnum cupressiforme to an NH3 concentration gradient from a comprehensive and temporal perspective, to better understand the mechanisms implied when mosses cope with this pollutant. We aimed at identifying which variables are the most responsive, and therefore, which ones are the most promising for the use of HC in ecosystem surveys as early warning indicators of NH3 toxicity. The results showed that N accumulation and NH3-induced oxidative stress were the most important drivers of the physiological functioning of HC along the gradient. Moreover, the sampling season was determinant in the responsiveness of certain physiological variables. Finally, in the last research work we investigated the use of isotopic ratios to provide supplementary information about the nature of the atmospheric pollutants in biomonitoring surveys carried out at the European scale. To that end, more than 1300 samples of mosses from 15 countries, all of them participants of the ICP-Vegetation programme 2005-2006, were analyzed for their C and N content and O15N and O13C. The preliminary evaluation of these data suggested that additional measurements of C and N stable isotopes in mosses might be a useful tool in European surveys, not only in providing valuable information for identifying likely pollution sources, but also as biological markers of key environmental processes.


The tree of Luculia intermedia is high-valued in garden horticulture.A fast intelligent Non-tube seedling cultivation may have the privileges of fostering rooting,higher rooting rate and higher surviving rate after transplanting.From the experiment we showed that best way to the non-tube seedling cultivation was by using half-lignified shoots as cuttage,immensed in 200 mg/kg ABT2 solution for 2 h;the second way was that the same shoots treated with 200mg/kg NAA or Guoguanshenggen solution for 2 h.and for the large-scale production,it could be reached up to 90% rooting rate shortly immersed with 2 000 mg/kg Guoguangshenggen.Meanwhile,treating these shoots with electronic magnetized bed then with non-tube cuttage also reached above 90 % rooting rate in 1 month.The technique is favored in increment of the efficiency of Luculia intermedia production.


The excitation and speed control of marine diesel engine plays an important role in the stability of marine power station system. In order to verify the feasibility of a new type of controller used in the marine power station system, it is necessary to understand the working characteristics of the diesel generator set in the condition of switching and grid connection power generation. The paper firstly researched and established the nonlinear mathematical model of ship power system, and then based on the Hamilton energy theory, designed the nonlinear excitation controller of diesel speed coordination unit, finally achieved the ship power station simulation system related to passivity based controller based on Simulink simulation platform. The simulation results show that the passivity based controller can keep the stability of the system in the process of no-load start-up, load sudden change and grid connection power generation and it has a certain value in engineering applications.


From the book's title, dedication, and foreward, DelBalzo leaves little doubt where she stands on adoption. She opposes it. In fact, in her foreword, DelBalzo exhorts the reader to put aside preconceived notions in order to "unlearn" what is known about adoption. In Chapter One, she signals the degree of her opposition by rejecting the "positive adoption language" as advocated by the National Council for Adoption (National Council for Adoption, 2007) and other groups. She espouses an alternative vocabulary that includes such substitutions as "exiled mother" for birth mother and "adoption survivors" for birth mothers and adopted adults. DelBalzo structures the book into two sections. In both Part One: The Status Quo and Part Two: Resolution and Revolution, she identifies a number of valid concerns that should be examined as part of any critical review of adoption practices. These include the effect on birth mothers when a child is surrendered for adoption, the challenges that adopted children and adults face, and the diminished role of biological fathers in adoption. However, DelBalzo goes well beyond these topics in this book and takes many positions that are not only extreme but also unsupported by current research. Part One includes an account of early adoption practices, beginning in the 1940s. In this section, she details the experiences of many young women of the era who found themselves to be pregnant outside of marriage. The tactics employed by the early maternity homes are critiqued, and DelBalzo labels the actions of these agencies as unethical and those of adoption social workers as self-serving. The motivations of early social workers are not easily discerned. However, by today's standards, the psychological


All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. □ Type of peer review: Single-blind □ Conference submission management system: Conference website and emails □ Number of submissions received: 30 □ Number of submissions sent for review: 30 □ Number of submissions accepted: 25 □ Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 84% □ Average number of reviews per paper: 2 □ Total number of reviewers involved: 14 □ Any additional info on review process: Mega Science 2020 submissions review process was carried out according to the usual standards of single-blind peer reviewing and in full compliance with the ethical policy of the IOP Publishing. Contact person for queries: Anton Smirnov National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe highway, Moscow, Russia firstname.lastname@example.com


Objective : To observe the c-jun expression in ventral tagmental area (VTA) of 6-hydroxyd- opamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats after apomorphine (APO) intraperitoneal injection(ip) and to investigate the inherent mechanism of them. Methods: Rats received a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into right substantia nigra compacta (SNc). The abnormal rotations induced by APO were investigated at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21d after lesion. Dopaminergic derogation and c-jun expression were detected by electronmicroscope,Nissl's body staining, and immunohistochemical avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex method (ABC) to explore the changes of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)and the expression of c-jun in DA neurons. Results: The number of dopaminergic neurons decreased gradually, and its ultramicrostructure was severely damaged by degrees in the lesioned site. Dopaminergic neurons lossed over 75%, contralateral rotations surpassed 7r/min, while the expression of c-jun could be tested in VTA. Conclusions: APO can induce c-jun expression in VTA. Intrinsic relations may be existed between dopaminergic neurons deletion and c-jun expression.


The new video coding standard MPEG-7 focus on the analysing of multimedia contents,using these,it is necessary to withdraw moving object in video sequences in order to create index and retrieves.This paper analyses several kinds of the typical techniques,some problems are proposed,and the development of video segmentation in future is pointed out.


This article is a study on the representation of Puritans in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night; or, What You Will, one of his most popular comic play in the modern theatre. In mocking Malvolio's morality and ridiculous behaviour, Shakespeare wanted to denounce Puritans' sober society in early modern England. Indeed, Puritans were depicted in the play as being selfish, idiot, hypocrite, and killjoy. In the same way, many other writers of different generations, obviously influenced by Shakespeare, have espoused his views and consequently contributed to promote this anti-Puritan literature, which is still felt today. This article discusses whether Shakespeare's portrayal of Puritans was accurate or not. To do so, the writer first attempts to define the term "Puritan," as the latter is quite equivocal, then take some Puritans' characteristics, namely hypocrisy and killjoy, as provided in the play, and analyze them in the light of the studies of some historians and scholars, experts on the post Reformation Puritanism, to demonstrate that Shakespeare's view on Puritanism is completely caricatural.


This paper presents research that is evaluating the capability of a georeferencing based automated framework in identifying and retrieving contextual project information on indoor and outdoor construction sites for supporting decision-making tasks of site personnel. For this purpose, a methodology based on a dynamic user-viewpoint tracking scheme using sensors is proposed. Instead of requiring browsing through detailed drawings and other paper based media, contextual information can be automatically retrieved based on the users' location allowing them to directly interact with it in digital format through an Augmented Reality (AR) environment. AR is the superimposition of computer-generated images over a user's view of the real world. The addition of information spatially located relative to the user can assist in the performance of several scientific and engineering tasks. The objectives of this paper are to describe the overall framework being designed as well as to highlight the integration of its various hardware and software components.


Objective: We compared the efficacy of Semont′s maneuver with Epley′s maneuver in the management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).We conducted a randomized and prospective double-blind study. Materials and Methods: We included 60 diagnosed cases of BPPV. These patients were categorized into Group 1 and Group 2. Epley′s maneuver was performed in 30 patients of Group 1. Semont′s maneuver was performed in the rest of the 30 patients of Group 2. We included diagnosed patients of BPPV above 20 years of age of both genders. Patients having peripheral and central causes of vertigo and cervical spondylosis were excluded from the study. Results: The mean age in Group 1 and Group 2 were 50.07 and 44.87 years, respectively. Sixty five percent of the patients were females and 35% of the patients were males. A total of 26 out of 30 Group 1 (87%) patients and 17 out of 30 Group 2 (57%) patients showed improvement. Comparing the two groups on the basis of improvement after maneuver showed that Group 1had greater improvement (54%) compared to Group 2 (46%). Statistical tests such as Chi-square test and t-test were applied. Conclusions: Epley′s maneuver is more effective in the treatment of BPPV than Semont′s maneuver.


Blind equalization algorithms based on high order statistics(HOS) are suitable to single input single output(SISO) systems,but HOS algorithms need large amount of data and cannot meet the time-varying requirements in high-speed signal transmission systems and have not enough ability to detect blindly high-order quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) signals.A novel cost function is constructed using support vector regression by structural risk minimization principle whose empiric risk is composed by the cost functions of constant modulus algorithm(CMA) and constellation match error(CME),and the epsilon-insensitive loss function is adopted,all of which transform the blind equalization problems of high-order QAM signals into solving an unconstrained optimization problem.Finally,64-QAM signal is used to simulate and analyze the performance of the novel algorithm and the results show that the burden of algorithm and the data requirements are superior to those existing HOS algorithms.


