A novel concept for a high resolution Compton spectrometer is introduced. 88 keV radiation from an Inverse Compton Compact Source is focused using crossed cylindrically bent Laue-type Si perfect crystals, and dispersed on the sample with a constant energy gradient. Dispersion is compensated exactly at a Ge crystal analyzer, so that the same wavelength shift is observed for all wavelengths of the incident beam. The ThomX source is used as a concrete example. Detailed dimensions and flux estimates at successive locations of the spectrometer are given, and the performance is compared with the dispersion compensating spectrometer at ID15 of the ESRF. The momentum resolution is better than 0.1 atomic units in both cases. The intensity of scattering with the compact source is an order of magnitude smaller, but still adequate for high resolution Compton profile measurements.


The aim of this article is to enlarge practice-based studies to the consideration of institutional environment and institutional work, opening a dialogue with neo-institutionalism and, in so doing, advance the growing field of sociology of practice. This study attempts to do this by answering the question: how does a change in a practice become stabilized and what does the new practice do, once stabilized? Within practice-based studies, most studies have considered mainly endogenous changes, emergent from the community of practitioners under study. By contrast, this study discusses an exogenous change (a recent Italian law limits medically assisted reproduction practices) and the emergent relations that stabilize a provisional new practice through negotiation within the institutional context. Stabilization of a new practice is achieved by limitation, by rhetorical closure and by anchoring in technology. The aim of the article is to show the unintended power effects that a new practice generates once stabilized.


Nurse unions fear the decision to force junior doctors to accept a new contract could lead to their members experiencing a similar fate.


Background Little is known as to whether childhood temperament is associated with long-term sickness absence in adult life. Aims To explore the associations between childhood temperament and long-term sickness absence in middle age. Method The Aberdeen Children of the 1950s study is comprised of 12 150 children born in Aberdeen 1950–55. Teachers completed the Aberdeen–London Child Behaviour Scale (Rutter B) for all participants in 1964. Current employment status was ascertained for 7183 (63.7%) in 2001. Results Five and a half per cent of responders classified themselves as 'permanently sick or disabled' at follow-up. 'Often complains of aches and pains' (OR=6.75, 95% CI 1.28–35.5) and 'Often appears miserable or unhappy' (OR=3.81, 95% CI 1.01–14.4) were strongly associated with being permanently sick or disabled following adjustment for year of birth, gender, IQ and father's social class. Conclusions Childhood temperament is strongly associated with sickness absence in middle age.


SIMPLE AND COMMONLY used method of objectively assessing shoulder function is a patient self-report questionnaire. There are several instruments available. This column reviews four functional questionnaires in an effort to identify valid and responsive measures for evaluating upper extremity function: the Constant-Murley Shoulder Score (CMS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Self-Report Form, the University of Pennsylvania Shoulder Score (U-Penn), and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) outcome measure. For scientific and clinical information obtained from these tools to be of merit, psychometric properties (reliability, validity, and responsiveness) of available assessment tools must be demonstrated. Reliability implies that test results will be consistent over time, and test–retest reliability refers to the stability of the scale during repeated measures. 1 Reliability can be measured using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Coefficients range from 0 to 1.0, with values closer to 1.0 indicating a substantial relationship or correlation. 1 A coefficient of .75 is judged to be acceptable.


"I am and shall remain, unalterably opposed to those who regard the colloquial as a suitable instrument for mutual understanding and a method for realizing the various goals of our intellectual life because l simply cannot tolerate any squandering of the heritage, however slight, that classical Arabic has preserved for us. The colloquial lacks the qualities to make it worthy of the name of a language, I look upon it as a dialect that has become corrupted in many respects" (Taha Hussein, 1954,...


In this study,using MRS selective medium,six lactic acid bacteria strains producing γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) were isolated from sauerkraut,pickles,etc.The strain F13,F14 and F15 showed high GABA-producing ability after rescreening.Screening results revealed that the strain F13,F14 and F15 produced 5.01g/L,5.72g/L and 4.98g/L GABA in the fermentation medium containing 10g/L sodium glutamate under 33℃ and for 60h,respectively.According to the morphological characteristics and physiological and biochemical characteristics,the three strains were preliminarily identified as Lactobacillus brevis,Lactobacillus acidophilus,lactobacillus plantarum,respectively.


SUMMARY The class of generalized linear models is extended to allow for correlated observations, nonlinear models and error distributions not of the exponential family form. The extended class of models include a number of important examples, particularly of the composite transformational type. Large-sample inference and maximum likelihood estimation for the extended class of generalized linear models are discussed, and the analysis of deviance is generalized to the extended class of models. Calculation of the maximum likelihood estimate for a general likelihood by Fisher's scoring method and a related method is considered, and the relation with the Gauss-Newton method is discussed.


Calmodulin concentration and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity were simultaneously determined on ram spermatozoa collected by cannulation of successive segments of the epididymal tubule. Epididymal transit was characterized on one hand by an overall decrease in the calmodulin level and on the other by a dramatic rise in the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. In contrast to the calmodulin level, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity was correlated with the acquisition of flagellar beat. No further alterations in the level of these two proteins could be detected as spermatozoa acquired progressive motility.


Corpus callosum agenesis (ACC) is a congenital birth defect in which the corpus callosum fails to fully form (Badaruddin, et al., 2007). The partial or complete absence of a corpus callosum affects specific functioning (Brown, Jeeves, Dietrich, & Burnison, 1999) resulting in behavioral, social, and cognitive difficulties (Badaruddin, et al., 2007). We evaluated the development of infants and toddlers with ACC in cognition, language, and motor functioning.

 Boys (n = 6) and girls (n = 4) ages 3 to 41 months were assessed utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition, a test designed to assess the developmental functioning in 5 domains: motor, social-emotional, adaptive behavior, cognitive, and language (Bayley, 2006). Volunteers were assessed during ACC conferences.

 Cognitive, language and motor index scores were significantly correlated but not age. Moderate to large effect sizes (Cohens d) were found. Girls had lower Cognitive Index scores and were below average; boys mean score was within the average range. Large effect sizes for receptive and expressive language. Boys scored within the low average range; girls below average for receptive language. For expressive language, girls fell in the borderline range, boys were low average. Gross motor was very low compared to age norms. Girls showed deficits in fine motor skill development; boys within the average range.

 Global developmental deficits and gender differences occurred for infants and toddlers with ACC. Girls show more delays than boys. Outcomes suggest that delays can be measured well before entering school and supports early intervention services.


Accurate network traffic classification is significant to numerous network activities, such as QoS and network management etc. While port-based or payload-based classification methods are becoming more and more difficult, Machine Learning methods are promising in many aspects. In this paper, we improve the standard Random Forest by setting the variable selection probability according to the importance of the corresponding variable to classify network traffic. Our test results show that the Improved Random Forest has better classification performance. And it takes less time to build the model.


Background.—Chronic migraine is the most common type of chronic daily headache seen in headache tertiary care centers. Most patients with chronic migraine report their ability to function and feeling of well‐being as severely impaired.


Tribolium castaneum is warehouse pest for flour comodity. The usage of chemical pesticide to control Tribolium castaneum is harmful to humans and environment. One of effective and eco-friendly method is utilization of dimethyldecanal spesific pheromone which act as attractant that affect both sex. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of dimethyldecanal towards flour beetle behaviour respons. This research conducted by sample preparation, dimethyldecanal extraction, like dislike assay, and GC-MS analysis. Dimethyldecanal extract was obtained using body extract and head space sampling methods was then tested for its effectiveness in influencing the behavior of Tribolium castaneum using like dislike test and analyzed using GC-MS. Like dislike test based on One Way Anava analysis showed that there was significant difference between dimethyldecanal extract from body extract and head space sampling in influencing the behavior of Tribolium castaneum (P = 0.001; P <0.05). Based on GC-MS analysis, dimethyldecanal compounds can only be detected in head space sampling extract. Like dislikes test result and GC-MS analysis showed that dimethyldecanal can be extracted using head space sampling method but cannot be extracted using body extract method.


Semi-insulating gallium arsenide (GaAs) has significant advantages in high-power electronic devices. However, its low carrier concentration and high bulk resistivity make it difficult to achieve good ohmic contact characteristics. Currently, the Au/Ge/Ni ohmic contact electrode is commonly used on semi-insulating GaAs. However, this approach has problems related to the morphology and metallurgical changes of their interfaces leading to poor thermal stability of devices. Therefore, this article proposes Pd/Ge/Ti/Pt/Au multilayer metal to realize ohmic contact on semi-insulating GaAs substrate and designs the functional gradient Pd/Ge/Ti/Pt/Au layers with different thicknesses on semi-insulating GaAs. In the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{N}_{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> atmosphere, the effects of annealing temperature, duration, and Pd/Ge thickness are studied. The formation mechanism of ohmic contact and the relationship between specific contact resistivity and temperature are analyzed using the thermoelectric field emission model (TFE). A low specific contact resistivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.34~\Omega \cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>cm2 has been obtained at 550 °C for 180 s. The excellent ohmic contact characteristics of the semi-insulating GaAs-based high-power semiconductor optoelectronic devices could be applied in the future.


This paper summarises an article previously published in theJournal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research(Gargan, Meldon, Aherne, Fitzgerald & McNicholas, 2012;http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=17055039) but makes explicit links to the theme of social connection and attachment relationships.


