HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), in which people take HIV medication to prevent HIV acquisition, is a highly effective method of HIV prevention; however, global implementation of PrEP is patchy. PrEP provision will need to be upscaled significantly to achieve UNAIDS/WHO goals of elimination of HIV transmission. Online provision of PrEP care could enhance access to, and delivery of, care at scale. We explored the extent to which PrEP care has been delivered online to inform the development of a novel online PrEP clinic.Scoping review.Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ASSIA, PUBMED, Open Grey, and EThOS databases.English language articles describing a service that delivered one or more element of PrEP-related care online, published from 2009 onwards.Data were extracted using matrices and synthesised using summary statistics and thematic analysis. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess study quality.Fifty-nine articles were included: eight randomised controlled trials, 12 non-randomised quantitative studies, 30 descriptive quantitative studies, 14 qualitative studies, and four reviews of online content. Seven studies detailed comprehensive PrEP care pathways that used a combination of online, face-to-face and telephone based care. Of the remaining studies, the majority focused on HIV testing outside a PrEP context. Care tended to be delivered via websites (n=41), video chat, and smartphone apps (both n=10). The acceptability and feasibility of delivering elements of care online was high.Online PrEP care appears feasible and acceptable, offering convenience and a means to overcome some of the reported barriers to face-to-face care. Services tended to focus on a single element of PrEP-related care or use a combination of online, face-to-face and phone-based care. Additional formative work is needed to inform the development of complete online PrEP care pathways.This scoping review provides a comprehensive, critical overview of existing literature related to online provision of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)-related care.We developed a comprehensive definition of PrEP care which took into consideration all essential elements of care required for safe and appropriate PrEP prescribing.Established guidelines for conducting and reporting scoping reviews were followed throughout.We conducted an exhaustive search of nine databases.The heterogeneity in design and aim of the included studies limited our ability to synthesise findings.


Laser-based methods for studying silicon and gallium arsenide structure are nondestructive and capable of analyzing very small areas of a sample. These methods are used to monitor the effects of processing steps, determine the spatial uniformity of defects and doping across a wafer, and analyze devices. Two of the most widely used methods are photoluminescence measurements and Raman scattering. Photoluminescence measurements, used often in GaAs studies, collect radiation emitted from a sample irradiated with laser light of higher energy than the sample band-gap energy. This method identifies dopants and defects in the sample and assesses the relative amount of lattice damage caused by various processes. Raman scattering measurements collect laser radiation scattered by optical phonons in the sample. Widely used in Si studies, Raman scattering can show effects of stress, defects, crystallinity, surface morphology, and lattice temperature. Other methods include reflectivity, ellipsometry, and absorption measurements.


This report presents the triple bottom assessment of switching from the traditional granulated packaged sugar currently being used by the UBC Food Services, to liquid sugar. The drive of this project is to decrease the waste produced by the granulated sugar packets. The data presented in this report is limited to only a few cafes on campus, as the switch is not campus wide. For our analysis, we took into consideration two cafes; The Loop Cafe, where liquid sugars have temporarily replaced granulated packaged sugars, and Cafe Perugia that serves only granulated sugar. This was done so that the results in the survey are unbiased. It is important to note that the current provider of granulated sugar to UBC Food Services also provides the liquid sweeteners, and all research conducted was requested to be based on the products provided by this supplier. Variability by manufacturer/ supplier will not be taken into consideration in the scope of this project. The first step taken was achieving a general understanding of the background of the project. The team then carried out a triple bottom assessment to evaluate if the switch was a sustainable option. From an economic viewpoint, since the UBC Food Services is the end consumer, our evaluation would be influenced by cost per package, differences in consumption, shrinkage, and maintenance. Environmental considerations included waste created by packaging, waste products from manufacturing, and energy consumption. For the social aspect it was determined that customer satisfaction, taste and texture, and resistance to change would be factors considered in our investigation. A survey was then carried out on a small sample of the UBC population; it was found that the customers are satisfied with the switch. Switching to the liquid sugar, eliminates the issue of waste. However, liquid invert sugar is usually obtained from granulated sugar, increasing the number of processes involved as well as energy required. From the economic analysis, it was found that the liquid sugar costs 5.6 times more than the packaged sugar. Socially, the customers received the switch positively but poorer nutrition associated with the liquid sugars raises the issue of health risks such as obesity and possibly diabetes. In conclusion, the results found show that continuing to use the granulated packaged sugar is the more sustainable option as the cost of the switch is not justified by any reduction of waste seen. A feasible recommendation that can be made to UBC Food Services is using a dispenser for the granulated sugar; this eliminates the issue of wastage while maintaining low product costs. Table of


The invention relates to an unmanned aerial vehicle route planning method based on a Dubins route and sparse A* searching (the method is called a Dubins-SAS route planning method for short), and belongs to the technical field of route autonomous planning. According to the method, the Dubins route and a sparse A* searching algorithm are combined, Dubins route length is used as a heuristic function of the sparse A* searching algorithm, the heuristic function is used for searching a space for nodes, and unmanned aerial vehicle route planning is achieved. The distance between the nodes can be estimated accurately, the accuracy of the heuristic function (also called heuristic function cost) is improved, the number of the nodes needed for expanding for completing route searching can be reduced, then route planning time is shortened, and unmanned aerial vehicle route planning efficiency is improved.


References 1 Stueber T, Buessecker L, Leffler A, et al. The use of dipyrone in the ICU is associated with acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34:673–680. 2 Signorello LB, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, et al. Confounding by indication in epidemiologic studies of commonly used analgesics. Am J Ther 2002; 9:199–205. 3 Glanzmann C, Frey B, Vonbach P, et al. Drugs as risk factors of acute kidney injury in critically ill children. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:145–151. 4 Hinz B, Cheremina O, Bachmakov J, et al. Dipyrone elicits substantial inhibition of peripheral cyclooxygenases in humans: new insights into the pharmacology of an old analgesic. FASEB J 2007; 21:2343–2351. 5 Pierre SC, Schmidt R, Brenneis C, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenases by dipyrone. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:494–503.


It is necessary to outline the long-term development plan in Henan coal industry. Planning is marked by the core concept of "scientific development, people-oriented and talent development, use-oriented." Planning should be forward-looking and strategic. And plan implementation should be carried out according to working priority, pushing forward key work and then upgrading the whole. It requires governments, industry associations and intermediary business divisions to bear their responsibilities and work together to advance the plan. Planning and implementation demand mechanisms improvement and innovation, especially in talent evaluation,talent finding, talent selection and appointment, mobile talent configuration, and incentives supply.


Odor plumes in turbulent environments are intermittent and sparse, yet many animals effectively navigate to odor sources to find food [1]. Computational and lab-scaled experiments [2, 3, 4] have suggested that information about the source distance may be encoded in odor signal statistics, yet it is unclear whether useful and continuous distance estimates can be made under real-world flow conditions. Here we analyze odor signals from outdoor experiments with a sensor moving across large spatial scales in desert and forest environments to show that odor signal statistics can yield useful estimates of distance. The probability distribution of statistics from individual whiffs (contiguous odor sequences) are correlated with distance, but their correlation coefficient is poor. However, we show that a useful estimate of distance can be found by incorporating whiff statistics from time history of ∼10-seconds, resulting in a strong correlation of R2 ∼0.70. We identified whiff concentration and duration to be the most informative features. By combining distance estimates from a linear model with wind-relative motion dynamics, we were able to estimate source distance in a 60×60 m2 area with median errors of 3-8 meters, a distance at which point odor sources are within visual range for animals such as mosquitoes [5, 6]. Finally, we show that such estimates are only feasible if odor signal information is recorded at temporal resolutions of ≥20 Hz. Together, our results provide a compelling case for how odor signal statistics could be used by animals, or man-made machines, to optimize plume tracking decisions at large spatial scales with natural wind.


Abstract This contribution on Léon de Rosny 羅尼 (1837–1914), the founder of modern Japanese Studies in France, deals with the trajectory of his formation and track record in Chinese and Japanese Studies. It highlights the role and significance his training in Chinese Studies under the guidance of Stanislas Julien played in his scholarly development and orientation, both as a sinologist and a japanologist. A self-taught student of the Japanese language, he pioneered the development of teaching material for Japanese language and literature, while also producing scholarly translations of classical literature, both Chinese and Japanese. We clearly discern a trajectory: the initial focus is on the study of Chinese, it subsequently shifts towards Japanese Studies from the 1850s on, to reach its apogee in the 1870s, while from the late 1870s on it appears to tilt towards Chinese Studies again. We conclude by an assessment of the merits and demerits of his scholarly production in these two areas of what was called "Oriental Studies" in the France of his time.


A new circuit technique is described that can yield dX/dω < 0, where X is the reactance and ω the radian frequency. A condition where this may apply and its nonviolation of Foster's reactance theorem are discussed. An application of this new technique to microwave y.i.g.-tuned oscillators is presented.


