The Laser Centerline Localizer (LCL) uses a series of low power, but highly visible laser beams to illuminate approach corridors to provide a pilot on final approach to landing with precise centerline guidance. The LCL was initially developed for aircraft carrier flight operations, but it has dual-use in the civilian sector. The first operational deployment of the LCL was on the U.S.S. Constellation, CV-64, in March 1994. The installation of the LCL on the U.S.S. Constellation is discussed along with the results and conclusions from the flight operations to date. Quantitative analysis from 110 naval aviators who have flown the LCL at sea is presented. Pilot acceptance has been overwhelmingly positive. Civil applications of the LCL are described. The LCL provides definitive traffic separation for parallel runways, which are a common feature at larger airports where the incursion of aircraft into airspace reserved for the other runway is an ongoing concern. The LCL is extremely beneficial and safety enhancing at airports that have no good visual access at night due to terrain. Helicopter landing pads, particularly on oil platforms, greatly benefit from the LCL. Because of its small size, portability, and low power consumption, the LCL is ideal for civil disaster relief operations.


Objective To study the anatomical factors causing spinal nerves stuck in the cervical intervertebral foramen and the spinal nervous sulcus. Method The sagittal width and height of the intervertebral foramen and its spinal nerve roots as well as the width of the lateral opening of the spinal nervous sulcus and its outside diameters of spinal nerves were measured on 60 cases (male28, female 32) adult cadavers (total 120 sides). The percentage of the outside diameter of the spinal nerve larger than or equal to the corresponding intervertebral foramen and spinal nervous sulcus were measured.Results ①The percentage of the outside diameter of the spinal nerve roots larger than or equal to the corresponding intervertebral foramen was 24.6% in all cases, with the female (35.2%) significantly more than the male (12.5%) (P0 01).②The ratios of spinal nerve to spinal nervous sulcus was 6.3% in all cases, with the male (8.9%) significantly more than the female (3.9%) (P0 01). Conclusion It is suggested that lesions of the spinal nerve roots or their anterior branches were not only related closely to the stenosis of intervertebral foramen and spinal nervous sulcus, but also related to the outside diameter of the spinal nerve roots and the damage of soft tissue in spinal nervous canal. It is very important that the combination of X ray with the clinical manifestation was used in the diagnosis and the treatment of various types of cervical spondylosis.


High angle boundary (HAB) and low angle boundary (LAB) are casting defects of single crystal (SX) and directionally solidified (DS) turbine blades and decrease the lifetime of these blades during service. During directional solidification, primary dendrite arms grow in the opposite direction of the thermal gradient direction and perpendicular to the mushy zone interface. When this interface is not flat, primary dendrite arms growing in various areas of the mushy zone are characterized by different growth directions. Then, after the primary dendrite tips contact each other, LABs or HABs form (depending on the angle between the directions of the primary dendrite arms). This paper presents characterization studies of HABs in a DS turbine blade made of CMSX-4® superalloy. The blade was characterized by three columnar grains with HABs. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the HABs using electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EBSD) were carried out. The EBSD technique helped to determine the crystallographic orientation of the grains near the HAB, misorientation angles between grains (and inside each grain), and the angle of deviation between the [001] direction and the blade axis.


The new geography course standard for middle-school has been carried out.It includes four parts such as preface,course target,content standard and course put suggestion into practice.This course standard sets up the idea of sustainable development concept,the study of self's own with co-operation and exploration,the valuation of encouragement and direction and the structure of open type geographical feature course.At present the system of current practice of normal university geography science can not satisfy the new geography course standard for middle-school.The system of current practice sets rough,the low proportion of practice teaching,and other forms of stereotypes.In order to satisfy the new geography course standard for middle-school,this paper proposed some suggestions about the system of current practice of normal university geography science to build a new system of current practice.


Much research effort is focused on improving the electrochemical properties of polyamline.The
promoting methods such as substituting,copolymering,compositing and doping,and their effects on the properties of polyaniline are introduced in this paper.


Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. obtained from nectarine fruits with typical anthracnose symptoms in 2010 were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Pathogenicity test was conducted on symptomless, detached nectarine fruits. All tested isolates caused anthracnose lesions on nectarine fruits after 7 days of incubation. On PDA medium nectarine isolates forming dark green to dark gray mycelia. Growth rates of all isolates and reference strain of C.acutatum were lower at 25°C compared with reference strain of C.gloeosporioides. The conidia were hyaline, aseptate, and fusiform. Appressoria were dark brown, smooth, simple, and clavate to ovate. Using the primer set CaInt2/ITS4, the 490 bp DNA fragment was amplified from all nectarine isolates and reference strain of C. acutatum - CBS 294.67. Based on these results, the causal agent of anthracnose on nectarine fruits in Serbia was identified as C.acutatum.


The crystallization kinetics of poly(etherether ketone) (PEEK) in chopped mesophase pitch-derived carbon fiber/PEEK composites have been studied. Various processing techniques are used in order to obtain controlled fiber length in the composites. Scanning electron microscopy performed on properly etched long fiber composite samples reveals that the nucleating sites density is low at the carbon fiber surface: transcrystalline layers are rarely observed. This is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. However, samples processed by mixing carbon fibers and molten polymer in a high temperature mixer have a widely different behavior: the nucleation density and the crystallization rate increase, the glass transition of these samples is displaced towards higher temperatures, and the solubility is dramatically lowered. We ascribe these phenomena to the adsorption of the polymer chains on carbon particles created by attrition during the mixing.


A compact 15-channel bolometer array that views plasma emission tangentially across the midplane has been installed on the PBX tokamak to supplement a 19-channel poloidal array which views the plasma perpendicular to the toroidal direction. By comparing measurements from these arrays, poloidal asymmetries in the emission profile can be assessed. The detector array consists of 15 discrete 2-mm x 2-mm Thinistors, a mixed semiconductor material whose temperature coefficient of resistance is relatively high. The accumulated heat incident on a detector gives rise to a change in the resistance in each active element. Operated in tandem with an identical blind detector, the resistance in each pair is compared in a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The variation in voltage resulting from the change in resistance is amplified, stored on a CAMAC transient recorder during the plasma discharge, and transferred to a VAX data acquisition computer. The instantaneous power is obtained by digitally smoothing and differentiating the signals in time, with suitable compensation for the cooling of the detector over the course of a plasma discharge. The detectors are ''free standing,'' i.e., they are supported only by their electrical leads. Having no substrate in contact with the detector reduces the response time and increasesmore » the time it takes for the detector to dissipate its accumulated heat, reducing the compensation for cooling required in the data analysis. The detectors were absolutely calibrated with a tungsten-halogen filament lamp and were found to vary by +-3%. The irradiance profiles are inverted to reveal the radially resolved emitted power density from the plasma, which is typically in the 0.1 to 0.5 W/cm/sup 3/ range.« less


Background and Purpose: Chewing nails is one of the most common behavioral problems in childhood that can be caused by anxiety and stress. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of art therapy (storytelling, photography and painting) based on cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating a 7-year-old girl who had this disorder. Method: This study was an experimental single case study by using multiple-baselines. The intervention program was conducted in 10 sessions with a follow-up of six weeks. The instruments used in this study were clinical interview, observation, parenting styles questionnaire (Baumrind, 1991) and Goodenough–Harris draw-a-person test (DAP) (Goodenough- Harris, 1963). The research design was a single-case experimental multi-line method. Chart and drawing analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the study showed that the effect of art therapy (storytelling, photography and painting) based on cognitive-behavioral approach on nail-biting is clinically meaningful. (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that art therapy (storytelling, photography and painting) based on cognitive-behavioral approach is effective in reducing nail-biting disorders. Also the person after receiving the treatment, in addition to reducing the factors related to nail chewing, also improved in other areas such as interpersonal and social behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested to researchers that an integrated model based on the findings of this research be developed for the treatment of nail biting.


The performance of a narrow linewidth external cavity semiconductor laser was improved in terms of linewidth and working range by using a self-injection scheme. A linewidth narrowing by a factor of 8∼22 and a working range improvement by a factor of 1.33 were demonstrated.


