chapter 1 Introduction chapter 2 Oaths and the Social-Contract Theory of Thomas Hobbes chapter 3 Oaths Among the Greeks and Romans and in the Early Christian Centuries chapter 4 Oaths in the Post-Roman Western World Down to the American Revolution chapter 5 From European Theory to American Revolutionary Practice chapter 6 Oaths and the French Revolutionary Experience chapter 7 From Locke, Madison, and Tocqueville to Bagehot and Wilson chapter 8 The President's Oath as a Source of Power? chapter 9 The President's Oath as a Formality? The Crowning of an Unhereditary Monarch chapter 10 Conclusion: Perfecting the Union vs. Protecting It: A Final Word on the Meaning and Importance of the President's Oath


Aiming at the bottleneck problems of network bandwidth and server I/O in the application of VOD systems based on campus network,this paper presents an access probability prediction algorithm of streaming media file,through to statistical regression analysis on the access times of streaming media file and combines both the Zipf distribution and the characteristics of VOD in campus network.According to the prediction result,the paper puts forward a data distribution strategy for VOD proxy servers.The experiment shows that this strategy can efficiently improve system performance and reduce network congestion.


It is important for the prescribing doctor to try to discover and to understand the prescribing process as seen by the patient. This will involve understanding not only patients' expectations and demands of their general practitioners, but also their approach to self-medication.


The invention relates to a method of dyeing polyester-containing textile material characterised in that the textile material is treated with a liquor containing (a) at least one disperse dye and (b) at least one compound of the formula (1), wherein G1 and G2, independently of one another, are C1-C4alkyl or together are pentamethylene, Z1 and Z2 are methyl, Or Z1 and Z2 together form a bridging member which is unsubstituted or substituted by an ester, ether, hydroxyl, oxo, cyanohydrin, amido, amino, carboxyl or urethane radical, and E is oxyl or hydroxyl.


ABSTRACT: Forty-five ocellated bronze skinks, Chalcides ocellatus (17 males, 26 females, and 2 juveniles), from eight localities in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey were examined for helminths. Forty-four hosts were infected with 1 or more species of helminth. One species of Digenea, Brachylaima sp. (metacercaria), 1 species of Cestoda, Oochoristica tuberculata, and 6 species of Nematoda, Parapharyngodon bulbosus, Pharyngodon inermicauda, Pharyngodon mamillatus, Skrjabinodon aegyptiacus, Spinicauda sonsinoi, and Moaciria icosiensis, were found. Chalcides ocellatus represents a new host record for Brachylaima sp. and Turkey is a new locality record for P. bulbosus, Ph. inermicauda, Ph. mamillatus, S. aegyptiacus, Sp. sonsinoi, and M. icosiensis.


Hypothesis . Gallstone disease increases slightly the risk for colorectal cancer. This association could lead to omission of the diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients with gallstones in the situation of mistaken interpretation of clinical data and premature closure of diagnosis. Materials and methods . A retrospective study including 693 patients operated by the same surgeon over a period of 15 years was performed. Patients who already had cholecystectomy (56) and those in whom the cholecystectomy was performed no more than 2 years before the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (9) were identified. For the latter 9 patients the chronological relationship between the onset of symptoms, the moment of cholecystectomy and the moment of diagnosis of colorectal cancer was assessed. Patients in whom colorectal cancer could have been diagnosed in the moment when the gallstone disease was treated were identified. The cognitive mechanisms of possible diagnostic errors were analyzed. Results . In 7 patients the colorectal tumor could have been diagnosed at the moment of cholecystectomy; 4 patients had also symptoms that were not related to the gallstones. The omission of the diagnosis of colorectal cancer was related to the superficial/incomplete patient examination (4 cases), premature closure of diagnosis (3 cases), confirmation errors (1) and heuristic failure (1). Conclusions . Missing the diagnosis of colorectal cancer in gallstone patients is infrequent, but when it appears it determines a delay in the treatment of neoplastic disease. The error is due to premature closure of diagnosis, misinterpretation of symptoms or incomplete patient examination. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Captive rearing is commonly used to support efforts to restore extirpated or diminished wild populations. Many rearing programs include antipredator training in an effort to reduce post‐release mortality due to predation, but the value such training adds to restoration efforts is not fully understood. Analyses of antipredator training impacts often focus on changes in prey following training and not the actual effects when prey are exposed to predators. Studies also commonly assess prey traits instead of fitness. However, changes in prey following training may not translate to desired increase in fitness upon release for a self‐sustaining population. To consider these relationships, we identified studies that analyzed changes in organisms following both training and lethal exposure to predators. Notably, we identified only 12 studies that analyzed outcomes in both training and lethal exposure settings and found the majority of measurements focused on traits. Although meta‐analysis indicated that antipredator training changed prey traits and increased prey survival, relationships between changes in traits and fitness could not be assessed given the rarity of studies that included both outcomes. While these results support the general use of antipredator training, they also suggest that trait changes cannot be reliably used as proxies for fitness impacts. Future work should seek to more clearly measure impacts on fitness and determine when changes in traits can truly be used as a surrogate for training efficacy. These issues reflect recent concerns regarding research on non‐consumptive effects and highlight potential avenues for future collaborative research on fear.


An HIV-positive failed refugee claimant from Mexico has successfully challenged a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA) decision by a Canadian immigration officer.


The invention relates to a half-wheel-disc turbine. The half-wheel-disc turbine comprises a wheel axle and a wheel disc, wherein the axial direction of the wheel axle is vertical to the disc face of the wheel disc, the appearance of the wheel axle is approximately horn-shaped, thus, the diameter of one end of the wheel axle is greater than that of the other end of the wheel axle, and the big end of the wheel axle is integrated with one face of the wheel disc; vanes are uniformly distributed around the wheel axle, wherein one end, close to the wheel disc, of each vane is provided with a convex edge which outwardly extends along the radial direction. With the adoption of the half-wheel-disc turbine, the axial unbalanced force of the turbine can be reduced, and the damage to a thrust washer which plays a role in axially locating is avoided; the half-wheel-disc turbine is applicable to an automobile engine supercharger.


Experimental data were collected which give direct evidence that 16N-labeled nitrate added to lake water can be converted to molecular nitrogen during anoxic periods. The rate of denitrification measured by the 16N method agrees with the rate calculated from the disanpearance of nitrate. The end product of denitrification in lakes appears to be Nz. There -.. was no evidence of NZO or NO production.


Referee's Comment: The manuscript "Migrating subtropical front and Agulhas Return Current affect the southwestern Indian Ocean during the late Quaternary" by Naik et al. uses stable isotope and trace element data in combination with abundance counts of planktonic foramiferal species Globigerinoides bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma dextral to interfere changes in the hydrography of the SW Indian Ocean during the past glacial-interglacial cycle. The author argues that shifts of the position of the "retroflection region" as well as the migration of the Subtropical Front (STF) are re-


Oxidation of alkanes such as cyclohexane, cyclooctane, adamantane and octane with 70% aqueous tert-butyl hydroperoxide in benzene in the presence of Mn2+-exchanged clay catalyst and molecular sieves 4 A produces mainly the corresponding ketones with high turnover numbers.


Studies on the chemical, chemical-physical, and biological reactions and the toxic effects of solid rocket emissions within selected ecosystems at Kennedy Space Center cover laboratory conditions of exhaust and field studies of natural plant populations in three diverse ecosystems. The latter failed to reveal any structural damage at the concentration levels tested (5 to 100 ppM HCl). The effect, if any, of exhaust on primary production of a salt marsh is still under investigation. The report gives background information on elemental composition of selected woody plants from two terrestrial ecosystems, noting that variability makes monitoring for changes of questionable value. The report also covers work on mice and the hatchability of bird eggs. The results support the concept that other components of the exhaust act synergically to enhance the toxic effects of HCl gas when inhaled, but conclusions at this point would be premature. 20 references, 23 figures, 23 tables.


What Matters – Accounting for Culture in a Post Factual World : 34th Nordic Ethnology and Folklore Conference, Uppsala: 12–15 June, 2018


Anomaly detections in hyperspectral images are of great importance in a variety of applications such as military reconnaissance, scene classification, and disaster evaluation, etc. Most interferences in anomaly detection are generated by inhomogeneous background in practical applications. Therefore, many researchers resort to Gaussian mixture model by classifying inhomogeneous background into numbers of homogenous regions. However, the model might not perform well as anomalies presented locally. Thus, we propose a new anomaly detection approach by introducing background prediction to suppress the interferences of background. Firstly, a conventional background prediction model named two-dimensional least mean square (TDLMS) filter is applied on each spectral image. Since anomalies have distinct spectral signatures from their surrounding background pixels, they will be suppressed in the background prediction process. Next, a residual image is obtained by subtracting the predicted background from the original hyperspectral image. And the background in original image will be extremely eliminated while the anomalies are well preserved in the residual image. Finally, the conventional RX algorithm is used to detect the anomalies in the residual image. We test the new algorithm via two real hyperspectral subimages. The experimental results show that background prediction can suppress the interferences of background effectively and improve the detection performance of the RX algorithm.