Introduction The lead author of this working paper is a colleague of the Marketing Academy currently entering the second of four years of a Graduate Teaching Assistant (GTA) position at Edinburgh Napier University. The working paper consists of a proposal towards research that will bring together the author's professional practice and doctoral research in a case study. The case study research will gather data on the introduction of a case study that will be used to in a teaching activity with two distinct focus groups consisting of marketing practitioners and students. As part of Edinburgh Napier University's current strategy, Academic members of staff should seek excellence in many areas of practice, including imparting knowledge to students, guiding them to become critical learners, producing research with measurable outcomes, remaining linked with industry, remaining up to date with the latest thinking in our subjects, and ensuring adherence to University procedures and quality processes (E.N.U., 2014). This process is ongoing, with many inter-connected, but separate areas of concern. As this multi-stranded approach to teaching is in line with the marketing discipline itself, which requires environmental scanning and connection with stakeholders to be effective (Ressier, 2013), the challenge for the academic in training is learning and making progress on all fronts simultaneously. The process of transitioning from a GTA to a fully qualified Academic can be described as a journey in and of itself. Striving towards crossing a threshold where the teaching and research become an integrated whole (Entwistle, 2009) – assuming this equilibrium exists. In the meantime, there is an 'ongoing dynamic of change', which brings with it the freedom to explore, experiment, change and grow as a reflective teaching practitioner (Peel, 2006). As a GTA, there are multiple commitments that place demands on time: Postgraduate Certificate in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, doctoral research towards a PhD, 6 hours of teaching experience per week, and juggling all of these commitments whilst also learning to navigate the university structures and engage with processes, such as quality, effectively. In addition, in order to secure full-time employment at the end of this process, a publication record and links to professionals practicing in the field of marketing are required. This proposed research will formalise multiple strands of experience whilst providing a measurable response from students and practitioners.


To the Editor.— Many children and teen-agers and a few adults have white spots in the fingernails. These occur more frequently in the nails of the index and little finger of the dominant hand, ie, right hand for the right-handed individuals. Trauma is thus a factor, but not the primary cause, since patients with numerous white nail spots will also have such spots in the toenails. White banding may occur in the nails of both hands. Attention was called to these spots or paired bands by Muerhcke1(1956) who ascribed the phenomenon to a serum albumin level lower than 2.2 gm/100 ml. His largest group of patients suffered from nephrosis, and those of the second group had hepatic cirrhosis. All had low serum albumin levels. Two patients responded to cortisone therapy with disappearance of the white banding, and several patients responded to albumin-replacement therapy. We now find, in a


Established in 2011 as part of evolution of the NRC to a center of excellence. After an initial build up phase, the research section is currently very active with a fully functional IRB committee. National and International collaborations on active research projects are ongoing and planned.

The first two projects involved data extractions from patients admitted to the NRC from 2002 to 2011, to evaluate the extent of the addiction problem in the UAE. This project was done in collaboration with UAE University, completed and published in 2012. The second project involved a survey of primary care physicians on their current practice, attitude, and training needs towards treating patients with addiction. This project was completed in collaboration with Aberdeen university, and is published 2014.

Two research projects are currently ongoing. The first project is SBIRT training for primary care physicians in two primary care clinics of SEHA in Abu Dhabi. This project has recruited 300 patients so far out of total sample of 900. The second project involves screening patients ( n = 250) at the NRC for genetics of addiction, so far 162 samples were collected.

Data will be presented from the completed projects as well as an update on the ongoing studies.


This article explores Renaissance news maps and their cultural impact, focusing on works produced during the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, a media event of unprecedented scope that became a laboratory for the genre's development. News maps were a key early form of reporting—a visual form—that, much like their textual counterparts, aimed to shape public views about conflict. Ultimately, these relatively modest items even influenced commemorative battle murals in halls of state. This study of news maps suggests an emerging media landscape that was highly pluralistic and experimental, going well beyond the written word.


Spectrophotometric determination of free isocynate-group(-NCO) content in polyurethane resin production is studied.In the presence of acetic acid,-NCO reacts with DMAB(dimethylaminabenzaldehyde) in DMF to form a stable yellow compound.The maximum absorption wavelength of this compound is 440 mm.This method is applied to measure the free isocynate-group existed in PU resin producing process,of which the relative standard deviation is less than 5%,easy-fast and precise.


The ROM-based filter concept can be extended to include the complete baseband modulator for an FQPSK transmitter. Using Intel flash memories instead of ROMs, a low-power baseband modulator can be designed with a very small chip count and with the ability to re-program not only for different filter functions, but also for different baseband modulation schemes.


Debt Restructuring, First Edition Editors: Nick Segal and Look Chan Ho Oxford University Press (201 1); 520 pages; £128 (hardback); ISBN-10: 0199579695; ISBN-13: 978-0199579693.This book is an interesting collaboration between its authors on different aspects of debt restructuring.Corporate debt restructuringIt starts with a comparison of insolvency in the UK and the US. The mixed approach of UK contract, common law and statute to corporate debt restructuring is contrasted with the US Chapter 11 regime, a statutory process that allows a company to restructure under court protection, with no requirement to prove insolvency. It then continues with the usual topics that one comes to expect when dealing with the broad area of insolvency: the various tests of insolvency and directors' duties in the UK and the US. For directors of UK companies, there is a need to consider the statutory tests of 'inability to pay debts' and their own duties when deciding whether or not to support a restructuring. In the US, directors need to consider their duties there. The difficulties of achieving a standstill and different types of vulnerable transactions are then examined.The complications associated with proving insolvency in the UK are dealt with admirably and succinctly. Extracts from judgments and references to case law guide the reader through the various discussions. More impressive is the practical guidance that is provided, such as the examples that serve as 'warning signs' to directors when faced with insolvency and their options. The book is as relevant to practitioners of insolvency law as to other people who have to deal with the issues in this book, such as directors.A restructuring plan may be made more complicated if more than one jurisdiction is involved, so the EC Regulations on Insolvency Proceedings and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency are reviewed. A particularly interesting discussion is included on forum shopping as a restructuring tool and the restructuring of group companies in the context of the EC Regulation. The pros and cons of the absence of a specific legal framework within the EC Regulation to deal with the restructuring of group companies are examined in a balanced and considerate manner. However, after having reviewed the arguments on both sides, the author seems to agree with the absence of such a framework. This type of analysis is quite common throughout the book and is a praiseworthy aspect of the authors' approach in dealing with unsettled areas of law. The chapter on the UNCITRAL Model Law concentrates on the versions adopted in the UK and the US, two of the 19 countries that have so far adopted it.The final area covered in this section of the book is an overview of out-ofcourt and court-supervised restructurings, once again looking in particular at the UK and the US. This is a very practical review, referring to a number of cases in each jurisdiction, with a helpful breakdown of the sub-headings of the chapter at its beginning (a welcome feature of each chapter in the book) .Bank resolutionThe second section of the book deals with banks and looks at their supervision, issues relevant to banks in distress and the ways in which a crisis in a bank can be managed and resolved or alternatively can result in its liquidation. Again, there is a concentration on the position in the UK and the US, where of course there are several examples of recent crises involving banks to draw on.There is a comparative review of bank supervision in the two jurisdictions with some commentary on the steps that have been taken to enhance the regulatory regimes since the various bank crises in both jurisdictions.The chapter on banks in distress starts with a section headed 'sermons and burials' and looks at the 'new resolution powers', which the Governor of the Bank of England called for in 2009 to enable it to fulfil its then-new statutory responsibility for financial stability. …


We study CP violation and the contribution of the strong pion-pion interactions in the three-body B+- --> pi+- pi-+ pi+- decays within a quasi two-body QCD factorization approach. The short distance interaction amplitude is calculated in the next-to-leading order in the strong coupling constant with vertex and penguin corrections. The meson-meson final state interactions are described by pion non-strange scalar and vector form factors for the S and P waves and by a relativistic Breit-Wigner formula for the D wave. The pion scalar form factor is calculated from a unitary relativistic coupled-channel model including pi pi, Kbar K and effective (2pi)(2pi) interactions. The pion vector form factor results from a Belle Collaboration analysis of tau- --> pi- pi0 nu_tau data. The recent B+- --> pi+- pi-+ pi+- BABAR Collaboration data are fitted with our model using only three parameters for the S wave, one for the P wave and one for the D wave. We find not only a sizable contribution of the S wave just above the pi pi threshold but also under the rho(770) peak a significant interference, mainly between the S and P waves. For the B to f_2(1270) transition form factor, we predict F^{Bf_2}(m_\pi^2)=0.098+-0.007. Our model yields a unified unitary description of the contribution of the three scalar resonances f_0(600), f_0(980) and f_0(1400) in terms of the pion non-strange scalar form factor.