Aims: The study aims to examine the effects of inflation rate volatility on household final consumption expenditure in Cameroon. Studies on inflation rate and household final consumption expenditure in Cameroon are limited. This study provides a new insight into how inflation rate fluctuations affect household consumption expenditure in Cameroon.
Study Design: The study made use of an ex-post facto research design as the researcher has no control over the variables.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Cameroon using World Bank data from 1980-2020.
Methodology of the Study: The objectives of the study were accomplished using the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound test and error correction model (ECM) based on the conclusion of the unit root test.
Results: The findings indicate that the inflation rate has a positive and significant effect on household final consumption expenditure in both the short and long run.
Conclusion: The study concludes that an unstable inflation rate has a great impact on household final consumption expenditure in Cameroon.


This chapter considers how string-based methods might be adapted to address music-analytic questions related to the discovery of musical organization, with particular attention devoted to the analysis of tonal harmony. I begin by applying the taxonomy of mental organization proposed by Mandler (1979) to the concept of musical organization. Using this taxonomy as a guide, I then present evidence for three principles of tonal harmony -- recurrence, syntax, and recursion -- using a corpus of Haydn string quartets.


IN mid-2013, Ethiopia began construction on the Grand Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile just upstream from Sudan and Egypt. In many ways this massive dam is a symbol of the water challenges faced by billions of people around the world, with multiple meanings, interpretations, and implications. For Ethiopians, it represents their first major attempt to control and use the waters of the Nile for economic development in the form of hydropower generation and perhaps agricultural production. For Egyptians, it represents potential interference with their own water systems and strategies because of the risks that water flows in the Nile— considered their lifeblood—will be reduced or subject to the political control of governments and institutions outside their borders. To some in the water policy community, the dam represents tangible evidence that efforts to develop joint and comprehensive management of the entire Nile River basin have failed. To others, it is a symbol of the 20thcentury approach to water management—that is, to build large-scale centralized infrastructure without understanding or addressing true environmental, social, and political costs and without looking at more comprehensive integrated options for economic development. In reality, the project represents, to some degree, all of these things. For the last several decades of the 20th century, fresh water played a small but growing role in comprehensive A DrOP in the BuCkET


the chief ingredients for a stimulating course: selections from old and new, near and far, philosophical classics and modern writers, plus humorous illustrations. An introductory reading sets the scene for each section (for example, Justice, Law and Morality begins with Kafka's K; Tragedy and Aesthetic Criticism with Moby Dick and Willy Loman), followed by several pages of 'Inquiry' where analysis of the problem is presented, and concluding with the main section of selected items. The


Precise and agile manipulation of frequency and phase of output signals of single-frequency optical frequency synthesizers based on a novel technique for frequency shifting of frequency combs is investigated by relative measurements between identical synthesizers.


Model-Driven Development (MDD) represents a paradigm shift in software development. But MDD is not yet widely used within the Aerospace industry. Because of the familiarity of many in the industry with the MATLAB/Simulink tool, there is often miscommunication or misunderstanding over the expression "software modeling" that may be hindering the leveraging of MDD tools and techniques.


This document defines a standard profile for Bogon Origin Attestations
(BOAs). A BOA is a digitally signed object that provides a means of
verifying that an IP address block holder has not authorized any
Autonomous System (AS) to originate routes that describe or encompass
any of the addresses listed in the BOA, and also provides a means of
verifying that BGP speaker is not using an AS as a BGP speaker without
appropriate authority to use that AS. The proposed application of
BOAs is intended to fit within the requirements for adding security to
inter-domain routing, including the ability to support incremental and
piecemeal deployment of security measures, and does not require any
changes to the specification of BGP.


The construction of football stadium is the most important process of the host of FIFA World Cup,and renewal of the existing stadium is one of the familiar modes.Analyzing and summarizing the experience of the recent case,this paper discusses some principles of the renewal of FIFA World Cup stadium.


Let G be a finite abelian group with two elements generating set M.Consider the Cayley digraph D(G,M) in which the vertices are corresponding to the elements of G and there is an arc from x to y if and only if y-x ∈ M.An attention deserving problem is: for a given positive integer N,what is the minimum valuesof the diameters among all such connected Cayley digraphs on N vertices of finite abelian groups with degree 2 ? In this paper a fast algorithm is given to compute the minimum value.Thus given a positive integer N,by our algorithm we can find an abelian Cayley Digraph with degree 2 whose diameter is minimal.


In the Texas-Mexico border region, the first modern irrigation ditches were dug in the 1880s. In the succeeding three decades, private investors formed ditch companies and developed a vast network of irrigation canals, most of which still exists today. By the 1930's, the ditch companies had either gone bankrupt or had been bought out by farmers who formed water districts as authorized under state law. Over the years, various levels of rehabilitation and modernization have occurred in the districts, but a study conducted in 1999 estimated that 40% to 60% of the water diverted from the river was being lost to leaks, spills, seepage and poor management. At that time, districts still used paper maps of their facilities for planning and management purposes, some which were over 40 years old. In most districts, operational procedures had been unchanged for decades. Promoting water conservation in these districts is very difficult. The farmer-elected District Boards are resistant to spending money as it increases the fees that farmers pay for water. Most district managers have no technical background and are resistant to change. The canal riders who operate the gates and manage the canal networks have no training, and many speak little or no English. Complicating the situation is that the flow dynamics of the canal network in this flat region are not well understood. To address the water conservation issues and to promote change, a very successful and multi-facet engineering program has been implemented through the Rio Grande Basin Initiative, which includes applied research, education and technical assistance combined with a human touch aimed at fostering trust and confidence among district personnel. This paper provides details of the program and methodologies that have resulted in significant water savings and dramatic changes in the Districts.


Today's demand for highly transparent building envelopes which are also adaptive and sustainable calls for innovative solutions in the glass design.


The invention discloses a method for depositing a low-stress coating by utilizing supersonic speed laser. Hard phase particles and soft phase particles with appropriate particle size and shape are subjected to ball-milling mixing in certain proportion, and the mixed powder particles are subjected to supersonic speed laser deposition on pretreated matrixes of different materials and shapes, so that the low-stress coating is obtained. According to the technical scheme, the soft phase is uniformly distributed in a high hardness coating, great plastic deformation is formed, and internal stress in the coating can be absorbed and eliminated, so that a compact and crack-free coating is obtained; besides, on the interface of the coating and the matrixes, a soft phase enrichment layer is generated in situ, transition action on bonding of the high hardness coating and the matrixes is realized, and interface bonding strength of the coating/matrixes is obviously improved.


A study was undertaken during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002 at Udaipur, to evaluate effect of weed control on production potential and economics of maize (Zea mays L)-legume intercropping system. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] as intercrops reduced the weed dry matter. Introduction cf different rainy season legumes did not affect yield attributes and yield of maize but significanlty increased maize-equivalent yield. All weed-control treatments resulted in significant reduction in weed dry matter and helped in significant enhancement in maize yeild attributes and yield. Weed control through metolachlor recorded higher maize-equivalent yield which was at par with alachor and hand-weeding. Higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio were obtained by maize + cowpea intercropping system, but it was at par with other intercropping system, while in terms of net returns and benefit: cost ratio-metolachlor, alachlor and hand-weeding were statistically equivalent.


Chapter 3 looks into how the PLA established and trained the first three regular divisions, the 304th, 308th, and 312th Divisions, for the Viet Minh in China in 1950. The PLA also opened two officer academies; four communication, technology, and mechanic schools; three driving schools; two medical training centers; and six language institutes in 1951 for the Vietnam Minh. By 1952, the Chinese had provided military, technology, and professional training for 25,000 Vietnamese officers, soldiers, engineers, technicians, and medical staff in China. In August, when the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) arrived, more than 450 Chinese advisors worked with the PAVN commanders at the high command, division, regiment, and battalion levels. The PLA advisors taught the Vietnamese their successful tactics from the Chinese Civil War. They developed tactics for mobile operations and designed surprise attacks to outnumber the enemy whenever the situation permitted, in order to wipe out entire enemy units instead of simply repelling them. Chinese training, rearmament, and advisory assistance were intended to improve PAVN combat abilities in order to achieve victory by using annihilation tactics. When the PAVN launched the Border Campaign at Cao Bang in September-October 1950, they defeated the French near Cao Bang, opening transportation lines for Chinese aid.


This paper describes two related tools developed to support the isolation and analysis of optimization err ors in the vpo optimizer. Both tools rely on vpo identifying sequences of changes, r eferred to as transf ormations, that result in semantically equi valent (and usually impr oved) code. One tool determines the first transf ormation that causes incorrect output of the execution of the compiled program. This tool not only automatically isolates the illegal transformation, but also identifies the location and instant the transformation is performed in vpo. To assist in the analysis of an optimization err or, a graphical optimization viewer was also implemented that can display the state of the generated instructions before and after each transformation performed byvpo. Unique features of the optimization viewer include re verse viewing (or undoing) of transformations and the ability to stop at breakpoints associated with the gener ated instructions. Both tools are useful independently. Together these tools f orm a powerful envir onment for facilitating the r etargeting of vpo to a new machine and supporting experimentation with new optimizations. In addition, the optimization viewer can be used as a teaching aid in compiler classes.


The practice of herbalism has become popularized throughout the world. During past decade public interest in natural therapies is increasing both in developing as well as developed countries. Approximately 25 percent of all prescription drugs are derived from trees, shrubs or herbs. Plant-extract-based medicine is quite appreciated and well accepted by rural and even urban population. Uterotonics plants are those plants which have the ability to contract uterus and since ancient times these uterotonic plants have been used to assist labour, induce labour and for abortifacient purposes. Current available uterotonics include oxytocin, ergot derivatives and prostaglandins. Alternative to these synthetic agents, many herbal plants with uterotonic properties are known from across the world. For this purpose computerised databases were searched to get the various plant species which have been studied for their uterotonic activity. The aim of this review is to give snapshot of plants with uterotonic properties proved by experimental studies. More studies needed to prove them as uterotonic herbs. Before the assessment of clinical efficacy, studies must first provide evidence for the mechanism of action of herbs as uterotonics as well as their safety through phytochemical and pharmacokinetic assays.