The investigation had at a purpose to identify the application has to be done for the protocol of the polytraumatized patient done by the nursering personal. According to the studied the dead of investigation found a lot of difficulties for applying the protocol of the polytraumatized patient, due to the service has a few personal and does not cover the demand of patients who come to it, the population of studying was of 25 nurses of emergency service. The design of investigation, of the type non experimental, transversal, descriptive, of field, bibliographical, the information was joined to the professional in nurse ring. It proceeded to pick in the information, type it. For which we used some information packages to have security of its veracity. It was presented some graphic and pictures for the respective analysis. As a result in spite of having a manual for attention to the politrauma tired patients, not all personal of nursing applies it down to the need of auxiliary personal. It concluded whit the absence of presence the work or we can say it´s a low level but it. We conclude that the presence of default is low but demands great effort by nurses because they assume tasks to be fulfilled by the support staff. A manual won elaborated that exploring the distribution of the activities of professional and brochure was given.
Keywords: Multiple trauma, Nurse, Emergency


The review describes the monograph of "Theory and practice of teaching of the Ukrainian language to foreign students of humanities" by Kyiv researcher Hanna Shvets. Text-centrism is defined as the leading author's method of foreign students teaching. The subjective and objective factors of efficiency of the student and the teacher cooperation, psychological-pedagogical and linguistic bases of the formation of the secondary language personality and others are analyzed. The basic directions of system of the Ukrainian as a foreign language teaching declared by the monograph are reviewed: 1) Ukrainian as a language of specialty. 2) Ukrainian as a second foreign language within the framework of traditional Slavic studies. 3) Ukrainian language as a component of the system of training specialists in Ukrainian studies. 4) Ukrainian language in the system of training international specialists. 5) Ukrainian as the third foreign language. 6) Ukrainian as a subject of independent choice of the student.
The sociology of the speech environment at the capital, the statistics of the growth of the foreign contingent in recent years at the universities have been very accurately and topically revealed, as Ukraine has become attractive at the market of educational services. The ambiguous language situation in Ukraine determines specific accents: 1) conflict of coexistence within a single territorial community of several language personalities; 2) the negative impact of bilingualism; 3) the need to form a nationally conscious linguistic personality.
The author of reviewed work outlines the range of methods of effective work with the text, including group work, project technology, game technologies (language and speech), discussions, film classes, excursions (real and virtual), creative writing.
It is concluded that the reviewed work is a valuable theoretical and practical material of the methodology of teaching of the Ukrainian as a foreign language.
Key words: text-centrism, Ukrainian as a foreign language, bilingual personality, secondary language personality, language politics.


This study focuses on the field of citrus markets in the Lattakia region, the Syrian Arab Republic. Despite the high impact of citrus production on the livelihood of more than 40,000 families in the region, citrus farmers are not informed about expected prices and market trends. This information is crucial to making successful business decisions. The main aim of the paper is the assessment of Lattakia market price dynamics and to verify the use of regression and OLS models as tools of an Agricultural Marketing Information System (AMIS) for citrus price forecasting in the Lattakia region. To this end, five indicators were applied to the data set and two models for citrus wholesale price prediction on the Lattakia markets were tested in the paper. These indicators and models were applied to empirical data, obtained from an actual Marketing Information System in the Lattakia Region. The results showed high volatility in the prices between the markets and over different months and the regression model with an index of determination R² = 0.90 was identified as suitable for seasonal price predictions (short term forecasting), while the least square method was a good tool for annual price prediction (long term). DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p286


We construct a computable sequence of computable reals $\langle X_i\rangle$ such that any real that can compute a subsequence that is maximal with respect to the finite intersection property can also compute a Cohen 1-generic. This is extended to establish the same result with 2IP in place of FIP.


The occurrence and treatment of palatal fistulae have been studied in 1108 CLP patients who had their primary operations performed during the years 1954–69. No fistulae were recorded in 263 patients with incomplete cleft of the primary palate only. These patients were excluded, leaving 845 patients for analysis. The Le Mesurier or Millard technique had been used for the primary lip operation, and the von Langenbeck procedure for closure of the palate; in complete clefts, the anterior part of the palate had been closed using Veau's vomer flap operation simultaneously with lip closure. The observation period ranged from 7 to 22 years, during which time each patient was examined at least once and the majority on several occasions by members of the cleft palate team. The overall incidence of fistulae was 18%. Fistulae were recorded in 11.3% of all complete clefts of the primary palate, and in 36.1% of all complete total clefts. In cases of cleft palate only, fistulae were found in 3.5% of the incomplete cleft...


The second International Conference on the Science of Hard Materials was held at Rhodes in September 1984. The delegation of 153 drew representatives from 23 countries. Of the papers presented 64 have been carefully selected and edited to give this comprehensive yet balanced survey of the advances made since the previous meeting. This compilation also looks foward and highlights areas where more research will soon be urgently needed if further progress is to be made. The scope of this meeting has increased greatly since the first which was held in 1981 by broadening the definition of 'hard' to encompass 'greater than 1000 HV' thereby covering, in addition to WC-Co based hardmetals, Ti-C based hardmetals, and a range of other systems as well as diamond and nitrides and borides of non-metals, especially boron and silicon. Moreover, more material on all the fundamental mechanisms involved has also been included. The topics reported include atomic bonding, fundamental properties, mechanical testing and characteristics, superhard materials, fundamentals of microstructure and deformation, ceramics, cermets and hardmetals, coatings and manufacture. This book is further enhanced by the inclusion of a comprehensive subject index. It is possible to gain a general overview of the factors relevant to the science of hard materials through the carefully chosen papers collected here, in addition to a detailed insight into specific areas. As such this book will be invaluable to all researchers and technologists concerned with hard metals and their characteristics.


16 BACKGROUND: Bacillus subtilis synthesizes surfactin, a powerful surface-active agent. It 17 has interesting potential applications. However, due to its high cost of production, commercial 18 use is impracticable. The downstream processing represents ≈60% of production costs and the 19 culture medium ≈30%. Many reports focused, separately, on production of surfactin using by20 products (reduced cost) or the purification using synthetic medium. Therefore, the aim of this 21 work was to evaluate, for the first time, the impact of using a by-product as fermentation 22 medium on the downstream processing based on membrane filtration. 23 RESULTS: Membranes of PES-100-kDa efficiently retained surfactin micelles the first step 24 of ultrafiltration, whereas, the second step required membranes of 50-kDa to separate 25


Implementations of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods need to confront two fundamental challenges: accurate representation of prior information and efficient evaluation of likelihoods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and related techniques can in some cases facilitate the definition and sampling of the prior distribution, as well as the training of accurate surrogate models, using for instance, polynomial chaos expansion (PCE). However, complex geological priors with sharp contrasts necessitate more complex dimensionality-reduction techniques, such as, deep generative models (DGMs). By sampling a low-dimensional prior probability distribution defined in the low-dimensional latent space of such a model, it becomes possible to efficiently sample the physical domain at the price of a generator that is typically highly non-linear. Training a surrogate that is capable of capturing intricate non-linear relationships between latent parameters and outputs of forward modeling presents a notable challenge. Indeed, while PCE models provide high accuracy when the input-output relationship can be effectively approximated by relatively low-degree multivariate polynomials, this condition is typically not met when employing latent variables derived from DGMs. In this contribution, we present a strategy combining the excellent reconstruction performances of a variational autoencoder (VAE) with the accuracy of PCA-PCE surrogate modeling in the context of Bayesian ground penetrating radar (GPR) traveltime tomography. Within the MCMC process, the parametrization of the VAE is leveraged for prior exploration and sample proposals. Concurrently, surrogate modeling is conducted using PCE, which operates on either globally or locally defined principal components of the VAE samples under examination.


We present low-resource spoken keyword search (KWS) strategies guided by distinctive feature theory in linguistics to conduct data selection, feature selection, and transcription augmentation. These strategies were employed in the context of the 2016 NIST Open Keyword Search Evaluation (OpenKWS16) using conversational Georgian from the IARPA Babel program. In particular, we elaborate on the following: (1) We exploit glottal-source-related acoustic features that characterize Georgian ejective phonemes ([+constricted glottis], [+raised larynx ejective] specified in distinctive feature theory). These features complement standard acoustic features, leading to a relative fusion gain of 11.9%. (2) We use noisy channel models to incorporate probabilistic phonetic transcriptions from mismatched crowdsourcing to conduct transfer learning to improve KWS for extremely under-resourced conditions (24 min of transcribed Georgian), achieving a relative improvement of 118% over the baseline and a relative fusion gain of 32%.(3) Using distinctive feature analysis, we select a compact subset of source languages used in past evaluations to ensure high phonetic coverage for cross-lingual acoustic modeling when only limited system development time and computational resources are available. This strategy leads to comparable performance to using all available linguistic resources when only 1/3 of the source languages were chosen.


Photoinhibition in Lemna gibba L. was studied by interpreting chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K on the basis of the bipartite model of Butler and co-workers (Butler 1978). Applicatio ...


Introduction Part I. Pleasure Philosophy: 1. Shaftesbury, Kant and the sensus communis 2. Rousseau, Wollstonecraft and pleasure as power Part II. Wordsworth's Common Pleasure: 3. Poetics of pleasure in the Lyrical Ballads 4. Economies of affect in The Prelude and Home at Grasmere 5. The politics of happiness in The Excursion Conclusion Bibliography Index.


Procedural exceptions concern the most diverse irregularities which appear during the lawsuit; therefore they have a different object and character (proper lawsuit exceptions, content exceptions, absolute exceptions, relative exceptions), and the way they are solved produces various effects upon the lawsuit (dilatory exceptions, diriment exceptions). In the following, we shall analyze the situation of concomitantly invoking the procedural exceptions belonging to different categories as well as from the same category.


The present paper is concerned with the assessment and comparison of ecological and socio-economic development in Duminichy district of Kaluga province (Russia) and Yotlik district of Vientiane province (Laos). This study focuses on the environmental conservation and efficient nature management and proposes a system of indicators for the assessment of sustainable development at the local level. This system includes 43 indicators which correspond to the international requirements and approaches. The assessments were based on the global principles of sustainable development and local characteristics of each area. They helped to determine significant problems in the development of those two districts in Russia and Laos as well as to find the way to resolve the problems.


