We investigate the bias-modulated dynamics of a strongly driven two-level system using the counter-rotating-hybridized rotating-wave (CHRW) method. This CHRW method treats the driving field and the bias on equal footing by a unitary transformation with two parameters $\xi$ and $\zeta$, and is nonperturbative in driving strength, tunneling amplitude or bias. In addition, this CHRW method is beyond the traditional rotating-wave approximation (Rabi-RWA) and yet by properly choosing the two parameters $\xi$ and $\zeta$, the transformed Hamiltonian takes the RWA form with a renormalized energy splitting and a renormalized driving strength. The reformulated CHRW method possesses the same mathematical simplicity as the Rabi-RWA approach and thus allows us to calculate analytically the dynamics and explore explicitly the effect of the bias. We show that the CHRW method gives the accurate driven dynamics for a wide range of parameters as compared to the numerically exact results. When energy scales of the driving are comparable to the intrinsic energy scale of the two-level systems, the counter-rotating interactions and static bias profoundly influence the generalized Rabi frequency. In this regime, where ordinary perturbation approaches fail, the CHRW works very well and efficiently. We also demonstrate the dynamics of the system in the strong-driving and off-resonance cases for which the Rabi-RWA method breaks down but the CHRW method remains valid. We obtain analytical expressions for the generalized Rabi frequency and bias-modulated Bloch-Siegert shift as functions of the bias, tunneling and driving field parameters. The CHRW approach is a mathematically simple and physically clear method. It can be applied to treat some complicated problems for which a numerical study is difficult to perform.


Carboxylesterase was purified from rat kidney in an electrophoretically homogeneous form by acetone precipitation, followed by successive chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite and then isoelectric focusing. The purified enzyme catalyzed the hydrolyses of monoacylglycerols and short-chain triacylglycerols, such as tributyrin, but not the hydrolysis of long-chain triacylglycerol. Its optimum pH with methyl butyrate as a substrate was 8.0. The relation of its activity to the methyl butyrate concentration differed from those for pancreatic lipase and liver esterase, and also from those for lipolytic enzymes from various other tissues. The relations of methyl butyrate-hydrolyzing activity with methyl butyrate concentration were compared among various carboxylester hydrolyzing enzymes. Based on the results, these enzymes were classified into four classes.


To value water quality improvements in the Chesapeake Bay or elsewhere, it is necessary to choose an appropriate model of consumer behavior. A number of different travel cost based recreation demand models have been employed to value changes in water quality or beach access. Among the possible models to choose from are the typical trip model, the pooled observations approach, a varying parameter model, and a logit model. Each approach makes different assumptions about the structure of individual preferences and the choice process underlying individual decisions. The purpose of this paper is to implement a methodology that can be used to suggest a model (or models) appropriate for valuing quality improvements in the Chesapeake Bay. To compare these approaches, a series of outdoor recreation user populations is constructed by choosing a utility function, its parameter values and an error distribution. This information is combined with the characteristics of individuals and recreation sites from a Chesapeake Bay recreation demand survey to solve the individuals maximization problem. Each of the models is estimated using these data, and the compensating variation of a quality change is calculated. Benefit estimates are compared with simulated welfare change to evaluate the models.


Abstract Tourism is one of the consistent branches of the national economy, which can ensure some concrete results and a tailor-made contribution to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product. The tourism industry is also called invisible trade in the sense that, although it does not export goods and services, by practicing it, by developing it, it ensures consistent revenues to the state budget, but also ensures the possibility of increasing Gross Domestic Product. Analysing the current situation of the health and economic-financial crisis, it is found that in 2020 HoReCa, the tourism industry, complementary services have decreased alarmingly. Against this background, tourism has reduced its contribution to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product, which can lead to an even greater decrease. Investments in tourism are eroding. There is no possibility of refinancing despite support measures provided by the authorities. We say in spite of some measures granted because the postponement of some payments, the postponement of some credits, the transition to technical unemployment and others will be coupled later with other measures with almost devastating effect for the Romanian economy. Thus, many jobs will be lost. On the other hand, tourism companies will not be able to move from technical unemployment to normal activity and give a minimum of six months to those in this situation. The tourist market practically does not exist because there are only sequential possibilities in which it takes place, but especially under the rule of business activities, which are also considered tourist activities. The tourist activity materialized through arrivals, overnight stays, arrivals and departures has decreased steadily and this result mainly from the data subject to the study we mentioned. It is necessary to interpret these data and possibly find ways to recover.


Study has been made on biodiversitical studies of Chlorococales (Chlorophyceae) in Jalgaon Nala of Ashti Taluka in Beed district during the period from June 2009 to May 2010. Algal samples were collected at monthly interval form five sites of Jalgaon Nala during the period of investigation. Microphotograph and line drawings of algal taxa were made by Digital camera and camera lucida. Algal taxa of Chlorophyceae were indetified with the help of standard monographs and recent literature. In present study included nine genera. Viz Treboux,Torcchicia,Pediastrum ,Hydrodictyon, Teraedron, Oocystis,Botryococcus,Coelastrum and Scenedesmus were recorded. A total 9 algal genera with 22 species Chlorococales were recorded in present biodeversitical study. Among thies Pediastrum ,Hydrodictyon, Teraedron, Oocystis, Coelastrum and Scenedesmus were dominant compared to other taxa.


The world health organisation has raised concerns on the continued global shortage of radiographers. The shortage in South Africa is hard hit by the emigration of these professionals to other parts of the world. The changing health care requirements and disease burdens have raised the need for the health professionals globally. According to records from Kwazulu-Natal (KZN) department of health on the 8th August 2013, there were 427 vacancies in the year 2008, 445 vacancies in 2009, 447 in 2010, 79 vacancies in the year 2011 and 81 vacancies in 2012 for radiography in KZN. Some vacancies in 2011 and 2012 were frozen hence low number of vacancies. This study aimed at exploring the factors that impacted on emigration and career exiting of radiographers in KZN.A quantitative, descriptive survey design was used. The online questionnaire was completed by radiographers that had emigrated and those had left the profession. The findings showed that certain factors impacted on emigration and career exiting of radiographers. In order to stem this problem it is suggested that there is a need for career pathing, recognition of all qualifications obtained in radiography as well as a reduction of working hours so as to reduce social isolation and the harmful effects of radiation. These could help to improve the negative perception of radiography profession hence improving retention of professionals in the province.


