The challenge posed by shortages of essential medicines is an international problem that appears to have increasing dimensions over the last decade.1 Here in Australia, however, the issue remains understated and we are yet to have a national response to this real, but as yet hypothetical, threat to health care.

As a physician working in Katherine Hospital in remote Northern Territory, it is not an unusual scenario to be faced with the reality of being a long way from lifesaving therapeutic options. Shortages are an everyday event, and like flooded roads and cyclones, the realities of expiry dates, complex formularies, and supply chain challenges are a part of day-to-day practice.

Often these shortages merely reflect the realities of a small hospital that does not stock rarely used and expensive drugs. But increasingly it seems that the lack of supply comes from complex trade and manufacturing circumstances beyond our shores and completely beyond our control.

The changing pattern of shortages in our remote hospital is not unexpected, reflecting the well-documented burden of international drug shortages.2 What is alarming though, particularly with the vulnerabilities of supply in a remote setting, is the lack of national response from government or industry to reduce the occurrence and mitigate the impact of shortages.2–3

As a recent example, in May 2013 there was an acute shortage of the generic injectable antibiotic ticarcillin/clauvulanate in Katherine Hospital and the entire region. This antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of complex diabetic infections. With the wave of metabolic syndrome and diabetes that is washing across indigenous people in this region, this shortage posed a serious problem.

A statewide response was implemented, initially to rationalise and reduce the prescription of this drug, and when stocks had expired, switch to a clinically equivalent alternative, piperacillin/tacobactam. Although there are some theoretical long-term risks associated with such clinical practice, no harm was done. After enduring a few weeks of this shortage, there were warnings from pharmacists that due to the subsequent increase in demand for piperacillin/tacobactam, stocks of this alternative were also running low.

Fortunately, ticarcillin/clauvulanate began to trickle back to pharmacy shelves after a six-week period; however, within a few months the product again became unavailable through national suppliers. Supplies of the alternative piperacillin/tacobactam have not been subsequently compromised.

There were probably no adverse outcomes as a direct result, but the follow-on impact of shortages is complex, and adverse outcomes are probably happening without recognition. For instance, it has been clearly documented that with this kind of switching to alternative treatments to get around a shortage, medical and nursing staff unaccustomed to the use of the replacement could easily make consequent errors in prescription and dosing.4

From the point of view of a remote physician, there are serious concerns about the relative lack of transparency regarding the cause of the shortage, where the bottleneck was, and how long it would take to resolve. Despite the subsequent resolution of this particular problem of piperacillin/tacobactam, it has now been suggested that this product will become permanently unavailable.

The lack of transparency regarding shortages of essential medicines and other medical equipment here in Australia is particularly apparent when comparing responses to this problem internationally. For example, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States has a dedicated website listing all drugs in short supply, the reason for the shortage, and expected date of resolution.5 Likewise in Europe, the European Medicines Agency has officially recognised this global phenomenon and has short- and medium-term actions to counter these trends.6

Medicines at greatest risk of short supply include off-patent drugs that have reduced profit margins associated with manufacture and marketing, and injectables, particularly those that are off-patent like ticarcillin/clauvulanate, that are challenging and expensive to manufacture.8

It is reassuring that Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has recently launched the Medicines Shortage Initiative website that directly deals with some of these issues—identifying drugs vulnerable to short supply and estimating a date where normal supply will recommence.7 This initiative allows sharing of information and enables health services to coordinate a transparent and national approach to known shortages. However, shortages can come upon a supply chain with very little notice, and while this is a very valuable initiative, the global causes of shortages still need to be addressed in a nationally strategic manner.

In a region like Katherine in Australia's remote Northern Territory it is these drugs—long-acting penicillin, anti-TB medicines, injectable generic medications—invented years ago and still very useful for diseases of poverty, that are most vulnerable to short supply.

In the last 10 weeks, there have been two young Aboriginal men present to this hospital dying from advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. With the use of old-fashioned anti-TB medications their lives have been saved, yet there have been recent articles in the medical literature and popular international press alluding to critical shortages of anti-TB medications worldwide.9-10

Yet still no one in my network seems to clearly understand why the Northern Territory experienced critical shortages of ticarcillin/lauvulanate, adrenaline mini-jets, injectable haloperidol, phenytoin, or benztropine at this hospital and presumably across Australia over the past few months. Hopefully the new TGA website will ease this uncertainty, but there remains a general and blissful unawareness amongst my profession that a shortage of critical anti-TB medications in India could potentially be the harbinger of shortage of critical medicines and subsequent preventable deaths in Katherine.

The vast distances in Australia's remote outback make for forced reflection of the critical need for timely provision of essential medicines and supplies. After the lead of the US and Europe, it is vital that Australia and the region recognise this issue and develop short- and long-term strategies to ensure sustainable supply chains, and the TGA's recent progress is reassuring. We are already slow off the mark, as attested by the growing body of literature on this subject in reputable international medical journals and the relative absence here in Australia. It is time to build on this recent initiative by the TGA to ensure sustainability of supply of the most important medicines into the future.


We investigate theoretically the spatial dependence of the linear absorption spectra of single and coupled semiconductor quantum dots, where the strong three-dimensional quantum confinement leads to an overall enhancement of Coulomb interaction and, in turn, to a pronounced renormalization of the excitonic properties. We show that\char22{}because of such Coulomb correlations and the spatial interference of the exciton wave functions\char22{}unexpected spectral features appear whose intensity depends on spatial resolution in a highly nonmonotonic way when the spatial resolution is comparable with the excitonic Bohr radius. We finally discuss how the optical near-field properties of double quantum dots are affected by their coupling.


1. Professor, Department of pediatrics, Dhaka Medical college Hospital 2. Professor, Department of pediatrics, Dhaka Medical college Hospital 3. Assistant Professor, Department of pediatrics, Dhaka Medical college Hospital 4. Assistant professor, Department of pediatrics, Bashundhara Addin medical College Hospital 5. Indoor Medical officer, Department of pediatrics, Dhaka Medical college Hospital Correspondence: Prof. Sayeeda Anwar, E-mail: sayeeda.anwar email@example.com Introduction Glycogen-storage disease (GSD) type III (GSD III) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by loss of function mutations of the glycogen debranching enzyme (Amylo-1,6-glucosidase [AGL]) gene, which is located at chromosome band 1p21.2.1 GSD III is characterized by the storage of structurally abnormal glycogen, termed limit dextrin, in both liver, skeletal and cardiac muscle with greater variability in resultant organ dysfunction.2 Clinical manifestations are usually due to decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and occasionally due to a myopathy associated with an increase in muscle glycogen. Patients with GSD are usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood with hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, poor physical growth, and a deranged biochemical profile. The reported case of GSD type III had predominantly liver involvement. There were very few reports on Cori,s disease. Objective of reporting this case is to evaluate and as no cases of glycogen storage disease type IIIcori's disease had been reported from Bangladesh till now.


Shanghai culture is originated from the dualistic deconstruction and dipolar integration of western Protestantism,Latin culture,Chinese Buddhism and the culture of the regions south of the Yangtze River.This pattern of development gradually evolves into the distinctive Shanghai-style Culture,which exerts influences on leisure sports behavior of Shanghai citizens.Shanghai-style Culture,with government as its dominance,market as its mainstay and citizens as its main stream,has the following cultural defects: lack of entertainment,relatively enclosed,others-oriented,short of autonomous technology contents and gradual fading of the traditional culture sports projects.Shanghai sports culture should develop with the dual visions of reason and value,dual heights of technology and humanity,dual dimensions of special layout and culture stratification and dual expansions of entertainment and traditional recreation.


Level Height a vitamin can be measured digitally use appliance Monitor Height Of Vitamin Base On Mikrokontroler AT89S52. This Appliance aim to to know difference of value sensitivity of light or brightness of hydrogen and to isn't
it count on course some level, using censor of TCS 230 to know height value a[n substansi in tube. made to appliance consist of system network of use Mirokontroler AT89S52, Mikrokontroler AT89S52 is Mikrokontroler to arrange all processes in system network. Module of LCD as, This LCD can present 16 column of X 4 line which was later expected can present all needed outputs.
System work this appliance is when censor of TCS 230 moved by motor (stepper) hence obtained data will be kept at Mikrokontroler, which Mikrokontroler program have with Ianguage of Assembly to be able to run each;every comand, to is later;then presented in LCD how much/many sensitivity
value or brightness of light and height of vitamin. Thus can be elaborated as follows. Ad for network of keypad to give reference count input and to start and discontinue process of scan. Both of activator network ( motor driver) of stepper DC to determine motor rotation direction so that move censor. Third of obtained data will be kept at Mikrokontroler and presented by in LCD, later; then can be
processed by system. Examination entire/all system have earned to be used to know value sensitivity of brightness or light and height of vitamin in tube.


Tobit analysis is used to analyze the impact of household characteristics on demand for total insurance. This approach examines the marginal change in demand for insurance, as well as the change in the probability of purchasing insurance. Demand effects are dominated by the marginal impacts from existing purchasers of insurance. Although income and number of earners are both positively related to the demand for insurance, the marginal effect from an increase in income is greater for single-earner households than for multiearner households. Also, as either family size or age increases, the marginal increase in insurance expenditure diminishes.


The Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis suggests that countries with a weak relative productivity performance should, over time, see a low or falling real exchange rate. This note uses detailed sectoral data to test the hypothesis over the period 1978-2006 and also fails to find any evidence of the expected effect.