This research was carried out in the Experimental Field of Tekirda đ Agricultural Faculty. Two common vetch varieties and 5 lines were sown with 150 seeds/m 2 plant density according to a randomised block design. Some important yield related characters such as plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod width, pod length, 1000 seed weight, fodder and seed yield were examined. The results of variance analysis showed that the effects of genotype, year and their interaction on number of branches and number of pods per plant were all significant. In addition, the effect of year and variety on plant height and seed yield were found to be significant. Moreover, the number of seeds per pod, pod width and pod length were found to be significant in variety and year × variety interaction. There was only a difference between years for 1000 seed weight and fodder yield. According to the results, genotype 283 and Tokat had similar performance to that of commercial cultivars...


A method of manufacturing a gas discharge panel is provided to decrease power consumption of the gas discharge panel by adding compounds for lowering a driving voltage of a protective film. A transparent electrode film(41) with plural stripes is formed on a glass substrate(11). A bus electrode(42) is formed on the transparent electrode film. A dielectric layer(17) is formed to cover the transparent electrode film and the bus electrode. A protective film(18), which is made of MgO, is formed on the dielectric layer. The protective film passes through a 1-propanol vaporized atmosphere to add 1-propanol components into the protective film. An address electrode is formed on a glass substrate(21). A barrier rib(29) is formed on the glass substrate between adjacent address electrodes. A fluorescent layer(28) is formed between the barrier ribs.


This article is a case scenario with interviews from students in 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. The students are enrolled in a business or ―Entrepreneur's‖ program at Koning Willem I College. Part of their program is a sales initiative during which they are responsible for designing a campaign to sell umbrellas. The students receive lessons from Drs. Rob de Vrind, an expert on sustainability and resource management. De Vrind teaches sustainability to the students under the heading of ―citizenship.‖ Five students participated in the interview process. While their project is in the beginning stages, they are enthusiastic about learning more about the connection between good business practices and sustainability. Background information about the educational system in the Netherlands, as well as information about the College's business program is provided.


London's population in 2011 at 8.2 m only just exceeds the population in 1951 – but falling household size and much higher incomes means far more housing is required


DOI: 10.21276/sjavs.2018.5.2.1 Abstract: This research examined the lipid profile, microbial load and specific gravity of stored eggs obtained from hen that were fed different commercial layers feeds. A total of 108 ISA brown laying hens were used for the study. The hens were assigned to three treatments (FT1 – FT3) which consisted of four replicates each in a completely randomized design. These replicates had nine hens each. Each commercial layer's feed was fed to the hens in each treatment for 12 weeks. Twenty-one (21) eggs of similar weight were collected from each replicate within 72 hours at the end of the experiment. Three (3) of the freshly laid eggs from each replicate were analyzed on the day of collection while the remaining were stored for 42 days and analyzed weekly to study the cholesterol, triglyceride, outer and inner microbial load and the specific gravity. The cholesterol level and specific gravity decreased significantly (P > 0.05) in all the treatments as the storage period increased while the outer microbial load decreased (P > 0.05) up to day 28 and progressively increased thereafter. The inner microbial load gradually accumulated from day 14 in all the treatments and significantly increased (P < 0.05) as the duration of the of storage increased. It was also observed that the quality of the eggs obtained from FT1 and FT2 deteriorated after day 35 such that they could not be analyzed on day 42 while those from FT3 were still intact and were analyzed on day 42. It was concluded that all the three feeds were useful as layers feed since their consumption by the hens resulted in a good level of egg cholesterol up to day 28 of storage and uniform triglyceride level across the treatment groups. These may subsequently support high-density lipoprotein, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on consumption and give useful information on nutrient/food intake.


The development of a very fast and competitive era demands the readiness of high quality and tough human resources. The use of the STEAM approach with Loose Parts learning materials is one of the unique learning at this institution, where the institution incorporates elements of local wisdom in STEAM and Loose Parts. The purpose of this study was to determine the institution's strategy in providing learning media used in implementing the Hauriyah Halum Integrated STEAM PAUD approach. This type of research is a case study with a qualitative approach and data collection techniques are carried out by means of interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques and data interpretation were carried out including; data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. While for the validity of the data is done by triangulation of methods and sources. The results of the study show that in carrying out learning activities with STEAM and Loose Part, the school utilizes the media in the environment around the child by adhering to the concept of "Álam Takambang Jadi Guru'' and integrating it with modern audiovisual media


Gpa2 recognition specificity Among all the multicellular animals, nematodes are the most numerous. In soil, a high variety of free living nematodes feeding on bacteria can be found as well as species that parasitize insects, animals or plants. The potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera pallida is an important pest of cultivated potato. Upon infection of the roots, the nematode induces a feeding cell complex or so-called syncytium, on which the immobilized nematode fully depends for its development and reproduction. Due to the sophisticated feeding manner and ability to survive for a long time in the absence of a host plant, the best way to control these soil-born pathogens is the exploitation host resistance. Natural resistance to nematodes is based on single dominant resistance genes (R) or quantitative trait loci (QTL). Several nematode resistance genes have been identified and mapped. This includes the potato gene Gpa2 (Van der Vossen et al., 2000) that confers resistance against the population D383 of G. pallida. The Gpa2 gene is highly homologous to Rx1, which confers resistance against potato virus X (Bendahmane et al., 1999). Both genes encode a protein with a nucleotide-binding leucinerich repeat (NB-LRR) domains and a short coiled-coil domain at the N-terminus, which are in 88% identical at the amino acid level. The vast majority of the differences between Gpa2 and Rx1 is found in the predicted solvent exposed regions of the LRR domain. In chapter 2, we have shown that the LRR domain is essential for the recognition specificities of Gpa2 and Rx1, whereas the CC-NBS domains can be exchanged without affecting the specificity. In chapter 5, we have used a series of chimeric constructs in which segments of the Gpa2 LRR were replaced by the corresponding segments from Rx1. These constructs allowed us to narrow down the region required for nematode recognition to a stretch of residues between 808 and 912 amino acid residues in Gpa2, including 10 amino acids that differ between Gpa2 and Rx1. Furthermore, a computer-aided 3D model of the LRR domain is presented in which 7 of the Gpa2 specific amino acid residues map in a cluster onto the concave surface of the horseshoe-like structure of the LRR domain. Gpa2-mediated nematode resistance The research described in chapter 3 aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying Gpa2- mediated resistance to the potato cyst nematode G. pallida. The extreme resistance response conferred by the close homologue Rx1 results in the blocking of the potato virus X (PVX) at the infection sites and hence, the prevention of systemic spreading throughout the plant. Surprisingly, an entirely different defense mechanism was observed for resistant potato plants infected with juveniles of the avirulent Globodera pallida population D383. In susceptible plants, both the virulent population Rookmaker and the avirulent population D383 formed normal developing syncytia and nematodes were able to complete their life cycle as described in previous studies. Infection of resistant plants with the avirulent population showed no differences between susceptible and resistant potato plants in the early stages of G.pallida parasitism (root entering, migration, syncytium initiation). Syncytium induction took place in parenchyma cells, but rarely in other tissues. In samples collected 7 days later, however, the first necrotic cells in the surrounding of the syncytium were noticed including symptoms of degradation in the ultra structure of the syncytium itself in case of resistant plants infected with avirulent nematodes. Samples collected 10 days post infection had already a layer of necrotic cells, which separates the syncytium from the vascular bundle. At 14 days post infection, it was observed that the parenchyma cells not incorporated directly in the syncytia started to divide fast. Groups of hyperplastic cells surrounding the degrading syncytium resulted in pushing it away to the outer part of the root. This unique phenomenon, which was not observed before, can be part of the Gpa2-mediated defense response or a secondary reaction to the presence of necrotic, dead cells and a way to exclude them from the healthy conductive tissue of the root. Transcriptional regulation of the Gpa2 promoter To look in more details into the transcriptional regulation and expression of Gpa2, the native promoter was fused to the reporter gene GUS and this construct was introduced into susceptible potato. In chapter 3, the activity of the Gpa2 promoter was observed and shown to be restricted to the vascular system and the root tips in uninfected plants. Roots were challenged with G.pallida and the localization of the GUS expression was observed at the infection sites at different parasitic stages. During infection with virulent nematodes - but not the avirulent ones - this activity seems to be down regulated in vicinity of the syncytium. Such a local inhibition of Gpa2 promoter activity is in line with observations made on resistant roots when necrotic cells were only present around the feeding cell complex, distantly from the feeding nematode. The effector protein RBP-1 elicits a Gpa2 dependent HR Recently, a RBP-1protein with strong similarity to the SPRY domain of the Ran-binding protein RanBPM in juveniles of G. pallida was identified as a putative Gpa2 elicitor. Transient expression of RBP-1 in N. benthamiana leaves elicits a Gpa2-dependent cell death typical for the R-gene associated hypersensitive response (HR). Total RNA isolated from two populations of G.pallida, D383 (avr to Gpa2) and Rookmaker (vir to Gpa2) was converted into cDNA and screened for the presence of RBP-1s. This screening allowed the identification of in total 10 classes of closely related homologs of RBP-1. All identified classes were tested for their ability to elicit the Gpa2-dependent HR in an agroinfiltration assay. The capacity to induce an Gpa2-dependent HR was shown to correlate with a single amino acid substitution in RBP-1. No response was observed for two classes, which were obtained from the virulent population (RBP-1ROOK2, RBP-1ROOK4). For the other homologous RBP-1 classes – both deriving from the virulent and avirulent population - the response was ranging from a mild to a strong and fast HR. Both in-active RBP-1 variants have a serine substitution at position 166 (S166P) within the SPRY domain. When this residue was projected on a computer aided 3D model of RBP, we noticed that this amino acid is in a loop extending from the protein core. Replacing the proline into a serine is predicted to change the shape of the loop and hence, to affect the potential surface for protein-protein interactions. Non-eliciting RBP-1 variants suppress RBP-induced Gpa2 activation It was shown that the non-eliciting variants (RBP-1ROOK2 and RBP-1ROOK4) can suppress the activation of a Gpa2-mediated HR by the eliciting RBP-1 variants. This effect was specific for the Gpa2-mediated HR, and not observed with a Rx1-induced HR. As autoactive mutants of Gpa2 and Rx1-mediated cell death are not blocked by the inactive variants of RBP-1, the mechanism of suppression or inhibition likely operates on a functional Gpa2 protein, instead of downstream Gpa2-activated signaling pathways. Further research is required to resolve the mechanism underlying the possible competitive interactions of the active and the inactive RBP-1 variants on the Gpa2-mediated HR. Essentially, two possible models that could explain this phenomenon. First, the inactive variants could physically out compete the active RBP-1s. The binding target of active and inactive variants of RBP-1 variants could be directly in the Gpa2 protein or in the virulence target monitored by Gpa2. Alternatively, the inactive variants of RBP-1 may intercept active RBP-1 variants by forming an inactive heterodimer complex rendering it essentially undetectable for the Gpa2 protein.


