Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a heart related disease and is remained as top silent killer in worldwide. Frequent electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring for patients with CVD is vital to check if arrhythmia occurs. Though there is a lot of commercialized portable heart screening device, most of them are not integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology, lack of user-friendly interface and data management system. This paper presents a mobile application development for in-house designed home-based heart screening device which integrates with Google technology and wireless Bluetooth communication. ECG acquisition hardware communicates with developed mobile application using wireless Bluetooth technology to enhance the product mobility and less wiring for user convenience. The acquired ECG data is real-time displayed in mobile application and stored in external file storage for further post-processing. By using Firebase Authentication and Firebase Storage provided by Google technology, it allows admin to have full control on database management. The location service is also enabled, to allow user to notify others about their current location if there is any abnormality detected in user, for any necessary prompt medical action. In short, this mobile application allows wireless data communication using Bluetooth, real-time display of ECG graph, external ECG data storage and data uploading to cloud storage for post-processing, online data management system with user authentication, location detection and abnormalities detection.


In this paper, an improved self-adaptive particle swarm optimization (ISAPSO) algorithm is developed for estimating the best set of surge arrester model parameters. The purpose is to minimize the relative error between the calculated and manufacturer's measured residual voltage peak values for lightning, switching, and steep-front impulses. An objective function, which generalizes the model parameters for all impulse current types with different peak levels, is proposed. This objective function is the summation of three subfunctions that in each of them one type of impulse current with different current peak levels is considered. An efficient multiobjective approach is also applied along with the presented ISAPSO method. The proposed algorithm finds different sets of Pareto-optimal nondominated solutions for the objective functions. A fuzzy clustering technique is used to restrain the size of the repository within the desired limit. The proposed method is applied for a 150-kV TRIDELTA metal-oxide surge arrester in order to demonstrate its accuracy and effectiveness.


SQL declaratively specifies
 what
 the desired output of a query is. This work shows that a non-standard interpretation of the SQL semantics can, instead, disclose
 where
 a piece of the output originated in the input and
 why
 that piece found its way into the result. We derive such data provenance for very rich SQL dialects---including recursion, windowed aggregates, and user-defined functions---at the fine-grained level of individual table cells. The approach is non-invasive and implemented as a compositional source-level SQL rewrite: an input SQL query is transformed into its own interpreter that wields data dependencies instead of regular values. We deliberately design this transformation to preserve the shape of both data and query, which allows provenance derivation to scale to complex queries without overwhelming the underlying database system.


Menstrual disorders are common among females, especially in their teen's age. Little is known about the prevalence and management practice of menstrual disorder in Iraq. Finding prevalence and pattern of menstruation disorder as well as the self-care activities among adolescent girls in Mosul city, Iraq. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 385 single females in secondary schools in Mosul city with an age range of 14-18 years from October to December 2018. Ten randomly selected schools were invited via an official letter from the research group and only those agreed to be included were visited. A semi-structured questionnaire was prepared by the researchers and the questionnaire was systematically translated and validated to produce the Arabic version. The mean age was 16.11 years ± 0.787. The age of menarche of 77.9% of the participants was between 13–15 years. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 93.6% and the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms was 84.9% among the study sample. Mothers' level of education, family size, the experience of PMS and regularity of the cycle were significantly associated with the history of having dysmenorrhea. In conclusion, the prevalence of menstrual disorders, including dysmenorrhea and PMS, among Iraqi adolescents was high and affect the social and academic performance and even low-grade scoring of the students. The study highlights the need for the menstrual educational systems in the schools, in addition to screening activities performed by health care providers from school health sectors in the directorates of health.


SiO2 addition effect on electrical behaviour against current impulse in the ZnO varistors was investigated. SiO2 acts as a controller in ZnO grain growth, decreasing the grain size of ZnO from 8.87 to 5.86 μm, which in turn results in an increase in breakdown voltage E1mA from 192.77 to 252.57 V/mm. SiO2 has a significant influence on the current energy withstand capability and impulse aging characteristics. The results indicated that the SiO2 content was optimized at 1.5 mol%, exhibiting the best energy withstand capability of 332.03J/cm3 and clamping ratio of 1.71.


The purpose of all typological studies is closer investigation of the development of forms throughout building construction history. The fifties and the sixties of the XX century (after the Second World War) present a period of intense construction building; through a concurrence of circumstances - demographic trends and industrialization, residential development in Belgrade reaches its peak. It resulted in a large number of residential buildings, blocks and estates providing the basis for analyzes and typological classifications. In addition, every typology remains open to further development, study, revision or refutation. This opens up possibilities for further consideration and conclusions concerning postwar building design practices, theoretical research and terminological achievements relating to residential development. Taking into account a large number of examples, the text cites and presents typical forms and dwelling units; however, this does not make the results representative. The typologies of the study were established with the aim to provide a systematic and comprehensive presentation of dwelling construction in the fifties in Belgrade, as well as in other areas since construction building experience spreads. Dwelling units can be divided in accordance with three criteria for typological classification. They are: I Typology of dwelling buildings on the basis of programs of flats II Typology of dwelling buildings of the fifties by the relation of function and form III Typology of dwelling buildings on the basis of development of spatial structures of floor plans of dwelling units. This study of the typology of postwar residential architecture raised several questions: Did individual elements precede the appearance of the type? Did every period exhibit precursors of certain elements which would later be manifested as a group?.


Describes the process of change at Birmingham City Council to cope with new legislation including compulsory competitive tendering. Achieving the strategic objectives of the City Council needed key elements of education, training and development for all employees and Members. Describes the design and development of the training programmes and considers the client/consultant relationship. Concludes that a key lesson is of the joint involvement in developing not only participant skills and knowledge but the training skills of the client.


Polyphenols are micronutrients and an important class of secondary metabolites that are naturally present in various types of plants and their derived byproducts. Humans obtain polyphenols and phytochemicals from different vegetables, fruits, spices, and teas. More than 8,000 different types of polyphenols have been isolated from different natural sources. Polyphenols play an important role in the plants' resistance against pests and diseases. Plants from citrus class contain flavonoids, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid. Eriocitrin is a flavanone glycoside present in lemon juice and other citrus plants.

Scientific research data on eriocitrin have been collected from Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases, and analyzed in the present paper to determine the biological importance of eriocitrin in medicine. The medicinal importance and therapeutic benefit of eriocitrin in medicine have been investigated through literature data analysis of various research works. Pharmacological activity data have been thoroughly collected in the present work and analyzed in order to assess the health-beneficial aspects of eriocitrin against human disorders.

Scientific database analysis has revealed the medicinal importance and therapeutic benefit of eriocitrin in medicine. Scientific data analysis has revealed the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-obesity activities of eriocitrin. Further scientific data analysis has revealed the biological effect of eriocitrin on osteoarthritis, hepatocellular carcinoma, oral carcinogenesis, hepatic steatosis, oxidative damage, and different types of enzymes. In addition, eriocitrin has also been reported to exert potent antioxidant and suppressive effects on oxidative stress. Scientific data analysis has also revealed the significance of analytical techniques for the separation, isolation, and identification of eriocitrin.

The present work indicates the biological importance of eriocitrin in medicine and other allied health sectors.


According to this reality that there are some differences among the women, men in terms of learning agents such as education, job background and natural factors such as risk taking and the time that they devote to do a work, it is expected that some differences to exist in the management field and specially in terms of method of human resource management approach (HRM) among the women and men. This study investigated the presence of female managers in the field of sports: with the human resource management approach. 31 of the senior managers of the physical education that were selected based on random sampling among all the managers, the standard questionnaires HRM with the credibility of 95 % were completed. For the purpose of the analysis of research findings the descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation method were used. The findings showed that the correlation of variables HRM with philosophical support and renewing of female management towards each other and also the level of correlation between the variables of HRM of philosophical support sports management, gender, education level and litigation showed that these variables are significantly associated with each other.


AbstractThe essay presents a series of explorations of Nietzsche's conception of life as will to power, relying extensively on fragments from Nietzsche's later notebooks, but also commenting on key selections from Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, and On the Genealogy of Morality. I argue that Nietzsche understands himself to be engaged in a unique kind of phenomenology of the body, and that will to power, as the primal force of life, should be understood not only as a creative and unifying life-force, but equally as a force of differentiation and obliteration.


The Mixed Methods Research (MMR) is an interdisciplinary approach to scholarly investigation, integrating qualitative and quantitative components. Applied systematically in many disciplines, especially in social sciences for about 30 years, it still remains, nevertheless, relatively young in library and information science in Poland and abroad. The author exposes a general description of MMR and indicates the perimeter and goals of its application in LIS research, as resulting from the analysis of leading scholarly databases covering the LIS domain.


The aim of this paper is to assess the relationship between government and non-government revenue and expenditure. The research uses the annual data covering from 1991 to 2014. It is an important topic in public economics, given its relevance as a priority for policy especially with respect to the budget deficit with special reference to India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, china USA and Russia. The tests indicate that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between expenditure and revenues in the long run as there is a huge difference positively increasing year by year with the same. The government makes its expenditure and revenues decision simultaneously. Under this scenario the fiscal authorities of these countries with budget deficits should raise revenues and decrease spending simultaneously in order to control.