Adrian S. Wisnicki's principal research questions center on three areas: Digital Humanities Technology: How can state-of-the-art imaging technology, particularly multispectral imaging and processin...


Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of Heluo Shugan capsule on chronic hepatitis B and early hepatocirrhosis. Methods: 5 capsules of Heluo Shugan, three times per day for 3 monthe to 6 months, 60 patients of chronic hepatitis B and early hepatocirrhosis were treated and compared with 30 patients , which were selected randomly and treated with routine protection liver drugs. Results : The Heluo Shugan capsule group could improve the clinical syndromes of patients , decrease significantly serum ALT, HA, LM, ⅣC, PCⅢ , comparing to contrast group the differentiation had obviously significance, (P0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion: The results indicate that therapeutic method of Heluo Shugan capsule may improve the clinical syndromes of chronic hepatitis B with early hepatocirrhosis, reduce aminopherase, regulate the liver' s metabolic function, antifibrosis of liver, enhance the therapeutic effect to prevent and treat early hepatocirrhosis of chronic hepatitis B.


Texture is an indispensable property to develop many vision based autonomous applications. Compared to colour, feature dimension in a local texture descriptor is quite large as dense texture features need to represent the distribution of pixel intensities in the neighbourhood of each pixel. Large dimensional features require additional time for further processing that often restrict real-time applications. In this paper, a robust local texture descriptor is enhanced by reducing feature dimension by three folds without compromising the accuracy in region-based image segmentation applications. Reduction in feature dimension is achieved by exploiting the mean of neighbourhood pixel intensities radially along lines across a certain radius, which eliminates the need for sampling intensity distribution at three scales. Both the results of benchmark metrics and computational time are promising when the enhanced texture feature is used in a region-based hierarchical segmentation algorithm, a recent state-of-the-art technique.


Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 produce numerous toxins that lyse specific population of leukocytes, including macrophages. We hypothesized that MRSA leads to immune dysregulation due to macrophage killing. We quantified macrophage gene products by qRT‐PCR and cytokine array after a 4‐hour exposure to MRSA USA300. THP‐1 cells significantly upregulated pro‐inflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β, IL‐1α, IL‐12 and MIP‐1α 4 hours after exposure to MRSA (≥2 fold each). Anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐27 (over 100‐fold, P<0.01) and IL‐10 (over 10‐fold, P<0.01) were induced 24 hours post‐MRSA infection. The cytotoxicity induced by MRSA was measured by LDH assay, cell viability by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis. Low dose (MOI 10) MRSA killed 35% of THP‐1 cells after 2 hours and over 70% after 4 hours. Macrophage cell death was not associated with annexin‐V staining, but was caspase‐dependent, as Z‐VAD‐FMK, a pan‐caspase inhibitor, significantly reduced THP‐1 cells' cytotoxicity (40% reduction; P<0.001). A α‐hemolysin null mutant of MRSA USA300 killed significantly less macrophages than wild‐type MRSA (19% vs 28%; P<0.01), consistent with the role of Hla in activating the NLRC3 inflammasome. These results suggest the leukocidal activity of MRSA targeting macrophages can result in loss of their immunoregulatory activity.


The first reader in Russian history in almost two decades, this collection includes primary and secondary material never before published in English. Reflecting the latest scholarship on the subject, Reinterpreting Russian History covers a thousand years in four periods: Kievan Rus', the Post-Kievan Experience, the Muscovite Centralized State, and the Russian Empire. Supplemented by over 70 illustrations, selections are introduced by placing them in the context of the work's major themes: state structure, the economy, society, and culture and everyday life. From the multi-ethnic peopling of early Russia to the elite society of the nineteenth century, original sources illuminate such topics as state-building, government and politics, the peasantry and the countryside, clergy and religious communities, and women and gender.


Context and objectives Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) is a promising avenue for increasing the profitability and the sustainability of industry in Ukraine, as well as for ensuring its compliance with international standards. The cou


It is pointed out that in case of high spring wheat yields the improvement of wheat grain quality and, first of all, its protein quality increase can be achieved both by means of improved selection technologies and cultivation practices as well, including the applying of fertilizers. The results obtained in the course of studies demonstrate that varieties with wheat grass translocation produce higher yields, they are responsive to the use of fertilizers, and the protein content of grain is also increased because of the plants being provided with a greater amount of mineral nutrition.


This paper presents methodical results concerning the estimation of crack resistance curves of high strength weldable structural steels in compliance-technique. The precision of the compliance-function of SENB-specimen in four-point-bending is discussed taking into account the apparent negative crack growth


The aim of this article is to summarize the most common faults in electric generators and to specify the priority liable to control, monitoring and diagnostics. It describes the structure of an automated system for control, monitoring and diagnostics of a wind power plant, selection of sensors and the places of their location.


The lasing-induced change in the differential resistance is measured for various types of stripe geometry laser, and a model is given that explains the lasing induced change quantitatively to some extent. The amount of the lasing-induced reduction in the differential resistance is mainly determined by a parameter that limits the carrier supply into the active layer. The exsistence of a non-lasing region at the edge of the stripe and lateral carrier diffusion also decrease the amount of the reduction. In narrow-stripe lasers the amount of the reduction is small due to lateral carrier diffusion. From the moderate change in the differential resistance near the threshold, the spontaneous emission factor representing the contribution of the spontaneous emission to the lasing mode is estimated for various types of stripe laser.


The development of large complex irrigation systems presents problems of pest control which are likely to become increasingly difficult to solve by established application methods. By applying a chemical at one point in such a system use can be made of the flow of water through the system to effect the necessary distribution. This technique has been used most effectively with the molluscicide Frescon (N-tritylmorpholine). However, the complexity of many irrigation systems precludes the optimisation of the necessary rate of addition of molluscicide by any simple method.

In this paper a mathematical model of an irrigation system is described which enables a detailed study of this type of application to be made with speed and economy. An analogue computer has been used to solve the equations subject to the operating conditions of the irrigation system.


In recent years, several cases of journalistic whistleblowing appeared in the public record. The WikiLeaks saga in 2010 and the explosion of the Datagate in the summer of 2013 have been the most visible examples of this phenomenon. Besides these cases, a constellation of smaller whistleblowing projects is also expanding in different fields (Chen, 2011). In contrast, before the arrival of the Internet, the only major scoop provided by a whistleblower able to reach the same impact in the public attention was represented by the 1971's "Pentagon Papers" leaked to the US press by Daniel Ellsberg whose revelations unveiled the real nature of the Vietnam War (Ellsberg, 2002). This proposed paper will analyze the differences between the Ellsberg's case and the WikiLeaks revelations, emphasizing the role of digital technologies. Starting from Patrick McCurdy's analysis (2013), which compared the identities and the involvement of the two sources in their whistleblowing acts, this paper will investigate further the differences due to the shift from an offline to an online and digital environment, focusing on the nature and formats of the leaked documents. Towards some case studies such as the destruction of hard disks in the Guardian newsroom required by the UK authorities to prevent further publications of Snowden's documents (Harding, 2014), the paper claims how, even in the digital era, physicality still matters when it comes to whistleblowing, despite the constant "datafication" of the physical world (Mayer-Schonberger and Cukier, 2013) and the attributes of digital artifacts (Kallinikos et. al, 2010) such as electronic documents. Sources: Chen, N. (2011). WikiLeaks and Its Spinoffs: New Models of Journalism or the New Media Gatekepers? Journal of Digital Research & Publishing , 1. Ellsberg, D. (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers . New York: Penguin. Harding, L. (2014). The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man . London: Guardian Faber Publishing. Kallinikos, J., A. Aaltonen, A. Marton (2010). A Theory of Digital Objects. First Monday , Vol. 15, Num. 6-7. Mayer-Schonberger, V. and K. Cukier (2013). Big Data. A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work and Think . London: John Murray. McCurdy, P. (2013). From the Pentagon Papers to Cablegate: How the Network Society Has Changed Leaking. In: Brevini, B. (et al), Beyond WikiLeaks: Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism and Society . New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 123-145.


We used a replicated field experiment to determine the relative intensity of intraspecific and interspecific competition between larvae of Siren intermedia and Notophthalmus viridescens. These two salamanders possess markedly different morphologies and life histories and belong to distantly related salamander families, but feed on similar prey. Each species was raised in artificial ponds, alone at either low density (3 larvae per pond, 1.95 m-2) or high density (6 larvae per pond, 3.90 m-2) or together in a 3:3 ratio for a combined density of 6 larvae per pond. These 5 treatments were each replicated 4 times in a total of 20 ponds. The experimental design allowed us to explicitly compare the relative intensities of intra- and interspecific competition under realistic conditions. Competition affected different components of fitness in each species. Both intraspecific and interspecific competition caused a decline in survival of Notophthalmus, but had no detectable effect on body size or length of larval period. Negative densitydependent mortality may regulate Notophthalmus populations in the larval stage of their complex life cycle. Intraspecific competition caused a decline in both the survival and growth of larval Siren, but interspecific competition caused only growth to decline. Decreased growth rates may increase the vulnerability of larval Siren to desiccation and to predation. We found no evidence to reject the null hypothesis that larvae of these two species are equal competitors at the densities we employed. Our results indicate that, despite dissimilarities in life history and morphology, and a distant phylogenetic relationship, larval Siren and larval Notophthalmus compete as equals. J.E. Fauth, W.J. Resetarits, Jr. and H.M. Wilbur, Dept of Zoology, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27706, USA.