Book 233 ABSTRACTS Great ape thorax and shoulder – adapted for arboreality or knuckle-walking? DANIELLE RUBINSTEIN1, SUSAN G. LARSON2 and NATHAN E. THOMPSON1 1Department of Anatomy, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University Medicine Great apes possess a constricted upper thorax and cranially positioned scapula, which have long been related to adaptations for arboreality. Recently, it has been proposed that these morphologies are adaptations for knuckle-walking in apes with dorsally positioned scapulae. Under this hypothesis, it is assumed that knuckle-walking entails high amounts of scapular cranial translation and protraction, and large impact transient forces at touchdown that entail an altered position (and potentially function) of m. serratus anterior. Here we test these predictions using kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic (EMG) data from chimpanzees walking quadrupedally and vertically climbing, with comparisons to similar data in quadrupedal monkeys. Chimpanzee data (n = 2 subjects) were recorded using a four-camera Xcitex motion capture system and four AMTI force plates, and EMG data for the cranial m. serratus anterior were collected via indwelling electrodes. Contrary to the predictions outlined above, we found that the scapula is consistently more cranially positioned (relative to the vertebral column) during vertical climbing (5.1 ± 2.1 cm) compared to quadrupedalism (0.2 ± 1.3 cm; n = 10 strides per gait). Muscle activity in serratus anterior was no different than quadrupedal activity in other primates. Further, relative to body mass (BM), peak ground reaction force loading rates were similar, or slightly lower, in chimpanzees than in quadrupedal rhesus macaques (6.9 ± 2.2 BM/s versus 19.7 ± 5.4 BM/s). Together these results show little-to-no support for the hypothesis that upper thorax and scapular configuration are specifically linked to the mechanics of knuckle-walking. This work funded by the National Science Foundation (SMA-1719432 and BCS-0935321). Handedness-related asymmetries in modern human brains: implications for paleoneurology LANA M. RUCK1,2 and P. THOMAS SCHOENEMANN1,2 1Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, 2Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Handedness has long been a topic of interest in paleoanthropology due to its unique distribution in the hominin lineage and its association with other behaviors, such as tool making and language. Research into the origins and evolution of right-hand predominance include work on skeletal asymmetry, evidence in lithics, and evidence from endocasts. We assessed handedness-related asymmetry in modern human brains using anatomical MRI scans of 42 subjects (21 strong left-handers; 21 strong right-handers, matched for age and sex) from the Human Connectome Project. To compare overall structural differences in the brain, a "template brain" was first created using non-rigid morphing techniques (Advanced Normalization Tools software). This represents the average brain morhpology for the study sample. Voxel-wise scaling coefficients (Jacobians) were then calculated. These describe the localized size differences between each subject and the template. T-tests were then performed on the log Jacobians at each voxel, assessing the differences between leftand righthanders' brains. Correlations between Jacobians and Edinburgh Handedness Inventory scores were also calculated at each voxel. The resulting global statistical maps highlight differences in anatomy between leftand right-handers. Although these values did not survive conservative FDR correction, the areas which differ most between leftand right-handers in this sample are in expected brain regions, including the hand motor cortex, languageand tool-associated areas, and regions associated with petalias. Our results provide additional incentives for researchers to continue exploring methodologies for identifying handedness in the fossil record, and have implications for assessing individual handedness from preserved endocasts as well. Y-Chromosome Introgression: An Analysis of Spermatogenesis Genes Between Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis CODY A. RUIZ and ANTHONY J. TOSI Anthropology, Kent State University Macaque monkeys live in multimale-multifemale social groups with males exhibiting some of the largest testis:body weight ratios among primates. As such, they are believed to experience intense levels of sperm competition. Several spermatogenesis genes are located on the Y-chromosome and, interestingly, occasional hybridization has led to the introgression of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) Y-chromosome deep into the range of the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). These observations have led to the hypothesis that the successful introgression of the rhesus Y-haplotype is due to selectively advantageous functional differences in sperm genes compared to those of the native cynomolgus Y-haplotype. The hypothesis is examined here at four Y-chromosomal genes: RBMY, XKRY, and two copies of CDY. The genes were surveyed in representative animals from north of, south of, and within the rhesus-cynomolgus introgression zone. Amino acid differences were uncovered in some genes; however, the McDonald-Kreitman test did not detect a definite signal of positive selection. Yet, because these amino acid differences yield distinct protein-folding predicted structures, they may indeed present selective advantages to the rhesus Y-haplotype. Implications of these results are discussed, as are directions for future study. Comparison of callitrichid limb bone properties to those of cheirogaleids and arboreal sciurids JACQUELINE RUNESTAD CONNOUR Biological Sciences, Ohio Northern University Callitrichid limb bone biomechanical properties are compared to those of cheirogaleids and arboreal sciurids to explore whether callitrichid claws result in greater similarity to sciurids than to cheirogaleids. It was expected that the ability of callitrichids and sciurids to cling to large surfaces and jump to noncompliant supports would result in thicker bone cortices. Results partially support expectations. Limb bone properties analyzed include humeral and femoral midshaft cortical areas and lengths obtained from X-rays. Log-transformed species averages for these properties and body mass were calculated and regressed on each other. ANCOVA was used to compare slopes and elevations of these regressions. Additional comparisons between sciurids and an Aotus/ Saimiri data set were performed. Keel-nailed cheirogaleid Phaner furcifer was kept separate. Results indicate sciurids are greater in humeral cortical area relative to body mass than cheirogaleids. Callitrichids plot in between the other groups, and don't differ significantly from either. For humeral cortical area relative to femoral cortical area, sciurid and callitrichid regressions lie on top of each other, and differ significantly from cheirogaleids and the Aotus/Saimiri sample. Comparisons of femoral cortical area regressed on body mass show no differences. From these results, callitrichids appear to have thicker humeral cortices than expected for primates, somewhat like sciurids. This may be caused by clinging to trunks with claws and large landing impacts. Femoral cortical area may be similar for all groups because all are adept jumpers. Adding more callitrichid species may clarify results as this group is behaviorally variable. Facial fluctuating asymmetry as a marker of cumulative health burden in women KATE RUSK, CARMEN MOSLEY, KEITH HUNLEY, MEGHAN HEALY and HEATHER J.H. EDGAR Anthropology, University of New Mexico This study assesses the relationship between facial fluctuating asymmetry and allostatic


Background: Vegetation restoration is a main ecological remediation technology for greening saline and alkaline soils. The objectives of this study were to determine whether aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a rooting powder, can be used to improve the physiological regulatory abilities of Tamarix chinensis under salt stress; to reveal the physiological regulatory pattern by which T. chinensis pre-treated with ABT adapts to salt stress. Results: (1) As the salt stress level increased, the cutting survival rate, height, and root length of T. chinensis gradually decreased, whereas their biomass first decreased and then increased. At salt content( S c)>0.9%, cutting propagation of T. chinensis was difficult, and there was a considerable decrease in its biomass. The effectiveness of ABT in improving the survival rate and growth of T. chinensis cuttings became increasingly pronounced as the salt stress level increased. (2) T. chinensis was found to adapt to salt stress through increased Chl content. However, excess salt stress inhibited Chl synthesis. ABT can be used to widen the range of tolerance of T. chinensis seedlings to salt stress during Chl synthesis. (3) T. chinensis can eliminate excess reactive oxide species (ROS) by enhancing SOD and POD activities. An excess accumulation of ROS will impede the increase in enzyme activities. ABT can help improve T. chinensis seedling enzyme system regulation and was found to be most effective at a concentration of 100 mg·L -1 . (4) ABT can reduce MDA accumulation and damage caused by membrane lipid peroxidation (MLP). ABT at a concentration of 100 mg·L -1 was found to be highly effective in reducing MDA content. Conclusions: ABT was effective in improving the survival rate and the growth and physiological regulatory abilities of T. chinensis cuttings under salt stress. ABT enhanced the resistance of T. chinensis to salt stress. However, under high S c (>0.9%) and ABT concentration (>100 mg·L -1 ) conditions, the physiological regulatory ability of T. chinensis seedlings exposed to salt stress weakened. At S c of 0.9%, T. chinensis seedlings pre-treated with ABT at 100 mg·L -1 exhibited the most vigorous growth, highest biomass, and highest physiological and biochemical regulatory abilities.


The article by Sadetzki and colleagues in this issue of Cancer showcases the impact of a horrendous event—the Holocaust—on subsequent health, decades after the occurrence. This study not only brings to light additional effects of the Holocaust in the Jewish population, but it brings to mind similarities in cancer development and extreme populationlevel tragedies. We highlight 2 additional examples of calamities—country-wide famines and population-level discrimination—as examples of this phenomenon to add evidence to the causal pathway identified by Sadetzki et al. First, however, important factors to consider are the "event" itself: Is it a constant event (eg, discrimination) or episodic/defined in time (eg, a famine)? The time point at which the event occurred in the life course is also important; for example, events may occur early in life, late in life, or continuously. The type of event is also important: Does it have a physical nature, such as a famine, or an emotional factor, such as discrimination, or both, as occurred in the Holocaust? The focus of the event is also important: Did it impact the entire population, as in a famine, or did it emphasize a specific group, as the Jews during the Holocaust? Finally, was the duration episodic (eg, a few months or years) or continuous (over a lifetime)? Individuals can be impacted differently by the same event because of many of these factors as well as genetic "heartiness." Cancer is a dynamic process that increasingly is thought to be linked to the life-course; that is, exposures to carcinogens during 1 stage of life may influence cancer risk at a subsequent stage. One area that has been extensively studied in animal models is calorie deprivation. In general, such studies indicate that animals who experience caloric restrictions live longer and have fewer diseases than animals fed higher calorie diets. There also is some evidence that this is true in humans. Patients with eating disorders that involve calorie restriction have a reduced risk of subsequent breast cancer. Ecologic studies note that individuals who live in countries where fewer calories are consumed have lower death rates from cancer and other chronic diseases. Exposures during the life course, however, may be caused not only by the choices that individuals make but also by external factors. War and its consequences are such external factors. Unlike animal studies and some limited human research, war provides examples of real-life situations that can be examined for later consequences. World War II is an example of a time when exposures around caloric intake varied by country. In Europe, countries occupied by Germany included Norway and the Netherlands, and both have examined dietary intake with subsequent cancer outcomes. In Norway, which was occupied by Germany from 1940 to 1945, food restrictions were enacted early in the occupation. A 2002 analysis of Norwegian women who lived in food-producing areas compared with nonfood-producing areas during World War II demonstrated decreased incidence of breast cancer among women who lived in the nonfood areas, lending some credence to the suggestion that caloric restriction is protective against some cancers. The Dutch experience indicates the obverse. In a short but severe famine that lasted approximately 8 months (from September 1944 to April 1945), the Dutch faced a cut in daily adult food rations from 1500 kilocalories to 700 kilocalories a day. Examination of a large cohort of Dutch women who lived during the famine began in 1974. Women born between 1911 and 1945 were eligible to participate in the project, which called for the early detection of breast cancer.


Objective To estimate the relationship between obesity (defined by both BMI and SAD) and various levels of depressive symptoms in women in the United States. Methods This is a cross-sectional design. All data were collected from NHANES 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was the primary variable used to index depressive symptoms. SAD was assessed using an abdominal caliper. We stratified participates into three groups according to SAD (trisection): T1: low (11.8-18.4 cm), T2: middle (18.5-22.8 cm), and T3: high (22.9-40.1 cm). Other data were collected following the NHANES protocols. We aimed to investigate the effects of obesity on the depression in the NHANES populations. Results A total of 4477 women were enrolled in the final study population. Participants with a high SAD had the highest risk of clinical depression symptoms (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4), which was, in particular, the case for moderate-severe depression (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.7) and severe depression (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0-1.9). We also found a significant relationship between SAD and BMI (r = 0.836). We did, however, not find a significant relationship between BMI and severe depression. Conclusions SAD had a better correlation with clinical depression symptoms than BMI, especially regarding severe depression symptoms.