A compact monopolar microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced‐bandwidth is proposed. In order to achieve the miniaturized patch, the zeroth‐order mode of the MPA instead of its higher‐order modes is employed at first by loading the shorting pin around the center of the patch. After that, a L‐shaped microstrip line with a shorting pin is introduced at the periphery of the patch radiator to excite an additional non‐radiative mode for bandwidth enhancement. In final, the proposed MPA is fabricated and measured. The results illustrate that the antenna generates an enhanced‐bandwidth of about 4.1% ranging from 2.39 to 2.49 GHz, which is significantly larger than that of the traditional MPA around 1%. Meanwhile, the dimensions of the radiating patch are obviously decreased down due to the employment of zeroth‐order mode, which are kept as small as about 0.17 λ0 × 0.22 λ0 × 0.026 λ0 (λ0 is the free‐space wavelength).


Image segmentation is one of the most difficult and important tasks in digital image processing. The accuracy and effect of segmentation determine the final success or failure of the calculation and analysis process. Therefore, analysis and improvement on basic image segmentation algorithms should be paid attention to in a quite wide range of applications. This paper mainly introduces and studies the principle and characteristics of threshold segmentation algorithm, and analyses the application scenarios of global threshold segmentation and adaptive local threshold segmentation related algorithms, which has certain reference significance for digital image processing related research.


A review of existing scientific definitions of the notion "image of the future" is presented. The special features and factors of its formation, as well as the main problems connected with the common image of the future in a society are described. The relevance of research of the image of the future possessed by young people is justified. The hypothesis about the existence of a shared image of the future among young people was made and tested during a pilot study using projective tests. The subjects were asked to make a drawing expressing their image of the future. The test data were processed using qualitative methods. The results brought about the conclusion that there is no shared image of the future of our society in the consciousness of young people.


Objective:To analyze the problems and the causes during the operation of repairing the defect periodonty by guided tissue regeneration. Method:Review and sum up the preoperative conditions, phenomenon during operations and postoperative imitates of 4 failed operations in 48 examples. Result:The 2 weeks later return visiting of these 4 cases showed that the periodontal pack had dropped, and the gum had become swollen, the porous bone mineral or resorbable bilayer membrane had over flomed. Conclusion:There is a strong relationship between the morphology of alveola resorption, the left quantity of geingiva and the degree of steading the material. At the same time, the degree of steading the material also determine the result of regeneration of periodontium.


The torsional vibration and fatigue life consumption in shaft system of two 900 MW turbine generators of phase Ⅱ project of Shanghai Wai Gaoqiao Power Plant were studied. Lumped parameter equivalent model is adopted in the shaft system torsional vibration model and the whole shaft system are divided into 6 parts. The calculation result indicates that the torsional vibration frequency will avoid from power frequency and multiple frequency. The shaft system will not be demaged by resonance vibration and the torsional vibration in shaft system are safe during short circuit fault.


For the production of sterile males gamma radiation has advantages relative to chemosterilants of safety convenience and reliability. However at the radiation dose necessary for complete male sterility there is a serious reduction in the life span of the irradiated males. The author has previously shown that the reduction in life span caused by 10 kr can be almost eliminated if the dose is given in nitrogen. The work has now been extended to a wider range of doses. The treatments were given to batches of pupae at a late age when most of the females had already emerged. The life span of the emerging male adults and the fertility of their unirradiated mates was determeined. At each dose the mean survival following irradiation in nitrogen was longer than with treatment in air. There was a steeper decline of fertility with dose in air than in nitrogen. Relating the fertility to the survival for each treatment reveals that any specified level of fertility down to 5% of the control can be achieved with better male survival if nitrogen is used. To estimate the optimum sterilizing dose a population model was set up which incorporates an assumed upper limit for the regulatory capacity of a tsetse population. Computations with the model indicate that an appreciable advantage in control efficiency is obtainable by using nitrogen during irradiation; further that aiming for more than 95% sterility of the released males would be counterproductive because of the correlated decline in survival. Irradiation of pupae at a very late age has several advantages but is probably undesirable for the flies to hatch before distribution to their release point. Experiments are in progress on chilling procedures designed to inhibit hatching until that time without making impractical demands on the distribution system.(Full text)


How we conceptualize organizations and leadership in organizations is transforming as organizations face increasing dynamism. To understand this dynamic organizational reality, researchers and practitioners alike are increasingly directing their attention at understanding leadership in more complex adaptive organizational forms. However, although extant literature does provide some insight into the nature of leadership in complex organizations, the difficulties associated with the actual transition from traditionally top-down structured leadership to complexity leadership are less well understood. In this study, we explore a two-year long leadership culture change within a non-profit organization using an ethnographic approach. We draw from Complexity Leadership Theory as well as theorizing about organizational change and literature on the dynamics of organizational culture to understand how leadership culture changes. Five core themes encapsulating the stages of the leadership culture change process emer...


With the rapid development of information technology, text recognition in natural scenes has become a hot topic of current research. In order to accurately and quickly identify the box number in the container image in the natural scene, this paper proposes a deep learning-based image text recognition model (Faster-RCNN and CNN with Attention (FRCA)), which consists of two stages: box number area detection and box number character recognition. We use the improved Faster-RCNN network to detect the location of the box number, which increase the attention mechanism in the area generation network (RPN) to speed up the detection speed while ensuring the accuracy. And we use the improved CNN to recognize the box number characters. The experiments on the benchmark dataset and the real dataset prove that compared with the connected region detection method, the Faster-RCNN and VGG-16 combination method, the FasterRCNN and ResNet-101 combined detection method, the accuracy of FRCA model in this paper is better than the former two schemes, and the speed of detection of FRCA network is faster than that of the second and third scheme due to the increase of attention mechanism.


A large number of Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are being launched by nation-states, organizations and individuals within and across borders. It has been observed that APTs launched against an organization subsequently succeeded with high probability against other similar organizations. Therefore, it has become a need of the time that organizations accumulate and share Cyber Threat Information (CTI) with peers in a structured form for timely prevention and recovery of an attack. Although a large volume of cyber threat data is available on different security blogs, however this data is mostly distributed and unstructured. Presently, there is a lack of easy to use frameworks, which produce and share CTI in a structured form. Furthermore, publicly available structured data is sparse and is mostly redundant, irrelevant and erroneous. Ironically, no method has yet been devised to generate the distinct, meaningful and error-free structured data from text. In this regard, we used the standard "Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX)". Although, STIX is a comprehensive effort, it is slow in adoption. This is due to a largely manual STIX generation process, which is naturally difficult and produces errors. We take all these deficits as a barrier in STIX utilization and these shortcomings have become a motivation for our research work. We not only proposed the STIXGEN framework, but also developed its prototype for a proof of concept. We perform evaluation of our proposed solution in terms of accuracy and effectiveness. At first, we collected different text reports, generated their STIXs via online tools and by using STIXGEN, then we compared and shared their results with domain experts. It was found that our proposed solution's results are better than other tools and are distinct, threat relevant, and error-free. Subsequently, we presented a comparative analysis of the features provided by different STIX generator tools. At the end, we provide a comprehensive STIX dataset of APTs launched against renowned industries on github, so that researchers and analysts can use it for their research.


The central idea is to work within a framework of general information and texts regarding Brazilian health, placing it in a broader context – social, economical, and political. In a general sense, Brazilian history can be analyzed through long periods marked by phases: colonial Brazil, from the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500 to its independence; independent Brazil, from the proclamation of independence in 1822 to the installation of the republic in 1899; and the Brazilian republic, from 1899 to the present day. The emphasis in this entry will be on the occurrences of the last century. Even in the earlier periods, it is possible to perceive the evolution of a social system, although it was not much in evidence during the colonial period; the first sanitary actions took place in the early twentieth century. The building of social policies from 1930 through 1960 was first marked by individual medical assistance and its extension to various categories of workers: rural households, housemaids, and the self-employed. Finally, the new constitution in 1988 led to the institutionalization of the Unified Health System, which is organized in accordance with the following directives: decentralization, full-scale care from prevention to rehabilitation, and participation of the community, but not to the exclusion of a strong private system.

Keywords:

Brazil;
health care;
health history, health politics;
unified health system


The batch stability of the pre polymer for 3233 resin system was reported in this paper The comparison between the properties of composites fabricated from large scale produced pre polymer and small scale synthesized one was also given


Based on analysis of the good and bad about the traditional teaching model and the network teaching model,the author brings on the "Double-track" model which is a successful combination of the two teaching models then explores the construction process of "Double-track" teaching by the ESCI model from the knowledge management.At last,the advantages and conditions of carrying out the model are analyzed.


This article gives a review of two books examining the religious situation in "post-secular" Vietnam. The book of American anthropologist Shaun Malarney "Culture, Ritual, and Revolution in Vietnam" (2002) offers a research of the transformations of religious practices and morality caused by the 1945 communist revolution: the author shows the polyphony of understanding of morality and ritual in Vietnamese society. The edited volume "Religion, Place and Modernity: Spatial Articulation in Southeast Asia and East Asia" (Ed. by M. Dickhardt and A. Lauser in 2016) examines, within an "anthropology of space and place," the emergence of new "secular religions" in Vietnam.