We investigate pairing states realized at the (001) interface of a spin-triplet superconductor Sr2RuO4 on the basis of microscopic calculations. Because of a Rashba-type spin–orbit interaction induced at the interface, strong parity-mixing of Cooper pairs between a spin-singlet state and a spin-triplet state occurs in this system. There are also strong inter-band pair correlations between the spin–orbit split bands, in spite of the considerably large spin–orbit splitting. This is due to frustration between the spin–orbit interaction and pairing interactions. In this pairing state, time-reversal symmetry is restored, in contrast to the bulk Sr2RuO4, which is believed to be a chiral p+ip superconductor with broken time-reversal symmetry. It is demonstrated that, because of these features, the pairing state at the interface is a promising candidate for the recently proposed time-reversal invariant topological superconductor.


The marine resources in Apulit Island, Palawan were assessed to evaluate its status after decades of protection. The hard coral cover in six sites ranged from 6.88 to 71.25%. Some reefs have been overgrown with macroalgae. The reef fish biomass and density were relatively high, but poor in species diversity. Subsequent underwater footage and anecdotal information revealed a large change of fish assemblage, which may have occurred during the transition period from previous owner/operator to the recent owner/operator: This situation may highlight the role of local government in the management of coastal waters and its resources.


This paper presents a set of Ivray extensions to render scenes using a physically-based camera model. By using actual lens prescriptions, the resulting renderer, Ivcam, is able to accurately reproduce lens effects including focus, depth of field, barrel distortion, aperture, and exposure. Ivcam replaces the pinhole camera used in Ivray with a film plane and lens system and simulates the propagation of individual light rays through the various lens elements and aperture stops. The Ivcam UI contains extensions to support lens selection and focusing functionality. The Inventor camera parameters are continually updated to present an approximate preview, although Inventor is clearly unable to accurately reflect many of the effects. We show sample images rendered using a variety of lens systems, including fish-eye, telephoto, double-gauss, and wide-angle. In addition, images rendered with a wide-angle lens are compared to actual photographs of the scene using a similar lens.


With building and evaluating the national experimental teaching demonstration center in colleges and universities,how to enhance its building and exerting its demonstration function and leading construction and development in colleges and universities all over the country should be considered by the managers of laboratories.It is very important that meaning of index should be understood,building experimental teaching system and team should be enhanced,manage system should be improved,humanistic experimental environment should be constructed and demonstration and leading function should be advanced.


The authors deal with water absorption and diffusion in various kinds of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation: steam-cured, dry-cured, and with and without water tree retardant (WTR). Measurements were performed on pieces of insulation directly or on cable specimens immersed in water at different temperatures. As expected, the steam-cured insulation absorbed much more water than the dry-cured insulation, and the higher the temperature the greater was the water content. The more surprising result is that one WTR insulation absorbed even a greater amount of water than the steam-cured insulation. The results are discussed in the framework of Fick's law and existing models of diffusion.<<ETX>>


The influence of arterial tapering on blood motion is evaluated. This was achieved by means of a nonlinear mathematical model that allows local study of the motion of fluid in a tapered and elastic tube. The results make it clear that the anatomic tapering of arteries and pulsatile changes in diameter highly influence blood motion. A nonlinear model for studying arterial blood motion is presented. It is a mathematical formulation including an original expression of axial and radial velocity profiles. Results confirm the need to take the anatomical tapering of vessels into account for correct analysis of blood motion. This need is satisfied by retaining nonlinear terms (i.e. convective accelerations) in the Navier-Stokes equations.<<ETX>>


All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Double Anonymous • Conference submission management system: Submitting papers via email • Number of submissions received: 47 • Number of submissions sent for review: 41 • Number of submissions accepted: 20 • Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 42.6 • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 27 • Contact person for queries: Name: Rachael Lee Email: email@example.com Affiliation: Wuhan Youlaite Culture Development Co., Ltd/ Modern International Green Culture Communication Association


We apply Density Matrix Renormalization Group methods to study the phase diagram of the quantum ANNNI model in the region of low frustration where the ferromagnetic coupling is larger than the next-nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic one. By Finite Size Scaling on lattices with up to 80 sites we locate precisely the transition line from the ferromagnetic phase to a paramagnetic phase without spatial modulation. We then measure and analyze the spin-spin correlation function in order to determine the disorder transition line where a modulation appears. We give strong numerical support to the conjecture that the Peschel-Emery one-dimensional line actually coincides with the disorder line. We also show that the critical exponent governing the vanishing of the modulation parameter at the disorder transition is $\beta_q = 1/2$.


In evaluating the efficiency of heat pump (HP) systems, the most commonly used measure is the energy (or first law) efficiency, which is modified to a coefficient of performance (COP) for HP systems. However, for indicating the possibilities for thermodynamic improvement, energy analysis is inadequate and exergy analysis is needed. This study presents an exergetic assessment of a ground‐source (or geothermal) HP (GSHP) drying system. This system was designed, constructed and tested in the Solar Energy Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. The exergy destructions in each of the components of the overall system are determined for average values of experimentally measured parameters. Exergy efficiencies of the system components are determined to assess their performances and to elucidate potentials for improvement. COP values for the GSHP unit and overall GSHP drying system are found to range between 1.63–2.88 and 1.45–2.65, respectively, while corresponding exergy efficiency values on a product/fuel basis are found to be 21.1 and 15.5% at a dead state temperature of 27°C, respectively. Specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) on the system basis is obtained to be 0.122 kg kW−1 h−1. For drying systems, the so‐called specific moisture exergetic rate (SMExR), which is defined as the ratio of the moisture removed in kg to the exergy input in kW h, is also proposed by the authors. The SMExR of the whole GSHP drying system is found to be 5.11 kg kW−1 h−1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


am pleased to introduce the inaugural "Early Career Psychiatrists" special section in The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. The articles in this section represent work in the field by investigators beginning their career trajectories, and we note that they launch this section and their careers with topics at the forefront of clinical psychiatric research. Two of the articles selected for this section address an important area with broad treatment implications, bipolar disorder and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Wingo and Ghaemi address the important and sometimes controversial topic of comorbidity between attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. In this systematic review of the literature, the authors assess the data in the area and suggest future directions for research. In the Schaffer et al. article, the rate of antidepressant use in individuals with bipolar disorder, despite recommendations to the contrary, is examined, with emphasis on presence or absence of comorbid anxiety disorder. Saddichha et al. also present data on a timely and clinically relevant topic, the effect of antipsychotic medication on weight, body mass index, and development of obesity in the context of treatment for first-episode schizophrenia. We welcome comments and feedback regarding the "Early Career Psychiatrists" section. Please address these to Marlene P. Freeman, M.D., at email@example.com.


The digital library is a form of library in the future and the developing direction of library construction.However,it is impossible to replace traditional library with digital one.In this thesis,the orientation of digital construction of the medium and small-sized university library is analyzed,and some problems are discussed to arouse our attention.Finally,the direction and the aim of digital construction of the medium and small-sized university library at the present stage are pointed out.


ABSTRACT In his three recent papers [3], [4], and [5], R.G. Beaves develops an Overall Rate of Return (ORR) project evaluation criterion based on the concept of the so-called transition point (TP) which he has defined in two different versions.1 In the present contribution, it is shown that some projects may produce undefined ORRs for either TP version, and that other ORR-like criteria [7] may also generate undefined results for projects for which the Net Present Value (NPV) criterion is defined. To eliminate the cases of the ORR undefinability, a generalization of the ORR criterion is proposed that makes this criterion fully NPV compatible and applicable to both investment and financing projects. This criterion embraces all the existing ORR approaches that are based on the notions of the initial and terminal wealths, including both of Beaves' approaches.


The impact of light rail transit (LRT) service on community is essential for conducting light rail planning and transit oriented development studies, especially since its renaissance in the U.S. from the 1980s. However, the extent to which the effects of LRT service on the livability of a community or the spatial redistribution of residents by various social-economic groups is still inconclusive. Motivated by the belief that the correlation between infrastructure investments and residential location changes has important implications for the planning, design, and implementation of LRT systems, the authors conducted an analysis based on the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) rider survey data collected by New Jersey Transit (NJT) in February 2008. The survey results were summarized to find out the socio-economic characteristics of people who moved to the corridor within five years. Then a two-stage sample selection model was formulated to answer the questions: 1) Who move to the LRT corridor? 2) For the movers, how far do they choose to live proximity to the LRT train station? The results indicated that households with small household size, low income, young people and household with few automobiles and children are more prone to move than other household types. Same socio-economic group of people choose to live closer to transit station except that higher income households choose to live relative closer to the train station than lower income households. The results are consistent with the findings of the riders' socio-economic characteristics from on board transit survey. The results from the study could provide quantitative indicators for planners and developers to design specific housing types, public facilities, and supporting transportation services adjacent to LRT stations or within its market areas for best benefits.


This article describes the status quo of habitat fragmentation and gives an introduction to nature conservation initiatives on the European scale. The main focus lies on the concepts of ecological networks and the EU COST 341 Action (Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) as a programme comprising expertise on the effects of linear transportation infrastructure on habitats. The discussion of this subject is still in its infancy, as is the exchange of information which could optimize "de-fragmenting" measures. It is recommended that an international forum be established on the basis of an initiative at the European scale as a COST Action. Such an on-going international forum would facilitate bilateral co-operation for the designation of transboundary ecological corridors, which is one of the major challenges of European habitat protection.