Informal settlements in African cities are characterised by social and environmental problems. To address the living conditions, many African countries have been making attempts to provide housing ...


The ascitic fluid of Novikoff and Ehrlich tumors contains a pancreatic-like ribonuclease. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of natural RNA and that of the synthetic pyrimidine (poly U, poly C) but not (poly A, poly G) or slightly (poly I) purine polymers. The synthetic duplex molecules poly I: poly C and poly A: poly U are rather resistant to hydrolysis.


Any activities enabling one to determine the complexity of object software in the early stage of system development are very useful. Some object metrics can be used to locate parts of the design that could be error prone or complex to test. In this paper methods allowing calculation of system-level metrics for commercial CASE tool, Rational Rose, have been described. Abreu et al proposed [1] MOOD metrics (metrics for object-oriented design). MOOD metrics are calculated on the basis of information kept in Rose project repository and they are very useful in the estimation of system complexity. The correlation between metrics and quality attributes of a system designed in Rose, such as reliability, testability is also given.


This research paper discusses th e costs of the lack of coordination with the EU on development aid, and seeks toquantify the benefits of further coordination between EU donors and to identify the most appropriate tools to carry it forward. Chapter 2 presentsthe evidence from recentanalysesof the costs associated with p oor donor


Two strata of cerrado stricto sensu vegetation were surveyed, in a fragment covering an area of 300 ha, at Brotas, SP, Brazil. The sampling area had 5000 m2 (250 x 20 m). The upper stratum (diameter 50 cm above ground ³ 5cm) was surveyed in 50 plots, 100 m2 each, and the lower stratum (diameter < 5 cm and height < 50 cm) was surveyed in 50 sub-plots, 10 m2 each, for phytosociological analysis. Crown cover was estimated by the line interception method and the aggregation index of Payandeh was also calculated, for each species and for the community as a whole. Trees, shrubs, palms and herbs were identified, comprising 78 species (36 families). The upper stratum had 1150 ind/ha, basal area of 7.2 m2/ha and crown cover of 19.6 %. In this stratum, 44 species (27 families) were surveyed (H'=3.02) and the community was aggregated (P=4.26). The most important species (decreasing importance value) were: Acosmium subelegans, Aspidosperma tomentosum, Eriotheca gracilipes, Styrax ferrugineus and Tabebuia ochracea. The density of the lower stratum was 10,220 ind/ha, the community was also aggregated (P=3.89) and the diversity index (H'=3.32) was higher than in the upper stratum. From the 61 species surveyed (32 families), the most important in decreasing order of relative density were: Campomanesia adamantium, Bromelia balansae, Attalea geraensis, Xylopia aromatica e Ocotea pulchella. Some of the most abundant species of the upper layer, such as Styrax ferrugineus, Eriotheca gracilipes, Piptocarpha rotundifolia and Annona crassiflora, were not found in the lower stratum. It is suggested that the regeneration process was interrupted and such populations may be locally threatened.


The paper discusses TRIPS as a protection measure on knowledge and new technologies through property rights and analyses the Southern concern if protection of new technologies by means of TRIPS may mean that South can no longer imitate the North in implementing emerging technologies and concepts as was the case with Newly Industrialized Countries of Asia in 1980s. The paper shows that trade and research and development trends are highly skewed in favor of the North and this means that in any such international economic landscape, TRIPS may advantage the North and restrict the South from trading under a technologically aligned level playing field.


As the National Science Foundation and engineers throughout the world seek to strengthen the future of the engineering profession, the Civil Engineering (CE) program at the United States Coast Guard Academy embodies this initiative with a student focused approach. One course in particular, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers (CE Materials), was restructured focusing on multiple pedagogies (e.g. traditional chalkboard writing, presentations, field trips, labs, etc.) to appeal to different student learning preferences and create a more inclusive learning environment. Utilizing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, instructors focused on the first two dichotomies, Extroversion vs. Introversion and Sensing vs. Intuition. With an innovative approach towards CE Materials, the goal of stimulating independent thinkers and assisting students with the retention of core course material is being achieved across a range of student learning preferences. By teaching the course in a way that encompasses all learning preferences, a greater breadth of students can succeed in and enjoy a civil engineering curriculum.


Poly{2,6-dimidazo[4,5-b:4′,5′-e]pridinylene-1,4(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene} (PIPD) nanofibers were prepared from an as-spun PIPD fiber by a simple solvent swelling and ultrasonic stripping process for the first time. Briefly, with the help of heating and supersonic treatment, a PIPD fiber was made into nanofibers with diameters of 20–500 nm. Due to the nanoscale of the PIPD nanofibers and abundant polarized –OH groups on the surface of the nanofibers, these PIPD nanofibers show excellent solubility and stability in DMSO. It is easy to construct porous PIPD films with these nanofibers and the membrane shows excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance. Moreover, the mechanical performance of the PIPD membrane can be improved greatly after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde.


[Objective] To establish the determination method for the content of baicalin as quality control index of Shuanghuanglian Dripping Pills. [Methods] Antiphase pressurized liquor chromatography method was used and the investigation of methodology was also carried out. [Results] This assay was performed without interference and the baicalin content of Shuanghuanglian Dripping Pills was 14.12%. [Conclusions] The method for content determination of the effective component was feasible.


In this article, we explain the important effect of varying parameter of staggered undulator on inverse free electron laser (IFEL) accelerator. The modified IFEL equations are derived and analyzed. The synchrotron radiation losses that give rise to saturation length and maximum energy are included in the analysis. Both saturation length and maximum energy of the IFEL are influenced by the pole to pole gap and the periodic length of the staggered undulator.


Technology addiction has been the focus of many recent studies in the information systems (IS) literature. This paper examines how user perceptions and usage intentions toward social networking sites (SNS) are distorted by their level of addiction to the technology. To this end, a research model that incorporates the technology addiction construct and two system-referenced perceptions (trust and social influence) has been constructed and tested to explain the effects of addiction on augmenting one's perceptions of SNS. Data were obtained from an online survey of 202 SNS users in Saudi Arabia. A Structural equation modelling technique was used to evaluate the proposed model. The findings confirmed that users' level of SNS addiction influence their reasoned-based usage intentions by distorting users' perceptions toward the technology. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.


A programming standard is described, with the emphasis on the visual aspects of the final product rather than on how the programs are engineered.


The calculation of a reliable temperature dependent dolomite solubility product constant (Ksp−dol) has been the subject of much research over the last 70 years. This study evaluates log10(aCa2+/aMg2+) values using PHREEQC (Pitzer approach) for a screened subset (n = 11,480) of formation waters in the U.S. Geological Survey National Produced Waters Geochemical Database V2 (PWGD), an extensive inventory of 165,960 formational waters from a range of sedimentary lithologies in North America up to 6.6 km depth (Blondes and others, 2016). Through extensive ground truthing against datasets sourced from Texas Gulf Coast basin and the Mississippi Salt Dome basin we establish both the geochemical data from the PWGD and a new geothermal model of the US that is used to determine temperatures at-formation-depth to be reliable data sources. The vast majority (90%) of PWGD samples have log10(aCa2+/aMg2+)-temperature values that are interpreted to be indicative of calcite-dolomite equilibrium and buffering by the bulk mineral solubilities. Using statistical models with different parameterisations (different Maier-Kelly formulas, mixed-effects models with various random effects and linear models) log10(aCa2+/aMg2+) values are regressed against the estimated at-formation-depth temperatures to determine Ksp−dol between 0 and 200 °C. This process relies on the well constrained calcite solubility product constant (Ksp−cal). Local effects that modify log10(aCa2+/aMg2+) values are evaluated through the addition of random effects to the mixed model which both improves the statistical reliability of the Ksp−dol model and enables the determination of Ksp−dol values for local dolomite phases. The nature of these local effects is open to interpretation, but we suggest the primary influence on log10(aCa2+/aMg2+) values is the stoichiometry of the dolomite phase systematically modifying log10(aCa2+/aMg2+) values. We discount the influence on log10(aCa2+/aMg2+) values of dolomite order, the solution ionic strength, equilibration with anhydrite and chlorite group minerals, illitization of smectite and albitization of feldspar. For the dolomite solubility equation; the mixed-effects model (model J23) chosen as most representative yields a pKsp−dol (log10Ksp−dol); We determine pKsp°−dol to be −17.27 ± 0.35 (25 °C, 1 atm) which is close to prior estimates, including the most recent experimental value reported by Bénézeth and others, 2018 (pKsp°−dol = −17.19 ± 0.3) validating the groundwater regression analysis approach of this study.


This study aims to determine the behavior of the community in keeping the environment clean attraction root bridge . The problem in this study are : 1 ) Community Behavior in the Environment Keeping Attractions dikecamatan Shaded Bridge Aka the South Coast . 2 ) Management of Environmental hygiene Attractions Root Bridge in the district of South Coastal shadow . This type of research is qualitative research . Determination of informants obtained by purposive sampling technique . The research location is in kenagaraian Puluik - Puluik subdistrict of North Bayang . Informants in this study is the head of the Department of Tourism and Culture , Head , manager of Community Leaders and Visitor Attractions . Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews , and written documentation . Based on the results of field research shows that environmental hygiene Attractions Root Bridge Kebersihanya not awake much garbage strewn on the location , attractions Root Bridge has the attraction that the bridge is made from the roots of the banyan are formed by the local society . Governments have to enter into the profile Attractions Attractions region , and the government has also been promoting the attractions through the mass media . People are also often hold mutual help to clean the environment Attractions Root Bridge .