For the fundamental setting up of realistic recommendations for the quality and quantity of public lighting the knowledge of requirements is necessary. These requirements can be in principle derived directly from the correlation between accidents and the quality of lighting, and indirectly from the correlation between the desired visibility and the quality of lighting. Today, however, there is no method giving results which are sufficiently reliable, sufficiently accurate and sufficiently capable of generalization for the setting up of recommendations. Therefore new recommendations are based on common sense, practice and subjective judgements. Against this are major objections. Firstly it is difficult to perfect new technological developments, and secondly it is difficult to separate aspects of visual comfort and driving comfort from aspects of illumination. /TRRL/


Excitation energy input rn large scale. civil infrastructure structural tests poses a significant chal lenge to experimental dynamic is ts . Tradi t ional modal test methods for c iv i l structures have utilized sledge hammer impact excitat ion, step relaxation and hydraulic excitat ion. In most cases sledge hammer impacts are barely able to adequately excite large civil structures (overpass bridges) and hydraulic exciters are excessively cumbersome to operate, move and maintain. In response to the need for significant energy input in an easily portable form. a mobile impactor has been refined from a Swedish developed falling mass 'drop hamme?. The mobile impactor utilizes variable mass, an adjustable damper and an ICP piezoelectric force ring to impact and measure a pulse containing low frequency energy. 150 to 200 spans per yaar. Most collapses are t r a c e d t o inadequate inspection a n d maintenance, the effects of which are sometimes compounded with shortcomings in the design and/or construction. In addition to the weaknesses of the current system, the evidence is that the statwf-practice does not permit us to effectively pP.?S.?PJe those infrastructure components which are currently acceptable. Developing structural health monitoring and damage detection tools and techniques for reliable inspection, evaluation and rating of civil structures continues to grow as major research areas in the infrastructure field. Modal testing has proven to be a reliable method for both structural model generation and input to damage detection algoriihms [I]. The increasing reliance on modal test as an evaluation tool has spurred equipment developments tailored specifically towards large civil structures. Introduct ion Origin of the Swedish Drop Hammer The highway transportation system is the largest subsystem within the U.S. transportation infrastructure, accounting for a major portion of the estimated $1.4 trillion U.S. investment in the infrastructure. Bridges comprise a critical component of the highway transportation subsystem; they also provide vital interaction wi th the remaining subsys tems of the transportation infrastructure (mass transit, rail, water and air facilities). A lack of br idge performance directly impacts economic productivity and growth. The administrator of FHWA has estimated that about 45 percent of more than half a million bridges in the U.S. are deficient due to either structural or traffic performance inadequacy or both. Unfortunately. in spite of the national program to inspect and maintain highway bridges, bridge failures and collapses continue at an average rate of between The original concept for a mobile falling mass impactor can be attributed to Dr. Lennart Agardh of the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute [2]. He and his team of researchers conceived of and constructed the original device which, with his kind assistance, was used both as a prototype and a bench mark for the current development. The basic structure of the device proved to be extremely effective and reliable. The following section describes the function of the device and various components of the structure. Function of the Swedish Drop Hammer The mobile impactor functions to transfer mechanical energy from a moving mass into a civil engineering structure such as a bridge. Equipped with a piezoelectric force transducer,


A DNA vaccine targeting tumor-associated antigen Cripto-1 slowed tumor growth and reduced metastases in mouse models of breast cancer. The vaccine may have potential use as an immunotherapeutic for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Metastatic breast cancer is a fatal disease that responds poorly to treatment. Cancer vaccines targeting antigens expressed by metastatic breast cancer cells and cancer stem cells could function as anticancer therapies. Cripto-1 is an oncofetal protein overexpressed in invasive breast cancer and cancer-initiating cells. In this study, we explored the potential of a Cripto-1–encoding DNA vaccine to target breast cancer in preclinical mouse models. BALB/c mice and BALB-neuT mice were treated with a DNA vaccine encoding mouse Cripto-1 (mCr-1). BALB/c mice were challenged with murine breast cancer 4T1 cells or TUBO spheres; BALB-neuT mice spontaneously developed breast cancer. Tumor growth was followed in all mouse models and lung metastases were evaluated. In vitro assays were performed to identify the immune response elicited by vaccination. Vaccination against mCr-1 reduced primary tumor growth in the 4T1 metastatic breast cancer model and reduced lung metastatic burden. In BALB-neuT mice, because the primary tumors are Cripto-1 negative, vaccination against mCr-1 did not affect primary tumors but did reduce lung metastatic burden. Spheroid-cultured TUBO cells, derived from a BALB/neuT primary tumor, develop a cancer stem cell–like phenotype and express mCr-1. We observed reduced tumor growth in vaccinated mice after challenge with TUBO spheres. Our data indicate that vaccination against Cripto-1 results in a protective immune response against mCr-1 expressing and metastasizing cells. Targeting Cripto-1 by vaccination holds promise as an immunotherapy for treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(11); 1417–25. ©2018 AACR.


Catalytic H/D-exchange reactions were studied with [Ru(dtbpmp)(η2-H2)(H)2] (1) as catalyst. Under mild reaction conditions (25–75 °C) a wide range of arenes and olefins undergo H/D exchange with [D6]benzene. A preference for protons at sp2 carbons was observed with conversions up to >90 % and significant regioselectivity in certain cases. For more reaction insights NMR-based kinetic studies were performed with naphthalene as substrate, revealing an activation energy of 15.8 kcal mol–1 for the H/D exchange at the β-position. Furthermore, the key steps of the reaction mechanism were investigated by means of DFT calculations for both model complexes (PMe2 donor sites) and real catalysts (PtBu2 donor sites). The calculations resulted in Gibb's free activation energies in the range of 10–16 kcal mol–1, indicating H/D exchange at the β-position of naphthalene to be clearly favoured over the α-position, which is in full accordance with the experimental observations.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)


Livestock are a traditional and important part of rural Colorado. Currently, Colorado shows increasing livestock numbers and decreasing livestock operations numbers. While both of these categories are dominated by beef cattle operations, large scale swine operations are primarily fueling these state level growth and concentration trends. Colorado's pig production increased 25% from 1996 to 1997 and 92% from 1992 to 1997 to about 800,000, but the number of farms producing pigs has decreased. Like the rest of the nation, Colorado hog production is in transition from an industry dominated by many small and diversified farms to one dominated by a few large concentrated and integrated operations. The report entitled "Report on Animal Feeding Operations and Rural Colorado Communities" represents a collaborative effort among Colorado State University (CSU), Cooperative Extension (CE), and Colorado Counties Incorporated (CCI). The report's objective is to summarize current knowledge on the role of the livestock industry in rural communities in order to facilitate community decision-making. The report is divided into four distinct parts representative of the broad areas of concern to rural Colorado communities. This executive summary briefly highlights the components of the report.


The turning radius of the vehicle is determined based on the coordinates of the center of gravity. When the vehicle is moving at different velocities and driving at different steering angles, the value of the turning radius is also different. This change is nonlinear and continuous and determined by simulation or experimentation process. Previous studies have not established the formula to calculate the value of a turning radius of the vehicle based on input parameters. Therefore, determining the value of a turning radius is complex and time-consuming. This research has shown the dependence between turning radius R on input parameters such as velocity v and steering angle by using a double-track dynamic vehicle model to simulate. Besides, this research also established the state function to calculate the turning radius of the vehicle at different velocities and steering angles. The state function is determined based on the rule of change of the corresponding values. Using only the determined input parameters like velocity and steering angle, the value of the turning radius can be easily calculated with high accuracy through 4 steps. The reference coefficients needed to calculate are also provided in this research. The results of the research can be applied in various computational conditions.


One of the most critical issues in designing wireless sensor networks is to minimize the energy consumption for longevity.Most of topology control algorithms assume homogeneous wireless nodes with uniform maximum transmission ranges,and can not directly applied to heterogeneous wireless multi-hop networks in which the maximum transmission range of each node may be different.In this paper,we present a localized clustering algorithm for heterogeneous networks.In this algorithm,each node in the same cluster selects a set of neighbors based on the locally collected information.Simulation results show that this algorithm can reduces the average degree of cluster-head and the average translate power.


The Purpose of this Study is to analyze and compare the ideologies of political education in South and North Korea, hoping to find out the desirable orientation for the future. The citizens of both Korea have developed the extreme hostility against each other in the process of founding and developing each country's government. The politicians in South and North Korea have not only provided the residents with the rigid ideologies, but also strengthened their political power through making people feel the mood of extreme crisis. The contents of political education in South and North Korea still focus on the confirmation of each country's political system. However, the genuine purpose of political education should be fostering the desirable persons. In this regard the contents of the political education in South and North Korea needs to be transformed into those of rearing the desirable characteristics, sound value systems and good thinking minds.