Here we report on hyperscaling analysis on thermodynamic measurements as a function of temperature and magnetic field for Ni1−xRhx with x = 0.375 where a ferromagnetic quantum critical point has been recently identified [Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 117203 (2020)]. The obtained critical exponents agree well with the theory proposed by Belitz, Kirkpatrick, and Vojta for disorder tuned quantum critical point in the preasymptotic region.


Background Central sensitization refers to a state of hypersensitivity in the central nervous system and is associated with the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Central sensitization plays an essential role in various diseases. Nevertheless, there has been no bibliometric analysis before in this field. The purpose of this study was to provide critical themes and trends in the area of central sensitization, to build a network of knowledge, and to facilitate the future development of relevant basic and clinical research. Methods Publications on central sensitization were extracted from the Science Citation Index-Expanded. We used R software to systematically analyze the countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords of the publications. Besides, conceptual structure, intellectual structure, and social structure were constructed. Results A total of 4466 publications were included. Research in the field of central sensitization generally showed a steady upward trend. The three structural networks showed that the United States is the leading country in this field. Arendt-Nielsen L and Woolf CJ were the most productive and influential authors, respectively. "Pain" was the journal with the most studies. Most journals that published and cited articles about central sensitization were academically influential. Cluster analysis revealed that research in central sensitization contains three main conceptual clusters, and the themes of research evolve frequently. Current research focuses on the pathogenesis of central sensitization in neuropathic pain, the role of central sensitization in different diseases, and related clinical double-blind trials. Conclusion Central sensitization received widespread attention. The United States led the way in academic activity. In this field, the current situation of cooperation and communication between different countries and institutions is positive. The present research hotspots were the pathogenesis of central sensitization in neuropathic pain, the role of central sensitization in different diseases, and related clinical double-blind trials.


This bachelor thesis focuses on the struggle for civil rights of African-Americans between the years 1960 and 1963, when the struggle was fiercest and the aim was integration of African-Americans. The aim of this thesis is to describe the history and causes of the movement at the beginning of the sixties. I focused on the main events of the movement which led to enactment of the two most importnant civil rights bills in the history of civil rights struggle


This article investigates the current options, as well as potential avenues, for mitigating both juvenile crime and recidivism. Focusing primarily on the efforts within Santa Clara County, I examine the implementation of alternative services for youth in at-risk communities. By emphasizing the importance of alleviating youth crime and recidivism, both in the immediate community and beyond, this article works to identify the steps necessary for change.


The paper discusses verification, validation, and accreditation of simulation models. The different approaches to deciding model validity are presented; how model verification and validation relate to the model development process are discussed; various validation techniques are defined; conceptual model validity, model verification, operational validity, and data validity are described; ways to document results are given; a recommended procedure is presented; and accreditation is briefly discussed.


A three-dimensional copper nanostructure architecture (3DC1) coated uniformly with a tin film was fabricated by electrodeposition. In these trials, a pyrophosphate bath was used for tin plating, and the effects of polyethylene glycol and formaldehyde additives on the morphology of the deposited tin were investigated. Relatively large tin particles were electrodeposited in an inhomogeneous manner over the 3DC1 surface when using a plating bath without additives. In contrast, 3DC1 coated with a uniformly thick tin film was fabricated by employing a bath with the additives.


Imaging findings of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) demonstrate evolving changes over time, and the radiological transitions shown by imaging tools may allow a prediction of histopathological activity in PLCH. However, there are no reports describing how rapidly CT findings change with time. We describe a case of PLCH that showed a rapid evolutional change of the pulmonary lesions in a 48-year-old man, in which the nodular lesions showed cystic changes within two-month follow-up periods on chest CT scans.


We present a computational model for the paradigmatic analysis of musical pieces, which is the classi cation of musical segments into similarity-based categories. The model requires the analyst to make explicit choices for the characteristics by which the musical segments are described. The classi cation of the segments into categories is determined by these characteristics and is performed by a self-organizing neural network algorithm. In this way, traditional problems associated with paradigmatic analysis, namely lack of consistency and objectivity, can be avoided. Moreover, the model extends the analytical technique by providing di erent levels of classi cation, prototypes for each class, and by showing relations between classes.


Background: The mission of medical education is to provide the medical students adequate learning experiences so that they become competent doctors. In most of the medical schools of India, it is mainly taught by means of didactic lectures, tutorials and practical classes with often least interdisciplinary interaction. Objective: The objective of the present study was to explore the student's preferences about teaching methods . Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted during the period of July to November 2014 amongst 2nd year undergraduate medical students attending community medicine subject classes. Out of total 150 students, 138 were participated in the study. A pre-designed self-reported questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. All opinions were rated using a five-point Likert scale, which ranges from "strongly preferred" to "strongly not prefer." Data was entered in MS Excel and were analysed in the form of percentage and proportions whenever appropriate. Results: In this study, mean age of the students was 19.38 ± SD 0.69 years. Out of 138 students, 81(58.7%) were females and 57(48.3%) were males. Ninety nine (71.74%) students agreed that the length of MBBS curriculum should be 4.5 years. The most preferred mode for theory and practical teaching by students was focused group discussion and bedside clinic respectively. The most common obstacle faced by students during theory and practical learning was one way, non-interactive teaching . Conclusions: The students are interested in more interactive learning sessions. Students felt that the understanding is better with focused group discussion and bedside clinics.


In this paper, we propose a dynamical system design approach for silicon neurons (SiNs) based on the phase reduction theory. The design approaches for SiNs can be classified as three: the phenomenological design, the conductance-based design, and the dynamical systems design. As a part of the third approach, we propose the phase response curve (PRC)-based design for SiNs to enhance synchronization in an ensembles of SiNs. We consider the key criteria to optimize SiN design in terms of phase response properties by analyzing various circuit models of previous SiNs. Furthermore, as a case study, we demonstrate how to tune circuit parameters to obtain a desirable PRC of a resonate-and-fire neuron (RFN) circuit. Finally, we discuss the possibility of extending our approach to design a class of the generalized integrate-and-fire neuron (GIFN) circuits including the Izhikevich type SiNs.


Over recent years, corporate governance has become a major and highly contentious issue in all advanced economies, as well as in developing countries. Board size and composition constitute two of the most prevalent corporate governance factors, attracting wide theoretical attention. This paper examines the relationship between two of the most pertinent corporate governance factors–that is, the size of the Board of Directors and the proportion of non-executive directors–and firm performance on a sample of 19 listed companies from financial sector over the period 2008-2010. Results reveal that board size and board composition significantly impact on return on equity and Tobin Q of the firms in financial sector. Further there is a negative relationship between the board size and firm performance but the positive relationship between board composition and the firm performance.


In this reflective piece, the author has discarded many academic conventions to raise and implore readers to consider the question of how music educators make use of their skills, knowledge and power as white educators to open the door to Indigenous ways of doing and knowing about music which sustains such decolonising principles of teaching and learning. The author believes that one of the most powerfully transformative teaching and learning resources about Indigenous Australian performance practice rests in the multi-faceted potential of 'relationship'. Relationship is used in the sense of an 'interpersonal bond characterised by the ongoing communicative management of dialectical tensions, such as those between idealisation and realisation, affection and instrumentality, and judgement and acceptance'. Relationship, as a pedagogical method, is performed through an 'ethic of friendship', of mutual respect and empathy, and of on-going dialogue.


In India, oral cancers are becoming a public health problem. According to the Indian Council of Medical Research, around 70% to 80% of patients with oral cancer patients in the country present at a stage where surgical resection is difficult to achieve. Surgery is the main modality of treatment for Oral Cancer (OC). Non-surgical modality like radiation alone and chemo-radiation rarely achieves a lasting or definitive cure. Advance stage at presentation of OC patients is mainly because of delayed reporting by these patients to cancer treatment centers. A single centric study from India has shown that, major reason for delay in seeking treatment for OC is due to patient delay [1]. Patient delay is the period from the onset of symptoms due to the disease to seeking first medical attention or advice.


Sound too good to be true? Thinking out of the box can bring your patients in on time (almost) every time.


Mobile networks performance may be enhanced by cross-layer mechanisms. Some of those mechanisms are based on mobility metrics. For example, the establishment of a route by choosing less mobile node could improve the routing protocol. In this paper, we study the ability of mobility metrics to reflect the mobility. The proposed approach evaluates the ability of a metric from its influence over routing protocols. Three routing protocols are considered: AODV, DSR and OLSR. The studied mobility metrics are frequency of link state changes (LC), link connectivity duration (LD) and link stability metric (LS). The metrics are evaluated by simulation, firstly in a general case then in a scenario case.


PREFATORY NOTE PREFATORY NOTE TO PAPERBACK EDITION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST THE HELLENISTIC WORLD THE ROMANS AND BYZANTINE WORLDS THE BARBARIAN WEST EUROPE ISLAMIC DYNASTIES (EXCEPT INDIA) INDIA THE FAR EAST AFRICA THE NEW WORLD INDEX


This paper presents a new autonomous kinematic calibration technique by using a laser-vision sensor called "Perceptron TriCam Contour". Because the sensor measures by capturing the image of a projected laser line on the surface of the object, we set up a long, straight line of a very fine string inside the robot workspace, and then allow the sensor mounted on a robot to measure the point intersection of the line of string and the projected laser line. The point data collected by changing robot configuration and sensor measuring are constrained to on a single straght line such that the closed-loop calibration method can be applied. The obtained calibration method is simple and accurate and also suitable for on-site calibration in an industrial environment. The method is implemented using Hyundai VORG-35 for its effectiveness.