Abstract — Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) using the harmonic elimination technique needs the solving of a nonlinear transcendental equations system. Conventionally, due to their high complexity, these equations have to be solved off-line and the calculated optimal switching angles are stored in look-up tables or interpolated by simple functions for real-time operation. System flexibility is very limited, especially for applications which require both amplitude and frequency control. A new implementation scheme based on real-time solving of the nonlinear harmonic elimination equations using feed forward Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is reported in this paper. Based on the well known Back-propagation Algorithm (BPA), two training schemes for the ANN are presented. In the first one, the ANN is trained using the desired switching angles given by the classical method. The second training scheme is developed using only the harmonic elimination equation systems. Some simulation results are given to show the feasibility, performances and technical advantages of the proposed method.


Two examples of mouse monoclonal anti‐N are described. The antibodies were derived from mice immunized with sialoglycoprotein extracts of group O MM ss erythrocyte membranes and the probable stimulus for immunization was glycophorin B associated N‐antigen. Both antibodies reacted as direct agglutinins but appeared to recognize different epitopes with one having a greater dependence on sialic acid. The antibodies could prove to be valuable alternatives to those reagents used currently for N‐blood grouping.


The timing and duration of sleep results from the interaction between a sleep-wake driven, or homeostatic, process (S) and a circadian process (C), and involves changes in gene expression and genomic regulation. Unraveling the respective contributions of S and C, and their interaction, to transcriptional and epigenomic regulatory dynamics requires sampling over time under unperturbed conditions and conditions of perturbed sleep. Here, we profiled mRNA expression and chromatin accessibility in the cerebral cortex of mice over a three-day period, including a 6-hour sleep deprivation (SD) on day two. Mathematical modeling established that a large proportion of rhythmic genes are actually governed by Process S with varying degrees of interaction with Process C, sometimes working in opposition. Remarkably, SD causes long-term effects on gene expression dynamics, outlasting phenotypic recovery, most strikingly illustrated by a dampening of the oscillation of most core clock genes, including Bmal1, suggesting that enforced wakefulness directly impacts the molecular clock machinery. Chromatin accessibility proved highly plastic and dynamically affected by SD. Distal regions, rather than promoters, display dynamics corresponding to gene transcription, implying that changes in mRNA expression result from constantly accessible promoters under the influence of distal enhancers or repressors. Srf was predicted as a transcriptional regulator driving immediate response, suggesting that Srf activity mirrors the build-up and release of sleep pressure. Our results demonstrate that a single, short SD has long-term aftereffects at the genomic regulatory level. Such effects might accumulate with repeated sleep restrictions, thereby contributing to their adverse health effects. Significance statement When and how long we sleep is determined by the time-of-day and how long we have been awake, which are tracked molecularly by a circadian and a sleep-wake driven process, respectively. We measured the long-term consequences of a short-term sleep deprivation (SD) on gene expression and regulation in the mouse brain, and used mathematical models to determine the relative contributions of the circadian and sleep-wake driven processes. We find that many genes, including most of the genes that constitute the molecular circadian clock, are perturbed by SD long after the mice ceased showing behavioral signs of sleep loss. Our results have implications for human health, given the high prevalence of insufficient and poor quality sleep in our contemporary society.


Objective To determine Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, (NG), herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) and human papilloma virus (HPV) in order to understand major STIs(sexually transmitted infections) prevalence among FCSW(Female Commercial Sex workers) in Shenzhen City. Methods Select 291 FCSW and collect cervical secretions and vaginal fluid. Use fluorescent quantitative PCR to test for CT, NG, HSV and HPV, then analyses corresponding infection status. Results Among 291 FCSWs, the overall infection rate for all STIs was 53.20% (208/309); the CT infection rate was the highest at 27.62%; followed by HPV, NG and HSV-2, with infection rates of 26.34%, 21.23% and 2.81% respectively. Among those infected with STIs, 83 (39.90%, 83/208) were co-infected with two or more STIs. Among the 83 cases positive for NG, the CT infection rate was 45.78%. Among the 108 cases positive for CT, the NG infection rate was 35.18%. Conclusion This study shows the STI infection rate among Shenzhen FCSWs to be relatively high. It is believed that strengthening STI screening and health education in this group is currently an important policy for preventing and controlling the spread of STIs.


This paper aims at examining the overwhelmingly positive effects of complementary leadership to the national security of Nigeria. The paper makes analyses of complementarity, leadership, and complementary leadership. Security challenges like banditry, armed robbery, kidnapping, rape, insurgency, ritual killings, militancy, pipeline vandalization, and other related crimes are identified as robbing Nigeria of its integrity. The paper examines the religious and traditional leadership roles that make for their incorporation into Nigeria's leadership style in combating security challenges. The paper argues that the leadership mechanism that will fully incorporate the federal government, religious and traditional leaders is a viable approach to tackling the problems of insecurity in the nation. The paper upon concluding that the lingering security challenges are aftermaths of the neglected cooperative leadership approach advances complementary leadership as an imperative for sustainable security in Nigeria.


Many scientific problems depend on the ability to analyze and compute on large amounts of data. This analysis often does not scale well, its effectiveness hampered by the increasing volume, variety and rate of change (velocity) of big data. There is a need to integrate features of traditional high-performance computing, such as scientific libraries, communication and resource management middleware, with the rich set of capabilities found in the commercial ecosystem, resulting in an integrated system generically called highperformance big data system (HPBDS). Our proposed preliminary implementation of the HPBDS – including many important software systems such as Hadoop available from the Apache open source community and thus referred to as High-Performance Computing-Big Data Stack (HPC–ABDS) – has two fundamental building blocks: (i) Middleware for Data-Intensive Analytics and Science (MIDAS) that will enable scalable applications with the performance of High Performance Computing (HPC) and the rich functionality of the commodity Apache big data Stack. (ii) The second building block will design and implement a set of crosscutting high-performance data-analysis libraries SPIDAL (Scalable Parallel Interoperable Data Analytics Library), which will support new programming and execution models for data-intensive analysis in a wide range of science and engineering applications. These libraries will be implemented to be scalable and interoperable across a range of computing systems including clouds, clusters and supercomputers. The project libraries will have the same beneficial impact on data analytics that scientific libraries such as PETSc, MPI and SCALAPACK have had for supercomputer simulations. In this paper, we study many big data applications from a variety of research and commercial areas and suggest a set of characteristic features and possible kernel benchmarks that stress those features for data analytics. We draw conclusions for the hardware and software architectures that are suggested by this analysis.


Castor bean is an important kind of industrial oilseeds with high oil content and low moisture content.In uniaxial press,residual oil of castor bean cake decreased with the increase of compression ratio and decrease of pressing speed.Based on the experimental data and curve fitting,a mathematical model of compression ratio and residual oil was established,and the parameters were obtained.Results of error analysis showed that the values between measured and simulated fit well in effective compression ratio 2.5~5.2,and the average error is about 5%.


T h e single highest preharvest production cost for California grape growers is control of pests and diseases, including mildew. In 1986, total insect/mite control costs on Thompson Seedless grapes grown for raisins or wine and on wine variety grapes in the San Joaquin Valley were estimated at $113 and $137 per acre, or 22 and 26 percent, respectively, of total production costs. In recent years, a new insect pest, the variegated grape leafhopper (VLH), Erythroneura variabilis, has invaded the San Joaquin Valley and threatens to cause increasingly costly and serious damage to vineyards. The destructive potential of this pest is due in part to its feeding on foliage, which affects fruit quality and quantity. There is evidence that VLH is developing resistance to insecticides, indicating that a long-term reliance on chemical control is neither technically nor economically feasible. The use of insecticides against this pest is also causing problems with spider mites by increasing their resistance to chemicals and destroying their natural enemies. A biological control program as part of an overall integrated pest management (IPM) strategy has the potential to lower VLH populations, reducing plant feeding and associated losses in yield and quality. The components of such a grape IPM strategy are: (1) foreign exploration, importation, and development of massrearing procedures for improved species and/or biotypes (races) of VLH parasites; (2) mass-rearing and colonization (subsequent field release) of potentially effective parasites to reduce damaging and overwintering VLH populations; (3) field evaluation to determine permanent parasite establishment and effectiveness; (4) establishment of economic thresholds for VLH by plant growth stages, adjusted for parasite effectiveness by grape growing district, grape variety, and intended market; and ( 5 ) development of a seasonlong grape management program beginning with a pilot project to validate all proposed procedures and recommendations. The potential for biological control of leafhoppers on grapes in an IPM program is suggested by the numerous, diverse candidate parasite species and biotypes for use in a managed biological control scheme (table l), as well as the grapevine's apparent tolerance of relatively high numbers of variegated leafhoppers. This tolerance may allow VLH populations to increase while parasites also increase. One study (by co-author L. T. Wilson, unpublished data) has shown that the grapevine can tolerate up to 30 VLH nymphs per leaf, plus uncounted accompanying adults, without measurable yield reduction. M. Kliewer (Viticulture and Enology Department, UC Davis) reported that up to 25 percent removal of Thompson Seedless leaves caused no significant reduction in dry weights of canes, trunk, and roots, regardless of the time of defoliation. In Hermosillo, Mexico, up to 50 percent of grape leaves removed in October caused no significant yield or quality reduction the following year. In seeking to develop a variegated leafhopper IPM program, we are actively involved in exploration and importation of potential parasites, have developed preliminary procedures for mass-rearing, and are collaborating in preliminary field-cage screening of selected populations of the parasitic wasp Anagrus. In this report, we discuss our progress in exploration, mass-rearing, and yreliminary parasite colonizations.