We report a new fungal selectable marker that confers resistance to chlorimuron ethyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide. This gene as well as genes that confer resistance to hygromycin and bialaphos have been engineered to be compact and to eliminate sites for most common restriction enzymes. These three selectable markers have been used to construct a series of vectors for fungal transformation. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol44/iss1/19 A series of vectors for fungal transformation Jim Sweigard, Forrest Chumley, Anne Carroll, Lennie Farrall, and Barabara Valent Central Research and Development, DuPont, P. O. Box 80402, Wilmington, DE 19880-0402 USA We report a new fungal selectable marker that confers resistance to chlorimuron ethyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide. This gene as well as genes that confer resistance to hygromycin and bialaphos have been engineered to be compact and to eliminate sites for most common restriction enzymes. These three selectable markers have been used to construct a series of vectors for fungal transformation. We have modified three dominant selectable markers for fungal transformation. First, we cloned a sulfonylurea resistant allele of the Magnaporthe grisea ILV1 gene using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ILV2 gene as a heterologous probe. These genes encode acetolactate synthase, an enzyme involved in isoleucine and valine synthesis. Sulfonylureas (specifically chlorimuron ethyl, the active ingredient of the herbicide Classic reg .) inhibit acetolactate synthase. The sulfonylurea resistant allele of M. grisea ILV1 has been subcloned as a 2.8 kb fragment and modified by the elimination of eight restriction enzyme sites (GenBank AF013601). Second, a chimeric gene for bialaphos resistance (Pall and Brunelli 1993 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 40:59-63) has been further modified by eliminating five restriction enzyme sites and by removing the transcription terminator (GenBank AF013602). Third, a chimeric gene conferring hygromycin resistance (GenBank) has been reported previously (Carroll et al. 1994 Fungal Genet. Newsl. 41:22) and is included here for completeness. All three selectable markers have had SalI sites introduced at both ends. The three selectable markers were cloned into various plasmids both within and outside the polylinker (Table 1). First, the genes were cloned as SalI fragments into the polylinker of pUC, pBluescriptII, and pBC vectors. They were also cloned as SalI fragments into the XhoI site of a modified polylinker in pBluescript II and pBC (pCB1519 and pCB1520, respectively) where the XhoI site is flanked on both sides by SmaI sites. Second, the selectable markers were cloned into common cloning vectors outside the polylinker, thus leaving the lacZ gene intact. Most of the restriction enzyme sites in these polylinkers are unique (Table 2). We find that these vectors allow flexible and facile cloning options due to the presence of three fungal selectable markers available as many different restriction fragments including blunt fragments, a range of polylinker choices with blue/white screening, and a choice of bacterial selection for ampicillin or chloramphenicol resistance. All of these plasmids have been deposited in the FGSC. We have successfully used these vectors to transform M. grisea as described previously for hygromycin selection (Sweigard et al. 1995 Plant Cell 7:1221-1233). Defined complex medium [yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (Difco) 1.7 (g/l); asparagine, 2; NH4NO3, 1; glucose, 10; pH to 6.0 with Na2HPO4) was used to select for bialaphos and sulfonylurea resistance. Bialaphos (25 ug/ml) and chlorimuron ethyl (100 ug/ml) were dissolved in water and dimethylformamide, respectively, and added to media after autoclaving. Chlorimuron ethyl can be purchased from Chem Service, P. O. Box 3108, West Chester, PA 19381-3108, 610-692Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 3026. We have not tested whether the formulated herbicide Classic reg . can be used for selection instead of the technical material. Table 1. Plasmids with bialaphos, hygromycin and sulfonylurea resistance Base plasmid E /cloning site for Baialaphos Hygromycin Sulfonylurea fungal selectable marker resistance resistance resistance Selectable marker in polylinker pUC19& or pUC118*/SalI pCB1517 pCB1003 & A pCB 1528* pBluescript II SK-/ SalI pCB1635 pCB1636 pCB1637(NOT AVAILABLE) pBC KS-/ SalI pCB1546 pCB1490 pCB1551 pCB1519/XhoI pCB1524 C not made pCB1520/XhoI pCB1525 D


The property of a normal functor to be open-multicommutative proposed by Kozhan and Zarichnyi (2004) is investigated. A number of normal functors related to the functor of probability measures and equipped with convex structure are considered here and it is proved that the functors $cc$, $ccP$, $G_{cc}P$ and $\lambda_{cc}P$ are open-multicommutative.}


In Chapter 8, Part 4, Weil comes to grips with "'human exceptionalism'... this double and contradictory figuration of man" (132). Her resolution moves through a "moral reorientation from the self... to the particular experience of an other" (141) to "producing empathy without contempt" (143). In sum, each chapter in Thinking Animals makes a compelling argument on behalf of a curriculum in animal studies. The interrogation of the nonhuman/human interface should be broadened, however, to include topics ignored by Weil such as habitat destruction and ethnic cleansing, anthropogenic extinction and genocide.


Item batch denotes a consecutive sequence of identical items that are close in time in a data stream. It is a useful data stream pattern in cache, burst detection, APT detection, \etc Basic item batch measurement tasks include membership, cardinality, time span and size. Currently, there is no algorithm tailored for item batch measurement. The greatest challenge lies in accurately estimating the time gap between two consecutive identical items. In this paper, we propose Clock-sketch, a framework that introduces the well-known CLOCK algorithm into item batch measurement. The methodology of Clock-sketch is to clean outdated information as much as possible, while guaranteeing that the information of all items visited within the time window $\mathcalT $ is preserved. We conduct experiments on three real-world datasets that feature in item batch pattern. We compare the accuracy and throughput performance of our Clock-sketch against the state-of-the-art and two naive approaches without using Clock-sketch technique. Results of item batch activeness show that Clock-sketch outperforms the state-of-the-art SWAMP in generating 50 times less false positive rate when memory is small. All source codes are open-sourced and released at Github.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of malignant CD5+ B lymphocytes that are characterized by frequent expression of autoreactive B dependence on microenvironmental signals for proliferation and survival. Among the latter, signals propagated through the BCR are believed to play a key role in leukemia init and evolution. Drugs that can disrupt these signals have recently emerged as potential therapeutic agents in CLL and several of them are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Particularly promising clinical responses have been o PI3Kδ, which function by blocking BCR signal transduction. In addition, recent studies focusing on the phosphatase PTPN22, which is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases and is markedly overexpressed in CLL cells, suggest that it may be possible in the future to develop strategies that will selectively reprogram BCR survival signals into signals that induce leukemic cell death. This review focuses on the biological basis behind thes most promising BCR-targeting agents in ongoing preclinical and clinical studies. Introduction. The B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway has recently emerged as a major therapeutic target in CLL. Signals propagated through the BCR have been shown to increase leukemic cell survival in vitro and there is growing evidence that such signals are continuously delivered to the leukemic cells in vivo. This evidence particularly refers to data obtained from gene expression profiling studies, which www.mjhid.org ISSN 2035-3006 for Targeting the B-Cell Receptor Pathway