In order to meet demands for non-invasion,portability and Large amount of data transmission of surface electromyographic(sEMG)signal acquisition devices,a 32-channel sEMG and acceleration signal acquisition system based on Bluetooth wireless transmission protocol is presented in this paper.This system consists of both transmitting and receiving terminals.The transmitting terminal composed of 4 groups of 8-channel signal acquisition and transmission modules.Each transmission module enables simultaneous acquisition,processing and transmission of 5-channel sEMG and 3-axis acceleration signals.The receiving terminal uses FPGA to integrate 4 Bluetooth receivers,receiving data from 4 transmission modules respectively.The receiving terminal subsequently packs all received data and transmit them to the computer for storing,processing,and displaying.This system can work 6 hours by a single charge.The wireless communication distance of the system can reach up to 12 meters with a signal to noise ratio no less than 70 dB.Based on these performance parameters,the proposed sEMG and acceleration signal acquisition system is suitable for a variety of applications in gesture recognition and health care.


This report on the Hawaiian photovoltaic (PV) residential systems covers the period from July 1982 to October 1983 of an ongoing project. The three PV units located on two different islands (Oahu and Molokai) were kept operational, maintained, and data evaluated and analyzed. Modifications on two units were made by installing more efficient inverters, which improved energy quality. The wiring of the Pearl City unit was redone to include the other units in the apartment complex. This provided less energy to the original tenant but made better use of the exported energy. The systems for the most part were trouble-free and on-line for about 96% of the time.


The one-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) has a wide range of applications in nonlinear optical and laser physics. The design of new optical systems requires analysis of the propagation characteristics of pulses in the fiber media. In this paper, the Sobolev gradient technique has been used for numerical solution of the NLSE. We show that gradients in a suitably chosen Sobolev space (Sobolev gradients) can be used in finite difference settings in a computationally efficient way to approximate the profile of a pulse given by the NLSE.


Background: Breeding success in mares is dependent on both local and systemic factors. Uterine conditions such as endometritis have a negative impact on fertility. Similarly, poor body scores and systemic inflammatory conditions are associated with reduced pregnancy rates. This study aimed to investigate differences in uterine and systemic status between fertile and barren mares. Methods: Uterine ultrasonographic findings, endometrial cytology, body condition score, rectal temperature and complete blood count were evaluated in sexually mature fertile (n=15) and barren (n=15) thoroughbred mares. Differences in the mean values of various parameters between the two groups were evaluated for statistical significance through independent t-tests using commercial statistical software.
Result: Compared to fertile mares, barren mares had a significantly higher number of neutrophils and a significantly higher neutrophils: epithelial cell ratio as per endometrial cytology. The ultrasonography revealed presence of uterine fluid in 12 out of the 15 barren mares. Uterine fluid was not observed in any of the fertile mares. No differences in body condition score, rectal temperature and complete blood count were observed between the two groups. These results suggest that infertility in mares results predominantly from alterations in the uterine health.


The world energy demand has witnessed uncertainties in two dimensions. The scarcity and depletion of conventional petroleum sources are causes of great concern worldwide. Combustion of fossil fuels has led to unprecedented rise in the global CO2 level, leading to global warming. Therefore, efforts are underway in several countries to search for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. Vegetable oils of nonedible nature are such alternative fuels, which can form part of potential solution. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere along with import substitution of petroleum products In the present research, experiment were designed to study the effect of reducing Neem oil's high viscosity by increasing the fuel temperature and thereby its effect on combustion and emission characteristics of the engine. Experiments were also conducted using various blends of Neem oil with mineral diesel to study the effect of reduced blend viscosity on emissions and performance of diesel engine. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was used for these experiments. The experimental data was analyzed for various performance and emission parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), smoke opacity and emissions of CO2, CO, and HC. While operating the engine on Neem oil (preheated and blends), performance and emissions parameters were found to be very close to mineral diesel for lower blend concentrations. However, for higher blend concentrations, performance and emissions were observed to be slightly inferior to that of mineral diesel.


In order to explain the very difficult alpha transitions with changes in evenness, a supposition on the intersection of power surfaces in nuclei with a diffusive limit is examined for low levels of some heavy nuclei. Out of the empirical facts a coefficient of asymmetrical coordinates is obtained that agrees with other methods. (auth)


We examined hospitality industry managers' perspectives on sustainability in education based on in-depth interviews with 11 managers in Northern California. We found general agreement that sustainability should be incorporated into the hospitality curriculum because it has become a new standard in the hospitality industry. The interviewees also agreed that students should learn about sustainability in a comprehensive way rather than focusing only on 1 dimension (i.e., protecting the environment) so that they can operationalize the concept in any given situation. Meanwhile, each manager's definition of sustainability varied, despite some commonalities. Our findings imply that the hospitality curriculum should be updated and more progressive to help students harness conceptual and practical competencies about sustainability.


Abstract In this work we address the problem of nonlinear output regulation of an underactuated system by means of discontinuous control actions, in particular, the sliding mode output regulator problem in the case of error feedback is considered for the Pendubot system. The theory is revisited for nonlinear systems presented in the so-called Regular form. Simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the discontinuous method.


A compact high-frequency surface wave radar, used for target detection, suffers from a low signal-to-noise ratio, low detection probability, a high false alarm rate, and low positioning accuracy; this is due to its low transmit power and the reduced aperture size of the receiving antenna array. When target tracking algorithms are applied to compact high-frequency surface wave radar data, track fragmentation often occurs and a long track may be broken into several track segments (a.k.a. tracklets), which degrade the tracking continuity for a maritime surveillance system. We present a multi-stage vessel tracklet association method, based on bidirectional prediction and optimal assignment, to associate the broken tracklets belonging to the same target, and connect them to form one continuous track in a multi-target tracking scenario. Firstly, two global motion parameters, i.e., the average heading and average speed, were, respectively, extracted from the newly initiated and terminated tracklets as features for a rough tracklet association, then k-means clustering was used to produce the preliminary tracklet pairs. Subsequently, the temporal and spatial constraints on the initiated and terminated tracklets were considered to refine the preliminary tracklet pairs, to obtain the candidate tracklet pairs. Finally, the tracklet association costs were calculated using Doppler velocity, range, and azimuth to determine the similarity between tracklets in the candidate tracklet pairs, and an association cost matrix was obtained. Then an optimal assignment method based on Jonker–Volgenant–Castanon algorithm was applied to the association matrix to achieve optimal tracklet matching by minimizing the total association costs. Tracklet association experiments with both simulated and field data were conducted; experimental results show that, compared with existing track segment association methods, the association accuracy of the proposed method is significantly improved with better tracking continuity.


Finite element (FE) simulation is adopted as a fundamental tool to evaluate the mechanical reliability of packaging structures for electronic devices. Nevertheless, the determination of mechanical properties of sintered silver nanoparticles (AgNP) remains challenging as the traditional tensile test is difficult to be performed at a limited size. In the current study, spherical nanoindentation is utilized to measure the applied load-penetration depth responses of sintered AgNP reinforced by SiC microparticles at various weight ratios (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.%). To describe the elasto-plastic behavior of this heterogeneous material, FE analysis is performed to simulate the indentation behavior and determine the parameters in the modified power-law model by fitting the average applied load-penetration depth responses. To overcome the uniqueness problem, the Young's modulus is directly determined by continuous stiffness measurement technique and the proposed constitutive model can provide a reasonably accurate mechanical estimation of sintered AgNP. The effect of SiC content on sintered AgNP is discussed by correlating the morphology observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the constitutive parameters obtained from the FE simulations.


Old people in general, and those affected by dementia disorders in particular, are more sensitive to drug side effects than younger people. Despite this, the use of nervous system drugs and analges ...


Adopting sustainable and innovative building materials is becoming an ever-increasing necessity to reduce the impact of construction development on material resources consumption and climate change. Prefabricated construction has received an immense research attention recently, with precast concrete as the main prefabricated technique explored. However, there is a limited attention for innovative and composite materials and systems. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the recent development of innovative Industrialized Building Systems (IBS) in Malaysia. Literature review based on recent journal articles, government technical reports, companies' reports, and news articles were used in this study. The result of this investigation revealed that there has been a sharp increase in innovative system manufacturers from around 10 companies in 2010 up to 70 companies in 2020. This is primarily due to the advantages reported on innovative systems compared to bulky precast systems including design flexibility, efficient thermal performance, and green materials. This study provides better guidance for practitioners to better understand the innovative systems potential, leading to higher acceptance and greater use of the systems.