Tetracycline hydrochloride (TH), a major of broad-spectrum antibiotic with tetracene structure, is widespread in surface water but cannot be effectively removed by common water treatment processes. BiVO4 (Bismuth Vanadate), as...


A novel multi-user diversity scheme for OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access) is described which alleviates the need of feedback and provides substantial improvements in non-cooperative environments. The algorithm exploits the reciprocity of the channel and enables a user to send reliably data at a prescribed rate knowing only its channel. Moreover, analytical expressions of the cell spectral efficiency are derived in the asymptotic regime (high number of carriers) for two filter types: matched filter and optimum filter. Discussions are also provided for various channel models


Smart led street lighting system aims for designing and executing the advanced development in IOT for energy saving of street light, the best solution for electrical power wastage is automation of street light, the manual operation of the lighting system is completely eliminate. A method for modifying street light illumination by using sensor at minimum electrical energy consumption ,when object presence is detected, street lights glow at their brightest mode, else they stay in the dim mode during night time Internet of things (IOT) is used to visualize the real time updates of street processing and notifying the changes occur. This shall reduce heat emissions, power consumption, maintenance and replacement costs and carbon dioxide emissions.


This paper describes the upgrading process of the Multilingual Central Repository (MCR). The new MCR uses WordNet 3.0 as Interlingual-Index (ILI). Now, the current version of the MCR integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from five different languages: English, Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Galician. In order to provide ontological coherence to all the integrated wordnets, the MCR has also been enriched with a disparate set of ontologies: Base Concepts, Top Ontology, WordNet Domains and Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. We also suggest a novel approach for improving some of the semantic resources integrated in the MCR, including a semiautomatic method to propagate domain information. The whole content of the MCR is freely available.


A method of database intrusion detection based on adaptive model is proposed.First,the conception of mini-support function and attribute distance are defined.Then,a new association algorithm based on defined conception is proposed to extract operating characteristics in time window.The value of mini-support function can be dynamically adjusted,so operating characteristics could be extracted more efficiently.Furthermore,hierarchical clustering algorithm is applied to produce dynamic clustering rule base.The intrusion could be judged by computing the distance between operating characteristics and cluster in rule base.In this way,the problem of judging 'sharp boundary' in current database intrusion detection system could be avoided.In the progress of intrusion detection,characteristics of normal operation are absorbed by rule base,and rule base is updated in time.The experimental results show that the intrusion be detected has a high correct rate and a low false rate.


In the innovation and development of modern education, the Internet, big data, cloud computing and so on have had a profound impact on the implementation of college English education curriculum. Especially after the development trend of economic globalization, college English courses pay more attention to optimizing the comprehensive quality of students in the face of the new talent training requirements put forward by the development of social and economic construction. Through the questionnaire survey, the main problems in the field of education are to study the current content of college students' comprehensive English quality test and evaluation, actively explore the test and evaluation path of students' comprehensive English quality under the background of big data, and clarify the implementation countermeasures of future college English courses according to the development trend of cloud education big data technology. On the basis of understanding the development status of cloud education big data technology, this paper constructs the testing and evaluation system of students' comprehensive quality from various aspects, such as motivation, attitude and quality, according to the requirements of English course students' comprehensive literacy training, and finally puts forward clear education management measures.


This chapter discusses the notebooks of the inventor, writer on agriculture, brewer, and businessman, Sir Hugh Plat. Building on the discussion of knowledge transfer in Chapter 4, this chapter shows how Plat's surviving manuscripts constitute a 'network of notebooks'. Focusing on the copying and circulation of information across these volumes, the chapter reveals how Plat developed a system of annotation, which progressed from hodgepodge miscellanies, organized only by date of entry, to topically rigorous manuscripts arranged by subject. This system was essential to Plat's lifelong project to improve recipes, information, and ultimately knowledge itself. Drawing on his printed commonplace books as well, the chapter reveals that Plat's 'network' was grounded in humanist methods of reading, but that he also transformed those precepts and practices by extending them from textual examples to incorporate observed particulars and much more miscellaneous material as well.


BPERM 3.0 is an improved version of a previous release (1). The main purpose of this version is to make it more user friendly. Following a simple 1-2-3 procedure, one obtains both text and graphical output of the wakepotential and impedance for a given geometry. The calculation is based on a boundary perturbation method (2–5), which is significantly faster than numerical simulations. It is accurate when the discontinuities are small. In particular, it works well for tapered structures.


For the purpose of developmental evaluation of growing children and the nutritional assessment of individuals or populations, reliance on current North American standards for size, maturational timing, body fatness or osseous development may be unwise not only with respect to various African, Asiatic and Pacific populations but often with respect to adults and children in North America. In particular, the dental development and eatly ossification progress of most human groups are in advance of contemporary North American standards. The use of stature as a reference standard and the simple ratio of weight to height are both unsatisfactory measures except within clearly defined population samples. At the very least, age-size tables based on parental statures would be more realistic and useful for children of known parentage, whereas present-day averages that neglect parental size are most applicable to foundlings and illegitimate children. SOMMAIRE Pour 6valuer le d6veloppement des enfants pendant la p.riode de croissance et l'6tat nutritionnel d'individus ou de populations, il peut .tre d6raisonnable de se fier aux derni.res normes nord-am6ricaines fix6es pour la taille. la p6riode de maturation, le facteur adipeux du corps ou de d6veloppement du syst.me osseux, non seulement en ce qui concerne leur application & divers peuples d'Afrique, d'Asie ou du Pacifique, mais souvent aussi en ce qui touche aux adultes et aux enfants en Am6rique du Nord. Notamment, le d6veloppement des dents et les progr.s du d6but de l'ossification de Ia plupart des groupes humains advancent les standards nord-am6ricains contemporains. L'&ment de stature et le simple rapport-poids-taille comme valeurs de r6ffrence standards sent tr.s insuffisants sauf s'ils s'appliquent . des tranches d6termin6es de populations. A tout le moins, les tables &ge-taille bas6es sur la stature des parents seraient plus r6alistes et plus utiles pour les enfants dont Ia parents est connue, tandis que les moyennes actuelles qui n6gligent la stature des parents sent aepplicables aux enfants trouv6s et aux enfants ill6gitimes. Canad. Med. Ass. J. Oct. 23, 1965, vol. 93 GAIi.i: APPUcABILrnr OF GROW'm STANDARDS 915 In neonatal skeletal development, in the time of appearance of certain of the round bones of the hand and foot, analogous developmental differences appear. The American Negro is advanced, and so are many African groups, when these early ossification centres are considered.'0' . In studies in Guatemala, conducted in co-operation with the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), workers at the Fels Institute have observed similar early advancement in the hand skeleton. Possibly in synchrony with these differences in ossffication timing, motor development in infancy seems to be advanced in Africa and Central America, in terms of the familiar Gesell and Merrill-Palmer tests.'2' '. So it is that nutritional status in Aleuts or Zulus cannot be evaluated simply by employing American or English standards for tooth eruption, the early stages of skeletal development, or early motor and manipulative behaviour. Standards that have more direct relevance to each population studied obviously


Increasing popularity of the metaverse and its emergence as a platform for online social interaction tend to disrupt the current notion of business process execution. It is predicted that blockchain technology will act as a driving force in the development of the metaverse, specifically in trust building among different stakeholders and dealing with the financial aspect of the business organization working inside the metaverse ecosystem. This paper focuses on the scalability issues of blockchain, specifically on reducing the delay in finalizing the micro-transactions within the metaverse ecosystem. The paper proposes an instant account settlement process for roll-up based layer-2 blockchain framework that can be applied by business service providers in metaverse ecosystem for performing micro-transactions. The proposed mechanism is a blend of optimistic roll-up and sidechains protocols addressing the challenges of long delays in account settlement, cost of verification of transactions and must be resilient to common adversarial attacks. For this, the paper introduces the concept of Layer-2 Sphere (L2S), in which the business organization (BO) can deploy consortium blockchain (L2B). The entry, exit and account settlement is facilitate by gateway smart contract (GSC) deployed on layer-1 blockchain (L1B). The experimental evaluation shows that the proposed methodology is efficient in terms of associated cost and storage and it can be easily applied in the upcoming metaverse ecosystem.


Four methods of deriving the Friis transmission formula are presented. The methods are the standard derivation, Fresnel optics derivation, Gaussian-beam derivation, and mode derivation.<<ETX>>


This study was conducted to determine the influence of irrigation regimes on yield of two tomato cultivars – TY-DANA and GS12. Experimental treatments were three irrigation intervals (2, 4, and 6 days), and three irrigation quantities (50%, 75%, and 100% of pan evaporation [Ep]). The total yield increased with increasing amount of irrigation water for both cultivars. The total yield increased about 10% and 17% for 100% of Ep treatment compared with 50% Ep treatment for TY-DANA and GS12 cultivars, respectively. The 100% Ep treatment showed the lowest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) (16.7 and 10.4 kg m−3), while 50% Ep showed the maximum IWUE (23.9 and 17 kg m−3) for TY-DANA and GS12 cultivars, respectively. The average fruit weight for 100% Ep treatment was usually higher than the other treatments. Generally, yield decreased using 50% Ep, however, the benefits of increasing IWUE and saving around 50% of irrigation water will help to grow crops in more areas and in managing the limited water resources in arid environments.