Fire temperatures at 4 vertical locations within 3 desert microhabitats were measured during a controlled bum using both temperature pellets and thermocouples. Examples of maximum air temperatures (30 cm) during the fire were 1380 C in open interspaces, 352O C within a shrub, and 442" C under a palo Verde tree. Fire temperatures among other levels and microhabitats varied considerably. Environmental conditions during the fire were monitored. Soil water repellency at 4 vertical locations within 3 microhabitats showed minimal changes after burning. Soil surface rlbedo increased by 5% following the fire resulting from 70% perennfal plant cover removal and subsequent white ash release. Soil and air temperatures did not vary significantly after the fire when compared to an unburned control. North American deserts are commonly used as rangelands, especially those portions containing adequate shrub and herbaceous plant cover. Rangeland in the Upper Sonoran Desert is relatively lush because of a bimodal rainfall pattern and bums frequently when enough fuel is present. Traditionally, the Upper Sonoran Desert has been considered to be less affected by fire than other ecosystems (Humphrey 1974). However, in central Arizona following a moist year, the desert floor is covered with sufficient annual plant fuel and litter to carry a fire. This results in increases in both man-caused and natural brush fires during the following seasons. Research on Sonoran Desert fires has been limited primarily to southern Arizona desert grasslands (Humphrey 1949, Humphrey and Everson 195 1, Humphrey 1963, Cable 1967, and White 1969). These studies focused on fire recovery processes and use of fire as a tool for controlling certain undesirable species on grazing land. Physical parameters related to fires in deserts characterized by shrubs and cacti have not been previously reported in fire ecology literature.


This paper describes a method for assessing the information density and efficiency of hyperspectral imaging system. The approach computes the information density of the acquired signal as a function of the hyperspectral system design, signal-to-noise ratio, and statistics of the scene radiance. Information efficiency is the ratio of the information density to the data density. The assessment can be used in system design - for example, to optimize information efficiency with respect to the number of spectral bands. Experimental results illustrate that information efficiency exhibits a single distinct maximum as a function of the number of spectral bands, indicating the design with peak information efficiency.


An improvement of tsunami casualty model by utilizing better description of human body based on anthropometry data was conducted to obtain better understanding about human ? flow interaction that lead to tsunami casualty. The absence of the model verification from previous researches is now fulfilled. The proposed model is applied in Padang city, Indonesia, to assess the feasibility of roads that will be used for tsunami evacuation. The city is under threat of possible giant tsunami in the future due to the existing seismic gap in Mentawai fault zone. The term of Tsunami Casualty Index (TCI)is used to express the ratio of the time of tsunami inundation that lead to a dangerous situation to human, with the total time of the tsunami inundation. The roads with TCI more than 50% obtained from the model should be considered to be avoided during evacuation. In such areas, additional tsunami evacuation shelter may be needed by the community the possibility of tsunami casualty in the respective areas.


The article simply analyses the logistics distribution problem of characteristic, which is related to the aging society services for the aged, and a vehicle routing problem model with soft time windows has been established. After a brief introduction to the principle of PSO algorithm, the basic model of the vehicle routing problem was solved using the standard and improved algorithm. It indicated that the improved PSO algorithm can obtain optimal results quickly.


The invention discloses a pluggable multifunctional mobile financial terminal which comprises a tablet personal computer and a base connected with the tablet personal computer in a pluggable mode. The base is electrically connected with the tablet personal computer through a base connecting plate, the base connecting plate comprises a USBHUB with a plurality of USB interfaces and a small base control plate, the small base control plate is provided with a HUB chip, the HUB chip enables USB signals coming from the USBHUB to be spread into a plurality of RS232 serial port signals to be connected with corresponding RS232 interfaces through serial port data signal sending/receiving buses, financial card machine and tool modules are integrated on the base, in the state that the tablet personal computer and the state are disconnected, the tablet personal computer independently works, and in the state that the tablet personal computer is connected with the base, the base supplies power to the tablet personal computer through the base connecting plate. By means of the pluggable multifunctional mobile financial terminal, hot plug of the tablet personal computer can be achieved, meanwhile, the serial-port port number is fixed for the same tablet personal computer, and the multi-scenario application of the financial terminal is achieved.


Abstact Rural landscapes are the result of complex interactions between natural and social forces. Product of changes through time, landscapes can only be understood in their historic context. The present study focuses on the historical change of a rural landscape in Valea Dragului, a traditional farming community in southern Romania, during the past 200 years; it uses maps from the end of 18 century to 1980 and recent Landsat imagery, supplemented with evidence from historical sources, statistical data, recent field surveys. At the end of the 18 century, local landscape is still largely natural, but population growth (with the crucial contribution of Bulgarian immigrants), successive land reforms and technological progress during the 19 c. shape it into the traditional agricultural landscape. Landscape change amplifies during the second half of the 20 c., following 2 major political shifts. One is the socialist restructuring of landownership patterns and farming systems after the WW II, when traditional rural landscapes were replaced by "productivist" agrarian landscapes. The second one, following the political shift in 1989 and the recent land reform, is the unexpected resurrection of traditional rural landscapes. Recently, Romanian rural landscapes have to cope with two new challenges: the major one is global environmental change; the other, accession to the European Union (January 2007) and compliance with the Common Agricultural Policy. Accordingly, the re-adjustment of land use patterns is expected to reverberate in further landscape transformation.


The present study undertakes the comparison of the genre features of the 20thcentury verse novels and that of the contemporaries, with especial regard to JanosTerey's work entitled Paulus . Among these features belong the alteration of the story teller method, generic combination of the poem and the novel, the presence of irony in the texts, as well as the revival and transcription of the antecedent literary works. In case of the contemporary verse novels and in case of Paulus as well, the reader has to face an exceptionally wide-ranging text with the constant change of the scenes and the register. Although by its generic formulation, the text carries the generic features of the 20th century verse novel, it is more eclectic, and requires a different reading strategy.