Recovery principles and practice are being implemented in Australia. In long stay psychiatric hospital wards structured around staff routines and shifts, concern with risks and policy constraints, enacting recovery methods is challenging. During a placement at a regional psychiatric hospital in NSW, a social work student undertook a reminiscence intervention to influence the nurses' deficit-focussed view of the patients with severe and persistent mental illness that they cared for. Three examples of how the reminiscence process was used are described. The staff reported perceiving the people they cared for differently after hearing about aspects of their lives outside the hospital setting. Reminiscence interventions have the potential to be used as a tool in the recovery journey in mental health and within the hospital setting. The reminiscence project was a challenging student placement that provided valuable learning for the social work team. Correspondence to: Julaine Allan, Senior Research Fellow, Lyndon Community, Australia, Tel: 02-63612300; E-mail: email@example.com


The objective: improve the quality of sentinel lymph nodes detection in patients with malignant neoplasms of the mammary glands.Materials and methods. At the period from 2009 to 2016, 400 patients with T1-T3N0M0 breast cancer were operated in Odessa Regional Clinical Hospital, using two dyes Patent Blue and ICG.The patients who had mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy were diagnosed T2-T3N0M0 breast cancer more frequently. The exceptions were T3-T4 tumors, tumor diameter > 5 cm, invasion into the skin and chest wall, palpable axillary lymph nodes, 3 or more affected lymph nodes during sentinel lymph node biopsy.100 patients in the first group had sentinel lymph node biopsy. Lymph node staining was performed using Patent Blue dye.In the patients in the second group, sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed using Patent Blue dye and another fluorescent ICG dye, which was injected intravenously into the arm on the affected side of the mammary gland, along the outflow from the arm to the mammary gland.Results. The total five-year survival after axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy was 91 % and 92 %, respectively. The five-year recurrence-free survival after axillary lymph node dissection was approximately 82.2 %, and after the sentinel lymph node biopsy – 83.9 %. Regional recurrence in the sentinel lymph nodes on the affected side was determined only in 1.1 %. The time of observation of the patients was from 60 to 180 months. The recurrence was registered in 0.2 % patients as isolated metastases into the axillary lymph nodes. Not a single case of lymphostasis of the upper limbs from the side of the biopsy was registered. Conclusions. The simplicity of fluorescent dyes usage makes it possible to implement this method in the everyday work of oncologists-surgeons, the advantages of which are the absence of radiation exposure and quick intraoperative detection of lymph nodes.


The invention relates to a press for producing a pellet from powdered material, comprising a press frame and a press unit arranged in the press frame with at least one upper press punch and/or at least one lower press punch, as well as at least one receptacle for the powdered material to be pressed by the upper and/or lower press punch, at least two upper drive units, each with one upper electric drive motor for moving the upper press punch in a vertical direction.


RF pulse adjustment method, and RF pulse adjustment means is an RF pulse adjustment method (JV, 300, 400, 500) for determining in the control of a magnetic resonance system (1) having a plurality of radio frequency transmission channels (S In the control for several of the high-frequency transmission channels (S Are recorded a plurality of candidate images (KB) of a subject to be examined object (O) with different sets of candidate transmit scaling factors (SF Optimum transmission scaling factors (SF In addition, a method for driving a magnetic resonance system (1) using the RF pulse adjustment method described, a correspondingly operating RF pulse adjustment means (19) and a magnetic system (1) with such an RF pulse adjustment means (19) described.


The rapid development of social media platforms has encouraged the trend of social media marketing. Nowadays, many business owners use social media to market their products online. However, out of a total of 59.2 million MSMEs in Indonesia, only about 8% have used social media platforms to promote their products. Therefore, this community service aims to provide information on how to use Facebook Ads, Instagram Ads, TikTok Ads, and Youtube Ads platforms as well as the information about the effect of product photos and marketing language to boost sales for MSMEs owners in Solo area, Central Java. Participants were benefited with the information needed to apply AdSense ads in the designated popular social media platforms. For participants categorized as the digital immigrant group, they need more intensive assistance in understanding in depth how to implement the AdSense ads, potentially due to their age and digital literacy constraints.


As the title suggests, the Venoms to Drugs conference was a highly focused meeting which reported on various aspects of venoms, with particular reference to the development of therapeutic agents from peptidic venom components. While the location on a coral island on the Great Barrier Reef reflected a focus on venoms from marine creatures, venoms from terrestrial animals and toxins from plants were also highlighted in a number of the presentations. Peptide components from the Conus marine snail species featured heavily in the program. Several talks referred to the progression through clinical trials of a least four known conopeptides. Regarding novel disclosures, Bruce Livett from the University of Melbourne gave a particularly interesting report on a newly discovered α-conotoxin with potential analgesic applications. This molecule is quite distinct from other conotoxins currently in clinical trials for the treatment of pain, and in particular from the ω-conotoxin class.


The ability of local assessors to accurately estimate land values separately from structure values is important when considering a split tax. When the value of land is estimated with less variation, there is greater equity. We examine land ratios in New London, New Haven, and Hartford Connecticut and sub-groupings within these cities for 2006 to 2010. Overall, the land ratios coefficients of dispersion (COD), a measure of horizontal equity, are too large for an equitable split tax. We also look at land assessment equity among sub-groupings of properties near parks, highway exits, airports, Yale University (for New Haven), residential versus commercial properties, land with old versus new properties, and large versus small parcels and 'expensive' versus 'less expensive' properties (by examining price per square foot). Commercial properties near Hartford's Brainard Airport are the best candidates for an equitable split tax. We also find that more frequent revaluations are necessary for an equitable split tax.


Abstract. This study aims to examine the relationship between anxiety, and learning motivation with sociology learning outcomes. This research method used in this study is a quantitative correlation with cross-sectional research design. The population of the research were the twelfth grade students of Batik 1 Surakarta High School. Sample of the research were 132 students who selected using sample random sampling technique. Data of the research were collected through documentation and questionnaire. Data analyzed using correlation product-moment analysis and multiple regression analysis.Based on the Multiple Regression Test, the equation model Y = 50,992 + 0,073X1 + 0,417X2. Based on the Correlation Coefficient Test, the results show that: (1) there were not a correlation and not significant between anxiety with the sociology learning outcomes (rhitung =  > rtabel = 0,168 < 0,1697 ; p > 0,05); (2) there were a positive and significant correlation between learning motivation with the sociology learning outcomes (rhitung =  > rtabel = 0,485 > 0,1697 ; p < 0,05): (3) there were a significant correlation between anxiety and learning motivation with the sociology learning outcomes (Rxy > Rtabel = 0,509 > 0,1697 ; Sig F Change = 0,000 < 0,05).


By developing the effect models of N fertilizer application and nitrogen from soil on photosynthesis, the photosynthetic product model of Rice Cultivational Simulation-Optimization-Decision making System (RCSODS) was improved and perfected.The improved model could simulate rice growth and yield formation under N stress rationally. Furthermore, combined with the optimal indices of rice canopy, RCSODS could be more applicable for optimal strategies of N application and informationization management for rice production.


The effect of finite inertia on the particle distribution of mono and bidisperse suspensions under a wall-bounded linear shear flow has been numerically studied using lattice Boltzmann simulations in the range of the particle Reynolds number (Rep) up to approximately 1 at moderate volume fractions ( ϕ ¯ = 0.2). We found that the channel-to-particle size ratio ( H / a p) plays an important role in the monodisperse particle distribution at R e p > 0.1, such that the particles with H / a p = 19 maintain a uniform distribution even at finite inertia, while those with H / a p = 32 accumulate in the mid-plane, and the accumulation increases with increasing H / a p and decreasing ϕ ¯. The bidisperse particle suspension comprising a mixture of large ( H / a l = 19) and small ( H / a s = 32) particles with ϕ l ¯ = 0.05 and ϕ s ¯ = 0.15 was also examined, where the subscripts l and s denote large and small particles, respectively. The particle distribution of the mixture was strikingly different from that expected for monodisperse suspensions, such that the net migration of large particles was reversed toward the walls at R e s > 0.1. Further, it was demonstrated that the inertia-driven concentration gradient of small particles leads to the diffusiophoretic migration of large particles moving toward the walls.


This article is a lightly revised version of the Lionel Cohen Lecture 2021 given by the author in October 2021. It looks at the relationship between legal academics and judges. The title of the article derives from one of the judgments of the great Lord Goff. The article has three main parts. First, it explores the increased influence of legal academics on judges in England and Wales towards the end of the twentieth century. Secondly, it examines how academic work can assist judges and makes a plea for recognition of the importance of 'practical legal scholarship'. Finally, drawing on the author's own recent experience, the article examines how being a judge of the United Kingdom Supreme Court differs from being an academic.


The propagation characteristics of hot flow anomalies (HFAs) near the Earth's bow shock are investigated, using observations from the Cluster spacecraft. A data set comprised of 19 classic HFAs (associated with tangential discontinuities, TDs) and 23 spontaneous HFAs (SHFAs, formed in the absence of solar wind discontinuities) was analyzed. For each event, the propagation velocity and normal of leading and trailing HFA edges were calculated using multiple multi‐point satellite analysis methods. For classic HFAs, 93% of the events have leading edge (LE) normal directions within 30° of the normal direction of the driving TDs. For SHFAs, in 74% of the events, the angle between the normal of an SHFA's edges and background magnetic field is in the range of 70°–110° and no angle is in the ranges of 0°–20° and 160°–180°. These results indicate that the LEs of the classic HFAs propagate along the same direction as the driving TDs and most SHFAs propagate quasi‐perpendicular to the background magnetic field and no SHFAs propagate parallel or anti‐parallel to the background magnetic field. Moreover, according to the velocity of HFAs' edges, we find that all classic HFAs and SHFAs' edges propagate toward the Earth in the spacecraft frame as expected and 5 out of 7 SHFAs are contracting and no expanding SHFAs are found. This study provides key parameters to help understand how HFAs disturb the magnetosphere.