With the COVID-19 epidemic, each discipline has associated its own domain with COVID-19, and many studies have been published in the last two years, both in national and international literature. In this process, tourism has made the impact of COVID-19 related to its theoretical and practical processes the main field of study. In this study, articles published in journals scanned in the TR index on the relationship between COVID-19 and tourism were analyzed bibliometrically. As of the end of April 2019 and 2022, 158 studies were reached as a result of the TR Index database search, and 81 studies were included in the analysis process, since 77 of these studies were not directly related to tourism. Within the scope of the analysis, ten criteria were evaluated, including the title and year of the article, the name of the journal, the type of article, the theme, the number of authors, the number of pages, the language of the article, the method used, and the data collection technique. However, a word cloud was created for the words in the titles of the articles. As a result of the research, it was understood that the published studies had multiple authors, were written in Turkish, and mostly secondary data were used with the qualitative method. In addition, it was concluded that the studies were often carried out under the themes of "sectoral impact and mobility" and socio-psychological themes.


To establish the Jin-Cha-Ji (Shanxi-Chaha'er-Hebei) Anti-Japanese Base Area was a great decision made by the Communist Party of China according to the then situation behind the enemy lines. This base area enjoyed ready preparedness, an important military strategic position, and a solid mass foundation. NIE Rong-zhen, who led the First Unit of the Division 115 of the Eighth Route Army, established the Jin-Cha-Ji military region and the political power of the anti-Japanese democratic united front. This military region was then greatly broadened and developed into a liberated area, thus making the Jin-Cha-Ji Base Area a model anti-Japanese base behind the enemy lines and a model area of the united front. It contributed a great deal to the resistance against Japanese aggression in north China and to the final victory of Chinese people in the war.


In recent years, digital images have a large variety of uses and for different purposes. The most significant and common form is called digital image forgery, which uses the same image in the forgery process, and we have many kinds of image forgeries. For creating a duplicate or hiding any existing objects, a region of an image copies and paste into the same image. For a forgery with particular form, the images are tested in this paper. Images will first be split into super pixels to detect the forgery attack. Because of the high dimensional existence of the feature space, the representation of reduced dimension feature vector is achieved with the implementation of hybrid function point mapping. During the feature matching, the efficiency is also improved. In order to identify the forgery in the picture, the suggested system is successful. The proposed method therefore offers a detecting forgery with efficiency and efficacy that helps to improve the image authenticity in evidence-centered applications. INTRODUCTION Digital Image forensics is a field of research that seeks to verify the originality of digital images by retrieving their background content. Digital images are quickly forged by different techniques, leading to changes in their meaning and authenticity. With the enormous growth of technology, the use of the image has been expanding day by day in our daily lives. Because of this, forgery of the digital image has turned out to be increasingly straightforward and indiscoverable. The ability to create image forgery is nearly as old as photography itself. Over a two-decade, photography is the normal and fascinating art which turned out for creating portraits and by that portrait photographers can earn money by making forgery possible by enhancing deals by retouching their photographs. Detection of image forgery has developed as an amazing study in various applications of digital image processing, image forensics, criminal investigation, biomedical technology, and computer vision, etc. Due to sophisticated software European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 08, Issue 02, 2021 1486 techniques that are difficult to validate whether a picture is distorted by naked eyes, it has gained more popularity and challenge. A high level view on forensics of digital images and its possible detection approaches is given in this chapter. The motivation to propose efficient methods of copy move forgery detection is described based on the classifier and optimization techniques. It culminates with discussion of the organization of the rest of the thesis along with its contributions. Due to the huge development of technology, the usage of the digital image has been expanding day by day in our daily lives. Because of this forgery of the digital image has turned out to be increasingly straightforward and indiscoverable. At present technology where anything can be controlled or changed with the assistance of modern technology had started to disintegrate the authentic of images [66, 67, 68], counterfeiting and forgeries with the move to the Mega pixels, which gives a new way for forgery. Imitation is not new to humankind but rather it is past generation issues. It was restricted to craftsmanship previously and the overall population didn't affect by composing. The ability to create image forgery is nearly as old as photography itself [23]. Over a two-decade, photography is the normal and fascinating art which turned out for creating portraits and by that portrait photographers can earn money by making forgery possible by enhancing deals by retouching their photographs [73]. Image forgery detection had gain more attention and incredible investigation in various fields such as computer visualization, image processing, biomedical tools, immoral analysis, image forensics, etc. It gained further attention and demanding due to advanced software's that become difficult to verify if naked eyes influence an image [40]. Image forensics is a well developed field that analyzes the images of specific conditions to build up trust and genuineness. It is quick and better-known domain due to several executions of real-time applications in numerous areas incorporates intelligence, sports, legitimate administrations, news reporting, medical imaging, and protection assert investigations. An image can be faked by modifying the image features characteristics such as brightness, darkness or image parameters or concealing data [23, 82]. Image forgery implies altering the digital image to some meaningful or valuable data. It can simply be described as the process of adding or removing specific characteristics from an image without any evidence of alteration and avoiding them for malicious purposes. In some cases, it is complicated to recognize the altered image part from the authenticate image. The identification of a forged image is essential for originality and to preserve truthfulness of the image. A forgery detection that endeavours the unobtrusive irregularities in the color shade of the illumination changes in images [69]. To accomplish by consolidating data from material science and statistical based illuminate estimators on image regions to separate texture and edge-based features. Image forgery detection plays an important role in forensics to give authenticity to the image. It is extremely complex to detect the imperceptible forged image. To successfully detect forgery, any forgery establishes a connection between the forged image and the original European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 08, Issue 02, 2021 1487 image. The different image forgery detection techniques [19, 63] are shown in Figure 1.2. For passive image forgery detection, a few proficient methods of forgery detection are provided. The relevant algorithms for detecting image forgery fall into one of the following categories. Figure 1.2: Image Forgery Detection Techniques 2. Literature Muhammad et al. [1, 2], proposed an efficient non-intrusive Dyadic Wavelet Transform (DyWT) for copy-move forgery detection. DyWT is shifting invariant and efficiently catches the basic data about the images. At first, the image is segmented and disintegrated utilizing DyWT to create the LL and HH sub bands. The similarity measure is utilized to compare each pair segments by sub bands to distinguish the copied and pasted part. The performance parameter values demonstrate the better results with segmentation algorithm that can assist in conversion of an image into more complete objects with precision. Ryu et al. [3], proposed a Copy-Rotate-Move (CRM) scheme using Zernike moments for minimization of JPEG compression, obscuring and additive white Gaussian noise. Additionally, this method can recognize forgery even on the rotated region since Zernike moments are logarithmically invariant to revolution. In any case, the drawback of this technique is that it is yet feeble against scaling and manipulation based on affine transform. Fadl et al. [4], discussed the detection of forged images. The block-based matching algorithm is developed for forgery detection in which the input image is processed to achieve the authentic output with forged image. In order to establish the similarity factor and divide input data into different clusters, the k-mean clustering technique is used. Based on the procedure of feature extraction, the clustered data retrieves for differentiating the forged data and image features. The performance parameters have provided the results accurately that represent the Image forgery detection techniques Pixel based Format based Camera based Physical environment based Geometry based


Target enrichment and RAD-seq are well-established high throughput sequencing technologies that have been increasingly used for phylogenomic studies, and the choice between methods is a practical issue for plant systematists studying the evolutionary histories of biodiversity of relatively recent origins. However, few studies have compared the congruence and conflict between results from the two methods within the same group of organisms, especially in plants, where extensive genome duplication events may complicate phylogenomic analyses. Unfortunately, currently widely used pipelines for target enrichment data analysis do not have a vigorous procedure for remove paralogs in Hyb-Seq data. In this study, we employed RAD-seq and Hyb-Seq of Angiosperm 353 genes in phylogenomic and biogeographic studies of Hamamelis (the witch-hazels) and Castanea (chestnuts), two classic examples exhibiting the well-known eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct distribution. We compared these two methods side by side and developed a new pipeline (PPD) with a more vigorous removal of putative paralogs from Hyb-Seq data. The new pipeline considers both sequence similarity and heterozygous sites at each locus in identification of paralogous. We used our pipeline to construct robust datasets for comparison between methods and downstream analyses on the two genera. Our results demonstrated that the PPD identified many more putative paralogs than the popular method HybPiper. Comparisons of tree topologies and divergence times showed significant differences between data from HybPiper and data from our new PPD pipeline, likely due to the error signals from the paralogous genes undetected by HybPiper, but trimmed by PPD. We found that phylogenies and divergence times estimated from our RAD-seq and Hyb-Seq-PPD were largely congruent. We highlight the importance of removal paralogs in enrichment data, and discuss the merits of RAD-seq and Hyb-Seq. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of RAD-seq and Hyb-Seq resulted in well-resolved species relationships, and revealed ancient introgression in both genera. Biogeographic analyses including fossil data revealed a complicated history of each genus involving multiple intercontinental dispersals and local extinctions in areas outside of the taxa's modern ranges in both the Paleogene and Neogene. Our study demonstrates the value of additional steps for filtering paralogous gene content from Angiosperm 353 data, such as our new PPD pipeline described in this study. [RAD-seq, Hyb-Seq, paralogs, Castanea, Hamamelis, eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunction, biogeography, ancient introgression]


Novel lipids were isolated from the unsaponifiable matter extracted from seeds of Nigella sativa Linn by using n-hexane. The new dienoate and two monoesters were the new lipids identified by spectral (IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra, mass spectrum, elemental analysis) and chemical analysis. The dienoate (1) was identified as methylnonadeca-15,17-dienoate and two monoesters were identified as pentyl hexadec-12-enoate (2) and pentyl pentadec-11-enoate (3). Linoleic acid, oleic acid, b-sitosterol and stigmasterol were identified as part of the lipid structures. All compounds exhibited moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus and poor activity against shigella spp, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.