The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a high granularity lead tungstate crystal calorimeter operated at the CERN LHC. The future High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC will provide unprecedented instantaneous and integrated luminosity with up to 200 collisions per bunch-crossing [pileup (PU)]. The CMS detector is therefore undergoing an extensive upgrade program to prepare for these demanding conditions. In the ECAL barrel region, the crystals will continue to perform well. The Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) detecting the scintillation light will also continue to be operational, with some increase in noise that will be mitigated by reducing the operational temperature. Nonetheless, the entire readout and trigger electronics will need to be replaced to cope with the harsh conditions and increased trigger latency requirements. We plan a 25-fold improved readout granularity and a factor 4 sampling rate increase. The timing precision is used in important physics measurements and it is speculated that further improved time information could be exploited for PU mitigation and for the photons assignment to the correct collision vertex. As presented in this paper the endcaps region calorimeter needs to be replaced due to irrecoverable radiation damage of the crystals in the forward region. The upgraded ECAL will preserve the energy resolution, and will improve on time resolution for photons and electrons. In this paper, the ongoing R&D activities for the ECAL barrel readout electronics upgrade are presented.


The beam pointing of phased array antennas that adopt phased shifter irrelevant to frequency is changed with frequency.The true time delayer(TTD) for wideband phased arrays is an important method to improve the beam-pointing accuracy.In this paper,the excursion of beam pointing versus frequency is analyzed while the planar phased array scanning.It is shown by analysis and simulation that the beam-pointing is just changed in elevation and changed invariably in azimuth plane.The beam-controlling techniques which subarray division is adopted,the TTD is used in sub-arrays and phased shifter is used in elements,are discussed in detail.The results shown that the bandwidth of phased array antennas can be expanded effectively.


This article presents a review of hemostasis and electrosurgery. The principles of electrosurgery, including the effect on tissue, vessels, and wound healing, are presented, as are the advantages and disadvantages of its use.


My thesis is a collection of stories about men and boys who are trying to figure out what it is that they should be doing.


To the Editor. —The diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) is made by demonstrating the lack of the ability to generate new antibody responses or recall antibody responses against protein antigens, such as tetanus and diphtheria, coupled with low serum immunoglobulin levels and recurrent infections. It is interesting that in the cohort described by Dr Bresee and colleagues, 1 26 of 29 immune-deficient patients (the bulk of whom appear to have CVI) who were documented to be positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleic acid were able to generate an antibody response against HCV proteins. Is there some special feature on the protein constituents of HCV that enables it to overcome the profound immune dysfunction characteristic of CVI?


The article offers a comparative analysis of the diaries of Iurii Lotman and Zara Mints. The biographies of those two prominent scholars have many similarities. The wartime experience influenced of the formation of the personality of both. From the diaries we learn about the intellectual quests of Lotman and Mints and how they strove to educate themselves. The article reveals the similarity of their characters, attitudes and goals. This article is based on unpublished archival materials.


Adaptive evolution is generally thought to be the result of natural selection predominantly acting upon pre-existing DNA sequence polymorphisms through gene-environment interactions. Epigenetic inheritance is, however, recently considered an additional molecular force driving adaptive evolution independent of DNA sequence variation. Through comparative analyses of genome-wide genetic (SNPs) and epigenetic (DMCs) variation of wild strawberry plants raised under distinct drought settings, we demonstrate intermediate levels of genome-wide covariation between SNPs and DMCs. Cases of high SNP-DMC covariation were significantly associated with (i) applied stress, (ii) non-adaptive SNPs, and (iii) solitary DMCs (as opposed to DMC islands). We also found that DMCs, drought-responsive DMCs in particular, typically co-vary with hundreds of SNPs, indicating high genomic redundancy as a basis for polygenic adaptation. Our findings suggest that stress-responsive DMCs initially co-vary with many associated SNPs under increased environmental stress (cfr. co-gradient plasticity), and that natural selection acting upon these SNPs subsequently reduce standing covariation with stress-responsive DMCs. In addition, the degree of covariation between SNPs and DMCs appears independent of their respective genomic distance, indicating that trans-acting associations between SNPs and DMCs are as likely as cis-acting associations. Our study is in favor of DNA methylation profiles representing complex quantitative traits rather than independent evolutionary forces, but further research is required to fully rule out SNP-independence of genome-wide DMCs. We provide a conceptual framework for polygenic regulation and adaptation shaping genome-wide methylation patterns.


This article is a critical review of major research by Chinese and Japanese scholars on the thought of the "Lushichunqiu" and its possible influential relationship with that of the "Xunzi". Traditionally, the thought of "Lushichunqiu" has been long regarded as "syncretic", modern studies have modified such observation by means of discovering rather synthetic characteristics in it. This article advances this direction by focusing upon some key concepts such as "gong 公" (fairness) and "li 理" (principle and reasonableness). These stand out as key elements that enable the system of thought in the "Lushichunqiu" attain its philosophical unity. Meanwhile, this article also discusses a major issue on the comparative research on the relationship of thought between the "Lushichunqiu" and the "Xunzi". Most past studies have only paid attention to the one-way influence from the "Xunzi" to the "Lushichunqiu". On this issue, this article presents an alternative viewpoint: the common elements in the thought of the two works seemed to have originated from intellectual activities of the Jixia 稷下 scholars such as Zou Yan 鄒衍and Shen Dao 慎到.


Abstract : While asymmetric warfare has undertaken a new and a broader dimension, especially in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 911, the title of this paper refers to counterinsurgency warfare wherein terrorism is employed by the irregular adversary as a means to subvert the rule of law and effect change through violence and fear. This war is being waged in some form or the other in almost 71 countries of the world and the perceivable contours of the future international security landscape portend a threat for its proliferation. As a result, militaries around the world will have to gear up to counter this scourge, which offers different battlespace dynamics and challenges for military leadership. Such warfare underscores the need for different knowledge structures, wherein military's mass and energy, in concert with other elements of national power, are applied for control versus destruction. This paper attempts to capture the key features of an asymmetric warfare arena that may provide military leadership suitable touchstones for the planning and conduct of a counterinsurgency campaign. Besides digging into a plethora of literature on the subject, this effort also blends the experiential base of the author in counterinsurgency warfare in Jammu and Kashmir and the Northeastern states of India. (10 figures, 34 refs.)