This year marks the 40 th anniversary of the introduction of the anthropic principle(s) by Brandon Carter at Cambridge University. Since 1970 Carter's ideas have received widespread attention both within and without the academic literature of physics and cosmology. More recently the increasing understanding of evolutionary processes, together with genomics and proteomics, has raised the question as to whether a similar kind of discussion might be fruitful within the biological sciences. One challenge to even raising the question in this context is the disputed notions of 'progress' within evolutionary biology, a discussion that stretches all the way from Jean-Baptiste Lamarck to Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins. It is suggested that the question posed in the title can be fruitfully discussed independently of the outcome of that discussion. A more useful notion than 'progress' is that of 'constraint', and examples are given of the very tight constraints operating upon the evolutionary process, such that in the interplay between chance and necessity, it is necessity that has the upper hand. In contrast to statements such as: "Evolution is not a process that was designed to produce us" [Daniel Dennett], it is argued that current biological data render that strong claim less plausible. In fact the data are at least reasonably consistent with the opposite being the case. It is therefore suggested that a Very Weak Anthropic Principle might be relevant to current biology.


A joint meeting of the Fifth International Conference on Aeolian Research (ICAR-5) and the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems-soil Erosion Network (GCTE-SEN) was held in Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas on July 22-25, 2002, and more than 130 scientists from 18 countries attended it. UK. The meeting attracted the physical and environmental scientists together to be interested in the new challenges and the discoveries in aeolian research. The meeting included 7 theme sessions: the Fundamental Processes, instrumentation/Measurement in Filed and Lab, Field Studies, Modeling, Environmental impacts and Erosion Control, Aeolian Paleoenvironments, and Dunes and Related Landforms. The meeting collected 136 papers in total. The authors summarized the main achievements of the conferences. Viewing from the ICAR-5, there are 4 hotspots in recent aeolian research, i.e., wind erosion modeling, instrumentation for aeolian research, response of aeolian processes to global change and dust storm dynamics. Furthermore, some prospects of aeolian research are put forward in this paper based on the ICAR-5.


Taking the project of Siping Hydropower Station,a high faced rockfill dam built on soft rock foundation,as an engineering background,by introducing the SVM algorithm into grouting engineering,we establish a prediction model of grouting volume based on LIBSVM,and its predicted results are verified to be satisfied.Taking the posterior-variance-test,relative root-mean-square error and accuracy of fitting as the evaluating indexes,we establish the prediction evaluation system that can reflect the prediction accuracy comprehensively.


Brazil has the greatest biodiversity on the planet and the greed for this biodiversity has existed since the arrival of the Portuguese colonization. The Amazon has great biological diversity, especially in relation to the Wild Animals (WA), which also has problems in its preservation. In addition to being important in the diet of needy populations, wild animals are also bred in captivity as pets. This work aimed to characterize the socioeducational profile of the traders of wild animals in free trade fairs in the Amazon Region. A questionnaire was used, which was applied in 17 cities of the states of Para and Amazonas. The results showed that the traders of wild animals are, in general, more than 30 years old, with low schooling and residents of the cities where the research conducted. To conclude, the authorities responsible for the thematic must not only crack down on illegal traders but also implement sustainability programs, such as Environmental Education, as well as investment in Basic Education.


India in general and Karnataka in particular have predominating number of workers in the unorganised sector. The workers in the unorganised sector are denied of basic social security measures such as health facility, income, employment etc. Against this backdrop, the MGNREGA is a refuge for employment source which is ploughed to make significant difference for providing livelihood security in rural areas especially rural poor. The MGNREGA was introduced in Karnataka since 2006 as an additional source of wage employment to eradicate poverty and unemployment. Rural areas of Karnataka have two-pronged issues i.e., poverty and unemployment, marred by low wages, seasonal agricultural employment and informal nature of work. However, it has been observed that the performance under MGNREGA in Karnataka is not inconsonance with the rate of poverty and unemployment in the State. The low performance in Karnataka in MGNREGA compared to many better performing States has been attributed to various programmatic and implementation issues. The paper explores on three objectives viz., (i) to analyse the status of rural poverty and unemployment in Karnataka (ii) to evaluate the performance of MGNREGA in Karnataka since inception and (iii) to examine the issues and challenges in the implementation of MGNREGA in Karnataka and way forward. Overall, the paper assesses the programme on the pre-requisites for an inclusive growth model warranting reductions in unemployment and poverty alleviation in rural areas of Karnataka.


Abstract Second order nonlinear polarizabilities, α(2), were measured for various cyano-substituted aromatic (phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl and phenylpyrimidine) molecules. The largest nonlinearity was found in cyano-biphenyl compounds, indicating that ring twisting may be causing a decrease in terphenyl nonlinear polarizability. Electron donating substituent effects were demonstrated by comparison of the nonlinearity of alkyl and alkoxy cyanobiphenyls. In all cases α(2) was determined from analysis of the optical second harmonic generation from a monolayer of amphiphilic molecules spread at the air/water interface.


Use this guide to learn where to buy plants, what to grow, how to connect with other gardeners and where to learn more.


Lasers composed of a gain medium between two mesoscopic particles, which act as Mie scatterers, have been dealt with. Under conditions met, e.g., in strongly pumped dye solutions containing at least two sub-wavelength particles with high refractive index, laser radiation evolves at mode frequencies of the respective mesoscopic resonator. This radiation might experience further amplification in gain media outside the mesoscopic resonator. Such laser processes are shown to be also the origin of extraordinary radiation phenomena in macroscopic samples consisting of dye solutions containing randomly dispersed mesoscopic particles.


We have been interested in three questions in relation to the problem which is under discussion to-day: the impedance changes, the pH changes and the protein changes during muscle contraction and relaxation. (a) Impedance changes With high-frequency current, we were not able to find any change in the conductivity of the muscle cell (Dubuisson 1935, 1936, 1937a). This confirms the earlier discoveries of MacClendon (1929) and Hartree (1933). At low frequency, changes were found due to modifications of some interfaces in the muscle cell. There is first of all a very fast decrease of impedance (a wave) which occurs before the contraction and which is synchronous with the action potential (figure 8). Some years later, K. S. Cole (1938) found the same phenomenon in nerve.


Objective To evaluate the influence of community-based group intervention on treatment of hypertensive patients.Methods 120 cases of hypertension in the community intervened.Intervention strategies including health education,behavioral intervention,follow-up intervention.Checking the changes of blood pressure,risk factors,and complications of treatment regularly.Results Comparisons before and after intervention showed awareness rate of hypertension,patient satisfaction,risk factors and patient's compliance were significantly improved.Conclusions Community intervention is an effective way to control hypertension and fits the actual situation for the community.It deserves promotion.


13 An oceanic model with an Eulerian vertical coordinate and an explicit vertical advection 14 scheme is subject to the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) limitation. Depending on the hor15 izontal grid spacing, the horizontal-to-vertical grid resolution ratio and the flow pattern this 16 limitation may easily become the most restrictive factor in choosing model time step, with 17 the general tendency to become more severe as horizontal resolution becomes finer. Us18 ing terrain-following coordinate makes local vertical grid spacing depend on topography, 19 ultimately resulting in very fine resolution in shallow areas in comparison with other mod20 els, z-coordinate, and isopycnic, which adds another factor in restricting time step. At the 21 same time, terrain-following models are models of choice for the fine-resolution coastal 22 modeling, often including tides interacting with topography resulting in large amplitude 23 baroclinic vertical motions. In this article we examine the possibility of mitigating vertical 24 CFL restriction, while at the same time avoiding numerical inaccuracies associated with 25 standard implicit advection schemes. In doing so we design a combined algorithm which 26 acts like a high-order explicit scheme when Courant numbers are small enough to allow 27 explicit method (which is usually the case throughout the entire modeling domain except 28 just few "hot spots"), while at the same time has the ability to adjust itself toward implicit 29 scheme should it became necessary to avoid stability limitations. This is done in a seamless 30 manner by continuously adjusting weighting between explicit and implicit components. 31


Automation Network Communication is an important part of the automation control system of a plant.Its complete control system consists of the management layer based on industrial Ethernet and Profibus-DP control layer.Taking modern automation control net-work as the point of departure,the communication network consisting of four 6RA70,one 6SE70,two remote I/O stations and SIEMENS S7-400PLC was analyzed and studied thor-oughly.It suggested that it should use control word to control running state of alternating cur-rent and direct current driving devices.This scheme made use of network transmission control word to increase performance of the system,greatly simplify maintenance of the system,and enhance work efficiency.


Smart Insoles are in-shoe measurement systems primarily designed to measure forces, exerted by the ground on a human body, as a result of gait. In this paper, we test the applicability of force measurements from a smart insole, in enforcing good lifting ergonomics for manual material handling. This was achieved by classifying a lift as either good or bad using DTW (Dynamic time warping), a popular algorithm for speech recognition. Our experiments have revealed that lift classifications using this technique is 98.8% accurate with 30 seconds of computation time.


We use firm-level survey data from 25 EU countries to analyse how firms adjusted their labour costs (employment, wages, and hours) in response to shocks in the years 2008–13. We find that the pattern of adjustment is not much affected by the type of the shock, but differs according to the direction of the shock (positive or negative), its size, and persistence. In 2010–13, firms responding to negative shocks were most likely to reduce employment, then hourly wages, and then hours worked. Results for the 2008–9 period indicate that the ranking might change during deep recessions as the likelihood of wage cuts increases. In response to positive shocks in 2010–13, firms were more likely to increase wages, followed by increases in employment, and then hours worked. Finally, we found that employment and hours cuts are less likely following negative shocks in countries with decentralized wage bargaining.