ABSTRACT Our study presents empirical evidence about the role of ownership structure for firm exit probability by explicitly differentiating between distinct exit routes (bankruptcy and forced liquidation, voluntary liquidation, mergers and acquisitions – M&A, and removal from the court register). Based on the population of Slovenian firms in the 2006–2012 period and using multinomial probit, our findings support the predictions of agency theory. Ownership concentration, share of the largest owner, and the difference in shares between two largest owners all decrease the likelihood of exit for all studied exit routes but M&A. The magnitude of their impact is largest for exits, in which owners play a decisive role, i.e. voluntary liquidation and removal. The link between the number of primary owners and exit likelihood is U-shaped with the lowest exit probability for firms with around two owners.


The purpose of this study is to identify the difficulties faced by the eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 3 CAMBA, as well as the factors causing the students' problems understanding English reading text. This study is qualitative. The eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 3 CAMBA were the research subjects. The data collection methods are interviews and tests. The researcher presents the data from the difficulties in understanding English reading text. The result of the research shows that there are 26.31% of students have difficulties understanding to look for the main idea of the text. Then, there are 12.86% of students have difficulties understanding the vocabulary of the text. Then, there are 8.77% of students have difficulties in understanding and making inferences from the text. Next, there are 52.04% of students have difficulties understanding to look for the detailed information in the text. The factor causing the students difficulties found in comprehending English reading text there is difficulty in understanding the meaning of words, difficulty in determining the main idea, difficulties in understanding a long sentence in the text, difficulty in understanding vocabulary, house environment, and school environment.


Appendix inversion into the cecal lumen can be demonstrated, and its endoluminal appendectomy is feasible [1]. We describe the first procedure to remove the appendix using colonoscopy during acute appendicitis presentation. A video colonoscope (Pentax Medical, Tokyo, Japan) and a handmade doublechannel colonoscope prototype with an adapted 20Fr nasogastric tube were used for the colonoscopy (▶Fig. 1). Shark Tooth grasping forceps (Olympus Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan), an endoloop (Olympus), a standard diathermic snare wire loop (Boston Scientific Corp., Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA), and endoclips (Olympus) were also used. Owing to such an unconventional procedure, informed consent was obtained from the patient's wife and from his surgeon after the colonoscopic findings during the same procedure. A 67-year-old man with transverse colostomy secondary to surgical resection of a prior obstructive sigmoid neoplasm, presented with vague lower abdominal pain and fever. Two days earlier, an ultrasonography showed an enlarged appendix. A colonoscopy was performed to investigate synchronic lesions and showed only a purulent discharge from the appendiceal orifice. The endoloop from the attached nasogastric tube was opened and positioned close to the appendiceal orifice. The Shark Tooth grasping forceps was passed through the endoloop and gently into the appendix until tissue resistance was detected. The appendix tip was grasped and inverted back into the lumen in a single pull-through motion (▶Video1). The appendix presented with a reddish orange mucosa in its tail. A diathermic snare wire loop (Blend 1, 30W) was then placed over the inverted appendix to cut. Another endoloop was loaded, and then endoclips were used to fix the ligating loop into position and close the ligated appendix base (▶Fig. 2, ▶Video1). No bleeding was observed. Pathological assessment confirmed acute appendicitis (▶Fig. 3). The patient experienced abdominal discomfort and low-grade fever on the first postoperative day. He received ceftriaxone 2g/day and metronidazole 1.5 g/day for 2 days; oral diet was started on the same day. On the second postoperative day, the patient's condition improved, without any report of pain.


Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most frequent complication after cataract surgery. The most used method in order to disrupt the opacified posterior capsule is Nd‐YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of Nd‐YAG laser posterior capsulotomy on ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal volume (CV), iridocorneal angle (ICA), and anterior chamber depth (ACD).


Lecture given Monday, September 17, 2012, 10:00 AM at Abilene Christian University: "How do you respond to injustice? Hear how one ACU student used her knowledge of human trafficking to co-found the Red Thread Movement, an organization combating modern-day slavery."


The authors describe the organization, within the scope of Brazil's Unified Health System, of the framework for responding to emergency public health situations, specifically the preparation for the onset of the pandemic caused by Sars-CoV-2 in Brazil. The contradictions of the State's actions in the midst of a serious political-institutional crisis are discussed. The resistance to scientific knowledge in an environment of political conflict and growth of authoritarianism is represented in the dispute for narratives that support opposing proposals to face the crisis. Fake news feed the splitting and are confused with the federal government's decision to hinder access to information. The denial of the gravity of the situation and the absence of a national action plan are even more exuberant at a time when the country becomes one of the epicenters of the covid-19 pandemic.


I visit Ciocia Juliana in Poland. Now in her eighties. She's a geologist - specialising in volcanoes. It's twenty years since I last saw my aunt, but we get on just as well - maybe even better than we used to. Over a few drinks and a lot of meals, she tells me about her field trips to Iceland. On the yellow painted walls of her Warsaw apartment, her interests meet: framed geological maps in swirling colours, family photos and recipes cut out from magazines. As w e talk late into the night, Ciocia Juliana decides to make another trip to Iceland, and I decide to write about my aunt. She takes lava samples from a boiling landscape, her shoes melting with the heat. I take notes.


In this work, the surface tensions (γ) of the aqueous blends of 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol (DMA2P) + amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) were studied using the Wilhelmy plate method at temperatures fr...


AbstractA high-resolution case-based approach for dynamically downscaling climate model data is presented. Extreme precipitation events are selected from regional climate model (RCM) simulations of past and future time periods. Each event is further downscaled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to storm scale (1.3-km grid spacing). The high-resolution downscaled simulations are used to investigate changes in extreme precipitation projections from a past to a future climate period, as well as how projected precipitation intensity and distribution differ between the RCM scale (50-km grid spacing) and the local scale (1.3-km grid spacing). Three independent RCM projections are utilized as initial and boundary conditions to the downscaled simulations, and the results reveal considerable spread in projected changes not only among the RCMs but also in the downscaled high-resolution simulations. However, even when the RCM projections show an overall (i.e., spatially averaged) decrease in the ...


The authors introduce an active learning paradigm for neural networks. In contrast to the passive paradigm, the learning in the active paradigm is initiated by the machine learner instead of its environment or teacher. The authors present a learning algorithm that uses a genetic algorithm for creating novel examples to teach multilayer feedforward networks. The creative learning networks, based on their own knowledge, discover new examples, criticize and select useful ones, train themselves, and thereby extend their existing knowledge. Experiments on function extrapolation show that the self-teaching neural networks not only reduce the teaching efforts of the human, but the genetically created examples also contribute robustly to the improvement of generalization performance and the interpretation of the connectionist knowledge.<<ETX>>


One of the main approaches to monitoring the welfare of wild mammal populations in the wild is animal health estimation based on an analysis of their physiological parameters. To assess that for the natural felid populations, we analyzed adrenal activity level, white blood cells (WBC) counts and occurrence of seropositive reactions to di!erent diseases. "e #rst study was conducted in the Southwest Primorye, in natural habitats of Far Eastern leopard. Unevenly cold and snowy winters in 2010 and 2011 provided extreme natural conditions for overwintering mammals across the Russian Far East. Adrenocortical activity of leopards was signi#cantly higher in 2011 (fecal cortisol level was 712.7 ± 92.4 ng g-1) than in 2010 (361.4 ± 80.5 ng g-1). We suggest that abundance and availability of weakened deer and carcasses could facilitate hunting for leopards and help them to avoid starvation. In the second study we used WBC counts as a health index for three felid species: Pallas cat (Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, 2010), Far Eastern leopard (Southwestern Prymorie, 2011), Siberian tiger (Ussuriskii Reserve, 2010-2011). "e ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (N:L) was used as an indicator of stress and/or disease state. Occurrence of seropositive reactions to 12 di!erent pathogens was analyzed in all the animals a3er the hematological analysis. Pallas cats had the lowest N:L


The purpose of this study was to investigate the bond strength of Be-free Ni-Cr base metal alloys with dental porcelain in comparing with those of Be-containing base metal alloys. Alloys used in this study were as followings; for Be-containing alloy, Verabond (VB), Rexillium V (RV); for Be-free alloy, Verabond 2V (2V), Bellabond Plus (BP), Super 3 (S3), Tilite P (TP), Tilite S (TS). Before applying dental porcelain, alloy specimens subjected to two different surface treatments; sandblasting and degassing after sandblasting. Metal-ceramic bond strength was determined from ISO 9693 three-point bending test. Elastic modulus of metal substrate was determined from load-displacement curve obtained from subsequent loading after debonding test. Two-way ANOVA test was conducted to analyze the effect of metal alloy and surface treatment on the bond strength and their interaction. Then multiple comparison"s test between group under each surface treatment and t-test between surface treatments were conducted. The metal-ceramic bond strength was significantly affected by difference in alloy used and surface treatment, and the interaction of both variances was also significant (P treatment. Overall, there was no significant difference in the metal-ceramic bond strength between Be-free and Be-containing alloys and the mean bond strength values were recorded over the minimum requirement of ISO 9693 (25 MPa), In conclusion, to increase the metal-ceramic bond strength, method of surface treatment for Ni-Cr base metal alloy should be properly selected before layering of dental porcelain.