The reflectance anisotropy (RA) spectrum of the Si(100)1×2-As surface is calculated using the discrete dipole model. The semiconductor is treated as a slab of pointlike dipole-polarisable bonds coupled by dipolar electrostatic fields. The response of the polarisable bonds to light in normal incidence is expressed in terms of the normal modes of the polarisable bonds which are called dipole waves. These may be classified as surface-localised, surface resonance and bulk dipole waves. We give an analysis of the optical response of this surface in terms of dipole moments localised on bonds that would be too cumbersome to implement using a band structure. The discrete dipole RA spectrum is compared to the experimental spectrum for this surface and a density functional calculation of the spectrum. The discrete dipole spectrum contains the same features as experiment. The origin of the peaks in the RA spectrum is discussed in terms of excitation of dipole waves polarised parallel and perpendicular to the arsenic dimer axes and also in terms of excitation of dipole moments in particular bonds. Parameters for the calculation were obtained from ab initio calculations on clusters.


this last case, the description here of blaNDM-1-carrying A. pittii in France is made in a patient with no recent history of travel. The diagnosis was made fortuitously from a rectal swab sample. The context of this diagnosis suggests that the circulation of ACB species carrying blaNDM may be underestimated in France. This case raises questions about the management of patients with carbapenemase-producing A. pittii carriage in hospitals. Here, all the patients hospitalized in the same ward and screened for carbapenemase carriage were negative. Dissemination of NDM1-producing A. pittii has been noted in an ICU. NDM-producing A. pittii had then been isolated in the air within the ICU, being suspected to contribute to the dissemination of the bacterium. Therefore, early detection of carbapenemases in Acinetobacter species seems critical to control the dissemination of carbapenemase-producing isolates. Here, this first French case of NDM-producing A. pittii in a patient with no history of travel enhances the problem of carbapenemaseproducing ACB species and their management in hospitals.


A rapid melt growth process is performed in the formation of Esaki tunnel junctions on in-situ n-doped germanium on silicon substrates. An aluminum-silicon alloy is used as the p-dopant for the junctions as well as an ohmic contact for testing. The rapid thermal anneal (RTA), used for the incorporation of the aluminum-silicon, is characterized by varying ramp rate and peak anneal temperatures. It is found that peak anneal temperature is the dominant factor affecting the current density through the devices. The maximum current density recorded is 2098mA1cm2 at a peak anneal temperature of 620°C.


Effective management of travel demand is a growing concern among transportation planners, engineers, local governments and business establishments. Most of the industrialized countries have realized that increasing transport capacity to satisfy travel demand is not a viable option for meeting future needs [AASHTO, 1988]. This realization was the result of growing energy, environmental, and air quality considerations which discouraged the expansion of existing transport systems supply. Transportation consumes 63% of all petroleum used in the United States [EIA, 1988a] and over 70% in California [CEC, 1987]. United States oil imports are forecast to increase from 5.8 million barrels per day in 1987 to between 7.6 and 11.6 million barrels per day by the year 2000 [EIA, 1988b] and the single greatest opportunity for reducing petroleum consumption lies in the transportation sector. On the environmental front, continued reliance on the private automobile continues to raise serious questions about our air quality. In 1987 the Environmental Protection Agency reported that 107 metropolitan areas in the US violated the primary health standard for ozone, carbon monoxide or both [Sperling and Deluchi, 1989]-- 12 of these regions were in California. On-road mobile sources are forecast to to emit 61% of total CO and 47% of NOx (an ozone precursor) in California [CARB, 1988]. Thus, the focus of transportation planning has shifted from the construction of new facilities to the application of efficient travel demand management techniques.


The city of Valencia (Spain) has undergone considerable development over the last decade. The city harbour has taken on great relevance as a commercial and sports harbour following the hosting of the 32nd America's Cup in 2007, and in August 2008 a new event will be held in the city: the Formula 1 Grand Prix of Europe which will be held on a new street circuit in the harbour area linked to an extension of the city. The symbol of the street circuit is a swing bridge that will connect the east and west transversal docks at the entrance to the inner harbour. The horizontal swing movement of the bridge is due to urban and "architectural" requirements. The bridge environment, the presence of the Foredeck Building by David Chipperfield and the rest of the America's Cup facilities, invalidates the use of the bascule solution. A bascule railway and road bridge was originally built in the area of the harbour, but due to several urban planning decisions was put out of use. The original bridge, therefore, had to be reallocated and adapted to new functions. The design of the new bridge, completed in July 2007, makes use of the original bridge: 95% of the steel structure, and 50% of the operating machinery that enabled the movement of the bridge, as well as the span locks that blocked the bridge for its normal use. The new bridge spans 99,2 m and has an 18-m wide platform for road use: harbour traffic and the Formula 1 circuit.


The present paper describes a case of equine cutaneous lymphoma of eyelid. The histological and immunohistochemical for CD3, CD70a and myeloid/histiocytic antigen changes were studied. Histologically, in H&E sections, mixed lymphoid cell infiltration was found in the dermis and submucosa of the eyelid. The predominant cells were small, mature well- differentiated T lymphocytes with scanty cytoplasm that reacted with CD3 antibodies on immunostaining. Another group of cells were large, pleomorphic B cells, having large vesicular nuclei and more eosinophilic cytoplasm and reacted with CD79a antibodies. No immunostaining was found with antibodies to myeloid/histiocytic antigen.


This study results from an analysis of organizational changes, characteristic from
information society, that led to popularization of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs), increased the number of people with access to information and
demanded greater agility in organizations. This phenomenon changed the way we
work, generated greater complexity and created the need for flexibility for having a
faster decision-making. In order to understand this type of work, it was studied the
organizational structure of the Entrepreneurship Coordination of the Innovation,
Technology and Entrepreneurship Centre (in portuguese Coodenacao de
Empreendedorismo do Nucleo de Inovacao, Tecnologia e Empreendedorismo - NITE)
of CEUMA University. This Coordination was chosen because adopts the remote work
and has as mission keep the college students that participate of its programs and
activities updated about the work trends. Therefore the objective of this study was to
comprehend if both college students and staff that organized activities during the last
college year have the same understanding about remote work and how relevant is the
use of the task management tool Trello is to carry out the centre activities. The
research carried out obtained relevant information and confirmed the objectives of
raising the concept of what is remote work within the team, the relevance of the Trello
tool for the management of activities and the adaptation of the members in relation to
this form of work.