Cell‐matrix interactions exert a profound influence on cell function and behavior. Our earlier observations suggested that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton results in the inhibition of phorbol ester–induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 expression. In this study, to understand the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in matrix metalloproteinase‐9 expression, we treated glioblastoma cells with vanadate and phenylarsine oxide (PAO), which are inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Vanadate and PAO inhibited expression of phorbol ester–induced MMP‐9 as well as constitutive expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion. An assay of the activity of phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) indicated that vanadate‐treated cells had reduced PTPase activity compared with that of untreated controls. Vanadate and PAO also inhibited actin polymerization, cell spreading, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Furthermore, elevated levels of protein tyrosine phosphorylation were observed in vanadate‐ and PAO‐treated cells in both a concentration‐ and time‐dependent fashion and were seen to have an inverse correlation with focal adhesion kinase protein expression. These results suggest that vanadate and PAO inhibited migration and invasion of glioma cells by their effect on the cytoskeleton and inhibition of MMP expression. Mol. Carcinog. 26:274–285, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has recently leapt to prominence within numerous biological fields. Interest in the use of GFP has grown enormously over the past 5 years. The number of papers concerning GFP held in the Web of Science database, which abstracts the scientific literature (http://wos.mimas.ac.uk), rose from 13 in the period 1981–1994, to over 3400 in the period 1995 to October 2000. This is due to the ability to clone and heterologously express GFP genes in a diverse range of cells and organisms, from bacteria and yeast, to plants and mammals, coupled with favorable properties such as high stability, minimal toxicity, noninvasive detection, and the ability to generate the highly visible fluorophore in vivo in the absence of external cofactors. Thus, GFP has become a truly versatile marker for visualizing physiological processes, monitoring subcel-


To establish formulae for the calculation of fetal cardiovascular Z‐scores based on femur length (FL), and to compare cardiovascular parameters between fetuses with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and normal fetuses in order to assess their value for the prenatal diagnosis of TOF.


In this paper, a power management system (PMS) for low-voltage and low-power harvesters is presented. The PMS consists of an energy storage module and a supply regulation (SR) unit. The energy provided by the harvester is first stored in a capacitor CTN. When enough energy is accumulated in CTN, the SR block is enabled and transfers the charge from CTN to an output capacitor COUτ at a higher voltage. The storage process is controlled by a 300-mV voltage supervisor. The voltage stepup process is realized through a two-stage self-starting switching converter, which is able to automatically reconfigure itself after the cold start to improve conversion efficiency during the steady state. Correct system operation is ensured with harvesters that deliver at least 8 μA at 300 mV. The PMS exhibits an average steadystate charge transfer efficiency of 55% in the 2.5 μW-1 mW input power range. The circuit is built with no need for programmable devices and is battery free, low cost, and small sized. A prototype was realized and tested with two different low-voltage harvesters, namely a microbial fuel cell and a photovoltaic cell.


Basic Themes Use, Production and Content Producing Facts Documents in Action I Documents in Organizational Settings Documents in Action II Making Things Visible Texts, Authors, Identities Content, Meaning and Reference Doing Things with Words Documents as Evidence Researching the Inert Text Production, Consumption and Exchange


Abstract Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases gains growing attention in epidemiology during the last decades. The major benefits of simulating compartmental models are the prediction of the consequences of potential interventions, a deeper understanding of epidemic dynamics and clinical decision support. The main limitation is however that several parameters are based on uncertain expert guesses (default values) and are not estimated from the study data. In this paper we build a bridge between the well-known deterministic S-I-R (Susceptible-Infectious-Removed) model which can be described with differential equations and the stochastic counterpart which can be used for statistical inference if outbreak data on an individual patient level are available. The possibly time-dependent transmission rate as well as the (basic) reproduction number are the main epidemiological parameters of interest. Furthermore, one important type of heterogeneity is considered: individuals may vary due to their susceptibility, i.e., risk factors for infection may be investigated. The Cox-Aalen survival model that is based on a multiplicative-additive hazard structure turned out to be a suitable tool for that purpose. The results give valuable informations for clinicians working in infection control and public health.


Abstract: Visitors to the northern Italian city of Padua often marvel at the city's medieval pictorial artworks which adorn the interiors of its ancient buildings. Most queue to be admitted into the environmentally regulated Scrovegni Chapel to view Giotto's stupendous
 works completed at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Those who venture further into Padua's historic center will never forget the experience of stepping into the city's baptistery. Admitted through a small wooden door nonchalantly by a proud but often helpful Paduan, the
 viewer ‐ as soon as his/her eyes adjust to the soft light ‐ is embraced by the splendor of the baptistery's ceilings and walls. Although the city's adjoining cathedral was gradually transformed from its late medieval form during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries,
 the baptistery has retained both its facade and interior frozen in the late fourteenth century. Perhaps the only significant change occurred early in the fifteenth century when the sarcophagi of the city's penultimate lord Francesco Il Vecchio da Carrara (1325–1393) and his consort
 Fina Buzzacarini (1328–1378) were removed.


Introduction: The prognosis of refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is poor with chemotherapy or even allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although our immunotherapy with autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART) has resulted in 88.6% complete remission (CR) in refractory/relapsed B-cell ALL (B-ALL), many patients relapsed at around 2 months after CART therapy (unpublished data). Our current strategy is to perform HSCT for refractory/relapsed B-ALL in CR by CART therapy to attain continuous leukemia-free survival (LFS). However, majority of the patients with CART therapy developed cytokine release syndrome which may increase transplant-related mortality (TRM). Moreover, all patients with CART therapy have very tough diseases which could result in higher relapse rate after transplant. Objective: In current study, the safety and efficacy of HSCT for refractory/relapsed B-ALL after CART therapy were investigated. The patients with B-ALL who received HSCT during the same time period without CART therapy were as control. Patients and Methods: Between July 2015 and May 2016, consecutive 22 patients with refractory/relapsed CD19+ B-ALL in CR by CART therapy followed by allogeneic HSCT in our hospital were analyzed as CART group; and consecutive 89 patients with B-ALL in CR who received allogeneic HSCT in our hospital during the same time period but without previous CART therapy were as control group. Clinical characteristics between two groups was comparable except more CR1 (22.7% vs. 57.3%) in control group and more CD3+ cells infused (1.93x108/kg vs. 1.46 x108/kg, p=0.026) in CART group. The median age was 8 (2-44) years, 15 (2-52) years in CART and control groups (p=0.147). The median disease course was 19.1 (3.9-53.7) months, 10.6 (3.7-123.0) months in CART and control groups (p=0.385). The median time from CART therapy to HSCT was 86 (31-172) days. Disease status was 22.7% cases in CR1, 54.5% in CR2, 18.2% in CR3 and 4.5% in CR4 in CART group; and 57.3% cases in CR1, 36.0% in CR2 and 6.7% in CR3 in control group (p=0.08). Minimal residual disease pre-conditioning by flow cytometry was positive in 22.7%, 31.5% patients in CART and control groups (p=0.422). Donor source was identical sibling (IS) in 13.6%, unrelated (UR) in 31.8% and haploidentical (HI) in 54.5% in CART group; and IS in 14.6%, UR in 16.9% and HI in 68.5% in control group (p=0.313). Myeloablative conditioning regimens were administered with either total body irradiation (TBI) plus cyclophosphamide (Cy)/ fludarabine (Flu)-based in 90.9% cases or busulfan (Bu) plus Cy/ Flu-based in 9.1% cases in CART group; and TBICY/Flu-based in 85.4% cases or BuCy/Flu-based in 14.6% cases in control group (p=0.498). Antithymocyte globulin was used in UR and HI transplants. Cyclosporine, short-term methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil were employed for GVHD prophylaxis. Results: The median time to neutrophil engraftment was similar between two groups (14 days vs. 13 days, p=0.196), but platelet engraftment was slower in CART group (14 days vs. 12 days, p=0.031). Cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) was higher in CART group (57.6% vs. 33.1%, p=0.009), which may related to higher CD3+ cells infused in CART cohort; but the incidences of grade III-IV aGVHD were no statistical significance (25.1% vs. 15.7%, p=0.564) in two groups. No remarkable differences were seen in CMV reactivation (45% vs. 51.7%, p=0.601) and transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (13.6% vs. 9.0%, p=0.514) in two groups. No significant difference was found in TRM between CART and control groups (7.1% vs. 15.2%, p=0.808). Relapse rates were similar in two groups (5.0% vs. 6.9%, p=0.888). With a median follow-up 9 (2-12) months, LFS was comparable in CART and control groups (84.8% vs. 80.9%, p=0.937). Conclusions: Our preliminary results have shown that the strategy with CART therapy followed by allogeneic HSCT in refractory/relapsed B-ALL is very safe and effective with similar outcomes in TRM, relapse rate and LFS compared with control group. CART therapy has resulted in very good CR in refractory/relapsed B-ALL and allowed the patients to achieve continuous LFS by subsequent allogeneic HSCT, which is revolutionary modality for those patients who have otherwise incurable diseases. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


It was conjectured by Bartels and Welsh [1] that removing an edge from an n-vertex graph G will not increase the average number of colours in the proper colourings of G if k=n colours are available. This paper shows that for all n>3, and for each k∈{3, 4, …, [lfloor ](3n−6)/2[rfloor ]}, there is a graph on n vertices with an edge whose removal increases the average number of colours in the k-colourings, thus disproving the conjecture.