Abstract: This article presents a synthesis of a research realized during five years. The objective of this research was to describe and to explain the formation and evolution of the shared vision (shared mental image about a desired future condition to realize) of top management teams in six Brazilian and Canadian small and medium enterprises (SME). The methods were qualitative. The results do not indicate differences among the cases that could be related to the different regions, countries or industries of the SME studied. The main explaining models that helped us to attend the research objectives are presented here. At the end, the article identifies several research needs, besides some implications of the results to practice in SME.

Key words: small and medium enterprises (SME); strategy; top management team; shared vision; strategic conversation


This thesis is an analysis of the role of credit in the changing structures of successful informal-sector manufacturing firms and their relationships with buyers and sel lers in the rest of the economy. Twenty-four firmowners, clients of the Association for the Development of Microenterprises, Inc. (ADEMI), were interviewed in-depth in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic over a period of one and a half months. A firm's changing needs for labor, its different sources of supply, the different markets for its products and its ability to 'graduate' to commercial bank credit are analyzed over time as the firm grows. Three stages of development of a microfirm are then identified based upon these findings.


The definitions, classifications, dynamics, sociological significance of tourism along with its historical coordinates represent an introduction to this cultural, economic, social and political sphere, which has resisted, reinvented itself and been reborn like the Phoenix Bird over time, leaving its mark for entire generations and being the economic, social, cultural and even religious basis for different social identities.
Sociology of Tourism helps us to analyze the impact of an individual passing through a system as well as a large number of tourists, to establish the transformative impact of tourism on people, places and communities and their way of life, planning and sustainable development.


Producing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) with conservation tillage has lagged behind most other major row crops on the southeastern Coastal Plain. Producer reluctance to use this practice has primarily been due to the lower wheat grain yields often obtained with conservation tillage. The objectives of our study were to (i) determine how conservation tillage affects winter wheat fertile tiller number per ft, number of kernels per tiller, and/or individual kernel weight and (ii) examine how different management practices affect wheat grain-yield responses to conservation tillage. Three separate field studies were conducted to test treatments of surface and deep tillage (Studies I, II, and III), direction and timing of deep tillage (Study III), fall N fertility rate (Study III), and crop rotation (Study II). In Studies I and II, average grain yield of wheat grown with conservation tillage was 6% less than the average grain yield of wheat grown with traditional tillage (disking). Lower grain yields with conservation tillage were associated with fewer plants per ft after planting and fewer tillers per ft at harvest. Deep tillage, a higher fall N fertility rate, and crop rotation all increased the number of tillers per ft when the conservation tillage treatment was used, but usually not enough to compensate for its lower plant number per ft. The timing and direction of deep tillage had little effect on wheat grain yield and tiller number. Results from these studies indicate that obtaining an adequate number of fertile tillers per ft is critical to the success of using conservation tillage for winter wheat production on the southeastern Coastal Plain.. INTRODUCTION Use of conservation tillage for field-crop production has been steadily increasing in South Carolina over the past decade. A combination of both economic and environmental reasons has caused producers to switch from intensive tillage to conservation tillage, especially on the sandy Coastal Plain where the soils are inherently low in organic matter. In this Region, conservation tillage is especially beneficial during the summer months when the soil is frequently hot and dry (Frederick et al., 1998). The introduction of herbicide-tolerant varieties and the movement towards narrower row widths both have made weed control easier with conservation tillage and increased grower interest in this practice. In most cases, some type of deep tillage is usually necessary on the Coastal Plain to fracture naturally occurring hardpan layers which form just above the B soil horizon (Busscher et al., 1986). Deep-tillage implements with winged-subsoilers have been found to be well suited for use with conservation-tillage and narrow-row width systems (Frederick and Bauer, 1996; Frederick et al., 1998; Khalilian et al., 1991). Planting winter crops, such as soft red winter wheat, with conservation tillage has lagged behind most other field crops. For example, in 2002, the percentage of South Carolina acres planted in conservation tillage was 19% for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 68% for doublecropped soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), 46% for corn (Zea maze L.), and 33% for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) [source: USDA-NRCS]. Producers have been reporting consistent lower grain yields when planting winter wheat with conservation tillage, compared to wheat grown with traditional


Literature states the benefits of problem-based learning, hands-on and practice-based learning. The College of Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez (UPRM), is currently developing, through the Partnership for Spatial and Computational Research (PaSCoR) an innovative curriculum based on this learning pedagogy. The main goal of this 5-year interdisciplinary project is to strengthen academic programs and integrate research in remote sensing and GIS at the undergraduate level in various science, math and engineering/technology (SMET) disciplines. This project follows the strategy of the Learning Factory model implemented previously by the Manufacturing Engineering Education Partnership (MEEP). PaSCoR has been developed focused on the student and his/her learning, with strong emphasis on hands-on learning activities provided throughout the student's academic career. The program's outcomes is a graduate that is knowledgeable of the technology and applications of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information Systems (GIS), and, possesses the necessary skills either to enter graduate school or becomes a professional in these areas with success. It also aims at developing values such as diversity, teamwork, global awareness and communication. This paper describes some of the learning by doing strategies and activities that are being integrated into the PaSCoR curriculum at UPRM.


RESPONDING TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC COVID-19 continues to rage across the world, hitting the United States and many other countries hard, highlighting weaknesses in health system preparedness. Globally, the total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 has grown to more than 54.7 million, along with more than 1.3 million deaths reported in 191 countries and regions as of November 16, 2020.1 While the world awaits development of a successful vaccine, International Medical Corps is there, in the US and globally, meeting the most critical needs, keeping health workers safe and innovating to help bring this outbreak to an end.


Software architecture describes the structure of a system, enabling more effective design, program understanding, and formal analysis. However, existing approaches decouple implementation code from architecture, allowing inconsistencies, causing confusion, violating architectural properties, and inhibiting software evolution. ArchJava is an extension to Java that seamlessly unifies software architecture with implementation, ensuring that the implementation conforms to architectural constraints. A case study applying ArchJava to a circuit-design application suggests that ArchJava can express architectural structure effectively within an implementation, and that it can aid in program understanding and software evolution.


To promote the respect for and the protection of animal welfare under the law is a necessary means to achieve a win-win situation between man and animal and to keep the harmony between man and nature.Owing to the absence of the animal welfare law in China,with reference to the western practice in this field and our present situations,it is believed that the premise for such a law is to clarify the legislative values of "harmony" and "tolerance" as well as the basic principles of "the use and consumption of justice" and "the combination of conservation and management".Under the guidance of the concept of a harmonious society,based on the legislative purpose of mutual development between man and animal and the choice of models,we have to identify major welfare systems for five different kinds of animals.


In situ 13C NMR measurements are reported on 13C-enriched powdered poplar wood that is subjected to pretreatment with 0.5 M sulfuric acid as a function of time and at two temperatures. 13C MAS (magic-angle spinning) spectra were obtained in both the DP (direct polarization) and CP (cross-polarization) modes, the contrasts in this combination yielding valuable qualitative information on the effect of pretreatment on local molecular mobilities. T1 values for 13C and for 1H, as well as TCH and T1ρH, were measured at various stages of treatment with 0.5 M H2SO4 for lignin peaks and for cellulose peaks in the 13C NMR spectra, as quantitative indicators of the degree of molecular motion for those two structural entities. The results show that a substantial fraction of the solid/semisolid biomass is converted at elevated temperatures to (a) chemically different and more mobile structures and (b) locally similar structures with enhanced atomic-level mobilities and that some fraction of this "mobilized" biomass do...