The magnetic tunnel transistor (MTT) is a three terminal hybrid device that consists of a tunnel emitter, a ferromagnetic (FM) base, and a semiconductor collector. In the MTT with a FM emitter and a single FM base, spin-polarized hot electrons are injected into the base by tunneling. After spin-dependent transmission through the ferromagnetic base they are collected in the conduction band of the semiconductor provided they have the right energy and momentum to overcome the Schottky barrier. Two factors determine the spin-sensitivity of the device: (i) spin-dependent tunneling from the emitter, and (ii) spin-dependent scattering of the hot electrons in the base. Since the magnetocurrent (MC) depends on the tunneling spin polarization, the MTT can be used to study the spin-polarization of ferromagnetic/insulator interfaces at high bias voltage. Moreover, the temperature dependence can be studied using a newly introduced lithographically defined MTT that allows us to probe the tunnel spin-polarization up to room temperature, removing a limitation of the standard technique of tunneling into a superconductor.


A variety of approaches in development of regional investment policy and low productivity of their realization cause the necessity to form the effective model of the investment policy answering to the problems of social and economic development of the regions.


A complex system is a system composed of many interacting par ts, often called agents, which displays collective behavior that does not follow trivially from the behaviors o f the individual parts. Examples include condensed matter systems, ecosystems, stock markets and economies, b iological evolution, and indeed the whole of human society. Substantial progress has been made in the quantita tive understanding of complex systems, particularly since the 1980s, using a combination of basic theory, much of it derived from physics, and computer simulation. The subject is a broad one, drawing on techniques and ideas fr om a wide range of areas. Here I give a survey of the main themes and methods of complex systems science and an annotated bibliography of resources, ranging from classic papers to recent books and reviews.


Kinetic and structural studies have been carried out on the effects of meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphyrin () as an anionic and meso-tetrakis(3-N-methyl-pyridyl)porphyrin () as a cationic porphyrin with adenosine deaminase (ADA) in 25 mM citrate/phosphate buffer, pH = 4-8, at using UVvis spectrophotometry, circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectrophotometry as well as molecular dynamics (MD) and molecular docking. Kinetic results showed that the two porphyrins are non-competitive inhibitors. Increasing pH, increases and cationic porphyrin has a higher and lower binding constant () at all pH ranges. Analyzing the secondary structure revealed that both ligands decrease the secondary structure and that the anionic porphyrin is more effective.


Processing of high-quality thermoplastic composite parts by laser-assisted tape consolidation involves in-situ melting and solidification of the thermoplastics matrix material. In contrast to autoclave processing, fusion of the matrix material occurs locally, preventing both the development of residual stresses and fiber buckling in the inner layer. High temperature thermoplastics such as Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), are semicrystalline. The level of crystallinity depends strongly on the local thermal history as well as other processing parameters. In the present study the effects of these parameters on the thermal properties, such as the melting and cold crystallization point, are determined utilizing Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). These thermal properties can give information about possible degradation of the polymer induced during the manufacturing process. The material selected for this study (PEEK/Carbon composite) exhibits a decrease of melt and cold crystallization temperature for increasing laser powers where the latter is more pronounced. The crystallinity, calculated from regular DSC data, showed wide variations. Therefore, modulated DSC measurements were also performed, which are considered to be more accurate for crystallinity measurements due to their ability to record endo- and exothermal events during cold crystallization and melting respectively. The results of these measurements show a significant trend of increasing crystallinity with laser power. Furthermore, a significant decrease of the glass transition temperature of the material was also observed. This was believed to be caused by a molecular weight reduction due to heat fragmentation during processing. The reduction of molecular weight is expected to be responsible for the increase in crystallinity with laser power, since the glass transition temperatures were lower at higher laser power settings.


Objective To study the relations between trace elements and cerebral infarction pathogenesis and earlier prevention methods by observing changes of Ca~(2+),Zn~(2+),Mg~(2+),Fe~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cr~(2+) and Pb~(2+) in 42 patients with senile cerebral infarction(group A) and 27 normal senile controls. Methods Trace elements from finger blood were measured with trace element autoanalyzer of LK98B type. Results The concentrations of Ca~(2+),Fe~(2+) and Cr~(2+) in group A(3.10,244.81,0.067 μmol/L) were significantly higher than that in group B(1.31,220.19 and 0.04 μmol/L),P0.05.The concentrations of Zn~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cu~(2+) and Pb~(2+) in group A(97.52,1.51,16.32 and 9.12 μmol/L) were significantly lower than that in group B(116.32,1.85,19.00 and 11.37 μmol/L),P0.05.The results showed that cholesterol level positively correlated with Zn~(2+)(r=0.50,P0.05),and apolipoprotein level positively correlated with Ca~(2+)(r=0.51,P0.05).While other lipids showed no significant correlation with trace elements. Conclusion Trace elements can block the normal blood lipid metabolism,provoke the angiosclerosis,enhance the cerebral infarction development.Senile people should pay more attention to supplement of the trace elements.


Parties should consider a collaborative approach to scientific inquiry and learning when there are multiple jurisdictions, resource users, and viewpoints about the best way to manage a social-ecological system. A collaborative process provides a forum for scientists, managers, and other stakeholders to raise and explain concerns, articulate management goals, and suggest strategies to address concerns and management actions to achieve goals. Collaborative problem solving engages parties in dialogue that facilitates understanding of different perspectives and creates an opportunity to reframe problems as hypotheses to be tested through the adaptive management process. I review four potential structures for multistakeholder collaboration that have been used by medium- to large-scale adaptive management programs in the U.S., and identify factors to consider when determining if one of these structures would be appropriate for a particular situation. These mechanisms include: establishing a Federal Advisory Committee, forming a multistakeholder body convened by a nonfederal entity, creating a body through legislation or cooperative agreement, and seeking an exemption from the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). When designing a collaborative process, parties should consider the degree of collaborative decision making desired, amount of resources that will be required, length of time necessary to design and establish the group, who will make decisions, and how decisions will be made.


In this study, the effects of light and dark condition, sucrose concentration, and plant growth regulators on the in vitro growth of bulblet from Lily Sorbonne shoot were studied. Morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the bulblet growth were analyzed. Shoots in the light condition developed into plant while shoots in continuous darkness formed bulblet. Sucrose (90 g/L) increased the size of scale and starch accumulation of bulb. 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA 1,5 mg/L) stimulated the divison of parenchyma cell. The combination of 90 g/L sucrose and 1,5 mg/L BA in dark condition stimulated the division and size of the parenchyma cells, which increase the number and size of scales and size and weight of the bulblet. Respiratory rate, zeatin content and starch accumulation were increased in the bulblet growth. The correlation of light condition, sucrose concentration, plant hormone, respiration rate, starch accumulation, and bulblet growth were discussed. The combination of 90 g/L sucrose, 1.5 mg/L BA and 0.5 zeatin mg/L in dark strongly induced the growth of in vitro Lily bulblet, especially the number of scale.


Young adult men are under-represented in health research, and little is known about how to reach and engage them in lifestyle interventions. This mixed-methods study aimed to explore young males' preferences for recruitment strategies, content, format (delivery mode and program duration and frequency), and facilitator characteristics for future physical activity and nutrition interventions. Ten focus groups involving 61 men (aged 18–25 years) in the Hunter region, New South Wales, Australia and an online survey distributed within Australia were completed by 282 males (aged 18–25 years). Key focus group themes included a preference for recruitment via multiple sources, ensuring images and recruiters were relatable; intervention facilitators to be engaging and refrain from discussing negative consequences of being unhealthy. Key program content preferences included skill development and individualized goals and feedback. Focus groups and the survey confirmed a preference for multiple delivery modes, including; face-to-face (group and individual), with support using eHealth technologies. Survey results confirmed the most favored program content as: "healthy eating on a budget," "quick and easy meals," and "resistance training." Focus group responses suggested a program duration of ≥6 months, with 2–3 combined face-to-face and supportive eHealth sessions per week. Survey intervention duration preference was 3 months with 4 face-to-face sessions per month. Findings can guide the design, conduct, and evaluation of relevant contemporary physical activity and or nutrition interventions for young men. There is a need to identify the most effective ways to address young men's individual preferences in intervention research.


In this digital world, tremendous data are generated in every field. Useful information is inferred out of this data, which is valuable for effective decision making. Data mining extracts the interesting information from huge volumes of data. Association rule (AR) mining is one of the core areas of data mining where interesting information is extracted in the form of rules. Traditional AR mining is incapable of handling uncertain situations. In order to handle uncertainty, mathematical tools like vague theory can be utilized with AR mining methodologies for the development of novel vague theory based algorithms, which will be more suitable in effectively handling vague situations that helps framing effective selling strategy. Since an organization can't analyze the huge rule set obtained from these algorithms, every resultant rule should have a certain ratio of factors customized to the interest of the organization that can be achieved through optimization algorithms. This chapter explores the significance of vague theory and optimization means for effective uncertainty management. Utility and Significance of Vague Set Theory and Advanced Optimization Mechanisms for Uncertainty Management


Award-winning editor Johnson explains the success of Closer, the magazine she launched to instant success. The public has an insatiable appetite for sex and celebrity gossip, she claims: "In a world where people don't necessarily know, or want to know, who their next door neighbours are, women turn to Closer to find out the truth about their neighbour-substitutes - EastEnders' Jessie Wallace, Ulrika, Jade Goody. Reality TV and soap stars all have problems shared by our readers and their neighbours: love affairs, baby trouble, cheating boyfriends." Do Closer and its imitators have the formula to buck the industry's downward trend?