A model clarifier was designed using conventional methods for the surface calculation and an alternative pathway for the determination of the height and constructed accordingly. In addition, a new approach was used to evaluate the necessary scraper speed in comparison to full-scale clarifiers. Scaling effects were taken into account. The model clarifier was first tested by tracer experiments. Conductivity measurements were used for the clarification zone, whereas the thickening zone was tested using pyrene as an organic tracer compound. Finally, the behaviour of the model clarifier was compared with a full-scale settler. The results indicated that operation of the model clarifier was representative of full-scale behaviour, except for severe overloads. Hence, the small-scale clarifier qualified as a model for small-scale studies and could be installed on large-scale plants to monitor more transparently plant performance and sludge behaviour


Although the performance of high-energy-resolution microcalorimeter spectrometers for x-ray microanalysis is encouraging, the future widespread acceptance of these spectrometers as valuable microanalysis instruments depends on improvements in both achievable count rate and geometrical x-ray collection efficiency. While the maximum output count rate of our microcalorimeter (∼160 s−1) is much less than that of conventional EDS detectors operating at their highest energy resolution (∼3000 s−1), we are confident that we can significantly improve the count rate without loss of energy resolution (∼10 eV FWHM over a broad energy range). Increasing the area (and thus solid angle) of the microcalorimeter is a more difficult problem, however, as the best microcalorimeter performance is achieved using small-area (typically 250 μm by 250 μm) absorbers with low heat capacity. This problem can be solved by using an x-ray lens to increase the collection efficiency of the microcalorimeter spectrometer. A polycapillary optic consisting of tens of thousands of fused capillaries can collect x-rays from a point x-ray source over a large solid angle and focus the x-rays onto the small-area absorber of the microcalorimeter.


With the growing interest in supporting the Arabic language on the Semantic Web (SW), there is an emerging need to enable Arab users to query ontologies and RDF stores without being challenged with the formal logic of the SW. In the domain of English language, several efforts provided Natural Language (NL) interfaces to enable ordinary users to query ontologies using NL queries. However, none of these efforts were designed to support the Arabic language which has different morphological and semantic structures. As a step towards supporting Arabic Question Answering (QA) on the SW, this work presents AR2SPARQL, a NL interface that takes questions expressed in Arabic and returns answers drawn from an ontology-based knowledge base. The core of AR2SPARQL is the approach we propose to translate Arabic questions into triples which are matched against RDF data to retrieve an answer. The system uses both linguistic and semantic features to resolve ambiguity when matching words to the ontology content. To overcome the limited support for Arabic Natural Language Processing (NLP), the system does not make intensive use of sophisticated linguistic methods. Instead, it relies more on the knowledge defined in the ontology and the grammar rules we define to capture the structures of Arabic questions and to construct an adequate RDF representations. AR2SPARQL has been tested with two different datasets and results have shown that it achieves a good retrieval performance in terms of precision and recall.


Why In today's predictive in manufacturing can be considered a strategic advantage over competitors. Due to the technological advancement and globalization of the world's economy, manufacturing industry is going through a transitional phase at an unprecedented pace. Digitalization of manufacturing, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the fourth industrial revolution are concepts that are getting monumental attention. The advantageous feature of these concepts is not only the idea of machine to machine (M2M) communication, but as a step forward, the deployment of smart machines in manufacturing i.e., machines that are capable of making more informed and automated decisions. The key to manifesting this idea of informed and automated decision making is an intelligent handling and astute analysis of sensor data. In this paper we are presenting a classification methodology especially designed to deal with the issues related to the sensor data analysis, and failures classification in manufacturing. Classification is one of the major constituents of the data-mining toolkit. The well-known methods for classification are built on either the principle of logic or statistical/mathematical reasoning for classification. In this article we propose: (1) a different strategy, which is based on the portioning of information space; and (2) use of the genetic algorithm to solve combinatorial problems for classification. In particular, we will implement our methodology to solve complex classification problems and compare the performance of our classifier with other well-known methods (SVM, KNN, and ANN). The results of this study suggest that our proposed methodology is specialized to deal with the classification problem of highly imbalanced classes with significant overlap.


The thesis signage management in tourism for the socio-economic development of the Charapoto parish, designed for the requirements of the corporate manual signaling for the ministry of tourism, which served to ensure adequate and feasible development of the thesis process, the general objective is to manage the tourist signage for socio-economic development, to facilitate the movement of visitors to resources and tourist attractions in the parish Charapoto linked to their specific objectives, which are to systematize the scientific theoretical basis for development of chapter i and ii, developing a general methodology for structuring the tourist signs and apply the methodology for the creation of it, a study design which allowed a process of the respective activities to continue in the post development of the thesis, the same group contained 3 phrases and 15 stages with their methods, techniques and tools being used, it carried out surveys and design of signposts in the parish with the budget to spend on the implementation of same. In conclusion it was determined that signaling plays an important role in the tourism world and allow easy movement of tourists, which is why the management of tourist signage in the socio-economic development of the parish Charapoto is very important as to generate socio-economic development and provide valuation of cultural, natural resources and services that has the Charapoto parish.


A client device applications across platforms and systems include the use of continuity is configured to execute a first application example of the first client device and is configured to execute a second application example of the second client device . Indicating a second example of the first client device is configured to receive a first example of the operation of the application program running on the first client device to a second application on the client device. Performing a first example associated with a first client device is further configured to generate a first application on a client device status information and data, and cause the state information is transmitted to the second client device, so that the first the second instance of the application on the client device using the two status information from the first client device to continue operation of the application on a second client device.


Theoretical and descriptive work on Spanish phonetics and phonology has been largely based on Peninsular varieties. This study uses electropalatography (EPG) to investigate articulatory characteristics of coronal consonant contrasts in Argentine and Cuban Spanish. Simultaneous EPG and acoustic data were collected from five speakers from Buenos Aires (Argentina) and three speakers from Havana (Cuba) reading sentences with various syllable-initial coronal consonants corresponding to the orthographic 〈t, ch, n, ñ, s, z, ll, y, l, r〉. As a control, the same data were collected from a single speaker of Peninsular Spanish from Madrid. As expected, the main distinction in both varieties was made between anterior and posterior coronal consonants ((denti-)alveolars vs. (alveolo-)palatals) and reflected the historical merger of the sounds represented by 〈s–z〉 and 〈ll–y〉. At the same time, the results revealed some consistent differences between the two varieties in the location of the constriction and the amount of linguopalatal contact for most coronal consonants. First, the coronal consonants produced by the Argentine speakers were overall considerably more fronted and more constricted than the corresponding consonants produced by the Cuban speakers. Second, 〈ll, y〉 were produced as a fronted alveolo-palatal fricative by the Argentine speakers, and as an approximant by the Cuban speakers. Inter-speaker variation was observed within the varieties in the articulation of some consonants, namely in the Argentine alveolo-palatal fricative and nasal (〈ll, y〉 and 〈ñ〉), and the Cuban alveolo-palatal affricate 〈ch〉.


Recently, accumulated data have suggested that the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, i. e., the substan tia innominata (S1), may represent the primary source of central cholinergic innervation in the rat cortical vascu lature. We therefore examined the effects of unilateral lesion of the SI on the autoregulation of local CBF (lCBF) during induced hypotension in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The animals of groups 1 and 2 received an injection of 5 fLg of ibotenate into the right SI stereotaxically. At 7 days after the injection, the lCBF was measured by the [14C]iodoantipyrine technique in the awake state. Group 1 was used as the normotensive group (MABP = 113.1 ± 12.2 mm Hg). Group 2 formed the hypotensive group, and the lCBF was measured dur ing hypotension (MABP = 80.0 ± 5.5 mm Hg) induced by hemorrhage. Group 3, the sham-operated normotensive Constancy of CBF despite changes in perfusion pressure has been designated as autoregulation of CBF. Many previous studies have indicated that CBF autoregulation is mediated by several mecha nisms, of which the neurogenic mechanism is of However, much effort has been directed towards studying the adrenergic system, and little is known about the influence of the cholinergic system on the cerebral circulation (Edvinsson et al., 1977). So far, the extracranial parasympathetic system including the sphenopalatine ganglion has been suggested as one of the origins of cerebrovascular cholinergic fi 66 group, received vehicle injection into the right SI at 7 days prior to the lCBF measurement. In group 1, lCBF was significantly lower in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and striate cortices on the lesioned side compared to that on the contralateral side. In group 2, lCBF was signifi cantly decreased in the cortices on the lesioned side, but there was no significant difference in magnitude of the ICBF reduction between groups 1 and 2. Group 3 exhib ited no hemispheric asymmetries in lCBF. These findings suggest that the SI exerts an influence on cortical ICBF, but does not play a role in the autoregulation of lCBF during hypotension. Recently accumulated data have suggested that the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, i.e., the sub stantia innominata (SI), represents the primary source of central cholinergic innervation in the rat tion of this nucleus results in impairment of the per formance of active or passive avoidance tasks (Flick 1988) and in attenuation of cerebral glucose metab olism (Tanaka et al., 1987; …


Variable stars have been used for over one hundred years as probes for determining astronomical distances; these distances can be used to map the three-dimensional (3D) structure of nearby galaxies. Exploiting the effect that moving to the mid-infrared has on Cepheid magnitudes and light curves, we can now map our nearest galaxies in 3D at fidelities never before achievable. Combining data from the OGLE-IV catalogue with mid-infrared photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope, around 5000 fundamental mode Cepheids are being used to trace the 3D structure of the Magellanic Clouds. An automated photometry pipeline has been developed to obtain precise mean magnitudes and light curves for Cepheids in the Magellanic System, which in turn produces distance measurements for individual Cepheids accurate to 5%. The resulting detailed maps are being used to probe the geometric and chemical structure of the Magellanic Clouds, as well as their interaction and dynamical histories. Initial results from this project are discussed and the future inclusion of RR Lyrae stars to trace the old stellar population of the system is described.