When over 1200 people turned up at Wilsons Promontory National Park on Saturday 2 November to 'draw a line in the sand' against commercial developments in parks, there was a significant organisational problem.


In term of the approximate multicollinearity of matrix,we propose a conditional partial root estimator of coefficient in the ristricted linear model.Under the mean square error matrix criterion and Pitman Closeness criterion,the conditional partial root estimator is compared with RLS estimator.And the superiority is achieved.


This paper examines how the views of Joseph Schacht is an orientalist scholar in the field of Islamic law who has done a lot of hadith criticism. Through his work, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, Schacht states that the hadiths were made by scholars of the second and third centuries of hijra because in the past the hadiths had not been well codified. The view of this student of Ignaz Goldziher towards the hadith was developed by three theories, namely, the projecting back theory, the theory of argumentum e silentio, and the common link theory .


Child Life Specialists (CLS's) are medical professionals who use activities to educate, comfort, entertain and distract children in hospitals. Adapting to a shifting cast of children, context and mediating activities requires CLS's to be experts at a kind of articulation work. This expertise means CLS's are well equipped to help technologists introduce child-facing interventions to the hospital. We conducted participatory design activities with 9 CLS's to develop two mobile systems to explore how CLS-child interactions are shaped by activities. We observed 18 child-CLS pairs using these systems in a hospital setting. By analyzing these encounters, we describe a continuum for classifying activities as either Co-Present or Collaborative. We then introduce a framework, Activity-Based Interaction, to describe structural components of activities that impact their position on this continuum. These concepts suggest new approaches to designing mediating technologies for adults and children.


This invention relates to a high solid acrylic polyurethane water-dispersible resin and method for making same. The solid content of this resin is up to 41-45%, and the resin does not contain free emulsifier and organic solvent. The procedures comprise: first it produces NCO capping polyurethane prepolymer with the ethenyl monomer part of which can be freely polymerized as medium, then obtain a water-dispersible polyurethane coated with ethenyl monomers after neutralization and water dispersion, add in the rest ethenyl monomer and initiator to perform free radical polymerization, to produce the acrylic polyurethane water-dispersible resin with a nuclear shell structure. This resin is characterized of high solid content, fast drying speed, stable storage, filming at room temperature, good adhesive force, flexility, hardness, and water resistance, low VOC content, and reasonable quality and cost ratio, and can be used in producing high-grade woodware coating material, water leather paint, and surface coating of plastic, metal, scrim and automobile.


Imagine that you attended the Great Lakes of the World (GLOW) II meeting in Sligo, Ireland, in July 2000, and that the president of the Aquatic Environment Management & Health Society (AEHMS) invited you to volunteer to assist in the preparations for the next GLOW Conference. The idea was to take the next GLOW Conference back to Africa—to East Africa this time—and to concentrate on the African Great Lakes which are shared by Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, DR Congo, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique. It was obvious that such a meeting should be held in Tanzania, as it borders three African Great Lakes, and that it should primarily focus on Lake Victoria. The two major projects on the lake would probably guarantee funding for participants from the lake region. This assumption proved correct and the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme (World Bank and Global Environment Facility) and the Lake Victoria Fisheries Research Project (European Development Fund) co-financed the GLOW III gathering. Apart from its immediate beneficial effect on all participants, the power of a conference is in the time lag required for the production of some form of output. GLOW III took place in February 2002 and a special issue of the journal (Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management) focusing on the world's Great Lakes, containing nine peer-reviewed papers, was published in 2003. Not bad at all, one might say, but wasn't the main topic of the conference Lake Victoria? It was indeed. The number of papers on Lake Victoria was overwhelming; good and bad, ripe and green. In the meantime GLOW IV had been convened, again in Tanzania, which resulted in the submission of additional papers on Lake Victoria. The AEHMS concluded that the time was opportune to combine all these papers in a special issue on Lake Victoria fisheries and its management. Such a publication was timely and was a unique topic among other published books on the African Great Lakes such as Coulter (1991), Witte and Van Densen (1992), Munawar and Hecky (2001), and Awange and Ong'ang'a (2006). At this point it is essential to inform the readers of the difficulties involved in retrieving some historical research papers which had remained unpublished, and resulted in long delays. Some of the Lake Victoria experts may recall that the African Fisheries Scientists Association (AFSA) held a conference in 1994. The conference was over and there were no funds for the publication of its proceedings. By the time the box full of manuscripts was rediscovered, new research had been completed, theses had been finalised, and results had been published elsewhere. Then, LVFO decided to organise the conference Lake Victoria 2000, A New Beginning. Options for the future, in May 2000. Numerous presentations were given, but again no proper action was taken in advance to secure funding for the publication except for the conclusions of the conference, which received limited circulation. LVFRP then stepped in to assist in the publication and contracted two scientists who had just retired to review and edit the papers to prepare them for publication. LVFRP had a budget to publish these papers. When the feedback from the authors for revisions was received, the project needed an extension of nine months. During the negotiations, LVFO management decided to seek alternate funding from the UN University/INWEH. This unfortunately failed and the papers fell into neglect once again. The president of AEHMS learned about these papers when he was asked what it would cost to publish the papers in the Ecovision book series or in the AEHMS Journal. In light of the relevance and importance of the Lake Victoria papers, it was decided by the GLOW organizers and AEHMS to publish the papers on the AEHMS website after the usual editing process. The idea of posting papers on the web was not new. The majority of the papers in the present volume had already been placed on the AEHMS website about


The City, first published in 1925 and reprinted here in its entirety, is a cross-section of concerns of the Chicago urban school during the period of its most intense activity. Park and Burgess realized that ecological and economic factors were converted into a social organization by the traditions and aspirations of city dwellers. In their efforts to achieve objectivity, these sociologists never lost sight of the values that propel human beings


This study was undertaken to study the development of 50 ~70μm oocytes derived from 14 day old mice co-cultured with PAGCs or CCs.This results demonstrated that the diameter of oocyte cultured with/without PAGCs or CCs for 7 days was 65.2 ±2.3μm and 63.4 ±1.6μm and 54.2 ±3.4μm.Furthermore,the intracellular content of GSH in oocytes co-cultured with PAGCs or CCs in vitro was higher than that of oocytes cultured alone in vitro(P 0.05).After co-culturing with PAGCs for 7 days in vitro,27 of 254(11.1% ) oocytes were able to complete the first meiotic division and arrive to MII stage.Here,we show that follicular granulose or cumulus cells can promote the meiotic resumption of murie of immature oocytes in vitro,and it is highly important that current knowlege on mammalian immature oocytes mature is studied.


We analyze a uniqueness result presented by Elcrat, Neel, and Siegel [1] for unbounded liquid bridges, and show that the proof they presented is incorrect. We add a hypothesis to their stated theorem and prove that their result holds under this condition. Then we use Chebyshev spectral methods to approximate solutions to certain boundary value problems used to check this hypothesis holds at least on a range of cases.


The historical twist that the universal constancy of the speed of light, c , got abandoned for more than a century is recalled. The proposed new situation – global constancy of c – is described in some detail. Its uplifting consequences include a new metrology and a new cosmology.


Density functional calculations of neutral, cationic and anionic nickel octamer are presented. The structure optimization and frequency analysis were performed on the local density approximation (LDA) level with the exchange correlation functional by Vosko, Wilk and Nusair (VWN). Improved calculations for the stability were based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) where the exchange correlation functional of Perdew and Wang (PW) was used. For neutral, cationic and anionic cluster several isomers and different spin multiplicities were investigated in order to find the lowest structures. Structural parameters, relative energies, binding energies, harmonic frequencies, adiabatic ionization potential and electron affinity will be presented. The calculated values are compared with available experimental data.