The state of the practice of bridge inspection and bridge management in the United States is briefly discussed. This practice has many limitations. The most significant limitation is that the data collected is based solely upon visual inspection, augmented with limited mechanical methods such as hammer sounding or prying. Visual inspection is highly variable, subjective and inherently unable to detect invisible deterioration, damage or distress. There are many types of damage and deterioration that need to be detected and measured that are beyond the capabilities of visual inspection. Bridge performance also needs to be measured. The FHWA and many others have conducted research and development in technologies that can help meet these needs. Several examples illustrating the application of this technology for the long term monitoring of bridges are described. While the summary is not comprehensive it demonstrates that technology exists to meet the needs identified. Future directions and further application of bridge monitoring technology are also briefly discussed.


Reducing poverty in Nicaragua requires special attention to rural areas because the majority of Nicaragua's poor live in the countryside. Improving access to electricity in those areas is key to economic growth and increased quality of life. In Nicaragua, three quarters of the rural population have no electricity service. About half of the total unserved households can be reached through grid extension, which is done best through the existing and new private distribution companies. However, the majority of households in rural areas are too far away from the existing grid and/or too dispersed to allow for economically viable grid extension. For those households, off grid electrification is a solution. This study provide recommendations regarding the organization of electrification services in two off grid areas and a general financial sensibility analysis of various technical options, providing thus sound pre- feasibility information. The study's scope includes market surveys, stakeholder consultations, identification of micro-business opportunities and social applications made possible by electrification, technical project design and economic analysis, and a financial cash flow analysis to determine the conditions under which the service provision business would be attractive to the private sector.


Tchebycheff Polynomials are obtained thorough linear algebra methods. A matrixcorresponding to the Tchebycheff differential operator is found and its eigenvalues are obtained. The elements of the eigenvectors obtained corresponds to the Tchebycheff polynomials.


THE STATED AIM OF THE RUSSIAN SYSTEM of unemployment benefits is to provide state support for the income of registered unemployed persons during a period of active job search. While the structure of unemployment benefits appears generous on paper, the real value of benefits has sharply deteriorated since their implementation. The erosion of benefits is only partially attributable to inflation. In locking unemployment benefits to the legal minimum wage, and in failing to index this minimum wage in accordance with the rising cost of living, the Russian government has had a hand in the impoverishment of a large proportion of benefit claimants. While the deterioration of unemployment benefits has been going on since 1993-despite the introduction in that year of a mechanism for benefits indexation to guard against the effects of inflationary conditions-the scale of deterioration has been such that by 1995, the level of benefits received by most claimants has been relegated to little more than a token social payment. The situation in St Petersburg has followed this national trend. This article offers a brief overview of the State Employment Service in Russia and the system of unemployment benefits administered under its auspices. Economic and employment conditions in St Petersburg in the transition are then briefly assessed to provide a context for the examination of the impact of unemployment benefits on the household incomes of a sample of officially registered unemployed persons in St Petersburg. The research forming the foundation of this article is based primarily on extracts from a June 1995 survey of the registered unemployed in St Petersburg, as well as official statistical information from the St Petersburg Committee for the Employment of the Population, the Federal Employment Service and Goskomstat. It also draws on existing research in the field, information obtained in interviews with officials and administrators of the Federal Employment Service, the St Petersburg Committee for the Employment of the Population and the Employment Service Scotland, other documentary materials such as policy documents, employment and unemployment


In mobile ad-hoc networks, frequent network partitioning and the failure of mobile nodes due to exhaustion of their battery power can considerably decrease data availability. In addition, the increase in network size and node mobility cause the performance of data access to degrade. To deal with these issues, a number of data replication protocols have been proposed in the recent years. This paper surveys the existing data replication protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks and proposes a classification scheme that categorizes the protocols into various classes, with respect to the issues they address. Network partitioning, energy consumption, and scalability are the three issues that are identified in this paper, and which have not been previously considered in the fixed networks. The paper also provides a comparison of the protocols and investigates opportunities for future research.


According to the current situation of materials mechanics experimental teaching Of Weifang University, the article proposed several suggestions Of the experimental teaching reform in order togreatlyimprovestudent'scomprehensivequality


A method is disclosed for preparing hydrazides from hydrazine and an acyl chloride comprising the steps of (a) preparing a stirred substantially uniform slurry comprising hydrazine and an inert solvent at low temperature "and (b) adding an acyl chloride continuously to said slurry. the process avoids or reduces the production of undesirable byproducts bis-hydrazide. the method used to prepare hydrazide 3-methyl-3-merkaptovoutanoikou acid, a molecule useful poieitai to link calicheamicin to a monoclonal antibody.


Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out the legal solution to the importance of trademark registration to reduce the occurrence of unfair competition in the world of trade and provide sanctions for parties who imitate and copy marks.

Method: The Research methods carried out in a systematic way in carrying out analysis and data collection activities in striving for certain goals to be achieved are definitions for research, For the realization of this research, the method applied is the analytical descriptive method. The purpose of this method is intended to be able to deliver a bright picture as a whole, carry out an assessment of positive legal norms and dig deeper into legal facts. The type of research that is then also applied in this research is normative juridical.

Results: With a multitude of product brands in the market, it often confuses consumers when making choices. Sometimes, consumers choose products based on their budget, leading to the circulation of many counterfeit brands with significantly lower prices but identical names and appearances to genuine products. This is what is referred to as a violation of trademark rights. Therefore, for a trademark to be valid, it needs to be registered. Registration is carried out to provide valid proof of ownership of the trademark, to challenge counterfeit brands in circulation, and to reject trademarks with identical appearances registered by others. Thus, trademark registration is conducted to obtain protection and legal certainty for a brand.


With the development of education globalization, the demand for international English teachers with standardized professional teaching skills is more and more urgent. In view of this situation, TESOL curriculum design emphasizes that the focus of language teaching is to use meaningful language in a wide range of contexts, which covers the advantages of the current English teaching methods and makes improvements. TESOL teaching is a teaching method with "students as the subject and teachers as the auxiliary", and the ESA teaching model has been applied to English grammar "The Past Continuous Tense" and achieved good results. TESOL courses in English-speaking countries are impartial, quantifiable, forward-looking and exemplary, which can provide certain reference and inspiration for foreign language teaching in China.


The purposes of this study are revealing to adapted design principles in Anapji(pond) design, and making it can be used on the times in which we live. And also, research about what kind of concern the building site for the King of Dragon and Amita belief does have with the landscape of Anapji. The results of the study are followed; I. The flowage of space has been given on the place that is apt to be obstructed like visual terminal point or the terminal of waterscape axis. 2. There are two different axes of waterscape in Anapji. On one of them, we can see the vista of sunrise and moonrise. And this seems that is related to the building site for the King of Dragon. 3. Another axis of them which is guided by 3 islands and crooked shoreline of the pond and reached to the waterfall. And this seems like be related to Amita belief. 4. Some of the purposes of making an island are for the landscaping, screening and controling of the space. 5. It has been pursued the effect of contrast by using of island of crooked shoreline of the pond in order to close or open the space. 6. Seascape was represented by using producing technique that bend the shoreline of the pond. Also, kind of supporting technique that make us to understand the landscaping stone for island through the curves of shoreline. 7. Pocket space is introduced in order to express perspective and the depth of space. 8. The landscapes of Anapji has been repeated openness and enclosure. 9. The building site for the King of Dragon can be concluded that it is highly related with the 4th building site. This site has the highest index of openness. 10. R12 region-East bank of Anapji-can be concluded that it is expressed Amita belief and future from 9 relics of flat relief sculpture of Buddha.


simulation and comparison of the performance of IPFC (series-series) and UPFC (series-shunt) FACTS controllers for voltage stability enhancement and improvement of power (real and reactive power) transfer capability have been presented in this paper. A simple transmission line system is modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Initially, basic transmission line system model is simulated. After simulating this uncompensated model, power flow results are obtained. The power profile has been studied for an uncompensated system. Results obtained for the uncompensated system are then compared with the results obtained after compensating the system using IPFC (series-series) and UPFC (series-shunt) FACTS devices. The simulation results demonstrate performance of the system with the inclusion of the above (IPFC and UPFC) FACTS devices in improving the voltage stability and power profile. All simulations have been carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.


The study of electrons in low dimensions is a field which has yielded incredible insights in the past decades from the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect to Wigner Crystallization. In recent years, interest has grown from studying the fundamental physics of two dimensional conductors to engineering experimental new states using nanotechnology techniques. We now have the capability to create high quality one and zero dimensional devices, that is, quantum wires and quantum dots. At very low temperatures, quantum physics dominates the behavior of these devices causing new properties to emerge, due to enhanced electronelectron interactions, spin-orbit interactions and many other effects. These new properties are the result of the interaction of ensembles of quantum particles and cannot be understood by classical intuition. Not only are there exciting new physics to be discovered at low dimensions, but there are promising applications on the horizon. Electrons constrained to one dimension are predicted to enter a state known as the Luttinger liquid. While there exists strong evidence for the observation of the Luttinger liquid already, it is still an area of highly active study. Furthermore, it has been predicted that interactions between helically ordered nuclear spins in GaAs and a Luttinger liquid state could results in a nuclear spin feedback effect which would result in distinct experimental observations. Not only would this state provide clear evidence of Luttinger liquid behavior, but it has potential to support sought-after Majorana fermions which have applications in quantum information processing. This project consisted of the fabrication of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wires samples in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories with varying parameters such as length and well-depth. We then performed detailed electronic transport measurements at low temperature to identify promising quantum wire samples. Good samples were cooled further to 300 mK where some quantization of conductance was observed. It was determined that to reach lower electronic temperatures, filtering was required. To this end, low temperature filtered samples holders were designed, constructed and characterized. The filtered sample holders resulted in superior observations to unfiltered samples, likely reflecting a lower electron temperature. Using our best sample with filters, we then performed resistivelydetected nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, probing the interaction between the electrons and the nuclear spins in quantum wires. While the predicted state was not observed, the groundwork for such an experiment is complete and its expected that a sufficiently high quality sample will display the signature behavior with current methodology.