The use of the ERS-1 C band SAR for monitoring tropical forest areas is assessed, using three ERS images from the Tapajos region of Amazonia gathered in 1992. Forest areas display a very stable RCS, while non-forest areas in some cases exhibit changes which appear to be associated with soil moisture variations. Discrimination between forest and non-forest is greatest after a dry period. Because of distortions in RCS caused by topography, change detection provides a more useful discrimination approach than RCS differences on single images. A number of automatic change detection techniques are compared and their ability to classify forest and non-forest are quantitatively assessed, assuming that a forest map inferred from a 1992 Landsat TM image is correct. Block averaging followed by image ratioing provides a reasonable approach to detecting the large scale structure of the image, but simulated annealing provides improved performance at a computational cost which is becoming competitive with simpler methods. Approximately 50% of the non-forest region can be detected from the ERS-1 images. This figure may be improved by more frequent image acquisition, but there are fundamental limitations in using C band data, which would be lessened by using longer wavelengths.


A field experiment was carried out at 2017/2018 growth season in Babylon / Saddat al-Hindia in loam clay soil to study the effect of two levels of bio-fertilizer (control and seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer) and three levels (0, 40 and 80 kg.ha) of chemical fertilizers NPK (19-19-19) on green yield of three broad bean cultivars (Local, Rico and Luzdi). Randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours before planting and then inoculation with bio-fertilizer and then cultivated at 20/10/2017 in hills 25 cm apart on both sides of ridges 75 cm apart. The results showed that Local variety was superior in pods number.plant, pod length and green pod yield (18.65 pods, 20.8 cm and 13.483 tons.ha), respectively. Rico cultivar gave the highest number seeds.pod(6.3 seeds). Bio-fertilizer gave highest number of pods.plant, seeds.pod, pod length and green pods yield (19.14 pods, 6.3 seeds, 20.2 cm and 12.672 t.ha), respectively compared to control treatment. Chemical fertilizer at the level of 80 kg.hagave highest number of pods.plant, seeds.pod, pod length and green pods yield (19.20 pods, 6.4 seeds, 20.9 cm and 13.998 t.ha) respectively compared to control. The interactions showed significant effect, and biofertilizer with 80 kg.hachemical fertilizer to local cultivar gave the highest number of seeds.pod and green pods yield (6.9 seeds and 16.153 t.ha) respectively, while the same interaction with Luzde cultivar gave high pods.plant (21.25).


The author suggests to move the focus of studying the problem from should or should not FDI to be admitted/attracted to Russia to the analysis of whether the format of already existing foreign-owned organizations is the desired one. Russia as a huge market is in a position to require substantial degree of localization for international companies seeking to enter the country. It is claimed that the Government's position towards these potential entrants should be dependent upon their readiness to allocate in Russia a considerable part of the company's value chain.


Strong inflammatory response triggered by the activation of the innate immune system is one typical characteristic of sepsis‐associated liver injury (SALI). Guanylate‐binding protein 5 (GBP‐5) is a component of cell‐autonomous immunity and known to be associated with inflammation. Currently, whether GBP‐5 participates in SALI and its roles in this disease are yet to be investigated. Using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced SALI mouse model, we found GBP‐5 was highly expressed in LPS‐treated mice, and its expression was tightly related to the serum concentrations of live injury markers and inflammatory cytokines, liver damage scores by H&E staining, and amounts of apoptotic hepatocytes by TUNEL staining. Moreover, GBP‐5 overexpression was found to aggravate LPS‐induced SALI by promoting the activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, then facilitated the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, eventually induced hepatocyte cell death. Direct transcriptional activation of GBP‐5 by basic leucine zipper ATF‐like transcription factor (BATF) was identified and further validated. This study unveils a transcriptional upregulation of GBP‐5 by interacting with BATF, which promotes the progression of LPS‐induced SALI through NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and provides novel therapeutic insights for halting the progression of liver injury in various liver diseases.


This communication presents a model structure for the flotation recovery of middling particles (10–90% liberation). Fourteen datasets from the literature were studied (galena flotation), which involved different flotation systems and operating conditions. The flotation responses allowed the model flexibility to be evaluated under a range of recovery profiles. The modelling results showed that galena recovery can be characterized by the interaction between a linear function and a concave function (e.g., Gamma model), to account for the liberation and particle size effects, respectively. Liberation also impacts the location and dispersion of the recovery dependence on particle size. The proposed model structure showed there was adequate flexibility with five parameters, leading to adjusted coefficients of determination ranging from 0.863 to 0.998 for the studied datasets. Thus, an alternative approach for modelling the recovery of middling particles is proposed, which represents the liberation and particle size dependence with a few parameters.


Innovation is the heart of a business and if organizations stop innovating they will dissolve. Therefore, underlying theoretical approach of this research is to summarize the evidence for mediating role of innovation between corporate governance and firm performance. Since this study comprehensively elaborates the effect of innovation on firm performance, growth and value supported with resource dependence theory. Meanwhile, the research postulates the role of corporate governance in innovation and firm performance and conclude that corporate governance has not only strong association with firm performance but also significantly influence the innovation of firm.  Therefore, this study proposed that innovation mediates the relationship of corporate governance and firm performance. Moreover, most of the existing literature on corporate governance and firm performance strengthen the statements of agency theory and ignore the role of resources brought by the governing body. Hence, this study conclude that an integrated resource dependence view of firm performance is more authentic approach for the assessment of intervention of innovation of innovation between corporate governance.


It introduces the concept of noise and its harmfulness, analyzes the noise sourse of air conditionor system and propounds concrete measures of designing muffler for air conditionor systemfrom aspects of selection and arrangement of mechanical equipments of air conditionor system.


Abstract: The present study, entitled Improving Students' Reading Comprehension through Interactive Read-Aloud, attempts to unlock problems found in teaching and reading comprehension through interactive read-aloud in a Senior High School of Sport ( SMAN Olah Raga ) Lampung, in Metro. The findings revealed that students' reading comprehension improved through interactive read-aloud. The improvement can be seen from the increase of test results, meaning construction, and motivation. The process of reading activities showed that the teacher's gesture and body language, 20 questions, explain and guess activities were proven to help the students construct meaning from the given texts. In addition, interactive read-aloud is effective to boost students' motivation to comprehend the texts. Key words: Reading comprehension, interactive read-aloud.