This study was undertaken to design a relevant model system with conditions resembling the gingival pocket, in order to identify ecological factors that stimulate the establishment and maintenance of pathogenic subgingival microflora. Human serum as a substitute for gingival exudate was used in continuous culture enrichments of subgingival plaque to enable the selection of slow-growing (D=~0.08 h -1 ) consortia of microorganisms. After one week of continuous cultivation, species such as Treponema denticola , Peptostreptococcus spp., Lactobacillus catenaforme , Streptococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., Eubacterium spp. and Veillonella parvula became the predominating organisms. The cultures produced a wide variety of mainly cell-bound hydrolytic enzymes which have been associated with periodontal disease. The consortia preferentially consumed carbohydrates as was also indicated by the altered electrophoretic mobility of the serum glycoproteins due to removal of carbohydrate side-chains. Extensive degradation of glycoproteins such as immunoglobulins, haptoglobin, transferrin and α 1 -antitrypsin was observed. Acetic, butyric and propionic acids were the major products of metabolism suggesting heterolactic fermentation and amino acid catabolism. These products are typical of acidogenesis in anaerobic fermentations. Our results suggest that this in-vitro model can approximate conditions in gingival pockets. Keywords: Treponema denticola ; Periodontitis; Glycoprotein degradation; Human serum; Enrichment culture.


We, along with being guest editors of this issue, are also active researchers in our respective disciplines and the scholarship of teaching and learning. We integrate undergraduate research (UGR) as High Impact Practice (HIP) in most of our research projects, and have personal experiences in which we see all the benefits come to life that have been outlined in the series of papers in this issue. As we read abstracts and considered the organization and content for this issue, we began to notice a pattern in some of the abstracts that aligned with our own work and discussions with colleagues, but is generally not present in a traditional scholarly article. That element is the personal narrative account of impact. We know from the extensive literature cited throughout this issue, as well as the work in this section, that providing high-quality undergraduate research projects has substantial impacts at many levels – for individual students, for cohorts, for departments, colleges, universities, and even systems. We, as scholars, see these impacts every day in our own work and the work of others. However, it is not often captured in peer-reviewed research outside of quotes to support evidence of assessment results (which of course, have their own important place in this work).


This paper presents a new approach of eddy current methods for determining the size of the co-axial hole in the metallic circular disk. In recent decades, for the air-cored sensor probe, the impedance change due to the presence of an infinite metal plate can be calculated by the Dodd-Deeds model. However, in practical measurements, the sample cannot match with the condition required 'infinite', thus the Dodd-Deeds model could not be applied to the disk with finite size and certainly not a co-axial hole in the center. In this paper, a dual-constraint analytical method is proposed. That is, the upper and lower limits of the integration are substituted with specific values instead of the original 0 and ∞. Besides, it is found that, once the outer radius of the disk is fixed (i.e. the lower limit of integration is fixed), the upper limit reduces linearly as the size of the coaxial hole increases. Both the FEM simulation and experiments have been carried out to validate this method. The radius of the hole can be estimated based on the dualconstraint integration feature.


This paper presents a semantic argumentation approach to collaborative ontology engineering which enables systematic and dynamic ontology deliberation to a community. It encourages members to collaboratively express ideas or solutions regarding an ontology development issue, and to submit arguments which support or oppose other members' ideas. To allow sophisticated deliberation analysis, the ontology deliberation is formally and semantically captured and described into SAM Schema and maintained it as a community knowledge-based. Moreover, a number of useful measures are proposed in order to evaluate the deliberation by considering both ontology quality and group preference which can be used to calculate the acceptance level of each position. A position accepted by most members will be selectively integrated as collective ontology, which is collaboratively developed until achieving the final ontology. Furthermore, an online collective intelligence explorer, namely SAMOnto, is developed based on Semantic Argumentation Model (SAM) for harnessing collective intelligence and automatically driving the community towards a consensus.


Electrospraying has found multiple applications in various fields of engineering, science and everyday life. This paper presents study of behavior of electrosprayed dielectric liquids in high pressure environments. Experiments were carried out to evaluate use of electric fields in spatial and temporal manipulation of sprayed droplets. The focus of the study was to investigate feasibility of such control in cylindrical geometries, where the target application is use of this technique to improve fuel economy and reduce harmful exhaust emissions of internal combustion (IC) engines.


The objective of this article is to present a metaphor concerning the terminology of open innovation. This metaphor will help both academics and practitioners in getting a deeper understanding of the terms and their relationships in this emerging field. An electrical circuit is used as the metaphor. In it, the following open innovation terms are included: inbound open innovation, outbound open innovation, sequential coherence, dynamic innovation capabilities, knowledge flow, absorptive capacity, organizational inertia, and innovation performance. A corresponding term for each one of these open innovation terms is given in the metaphor. Within an organization, open innovation involves the internal exploration of external knowledge and external exploitation of internal knowledge. Open innovation is gaining wide attention of researchers as it impacts innovation performance of organizations.  Systematic metaphor analysis is a qualitative research method. A metaphor is an implicit comparison in which a word or phrase that originally denotes a certain object or concept is applied to another. Time tested relationships among variables in the metaphor of electric circuit offer new insights in the domain of open innovation.


Management of inshore rockfish (Sebastes spp.) populations off the coast of British Columbia has been complicated by inadequacies in fisheries-independent sunreys. In this study, I used simulation modelling to evaluate three potential genetic monitoring techniques: 1) converting catch-per-unit-soak time (CPUST) data to estimates of absolute rockfish density using a calibrated model, 2) estimating absolute density from a capturerecapture study, and 3) using CPUST as a relative density index. The in situ cdlection of rockfish tissue for analysis of individual or species identifications allows researchers to perform non-destructive capture-recapture or CPUST surveys, respectively. A.ssuming a high coefficient of variation (CV) (CV i 0.8) in density estimates, the genetic methods were similar, or lower, in cost to traditional sublmersible and remote operated vehicle surveys. Sampling times for the CPUST derived density surveys and capture-recapture experiments could be improved with increases in tissue capture rates. The use of a CPUST relative density index is the least expensive and most time efficient survey option, and may be adequate for monitoring population trends. The results of this study suggest that non-destructive genetic sampling could be a viable alternative for monitoring rockfish populations within marine conservation areas, and for producing estimates of absolute rockfish abundance. Introduction The expanding network of rockfish conservation areas (RCAs) in the Strait of Georgia introduced a requirement for non-destructive, fisheries-independent monitoring techniques (Yamanaka and Lacko 2001; Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) 2002; DFO 2005). Government scientists currently use a combination of manned submersible and remote operated vehicle (ROV) surveys to conduct annual inshore rockfish (Sebastes spp.) population assessments and to evaluate potential area closures (DFO 2004; K.L. Yamanaka, DFO, pers. comm. 2005). However, the high expense associated with visual monitoring programs (O'Connell and Carlile 1994; K.L. Yamanaka, DFO, pe:rs. comm. 2005) has encouraged the exploration of alternative non-destructive survey methods. In Chapter 2, I described the application of a novel in situ genetic tagging technique to a capture-recapture study of quillback (S. ma'liger) and copper (S. caurinus:) rockfish within a small RCA in the Strait of Georgia. Biopsy hooks (NT Tags, Darwin., Australia) eliminated the need to bring fish to the surface, thereby reducing the high post-release mortality rates typically observed in rockfish tagging studies (Stanley et al. 19194; Stan et al. 2000; Yamanaka and Lacko 2001). My results demonstrated that genetic targging could be used to produce capture-recapture estimates of absolute rockfish abundance. However, these studies may not be appropriate for wide-scale monitoring, as they are limited by the high costs of individual DNA identification, and by the intense sampling effort required to produce precise density estimates, even on a small scale. An alternative application of genetic sampling is the use of a catch-per-unit-soak time (CPUST) index. Previous studies have shown that CPUST is proportional to fish density under assumptions of single hook angling and random fish distribution (Deriso and Parma 1987). Evidence provided in Chapter 2 suggests a proportional relationship between CPUST and rockfish density field observations. Non-destructive CPlJST surveys are completed by identifying rockfish DNA fiom biopsy hook tissue. A species identification is half the price of an individual analysis (K. Miller, DFO, pers. cornrn. 2005), thus reducing the laboratory costs compared to capture-recapture studies. In addition, while marks can only be recorded for individually identifiable tissue samples (44% of hooks from field study), CPUST data can be collected for all hooks containing rockfish DNA (80% of hooks from field study). Field observations also indicate that relatively few soak time values are necessary to produce precise CPUST indices, allowing for rapid survey completion. As a result, CPUST surveys may be a fieasible method for estimating relative rockfish density and completing non-destructive inshore rockfish monitoring programs. However, a relative density index does not provide the necessary information for sustainably managing the inshore fishery using total allowable catch (Kronlund and Yamanaka 1997; Yarnanaka 2000). Estimating absolute rockfish density from CPUST surveys requires the initial calibration of a CPUST-density model compiled using capture-recapture density estimates and associated CPUST values. Subsequent surveys need only collect CPUST data, which can then be converted to density estimates using the fitted calibration model. The cost of estimating absolute density fiom CPUST will be influenced by not only the precision and contrast of the density estimates used for model calibration (Hansen et al. 2000; Harley et al. 2001), but also by the biopsy hook efficiency rates and the precision of the CPUST data. However, prior to investing in the collection of genetic information, scientists and managers will need to know the conditions, if any, under which the costs of CPUST and visual surveys become comparable. The objective of this paper is to determine the relationship between total survey cost and the precision of absolute rockfish density estimates derived from a CPUST index. Simulation models are applied to evaluate the influence of the quantity and precision of capture-recapture density estimates, the tissue capture efficiency of the biopsy hooks, and the precision of the CPUST survey, on the total cost and precision of the derived densities. Finally, I use data from my original field sites as a case study, to compare the cost and sampling efficiency of traditional visual survey methods to those of three genetic monitoring techniques: 1) deriving absolute densities from genetic CPUST sumeys, 2) estimating absolute densities from genetic tagging capture-recapture surveys and, 3) using genetic CPUST data as a relative density index. I demonstrate that, under certain conditions of required precision and biopsy hook efficiency, non-destructive genetic monitoring programs may be comparable, or even lower in cost, to submersible and ROV surveys;. The results of this feasibility analysis will enable fisheries scientists and managers to determine whether genetic tagging is an appropriate monitoring tool for studying inshore rockfish. Methods Due to a lack of available field data, I used a simulation model to evaluate the tradeoffs between survey costs and the resulting precision in CPUST derived absolute densities (6 ). The coefficient of variation of the derived densities, .i; , and the total survey cost, 6, will be influenced by the precision of both the calibrated CPUST-density model and the CPUST survey data. Of key interest, is the level of precision in D thad can be achieved for comparable, or lower, costs than tlhe costs of submersible or ROV surveys. In the following sections I describe the contributing survey cost components, and the methods used to generate the simulated data. In doing so, I identify the critical information researchers will need to collect and analyse before investing in a mondestructive genetic monitoring program. Survey cost components The total sampling effort ( a , defined as the number of biopsy hooks) required to generate CPUST-derived densities, 6 , is related to: 1) the coefficient of variartion of capture-recapture density estimates (Z) , 2) the number of density estimates used for model calibration (sites surveyed, S), and 3) the coefficient of variation of metan catchability ( 2 ) from the CPUST survey. In addition, effort is affected by, 4) the biopsy hook tissue capture rates (PDNA), defined in the capture-recapture model as the observed percentage of hooks collecting enough tissue for individual analysis (PDNA = 0.44), and in the CPUST survey as the observed percentage of hooks collecting rockfish DNA (PDNA =