Selective coordination epitaxial growth (SCE) of transition metal coordination compounds, a new growth technique of new materials in the field of electronics, is proposed and demonstrated. A heterostructure of halogen-bridged mixed-valence metal complexes is epitaxially grown successfully for the first time. This method is a powerful technique, which produces various kinds of superlattice of transition metal coordination compounds.


All cells establish and maintain an axis of polarity that is critical for cell shape and progression through the cell cycle. A well-studied example of polarity establishment is bud emergence in yeast, where the Rho GTPase Cdc42p regulates symmetry breaking at bud sites and the establishment of polarity by interacting with effector proteins. The prevailing view of bud emergence does not account for regulation by extrinsic cues or signal transduction pathways. Here, we show that the MAPK pathway that controls filamentous growth (fMAPK pathway), which also requires Cdc42p and the effector p21 activated kinase (PAK) Ste20p, regulates bud emergence under nutrient-limiting conditions that favor filamentous/invasive growth. The fMAPK pathway regulated the expression of polarity targets that included the gene encoding a direct effector of Cdc42p, Gic2p. The fMAPK pathway also stimulated GTP-Cdc42p levels, which is a critical determinant of polarity establishment. The fMAPK pathway activity was spatially restricted to bud sites and highest at a period in the cell cycle that coincided with bud emergence. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy showed that the fMAPK pathway stimulated the rate of bud emergence during filamentous growth. Unregulated activation of the fMAPK pathway induced growth at multiple sites that resulted from multiple rounds of symmetry breaking inside the growing bud. Collectively, our findings identify a new regulatory aspect of bud emergence that sensitizes this essential cellular process to external cues.


OnAugust 13, 1906, the town of Brownsville, Texas was in chaos. A shooting that night left a white bartender dead and a white police officer wounded. The townspeople, already on edge due to the alleged attack of a white woman the previous evening, pointed all blame at the 25th Infantry Regiment stationed at nearby Fort Brown. The 167-member troop, an allBlack regiment, had arrived just over two weeks prior. At the center of the case was eyewitness testimony. Several residents testified that they saw between 5 and 12 African American men shooting in the streets or sprinting away after the crime. Though the night was dark, they testified that they could make out the men's skin color and distinctive khaki uniform by the light of nearby street lamps. One man, named Mr. Rendall, testified that he saw eight men jump a wall in escape from a distance of about 150 feet. Another said that the street lamp cast a radius of about 20 feet, and in that distance, he saw the Black men retreat. The accused Black soldiers denied all charges, and no single man was ever indicted for the crime. Even so, President Theodore Roosevelt responded by dishonorably discharging the regiment. Over the course of the following year, the Senate Military Affairs Committee investigated what happened that night in Brownsville. Investigators wanted to know whether a person could tell a man's skin color by the light of a street lamp on a city street shrouded in darkness. So they conducted an experiment. They had African American, white, and Mexican men pass beneath street lamps of similar candlepower on a similarly starlit night from varying distances, and they tested whether observers could determine the men's skin color. Lieutenant Robert P. Harbold, who ran the experiment, had men pass him and other officers from a distance of 25 feet, with a "light shining brightly about 10 or fifteen feet beyond the squad, so the men were between the officers and the light." Harbold quickly made a discovery:


Current pumped terahertz (THz) emitting devices have been fabricated from gallium doped silicon. The time resolved peak power was 12μW per facet at a peak pumping current of 400mA, and the emission was observed up to temperatures near 30K. The spectra occurred in two distinct series at 7.9–8.5THz, and at 13.2–13.8THz. The emission was attributed to the radiative transitions of holes from the split sublevels of the 1Γ8 excited state to the sublevels of the 1Γ8+ ground state and the 1Γ7+ ground state, yielding an energy separation of 22±0.07meV between the two ground states. These results indicated that emitters based on Ga impurity transitions open up a range of THz frequencies, and the properties of their spectra can improve the understanding of impurity level physics.


A brief review is given of the present understanding of the transitions between integer quantized plateaus of the Hall conductivity in two-dimensional disordered systems in a strong magnetic field. The similarity to continuous thermodynamic phase transitions is emphasized. Results of numerical simulations for non-interacting electrons are presented and compared to experiment. The role of the Coulomb interactions at the integer quantum Hall transitions is studied.


Various methods have been developed to estimate daily crop coefficients, but their performance varies. In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to estimate the crop coefficient of winter wheat in four growth stages based on the observed data of weighing-type lysimeters and the high-precision automatic weather station in the Wudaogou Hydrological Experimental Station from 2018 to 2019. The three methods include the temperature effect method, the cumulative crop coefficient method, and the radiative soil temperature method. Our results suggest that the performance of these methods was different in each individual growth stage. The temperature effect method was better in the emergence-branching (RMSE = 0.06, r = 0.80) and heading-maturity stages (RMSE = 0.16, r = 0.94) because the temperature is suitable for crop growth during most of these two periods. The cumulative crop coefficient method was better in the greening-jointing (RMSE = 0.16, r = 0.88) and heading-maturity stages (RMSE = 0.20, r = 0.91) because this method is closely related to crop growth, which is vigorous during these two stages. The radiative soil temperature method was better in the emergence-branching (RMSE = 0.20, r = 0.35) and branch-overwintering stages (RMSE = 0.25, r = 0.52) as the energy balance can be ensured by the relatively high level of the effective energy during these periods. By comparing the estimation accuracy indices of the three methods, we found that the temperature effect method performed the best during the emergence-branching stage (RMSE = 0.06, MAE = 0.06, r = 0.80, dIA = 0.88), branch-overwintering stage (RMSE = 0.13, MAE = 0.11, r = 0.44, dIA = 0.55), and heading-maturity stage (RMSE = 0.16, MAE = 0.13, r = 0.94, dIA = 0.97), while the cumulative crop coefficient method performed best during the greening-jointing stage (RMSE = 0.16, MAE = 0.13, r = 0.88, dIA = 0.89). Based on this result, an integrated modelling procedure was proposed by applying the best method in each growth stage, which provides higher simulation precision than any single method. When the best method was adopted in each growth stage, the estimated accuracy of the whole growth process was RMSE = 0.13, MAE = 0.09, r = 0.98, dIA = 0.99.


1.1 Rationale of the Problem 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Hypothesis 1.4 Definitions and Explanation of the terms used 1.4.1 Social Change 1.4.2 Sources of Social Change 1.4.3 Process or Modes of Social Change 1.4.4 Society 1.4.5 Tribes: Meaning and Definition 1.4.6 Characteristic of Tribal Society 1.4.7 Classification of Indian Tribes 1.4.8 Schedule Tribes 1.4.9 Constitutional Provisions for Schedule Tribes 1.4.10 Jaunsaries 1.4.11 Historical background of Khasas of Jaunsari 1.4.12 Social life and Culture of Jaunsari 1.5 Area of Study and Methodology 1.5.1 Perspective / Approach 1.5.2 Area of Study 1.5.3 Universe / Sampling 1.5.4 Methods of Data Collection 1.5.5 Methods of Data Analysis 1.6 Limitations of the Study 1.7 Significance of the Study


In this paper, we propose a supervision method which aims at determining pertinent indicators to optimize predictive maintenance strategies. The supervision method, based on the AUto-adaptative and Dynamical Clustering technique (AUDyC), consists in classifying in real time measured data into classes representative of the operating modes of the process. This technique also allows the detection and the tracking of the slow evolutions of the process modes. Based on the AUDyC technique, a method is proposed to estimate the probabilities of the failure occurence of components in real time. This method is illustrated on the real case of a temperature controller.


Tuff in sedimentary sequences provide useful key beds. Volcanic ash and dust from a single eruption can cover an extensive area in a very short time proving good continuity and homogeneity in key beds as regards to fades changes in associated sediments. Identification of individual tuff beds may be based on texture mineral composition. Such variations in texture and composition as do occur within individual beds depend on distance from source and wind conditions, but within short distances variations are slight. A study was made for particle size distribution and mineralogy of 16 samples over a distance of 70 km from a single tuff bed in Pliocene sediments of the Boso and Muira peninsula, Japan. Good homogeneity was found throughout. Other tuff beds in the same sequence could be clearly distinguished on the basis of texture and mineralogy. M. Russell


Minimum coancestry mating (MC) is a simple mating system to reduce inbreeding in populations, in which matings are allocated so as to minimize the average inbreeding coefficient of progeny. This system was compared with random mating (RM) in simulated broiler lines. The population structure and genetic parameters were determined on the basis of an existing broiler line. Comparison of mating systems was made under two selection methods. The first method (DIS) was based on selection index for achieving desired genetic gains. In the second method (LPS), a combination of the family index and linear programming technique was applied to obtain the desired genetic gains. The selected traits were body weight at 6 weeks of both sexes and age at sexual maturity of hen. Four schemes by all the possible combinations of selection and mating methods (DIS + RM, DIS + MC, LPS + RM and LPS + MC) were compared in terms of genetic gains and inbreeding during 15 generations of selection and mating. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (i) the four schemes produced similar genetic gains averaged over replicates; (ii) the variations of genetic gains under LPS + RM and LPS + MC schemes were much smaller than under DIS + RM and DIS + MC schemes; (iii) irrespective of the selection methods, MC reduced the average inbreeding coefficients to about 80% of RM and; (iv) the inbreeding coefficients of individuals in the schemes with RM were distributed in a wide range, while the inbreeding coefficients in the schemes with MC showed a high uniformity. From these results, the LPS + MC scheme was recommended as a selection and mating strategy in closed broiler lines.