Why do we need theory when outdoor adventure is embodied? Does this turn the physical into cerebral and thereby miss the point? This book and its constituent chapters demonstrate how the application of theory can help us to look deeper, wider and more wisely into an essentially action-based field. Action takes place in social worlds and the editors, Pike and Beames, argue that 'without examining the social forces that enable and constrain the behaviour of its participants' (4), it is impossible to understand activities. Aimed at lecturers, students and outdoor adventure practitioners, the book's intention is to serve as 'a starting-point for [the reader's] journey into the critical analysis of outdoor adventure' (162). The book comprises nine chapters of social theorists ranging from Marx and Weber to Giddens and Foucault, and four on social theories, including feminist theory, identity work, globalisation and sustainability. Elizabeth Pike and Simon Beames have edited the book in three sections: Part I Classical sociological interpretations of outdoor adventure; Part II Modern social theorists and adventure sports and Part III Contemporary themes in social theory and adventurous activities. The contributory chapters form an eclectic mix of social theory that the editors do not claim to be comprehensive. The whole is held together by a common framework for chapters in a historical contextualisation of the social theorist with subsequent application of their theories to a specific form of outdoor adventure. A helpful range of further reading is suggested at the end of each chapter, often with guidance on particular aspects of a theorist's work. The editors advise us in their introduction to approach the book with three key points in mind:


Simple Summary Raw materials used in the manufacture of pig feed may contain anti-nutritional elements. These include β-mannans: oligosaccharides that produce a state of unnecessary inflammation in the intestine, hindering the absorption of nutrients and worsening animal performance. In this trial, an enzyme that degrades these sugars was used throughout the growing–finishing period, also reducing the energy of this feed (HC), compared to a control feed (CON). The animals were weighed, and growth and FCR were calculated. In addition, fecal consistency, gastric lesions at slaughter and a battery of 16 biomarkers in feces and tissues, indicators of intestinal integrity and immune stimulation, were studied. HC animals grew as well as CON animals and had a lower FCR. In addition, an anti-inflammatory state was observed in feces and in jejunum and ileum tissue at slaughter, suggesting that the use of this enzyme effectively controls the β-mannan-derived immune reaction. Abstract The presence of β-mannans in feed can produce a futile and chronic immune stimulation in fattening pigs. In this trial, a 1-4-endo-D-β-mannanase was added to the feed (HC) during growth and fattening (0.03% of Hemicell HT) and physical performance and pathological data were recorded, and intestinal integrity and immune activation were studied by molecular biomarkers, compared to a control group (CON). The treatment diet was reduced in energy content by 40 Kcal/kg NE. From each group, 113 and 112 animals housed in 8 pens were individually identified and weighed three times: at 7th, 63rd and 116th days in feed. The FCR was calculated for groups of two pens and ADG individually. There was no difference in ADG (CON = 0.836, HC = 0.818) nor in FCR between groups (p = 0.486). During growth, there was a higher frequency of normal feces in HC and there were also no differences in the frequency of gastric lesions. A significant increase in Claudin, Occludin, IFN-γ and IL8 was observed in the CON in feces and a significant decrease in IL-6 in HC. In tissues, there were differences for IL-12p40, TNF-alpha in jejunum (increased CON) and TGF-β in ileum and jejunum, (decreased HC). The economic performance was EUR 4.7 better in the treated group. In conclusion, the addition of 1-4-endo-D-β--mannanase to the feed with a 1.6% reduction in net energy compared to the control, allowed the animals to perform as well as the animals on the higher energy diet, with lower prevalence of diarrhea.


Many physiotherapists and motor preparation coaches recommend including resistance exercises for the hip joint abductors and external rotators in a warm-up. Muscle activation with resistance band exercises is believed to improve positional control of the pelvis and the lower limbs, thus reducing the risk of musculoskeletal injury during rehabilitation or training proper. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a single session of activation of hip joint abductors and external rotators on gait and running parameters in healthy people. The study involved 54 healthy individuals aged 19-21 years. An experimental group (Group 1) performed a set of 6 resistance exercises with Thera rubber bands, intended to activate the hip joint abductors and external rotators. A control group (Group 2) performed the same set of exercises but without external resistance. A walking and running gait examination was performed on a Zebris FDM treadmill in both groups before and after the exercises. Both variants of exercises produced changes in selected gait parameters (p<0.05). An examination of running gait in Group 1 revealed an increase in step length in the dominant limb (p<0.05) and stride length (p<0.05) and step time in the dominant limb (p<0.05), stride length (p<0.05) and cadence (p<0.05). Heel pressure also decreased in both limbs, and heel pressure force decreased in the non-dominant limb (p<0.05). A running gait examination in Group 2 revealed increased midfoot pressure force in both limbs (p<0.05). Thus, a single session of exercises with resistance banding to activate the hip joint abductors and external rotators exerted an effect on running parameters, which may improve running economy.


Pruning has become a very powerful and effective technique to compress and accelerate modern neural networks. Existing pruning methods can be grouped into two categories: filter pruning (FP) and weight pruning (WP). FP wins at hardware compatibility but loses at the compression ratio compared with WP. To converge the strength of both methods, we propose to prune the filter in the filter. Specifically, we treat a filter $F \in \mathbb{R}^{C\times K\times K}$ as $K \times K$ stripes, \emph{i.e.}, $1\times 1$ filters $\in \mathbb{R}^{C}$, then by pruning the stripes instead of the whole filter, we can achieve finer granularity than traditional FP while being hardware friendly. We term our method as SWP (\emph{Stripe-Wise Pruning}). SWP is implemented by introducing a novel learnable matrix called Filter Skeleton, whose values reflect the shape of each filter. As some recent work has shown that the pruned architecture is more crucial than the inherited important weights, we argue that the architecture of a single filter, \emph{i.e.}, the shape, also matters. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that SWP is more effective compared to the previous FP-based methods and achieves the state-of-art pruning ratio on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet datasets without obvious accuracy drop. Code is available at this https URL


Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stones, accounting for about 70% to 75% of stones. The highest incidence of calcium urolithiasis is between ages of 30 and 50 calcium stones either are composed entirely of CaOx or have a small core of CaPh. The presence of a small amount of CaPh has no implications for pathogenesis or management. CaOx in pure form or in combination with CaPh is the most common component of urinary stones. It generally varies from 4-8 mm in size. The commonest form of oxalate is as calcium oxalate, mainly calcium oxalate monohydrate [Ca (COO)2, H2O], but some calcium oxalate di hydrate crystals [Ca(COO)2, 2H2O] may also be present. Oxalate stones are among the hardest found and so are not easily crushed the presented data indicate that administration of the EPU plant to rats with ethylene glycol/Ammonium chloride induced lithiasis and prevented the formation of urinary stones, supporting folk information regarding antiurolithiatic activity of the plant. The mechanism underlying this effect is still unknown, but is apparently related to diuresis and lowering of urinary concentration of stone forming constituents. The protective effect against oxalate induced lipid peroxidation may be contributing to the recovery of renal damage. These effects could conclude the antiurolithiatic property of Phyllanthus urinaria.


Objectives: To assess the prevalence of different complications among hypertensive patients admitted in MedicalIntensive Care Units.Material and Methods: This study was conducted in Medical Units and ICU of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar,Pakistan from September 2014 to February 2015. It was across-sectional study of 219 hypertensive patients, agesbetween 20 to 70 All the hypertensive patients who had given consent were included and relevant data regardingcomplications was collected from the patient's record by means of a structured questionnaire.Results: Most of the patients were males (60.29%) and male to female ratio was approximately 1.5:1, 42.58% had ageabove 60 years, 11.96% had less than 5 years, 25.36% had more than 10 years, while 62.68% had 5-10 years durationof hypertension. Moreover, 56.45% were obese, 35.4% were smokers, 70.33% had positive history of family hypertensionand 59.33% had sedentary life style habits. Out of all hypertensive patients, following complications were noticed;blood vessel (20.57%), cardiac (64.59%), brain (13.88%), renal (29.67%), eye (15.79%) and miscellaneous (67.94%).Conclusion: Effective control of hypertension can reduce the risk of blood vessel, cardiac, brain and renal complicationsof hypertension.


This sermon presupposes that those hearing it have already heard the readings for the Fourth Sunday in Lent, Year C: Joshua 5:2-12, Psalm 32, 2 Corinthians 5:16-21, Luke 15:11-32


Since Berry demostrated that the standard description of adiabatic processes in quantum mechanics was incomplete, geometric phases have been studied in many areas of physics. Both adiabatic and non-adiabatic phase are described in detail, with the mathematical background. Then we study the qbit, that is the principal unit of information of the quantum computation, and its representation on the Bloch sphere. Finally we find the general expression for geometric phases for qbits. Those final expression are in fact related to the solid angle enclosed in the circuit on the Bloch sphere.


Oxidative stress conceived as an abnormal production of highly reactive oxygen species has been strongly implicated in degenerative and chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, vitiligo, arteriosclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative pathologies. Additionally, glycoxidation is intimately associated with diabetes, coronary heart disease, retinopathy, Parkinson, Lewy body disease and aging. These oxidative processes are strongly interconnected and related to common alterations and therefore it is primordial to understand their chemistry and what is the impact of the oxidative stress and glycoxidation on the modulation and homeostasis of the body, with the aim of establishing strategies that could lead to the prevention or control of chronic and degenerative disease.