[Objective] To screen suitable plant-immunomdulator for planting Oncidium xhybridum.[Method] Three kinds of chitosan oligosaccharide plant-immunomdulator were used to deal with flowering seedlings of different periods of O.xhybridum.Setting pesticide and bland as two control groups,the survival rate,growth traits and disease resistance were observed.[Result] The results showed that after dealing with plant-immunomdulator,the survival rate and disease resistance of O.xhybridum were improved,the plants grow better than contrast of chemical pesticide.[Conclusion] The best plant-immunomdulator of three is product 1-JKS.


To ensure a level of occupant volume protection, passenger railway equipment operating on mainline railroads in the United States must be designed to resist an 800,000-lb compressive load applied statically along the line of draft. An alternative manner of evaluating the strength of the occupied volume is sought, which will ensure the same level of protection for occupants of the equipment as the current test, but will allow for a greater variety of equipment to be evaluated. A finite element (FE) model of the structural components of a railcar has been applied to examine the existing compressive strength test and evaluate selected alternate testing scenarios. Using simplified geometric and material properties, a generic single-level railcar model was constructed that captured the gross behaviors of the railcar without excessive processing time. When loaded, the carbody structure exhibits some single beam-like behaviors. Application of the existing 800 kip compressive load results in a significant bending moment as well as significant compressive forces. The alternative load cases examined show that a larger total compressive force may be distributed across the end structure of the railcar and result in similar stress levels throughout the structural frame as observed from application of the conventional proof load.


The invention discloses a state detecting device and a system and device for feeding back states of an intelligent home system. The system for feeding back the states of the intelligent home system comprises an intelligent home gateway, and further comprises the state detecting device, wherein the intelligent home gateway is used for storing states of lamplight, curtains and some household appliances and for storing various control strategies corresponding to the states. The state detecting device is used for detecting the states of the lamplight, the curtains and some household appliances in the intelligent home system, when the normal states are judged, the state detecting device sends information including a normal state signal to the gateway, and when the abnormal states are judged, the state detecting device sends information including an abnormal state signal to the gateway. At the time, when receiving the information including the normal state signal, the gateway stores the information including the normal state signal in a database to be inquired by a user, and when receiving the information including the abnormal state signal, the gateway stores the information in the database to be inquired by the user and pushes the information to a user terminal in an emergency information sending mode or in a short message sending mode. The state detecting device and the system and device for detecting the states are reliable to achieve, and the states are truly visible.


We demonstrated solid-state broadband coherent Terahertz characterization based on the Terahertz Field Induced Second Harmonic effect in Silica. The THz detector consists of an asymmetric micro-slit array which can be operated at 200V applied bias.


We model the browsing behavior of on-line users of an eCommerce Website as a first-order Markov process. Consider a state space, S = {s1, s2, s3, ...} and a reward function r : S → R. At time t, a user in state St ∈ S receives a reward r(St). The transition probability function is P(si, sj) = Pr(St+1 = sj |St = si). Let the sequence of events observed in a user's browsing journey till time t be E1, E2, ..., Et whereEi ∈ E = {e1, e2, ..., e|E|}. Events can be actions or sets of actions. Let a vector ~ Ht−1 of d dimensions encode all the historical information from the sequence E1, E2, ..., Et−1. Then, the state at t is represented as a tuple, St = ( ~ Ht−1, Et). Consider the encoding function, g : S → R such that, ~ H0 = ~0 and ~ Ht = g( ~ Ht−1, Et). Also, let us define the operator ⊕ such that,


Received 30 January 1994 Returned to authors 4 April 1994 Revised version received 18 April 1995 Accepted for publication 24 April 1995 Abstract Background The organisation, management, outcome and cost of follow up of a large group of mainly immunocompromised patients and healthcare workers who were exposed to a staffmember of a London renal unit with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis are described. Methods Following British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines, 576 close contacts were identified and divided into three groups: (1) 303 renal patients including 61 with renal transplants; (2) 90 surgical patients; and (3) 183 staff members. Screened contacts were interviewed, completed a symptoms questionnaire, and were offered a chest radiograph and Heaf or Mantoux test if appropriate with referral to a chest physician if required. Results Overall, 524 (85%) living contacts have been screened: 243 (97%) renal (first screening), 63 (70%) surgical, and 135 (74%) staff contacts. Thirty one transplant patients were prescribed isoniazid chemoprophylaxis. Fifty two renal patients had died before screening and 11 deaths occurred after first interview. One case of tuberculosis epidemiologically related to the index case was diagnosed on clinical criteria. A review of the case records and/ or death certificates and entries on to tuberculosis registers indicated no further cases. The cost of the investigation was estimated to be approximately £25 000, or £44 per contact screened, with staff costs comprising 79% of the total. Conclusions Undiagnosed tuberculosis in healthcare workers working with immunosuppressed patients can lead to large and expensive follow up studies. The applicability ofthe 1990 and 1994 BTS guidelines to the investigation of tuberculosis


In order to ensure a long-term use of GPS receiver and stable data, the GPS receiver is important to regularly test. GPS receiver test/calibration baseline network in Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering is the first completed and passed the acceptance by Surveying and Mapping Management Office. This paper introduces the principle of building a network location, combines with the characteristics of the school site. It focuses on the establishment and stability monitoring of the GPS receiver test/calibration baseline network. It has some practical reference value.


Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1(PARP-1),its function and effect in DNA damage repair were introduced.The mechanism of action,the development status and the application of PARP-1 inhibitors in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer were reviewed.The reasons for the failure of PARP-1 inhibitors as targeted therapeutics in clinical trials for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer were discussed.And the application prospect of PARP 1 inhibitors and the need for further investigation into the epithelial ovarian cancer resistance mechanisms and selectivity to PARP-1 inhibitor treatment were suggested for discussion.


Shu Wu predecessor of the great writer, eighty years old, through the glittering and suffering life, now ia sleeping in his homeland.In the acquaintance, intersection, knowing each other for years, Shu Wu gave me a lot of senior academic and life teachings.Now, I catch records for the older generation and the origin, in memory of the predecessor.


Mixed-valence compound of diferrocenylacetylene and averaged-valence compound of [2.2]ferrocenophane-1,13-dxyne were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding neutral compounds with iodine in benzene. The Mossbauer results have clearly shown that strong interactions through the conjugated π-systems between two iron atoms are present in the latter compound.


The purpose of this study is to investigate a pharmacokinetic model of levodopa concentration in patients with Parkinson's disease by introducing stochasticity so that inter-individual variability ...


I am delighted that my letter about reforms to the UK school physics syllabus (August p21) has provoked so much correspondence, even though I disagree with many of the points (September pp17–20). To respond to just a few, my intention was not to argue that pupils should learn no content, as John Brookes seems to think, but to point out that there are three aspects to learning science. Pupils have to learn the content of science, the processes of science, and its relationship with – and impact on – society.


Following the start of uranium mining after World War II, progress toward addressing the hazards it created for workers and nearby communities was slow, taking many decades. This essay asks why it took so long and suggests several factors that might have contributed.


The Internet and electronic commerce have entailed a revolution for society and businesses. However, it has been observed that all products have not the same probability of success due to its particular features. Thus, knowing how firms have to marketing their products through the Internet has become a key question. As a result, the main objectives of this paper are both, elaborating a consistent classification of product categories and proposing successful strategies for it. This research shows the relevance of two variables in order to reach our purposes: the difficult to evaluate a product and consumer perceived risk.


Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is a novel functional material with layered structure. With all the excellent properties including diverse composition structures, synergistic effect between the components and highly controllable performance, the study of preparation and applications of the LDH-based core-shell structure nanocomposite has been widely considered for their attractive properties in recent years. At first, the common preparation methods of the LDH-based core-shell structure nanocomposite were summarized, mainly including co-precipitation, self-assembly and in situ growth methods. The advantages as well as disadvantages of these methods were also compared and analyzed. Secondly, the application status of the LDH-based core-shell nanocomposite was focused on their applications in adsorption, catalysis, supercapacitor and biomedicine. The problems and trends of this nanocomposite were concluded and discussed finally.


Advertisement plays a role of sentiment delivery in both marketing and promotion of self image, which , we call recreation of ideas in creative advert isement, is the distillation of creative advertisement. This paper discusses the necessary delivery of sentiment in advertisement designing by analyzing the per sonal sentiment of the designer as well as the audience and goal of advertisemen t.


Solving the dendrite growth problem is critical for the development of lithium metal anode for high‐capacity batteries. In this work, a machine learning force field model in combination with a self‐consistent continuum solvation model is used to simulate the morphology evolution of dendrites in a working electrolyte environment. The dynamic evolution of the dendrite morphology can be described in two stages. In the first stage, the energy reduction of the surface atoms induces localized reorientation of the originally single‐crystal dendrite and the formation of multiple domains. In the second stage, the energy reduction of internal atoms drives the migration of grain boundaries and the slipping of crystal domains. The results indicate that the formation of multiple domains might help to stabilize the dendrite, as a higher temperature trajectory in a single crystal dendrite without domains shows a higher dendrite collapsing rate. Several possible modes of morphological evolutions are also investigated, including surface diffusion of adatoms and configuration twists from [100] exposed surfaces to [110] exposed surfaces. In summary, reducing the surface and grain boundary energy drives the morphology evolution. Based on the analysis of these driving forces, some guidelines are suggested for designing a more stable lithium metal anode.