Abstract This paper describes how to treat hard uncertainties defined by so-called uncertainty maps in multiobjective optimization problems. For the uncertainty map being set-valued, a Taylor formula is shown under appropriate assumptions. The hard uncertainties are modeled using parametric set optimization problems for which a scalarization result is given. The presented new approach for the solution of multiobjective optimization problems with hard uncertainties is then applied to the layout optimization of photovoltaic power plants. Since good weather forecasts are difficult to obtain for future years, weather data are really hard uncertainties arising in the planning process. Numerical results are presented for a real-world problem on the Galapagos island Isabela.


Scheduling of production in a wire rope factory is complicated by several features: (a) the simultaneous requirement for two types of limited resource, machines and bobbins; (b) multi‐stage production with normally two or three stranding and one or two closing operations; (c) queuing at the closing machines; the typical job splits into sub‐batches when passing from the stranding to the closing operation; these sub‐batches usually queue at the closing operations which, being faster than stranding operations, generally receive work from several queues; (d) alternative choices in the selection of machines and bobbin sizes for any given stranding or closing operation; (e) the presence of random elements in the timing of machine breakdowns and repairs. In this case study factory in a developing country, the existing control of production flows was ad hoc rather than according to a specified method. The management needed to know whether a scientific scheduling approach could significantly improve the low utilis...


Abstract This article examines the impact of ASEAN–India Free Trade Agreement on India's special products categories, namely, coffee, tea and pepper based on partial equilibrium model. The Software for Market Analysis and Restrictive Trade (SMART) model has been used to estimate the trade creation (TC) and trade diversion (TD) effect, revenue effect and welfare effect for the above-mentioned commodities. The results from the SMART simulation analysis indicate that the increase in trade for both the scenarios is mainly driven by TC rather than TD. Further, the study also assesses how the total trade effect is distributed across the major ASEAN countries for each commodity and found that Indonesia and Vietnam are the biggest gainers in terms of TC effect in both the scenarios. JEL Classification: F13, F15, Q1


This paper is meant to emphasize the importance of the demographic factor, which is a crucial component in the long term, the creation and sizing of labor resources. The offer of work which has the general background population, ie the number of people of working age and their ability to provide services needed in society, is essentially a variable that depends on demographic phenomena and processes. Based on these considerations, the analysis in this chapter is to decipher changes in the structure of the population in Romania, as the main determinant of the level of labor resources and the effects of demographic phenomena generated by the labor market.


Silicon photonics has attracted much attention because of the advantages of CMOS (complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor) compatibility, ultra-high integrated density, etc. Great progress has been achieved in the past decades. However, it is still not easy to realize active silicon photonic devices and circuits by utilizing the material system of pure silicon due to the limitation of the intrinsic properties of silicon. Graphene has been regarded as a promising material for optoelectronics due to its unique properties and thus provides a potential option for realizing active photonic integrated devices on silicon. In this paper, we present a review on recent progress of some silicon-graphene photonic devices for photodetection, all-optical modulation, as well as thermal-tuning.


Hepatitis Cvirus, themajor causative agent ofblood-borne non-A, non-Bhepatitis intheworld, hasbeen thesubject ofconsiderable nucleic acidsequence analysis. Although allreported hepatitis C sequences fromtheUnited States havebeenrepresented bytheprototype hepatitis Cvirus type 1sequence, twogroups ofvariant sequences havebeen reported inJapan. However, wehavenoted five distinct, but related, genotypes (I-V)throughout theworld, based on detailed sequence determination andanalysis ofthefirst 1700 nucleotides andpartofthenonstructural region 5attheC terminus oftheopenreading frme.Thenucleotide sequence foralarge numberofhepaiis C virus islates sanning six continents wasobtained bydirect sequence analysis ofPCR products after reverse transcription. Genotype wasclafied byusing several distinct sequence motifs. We observed that mostgenotypes coexist inseveral geographic regions, iuding theUnited States, Japan, Germany, andItaly. Sofar, genotype V hasbeenfoundonlyinSouthAfrica. Interestingly, each distinct genotype seemstobemaintained throughout thege- nomeinthesegments tudied. Thesegenotype dictions should beconsidered whend ingspecific diagosic tests, developing potential vaccines, andstudying viral transmio. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)wasisolated fromachimpanzee chronically infected withacontaminated humanfactor VIII concentrate in1989(1). An immunoassay forcirculating antibody toHCV wasdeveloped byusing ayeast-derived recombinant antigen encoded byasegment ofthecloned HCV genome(2). Results indicated HCV tobethemajor causative agent oftheblood-borne non-A, non-Bhepatitis (1-3). Thegenomic organization andcharacterization ofHCV hasbeenreported (4,5).TheHCV genomeisapositive- strand RNA of-9.4kilobases andcontains alarge open reading frame that encodes apolyprotein precursor of3011 amino acids. Basedoncomparative sequence analysis ofthe genomeandencoded polyprotein, HCV isthought tobe distantly related totheflaviviruses andthepestiviruses. The large openreading frame appears toencode colinearly struc- tural andnonstructural proteins, with thestructural proteins located atthe5'-end portion ofthegenome. Putative bound- aries areassigned thatseparate the5'-untranslated region (5UT), thecoreprotein (C), theglycoproteins envelope 1(El) andnonstructural protein l/envelope 2(NS1/E2), thenon- structural proteins 2-5(NS2-NS5), andthe3'-untranslated region (3UT). Theprototype HCV nucleotide sequence re- ported istermed HCV1(refs. 4and5;seeref. 6forreview). Using pooled plasma samples fromhumannon-A, non-B hepatitis patients andpotential HCVcarriers, Katoetal. (7), Takamizawa etal.(8), andOkamoto etal.(9)havereported entire genomic sequences ofJapanese HCV strains. Some partial 5'-end HCV sequences fromindividual Japanese samples werereported byTakeuchi etal.(10,11)and Okamoto etal. (12). Inaddition, partial sequences intheNS3, NS4,andNS5regions havebeenreported byseveral Japa- nese groups (13-16). Itissignificant that mostJapanese HCV sequences reported varied markedly fromHCV1,suggesting multiple strains ordistinct genotypes ofHCV. Despite numerous HCV sequences reported fromJapan andtheUnited States, information about HCV nucleotide sequence inother parts oftheworldisscarce. Inthe literature, theterminology usedtodistinguish different ge- netic variants ofHCV isnotconsistent, andclassification based onanaverage percent homology isambiguous. Inthis study, wetermthegenetic variants ofHCVasgenotypes and classify thembythespecific sequence motifs that comprise distinctive variation patterns whencompared with theHCV1 prototype sequence. Wesequenced the5'-end region (5UT, C,El,andN terminus ofNS1/E2) andaportion oftheNS5 domain fromgeographically diverse HCVisolates andfound atleast five related, butdistinct, HCVgenotypes.t


In this paper, we address the 3D position control of RCM-constrained instruments with monocular cameras. To compute the instrument's position from a single 2D image, we develop an innovative gradient descent algorithm which rotates and translates a line segment (over the plane spanned by the imaged instrument and the optical centre) until it best aligns with the manipulated tool. In contrast with other approaches in the literature, our algorithm only requires to simultaneously observe two feature points; the proposed iterative algorithm is not based on the exact solution, therefore it can still work with noisy image measurements. We derive a kinematic controller that uses the proposed position estimator to guide the 3D motion of a robotic instrument with a monocular camera. We evaluate the performance of our approach with numerical simulations and experiments.


Abstract Case histories of six microseism storms generated by marine cold fronts are given. Seismograms from the New York City and Palisades stations of Columbia University and from Weston College Observatory were utilized together with 6-hourly synoptic North Atlantic surface charts. Definite correlations are made between stages of microseism activity and frontal positions over water. Microseism period is shown to vary with both distance of and water depth beneath cold fronts, with the latter apparently of greater significance. The observations tend to negate or minimize the importance of surf or any form of swell in producing the microseisms considered, and suggest atmospheric pulsations or turbulence to be a significant cause.


Cytolethal distending toxin B (cdtB) is a genotoxinexpressed by Campylobacter jejuni . cdtB is a DNasethatinduces DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in the nucleus causing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis. This study aimed to design and analyze in silico primer pairs to amplify cdtB gene of C. jejuni .The cdtB gene sequence with accession number AY445094.1was retrieved from GenBank NCBI and primer pairs were designed by using Primer-BLAST. Further analysis of primer quality such asself dimer, hairpin, repeats, and runwere done by NetPrimer. The results showed that forward primer pair 3 (5'-AGCAAGTGGAGTGTTAGCGT-3') and reverse primer pair 3 (5'- TTGGAGTGGCTGTTCTTGGT-3') met requirements as an ideal primer set to amplify cdtB gene in the term of primer length, Tm and GC% with a product length of 103 bp.In addition, based on NetPrimer analysis results, this primer pair had no self dimer, hairpin, repeats, and run. It can be concluded that a primer set to amplify cdtB gene of C. jejuni has been successfully designed . However, a wet experiment is needed to run this primer set in the laboratory setting. Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni , cdtB gene, in silico, primer.


Homoepitaxial growth of 4H-SiC on off-oriented Si-face (0001) 4H-SiC substrates is performed at 1550℃, under the pressure of 100 mbar using the mbar step-controlled technique with rotation in the horizontal low-pressure hot-wall CVD (LP-HW-CVD) system to obtain high quality 4H-SiC epilayers. The surface morphology, structure and optical properties of the epilayers are characterized by SEM, AFM, FTIR and C-V measurement. The 4H-SiC epitaxial layer has a good crystalline structure and mirror-like surface with few surface defects. N type 4H-SiC epilayers are obtained by in-situ doping of N2.The uniformities of thickness are 1.74%, 1.99%, and 1.32%, and the uniformities of doping concentration are tested to be 3.37%, 2.39%, and 2.01%, respectively. The deviations in thickness and concentration between different samples are 1.54% and 3.63% under the same processing conditions, which shows that the process is repeatable and reliable.