The study was performed to evaluate the effects of wheatdistillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS) levels on performance, carcasscharacteristics, lymphoid organs and antibody titer against Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease. A total of 144 day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly distributed between 3 treatments with 4 replicates and 12 chicks per each replication. The treatments included: control diet without wheat DDGS (A); 3, 4, 6 and 7% wheat-DDGS in starter, grower and finisher 1 and 2 phases respectively (B); 6, 8, 12 and 14% wheat-DDGS in starter, grower and finisher 1 and 2 phases respectively (C). Results showed that body weight at 50 d, daily weight gain at 25-39, 39-50 and 9-50 days significantly decreased C treatment (P˂0.05). The feed intake at 16-25 d significantly decreased by C treatment (P˂0.05). The feed conversion ratio at 25-39, 39-50 and 9-50 days in C treatment significantly decreased compare to control group (P˂0.05). The percentage of carcass, heart, gizzard and ileum significantly decreased by C treatment (P˂0.05). Also, jejunum weight percentage in B and C treatments compare to control group significantly increased (P˂0.05). As a conclusion, using incremental levels of wheatDDGS (3, 4, 6 and 7%) in starter, grower, finisher 1 and 2 phases did not make significant change on broilers; performance. On the other hand, inclusion high levels of wheat-DDGS (12 and 14%) in finisher 1 and 2 phases decreased broilers' performance (P˂0.05).


A simple method for the controlled growth of single crystalline palladium nanorods is presented. Through tuning the molar ratio of two surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), single crystalline palladium nanorods with different aspect ratios can be synthesized in large quantities. The introduction of cosurfactant CTAB is critical to the growth of palladium nanorods. Its headgroup CTA+ and counterion Br− anion act as stabilizing species and etchant, respectively. Compared with PVP-capped Pd nanoparticles, the Pd nanorods show a ferromagnetism behavior at 5 and 300 K, respectively.


In this paper is carried out a bibliometric analysis on a bibliography of works related to the pendulum. We have determined indicators of scientific activity, particularly, number of publications, authors productivity, and collaboration in the publications. Moreover, we have evaluated the percentage of works in the majority languages (French, Latin, Italian, English, and German). From the results that we have obtained we conclude that: a) The growth of the number of works is exponential in the analysed period; b) The productivity of authors does not follow Lotka's law; c) The signatures/work index is very low (1,1); c) French is the only language that is kept hegemonic during practically the whole period 1629-1885; d) Latin, very powerful until the end of the 18 th century, disappears in the 19 th century in agreement with spectacular growth of English and German. Evolution of the languages of the works is nalysed depending on the historical context in the corresponding countries. a


ILLUSTRATIONS OF many species of Spirogyra not previously illustrated are in preparation by the author. In the collections made toward the accomplishment of this larger work four new species have been found. These new species are described and illustrated in this present paper. SPIROGYRA echinospora sp. nov.-Vegetative cells 66-72 ,u X 50-125 ,u, with plane end walls, 6-7 (-8) chromatophores making 1/2-11/2 turns in the cell; conjugation scalariform, tube wide, formed by both cells, narrowest at the point of fusion and not sharply set off from either cell; fertile cells inflated on the conjugating side only; zygospores ovoidellipsoid, 67-82 u X 98-150 /; exospore very thin, smooth; mesospore thick, brown-black, echinate (fig. 1, 2). Cellulis vegetativis 66-72 I X 50-125 ,u, dissepimentis planis, chromatophoris 6-7 (-8), anfractibus /2-11/2 conjugatione scalariformi, tubo lato, ex utraque cellula conjugante emisso, maxime angusto in loco conjunctionis neque ab alterutra cellula discriminato; cellula fructifera solum in latere conjugationis inflata; zygosporis ovato-ellipsoideis, 67-82 ,u X 98-150 /i; exosporio tenuissimo, levi; mesosporio crasso, atrobrunneo, echinato. New Hampshire. Collected by Dr. Hannah Croasdale in Frog Pond, Hanover, September 8, 1942. This species is much smaller than S. echinata Tiffany which it resembles in many respects. SPIROGYRA sulcata sp. nov.-Vegetative cells 37-46 ,u X 50-160 t,u with plane end walls, 1 (-2) chromatophores which have a constant median furrow; chromatophores making 2-5 turns; conjugation scalariform, tube formed by both cells, and set off sharply from each cell; fertile cells inflated slightly on the outer side; zygospores ovoid, 43-46 Iu X 52-62 I,u exospore smooth, mesospore brown, thicker, reticulate (fig. 9-11). Cellulis vegetativis 37-46 I X 50-160 I, dissepimentis planis, cliromatophoris 1 (-2), sulco medio constante praeditis, anfractibus 2-5; conjugatione scalariformi, tubo ex utraque cellula conjugante emisso, ab utraque cellula abrupte discriminato; cellula fructifera parte in exteriore paululum inflata; zygosporis ovatis, 43-46 ,u X 52-62 ,u; exosporio levi; mesosporio brunneo, crassiore, resticulato. Wisconsin. Collected by the writer in springs, University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison, August 15, 1942. SPIROGYRA torta sp. nov.-Vegetative cells 4956 I, X 270-600 I,u with plane end walls, 3-5 chromatophores making 1-4 turns in the cell; conjugation scalariform, tube formed mostly by the male cell, widest at the point of fusion, mostly twisted and distorted during the maturation of the zygospore; tube sharply set off from the male cell, not from the female cell; fertile cell not inflated; zygospores