The cache coherence solution proposed in this paper, now referred to as "Illinois Protocol", had its origin in my work on performance modeling and analysis of multiprocessors. Having completed the work on performance of multiprocessor interconnection networks in 1978 and first published in ISCA-1979 [1], I embarked upon extending the analysis to multiprocessors with cache memories. The analytical method used in [l] was readily extendible to more complex situations involving transactions between processors, caches, interconnection networks and memories. The interconnection network used was either crossbar or multi-stage Delta Network [l]. This analytical work I completed in Fall of 1980, and was later published in the Transactions on Compufers [2]. The focus of these two papers was interference in the interconnection network with or without cache and therefore cache coherence did not get much attention, neither did bus based systems. However, things changed in 1981 when I came across a research project that Ed Davidson and his students were conducting at Illinois. Davidson had built a multiprocessor, called AMP-1 using the microprocessor Motorola 6800 and a synchronous bus. This system was designed around 1977-78 time frame by Bob Horst and Roy Kravitz and is described in an ISCA-1980 paper [3]. Several others were involved in performance modeling and measurement of the AMP-l, notably Joel Emer and David Yen. This is when I thought I could use my multiprocessor analytical method of [2] for single bus multiprocessor systems. While the AMP-1 did not have private cache, it still raised my interest in analyzing a bus based system with private caches. In 1982, I was familiar with then prevalent microprocessor buses, namely Intel Multibus and Motorola VME Bus. I thought I should model a hypothetical multiprocessor system with caches and a bus like VME or Multibus. I was teaching a hardware lab that designed an interface for Multibus and as a result I was very cognizant of the lowest level details of its bus protocol. To model such a bus I needed to know various events that caused bus activities. A survey of literature found no bus based system with private caches. Most cache papers were directory based protocols and in addition the interconnection either was a crossbar or not mentioned. So I decided to just assume some arbitrary cache protocol. After all my goal was to provide a model and analytical method for such a system, not invent new cache protocols. As it happens with many innovations, they are often unplanned! So in Fall 1982, to make my analysis more realistic, I decided to define a cache protocol that had some practicality and low cost in relation to bus interfaces for Multibus. It was not very difficult to come up with a reasonable cache protocol. In that Fall of 1982, Marc Papamarcos started his M.S. Thesis under my supervision. He was very familiar with VME bus and Motorola microprocessors. So I asked him to work on a hardware implementation of this cache protocol for the Motorola VME bus. It so happens that the protocol is not directly implementable on either Multibus or VME bus without extending the capabilities of the bus in some way. However, we made sure that any modification to the bus were simple, practical and of low cost. Mark carried out a very detailed hardware design for the cache controller [4]. Mark also worked out details for implementing an indivisible read-modify-write for the Motorola 68K.


Objective To explore the quality administration of the safety of vein detained needles for inpatients in the department of neurology.Methods One hundred patients admitted to our department from August to October 2011 were divided into control group and experimental group with 50 in each,according to the time of admission.Patients in the control group accepted regular care of the vein detained needles,while patients in the experimental group received not only regular care but continuous quality administrations,such as making the rounds of the wards by nurses,organizing operation demonstrations,educating the patients,periodical quality inspections,making the safety of vein detained needles a necessity in shifting,and emphasizing excellent nursing guidance.On the third day of using the needles,we used the same self-made questionnaires to investigate safety problems of the needle and patients' assessment of the nursing,and the results were compared between the two groups.Results The adverse incidences during the three days were 6.0% in the experimental group and 34.0% in the control group,with a significant difference between the two groups(χ2=12.250,P=0.000).The awareness rate about all four aspects of vein detained needles was significantly better in the experimental group than the control group(P=0.000).Furthermore,the satisfaction rate in the experimental group was also significantly higher than that in the control group(P=0.000).Conclusion Continuous quality administration of vein detained needles for inpatients in the department of neurology increases the safety of the needles,promotes patients' knowledge on related health,raises patients' satisfaction rate,which is worthy of being popularized.


In order to provide the reference of rationalization utilized Humulus Scandens.(Lour.) Merr., this paper was engaged in the study on the trend of nutrient components and flavonoids content of Humulus scandens. (lour.) merr in different months. This paper studied the dynamic pattern of nutrient components (amino acids) and utilized the orthogonal design to measure the flavonoids content of Humulus Scandens. (Lour.) Merr at different stages from July to October. The results showed that compared with different stages, significant difference existed in CP content in July and September (P0.01) and no significant difference in August and October; and significant difference existed in ASH and Ca content in October(P0.01); significant difference existed in EE and CF content in August(P0.05).With the growth stages progressing, CP content increased, the maximum in September and next in October;ASH and Ca varied with the trend of high-low-low-high, EE content maximized in September and next in July;CF content maximized in August and next in September;TAA and TAA/CP increased with the growth stages progressing, TEAA/NEAA varied with the trend of high-low-high-low; the total flavonoids content increased from July to September,and the lowest in October.Given the trend of nutrient components and total flavonoids content,it's advisable that the nutrient components of Humulus scandens.(lour.) merr was higher in September and October, and the total flavonoids content was higher in August and September,and the humulus scandens. was utilized in September.


The capture of low concentration CO 2 presents numerous challenges. Here, we report that zinc containing chabazite (CHA) zeolites can realize high capacity, fast adsorption kinetics, and low desorption energy when capturing ca. 400 ppm CO 2 . Control of the state and location of the zinc ions in the CHA cage is critical to the performance. Zn 2+ loaded onto paired anionic sites in the six-membered rings (6MRs) in the CHA cage are the primary sites to adsorb ca. 0.51 mmol CO 2 /g-zeolite with Si/Al= ca. 7, a 17-fold increase compared to the parent H-form. The capacity is increased further to ca. 0.67 mmol CO 2 /g-zeolite with Si/Al= ca. 2 due to more paired sites for zinc exchange. Zeolites with double six-membered rings (D6MRs) that orient 6MRs into the cages give enhanced uptakes for CO 2 adsorption with zinc exchange. The results reveal that zinc exchanged CHA and several other small pore, cage containing zeolites are worthy of further investigation for the capture of low concentration CO 2 .


The results of a dichotic listening study reported on at the 84th ASA meeting by Van Lancker and Fromkin [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 343(A) (1973)] showed a right ear advantage for Thai words differing only in tone and only in initial consonant, but not for hummed pitches, when native Thai speakers served as subjects. Subsequent analysis of individual POE scores yielded significant correlations between performances on consonant‐words and tone‐words, and between tone‐words and hums, suggesting that two modes of processing may have been used by Thai subjects. Preliminary testing of American English speakers resulted in no ear advantage in any of the three conditions. A study by Bever (1974) on nonlinguistic (musical) stimuli supports the hypothesis that hemispheric specialization is correlated with different processing modes, not with stimulus type, This paper reports on a study aimed at further investigation of this hypothesis. Two groups of American English speakers, musically naive and musically trained, we...


The static output feedback control problem is studied for a class of discrete-time switched linear systems with polytopic uncertainties subject to actuator saturations.Based on a parameter-dependent discontinuous switched Lyapunov function and some basic lemmas,a switched robust H-infinity static output-feedback controller is designed to guarantee the locally exponential stability of the resulting closed-loop system under average dwell-time switching scheme by using a convex optimization problem subject to linear matrix inequalities(LMI) constraints.Finally,a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach.


The present study aims at investigating the impact of using a customized-mobile application on the achievement of the University of Jordan English majors in English Syntax and exploring their attitudes towards the application. Participants of the study were (74) UJ English majors, who were distributed in two sections: the control group (37 students) and the experimental group (37 students). Two research instruments were used to collect data: an achievement test and an attitude questionnaire. Research findings revealed that the experimental group, who used the customized mobile application (the Syntatopia app), showed significantly higher gains in their mean scores in the Syntax achievement test compared to those of the control group. Results also revealed that there were positive attitudes in all the questionnaire domains among the experimental group. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends educators, curricula planners and application designers to develop more course-based mobile applications for teaching and learning English syntax courses.


"Digitalization" represents one approach to shift society's dependence on paper‐based communication. However, thus far, this tactic has not had a significant impact on global paper consumption, which has risen over the past few decades. The escalating demand of paper making and consumption has resulted in an intensified negative effect on the environment. Because of this, the development of rewritable paper or erasable ink appears to be an ideal approach to alleviate the increasing demand for paper. In the investigation described herein, novel light‐stimulated (UV–vis), reversible color switching, photochromic diarylethene (DE) derivatives are designed, which serve as cyan, magenta, and yellow colored ink materials for full color ink‐jet printing. The structures of the DE derivatives are unique in that they contain hydrophilic ethylene glycol chains that enable them to be compatible with aqueous based, ink‐jet printing systems. The results of these studies demonstrate that the new DE derivatives can be used in a printing system based on the "write–erase–write" concept that utilizes the same paper multiple times. The approach appears to be ideal for reducing the negative environmental consequences of paper production and consumption.


A research report presented to the school of Human and Community Development
Faculty of Humanities
University of Witwatersrand
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Arts in Social Work
November 2016.