The aim of this paper is to analyze the tax-spend debate for the Brazilian case, that is, if an increase in public spending leads to an increase in government revenues, or if there is a reverse causality (the increase in government revenues leading to an increase in public spending). The empirical analysis is based on cointegration and vector error correction models and the data ranges from the 1st quarter/1999 to the 3rd quarter/ 2008. The results show that the Brazilian government follows a "spend and tax" policy. It means that more government spending leads to permanently higher taxes.


We report on the discovery of fast-moving X-ray-emitting ejecta knots in the Galactic oxygen-rich supernova remnant Puppis A from XMM-Newton observations. We find an X-ray knotty feature positionally coincident with an O-rich fast-moving optical filament with blueshifted line emission located in the northeast of Puppis A. We extract spectra from northern and southern regions of the feature. Applying a one-component nonequilibrium ionization model for the two spectra, we find high metal abundances relative to the solar values in both spectra. This fact clearly shows that the feature originates from metal-rich ejecta. In addition, we find that line emission in the two regions is blueshifted. The Doppler velocities derived in the two regions are different with each other, suggesting that the knotty feature consists of two knots that are close to each other along the line of sight. Since fast-moving O-rich optical knots/filaments are believed to be recoiled metal-rich ejecta, expelled to the opposite direction against the high-velocity central compact object, we propose that the ejecta knots disclosed here are also part of the recoiled material.


This is the story of Simon William Behler, a popular New Journalist whose career has peaked. In 1980 he is lost overboard off the coast of Sri Lanka while attempting to retrace, with his lover, the legendary voyages of Sinbad the Sailor.


Dressing tailing is the biggest industrial waste and pollutant of Jinchuan Nonferrous metals Co. Its potential values and comprehensive utilization is one of the important problems for engineering technologists at present. Mineralogical research indicates that Jinchuan dressing tailing contains Ni 0.20%~0.25%, Cu 0.16%~0.25%, Co 0.008%~0.02%. Minerals are mainly composed of olivine, pyroxene, serpentine, tremolite, chlorite, and small amounts of barkevikite, talc, plagioclase, carbonate, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, etc. The particles of tailing are generally 50~140 μm in grain size. The tailing could be utilized by retrieving useful elements and applying as mining filling.


The purpose of this study was to provide a test method for gel retention performance of nonwoven filters for UV curable ink jet inks. Gel marked with elemental silver was formed from simulated UV curable ink. The silver marked gel was dispersed in the simulated UV curable ink by ultrasonic vibration. Large size gels were removed by pre-filtration with a track-etched membrane filter which had uniform 10 μm round shaped pores. Then the ink was subjected to filterability test to determine gel retention. Mass of silver element accumulated on filter medium was measured by ICP-MS after filter medium was dissolved in hot acid. Gel retention performance of nonwoven filters was compared as demonstration of effectiveness of this method. Characteristics of the gel in dynamic viscoelasticity, size and silver element release were investigated as well. Introduction UV curable ink jet inks, which include photopolymerization initiators, sometimes accidentally form gel contaminants by polymerization with radicals induced from the initiators exposed to stray light energy and/or heat energy [1, 2] . Those gels have been considered one of the causes of nozzle clogging and coating defects; both critical image quality issues [3]. Filtration has been playing a key role to remove gels from the UV curable ink jet inks in printing processes and is expected to be improved and optimized further. Evaluation of gel retention performance is important for improvement and optimization of filtration. However, no proper method to handle gels and no quantitative gel retention study has been reported by the imaging industries. The purpose of this study is to provide a new test method for gel retention performance for UV curable ink jet inks. Development of the test consisted of three steps (a) formation of gel, (b) marking gel with silver marker followed by dispersion and size control of gel, (c) filtration and measurement of silver element. (a) Fluorescent light was adapted to irradiate weak UV radiation on simulated UV curable ink for gel formation. Exposure methods of the simulated UV curable ink were examined and a method was considered to provide gel available for the test. Dynamic viscoelasticity of the gel was measured to show its characteristics. (b) Next elemental silver dissolved in base oil was mixed with the simulated UV curable ink to obtain silver marked gel. Influence of base oil mixing on gel formation was investigated. The silver marked gel was dispersed in the simulated UV curable ink. Then gel size was adjusted by pre-filtration. In the manufacturing process, the typical size of gel is estimated to be smaller than 10 μm. Those gels causing failure in printing mode should be removed by filtration. (c) Finally the ink was subjected to filterability test. Mass of silver element accumulated on filter medium was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after filter medium was dissolved in hot acid. Measurement of elemental metal was considered a good quantitative indicator for gel retention of a filter [4, 5] where the gel has been marked with elemental metal. Marking by noble metals such as silver had an advantage of low possibility of environmental contamination. By using this method, range of gel size and silver element release from gels were estimated. As demonstration of effectiveness of this method, gel retention performance of nonwoven filters was confirmed. Materials and methods Test flow Flow of each test step is shown in Figure 1. Details of the procedures will be described in the following sections. Filtration UV curable ink


In this paper, we consider the Dirichlet problem for the homogeneous $k$-Hessian equation with prescribed asymptotic behavior at $0\in\Omega$ where $\Omega$ is a $(k-1)$-convex bounded domain in the Euclidean space. The prescribed asymptotic behavior at $0$ of the solution is zero if $k>\frac{n}{2}$, it is $\log|x|+O(1)$ if $k=\frac{n}{2}$ and $-|x|^{\frac{2k-n}{n}}+O(1)$ if $k<\frac{n}{2}$. To solve this problem, we consider the Dirichlet problem of the approximating $k$-Hessian equation in $\Omega\setminus \overline{B_r(0)}$ with $r$ small. We firstly construct the subsolution of the approximating $k$-Hessian equation. Then we derive the pointwise $C^{2}$-estimates of the approximating equation based on new gradient and second order estimates established previously by the second author and the third author. In addition, we prove a uniform positive lower bound of the gradient if the domain is starshaped with respect to $0$. As an application, we prove an identity along the level set of the approximating solution and obtain a nearly monotonicity formula. In particular, we get a weighted geometric inequality for smoothly and strictly $(k-1)$-convex starshaped closed hypersurface in $\mathbb R^n$ with $\frac{n}{2}\le k


The relationship between democracy and economic growth is of long standing interest in Economics. We revisit the empirical analysis of Acemoglu et al. (forthcoming) using state of the art econometric methods. We consider variations of the GMM Arellano-Bond and fixed effects estimators of a dynamic linear panel data model with country and time fixed effects. We find that both methods produce similar estimates of the short-run and long-run effects of democracy on growth once the GMM estimator is bias-corrected for the many instrument problem and the fixed effect estimator is bias-corrected for the incidental parameter problem. Our estimated effects show that the finding that democracy does cause growth is not sensitive to the econometric methodology.