Compact growth habit (CGH) tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are determinate plants with shortened internodes and strong side branching due to the brachytic gene (br) that grow either prostrate or upright as a result of unidentified gene(s). Compact growth habit tomatoes do not require staking, tying, or pruning and can potentially be mechanically harvested, lowering Florida fresh-market tomato production costs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two planting configurations (single and double row) and breeding lines (BLs) on CGH tomato plant growth, flowering pattern, yield, and postharvest fruit quality. Two experiments were conducted in Immokalee, FL, during Spring 2013 and 2014 in a split-plot design with four replications. Planting configurations affected CGH tomato growth at midseason in 2013 but not in 2014; however, in 2014, CGH tomato vines grew outside the beds into the row middles, which is uncommon for this tomato type and undesirable. Plants of CGH tomatoes had a similar flowering pattern to a conventional upright tomato cultivar, which was unexpected. Planting configurations did not affect marketable yields in 2013, but single-row plots produced higher extra-large and total marketable yields at first and total season harvests in 2014. Total season marketable harvests ranged from 26.1 to 53.6 and 29.3 to 45.6 Mg·ha in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Fla 8916 was among the highest yielding BLs, maximizing extra-large and total season marketable yields. Unmarketable fruit ranged from 22% to 31% and 25% to 52% of the total season harvest in 2013 and 2014, respectively, and the most common defects were sunscald, off-shape, catface, and graywall. All CGH evaluated may be suitable for mature-green harvest regarding postharvest fruit quality, although fruit ripening uniformity was of concern in 2014. Average CGH total season marketable yields harvested twice were lower than expected yields of staked-upright tomato cultivars that may be harvested three times, but higher than Florida average yields. However, CGH tomato total production cost can potentially be lower than staked-upright cultivars making CGH tomatoes a viable alternative for the Florida mature-green fresh-market industry to remain sustainable. Nationally, Florida ranks first in fresh-market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production value with U.S. $455 million in the 2013 season [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2014]. In 2013, Florida had the largest fresh-market tomato area in the United States with 13,760 ha harvested and an average yield of 29.7 Mg·ha resulting in 408,397 Mg of tomato fruit (USDA, 2014). The majority of the tomato cultivars grown for the Florida fresh market are hybrids with a determinate upright growth habit that require staking, tying, pruning, and manual harvest. These cultural practices account for as much as 55% of the total tomato production cost (Davis and Estes, 1993), estimated at $34,595·ha (G. McAvoy, personal communication). Mexico is the main Florida competitor for fresh-market tomatoes in the United States with the ability to produce tomatoes at lower cost per unit, which forces the Florida industry to seek new production systems to reduce cost and/or increase yields and fruit quality (McAvoy and Ozores-Hampton, 2011). CGH tomatoes, which are determinate plants with a unique architecture, may be the basis of an alternative production system for Florida tomatoes. These tomato plants have low growth and spreading characteristics, forming compact vines that hold fruit above the ground as a result of their short branches and do not require staking, tying, or pruning (Kemble et al., 1994). When in the field, these tomato plants will cover the polyethylene-mulched bed but will not grow into the row middles, holding most of the fruit above the bed surface (Scott et al., 2010). As a result of the plant architecture of CGH tomatoes, they may be grown in a higher plant density than the currently used tomato cultivars, which may recover the losses of vertical space use. Studies with the CGH tomato line NC 13G-1, evaluated in North Carolina, planted in single or double rows showed that higher early and total marketable yields were produced in double rows compared with single rows (Gardner and Davis, 1991; Kemble, 1993). When NC 13G-1 in double rows was compared with the staked-upright tomato 'Mountain Spring' (Syngenta, NC) in a single row, NC 13G-1 produced 48% higher yield, although the staked-upright tomato cultivar had higher individual fruit weight than the NC 13G-1 line (Kemble, 1993). Compact growth habit cultivars that have the jointless pedicel characteristic ( j or j-2 genes) may be once-over mechanically harvested, eliminating the need for expensive hand-harvest labor (Scott et al., 2010). Because CGH tomatoes have in general a concentrated fruit set, they can be harvested once or twice (if manually harvested), reducing the harvesting cost when compared with the currently grown staked-upright tomatoes, which are generally harvested three or more times. Production costs would also be reduced because the time from transplant to final harvest in CGH tomatoes may be 2 to 4 weeks shorter than the currently grown cultivars (Ozores-Hampton et al., 2013a). The development of a concentrated fruit set that is generally early in maturity in CGH plants compared with currently grown staked-upright tomato cultivars (Ozores-Hampton et al., 2013a; Scott et al., 2010) will be critical to enable once-over mechanical harvest (George and Berry, 1992). In processing tomatoes, which are mechanically harvested, plants set fruit and the fruit reaches maturity in a Received for publication 25 July 2014. Accepted for publication 20 Oct. 2014. We thank The Florida Tomato Committee and Pacific Tomato Growers for providing monetary or in-kind support to this project. Mention of product or manufacturer names are for documentation purposes only and do not imply endorsement by the authors or the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 49(12) DECEMBER 2014 1529 concentrated time period, which maximizes the harvest while maintaining fruit quality (George and Berry, 1992). For the freshmarket, mature-green tomato industry, a concentrated fruit set will maximize the amount of mature-green fruit at the time of harvest and enable the use of exogenous ethylene application, which is currently used by this industry. Compact growth habit tomatoes with jointless pedicels that would be commercially acceptable have not been completely developed for the Florida market at this time, but progress is being made by the University of Florida Tomato Breeding Program (UF/TBP). Evaluation of the performance of new CGH tomato BLs and appropriate cultural practices to maximize yields at different locations will be crucial in the process of selecting lines that are suitable for the target market. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two planting configurations (single and double row) and BL on CGH tomato growth, flowering pattern, yield, and postharvest quality. Materials and Methods Two experiments were conducted on a commercial farm in Immokalee, FL, during Spring 2013 and Spring 2014. On 12 Nov. 2012 and 21 Nov. 2013, beds were formed 1.8 m center to center, being 20 cm high in the middle, 18 cm high on the edges, and 81 cm wide. After bed formation, beds were fertilized, fumigated with 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin (40:60) at a rate of 123 and 134 kg·ha in 2013 and 2014, respectively (Intergro, FL), and covered with virtually impermeable film, black in 2013 and metalized in 2014 (TriEst Ag Group, NC). In both years, pre-plant dry fertilizer was broadcast as a ''bottom mix'' and applied on two fertilizer bands on the bed shoulders as the ''top mix'' (Olson et al., 2010) for a total nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K) of 207–49–344 kg·ha. Sources of dry fertilizer were ammonium nitrate, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate plus micronutrients. Fertigation was used to supplement the pre-plant fertilizer with 112–0–167 kg·ha N–P–K from tomato flowering to first harvest. The polyethylene-mulched beds slope was modified from 70.4 to 63.4 or 10% steeper slope manually by rolling a polyvinyl chloride pipe on the shoulders of the beds to enable improved drainage. In 2013, six CGH tomato BLs (Fla 8914, Fla 8915, Fla 8916, Fla 8916a, Fla 8916b, and Fla 8834) from the UF/TBP were planted with two planting configurations (PCs), as single and double rows. In 2014, the CGH BL Fla 8924 and the normal growth habit, upright tomato cultivar Florida-47 (FL 47) (Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc., MO) were planted in addition to the six BLs evaluated in the previous year. All CGH BLs have the jointless (j2) gene, the light green shoulders (u) gene, and produce flat, round tomato fruit. Tomato seedlings were planted on 18 Dec. 2013 and 19 Dec. 2014 as 6-week-old transplants grown in 200-cell Styrofoam trays produced by Redi Plants Corp. (Naples, FL). Plots were 6 m long, composed of 10 plants for single-row and 14 plants for double-row plots. Single-row plots had an in-row spacing of 61 cm (9108 plants/ha) and double rows were planted in an alternated pattern with a diagonal spacing between plants of 48 cm (11,575 plants/ha). Plants in the double-row arrangement were located 15 cm from the dry fertilizer band on the bed shoulders and the drip irrigation tape was moved to the middle of the bed between the two tomato rows. Tomato plants were not staked, tied, or pruned. The experimental design was a split plot with four replications, where PCs were the main plots and the BLs were the sub-plots. The crop was irrigated by a hybrid system of seepage (Ozores-Hampton et al., 2012a) and drip irrigation, which allowed for fertigation. Pesticide applications were performed as needed according to regular


According to the present reform of the higher education and managerial systems,this artical critically expounds that the system of animated encourgement plays the important role to train the young teachers′moral quality and the measures.


The article discusses normative and legal aspects, phases and stages of designing automated library and information systems during the academic process.


Regulation of multiple reaction modules is quite common in molecular computation and deep learning networks construction through chemical reactions, as is always a headache for that sequential execution of modules goes against the intrinsically parallel nature of chemical reactions. Precisely switching multiple reaction modules both on and off acts as the core role in programming chemical reaction systems. Unlike setting up physical compartments or adding human intervention signals, we adopt the idea of chemical oscillators based on relaxation oscillation, and assign corresponding clock signal components into the modules that need to be regulated. This paper mainly demonstrates the design process of oscillators under the regulation task of three modules, and provides a suitable approach for automatic termination of the modules cycle. We provide the simulation results at the level of ordinary differential equation and ensure that equations can be translated into corresponding chemical reaction networks.


Utilization of haptic sensation for robots has advantages in various fields. Haptic rendering which is a technology to contact with virtual objects will be useful for virtual reality and simulation devices in medical and industrial fields. To realize these applications, technologies to extract environmental information and reconstruct virtual environments have been studied. In this paper, a force sensorless probe to obtain environmental information for a haptic rendering system is presented. Environmental information such as shape and stiffness is automatically recorded by the haptic probe driven by linear motors. By utilizing a large circular linear motor which has circular motion, haptic information of environments which have a two dimensional shape can be extracted by the device with simple structure. In experiments, the haptic probe contacts with an environment which has two kinds of stiffness. The recored environmental information is processed and rendered to an operator by a XY table composed of two linear motors. Experimental results show that the system can capture environmental information and it can be used for haptic rendering.


A double error correcting systematic (16,8) quasi-cycle (QC) code that can detect all triple-adjacent errors within each 8-b byte is presented. This code is useful in computer memory applications where adjacent errors are more likely than random errors. As an alternative, a systematic (24,16) QC code is given which corrects single errors, and detects all double errors in addition to all triple-adjacent and quadruple-adjacent errors. A third code, a systematic (32,16) QC code, is presented which corrects all triple errors and detects all quadruple errors. Decoding can be achieved either by syndrome generation and table lookup or by majority logic. >


Arid Regions of Northwest China are most ecologically vulnerable regions and the core regions of national security and ecological security.The glaciers in the arid regions of Northwest China are called solid reservoirs.Melting water from glaciers is not only important water sources for the local development,but also the lifeblood of the local unique oasis economy.In the context of climate warming,the glaciers in arid regions of Northwest China ablate extremely and their number and size are decreasing.Intensive glacier ablation has seriously affected the pattern of regional water resources,the sustainable development of agriculture and the ecosystem stability,which challenge the existing water resources management system and disaster prevention measures.The development and management ideas should be changed,the capacity building of adaptation to the glacier retreat should be improved,and the technological research should be strengthened,in order to actively explore the adaptive countermeasures against the challenges of glacier retreat in Northwest China under global warming.


This paper defines the concept of 2-fuzzy 2-normed linear space. In the 2-fuzzy 2-normed space, -2-norm is defined corresponding to the fuzzy 2-norm. Standard results in fuzzy 2-normed linear spaces are extended to 2- fuzzy 2-normed linear spaces. The famous closed graph theorem and the Reisz theorem is proved in the realm of 2-fuzzy 2-normed linear spaces.


The paper deals with the installation and maintenance of Optical Guard Wire (OPGW) laid on Extra High Voltage (EHV) Transmission Lines of a major utility in Mumbai, India i.e. Tata Power. Since teleprotection of EHV transmission lines through reliable communication significantly improve the reliability of power supply to consumers, the optical guard wire network needs to be installed on the transmission lines. The paper also covers the practical experience of the authors and shares the best installation and maintenance practices and measures to reduce the down time of the network.