Two-dimensional calculations of ionization-shockwave into a curved molecular cloud are presented. Density enhancement occurs due to the combined effects of cloud curvature and radiation flow. The star formation process is expected to be enhanced near the edges of irregularly shaped molecular clouds.


Spectrum sharing has been proposed to effectively utilize the limited licensed spectrum resource and provide extra capacity for mobile network operator (MNO) who requires more spectrum in 5G network. In spectrum sharing, the initialized licensed spectrum of each MN O is divided into a reserved and shared spectrum. The reserved spectrum is for the private use of an MNO, while the shared spectrum of all MNOs forms a spectrum pool which will be dynamically used by MNO who requires an additional spectrum. However, the spectrum pool management problem significantly affects the efficiency of spectrum sharing among multi-MNO. In this paper, we formulate this problem into a non-linear programming problem that aims to maximize the average data rate of UEs, which subscribe to an MNO sending the spectrum request event, of all events from all MNOs. We propose an event-driven Deep Reinforcement Learning based spectrum sharing mechanism (EDRL-SSM) that utilizes a spectrum pool manager to effectively manage the spectrum pool to achieve long-term optimization of data rate performance of UEs. The spectrum pool manager intelligently allocates spectrum pool resource for each incoming spectrum request event. The proposed EDRL-SSM fully utilizes a DRL technique, Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), to deal with stochastic spectrum request event arrivals in the spectrum pool manager. The simulation results show that the proposed EDRL-SSM can significantly improve the data rate performance of UEs as compared to greedy spectrum pool allocation and without spectrum sharing under both identical and different initialized allocation of licensed spectrum scenarios.


A patient with a history of longstanding opaque cataract and a white pupil reported a return to a black pupil, which was the result of lens subluxation. The case was complicated by optic nerve coloboma of the Morning Glory syndrome type and a total retinal detachment.


Objective To investigate the characteristics of genetic mutations in 50 S V ribosomal protein gene oflinezolid- induced drug- resistant Enterococcus fecalis(E.fecalis)in vitro. Methods One E.fecalis strain numbered as F3 isolated from the clinical sample and the F4, ATCC29212 the most common strain for quality control of E.fecalis antibiotictests, was induced by linezolid with series dilution methods in vitro. Two mother strains, F3 and F4, and series of LZD-resistantones were isolated and the MIC value was identified by E-Test. Then, the 50 S ribosomal protein genes of these strains wereamplified and sequenced. Results Thirteen linezolid-resistant E.fecalis induced in vitro was isolated and identified. Then,PCR and sequencing results indicated the genetic mutations in 50 S V ribosomal protein gene of these strains containedmultiple point mutations in rpl C gene, while in rpl D gene, the common mutation was at T301 C, and corresponding mutation ofamino acid was Phe101 Leu. Conclusion Linezolid- resistant E.fecalis can be induced in vitro. Linezolid resistance in E.fecalis was closely associated with the genetic mutations in 50 S ribosomal protein genes, but the resistant mechanism needed tobe further clarified.


In this paper the single cycle T-functions are studied. Making use of the explicit formulas of sum and product of 2-adic integers, we present the necessary and sufficient conditions on the generalized polynomial g p(x) = a0 + a1x + ��� + adx d (mod2 n ) being a single cycle T-function. Furthermore, for any given generalized polynomial, we can deduce some expressions about its coefficients by which we can determine whether it is single cycle or not.


This paper discusses the assembly process of the Space Station Freedom. It is shown that the assembly of the Space Station will require 29 flights of the Space Shuttle Orbiter: six shuttle flights during the initial assembly stage when the Space Station will not have sufficient life-support capability; seven more flights before the Station will support human occupation independent of the presence of the Space Shuttle; and 16 more flights for achieving full operational capability. The shuttle systems to be used in the Space Station assembly are described together with the results of simulation and analyses. Special attention is given to the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System which will be available on all Shuttle flights to support the Space Station assembly.


The increase in the amount of air pollution that causes global warming and the lack of attention to harmful gases, such as CO, PM 2.5, and NO2 can have a negative impact, on health and can even cause death, if it is ignored by people who breathe it. One of the popular information media today is the web, a tool that can monitor air quality levels and by utilizing advances in technology this monitoring system can be monitored via a Web Server. In this study, using an AVR microcontroller type ATmega 328p as a central control unit, and an ESP 8266-01 as a controller that handles communication between the microcontroller and the internet network. In addition, this system uses the C language as a configuration between the microcontroller and the ethernet system. The level of air pollution is measured by the MQ 07 sensor which functions to measure CO levels, MQ 135 to measure NO2 levels, and the Dust Sensor to measure PM 2.5. Test results Obtain PPM (parts per million) values for CO levels of 0.25 ppm, NO2 of 0.83 ppm, PM 2.5 of 0.10 g/m3 and the temperature can be seen directly through the dashboard thingboard.


In principle, national sovereignty is the right of a nation to govern its internal affairs without foreign interference. In practice, it is defined by one's interpretation of international law, which may permit legal external intervention under some circumstances, ultimately removing a nation's sovereignty. This paper will examine the current system of international law outlined by the United Nations, analyse the ambiguities contained within its Charter and elaborate on how external intervention can be justified. The case-study of recent developments related to Libya will demonstrate that the manner in which international law is interpreted is changing the notion of principles of sovereignty.


The microstructural and textural analysis of the hot band reveals that the surface grains are fully
recrystallised and possess the orientation elements of the shear texture, distributed along // RD and 30°ND fibres, while the grains, in the central layer, are partially recrystallised and their texture is composed of orientation elements of recrystallisation texture ( // RD) and of copper type texture ( 60°ND), with {001} and {011} as the major components, respectively. The other interesting feature of the hot band microstructure is the formation of recovery twins in the grains of {011} . The short time annealing of the hot band leads to the formation of annealing twins in addition to the growth of the surface grains and to the complete recrystallisation of the grains in the central layers. Many physical processes such as the growth of the recovery twins and of the grain boundary nucleated grains contribute to the development of final annealing textures of the annealed
hot band, which are like the textures present in the surface and the central layers of the hot band.