Abstract: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Special Mobile), is a standard to describe technologies for second generation digital cellular networks. Aside from ordinary Base Station Transceiver (BTS), Flexi Multiradio 10 BTS is utilized. It is effective as far as power utilization, minimal effort and is more adaptable due to its conservative size. The product requirements for this base station should be changed, as indicated by user necessities. In the current Digital world, Software enterprises, government association and other IT ventures has the need of business over the world has concentrated on quality and reliability delivered software through process and technology. Since it is difficult and hectic for the architects to test physically, automation of software instances of Flexi-BTS software package is favoured which is accomplished by continuous Integration automation testing utilizing RIDE software tool and executed through Jenkins .This paper contributes the study of Automation Flexi Multiradio 10 Base Station on Remote Radio Head configuration which has a unique feature called "Composited Multi Site Transmission". This feature enables to control the power of each antenna separately and also reduces Handovers of the calls. Through this paper we analyse how the Flexi BTS is automated and Test cases scenarios are written and executed.


This application describes embodiments of a method and apparatus for determining a handover parameter of a wireless overlay network. One embodiment includes modifying the macrocell and the bias value used to determine when to handover the user equipment with the femtocell overlapping with the macrocell. Bias value is modified in response to changes in one or more handovers associated with the user equipment. When the sum of the measured values of the bias value and the femto cell signal strength is greater than the measured value of the macrocell signal strength, the user equipment handover is triggered.


The apparatus placed around the photo sensitive drum includes a filter (10) sucking the used toner through a duct (12) with a suction fan (13) and placed between a de-static plate (7) and a blade (9), a supplier (23) supplying the cleaning solution to a roller (20) having the brush (22), a filter (16) placed in the middle of the duct, and a junction part (14) placed at the front of the duct and which upper and lower parts are tilted. The widths of the duct and filter are the same as that of the drum.


Abstract Based on our empirical estimates, the data did not suggest that federal tax has a larger impact on the retail price of cigarettes than does state tax since the state tax is susceptible to bootlegging bias among adjacent states. The price elasticities of demand for cigarettes are –0.675 and –0.308 in the long term and in the short term, respectively. With current price elasticity stabilizing between –0.3 and –0.5 —a value below profit-maximizing value — there is indeed considerable room for future cigarettes tax hikes to meet the shortfall in the budgets of both federal and state governments.


Despite overall declining HIV infection rates, gender inequality in HIV prevalence rates is striking. On average across the world, young women have about twice the HIV prevalence rates as their male counterparts. Many scholars point to the particular vulnerabilities that women face in regard to HIV risk. However, they have not employed gender stratification theory to explain gender disparities in HIV prevalence. This analysis builds on a relatively small, but growing body of cross-national research on HIV by analyzing sex-specific prevalence rates among fifteen- to twenty-four-year-olds. Using new data on women's access to property, land, and loans, I estimate the effects of women's status on female prevalence, male prevalence, and the ratio of female to male prevalence in a sample of seventy-eight low- and middle-income countries. Net of economic development and a wide variety of other control variables, women's access to property and access to bank loans have significant negative effects on all three measures of HIV prevalence. Female secondary school enrollment is the only other variable that has robust negative effects across all models. Thus, improving women's status through education and access to property and loans is associated with better health for everyone, not just women themselves.


A new dynamic image processing technique is applied to the measurement of the velocity of a vortex flow. Velocity-field of the vortex (i.e., the spatial distribution of speed and that of moving direction) is measured and visualized by pixel-based analysis calculating the mutual-correlation functions among temporal brightness changes at each pixel. It is shown that the dependence of the measured local speed V on the distance from the center of the vortex r is approximately V\varpropto(1/r), consistent with the results of pioneers in the field.


High permeability and low distortion TH10i ferrite material was prepared using oxide method.The effect of Nb2O5 additive on the properties of the materials was investigated.The result shows that suitable Nb2O5 addition can improve the material performance by decreasing hysteresis material constant and relative loss factor.


Objective:To explore the inhibition of Ligustcum chuanxiong and Radix Astragalus on the proliferation of aortic adventitial fi- broblasts in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).Methods:SHR serum with Ligustcum chuanxiong alone (group A)or with mix- ture of Ligustcum chuanxiong and Radix Astragalus (group B) were used to determine the effect of~3H-thymidine(~3H-TdR)incorpo- ration.Results:No influence of Ligustcum chuanxiong and mixture of Ligustcum chuanxiong Radix Astragalus on the blood pres- sure and heart rate of SHR was found.There was significant difference in~3H-TdR incorporation when compared SHR serum group with group A and B (P0.05,P0.01).Conclusion :Ligustcum chuanxiong Radix Astragalus could inhibit the proliferation of aortic adventitial fibroblasts in SHR,which might be related to their Ca~(2+) antagonism.


A genetic algorithm with adaptive search space (GAASS) and a new crossover operator named heuristic weighted crossover operator (HWCO) are proposed, then applied to identify the hysteresis model parameters of an electromechanical-valve actuator installed on a pneumatic system. According to the normalized fitness distance in each generation, the proposed GAASS method consistently identifies the best search domains in the parameter space and adjusts the crossover and mutation rates in order to achieve fast convergence and high accuracy. And the new crossover operator is only search the space around better parent, which is a heuristic searching process. Experiments have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed hysteresis identification approach.


A double‐focusing electrostatic electron spectrometer has been used to measure the K—LL Auger spectra resulting from electron impact for each of the elements in the gaseous molecules N2, O2, CO, NO, H2O, and CO2. An energy resolution of 0.09% full width half‐maximum was normally employed. A method for analyzing these complex spectra is described. It involves the identification of normal and satellite lines. The former are defined as arising from single electron ionization from the K shell without additional excitation followed by an Auger process in which one electron fills the vacancy while a second goes into the continuum, and where all the other electrons remain in their same orbitals. Satellite lines result when extra excitation occurs either in the initial formation of the K vacancy or in the subsequent Auger process. To aid in the identification of these satellite lines, auxiliary experiments have been performed such as the study of discrete energy losses in photoionization due to electron shake‐up,...


Drawing on Bourdieusian social theory, the paper combines class and social constructionist perspectives to reconceptualize youth's rural-to-urban migration. It discusses how structural properties of everyday lives, e.g. class background, inform rural youth's evaluations of rurality, and how these evaluations generate specific rural/urban residential preferences and migration practices. The theoretical discussion is informed by a survey study among rural teenagers in a remote rural region in Norway – the Mountain Region. The results show significant correspondence between informants' location in the rural class structure as measured by parents' economic/cultural capital resources and occupation, their evaluations of rurality and, finally, their preferences along the rural–urban dimension for a future place to live. The findings indicate that the social background of rural youth has a greater influence on migration decisions than has been acknowledged in contemporary and predominantly social-constructionist rural migration research. Thus, the paper advocates a theoretical framework that conceptualizes the migration decisions of rural youth as resulting from individualized and free choices, but still structured by predispositions of their rural class habitus.


This paper provides some insight into the cognitive development of a vision; however, the nurse leaders' actual decision-making process remains elusive. While the inclusion and commitment of all staff to a shared vision is discussed in the literature review, this paper provides little insight into the choice behind inductive or deductive approaches. In addition, the idea of a vision being an 'idealised mental image' on the part of the leader, as suggested in the paper, appears contrary to the concept of encouraging commitment by all team members. According to Barbuto (2005), Judge and Piccolo (2004) and the NHS Leadership Academy (2011) support for all team members to contribute in their own way to a common vision, and feel responsible for developing practice to meet the set objectives, is fundamental to transformational leadership. The underlying construct is that the vision should represent the norms and values of the team members, their ambitions for the future of their department and how they envisage achieving the (attainable) goals they have been instrumental in setting. An important perspective has been highlighted in this paper, namely the perception of 'not working' when thinking or developing practical applications of abstract thoughts. This is a well-known phenomenon within the nursing discipline, where staff are meant to appear physically busy at all times (Stickley and Freshwater, 2009). Seemingly, this was a hurdle encountered by the nurse leaders who felt unable to engage their full team due to its size or other obstacles although this is not discussed in the paper. One could argue that it would be appropriate to engage the full team in different ways in order to cultivate interest in, and understanding of, the importance of a shared vision (Stanley, 2006). It would be interesting to know where the difficulty lay in involving all members of the team. Was this due to their multidisciplinary nature – as often is the case of the large teams; or did the difficulty lie in involving members related to specific disciplines, as has been described elsewhere (Esterhuizen and Kooijman, 2001). In all cases, the leader as a role model is paramount to present the vision as a 'way of being' rather than a 'task' needing to be achieved. In other words, the leader needs to function as a conduit between stakeholders: organisational


Abstract: Sesame seeds commonly known as gingelly seeds or til is one of the oldest oilseed cultivated all over the world with India and China being the largest producers. Both black and white sesame seeds are abundant in not only macro or micronutrients but also contain plethora of bioactive components such as lignans and phytosterols contributing to it being a good source of antioxidants. Presence of sesamin, sesaminol, myristic acid and lecithin in sesame seeds attributes to its antiinflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-cancer properties. Sesame oil is also known for its anti-microbial activity. Sesame is also an important crop mentioned in Ayurveda and is used in shirodhara, a body relaxing technique. Its oil is also used as skin softener and is utilized in the treatment of cracked heels. Seasame oil can also be substituted with regular oil and its seeds are used as garnishes in breads, biscuits and crackers. Til chikki and laddo's are also prepared in Indian households. Though it is widely used, consumption of even two sesame seeds might trigger allergic reactions in few people. In this review article topics like nutritional composition, therapeutic benefits, uses, products developed and safety and dosage of sesame is discussed. Keywords: sesame, sesamin, sesaminol, lignans, phytosterols