The information about the engineering-geological conditions in the central part of St. Petersburg which are characterized by deep thickness of weak water saturated soil is given. Three buildings with large underground space constructed in St. Petersburg are considered as examples. The depth of each space exceeds 12 m and required the usage of modern and nonstandard construction and technological methods for protection of the ditch walls. The wall protection was done by sheet piles, by diaphragm wall method, and jet grouting method. The soil excavation was carried out by traditional method or top–down method. The basic constructive schemes and technological methods of ditch excavation, test results of deformation of the protection walls during excavation of the ditch and the settlements of the neighboring buildings are given.


As one of the hot issues in the world, food security has been widely concerned by the international community. Food security is not only a symbol of a country's stable development, but also the most basic guarantee for human survival. With the increase of global population and the continuous deterioration of the environment, the situation of food security has become very serious. At present, the global food security situation has not yet alleviated, and some indicators are even deteriorating. Therefore, this paper constructs an agricultural system evaluation model to find the best way to solve the problem of global food security. In order to better optimize the grain system, according to the principle of fair and sustainable development, this paper uses the principal component analysis method and entropy-based TOPSIS method to establish an agricultural system evaluation model. First of all, the food security index data of 20 representative countries in the past five years are selected and processed by PCA. Then use the PSO model to optimize each grain system, then calculate the ranking through the agricultural system evaluation model, and then calculate the change coefficient of each index after n optimization. Finally, the grey prediction model is used to predict and analyze the change coefficient, and it is found that it takes 5-7 years to realize the optimized system.


A numerical model has been developed to simulate flow in rectangular clarifiers operating at neutral density conditions. The equations of motion in the ψ-ω format are solved using a finite‐difference method. A two‐step ADI three time level, weighted upwind‐centered difference scheme is used to solve the ω‐equation. The centered‐difference analog of the ψ‐equation is solved using the SOR method. A truncation convergence criterion was derived where the local Courant Number has to be kept below one. Computational stability depends on both Courant number and grid Reynolds number. A variable size mesh reduces both execution time and storage requirements without loss of solution accuracy. A partial slip boundary condition improves on the turbulence model. The finite difference and experimental flow fields are in good agreement.


Article abstract—Objective: The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology develops practice parameters as strategies for patient management based on analysis of evidence. For this practice parameter, the authors reviewed available evidence on evaluation of the first nonfebrile seizure in children in order to make practice recommendations based on this available evidence. Methods: Multiple searches revealed relevant literature and each article was reviewed, abstracted, and classified. Recommendations were based on a three-tiered scheme of classification of the evidence. Results: Routine EEG as part of the diagnostic evaluation was recommended; other studies such as laboratory evaluations and neuroimaging studies were recommended as based on specific clinical circumstances. Conclusions: Further studies are needed using large, well-characterized samples and standardized data collection instruments. Collection of data regarding appropriate timing of evaluations would be important.


A cable such as used in cryogenic and superconductive applications includes an inner conductor, an outer conductor or shield, and a solid dielectric between the inner and outer conductors. The dielectric is introduced into the space between conductors in liquid or gaseous form, preferably under pressure, and the temperature of the dielectric is lowered to or below the freezing point for the material. Pressure relief should the solid dielectric suddenly vaporize by rapid heat rise is provided by holes in the outer conductor or by scoring the inner surface of the outer conductor to provide rupture points in the conductor.


A cryosurgical instrument including: a shaft having a closed distal end defining an expansion chamber and a proximal end that receives an inflow of cryogen and to exhaust a flow of expanded cryogen; and a heat exchanger with a cryogen delivery tube that spirals around a core disposed along a longitudinal axis thereof. The cryogen delivery tube, where it spirals, is in fluid tight contact with the inner surface of the shaft so as to form spiraling cryogen exhaust pathways that extend along a portion of a length of the cryosurgical instrument from the distal end of the shaft. The cryogen delivery tube forces a two-phase flow of cryogen to undergo phase separation by centrifugal forces and urges the liquid phase against the external walls of the spiral coil and the outer surface of the spiral gap. Heat exchanging occurs close to the external wall of the instrument.


The study examined the sustainability of various indigenous
technologies in post-harvest fishery operation in Edo and Delta States (Nigeria). A total of seventy processors were interviewed during the survey through a random selection. The data obtained were analysed by descriptive statistics. The results obtained revealed that the majority of the fish processors within the study areas were married with women who were not educated beyond the first Leaving School Certificate. Most of the fish processed were bought fresh, while the commonest method of preservation/processing practiced was smoking. The type of processing equipment used was the Chorkor smoking kiln and the drum smoker while the commonest source of energy is firewood. The processing activities within the communities were found to be profitable. However it was observed that due to the high cost of processing materials and equipment, the economic growth and the living standard is quite low. Some recommendations were made to improve the traditional method of fish preservation and processing


Infection control within a health care facility reduces the risk of nosocomial infectious, thus decreases morbidity and mortality. It is associated, as well, with a decreased need to stay in the hospital for an extra-day to many weeks. Therefore, the aim of study was to assess the effectiveness of infection control standers on practice among health care personnel working in MCH centers at Qena Governorate. Design: Descriptive research design was utilized to meet the aim of the study Setting: This study was conducted in all maternal and child health their number four centers at Qena Governorate named Seidy Abd Elrehim center, Seidy Awlad Omer center, Oropy Project center and worker city center . Sample: All nurses working in four MCH center were included in the study include (75) nurses. Tools of data collection: It included two tools an interviewing questioners to assess socio demographic characteristics of the nurses and nurses knowledge about universal precautions and infection control precautions before, during and after normal vaginal labor and observational checklist to assess nurses performance related to application of universal precautions before, during and after normal vaginal delivery . Results: The nurses aged between 20 -30 years 53 %. Also, the majority nurses having secondary nursing diploma education. while the minority having technical institute of nursing. As regarding to attendance in job training program about infection control, more than half of nurses were not attended in job training program about infection control. Nurses having Bachelor of Science in nursing had significantly higher scores than those having Technical Institute of nursing, and those having secondary nursing Diploma. Conclusion :The scores of nurses' knowledge and performance having Bachelor of Science in nursing were significantly higher than those who having Technical Institute of nursing Diploma, and those who having secondary nursing Diploma. The scores of nurses' knowledge and performance having work years' experience ranged from 5 to 10 years were better than those who having worked experience less than 5 years, and those who having work experiences exceeds 10 years. Recommendation: Periodic training program should be provided to nurses at MCH centers to update their knowledge and practices regarding universal infection control precautions .It contain the following items policies, procedure standard in related to universal precautions. Also, further studies needed to be performed with different variables, subjects and different settings.


The changes brought about in higher education by the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic require effective action. Teachers must be trained to work on university platforms. The study allows us to analyse the current educational problems, which are found in many countries, not only in Ecuador. The research aimed to determine the virtual andragogical competencies of Ecuadorian university education during the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed research approach was used. A quantitative analysis was applied first, followed by a qualitative analysis. The sample selection was participatory and non-probabilistic. The sample consisted of 1003 active higher education teachers in Ecuador. A questionnaire of 106 questions divided into four variables was applied. A multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed. The analyses demonstrated the need to apply four integral competencies. First the teacher must "Know how to be", through continuous ICT training. After the teacher has been trained, he/she must "Know". This process involves mastering educational technology. After updating knowledge, they must "Know how to live together". Develop critical and constructive communication. Then "Know how to do" by applying an effective guiding methodology. Teacher training under the competency-based approach is seen as a viable alternative.


The Saving service and Credit Popular (Cajas de Ahorro y Credito Popular) first appeared in Mexico in 1951 at the initiative of the priest Pedro Velazquez, similar to the popular savings banks that existed in Canada, which had been founded by Alphonse Desjardins in the early XX century. These savings service (Cajas de Ahorro) were developing successfully in almost all Mexican communities, most of them remained faithful to the principles and ordinances of the church that gave rise to them, without the government participate in this activity and without policies encouraging or regulatory actions. It was not until 1991 when the General Law of Organizations and Auxiliary Credit Activities ( Ley General de Organizaciones y Actividades) was enacted. However, in 2000 they began to emerge problems arising from fraudulent activities by some people taking advantage of loopholes established irregular saving services. Consequently and in order to solve these problems was changing the law. The last of the fraud occurred with the popular financial called FICREA (2015), to which was amended regulatory law again and while thus sought to avoid another fraud, who really was affected is a large amount very poor indigenous and peasants. Received : 03 June 2015 Accepted : 17 July 2015 Published online : 18 December 2015


To reduce the high frequency switching noise generated by hysteresis current pulse width modulation(PWM) converter system,a new filter method based on multi resolution wavelet analysis is proposed in this paper.The method suppresses effective high frequency noise of three-phase sinusoidal voltage signal,and gives index value of signal noise suppression.The research results show that the filter method can not only overcome disadvantages of conventional filter,and improve filter performance,but also provide a new concept for EMI suppression.