I. The Background of Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action is usually, but incorrectly, traced to Executive Order 11246 signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on September 24, 1965.1 As originally phrased, Executive Order 11246 forbade employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion and national origin and empowered the Secretary of Labor to issues rules and regulations necessary and appropriate to achieve its purpose. The order also imposed penalties for noncompliance and established an enforcement agency in the Department of Labor, the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. On October 13, 1967, Executive Order 11246 was amended to include gender by way of Executive Order 11375. In 1969, Executive Order 11246 was again amended and broadened, this time by President Nixon's Executive Order 11478.2However, prior to Executive Order 11246 there was Executive Order 10925, issued by President Kennedy in 1961. Among other statements, Executive Order 10925 included the following: SEC. 203. The policy expressed in Executive Order No. 10590 of January 18, 1955 (20F.R. 409) with respect to the exclusion and prohibition of discrimination against any employee or applicant for employment in the Federal Government because of race, color, religion, or national origin is hereby reaffirmed. More importantly, and what may be the first reference to "affirmative action," is found in the following:SECTION 301. Except in contracts exempted in accordance with section 303 of this order, all government contracting agencies shall include in every government contract hereafter entered into the following provisions:In connection with the performance of work under this contract, the contractor agrees as follows: (1) The contractor will not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin. The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. Such action shall include, but not be limited to, the following: employment, upgrading, demotion or transfer; recruitment or recruitment advertising; layoff or termination; rates of pay or other forms of compensation; and selection for training, including apprenticeship. The contractor agrees to post in conspicuous places, available to employees and applicants for employment, notices to be provided by the contracting officer setting forth the provisions of this nondiscrimination clause.3Executive Order 11246 even refers to the prior Executive Orders and states, "Sec. 403. (a) Executive Orders Nos. 10590 (January 19, 1955), 10722 (August 5, 1957), 10925 (March 6, 1961), 11114 (June 22, 1963), and 11162 (July 28, 1964), are hereby superseded and the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity established by Executive Order No. 10925 is hereby abolished. All records and property in the custody of the Committee shall be transferred to the Civil Service Commission and the Secretary of Labor, as appropriate."4The phrase "affirmative action," as used in Executive Order No. 10925, is not used in the same sense as the current phrase and simply addresses the subject of discrimination.5 Even before President Kennedy, executive orders addressed the issue of discrimination. President Kennedy's executive order was preceded by President Eisenhower's Executive Order 10479, signed in 1953, and that created the Committee on Government Contracts. President Eisenhower's executive order required businesses covered by its provisions to maintain documentation and provide such documentation upon request.6In July 1948, President Harry S. Truman ordered the desegregation of the Armed Forces by Executive Order 9981.7 The order required that there be "equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. …


Block Random Access Memory (BRAM) is a dedicated 18K/36Kbits hard logic configurable memory module embedded in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. BRAMs can be inferred as First In, First Out (FIFO) buffers, single or dual port, and cascading memory blocks accessed via by-1, 2, 4, 9,18, and 36 modes. Physical failure analysis (PFA) of intermittent read and write failures evident only at fast frequency mode due to void-like metal defect in 36K(36,864 bits) BRAM block is very difficult and complex. Conventional PFA techniques such as OBIRCH and photon emission analysis cannot be used to localize the failure because of frequency dependency and intermittency of failure. Nano-probing each metal trace is almost impossible for an extremely wide area of memory array. This paper will discuss the fast-frequency, initialized read-only diagnostic and failing signature commonality analysis technique and how it was utilized to quantify and localize the defect of an intermittent BRAM failure. A metal-void defect was found as an evidence of this intermittent failure electrically fault isolated by the technique described in this paper.


This study aims at characterizing behaviours of peer violence, according to school level, gender and socio affective variables. Participants include a sample of 80 students attending the 3rd level of elementary education (grades 7 – 9), which were evaluated with QEVE, in two distinct moments: 7th and 9th grades. The results show that: i) the most frequent conducts of victimization and aggression are social exclusion and verbal aggression; ii) the victimization rates decrease from 7th to 9th grade although the aggression rates remain stable; iii) boys find themselves more involved in physical bullying situations than girls; vi) the felling towards school (i.e., school liking) and the perception of having friends are revealed has important protective aspects in victimization and aggression conducts. These results are suggestive of a differential educational intervention, oriented to socioemotional literacy, highlighting the role of peers in prevention of school violence.


The objective of this research is to fabricate and characterize PMMA matrix -SiC nanocomposites with three types of SiC: nano-sized, micron-sized, and whiskers. The composites were fabricated via mechanical blending and compression molding at 170C for 15 minutes at 10kN. The samples were then polished and imaged using an optical microscope. Next, electrodes were placed on via silver sputtering. Finally, the nanocomposites were tested using impedance spectroscopy. The samples were scanned from 10 MHz – 100 Hz using an AC voltage of 500 mV. The nanoparticle SiC reached percolation at 2 phr, while the micron-sized SiC and SiCw reached percolation at 7.5 and 10 phr respectively. This trend corresponds with a more defined microstructure in the nanoparticle composite than the other two. These results suggest that the nanoparticles are able to segregate to the faces of the PMMA more easily than the larger particles.


We cannot enter into a detailed description of the work in the various divisions of the geological branch of the survey which cover extensive portions of the United States. Professor R. Pumpelly continued his researches on the archaean geology of the New England States; Mr. G. K. Gilbert, those on the Appalachian region. Of considerable practical as well as scientific interest, are Professor N. S. Shaler's researches on the swamps of the Atlantic coast. It is estimated that there are Iooo square miles of coastal lands in the country, which, subject to inundation by tidal and fluviatile waters, are valueless in their present condition. It would appear, from the experience of other countries, that, by the employment of proper methods, these lands might be reclaimed, and rendered among the most valuable of the agricultural lands of the United States. But the relative altitude of land and sea is not constant: in some places the ocean is encroaching upon the land, and elsewhere the land is emerging from beneath the oceanic waters; and even where the level of the coastal land is stationary, the shores are undermined and eaten away by the waves, and thus the sea gains upon the land in another way. The examination of the causes of the changes of coast-line must, in some cases, precede engineering operations for reclaiming land. Connected with these questions of oscillation of the land and the formation of coastal marshes, is that relating to the origin and distribution of the bog ores, phosphatic beds, etc., now in process of formation in the marshes of the Atlantic coast, and embedded in the cenozoic formations thereof, constituting one of the most important of the mineral resources of the Atlan.tic States. Other important branches of the geologic division are the surveys of the copper-bearing rocks of the Lake Superior region, Professor T. C. Chamberlin's investigations on glacial geology, and the various Western surveys. The present report is accompanied by a number of imiiportant papers, each illustrative of another part of the work of the survey. Professor T. C. Chamberlin treats the rock-scorings of the great ice invasions; Mr. Joseph P. Iddings describes the structure and petrographic character of Obsidian Cliff in the Yellowstone National Park. The classification of the early Cambrian and the pre-Cambrian formations is the subject of a paper by Mr. R. D. Irving. Professor William Morris Davis's paper on the structure of the triassic formation of the Connecticut valley gives a preliminary sketch of the work done by the archaean division, in charge of Professor R. Pumpelly. The division of mining industries is represented by T. M. Chatard's paper on salt-making processes in the United States. There are two geological monographs on limited areas: Mr. W. J. M'Gee's description of the geology of the head of Chesapeake Bay, and Professor N. S. Shaler's report on the geology of Martha's Vineyard. After a survey of the Island of Nantucket, Professor Shaler undertook an investigation of the Island of Martha's Vineyard, anid the results of this work are embodied in the present monograph. He found that the front of the ice during the last glacial period remained for some time on the Island of Nantucket. After the disappearance of the ice, the region was suddenly elevated above the level of the sea, after having been depressed below its level during the continuance of the glacial conditions. Since that time it has undergone a depression of about twenty feet. From Professor Shaler's investigation on Martha's Vineyard, it appears that the tertiary beds of that island belong to a great delta deposit accumulated during the middle and later stages of the tertiary age; they have been subjected to a considerable amount of dislocation by the action of mountain-building forces; they thus indicate the action of these forces at a much later date than any for which they have been observed elsewhere on the eastern shore of the continent. Among the interesting studies incident to this inquiry is that of a bowlder train originating in a hill having a diameter transverse to the motion of the ice of less than one thousand feet. Professor Shaler found that it has a fan-like shape; being, at a distance of fifteen miles from the point of origin, not less than eighteen thousand feet in width. The report is printed and illustrated as beautifully as all the preceding reports. In the brief space allotted to us we can do no more than call attention to some of the important contributions contained in it. The fortunate combination of work that is of sci343


We present an analysis of low energy CP violating observables in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). We focus on the predictions of CP violation in b→s transitions in the framework of a flavor blind MSSM, where the CKM matrix remains the only source of flavor violation, but additional CP violating phases are introduced in the soft SUSY breaking sector. We find large and strongly correlated effects in ΔF = 0 observables like the electric dipole moments (EDMs) of the electron and the neutron, as well as in ΔF = 1 observables like the time dependent CP asymmetries in B→φ Ks and B→η′ Ks, the direct CP asymmetry in b→sγ and in several CP asymmetries in B→K*μ+μ−. On the other hand, observables that are only sensitive to CP violation in ΔF = 2 transitions, in particular the Bs mixing phase, are found to be SM like in this framework. We stress that only in presence of additional sources of flavor violation, sizeable New Physics effects to CP violation in meson mixing can occur.


This study focuses on the 1950 introduction of the commercial radio station, Springbok Radio, into the South African Broadcasting Corporation, a Commonwealth inspired public service broadcaster (PSB) resulting from the Schoch Commission (1948). The paper argues that the introduction of Springbok Radio was prompted by the financial crisis faced by the Corporation; the broadcaster's attempt to broaden its appeal beyond elite audiences serviced by PSB; and the national imperative to centralise and control the broadcast sector by dominating it completely. Thus, the study examines the motifs of PSB versus commercialisation; high culture versus popular culture; and nationalism versus internationalisation.