Author(s): Emerling, Christopher Allan | Advisor(s): Springer, Mark S | Abstract: Previous research on the evolution of vision in mammals has typically focused on the duplication and loss of genes encoding opsins, the proteins that make up one moiety of the retinal photopigment complex. These gains and losses are typically attributed to invading new photic niches, with gains associated with bright light and losses with dim light niches. Additionally, the adaptive significance of opsin spectral tuning (i.e., preferential absorption wavelength) has largely remained a mystery for terrestrial mammals. For example, for almost 25 years researchers have been aware that some mammals possess ultraviolet-sensitive opsins whereas others possess violet-sensitive homologs. While scientists have proposed various explanations for this variation, there have been no formal tests of these hypotheses. In this dissertation, I expand upon this previous work in two ways: 1) exploring the loss of non-opsin visual genes in mammals occupying dim-light habitats, and 2) testing hypotheses of the evolution of an opsin's spectral tuning in terrestrial environments. I used genome- and PCR-generated DNA sequence data in a comparative phylogenetic framework, and concluded the following: 1) subterranean mammals have variable degrees of visual gene decay, especially to the bright light visual system, as a result of their underground lifestyle, 2) armadillos, sloths and anteaters likely descended from a subterranean ancestor, as evidenced by the loss of genes encoding their bright light visual system, and 3) the ultraviolet/violet opsin in mammals has evolved in response to an increase in eye length and light exposure during mammalian history.


Digital transformation is an inevitable trend of the continuous development of the manufacturing industry. Digitalization has a great impact on digital innovation, precision marketing, and digital decision-making of the manufacturing industry. There is still huge room for development in the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry. Digitalization in different industries is quite different, and digitalization has spawned new business models. It is of great significance for the sustained and healthy development of the global economy to continue to maintain the proportion of the manufacturing industry in GDP. First of all, the theoretical analysis part combs the relevant literature research of previous scholars. Based on this, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of digital transformation of the manufacturing industry and the mechanism of improving enterprise efficiency, constructs the overall logical framework of this paper, puts forward theoretical assumptions, and thinks that realizing the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry can improve enterprise efficiency. Secondly, in the part of empirical analysis, on the one hand, it explores the development status of the global manufacturing industry, the process of supporting the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry in recent years and its existing problems, and finally provides relevant suggestions for enterprises to realize the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry. This paper finds that digital transformation can improve the automation and intelligence of the product manufacturing process, help enterprises realize accurate marketing and business model innovation through the combination of production and use, and then help adjust the industrial structure and decision-making mechanism, to finally achieve the purpose of improving industrial efficiency.


In order to study the cotton fabric's ignition capacity of the incandescent lamp,different watt incandescent lamps were used in this experiment and the temperature of the surface of lamp and cotton fabric were measured by using point thermometers in this paper.According to the temperature changing with time,the burning of cotton fabric,as well as the destruction of incandescent lamp,the ignition capability of incandescent lamp of different watt and the damaging law of incandescent lamps were analyzed.


When cotton bud was treated by 25~200 mg·kg 1 GA 3, pedicel and style grew longer, sepal and corolla was enlarged, color of corolla was lessened, while filament was not significantly changed and stigma showed out side the pistil became larger as GA 3 concentration was higher. .The best effect was got when the 15d bud was treated.GA 3 has no significant effect on the form of the pollen, germination rate and activity of the pistil, but significantly reduced the number of pollen on the stigma and number of pollen tube .Bud treated with GA 3 reduced the shedding ratio of flower and boll ,raised the rate of boll setting and the rate of abnormal bud which was increased when the GA 3 concentration was higher.


Purpose – The purpose of this research is to aim to use observation, linked to quantitative risk‐based scoring, to evaluate the effectiveness of a small‐scale consumer food safety initiative based on the social marketing approach. Evaluation of intervention effectiveness is considered to be an important component of any health education initiative. The ultimate goal for social marketing initiatives is sustained behavioural change. Thus, when determining the effectiveness of community‐based social marketing interventions, direct measurement of behaviour is advocated.Design/methodology/approach – A small‐scale food safety strategy using targeted interventions was piloted in a geographical test community in South Wales, UK. Targeted consumers from the community prepared a set meal in a model domestic kitchen before, immediately after, and 4‐6 weeks after implementation of the strategy. Observations of meal preparations were made using CCTV and food‐handling behaviours were recorded and assessed using a risk‐...


We describe a new method to grow epitaxial semiconductor alloys with continuously variable composition, while using a single pulsed laser ablation target of fixed composition. Expitaxial ZnSe1−xSx films with continuously variable sulfur content ''x'' were grown by ablating a ZnSe target through low‐pressure ambient H2S gas. The sulfur content was easily controlled by varying the H2S partial pressure. The composition of ZnSe1−xSx films differs by as much as x=0.52 from the pure ZnSe target. We have used this method to grow heteroepitaxial structures with either continuously graded or periodically repeating, abrupt compositional changes (compositional superlattices). Structures that simultaneously incorporate both types of compositional modulation also have been grown. This development removes the principal barrier to convenient PLA growth of compositionally graded semiconductor thin‐film materials, namely that the film and target normally have the same composition. The method appears to have broad applicat...


According to Ibn Hazm, literal meaning of the words and its truth can be validly gained via strict methods of logic and linguistic phenomenal determinations of any language regarding the community which employs this language. From this perspective logic functions as a means of determining the strict meaning of the words, and thus saves us from the problems which can be sourced from the multi-levels of meaning of metaphorical form of language.


Introduction The aim of this study was to analyze the results of walking assessments and total energy expenditure based on a questionnaire and accelerometer measurements among people with visual impairments and those who are sighted. Methods The study included 25 persons with visual impairments and 25 individuals who are sighted, age 32.3 ± 5.3 years. A weekly measurement of physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire long form (IPAQ-LF) and accelerometer GTX3 ActiGraph was conducted. Results It was demonstrated that visual impairment affects walking ability, insofar as it reduces the number of steps taken in a day (p ≤ .05) (ActiGraph); it does not, however, differentiate physical activity level (IPAQ-LF). Moreover, there has been observed a lower energy expenditure in people with visual impairments in relation to intensive (p ≤ .01) and moderate-level (p ≤ .001) physical activity. In the group of people with visual impairments, a correlation (p ≤ .05) was observed between the energy expenditure associated with walking (IPAQ-LF) and the total weekly energy expenditure associated with physical activity (ActiGraph). Also, a correlation (p ≤ .05) was observed between the total weekly energy expenditure associated with physical activity in the IPAQ-LF and ActiGraph. Discussion Regardless of the method used to measure physical activity, on average, participants with visual impairments took a smaller number of steps than participants who were sighted. However, the average number of steps taken by participants with visual impairments was much higher than the 3,500–5,000 steps recommended as healthy for a person with disabilities. Implications for practitioners IPAQ-LF and ActiGraph are effective methods of monitoring physical activity in persons with visual impairments, and may be used in supporting activities that promote taking up physical activity.


Leaves from a dark air-cured tobacco variety (Ky 171) were divided into 41 defined leaf segments. All samples were analyzed for nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nicotine, myosmine, nornicotine, anabasine, anatabine, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Nitrite concentration was highest at the base of the leaf and decreased toward the tip of the leaf. Concentration of alkaloids was lowest at the base and tip of the leaf and greatest at the periphery of the leaf and decreased toward the tip of the leaf []


The utility model relates to a root key type boring device for the bored concrete pile in the building construction such as the bridge and the house, etc, and is characterized in that a reinforced steel cage and a squeezing-spreading mechanism are provided, the reinforced steel cage is cylindrical whose inside wall and outside wall comprise some evenly disposed axial pile main tendons, internal main tendons, pile hoop tendons and inner ring support tendons, a root key is provided in a guide frame in the side wall, and the squeezing-spreading mechanism is positioned at the upper part of the reinforced steel cage and comprises a reversed cone type squeezing-spreading bit and a connecting rod. The device well optimizes the construction of the root key type boring device for the bored concrete pile construction, lowers and positions the preformed root key which is mounted on the guide frame made of the reinforce steel cage, and solves the problem of the positioning in the installation of the root key. The utility model utilizes the static pressure vibration of the root key to position and has a high work efficiency and a good reliability. When the root key is positioned, the concrete is poured in to be the anchoring panel point of the root key to stabilize the panel point to utilize the holding force of the soil on the root key to improve the stability of the structure to greatly reduce the weight of the structure, and is more economical.


This paper presents an empirical evaluation in a multilingual scenario of the semantic knowledge present on publicly available large-scale knowledge resources. The study covers a wide range of manually and automatically derived large-scale knowledge resources for English and Spanish. In order to establish a fair and neutral comparison, the knowledge resources are evaluated using the same method on two Word Sense Disambiguation tasks (Senseval-3 English and Spanish Lexical Sample Tasks). First, this study empirically demonstrates that the combination of the knowledge contained in these resources surpass the most frequent sense classi er for English. Second, we also show that this large-scale topical knowledge acquired from one language can be successfully ported to other languages.


The discharge in Geiger-Muller counters is discussed in terms of the Townsend theory. It consists of a series of electron avalanches, each avalanche being generated from photoelectrons ejected from the outer wall by the previous avalanche. At low currents the average number of photoelectrons per avalanche is small, and if the actual number for some avalanche happens to be zero, the discharge will stop. This accounts for the extinction of the discharge at low currents. The theory gives an exponential decay formula for the probability of the discharge lasting a given time, and the mean life-time increases exponentially with the current. This is in accord with Werner's experiments, and his numerical values are in good agreement with the theory.