This study aims to identify the sustainability on the ethical and humanistic approaches. Humanity is in constant crises and risks, being indispensable that, for overruns this scenario, it recognizes its common anthropological bond. Therefore, we attempted to discuss the fraternity as a political quality and the principle of solidarity found in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, as a new "value" to be experienced to build a free, just and caring society, emphasizing, in this conjuncture, that the constitutional implementation and the supportive thought go hand. We emphasize in this context the importance of recognizing 1 Mestranda do Programa de Pós Graduação em Direito da Faculdade Meridional, Especialista em Direito Penal e Direito Processual Penal pela Faculdade Meridional, Docente em Direito e advogada. E-mail: email@example.com 2 Mestranda em Direito, Democracia e Sustentabilidade pela IMED Faculdade Meridional, Especialista em Direito Civil e Direito Processual Civil pela Universidade Regional Integrada-Erechim, Professora da Universidade de Passo Fundo e Advogada. E-mail: Mestranda em Direito, Democracia e Sustentabilidade pela IMED Faculdade Meridional, Especialista em Direito Civil e Direito Processual Civil pela Universidade Regional Integrada-Erechim, Professora da Universidade de Passo Fundo e Advogada. E-mail: email@example.com 3 Mestranda do Programa de Pós Graduação em Direito da Faculdade Meridional, especialista em Direito Processual Civil pela Faculdade Anhanguera de Passo Fundo e advogada. E-mail: email@example.com solidarity combined with the fraternity values to reach the ideal of sustainability, currently incompatible with the individualistic and exclusive kinds of relations found in capitalism. These ideals of solidarity and brotherhood, if experienced, provide privileged relations of politic experimentation and the applicability of the sustainability in a different way, excelling for the permanence of the humankind on Earth.


Fourteen edible flowers used in cooking were investigated in order to obtain quantitative information on the phytochemicals content and mineral composition. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity w...


It is difficah to decide whether the cardiac cancer can be removed before operation at present.In order to look for a better way to judge possibility of operation success,We studied 67 cases of cardiac cancer.All patient were devided i into two groups at random.We carried out ultrasound exam-ination with injecting water into stomach and routine on examination means separately preoperation then compared with operation results.It was found that the coincidence rate of studied group is 86.3% and the other group is 64.5%.We suggest that uhrasound with injection water mto stomach may be used routinely in initial evaluation of cardiac canoer.The most excellent advantage is the gastric wall can be observed dynamically.

Key words:
cardiac cancer Bultrasound


: There are two purposes of this research. One of the research purposes is to clarify the relation between the creation and the memory in the design. Another one research purpose is a proposal of the design methodology that promotes the creation. To consider the relation between the designer's memory that was the first purpose and the creation in the design, the document concerning the creation and the memory was investigated. As a result of consideration, the memory in the creation process circulates while forming the concept to the design by studying the experience of creation. And, we thought that the circulation structure formed a spiral type. The proposal of the design methodology that promoted the creation was tried based on this hypothesis. We proposed the design methodology to which the process of intentionally recollecting the creation process in the characteristic portion of the work was taken to the design process. Next, we considered the role of the computer in the design, and produced the tool that was expressible of the structure of the memory in the creation process. The user takes the image data of the work in the D.S.I., and inputs the memory of the creation process according to the next three stages. Then, the structural model of the memory allocating three attributes "Design Element", "Episode", and "Characteristic Portion" is expressed as for three axes that express 3DCG. The case where an own tendency to create is understood recollecting a past work by having produced the tool that expressed the structure of this making of the designer the recollection of the produced work and the recorded memory by 3DCG was able to be found. Therefore, one example of the design methodology that promoted the creation was able to be presented.


This paper describes sensitive, accurate and precise TLC-densitometric and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and metoclopramide in pharmaceutical formulation. The TLC method employed aluminum TLC plates precoated with silica gel F254 as the stationary phase and ethylacetate/methanol/ammonia (85:10:5 v/v/v) as the mobile phase, where the chromatogram was scanned at 254 nm. The developed HPLC method used a Zorbax C18 column with isocratic elution. The mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer pH 4.0: methanol (75:25 v/v) at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 273 nm. The methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The selectivity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory-prepared mixtures. The developed methods were successfully applied for the determination paracetamol and metoclopramide in bulk powder and combined dosage form.


We investigate the generalization of the starlikeness of complex order and the generalization of convexity of complex order for the analytic functions in the unit disc D = fz : jzj < 1g.


The invention discloses a three-dimensional (3D) printing method and a 3D printing system. Printing data information of an object is acquired, a printing material is controlled to be molded layer by layer according to the printing data information, and printing is realized. The 3D printing method is characterized by comprising the following steps: providing a circular printing platform for bearing a printing object; setting multiple printing heads on the circular printing platform, wherein multiple nozzles which are radially arranged along the circle are arranged on each printing head; and setting a synchronous control mechanism, and synchronously controlling the circular printing platform to rotate around a rotating shaft in the center of a circle and decline during printing, so that the molded printing layers form a spiral shape on the whole circular printing platform, and the position and shapes of slicing data of the printing data information in the object are consistent with the spiral layer shape of the printing object. Multi-layer synchronous printing in a printing period is realized, the printing speed is improved, and the interlayer binding force is enhanced.


High frequency (HF) magnetic devices are often used in many sorts of devices due to their lower construction dimension and high power handling. This paper introduces a new type of HF and high power density planar Integrated magnetic circuit (IMC) developed for a wide range of applications such as power supplies and DC/DC converters. The paper investigates the differences of a planar and a 'Top-Up' IMC version via FEM, introduces the concept of this special combination of inductor, capacitor and HF transformer, and visualized future investigations in the field of these HF high power density magnetic devices.


Of all the discussions in information technology, few have been as contradictory as that of information technology and (de)centralization. The ultimate goal has been to determine an appropriate arrangement for information technology resources such as hardware, software, communication equipment, data and people within organizations. With the advent of ubiquitous computing technologies, this long-standing debate has become revitalized. Thus, it was the aim of this dissertation to address this topic by investigating the impact of ubiquitous computing technologies and radio frequency identification technology in particular on the decentralization of data and functions in the manufacturing domain.

To answer the identified research question and its sub-questions, a qualitative research approach was used and eleven cases from seven different industries were investigated. In summary, the following steps went into this research: (1) describing ubiquitous computing applications in manufacturing, specifically those that use decentralized data and functions, (2) identifying the factors that have an influence on the distribution of data and functions in the information system architecture, (3) explaining how the different factors influence the information system architecture by comparing both the centralized and decentralized solution, (4) extracting cost components and benefits from the explanation and building an integrated cost-benefit model.

By analyzing the cases of ubiquitous computing applications in the manufacturing domain, six main factors could be identified as having an influence on the distribution of data and functions: (1) synchronization, (2) external data exchange, (3) security, (4) standardization, (5) flexibility and (6) response time. For each identified factor both the centralized and the decentralized solution was investigated, which resulted in the formulation of theses on the (de)centralization decision and in a cost-benefit model. Based on these findings, thirteen management implications were extracted to help practitioners with the decision of how to design a ubiquitous computing application.


BACKGROUND: Whereas the presence of a lymphoid infiltrate has been associated with a favourable prognosis in colorectal carcinoma, the proliferative and cytotoxic responses of freshly isolated tumour infiltrating lymphocytes are frequently impaired. In mice, tumour induced immune suppression has been associated with a decreased expression of the zeta-chain of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex, and loss of mRNA for granzyme B. AIM: To compare the expression of TCR-zeta and granzyme B in lymphocytes infiltrating normal colonic mucosa and Duke's A and D colorectal carcinomas. SPECIMENS: Paraffin wax embedded normal (n = 10) and malignant colonic mucosa (seven Dukes's A, nine Dukes's D). METHOD: Immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The numbers of TCR-zeta + lymphocytes decreased from normal mucosa to Dukes's D carcinomas. In contrast, granzyme B+ lymphocytes were more frequent in Dukes's A carcinomas than in normal mucosa, but disappeared from advanced stage tumours. Granzyme B expressing cells were mainly CD3- (natural killer/lymphokine activated killer cells) in normal mucosa, but CD3+ in tumours, indicating the presence of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In vitro culture of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes rapidly restored the expression of both molecules. CONCLUSION: The frequency of TCR-zeta + and granzyme B+ lymphocytes is decreased in advanced stage colorectal carcinomas. The restoration of expression during in vitro stimulation suggests the presence of tumour derived suppressive factors in situ.