With references from history and annals,this paper makes a historical research of the 24 imperial scholars contributed by Xuzhou(including Feng and Pei county) and Pizhou(including Suining county) in Ming Dynasty.These researches cover their name,native hometown,ranking in the imperial examination,official career,and works.This study is meaningful in that it supplies some valuable information to the study of the local imperial examination culture in Xuzhou area.


Derek Hubert Patrick Cope was educated at Epsom College, where he excelled in sciences in the classroom and on the rugby playing fields of the college. On leaving Epsom in 1940, he was awarded the Freer Lucas entrance scholarship to the Middlesex Hospital. After qualifying he completed his first appointment as house surgeon at Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham. From September 1945 to April 1948 he worked as general duty orderly in the Royal Army Medical Corps. This was when he discovered his interest in, and aptitude for anaesthetics.

He was released from active military duty in May 1948 and started training in earnest, obtaining …


A REVIEW OF COUNTY MAPS BY THE OREGON STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT REVEALED THAT THE COUNTIES MOST URGENTLY NEEDING REVISION WERE THOSE INCLUDING OR ADJACENT TO THE METROPOLITAN CENTERS OF THE STATE. ALTHOUGH NO DIRECT USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY HAD BEEN MADE AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE MAPS, IT WAS APPARENT THAT THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF PRODUCING LARGE-SCALE MAPS OF CONGESTED AREAS WOULD HAVE TO EMPLOY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC MOSAICS. THESE MOSAICS, BY PHOTOGRAPHICALLY PORTRAYING MAPPING DETAILS, WOULD ELIMINATE TIME-CONSUMING DRAFTING OF THE MULTITUDINOUS CULTURAL ITEMS ALTHOUGH A PHOTOMAP IS DEFINITELY SUPERIOR IN THE VOLUME OF PHOTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ON LAND USE AND OCCUPANCY, IT REQUIRES A GREAT AMOUNT OF ANNOTATION. USERS OF THE MAPS WERE SURVEYED TO DETERMINE WHAT ANNOTATION WOULD BE MOST HELPFUL.


In this paper another kind of the vehicle routing problem - the open vehicle routing problem is studied. A tabu search algorithm for the capacitated open vehicle routing problem is proposed. The computational results are provided and compared with the best ones so far in the literature. It shows that in most of cases this algorithm can find better solutions.


The experimental study of static pressure distribution on the surfaces of rectangular compressor cascades with different swept blades shows the forward swept cascade weakens the cross pressure gradient in the flow passage,establishes opposite "C" type pressure distribution along the blade height,which helps reduce the accumulation of low energy fluid in the suction corner region,but increases the loss near the midspan.The forward swept-positive curved cascade,compared to the forward swept cascade,further strengthens the capacity of reducing the loss near the endwall and delaying corner stall.


Surface analysis by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), also called ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis), indicates that only certain cations are appreciably sorbed by enamel from an acid etching solution containing phosphoric acid and equimolar concentrations of candidate mordant salts.


DOI:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000063 The first genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of plasma lipids emerged about 7 years ago [1]. These initial efforts were carried out in relatively small samples of a few thousand individuals and were performed using early micorarrays that could genotype 100 000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Although they yielded few significant findings, the first-generation GWASs signaled that much larger sample sizes were required in order to detect the very modest effects of genetic variants on plasma lipids, especially in epidemiological cohorts that were predominantly normolipidemic. The major conceptual and pragmatic advances that rapidly followed included: combining the results of many studies and samples, and meta-analysis of the associations across tens (or hundreds) of thousands of individuals; deployment of microarrays with more content, for example 1–2 million SNPs; and parallel development of bioinformatics and statistical methods, together with increased computational power and capacity to manage very large datasets. The orchestration and execution of these extremely large GWAS projects over the subsequent years was a true tour de force. The amazingly consistent and replicable results not only confirmed the importance of well known loci and genes, but also identified significant new loci with comparable effects on plasma lipids. This culminated with the report in 2010 by the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium (GLGC) meta-analysis of 95 GWAS loci associated with plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride or various combinations of these traits [2]. Indeed, GWAS results in the lipid field were among the earliest and most impactful success stories supporting the overall approach. But, although unquestionably significant, the observed effect sizes – that is the differences in mean lipid concentrations between individuals stratified by SNP genotypes – were quite modest. Cumulatively, these 95 loci explained 10% of the total variation in LDL-C, HDL-C and triglyceride levels in the general population [2]. This explains why such large sample sizes were required. These same


The TALLYHO/Jng (TH) mouse is an inbred polygenic model for Type 2 diabetes characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Genetic outcross experiments with lean non-diabetic strain of C57BL/6 (B6) mice revealed major susceptibility loci for obesity on chromosome 6 (Tabw2) and for diabetes on chromosome 4 (Tanidd4). For both loci, the TH alleles are associated with disease susceptibilities. Currently, the Tabw2 locus has been fine mapped to 8-Mb interval and the Tanidd4 locus to 15.8-Mb interval.

In order to identify potential susceptibility variants for Tabw2 and Tanidd4 loci, we performed whole genome sequencing of the TH mouse genome in two 2 x 100 paired end read strategies using an Illumina HiSeq1000 next generation sequencer. Libraries were prepared and sequenced using standard Illumina protocols.

We generated ∼60 Gb of TH sequence with an average coverage of ∼25X. Seventy five percent of the readout aligned to the mouse reference B6 genome (Build 37). In our initial test, we compared the TH genome to the B6 genome using Illumina CASAVA software and identified 4,749,554 SNPs. Among the SNPS, 38,147 mapped to the Tabw2 interval and 83,122 to the Tanidd4 interval. In order to refine these sets, we compared the TH, which contains Swiss lineage, variant set to those variants in three Swiss-derived non-obese, non-diabetic strains (A/J, AKR/J and Balb/cJ). We identified 17,360 SNPs and 28,297 SNPS within the Tabw2 and Tanidd4 intervals, respectively, that were not found in any of the three non-diabetic strains.

In conclusion, we applied a whole-genome sequencing strategy in combination with mapping information to identify a set of candidate genes for the obese and diabetic phenotypes in TH mice. Further defined and systemic filtration of the variants (e.g. based on variant effect of function) will facilitate identification of the causal genes and variants.


Most of existing approaches for test cases generation to transformation mechanisms use a main criterion which is the coverage of source and target metamodel elements. However, this criterion is not sufficient in a real-world scenario. In fact, test-cases generated to cover meta-model elements cannot detect some transformation errors due to model-scalability reasons. These generated test cases are simple and different, in general, from source models that are used in an industrial setting. To make the situation worse, source models cannot be provided by industrial companies due to security/confidentiality reasons. Instead of real data (source models), corporations can provide structural information about their source models (e.g. number of classes, number of relationships, etc.). We propose a search-based approach for generating test cases based on the coverage of structural information in addition to meta-models coverage. The validation results on a transformation mechanism used by an industrial partner confirm the effectiveness of our approach. KeywordsSearch-based Software Engineering; testing; model transformation


These last forty years, as each decade grinds to a close, there arrives the anniversary of 1968, with its invitation to nostalgia, the reconsideration of dashed hopes, or a pondering of the paradoxes of frustrated rebellion.Already in 1978 Régis Debray argued that the revolutionaries of '68 were as deluded and disoriented as Columbus arriving in the New World. They thought they were headed for the China of the "cultural revolution" when really they had landed on the beaches of "New Age" California. In the 1990s Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello put a different twist on this idea. The former soixante huitards, they argue in The New Culture of Capitalism, helped to break the dead hand of corporate bureaucracy and unleash a more entrepreneurial capitalism.


A derivation based on combinatorial analysis is presented for the equations of the kinetics of reactions of sites on a long chain molecule, wherein the first‐order kinetics depend on the states of the nearest neighbors. The derivation results in a set of differential equations practically identical to those recently developed by J. B. Keller; however, a more fundamental hypothesis has replaced Keller's hypothesis concerning the distribution of reacted sites. The analysis admits a greater choice of initial conditions, and also yields directly the distribution of sequences of k unreacted sites.


The measurement and classification of light is essential across many scientific disciplines. Devices used to measure light range from the highly precise scanning spectroradiometers to the more practical compact multichannel filter-array type imaging sensors and the ubiquitous RGB pixel. While there have been numerous successful efforts to reconstruct spectrum from RGB, RGB-to-spectrum reconstruction has historically been limited to natural scenes and other edge cases under strict constraints. However, information theory and recent advances in deep learning have shed new light on the vast amount of redundancy contained within data collected in the natural world, including light. In this paper, we will investigate how analytic methods can help map high dimensional spectra data to a low-dimensional feature space with minimal inductive bias. Through a better understanding of the intrinsic dimension of the data, we can use the features expressed in this representation to exploit regularities and make tasks like data compression, measurement and classification more efficient. The aim of this analysis is to help inform how and when low-dimensional representation of spectra is useful in practice for designing compact sensors as well as for lossy data compression and robust classification.


This work addresses the problem of automated graphical user interface generation for functional programs in relation to rapid application prototyping. First an analysis of current state in the field of automated GUI generation is performed. Based on the analysis, the concept of functionally structured user interface (FSUI) is introduced. Meta-data system for code annotation is then specified for the Clojure programming language and a transformation from this system to FSUI data model is implemented. Finally, a graphical layer for displaying the actual interface is implemented in Clojure.