Abstract During the period of its second charter, and especially during the American War of Independence, the trade of the Danish Asiatic Company (Dansk Asiatisk Kompagni) expanded greatly. While the Company's economic history has been studied in detail, its maritime history has never been closely scrutinised: this indeed can be said of much of European trade with Asia in the eighteenth century.1


The effectiveness of ozone and integrated ozone catalyzed processes with iron plates on industrial wastewater treatment was evaluated. Both processes were tested at different pH values of the industrial wastewater. Ozonation, under optimal conditions of pH 7 and treatment time of 60 min, reduced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 45%, color by 82%, and the turbidity by 55%. The addition of iron plates inside the reactor greatly improved the reduction of COD (80%), color (90%) and turbidity (99%). Thus, it was concluded that the ozonation process catalyzed with iron plates noticeably improves wastewater quality. Additional advantages of the process are that there is no sludge generation and it occurs readily at pH 7.


Complementary and alternative medicine is defined as the 'diagnosis, treatment and or prevention which complements mainstream medicine by contributing to a common whole, by satisfying a demand not met by orthodoxy or by diversifying the conceptual framework of medicine. It is also identified as a general term which can be used to represent a group of diverse medical modalities, practices, and products [1]. WHO defines CAM as a broad set of healthcare practices that are not integrated into the dominant healthcare system. The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely documented in the literature. The concern is that CAM may interfere with mainstream medicine and it is difficult to know to what extent. Without knowing the extent, CAM use is prevalent in children, especially the vulnerable children. Little is known about the difference between healthy and chronically ill children with a focus on prevalence, reasons for use/non-use, costs, adverse effects (AE) and socio-demographic factors [2].


Metaphor is not just a linguistic phenomenon, but a way of thinking — it helps to understand the inner and outer world of a human being. The author of this paper conducted a comparative study of the concept of "liver" using the material of linguistic corpora of the Chinese and Russian languages. The word "liver" being used in the metaphorical sense is a frequent phenomenon in both Chinese and Russian languages. The metaphorical use of "liver" with different connotations in these two languages is determined by different historical backgrounds and cultural differences between the Russians and the Chinese.


This study examines linkages between leadership style and the success/failure of mergers and acquisitions. The first part of the study includes a brief synopsis of the development of the transformational-transactional leadership paradigm. Additionally, behavioral characteristics associated with transactional and transformational leadership are discussed. The second part of the study begins with an overview of the emergent issues of the theory and practice of mergers and acquisitions in the United States. Further, the study discusses the leadership approach in explaining performance of mergers and acquisitions. It is hypothesized that effective execution of the specific tasks within a particular phase of the M&A process depends on the adequacy of the leadership style applied.


Silver (Ag)-coated carbon fibres (CFs) have been successfully fabricated at 30°C via a simple electroless deposition method, and glucose was used as a green reducing agent. The phase purity and microstructures of the Ag coatings were characterised by X-ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. It was found that the dosage of sodium hydroxide and the reaction time played important roles in Ag deposition. The CFs with a compact and continuous Ag layer possessed excellent conductivity, and the volume resistivity could reach 5.59 × 10−4 Ω cm. Such composites with high electrical conductivity have potential applications in fibre–matrix composites, shielding materials and so on.


This paper deals with nematodes from rivers in the Kruger National Park. Three new species are described, viz. Dorylaimus deaconi n.sp., Laimydorus olifanti n.sp. and Aporcelaimellus glandus n.sp. Lenonchium fimbricaudatum Swart & Heyns, 1991, Aporcelaimellus micropunctatus Botha & Heyns, 1990, Discolaimus monoplanus Heyns, 1963, Discolaimus major Thome, 1939 and Xiphinema italiae Meyl, 1953 have been recorded from the park before. Biometric data of the new populations are tabulated, and where appropriate illustrations are also given.


Oxygen reduction reaction catalysis on a microwave synthesized Ni(OH)2/graphene oxide material was investigated via cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode measurements, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry in an 0.5 M alkaline solution indicated that the Ni(OH)2/graphene oxide material possesses significant oxygen reduction reaction activity as evidenced by a peak potential of −310 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. This value was a shift of +110 mV as compared to the unsupported Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles and +90 mV as compared to the graphene oxide support alone. Rotating disk electrode studies show that the limiting current density of the Ni(OH)2/GO catalyst is 1.3 mA cm−2 and the electron transfer number is 3.5. Chronoamperometry demonstrates that the current density attributable to the oxygen reduction reaction on the Ni(OH)2/graphene oxide material sustained a steady state value of 60% of its initial value. Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy showed that the charge transfer resistance of the Ni(OH)2/graphene oxide catalyst was significantly lower than either the Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles or the graphene oxide support. The electrocatalytic properties of the Ni(OH)2/graphene oxide material are discussed in the context of specific chemical interaction between the Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles and the graphene oxide support.


The theme of rationalism, linked with the question of study of secular knowledge, has been a key issue in the relationship of the Jewish community with general society and in defining its own self-image from the Middle Ages to the present. In the late eighteenth and the nineteenth century, the Jews of central Europe found a variety of ways to synthesize Judaism and rationalism under the influence, to a greater or lesser extent, of the Jewish Enlightenment movement. For the hasidim of eastern Europe, however, who sought to maintain the intense spirituality of hasidism, rationalism and secular study presented a challenge to their identity. This chapter explores some aspects of the Habad responses to this issue, from the beginning of the movement to the period of leadership of the last Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Schneerson (1902–94), in the second half of the twentieth century.


This article problematizes and interrogates the idea of 'community' which is increasingly important in Korean urban policy-making. For the purpose, this article scrutinizes, and compares, how ordinary citizen participants and civil society activist organizations in a 'community garden' program of Seoul make sense of, utilize, and practice the policy concept. The neo-Faucauldian perspective of 'governmentality' is employed to understand the association between the community-focused policy program and neoliberalism, but Barnett's(2005) call for 'bottom-up governmentality' is taken seriously in order to avoid any deterministic interpretation. On the basis of this eclectic perspective on governmentality, this article presents empirical findings that may suggest a contestation over community between ordinary citizens and civil society activists. More specifically, ordinary citizen participants prioritize place-based, on-the-ground community experiences that are built on common cultivation practices, whereas civil society activists tend to consider community garden as a teleological governmental technology generative of particular citizen subjects. Civic community garden advocacy as such aims to address social, economic, and spatial problems that neoliberalsim has produced, but it also appears to be in a close association with neoliberal urban policy. Thus, the community activism's meaningfulness lies in its active intervention to neoliberal urban policy, but a gap between ordinary practical achievements and civic activism can be a potential danger to urban community policy. On the basis of this discussion, this article asks more detailed investigations about the taken-for-granted positivity of urban community (re)vitalization programs, and also examinations on whether and how such projects generates emergent tensions between ordinary achievements and policy prescriptions.


The successful treatment of childhood cancer with chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be associated with testicular damage resulting in impaired spermatogenesis and temporary or permanent infertility in adulthood. In this study testicular function and semen quality was investigated in 33 survivors of childhood cancer. Treatment of childhood cancer was associated with a significant risk of impaired spermatogenesis, with 30.3% of this population being azoospermic and 18.2% being oligozoospermic. Moreover, in those men who do have surviving spermatogenesis after treatment, it is commonly compromised, with reductions being observed in ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility and the proportion of morphologically normal sperm. Only 33.3% of this group of 33 male childhood cancer survivors had completely normal semen quality by conventional criteria. However, the sperm produced do not appear to carry a greater burden of damaged DNA compared with the healthy population, suggesting that assisted conception treatment is a safe option for these


Music is known to be beneficial for cancer patients. Patients undergoing laryngectomy experience profound changes in speech, swallowing, breathing, mobility and some sequelae of the disease or post irradiation effects; thus a comprehensive rehabilitation program is necessary. Music, art, and dance were integrated into our institution's monthly speech rehabilitation program and the annual "Art 4'Mee Camp", a multidisciplinary care program. The various techniques used were eurhythmy, rhythmic voice projection, body expression and mirroring, and creative music making. Religious traditional art was also applied as a therapeutic mean. We found 75 percent success rate in esophageal speech training with the participants well accommodated in all activities. Under limited resources, the integrated music, dance, and art combined to the rehabilitation program worked well in allowing a holistic care for the patients.


Carbon nanotubes, which consist of rolled graphene sheets built from sp hybridized carbon atoms, were reported to be discovered in 1991, and are now attracting researchers from various disciplines due to their alluring physico-chemical properties. The special nature of carbon combines with the molecular perfection of buckytubes to endow them with exceptionally high material properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, strength, stiffness, and toughness. The delocalised п-electron donated by each atom is free to move about the entire structure, rather than stay home with its donor atom, giving rise to the first molecule with metallic-type electrical conductivity. The high-frequency C-C bond vibrations provide an intrinsic thermal conductivity higher than even diamond. CNTs open incredible applications in diverse aspects of engineering like materials, electronics, chemical processing and energy management and some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. The purpose of this review report is to provide the reader some insight in the wide range of aspects of chemistry and applications of CNT and, ultimately, some support and guidance for the reader's own research. Keywords—Nanotechnology, Carbon nanotubes, Properties of CNTs, Applications of CNTs, Functionalization schemes.