A 36.5 GHz bandwidth, 1.55 µm wavelength pin-HEMT photoreceiver with a distributed amplifier has been monolithically integrated on a 3 in GaAs substrate using a 0.15 µm gate-length pseudomorphic HEMT process. The pin photodiode has a responsivity of 0.34 A/W. Clearly-opened eye diagrams for a 40 Gbit/s optical data stream have been demonstrated.


Whether they like it or not, academics at all stages of their careers are entangled within and by neoliberal logics and practices. Many scholars have written about this in recent years, but as early career academics, the risk of laying bare one's personal experiences of working and studying in neoliberal universities can feel more acute. This timely and important volume confronts that, offering honest and self-reflexive discussions of the material, emotional and affective demands and contradictions which early career academics face. The book's interdisciplinary and global perspectives situate these issues in terms of their national, disciplinary and institutional specificities, while allowing the reader to appreciate the commonalities of experience across borders, and the subsequent need for solidarity between colleagues on a global scale. Many of the authors utilise semi-autobiographical accounts to great effect in order to expose the complexities and contradictions of being a feminist in the neoliberal academy. The book is divided into five sections, taking the reader through an introduction to early career experiences in Part I, before exploring the affects and identities produced as a result of such experiences in Part II. The latter section includes a moving account from Agnes Bosanquet of caring for her critically ill baby during her PhD. Part III explores the importance of networks and friendships in addressing institutional sexism and doing feminist work at the margins of male dominated disciplines. The fourth section elaborates this in terms of building networks within the academy, and it is here where the reader starts to see suggestions of practical strategies for resistance. These are further elaborated in the final section of the book, 'Envisaging feminist futures'. What the book does particularly well is persuading readers of the importance of approaching academic work differently. It calls for greater collegiality among colleagues, 742327 SOC0010.1177/0038038517742327SociologyBook Review Symposium book-review2017


I t is evident that light is perhaps the most important tool by which we know the world around us. This is true not only for our everyday experience, but also for the scientific pursuit of an understanding of nature. Experiments using electromagnetic waves, in a range of wavelengths going well beyond the relatively small range of visible light, have played an important role in the development of modern science. Atomic and molecular spectroscopy, i.e. the study of the characteristic wavelengths emitted by matter in the gas phase, has been fundamental in establishing the laws of quantum mechanics and has given us important information on the composition of stars and planets. Einstein's brilliant 1905 interpretation of the photoelectric effect has opened the way to photoemission spectroscopy,which is still today one of the most important probes ofthe electronic structure ofsolids and solid surfaces, using DV light. Rontgen's discovery ofx-rays in 1895, and the subsequent 1911 demonstration ofx-ray diffraction by crystals, by von Laue and others, laid the foundations of crystallography, by which we can unravel the atomic structure of crystals. Every secondary school student is familiar with Watson and Crick's exploit of 1953 which identified the double helix structure of DNA from the x-ray diffraction work of Franklin and Wilkins, probably the most famous piece of crystallographic work ever. It is therefore hardly surprising that scientists have been eager to obtain the brightest light sources, in order to understand the atomic and electronic structure ofmatter better and better. In parts of the infrared, in the visible and in the near DV, the invention of the laser has provided an extraordinary tool,which has led to many exciting discoveries and applications. Over a much broader range, encompassing not only the infrared and the visible, but also the whole of the UV and the x-rays to wavelengths well below 0.05 nm, the tool of choice for many scientists is synchrotron radiation (or synchrotron light) i.e. the bright emission of highly collimated electromagnetic waves from electrons (or positrons) orbiting at ultrarelativistic energies in storage rings with diameters of tens to several hundreds of meters (generally called with the slightly improper term synchrotrons). In spite of their large dimensions and associated cost, there are some 50 or so storage rings around the world built and operated solely for the purpose ofproducing light, and more are under construction. Although synchrotron light is ever so popular today, the basic phenomena underlying this way of producing light are by no means very recent or novel. The electromagnetic theory of Maxwell, which very naturally contains aspects later formalised in the special theory of relativity, is all that is needed to predict the basics of synchrotron light. The radiation of accelerated charges, e.g of charged particles following a circular trajectory at constant speed, and subject therefore to centripetal acceleration, has a very different angular distribution depending on whether the speed of


Private food quality assurance standards especially GlobalGAP now dominate Western food retailers' markets. GlobalGAP defines market access condition for producers requiring farm investments, traceability and certification. Despite quality, safety, health, welfare and environmental benefits, compliance is costly for smallholders yet a price premium is unobservable. Alternative markets mitigate quality and safety risks through contracts whose use and frequency of renewal is unexplained. Using data from French bean producers, three essays are presented: analysis of GlobalGAP adoption, its effect on producer prices, use and frequency of contracts renewal. In the first essay, results show that producer price, many producers in a village and short monitored supply chains reduce the likelihood but protective gear, collective organizations and extension services increase the likelihood of adoption. This means that price incentive, independent and monitored production constrains adoption but farm assets, farmer capacity and non-monetary incentives enhance adoption. In the second essay, the econometric model shows that GlobalGAP certification, use of supply contracts, direct procurement by exporters, and the size of markets in a village, have a positive effect on producer prices. Organized producers receive significantly lower prices. The GlobalGAP premium is not very large or constant over one season and is less important than in supply contracts and direct procurement. More buyers in a given village, non-switching selling to one buyer and better roads are found to increase prices paid to producers. The third essay finds that higher producer prices and many producers in a village are associated with oral contracts while extension, group size, post primary education and contract seasons with a buyer differentiate written contracts. Further, the results show that contract renewals increase with price if it is known at planting, spot cash payments, distance to irrigation water source, producer-exporter market linkage, sales receipting and traceability but reduce with the number of buyers in a village. The results indicate that alternative markets depend strongly on oral contracts while contract renewal is based more on satisfaction, trust, switching costs and competition. Overall, producer groups and non-monetary incentives may be a more effective way to co-opt smallholders in private quality and safety standards. Beside other benefits, there is a GlobalGAP certification premium though not very large. Finally, alternative markets exist for smallholders without GlobalGAP certification through supply contracts.


From 27 healthy boys and 29 girls aged 18 to 26 years investigated the intraand interhemispheric phase of interaction between highand low-frequency EEG rhythms of reproduction and measure short time intervals in the presence and absence of feedback on performance. In a preliminary study investigated the verbal and nonverbal intelligence, levels of extraversion and neuroticism, particularly the lateral organization of the brain with the definition of a leading hand and speech hemisphere. Time Intervals in the series given as non-verbal stimuli (white square with a side of 2 cm, which appears in the center of a darken monitor) at another series the figures (for measuring length of time Interval). Tested persons have been double-clicking on the «gap» to reproduce or measure time intervals. Like a feedback signal was a percentage expressed relative error of measuring reproduction or specified time interval. EEG were recorded using 24-channel analyzer encephalograph in the following diversion of the electrodes: Cz, Fz, Pz, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, T3, T4, T5, T6, O1, O2 in accordance with the scheme «10-20%». To study of phase interactions between highand low-frequency components of EEG used Wavelet and bispectral analysis calculate the function of bicohere. As an integral characteristic of the phase-level interactions between the rhythms of the EEG used half the sum of the values of this function in the investigated frequency range of the EEG (0,5-70 Hz). To analysis of correlations between the studied parameters calculated a Spearman rank correlation coefficient. To assess the influence of the investigated factors («sex», «stage of activity» «kind of activity») on the phase interaction using ANOVA analysis for repeated observations. Strong intra-and interhemispheric phase interaction between high-and lowfrequency EEG rhythms was found. Most often, these interactions are observed between gamma rhythms and low-frequency components of the EEG (0,5-30 Hz), as well as between different frequencies of gamma rhythm (30-70 Hz). The dependence of the interactions in the factors «sex», « stage of activity», «kind of activity» was established. The correlation between phase-level interactions and the indicators of intelligence, extraversion, neuroticism, the lateral organization of the brain and the accuracy of time perception. It is assumed that along with the spatial frequency synchronization of brain electrical activity it have are an effective mechanism of functional association neurons. Obtained results and published data suggest that the investigated phase interactions play an important role in cognitive processes in the consciousness mechanisms. The high rate of change of the detected phase interactions, and some literature data suggest that these interactions cant be only the result of synaptic facilitation and can be as the interactions of distant field between neurons.


That paper is the continuation of the paper from the year 2007 Conference presenting the Human-Machine Interface optimization problems, at the cockpit of military aircraft. The short description of the problem, assumptions for its solving, performed researches, initial results analysis and conclusions have been presented. For the cockpit layout optimization it seams necessary to register not only the flight parameters but also the psycho-physiological parameters of the pilot. Conclusions drawn only on the flight parameters basis can be true for the big changes of the cockpit layout


e17558Background: Clinical outcomes may differ among pts with primary (de novo) mHSPC vs. secondary (relapsed) mHSPC occurring after previous local therapy. However, it is unknown what molecular fe...