Duchenne muscular dystrophy results from the lack of dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein associated with the inner surface membrane, in skeletal muscle. The cellular mechanisms responsible for the progressive skeletal muscle degeneration that characterizes the disease are still debated. One hypothesis suggests that the resting sarcolemmal permeability for Ca 2 1 is increased in dystrophic muscle, leading to Ca 2 1 accumulation in the cytosol and eventually to protein degradation. However, more recently, this hypothesis was challenged seriously by several groups that did not find any significant increase in the global intracellular Ca 2 1 in muscle from mdx mice, an animal model of the human disease. In the present study, using plasma membrane Ca 2 1 -activated K 1 channels as subsarcolemmal Ca 2 1 probe, we tested the possibility of a Ca 2 1 accumulation at the restricted subsarcolemmal level in mdx skeletal muscle fibers. Using the cell-attached configuration of the patch-clamp technique, we demonstrated that the voltage threshold for activation of high conductance Ca 2 1 -activated K 1 channels is significantly lower in mdx than in control muscle, suggesting a higher subsarcolemmal [Ca 2 1 ]. In inside-out patches, we showed that this shift in the voltage threshold for high conductance Ca 2 1 -activatedK 1 channelactivationcouldcorrespondtoa ' 3-fold increase in the subsarcolemmal Ca 2 1 concentration in mdx muscle. associated with the absence of dystrophin in mdx to Ca 2 1 overload at the subsarcolemmal


In order to solve the question that the stator grounding fault current becomes bigger for large capacity of AP1000 generator, one Neutral grounding mode is studied in this paper through analyzing the principle on Large Generator with Compensation Resonant Neutral Grounding. Compared with High Resistance Grounding, this mode can limit the grounding fault current and protect the stator and winding better. Based on equivalent circuit model one 1250MW generator of AP1000 Plant is simulated, the data showed the method is feasible for AP1000 generator.


Indonesia is known as a country with very high biodiversity, within which are potential medicinal plants that have not been fully explored or utilized. The potential of this natural biodiversity for the health and welfare of  the Indonesian  community  is regarded as high, if it is properly utilized. An example of the potential benefits of these plants is reflected in the types of traditional medicinal plants used by the Mamuju ethnic in West Sulawesi. This research aims to describe the types of plants used as traditional medicines by the Mamuju ethnic group. The study is based on descriptive approach that used a combination of observations, interviews and taxonomy.  The results of the study revealed that there are 31 species of medicinal plants used as sources of traditional medicine by the Mamuju ethnic group, of which there are 33 medical herbs used for the treatment of 31 kinds of diseases. The health issues that are addressed through the use of medicinal plants include the treatment of some types of internal diseases, including cysts, cancer, tumors, high blood pressure, ulcers and diabetes; disease symptoms such as itching, swelling, myopic, new injuries and infections. Some traditional medicines are used in relation to onset of menstruation, and postpartum treatment. The plant components that are used for medicinal purposes include roots, stems, stem bark, leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, rhizomes and tubers. However, the predominant plant component used for medicinal purposes is plant leaves.


The favorable operation effect requires not only making a clean sweep of tumor,but also assuring patient's living.So it is urgently that surgeon must change the conception of the treatment at the aim of improving the operation effect and fashion.With the development of technology,the minimally invasive therapies is meaning that get the beast effect with the minimal lesion,it is the target what tumor's scholar pursuit at the 21 century.Today,the surgical has getting in to the MIT eras.People not satisfy at the simplicity cure but get well in body,function and mentality.Routine breast surgery may be over-treatment and seriously impact on patient's living for early-stage breast cancer,which cannot fill people's need for cosmesis.Therefore,the minimally invasive therapies(MIT) have being explored in order to substitute routine therapy.MIT include radio-frequency ablation,high intensity focused ultrasound,cryotherapy,lasertherapy,electroche-motherapy,sentinel lymph nodebiopsy superseding axillary lymph node dissection,mastoscopic axillary lymph node dissection.


This paper presents an approch to the three-phase unbalanced and distributed modeling of synchronous machines. The models are proposed for studying the potentially damaging effects of negative sequence currents and unbalanced forces due to the unbalanced operalion. Furthermore, the paper presents the development of an observer that estimates the unmeasurable damper winding currents. A method is also proposed for tracking the slates and parameters of a synchronous machine. The result of a case study is given.


The need for kidney transplantation far outstrips the organ supply. To address this growing problem, the field continues to push the envelope by procuring and transplanting kidneys from deceased donors who may be considered suboptimal. Donation after circulatory determination of death (DCD), in


HIM ratios from soleus muscle and H-reflexes conditioned by sub threshold TMS were recorded before and after 4 weeks of sensorimotor training (n=11) and in a control group (n=11). Muscular and neuromuscular adaptations were identified by electrical nerve stimulation (single isometric tWitches) and maximal voluntary isometric plantarflexions. Surface EMG was analysed by determining mean amplitude voltage and median frequency of different time intervals throughout the strength test. Preto posttraining changes were determined with Wilcoxon signed·rank tests for paired samples.


The growing volume and complexity of whole-genome sequence (WGS) and multi-omic data requires new analytic approaches beyond those developed for the GWAS era. In response to this challenge, we present an Analysis Commons, which brings together genotype and phenotype data from multiple studies along with a suite of powerful and validated analysis tools into a secure cloud-computing framework that is equitably accessible by associated investigators. This framework is designed to address the emerging challenges of multi-center WGS analyses—data sharing mechanisms, phenotype harmonization, -omics integration, annotation—and the need for flexible, secure, efficient, high-performance computing for numerous users.

The Analysis Commons is built on the DNAnexus cloud platform, which provides large parallel compute resources and robust security protocols. To permit multi-center data sharing, we implemented two parallel data sharing approaches: (1) a multi-lateral consortium agreement that enables data sharing across multiple studies, and (2) coordinated dbGaP applications among groups of institutions. Investigators with detailed knowledge of the phenotypes and contributing studies harmonize data from multiple sources for maintenance in a central database. The Analysis Commons supports multiple association-analysis software packages, as well as tools for annotation and visualization. Importantly, approved investigators have full access to the combined data sets, facilitating the rapid development and deployment of new methods.

We demonstrate the Analysis Commons model with an analysis of fibrinogen in 3999 participants from the Old Order Amish Study and the Framingham Heart Study with WGS from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program. We performed and validated single-variant and SKAT analyses using GENESIS and MMAP pipelines, accounting for relatedness with linear mixed models. We confirmed a known association of a nonsynonymous variant in FGG (p=2.5e-9, MAF=0.34%, rs148685782) . No other single variant or SKAT association was significant after correcting for the number of tests. Analyses were run in parallel across 1408 cores and took less than one hour of wall-clock time.

The Analysis Commons offers the necessary infrastructure support for analysis of WGS and multi-omic data in a setting that empowers phenotype, analytic, and computational experts to transform raw data into knowledge of the determinants of cardiovascular health.


It is essential to increase the efficiency of the commercially available combustion engines because of the limitations in fossil energy resources and environmental pollution Also the emission standards are a challenging aspect. If one succeeds in designing the combustion process, in particular the chemical reactions, it would be feasible to partly replace complex experiments by computer simulations. The suggestion made in this paper, is the use of artificial neuronal networks for approximation of complex chemistry in turbulent combustion applications. The use of complex chemistry is computationally expensive and limited to simple geometry, therefore it is replaced by trained ANNs. Commercially available combustion engines like gas turbines are often used for d ecades. Often old robust engines can not fulfil current emission standards. Environmental pollution rises with the number and the age of these engines. Therefore the efficiency in relation to the decrease of emissions has to be examined. The design process of current combustors already is based on simulations while the former engines have a big potential for simulation based optimisation. The main focus is on the prediction of the velocity field, the mixing process of fuel and oxidiser, the emissions (exhaust gas) in general and the temperature field, for variable fuels, varying boundary conditions and modifications of the geometry. An optimum solution for a given parameter set can be validated by real experiment, but the complex variation of different parameters for cost-intensive experiments can be deferred. The research in the field of turbulent flow simulation consists of different subjects. For turbulent flow simulation with combustion, the chemical reactions and the coupling with turbulent flow have to be performed at the same time. Especially the reaction progress for prediction of emissions, like NOx- and CO-formation, depends on the c hemical reaction mechanism used. Optimised mechanisms designed to model natural gas combustion, including NO formation and reburn chemistry, contain hundreds of reactions and more than fifty species. Complex hydrocarbon fuels have more than * The investigations were conducted as part of the joint research programme C OOREFF-T/COORETEC-turbo in the frame of AG Turbo. The work was supported by the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) as per resolution of the German Federal Parliament under grant number 0327716L. The authors gratefully acknowledge AG Turbo and MAN Turbo AG for their support and permission to publish this paper. The responsibility for the content lies solely with its authors.


Embodiment relates to a light emitting diode package and a method of manufacturing the same. The LED package includes a package body in accordance with an embodiment; The light emitting diode chip disposed on the package body; And a light guide member of the light-transmitting material at the bottom of the LED chip. LED, package


The buffered crossbar switch employs crossbar-based switching fabric architecture with internal buffers and combined input and output queueing scheme. It is promising to achieve high performance without complex implementation. In this paper, we apply network calculus-based analytical technique to study the delay performance of the buffered crossbar switch. We set up a service curve-based model for the traffic control system of buffered crossbar switch. Based on this model, we develop techniques that can determine the end-to-end service curve guaranteed to a flow of traffic and calculate the packet delay upper bound of this flow. Then we analyze the determining factors of this delay bound performance and the relation between the delay bound and the amount of resources (bandwidth and credits) allocated in the switch to a flow.