Establishing the Rules of the Game: Election Laws in Democracies, Louis Massicotte, André Blais and Antoine Yoshinaka, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, pp. 191 Whatever one may think of the 2000 American presidential election, it did have one salutary effect: it drew worldwide attention to the importance of fair and impartially applied election laws. The authors of this work needed no such wake-up call; André Blais and Louis Massicotte enjoy a well-deserved international reputation for expertise in this arcane field. But it is likely that their new book, a compendium and analysis of election laws in 63 countries, will attract wider notice because of recent events in the United States. Unfortunately (though understandably), the extreme decentralization and complexity of American election laws prevented the authors from including the U.S. in their comparative database. Happily, the remaining countries in the sample offer more than enough food for thought. The field of election law has been sadly neglected by political scientists and legal scholars (outside the United States); if interest in the topic continues to grow over the coming years, this book should help to nurture a flourishing academic debate.


This paper describes a nonlinear control of the induction motor (IM) drive. The control strategy is based on backstepping approach in order to ensure a high performance of speed control and a better dynamic under uncertainties and external disturbances. The backstepping nonlinear control is developed using a non-linear law for currents, speed and flux, instead of vector control strategy. The performances of this control strategy have been examined through simulation and experimental results, using Matlab/Simulink and dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. Obtained results show the robustness of the control algorithm for both load disturbances and speed variation.


Joan L. Giese, Assistant Professor, Department of Marketing, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4730, (509)3356354, (509)335-3865 (fax), firstname.lastname@example.com. Joseph A. Cote, Professor, Department of Marketing, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686-9600, (360)546-9753, firstname.lastname@example.com. Direct correspondence to Joan Giese. The authors would like to extend a special thank you to Robert Peterson (who served as editor for this paper) for his helpful comments in revising this manuscript.


The present invention relates to a novel process of or ganic synthesis which comprises forming active species from molecules chemically bound to a rigid insoluble polymer, reacting the active species so as to obtain the desired product, splitting this off the polymer, and re covering the desired product. The novel method of organic synthesis is applicable to a wide variety of chemical reactions, and the conditions of reaction will be chosen according to the desired products.


Even were it not that Dr Robinson, as an alumnus and graduate of our university and a licentiate of our colleges, claims our recognition, his researches in the field of the morbid anatomy of the skin would, of themselves, render any book of his worthy of attention. The handsome volume before us is, he says, intended to be the basis of a future and larger, more pretentious, and more original work. One is almost inclined to wish that Dr Robinson had waited a few years till this project could have been more fully accomplished, and his reputation is such that it would have received no injury from the delay. As it is, the descriptions of the diseases are in many instances copied from the writings of others, while illness and


Accompanying the change of ie after the Second World War, ancestor worship among the Japanese has also changed considerably. The concept of ancestor has largely shifted from a unilineal descent to a bilateral orientation. This change has been accelerated by a widespread acceptance of the nuclear family form. As to the function of ancestor worship, jural or political functions such as those that legitimize one's social status have weakened, whereas personal or informal functions as a memorialization of one's dead ancestors or an emotional consoling of their spirits have been strengthened. The butsudon or Buddhist altar, the central object of ancestral rites inside the private house, is still kept in many Japanese households. Variations exjst, however. There can be temporary delays in setting up a butsudun, establishing a shelf in a corner of a room to serve as a butsudan substitute, as well as direct disuse of the custom. Even among those who own a butsudon the rate of the ritual perfOrmance is not high, and the forms ofpractice vary. These tendencies are all related to an increasing significance of personal over formal functions of the worship. In this chapter the form of practice based on the ie or household is referred to as "classical ancestor worship". That which has appeared in the process of the transition of the ie is called "modified ancestor worship". In present-day Japan, classical ancestor worship is still fbund in agricultural and mountain villages, and the modified form tends to occur in urban areas. Further, even "modified ancestor worship" is rare among some nuclear family households. "Ancestor worship" refers to the totality of the belief in the superhuman power of the dead who are recognized as ancestors, and the rituals based on this belief. The dead are not always ancestors. Ancestors must have real or adopted descendants who are admitted as legitimate in the context of ancestor worship, Legitimate descendants are those who succeed to the social status of the ancestors and who consequently assume the right to worship ancestors. Ancestor worship is, therefore, indivisibly connected with the patriarchal family and the patrilineal descent group. Ancestor worship is neither simply a mental representation of ancestors nor an action of love and respect extended to them as if they were alive. The performance of a set of rituals is a requisite of ancestor worship, with a belief that dead ancestors


Letters from:

[ Chenjian Li ][1]

[ T. C. Tso ][1]

[ Howard L. Fields ][1]

The editorial by Li Peng, premier of China ([5 July, p. 13][2]), gives a positive signal that the Chinese government finally realizes that it is time to replace the empty "ism" with science. Science is not merely a collection of utilitarian tools for planting rice, building highways, and so forth.

The core spirit of science is to seek truths through unrelenting effort and utmost honesty and to uphold truths with courage and integrity. These are vital elements for all societies, especially for today's China. Science also teaches people to think independently, and to question and reason objectively. These two aspects are critical for preparing China to have a national common ground and for bringing a new kind of people into being, who have the vision, character, and capability to make China a good member of the global village.

# {#article-title-2}

Science is needed everywhere for economic development, especially for China, because of its huge population and limited arable land. Li Peng's editorial correctly identifies agriculture as the biggest problem. However, many experts believe that science and technology alone cannot solve China's agricultural problems ([1][3]); there is much debate about the world's grain supply and Chinese grain needs in 2030, when China's population is projected to reach 1.6 billion ([2][4]).

China's agricultural problem is due mainly to the marketing system, policy, management, lack of infrastructure, and government's neglect of the farmer's interest. So far, it is not a production problem. Chinese farmers do not have ownership of the land they use. This situation results in low investment for land improvement and maintenance. Other issues—such as price control for grains, government grain procurement quotas, and grain movement restrictions—discourage farmers from producing more. At the same time, these factors encourage farmers to hold back grain stocks in their own households.

Current Chinese government policy promoting "three highs" (high yield, high quality, and high efficiency) appears to be meeting short-term immediate demand, but in the long run, excessive use of agricultural chemicals and water and an increase in the crop index are likely to result in increased pollution, erosion, waste, and deterioration of natural resources. Agricultural education, research, and extension in China are mostly separated. Agricultural education is under the Ministry of Agriculture, independent from other higher education. Infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, is lacking. Government investment in agriculture amounted to only 1.3 percent of the total state investment in 1995 ([3][5]). Most significant, there is a critical water shortage in China. Moving water cannot meet total demand because the annual average water supply [650 billion cubic meters (bcm)] is much below the total potential demand ([4][6]). Where and how to find new water resources for agriculture, industry, and human needs is an urgent issue.

We applaud the Chinese government's call to place a high priority on science, and an even higher priority on agriculture. Such a call can only be effective together with a call for policy changes.

1. 1.[↵][7] 1. T. C. Tso
 , Ed. in Agricultural Reform and Development in China (Ideals, Beltsville, MD, 1990), p. 405.

2. 2.[↵][8] Am. Assoc. Chinese Stud. Bull. 23, 429 (June 1996).
 [OpenUrl][9]

3. 3.[↵][10] The 1995 state investment on fixed capital totaled 1994.5 billion yuan (1 U.S. dollar = 8.3 yuan) of which agriculture received only 26.4 billion yuan.

4. 4.[↵][11] By 2030, the projected total agricultural water need is 900 bcm, of which 700 bcm would be for grain production alone.

# {#article-title-3}

Science requires the freedom to challenge ideas openly. If the Communist government of China wants partners, it should begin with its own intellectuals.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5281.1477b
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.273.5271.13
 [3]: #ref-1
 [4]: #ref-2
 [5]: #ref-3
 [6]: #ref-4
 [7]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text"
 [8]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text"
 [9]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAm.%2BAssoc.%2BChinese%2BStud.%2BBull.%26rft.volume%253D23%26rft.spage%253D429%26rft.atitle%253DAM%2BASSOC%2BCHINESE%2BSTUD%2BBULL%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
 [10]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3. in text"
 [11]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4. in text"


PACS number: 07.60-j Purpose: developing the sensor for non-contact measurement and profiling parabolic surfaces of antenna systems in the millimeter and submillimeter range with an aperture diameter up to 2 m. Design/methodology/approach: Using a high-speed CCD and photoelectric displacement transducer for determining position of light spot on the antenna surface. Findings: The experimental data show that the designed sensor provides RMS estimation accuracy for the antenna surface better than 15 microns. Conclusions: Used is the optical sensor for antenna surface measurements avoids surface damage and need to control contact sensor pressure on the measured surface. Key words: optical sensor, profile measurement, parabolic antenna, submillimeter antenna Manuscript submitted 01.04.2016 Radio phys. radio astron. 2016, 21(2): 148-153 REFERENCES 1. RUZE, J., 1966. Antenna tolerance theory – a review. Proc. IEEE. vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 633–640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1966.4784 2. PEKARSH, A. I., FEOKTISTOV, S. I., KOLYKHALOV, D. G. and SHPORT, V. I., 2011. Coordinate measuring machines and complexes. Nauka i tekhnologiya v promyshlennosti . no. 3, pp. 36–48 (in Russian). 3. ZUBAREV, Y. M., KOSAREVSKIY, S. V. and REVIN, N. N., 2011. Automation of coordinate measurements . St. Petersburg: PIMash Publ. (in Russian).