*Correspondence to: Jae-In Lee Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 77 Doonsan-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-42-366-1160, Fax: +82-42-366-1115, E-mail: email@example.com Received: February 6, 2018/Last Revision: February 22, 2018/Accepted: February 28, 2018 effect of delayed time, surface treatment, and repair material on shear bond strength of repaired bis-acryl composite resin


The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which college athletes violate NCAA rules regarding amateurism. A second purpose was to look for patterns of relationships in the data that might yield theoretical insights as to the causes of this type of deviance. Surveys were mailed to a population of 3,500 active and retired National Football League players. About one in three, or 1,182 players, returned the survey. It was found that under-the-table payments were fairly common in major football conferences and that such payments have increased considerably in "Sunbelt schools" over the past couple of decades. Black athletes, regardless of the income of their families of origin, were somewhat more likely than whites to have accepted illegal benefits and to see nothing wrong with violating NCAA rules. Black athletes were also far more likely than whites to have been offered illegal benefits by agents. These findings were examined in light of labeling theory.


A manufacturing method of nitride semiconductor light emitting elements, which can reliably form a mechanically stable wiring electrode leading from a light emitting element surface. A structure protective sacrifice layer is formed around a first electrode layer on a device structure layer beforehand, and after separation of the device structure layer into respective portions for the light emitting elements, the resultant is stuck to a support substrate. Subsequently, forward tapered grooves reaching the structure protective sacrifice layer are formed, and the inverse tapered portion formed outward of the forward tapered groove is lifted off in a lift-off step. Thus, an insulating layer is formed on the forward tapered side walls of the light emitting element, and a wiring electrode layer electrically connected to the second electrode layer on the principal surface of the light emitting element is formed on the insulating layer.


The reduction of dust emission is an issue in various sectors and especially crucial in the conveying technology. Continuous bulk material flow processes, like in transfer points, are one of the critical topics according to dust emission. Therefore, the results of the investigations based on full-scale simulations and industrial implementations are presented within this paper. Previous research work describes the prediction of dust by simulation. Examples can be found on transfer chute design e.g. by Goniva et al. (2012) [1], Chen et al. (2012) [2] and Katterfeld et al. (2010) [3]. A further option is the estimation of dust emissions according to the guidelines of VDI (VDI 3970) [4]. These guidelines employ e.g. the speed of out flowing air to give a rough estimation of the emitted dust. This paper deals with a two-way coupled combination of the approaches of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), which is utilized to visualize the diffuse dust emission at a full-scale transfer point. The implementation of dust particles within the simulation is achieved by the method of Discrete Dust Particles (DDP), which was developed by the Chair of Conveying Technology and Design Methods (Montanuniversität Leoben) and presented in previous publications [5, 6]. The following figures (Fig. 1-3) illustrate several results of simulation analysis. Figure 1 presents the DEM simulation result of a transfer point option with DDP (red) and Figure 2 furthermore shows a comparison of the maximum air velocities. The emitted DDP of the different transfer point designs are opposed in Figure 3. The simulations provide qualitative estimations of dust emission and are used to develop improvements in transfer point design. These improvements are subsequently implemented at a representative transfer point at the steel plant of VoestAlpine Stahl Donawitz GmbH in Leoben, Austria, where the dust emission is monitored. The output of these dust measurements is furthermore compared to the results of the simulation evaluation. Thereby the simulation results and the dust reducing measures may be validated. Present work handles a calibration process to obtain a quantitative statement of dust emission by two-way coupled DEM-CFD simulation with DDP. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) research programme under grant agreement number <RFSR-CT-2015-00027>. The Chair of Conveying Technology and Design Methods at the Montanuniversität Leoben is one of the partners of a project called "Prevention of secondary dust emissions in ironmaking plants using dust suppressants".


A semirelativistic equation which describes the relative motion of a Dirac particle and its antiparticle, interacting through a scalar potential, linearly dependent on the relative distance, is investigated. The simplest case, corresponding to /sup 1/S/sub 0/ and /sup 3/P/sub 0/ solutions, of total angular momentum J = 0 and positive and negative parities, respectively, is easily worked out for massless constituents. The case of massive constituents, which gives rise to a different regime, is also examined together with other salient features of our approach. A treatment of the light- and heavy-meson J = 0 sectors is briefly discussed.


A nano-structure tubular hybrid inorganic membrane capable of stripping carbon dioxide from flue gas stream was designed and tested at laboratory scale to improve compliance to various environmental regulations to cushion the effect of global warming. Single gas separation experiments using silica modified ceramic membrane was carried out to investigate individual gas permeation behaviors at different pressures and membrane eficiency after a dip coating method. Four gases; Nitrogen (N2), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2) and Methane (CH4) were used. Plots of flowrate versus pressure were generated. Results show that the gas flow rate increases with pressure drop. However at above a pressure of 4bar, the flow rate of CO2 was much higher than the other gases, indicating dominance of a more selective adsorptive type transport mechanism.


Components of meat texture are especially important features for consumers. The systems with guaranteed repeatable quality must be associated with online, reliable and quick measurements of chosen, critical for consumers, quality features. In case of the texture features, the most important is tenderness. In laboratory conditions it is measured using shear test. However, it is a time-consuming and destructive method without possibility of measurement automation. Hence, in case of online measurements, there is a necessity to use other methods. The most promising methods are near-infrared spectroscopy and computer image analysis, enabling measurement of a lot of features, inter alia texture features.


"Kryger's Sleep Medicine Review" offers foolproof tips and guidance on the newly re-formatted Board exam so you can effectively prepare and get the best results. Dr. Meir Kryger-along with Drs. Russell Rosenberg, G. Vernon Pegram, and Lawrence Martin - present the distinct, practical teaching style of one of the founding fathers of sleep medicine to familiarize you with current standards, the new scoring rules, what to expect on the day of the exam, and more. Review questions, weighted to correspond with the content of the test, help you assess your readiness for the exam. With answers keyed to both "Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine" and the "Atlas of Clinical Sleep Medicine" and video clips, polysmonograms, images, and additional review questions online at associated webite you'll have all the help you need to excel on the exam.


Inflation rates and their convergence within Euro area have been a major concern, since well before the advent of the single currency. Inflation differentials are a normal phenomenon in any monetary union and even in long-established monetary unions. The aim of this research is to examine the main factors of inflation differentials in the Euro-zone for the period 1999–2018. Our empirical estimates appear to suggest that a one-percentage-point increase in the positive output gap typically leads to an increase of about 20 basis points in the inflation rate of EMU countries. We also find three structural breaks, in 2004, 2008 and in 2010. Since the monetary policy of the European Central Bank is geared at maintaining low and stable inflation, the productivity growth should be increased, and the real effective exchange rates should be decreased and become more homogeneous among EMU. Therefore, countries' inflation differentials may become less persistent.


This brief is a compilation of data points and market insights that reflect the state of the project finance market for solar photovoltaic (PV) assets in the United States as of the third quarter of 2017. This information can generally be used as a simplified benchmark of the costs associated with securing financing for solar PV as well as the cost of the financing itself (i.e., the cost of capital).


Alloy 718 samples were oxidized in air under experimental conditions close to those experienced during high-temperature heat treatments (shaping: about 1000°C) or in service (turbomachine disks: 650°C). The main objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of these treatments on oxygen penetration into the grain boundaries and, hence, to assess the harmfulness of these penetrations in terms of defect initiation and propagation. The method relies mainly on the SIMS-based imaging technique. This technique, which supplements those applied in previous studies, uses a series of basic maps to locate within the volume the oxygen in free or combined state, in relation with the microstructural features (grain boundaries, grains, delta phase, etc). The results point out to intergranular oxidation for both exposure conditions without clearly demonstrating the existence of atomic oxygen penetrations ahead of the intergranular oxidation front. The affected depths seem sufficient both to form preferential initiation sites (oxidation at 1000°C) and to assist intergranular propagation of defects and/or cracks (oxidation at 650°C).


I. INTRODUCTION Universal jurisdiction is rapidly becoming a pillar of international litigation that has been the subject of sustained attack. The notion that courts can adjudicate certain "universal" offenses that have no connection to the forum or any "reasonableness" limitations found in traditional bases of extraterritorial jurisdiction invites the judicial branch to arrogate political power and frustrate the delicate balance of power entrusted to the political branches.1 One prominent diplomat has warned that pushed to its extreme, universal jurisdiction "risk[s] substituting the tyranny of judges for that of governments."2 It has been argued that unlike in criminal proceedings, the exercise of universal jurisdiction in civil litigation over offenses that have no nexus to the forum vindicates none of the state's traditional interests.3 As one critic put it, "civil judicial relief by the courts of a political system far removed from the events that it seeks to regulate is not only a blunt tool, but is entirely inadequate for the task."4 This article offers a response to such criticism. It argues that universal jurisdiction can be legally and politically justified within the inherent structure of civil litigation. The American system provides ample political checks on the unreasonable judicial extension of domestic law to international events and obviates any threat to traditional separation of powers. Indeed, within the framework of international litigation, various affirmative defenses and procedural requirements check and balance judicial power to resolve suits for which universal jurisdiction may exist.5 These doctrines and procedural mechanisms include (1) the political question doctrine, (2) the forum non conveniens doctrine, (3) the act of state doctrine, (4) the doctrines of foreign sovereign immunity and head-of-state immunity, (5) the doctrine of international comity, (6) the presumption against extraterritorial application of domestic statutes, (7) statements of interest interposed by the United States and foreign sovereigns, and (8) substantive burdens of proof for universal jurisdiction. While these legal constructs may not all be available in each case, twenty-four years of human rights litigation evidence that at least one, and usually more, are considered by the courts and can be dispositive to the suit. In fact, these doctrines have been responsible for the dismissal of an overwhelming percentage of all civil suits brought in U.S. courts to vindicate human rights violations. Based on a review of over ninety human rights cases brought since 1980, approximately eighty percent have been dismissed based on one or more of these doctrines.6 Of the remaining twenty percent, a large number proceeded with explicit endorsement from the political branches.7 Together, these procedures and doctrines permit the interplay of interests between the political branches' constitutional grants of power to conduct foreign affairs and the federal courts' rights claims.8 Most scholarly and judicial analysis of universal jurisdiction has been within the context of criminal prosecution.9 There is less controversy in the criminal context given the structural limits on the extension of prescriptive jurisdiction for criminal liability as well as constitutional limits on congressional power to extend criminal jurisdiction extraterritorially.10 However, the Supreme Court has recently acknowledged that "universal criminal jurisdiction necessarily contemplates a significant degree of civil tort recovery as well."" This article will demonstrate that in civil litigation, structural limits also exist that reasonably restrict the extraterritorial jurisdiction of domestic law over offenses with an attenuated connection to the United States. The limits of the extraterritorial extension of domestic jurisdictional statutes are a question of prescriptive jurisdiction.12 It is relevant to the question of the scope of the primary statutes that provide subject matter jurisdiction for human rights abuses: namely the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). …