We propose an open source and cross platform medical image viewer, named VV, designed for qualita tive evaluation of images registration, in particular for deformable registration of 4D CT images. VV can display multiple spatio-temporal image sequences (2D+t or 3D+t) and contains several tools for comparing images using transparency or fusion, for visualizing deformation fields, for defining landmarks. It is used in the field of radiation therapy to help researchers and clinicians evaluate deformation in 4D CT images of the thorax. It is implemented in C++, with ITK, VTK and QT open source version, runs on Linux and windows and is freely available to the community.


As military needs shift from large, expensive, manned weapons platforms toward more dependence on small, inexpensive, high-volume, unmanned systems, the need for propulsion of these small systems forces a re-calibration of how engine manufacturers approach design and production. Traditional designs and manufacturing methods no longer apply and design/development timelines are compressed drastically to keep up with new weapons development. Hamilton Sundstrand Power Systems (HSPS), over the past 15 years, has developed a family of miniature turbojet engines. These turbojet engines were developed to meet the needs of small, lowcost weapons sytem such as targets, decoys and mini cruise missiles. The paper describes key parts of the development effort. Engine performance is presented, along with design features and needs/considerations for future systems. 1 Mark M. Harris, Technical Program Manager and Principal Engineer, Propulsion Engines, Hamilton Sundstrand Power Systems Anthony C. Jones, Chief Engineer of Propulsion Engines, Hamilton Sundstrand Power Systems Eric J. Alexander, Program Manager and Principal Engineer, Hamilton Sundstrand Power Systems THE SENGAP CHALLENGE In the early 1990's, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) created a program called the Small Engine Advanced Program (SENGAP). As a contractor in this effort HSPS developed the first of its high performance, miniature turbojets, the TJ-50. The DARPA contract called for an ultra-low-cost, 4-inch diameter, air-breathing engine capable of providing 50 lbf net thrust at Sea Level/Mach .8. The requirements included an engine throttling capability such that future air vehicles could maximize range for a given fuel load, yet fly at high subsonic speeds to simulate fighter/bomber missions. The engine had an altitude start goal of 15,000 ft and needed to operate reliably up to 30,000 ft with a nominal 30-minute mission time. THE TJ-50: A STRONG FOUNDATION At the completion of its development in the late '90s, the TJ-50, Figure 1, demonstrated a performance capability beyond any engine of its size, meeting or exceeding all DARPA's performance objectives. Key to the engine's success is efficient mixed flow turbo-machinery, high rotating speed capability (130000 RPM) and a short residence time combustor. The turbomachinery maximizes the thrust for a given diameter and the combustor is capable of starting and stable operation at high loadings. The TJ-50 SENGAP program provided valuable technical design information/experience for all of the followon engines. Nominal performance of the TJFigure 1. TJ-50 Miniature Propulsion System 2nd AIAA "Unmanned Unlimited" Systems, Technologies, and Operations — Aerospac 15 18 September 2003, San Diego, California AIAA 2003-6568 Copyright © 2003 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 50 is compared to the original SENGAP goals in Table 1. Objective Demonstrated


The need for mathematics specialists has been well documented (e.g., Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators, 2013; Dossey, 1984; Fennell, 2006; Gojak, 2013; Lott, 2003; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000; Nickerson, 2009/2010). However, research has not yet caught up to practice and the role, responsibilities, and impact of mathematics specialists for teachers and learning are still underinvestigated (Herbst et al., 2021; Hjalmarson & Baker, 2020). In recent years, there has been an increase in journal and conference submissions that focus on mathematics specialists (Baker, Saclarides, et al., 2021; Hjalmarson et al., 2020; Saclarides et al., 2020). Yet, the largest mathematics specialist submission spikes seemed to follow the implementation of key national educational events and policies (Saclarides et al., 2020). It is also important to note that although key policies and events that have advocated for mathematics specialists have spanned four decades, there are only 36 peer-reviewed research articles that address school-based mathematics specialists (Baker et al., 2021), including, at this writing, four within Investigations in Mathematics Learning (Nickerson, 2009/2010) and, more recently, Baker et al. (2022), Saclarides (2022), and Baker et al. (2022). This is of concern as state and local policies and related decisions regarding the impact, work, and responsibilities of mathematics specialists and mathematics teacher leaders are being made with little research to guide the decision-making that greatly influences the daily work, roles, and impact of the specialists on mathematics teaching and learning. Grounding practice-based decisions in research is essential as school districts' external funding for continued support of mathematics specialists and mathematics teacher leader positions is not guaranteed. While we recognize the importance and contributions of research related to interest in, advocacy for, and the establishment of programs for mathematics specialists, this special issue of Investigations in Mathematics Learning seeks to address and illuminate a number of the gaps in the research regarding policy, leadership, professional learning, and the impact of the mathematics specialist (Campbell et al., 2017; Fennell et al., 2013; Hjalmarson & Baker, 2020; Sun et al., 2014). As editors, we recognize the role and influence of mathematics specialists and mathematics teacher leaders at the elementary and secondary level to be a critical element of schooland district-based professional learning opportunities for teachers and ultimately students' learning experiences. We believe the manuscripts selected for this special issue validate, challenge, and advance perspectives related to the influence and impact of mathematics specialists.


Constantine* describes a novel load-sharing matrix switch in which the input winding pattern allows the selection of a single core, while ideally all other cores have zero net excitation. These patterns realize 2
 n−1
outputs with 2
 n
inputs, the inputs being grouped in 2
 n−1
complementary pairs


The distribution of total oxygen, its forms ofbonding in the coal macromolecule, and their geochemical bonds in Bulgarian Carboniferous coals have been discussed. The results have been processed by means of statistical, regression and cluster analyses. The coalification process in Carboniferous coals is accompanied by a tendency of total -COOH evolution, partial -OH evolution and a decrease in >CO content. Simultaneously the per cent of non-functional oxygen is significantly reduced. For higher rank coals its content, with respect to the total oxygen, approximates that of functional oxygen. The good correlation between the amount of -OH groups and vitrinite, respectively exinite, on the one hand, and reflectance, on the other, makes possible the adoption of these groups as genetic and coalification markers. The relatively weak correlation between the carbonyl groups and exinite limits their application only to as genetic markers.


PurposeThe study explores the impact of knowledge-oriented leadership (KOL) on knowledge management (KM) processes and the indirect relationship of KM processes with organizational performance (OP) via mediating the role of creative organizational learning (COL) in cross-cultural settings.Design/methodology/approachThis research used a survey structure of 784 faculty and admin personnel from higher education institutions in China and Pakistan. Smart-PLS, 3.2.9 was used to perform analysis.FindingsThe result shows a significant positive influence of KOL on KM processes and KM processes on OP via the partial mediating effect of COL in China, Pakistan and the overall sample. The multi-group analysis confirmed the substantial differential effect of KOL on KM processes.Practical implicationsOutcomes of this research affirm KM's university practice and recommend how higher education academics and administrators prioritize KOL, KM processes and COL while strengthening OP in a culturally different environment.Originality/valueThe current research is among the initial experiments to determine KOL, KM processes, COL and organizational (University) performance relationships in a culturally different environment. The study is among the initials that just not empirically explore the associations between the factors but sheds light on existing literature by immediately exploring COL's mediating position in China and Pakistan's HEIs.


The ultra-high energy neutrino nucleon cross section grows at a surprising rate with energy due to QCD eects in the target. Recent electroproduction data allows an update of earlier predictions. We compare the results of our own calculations with those of other groups, and critically review the foundation and reliability of the calculations. The question of the \new physics" potential of neutrino telescopes sensitive to the total cross section in multi-PeV energy domain is considered. We point out a loophole in the arguments which might be an important consideration in extrapolating the cross section to extremely high energies.


Following the ratification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Islamic countries also decided to adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights based on Islamic teachings. In this way, a declaration in accordance with Islamic principles is available to Islamic countries and the differences caused by the religion of Islam are considered, respected and acted upon. Different issues have been emphasized in both declarations, including women and the family. Therefore, the present study is a comparison between two declarations in the field of women and family issues. The method of collecting information is in the form of libraries and the method of processing them is descriptive-comparative. We see significant differences and similarities in both declarations on women and the family. Among the differences are the issues of paying alimony, raising children and equality between men and women.


There are slight variations between the two copies. In line 3 OVXKCLKIOV is probably merely an engraver's error for 0i3oA/ca*a'ou, and in line 4 the omission of y' after /xeyi'oras is also no doubt accidental. On the other hand the Apamene copy is richer in iota adscripts, e.g. in line 11. The stone is a salutary warning to epigraphists (and may one add textual critics ?) of the difficulty of restoring the actual words of a defective text. Of the restorations made by so good an epigraphist and scholar as Buckler only two (lines 2 and 5) are confirmed, while five (lines 3, 4, 6, 7, 8) are disproved. On lines 6, 7, and 8 there is little to remark save that in line 7 Buckler was misled by a false reading of E for 5". The superior simplicity of the real text over the conjectures of modern scholars is noteworthy. In line 4 the restoration of the proper name Papion is virtually certain, as a magistrate of that name is recorded on coins of the little city of Dioshieron minted in the reign of Augustus (Rev. Num. 1883, p. 395). But the main historical (and literary) interest of the new stone lies in the letters -narov in line 3. They prove that Mommsen (Ath. Mitt. 1899, p. 280), Dittenberger (O.G.I. 458, note 28) and Buckler (C.R. 1927, p. 120) were all wrong in identifying the L. Volcatius Tullus of the inscription with Propertius' friend Tullus, and vindicate the arguments of von Domaszewski ('Zeitgeschichte bei den romischen Elegikern', Sb. Heid. Akad. Wiss., Phil.-hist. Kl. 1919. 2, p. 5), that he is the consul of 33 B.C., the uncle of Propertius' friend, alluded to in i. 6, who became, as that poem implies, proconsul of Asia shortly after Actium. The chronology of Propertius' poems thus receives epigraphic confirmation.