The dynamics of nuclear collective motion is investigated in the case of reflection-asymmetric shapes. The model is based on a new parametrization of the octupole and quadrupole degrees of freedom, valid for nuclei close to the axial symmetry. Amplitudes of oscillation in other degrees of freedom different from the axial ones are assumed to be small, but not frozen to zero. The case of nuclei which already possess a permanent quadrupole deformation is discussed in some more detail and a simple solution is obtained at the critical point of the phase transition between harmonic octupole oscillation and a permanent asymmetric shape. The results are compared with experimental data of the thorium isotopic chain. The isotope $^{226}\mathrm{Th}$ is found to be close to the critical point.


Objective To evaluate clinical significance of atrial fibrillation with long R-R interval on Holter monitoring in the elderly patients. Methods Retrospective analysis of atrial fibrillation with long R-R intervals on Holter in 128 elderly patients.Results A total of 23685 times of ≥2.0s long R-R intervals in 128 elderly patients occurred and the longest 5.32s without symptoms in night was detected. Conclusions Atrial fibrillation patients with 5.0s long R-R intervals on nocturnal holter was recorded ,if this patients without OMI,cardiopathy,heart failure and no syncope attack,the pacemaker must not be implanted.


THE PROBLEM OF ACCESS TO AIRPORTS HAS RECEIVED INCREASED ATTENTION IN THE PUBLIC MEDIA AS MAJOR AIRPORTS EXPERIENCE CONGESTION CAUSED BY RECENT RAPID INCREASES IN AIR TRAVEL DEMAND. THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE PROJECTED AIR TRAVEL DEMANDS AT KEY AIRPORTS IN THE NATION, REPORTS THE STEPS BEING TAKEN TO IMPROVE AIRPORT ACCESS, AND IDENTIFIES AREAS FOR RESEARCH TO ACHIEVE ADEQUATE ACCESS TO AIRPORTS ON A LONG-RANGE BASIS. /AUTHOR/


The crystallization behavior of a new sequential polyester constituted by glycolic acid and 4-hydroxybutyric acid has been studied under nonisothermal conditions. Nonisothermal melt crystallization has been followed by means of hot-stage optical microscopy (HSOM), with experiments performed at different cooling rates. Two crystallization regimes have been found, which is in good agreement with previous isothermal studies and with the different spherulitic morphologies that were observed. The kinetics of both glass and melt crystallizations has also been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and considering the typical Avrami, Ozawa, and Caze analyses. Only the last gave Avrami exponents, which were in good agreement with those measured under isothermal conditions, suggesting a spherulitic growth with a predetermined nucleation. Isoconversional data of melt and glass nonisothermal crystallizations have been combined to obtain the Hoffman and Lauritzen parameters. Results again indicate the existence of two crystallization regimes with nucleation constants close to those deduced from isothermal DSC experiments.


For pt.I see ibid., vol.8, no.1, p.246-54. Simulation data for the magnetizing inrush current generated by power transformers, obtained in part one, are used for harmonic analysis. The simulation results show very good agreement with experiment results. The relationship of the harmonics to all parameters is discussed. The results establish a guideline for eliminating harmonics due to inrush current, and provide reference for system design. >


An affine equivariant version of the nonparametric spatial conditional median (SCM) is constructed, using an adaptive transformation-retransformation (TR) procedure. The relative performance of SCM estimates, computed with and without applying the TR—procedure, are compared through simulation. Also included is the vector of coordinate conditional, kernelbased, medians (VCCMs). The methodology is illustrated via an empirical data set. It is shown that the TR—SCM estimator is more efficient than the SCM estimator, even when the amount of contamination in the data set is as high as 25%. The TR—VCCMand VCCM estimators lack efficiency, and consequently should not be used in practice.


Introduction: In Brazil, territorialization has been used in public policies through different public instruments that promote social improvement or protection. These territorialized policies seek articulation between the various national, state and municipal spheres, with specific programs and actions built on territorial bases, the main example being the SUS. The ESF acts as a new basis for intersectoral articulations, due to the greater proximity of professionals with the population and the interactions in the territory covered, allowing the verification of problems that affect the health-disease process. Objective: To evaluate the territorialization of the population that make up the microregions that is covered by Family Health Strategy Teams in the municipality of Marabá-PA. Methodology: This is a descriptive, analytical study with a quantitative approach of the situational health reports of the Family Health Strategy teams in the municipality of Marabá-PA. Results and Discussion: In 2022, so far, it has a coverage of 36%, so we can say that the primary care of the municipality is undergoing a transition process, due to this, the ascription of the population is also evolving. Currently, the city of Marabá-PA is made up of 24 Health Units, 14 in the urban area and 10 in the rural area. Conclusion: The process of territorialization in this health team is hampered by the transition of health systems, making it difficult to create the profile of the enrolled population. In addition, the data evaluated demonstrated the importance of the presence of primary health care in order to achieve the universal coverage that the SUS advocates, improving health indicators.


Aneurysm of the mitral valve is a rare complication of infectious endocarditis. We report a 65-years-old woman with left heart failure and mitral regurgitation secondary to a mitral valve aneurysm. The diagnosis was made by transesophageal echocardiography.


Nontraumatic perforation of small intestine is a rare cause of the peritonitis requiring immediate surgical treatment. The difficulty in preoperative diagnosis due to diverse etiologies and high mortality rate indicate the danger of this disease. A retrospective review of 25 patients treated at our hospital from 1985 to 1994 was performed, with following etiologies: adhesion (8 patients), idiopathic (7 patients), foreign body (4 patients), malignancy (3 patients), internal herniation (2 patients) and cocoon disease (1 patient). The segmental resection was performed for 18 patients and the excision of lesion with oversewing was performed for the remaining 7 patients. Nine patients died with 36 percents mortality rate.


In order to enhance the yield of dextran dextrinase(DDase) produced by Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2003,the effects of pH from 3.5 to 6 on cell growth and DDase activity were investigated in a 3 L fermentor.Based on time courses of cell growth and DDase activity,we developed a two-stage pH control strategy,in which pH was controlled at 5.0 for the first 6 h and then 4.0 for remaining time.Under the optimized strategy,the production of DDase had a significant improvement.Moreover,the maximal DDase activity reached 4.03 U/mL,38.5% and 1 147% more than that from the strategy with-out pH control and in the 250 mL shake flasks,respectively.Meanwhile,the fermentation time of DDase in the fermentor was also shortened from 47 h to 15 h compared to that in 250 mL shake flasks.


In the information era in which there is an increasing and rapid information change, education system needs to enable students to solve the problems of real world with their acquired skills. Meta- cognition is essential for successful learning and students can learn and use it to improve their performance. This paper was an attempt to investigate the reliability of meta-cognitive awareness inventory that is generated by Schraw and Dennison (1994) and its correlation with nursing students' achievement in Iran. The design adopted for this study was a descriptive correlation design. To this end, 40 female university students majoring in nursing were selected as the sample. Pediatric nursing performance was measured using a test which included higher and lower order questions. The results indicated that (a) the questionnaire has acceptable internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of .74, (b) there was a strong, positive correlation between the two variables, r = .729, n = 40, p<0.01, with high levels of meta-cognitive awareness associated with higher levels of performance in course of pediatric nursing. In conclusion, meta-cognitive strategies may have impact on nursing performance among university students.


Metal phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes are considered to be promising functional organic materials owing to their tunable properties and unique π‐electron structure. Despite these advantages, the application of polymeric metal Pc into lithium–sulfur (LiS) batteries has yet to be explored. Herein, this work demonstrates a molecular design of multifunctional polymeric cobalt Pc with triethylene glycol linkers (TCP) that provide a redox mediating capability for the Co ion in the center of the Pc, a strong polar interaction of N atoms with Li, and the lithiophilic sites of crown ether mimicking linkers for highly efficient LiS batteries. As verified by electrochemical and theoretical analyses, the cooperative redox mediating and lithiophilic effects of TCP coated onto multiwalled carbon nanotube (TCP/MC) are attributed to the facilitated conversion reaction kinetics of S cathodes for the high utilization efficiency of S and the inhibition of polysulfide shuttling. Consequently, the S@TCP/MC delivers high discharge capacity of 1392.8 mA h g−1 and high‐rate capacity of 667.9 mA h g−1 at 5.0 C. Moreover, this cathode achieves a high capacity retention of 81.5% over 200 cycles, along with a high areal capacity of 6.83 mA h cm−2 at 0.2 C with a high S loading of 6.6 mg cm−2.


Emollients play a key role in the treatment of eczematous lesions and xerosis such as in atopic dermatitis. However, studies that show the actual benefits of cleansers are few and far between.