Philo, De vita Mosis and its sources This paper focuses on Philo of Alexandria's De vita Mosis, one of the most controversial works of the prolific philosopher. In particular, the research is centred on the sources from which Philo derives his knowledge, and which the author himself specifies in the introduction and conclusion: that is, the written ones, and especially the Scriptures, and the oral ones. While the connections with the Bible are quite easy to identify, the same cannot be said about the oral sources, about which little is known. However, the influence of the Greek tradition, both in the choice of the sources and in the way the episodes are introduced, is undeniable; in addition, there is a degree of original contribution from Philo, who went beyond the mere quoting of the pre-existing literature. firstname.lastname@example.com


A novel approach to the isolation of positive mediators of programmed cell death, based on random inactivation of genes by expression of anti sense RNAs, was employed to identify mediators of interferon-γ-induced apoptosis. One of the several genes identified is DAP3, which codes for a 46 kDa protein with a potential nucleotide-binding motif. Structure–function studies of the protein indicate that the intact full-length protein is required for its ability to induce apoptosis when overexpressed. The N-terminal 230 amino acids, on the other hand, act in a dominant-negative fashion. Both of these functions are dependent on the integrity of the nucleotide binding motif. Expression of anti-sense DAP3 RNA and of the dominant interfering form of DAP3 both protected cells from apoptosis induced by activation of Fas and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) receptors. Thus, DAP3 is implicated as a positive mediator of these death-inducing stimuli. It functions downstream of the receptor signaling complex and its death promoting effects depend on caspase activity. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a potential homolog of DAP3 showing 35% identity and 64% similarity to the human protein was isolated. Overexpression of the nematode DAP3 cDNA in mammalian cells induced cell death, indicating that the protein is conserved at the functional level as well as the structural level.


Clinical pathways (CPs) are structured healthcare plans designed to implement evidence-based clinical guidelines, medical algorithms, and protocols. In recent years, a community called BPM+ Health has worked to establish a shareable and computer-consumable representation of CP, leveraging standard notations. These notations, collectively referred to as BPM+, include the Business Process Management and Notation (BPMN), Case Management Model and Notation (CMMN), and Decision Model and Notation (DMN), which aim to support clinical management and standardized communication between different stakeholders. However, the adaptation of these notations for the existing guidelines has largely been left unexplored. This paper introduces procedural steps and criteria considerations to apply components of BPM+ notations to reconstruct a guideline for Stable Ischemic Heart Disease. This paper describes how each of the three different notations is mapped to a medical guideline and discusses the advantages and limitations of representing CPs with BPM+ as compared with paper-based medical guidelines.


In these days, millions of people, especially from developed countries, are travelling to other countries for medical treatment. This development is called 'medical tourism'. Medical tourism is one of the lucrative industries that has expanded rapidly worldwide, including Malaysia. The development is due to factors such as seeking quality medical treatment at lower costs.  However, there are certain ethical and legal issues arising from the development of the industry.  These issues should be addressed because it may affect the development of medical tourism in the future.  Lack of legal recourse and lack of regulation are some examples of legal issues that are discussed in this paper.  The ethical issues include the quality of care for treatment provided by medical providers, lack of follow-up care for patients at their home countries, access to care for the local people at destination countries and the issue that arises from the treatment that is illegal in patients' home countries.   The objective of this article is to examine these ethical and legal issues in order to assist the growth of the industry and the country's economy in the future. This research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources such as legislation, textbooks, and journal articles that relates to the medical tourism and issues arising from its development. The article concludes that these ethical and legal issues can be resolved by having a uniform medical tourism regulation.


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Graph engines have been used in many applications to handle big graphs efficiently. The majority of the research to improve their performance has focused primarily on the design of efficient graph processing. This paper claims, however, the focus should be given also to graph storage design. This is because good storage design can improve both CPU performance and I/O performance of graph engines. In this paper, we propose an efficient data layout for single-machine based graph engines. We identify the common node access pattern of the graph algorithms running on single-machine based graph engines. Based on this finding, we propose the breadth-first (BF) data layout which places the nodes processed together in the same or adjacent storage space so that they can be accessed together as much as possible. The experimental results show that the BF data layout improves both CPU and I/O performances significantly in all single-machine based graph engines.


A flat crystal x-ray spectrometer has been constructed for spectroscopic studies of highly charged ions with an electron beam ion trap. It consists of a flat crystal and a position sensitive proportional counter. Employment of a flat crystal yields easy alignment, easy processing of the crystal, and high flexibility. The proportional counter has been designed to have a large effective area, which is needed to compensate for weak focusing power of a flat crystal. The utility of the new spectrometer has been demonstrated with the Tokyo electron beam ion trap.


A brief survey on the industrial routes to hydrazine via ketazine with recycling of ketone is given. The routes were classified in three groups by oxidizing agents, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. The author's works on the aerial oxidation process are reviewed in some detail covering the following subjects. Synthesis of ketazine in a single-stage from benzophenone, ammonia and molecular oxygen: Effect of pressure and safety. Oxidative coupling of diphenylmethanimine promoted by some monodentate pyridines and cyclic amidines: Formation of ketazine at a lower temperature and active copper-species. Polymer ligand and its application for catalyst recycling: Effect of polymer skeleton on the performance of catalysts and role of polymer ligand as a catalyst reservoir.


Motivation: Over the past two decades, the world, and Poland with it, has faced a huge challenge of transforming its economy towards climate neutrality. The observed effects of climate change, such as abrupt weather changes (prolonged droughts, sudden downpours), increase in average temperatures, environmental pollution, call for systemic and social actions. It should be clearly noted that the responsibility for actions aimed at environmental protection is borne not only by public administration (central and local government), but also by the private sector, as the one using and influencing the environment. The year 2020 brought an unexpected global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. MFF procedures developed up to that time were modified. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the preparation of legislation, programs, and rules for obtaining funds from them for project implementation. Many legislative works have been postponed, causing delays. The fact of the pandemic has led to the implementation of the Instrument for Reconstruction and Enhancing Resilience, which includes large-scale financial support for public investments and areas such as green and digital projects, in addition to the regular financial perspective. Support will be provided in the form of loans (EUR 360 billion) and grants (EUR 312.5 billion).
Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the financial instruments covered by the European Union financial perspectives 2021–2027 with 2014–2020 in the context of environmental funding sources in Poland.
Results: Both in the financial perspective 2014–2020 and the new one for 2021–2027, environmental protection issues are one of the main priorities. The continuity of previous structural funds has been preserved and supplemented with new instruments in response to the unprecedented socio-economic situation that has arisen as a result of the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. As a result of negotiations, EUR 76 billion will be made available to Poland under the EU's cohesion policy and the Fund for Equitable Transformation, whereas in the previous one the amount was EUR 85.2 billion. The allocation of funds and the directions of spending will not only result from Poland's development needs, but also (and perhaps above all) from the modified priorities of the Union as a response to the health situation of the EU community after the pandemic and the continuation of existing activities related to research, innovation, digitization, climate and the environment. The launch of individual programmes will allow ongoing analysis and evaluation of both the solutions adopted in strategic documents and their effects.


The invention discloses a GNSS system bit synchronization method based on phase difference matched filtering. The GNSS system bit synchronization method based on phase difference matched filtering comprises the following steps that S1, an antenna receives satellite signals and conduct frequency shift and A/D sampling quantization; S2, frequency tracking and code tracking are conducted on digital intermediate frequency signals; S3, integration and zero clearing are both conducted on the two channels of tracked I/Q signals, and relevant complex signal data X[i]=I[i]+Q[i]*j within 1ms are obtained; S4, synchronous processing is conducted on X[i]. According to the step S4, two methods are provided, wherein the first method comprises the steps that delay conjugate of X[i] is solved, Z[i]=X[i]*X [i-1] is calculated, circular correlation is conducted on Z[i] and LocalCode, Z'[i] is calculated, integration is conducted on Z'[i], so that the value of V[delta] (please see the equation of V[delta] in the specification) is obtained, and then the minimum V[delta] is the bit boundary; the second method comprise the steps that Z[i]= =X[i]* X [i-1]is calculated, integration is conducted on Z[i], so that the value of V[delta] (please see the equation of V[delta] in the specification) is obtained, circular correlation is conducted on Z[i] and LocalCode, the maximum correlation value in correlation results is the bit boundary. The GNSS system bit synchronization method based on phase difference matched filtering is suitable for large-frequency-offset condition, not insensitive to frequency offset and small in calculation amount, only one channel of matched filtering and one channel of noncorrelation integral are needed, and resource consumption and time consumption are small.


The large hole masses and high Schottky barriers of the order of 2eV make it technologically difficult to achieve low contact resistances to p-type Gallium Nitride (GaN). The spontaneous polarizations in wurtzite structure nitride semiconductors are in the 1013 electrons per cm2 range [1]. For pseudomorphic growth, piezoelectric polarizations are also of the same order of magnitude [2]. The presence of polarization discontinuities has non-trivial effects on the electrostatics of barrier layers and device characteristics. The effect of InGaN cap layers on contact resistances to GaN have been reported in [3,4]. The effect of polarization-induced charges on current flow across graded InGaN/GaN heterojunctions has been studied in [5]. We present hole transport calculations for contact resistances to p-type GaN with thin InGaN cap layers of 20 Å or less thickness, taking explicitly into account three different kinds of holes with very different effective masses and mass anisotropies — the split-off, heavy and light holes. We show that polarization discontinuity induces electric fields of several MV per cm that reduce the effective tunneling width for holes. The predominance of split-off holes in the tunneling flux is established despite their smaller Fermi-Dirac occupation factors, and a two order of magnitude improvement in contact resistance is demonstrated.