The angular distributions of Ce and Ce nuclei formed in the , Ba(a,n) reaction have been studied at three different energies in the range between 18 and 25MeV. The results have been compared to a spin-depen-dent statistical model calculation. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between theory and experiment at small angles. At large angles the calculated differential cross section was smaller than expected from the experimental data. The discrepancy can be attributed to a small contribution from a direct interaction mechanism. the angular distributions were terms


In order to evaluate traits related to drought stress in eight sesame (sesamum indicum L.) genotypes, two experiments were carried out in randomized complete design with three replications in the field of the Research Station of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran. The two experiments differed with respect to their irrigation regimes. Yield related traits (number of days to maturation, NDM; number of capsules per plant, NCP; 1000 seed weight, TSW; harvest index, HI; biological yield, BY and grain yield, GY) and physiological traits(canopy temperature, TC, leaf water potential, LWP; leaf osmotic potential, LOP; initial water content, IWC and rate of water loss, RWL) were evaluated under both conditions. The results showed that drought decreased all yield related traits except HI, significantly. LWP and LOP decreased under drought stress, while RWL increased, significantly. TC and IWC did not show significant changes under drought stress. Based on the results, it is reasonable to assume that high yield of sesame plants under drought conditions could be obtained by selecting breeding materials with lowest reduction in NDM, NCP, TSW, BY, GY, LWP and LOP and the highest reduction in RWL. Under non-stress condition LOP in both stages was the best traits. Under drought condition LWP, LOP at both stages and RWL at grain filling stage were the most suitable traits.


: In this study, the effect of Tb inward diffusion on the magnetic properties of the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets was studied. After sintering of the magnets, TbF 3 slurries were dip-coated on the surface of the samples, then heat-treatment was followed for TbF 3 diffusion. The element distribution in the magnets and the diffusion profiles of Tb ions were analyzed by an EPMA (electron probe micro-analyzer). Prolonged heat treatment resulted in a deeper diffusion length of Tb ions. Coercivity of the 1 st heat-treated sample showed 21.86 kOe, while that of the 1 st , 2 nd heat-treated and annealed sample revealed 34 kOe.


ABSTRACT The definition of stationary random envelope proposed by Cramer and Leadbetter, is extended to the envelope of nonstationary random processes possessing evolutionary power spectral densities. The density function, the joint density function, the moment function, and the crossing rate of a level of the nonstationary envelope process are derived. Based on the envelope statistics, approximate solutions to the first excursion probability of nonstationary random processes are obtained. In particular, applications of the first excursion probability to the earthquake engineering problems are demonstrated in detail.


J Travel Med 2004; 11:161–170. where the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti is common. In Queensland,northern Australia, several sporadic outbreaks occurred due to the introduction of dengue viruses via international travelers returning from endemic countries.8,9 Since dengue surveillance, if performed at all, is passive, and since dengue virus infection presents either as a short and self-limiting viral disease or even asymptomatically, it is certainly one of the most underdiagnosed tropical infections in travelers.


The main purpose of this study is to determine students' perceptions about concept of fear culture and  to see  what kind of fear culture do they have. This study which is conducted by qualitative research approach was carried out with 74 students studying in primary school in Diyarbakir, in 2014-2015 academic year. In order to determine study group, convencience sampling was used in this research. According to results of this study, perceptions of fear culture which students have, were grouped under three categories. The categories are "mental (inner) fears", "external fears" and "educational fears". Results on most of mental fears showed that children were worried by uncertain source of feelings. But two of them ( fear of death and fear of God) were appeared with learning in social life. External fears of students were found to include the acquired experience and the fears which were occure with indirect acquired information. The fears are frequently encountered in the school environment, were collected under the title "educational" fears and students said they were afraid of teachers, supervisors, bullying, expulsion from school and disciplinary punishment.


The withstand capability and threshold voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) instability of 1.2-kV silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs under repetitive short circuit (SC) tests are investigated. An SC test system is constructed to apply repetitive SC stress to SiC MOSFETs and measure the transfer <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V$ </tex-math></inline-formula> characteristics and gate-to-source leakage current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$I_{\mathrm {GSS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) after each set of SC tests. To evaluate the SC capability, repetitive SC tests with different SC durations (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) are conducted until device failure. The SC withstand time (SCWT) at 1000 SC cycles is found to be <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 3.3~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> instability under repetitive SC tests prior to the device failure is characterized. A bidirectional <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> shift behavior, i.e., negative shift at shorter <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and positive shift at longer <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, was revealed. The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> shifts under repetitive SC tests are attributed to the SC pulse process according to the results of high-temperature reverse bias (HTRB) and dynamic high-temperature gate bias (HTGB) tests. The underlying mechanisms of the complex <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\mathrm {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> shift behavior are explained in a unified framework by taking into account the junction temperature (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{j}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) increase with longer <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. TCAD device simulation is used to help analyze the mechanisms.


Liberalism literature has always been a controverial topic. This paper attempts to conduct a systematic combing of domestic researches on liberalism literature. It is found that researchers have started the theory construction and concept interpretation since 1980s, which has a great effect on the concept and core of chinese liberalism literature. Till now, scholars' concern of liberalism literature has changed into an independent study of literature thought. However, people should be alert to the "extensive Liberalism" in the study.


The creators of the EU's RTD framework programmes have recognized the role of libraries as organisations suitable for the satisfaction of several cultural, educational, research, business, entertainment and general information needs of the European society. The constant growth of information needs and the new age characterized by the abundance of information make imperative for libraries to be in the position of applying recent information and telecommunication technology methods and equipment in order to satisfy high demands and expectations of the society. Libraries can play substantial role in the development of the user friendly information society serving civil interests also in Hungary. The Hungarian participation in the 5th RTD programme of the Union offers an unprecedented opportunity for Hungarian librarianship.


Atomic-resolution Z-contrast electron microscopy provides a directly interpretable image showing the location of high-Z atomic columns without the need for any structural models. Usually, the type of column may be identified from its intensity, and the structure and morphology of interfaces, ultrathin films, and superlattices are directly revealed. This has generated many insights into growth and relaxation phenomena. Since the Z-contrast image uses only electrons scattered through large angles, electron energy loss spectroscopy may be performed simultaneously using the transmitted beam, providing information on the local hole concentration from the fine structure of the oxygen-K absorption edge. The resolution achieved is below the coherence length, allowing a microscopic interpretation of transport properties. 7 figs, 14 refs.


A 128-kb word/spl times/8-b CMOS SRAM with an access time of 3 ns and a standby current of 2 /spl mu/A is described. This RAM has been fabricated using triple-polysilicon and single-aluminum CMOS technology with 0.8-/spl mu/m minimum design features. A high-resistive third polysilicon load has been developed to realize a low standby current. In order to obtain a faster access time, a 16-block architecture and a data-output presetting technique combined with address transition detection (ATD) are used. This RAM has a flash-clear function in which logical zeros are written into all memory cells in less than 1 /spl mu/s.


This report by Battelle Columbus Division presents the results of a study of the feasibility of using sugar crops as a source of fuels. The program is a cooperative effort, including universities, USDA field experiment stations, research organizations, and engineering companies. Narrow-row spacing experiments were conducted at Houma, Louisiana; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Belle Glade, Florida. Narrow-row spacing promotes more rapid canopy closure which helps a short season location more than a long season location. Sweet sorghum experiments in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Ohio indicate favorable yields compared with sugarcane, and yield increases with close spacing in all areas. The project team concludes that sweet sorghum has considerable fuel potential, based on its ability to grow wherever corn or soybeans grow. Initial evaluation of the Tilby cane separator process, which separates the pith from the rind fiber without crushing and grinding, indicates that the process is promising as a means of obtaining fermentable sugars at low cost. The advantages of the Tilby process (yet to be demonstrated on a commercial scale) are low energy consumption, high value for the rind fiber coproducts in products that perform like plywood, pulp or paper making, and ability to use high fiber sugarcane ormore » sweet sorghum.« less


INTRODUCTION Following amputation residual stumps used to attach the external prostheses can be associated with sores, infection and skin necrosis. These problems could be overcome by off loading the soft tissues. Intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prostheses (ITAP) attached the external implant directly to the residual bone reducing these complications [1]. However, a tight seal at the skin implant interface is crucial in preventing epithelial down-growth and infection [2]. Fibronectin (Fn) and laminin 332 (Ln), extra-cellular glycoproteins, enhance early cell growth and adhesion of keratinocytes [3,4]. Silanization to titanium alloy (Ti) allows these proteins to bond to the metal directly and has shown to improve cell attachment [2]. We hypothesize that silanized dual coatings of fibronectin and laminin (SiFnLn) will be more durable than absorbed proteins and that keratinocyte adhesion will be increase compared with silanized Ti controls and single silanized proteins.


A 0.622-8-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit using injection locking for jitter suppression and phase interpolation in high-bandwidth system-on-chip solutions is described. A slave injection locked oscillator (SILO) is locked to a tracking aperture-multiplying DLL (TA-MDLL) via a coarse phase selection multiplexer (MUX). For the fine timing vernier, an interpolator DAC controls the injection strength of the MUX output into the SILO. This 1.2-V 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS CDR consumes 33 mW at 8Gb/s. Die area including voltage regulator is 0.08 mm/sup 2/. Recovered clock jitter is 49 ps pk-pk at a 200-ppm bit-rate offset.