The bolsters are the principal transverse structural members of a railcar underframe. One is located near each end directly over the railcar bogie. Railcar bogies are very important in safe railway operations since, among other functions, are the components in charge of ensuring a good ride comfort by absorbing the vibrations generated by track irregularities and minimizing impact of centrifugal forces when train runs on curves at high speed. Connection from the bolster to the railcar bogie is via a special bolted bracket made of alloy steel casting that exerts the function of load transfer between both components. Due to the type of train (suburban train) to which the bolster belongs, under service conditions there are frequent acceleration-braking cycles that produce fatigue loads which effects on the bolster are of primary interest (in such cycles appear the maximum load amplitudes). This effect is less important in components belonging to long distance trains because of the lower number of stops along the journey. The main goal of the work described in this paper was to obtain the detailed stress distributions in some regions of the bolster (welded joints) in order to assess the fatigue life of the component. To achieve such objective it was essential to model as exactly as possible the interaction between the different parts involved in the bolted joint to the bracket. Thus, contact elements were used to simulate the interaction and pre-tension was applied to the bolts.


The future of dairy practice is a bright one, however it will have a significantly different emphasis than it currently does. There will always be a place for practitioners that are willing to give value for service. Dairy practices will continue to need graduates that are willing to work. By its very nature, our work is reflective of the industry we serve. As a rule, we will find ourselves working longer hours when compared to those in other discipline areas of veterinary medicine. It has been my observation that all of the successful practitioners that I know in dairy practice work very long hours, mirroring the labor of the clients they serve. With this as a given, then what directions will practitioners of the future be taking?


PURPOSE: A method for playing an internet horse racing game using a cyber money is provided, which performs a horse racing using a cyber money provided by a click of an internet advertisement. CONSTITUTION: A method for playing an internet horse racing game comprises the steps of: (S101-S111) saving up a cyber money according to an internet advertisement click; (S113) receiving a game information including a horse racing program from a web server through an internet network; (S115) selecting a racing horse; (S115, S117) batting the racing horse selected within the saving money of the cyber money based on the game information; (S119, S121) starting a racing horse race which is preset from the state and condition of the racing horse; and (S123, S125) opening the racing horse race through a homepage and the racing result and supplying and saving a share according to the result. Thereby, a program rating is increased.


Historically and clinically, observations have shown that weather patterns may affect the onset of epileptic seizures. The ability of acupuncture and electroacupuncture to modify electrical activity in the brain has been documented. It has been suggested that atmospheric electricity can influence acupuncture points. Hence, this author further suggests that the effect of changing weather patterns on the condition of patients with seizure disorders may be mediated by electrical processes at acupuncture points.


Human demand for food and energy has led to significant changes in the level of reactive nitrogen (Nr) released to the atmosphere and then deposited in the biosphere. This study aimed to investigate artificial N deposition's impact on the forest floor and soil chemical properties in an oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey) plantation in the north of Iran. Twelve plots of 200 m2 (20 m × 10 m) were set up in the study area. Four N treatments were considered: zero (control), 50 (low), 100 (medium), and 150 (high) kg N ha−1 year−1. The total N, P, K, and organic C (OC) of the forest floor were measured. Soil N, available P, available K, pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), OC, microbial biomass C (MBC), and urease enzyme activity were measured in the 0-10 cm depth. The concentration of total N and P of the forest floor was significantly higher in the high N treatment. The total concentration of N (+36%), the urease activity (+44%), and EC (+12%) of soil increased with raising the high-N treatment compared to the control, but the MBC (-20%), available P (-28%), and available K (-15%) were significantly reduced in the high-N nitrogen treatment.


This paper introduces and compares a decentralized and centralized model predictive control scheme for power tracking in a multi-terminal HVDC system based on MMCs. The MPC scheme requires a prediction, which is implemented by treating the HVDC system as a black box. With this approach it is possible to use an MPC scheme without detailed knowledge about the controlled system, which eases the design of the controller and allows using this method on more complex systems. While a centralized MPC achieves a better performance, a decentralized MPC is more practical, since it does not require communication between the terminals. This paper investigates the performance loss of decentralized MPCs compared to a centralized MPC and introduces a new method to increase the performance of decentralized MPCs by iteratively minimizing undesired control interactions. The proposed method is not limited to HVDC systems.


An efficient stereoselective synthesis of a pivotal intermediate, a cyclic allyl alcohol derivative containing two methoxy groups [(±)-22], using for the preparation of (±)-trans-dihydronarciclasine analogues was elaborated starting from easily available and inexpensive methyl gallate. This new synthetic route consists of 17 reaction steps, and provides an opportunity to obtain the wanted alkaloid derivative containing an additional methoxy group at position 11, in the ring A of the phenanthridone scaffold.


and intellect are dethroned as the principal factors in adjustment." Such a statement of conviction, coming as it does from a distinguished educator, can not but hearten all workers in the field of human maladjustments, and explains, perhaps, why the author does not include clergymen and schoolteachers, for the former are the interpreters of revealed truth, while the latter must suffer the compulsion to instruct above all things. This book makes an ambitious and sincere effort to expound the viewpoint of the fledgeling science of psychodynamics. While paying tribute to the fundamental insights into human difficulties contributed by Freud and his followers it does not hesitate to give recognition to other workers in the psychoanalytic field whose views have diverged in important respects from those of the founder of the psychoanalytic method. It discusses, furthermore, in an appreciative vein the importance of the early work of Dr. Walter Cannon in the field of emotional physiology, and makes a critical evaluation of attempts made by psychologists to establish criteria for validating such theoretical assumptions as the mechanism of repression. Beginning with certain basic definitions, such as "adjustment," the author loses no time in expressing his views on the meaning of such terms as "drives," "needs," and "frustration," and makes clear their interconnections. Thus, for instance, "drives" persist so long as "needs" are present, and exist as a means of reducing "needs." The strength of a "drive" can be measured by the frequency of its appearance and its "intensity." He considers the "Instinct" of Freud as synonymous with "Drive," and so is able to shortcircuit the argument as to whether or no there is such a phenomenon as "instinct." The bulk of the text is devoted to a thorough and well-planned exposition of concepts that are familiar tools in the practice of psychoanalytic therapy. Beginning with the problems of frustration, aggression, and anxiety, he goes on to a comprehensive discussion of the classical types of defence against anxiety, and of the psychology of conflict. His discussion of the various types of phantasy formation and of the lovesex question is adequate for the purposes of this volume. Occasionally, however, the author expresses views which would not meet with universal agreement among psychiatrists. He dismisses, for example, the problem of heredity in mental disease with the statement that a research devoted to this question brought out no significant proof that hereditary factors were important. Some of his attempts to simply thinking, as instanced in his classifications of defense mechanisms (p. 170), do hot add greatly to the value of his more extended expositions. He concludes the volume with an attempt to outline the criteria of normality. Starting with some apparent contradictions in thinking, he eventually arrives at the same conclusion which most thinkers are forced to accept, that "normality" is a relative term,


The paper points out that the nature of fiscal revenues for a government is how to collect revenues,how much to collect,how to collect it and to whom to collect it,etc.From its quantity,structure and increasing speed,the paper summarizes its three characteristics in China and proposes a reform path and policy outline.


Clock skew variations adversely affect timing margins, limiting performance, reducing yield, and may also lead to functional faults. Non-tree clock distribution networks, such as meshes and crosslinks, are employed to reduce skew and also to mitigate skew variations. However, these networks incur an increase in dissipated power while consuming significant metal resources. Several methods have been proposed to trade off power and wires to reduce skew. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is presented to reduce skew variations rather than skew, and prioritize the algorithm for critical timing paths, since these paths are more sensitive to skew variations. The algorithm has been implemented for a standard 65 nm cell library using standard EDA tools, and has been tested on several benchmark circuits. As compared to other methods, experimental results show a 37% average reduction in metal consumption and 39% average reduction in power dissipation, while insignificantly increasing the maximum skew.