In order to meet requirements of a high-frequency supply with small batch sizes, milkrun systems and pull-control are the key concepts for Lean in-house transport. In brownfield plants narrow layouts, transportation between several buildings, large carrier units and multi-storey production sites limit the use of milkrun systems. Existing planning procedures mainly address structure and layout planning and the design of transport technology. Thus, the focus is on the selection of a wide range of manual, mechanical or automatic techniques and not on the definition of Lean processes for in-house transport. This paper addresses interdependencies, boundary conditions and restrictions within the design of in-house transport in brownfield environments. A first classification and dimensioning of transport forms is applied in a case study. Therefore, initial steps towards a structured planning method for Lean in-house logistics are given.


Healthy People, the Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Richmond 1979), makes some excellent recommendations for the improvement of diets-recommendations that should stimulate a revolution in eating habits similar to the recent shift in attitudes toward cigarette smoking. Just as the 1964 Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health brought to the attention of most Americans that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health, the new report may help to create a new attitude toward the selection of foods. This report urges the implementation of nutrition education. It says, in part:


We have synthesized asymmetric di- and triblock copolymers containing chemically complementary blocks of poly(acrylic acid) and methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) (PAAc-b-MOPEO) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PAAc-b-PEO-b-PAAc) using a template radical block copolymerization process. At low pH, polyacid blocks of these copolymers were protonated and formed the intramolecular polycomplexes (IntraPCs) with MOPEO or PEO blocks. Due to both the intramolecular complex formation and hydrophobic interactions between non-polar bound segments of the blocks, an intensive micellization in copolymer solutions at low pH took place. Aqueous copolymer solutions were used as nanocontainers for encapsulation of poorly soluble vitamin E and as nanoreactors for the silver nanoclusters/nanoparticles formation.


During the junior year, the electrical engineering technology students are required to complete an introductory course in power systems analysis and design. Historically, this course was presented without requiring the use of the personal computer. This past year, the PowerWorld Simulator software 1 , packaged with the text book 2 was incorporated. With the power system analysis software, the student was given the capability to model complex power systems consisting of generators, transmission lines, and rotating/non-rotating loads. The software was capable of performing a load flow analysis of a power system. Also, the students could analyze various types of faults for determination of proper circuit breaker selection and bracing of bus work and cabling. Traditionally, calculations for load flow and fault current analysis of small power systems have been done by hand and/or modern scientific calculators. With the use of the animated simulation tool, the students obtained a good "feel" of what was happening within the complex power system. While teaching this course, the instructor has not abandoned the presentation of the hand calculations of these quantities. Basic power system analysis calculations are still presented, but concepts are enhanced with the use of the simulation tool. The students gain an appreciable understanding of the capabilities of the PowerWorld Simulator after the typical hand calculations are presented in class.


Virus quantification is the necessary step for measuring the vaccine efficiency. Plaque assay is the most popular method and quantified the virus in term of a Plaque Forming Unit (PFU). In this paper, a semi-automatic method for plaque assay from image taken by a mobile phone is proposed. Two thresholds in different color spaces are used to extract the PFUs: one for PFU at the center and one for PFU at the edge of a well. The cluster of PFU is segmented in two stages. In the first stage, watershed segmentation based on distance transform is applied to segment the distinct and large PFUs. In the second stage, the size is used to separate the blurry PFUs. The proposed method achieved 94% precision, 92% sensitivity and 6% counting error in the experiment on 30 samples stained with neutral red color.


As a significant problem in the administrative procedural system in China,the scope of administrative litigation demonstrates the balance among the civil rights,the administrative power and the judicial power in a centralized way.Thus,discussion and research on this problem play a significant role in improving and developing the administrative procedural system in China.This paper gives some analysis on China's present legal provisions in the scope of administrative litigation and puts forward some detailed measures for improving it.


C.S. Peirce understood pragmatism (pragmaticism) as a method of deriving new knowledge for practical use through explaining observations. But this is what machine learning (ML) is doing, essentially. A solution one infers in ML can be seen as the best explanation of the accumulated facts (the training set) intended for help in decision making. Peirce used the term abduction for this kind of inference. Here I formalize the concept of abduction for real valued hypotheses, and show that 14 of the most popular textbook ML learners (every learner I tested), covering classification, regression and clustering, implement this concept of abduction inference. The approach is proposed as an alternative to Statistical learning theory, which requires an impractical assumption of indefinitely increasing training set for its justification.


To improve the safe operation level of nuclear power plants, the design principle and overall architecture of safety monitoring system for nuclear power generation were proposed from the aspect of technology development and wide area security. The constitution, monitoring scope and main functions including image surveillance, alarm, data storage and processing, security protection and network management etc., were designed. The key technologies involved, such as image recognition, data compression, remote transmission and monitoring and so on, were analyzed. The target technical indicators were put forward.


In order to locate human targets in highly cluttered indoor environments accurately with impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar, environmental clutter need to be removed first to reveal the signal reflected from the target. In this paper, we approach the problem with new signal processing procedures. An efficient adaptive clutter removal algorithm based on adaptive variance estimation is proposed to estimate the dynamic clutter in in-door environment. Test results with experimental data in an indoor environment with moving and non-moving targets verified that the proposed method can improve the ranging accuracy of both types of targets.


As we have moved into the twenty first Century, we see the world as a global market for all the companies. The post liberalization economic scenario1 has brought new challenges of corporate restructuring for the Indian companies. With a view to bring quality culture and thereby to enhance productivity in the organizations, Quality Circle movement in India is fast catching up. This activity has been successfully implemented in Japan; in fact, the phenomenal growth of the Japanese industry, and its high quality and high reliability products are largely due to quality circle's ability to impart high morale and team spirit in an organisation, culminating in the improved productivity.1 This paper discusses how the Quality Circle movement in Grasim Industries has brought significant improvements in terms of quality, cost & productivity.


Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) has been referred to as an "invisible enemy" due to its ability to asymptomatically infect people. Airborne transmission of bioaerosols produced by asymptomatic individuals...


To the Editor.— I think the time has come when the cliche, "the mechanisms and cause of essential hypertension are unknown," can justifiably be altered to "it is highly probable that the core of the mechanism of essential, renovascular, and malignant hypertension is angiotensin." The evidence from blocking the converting enzyme and from peptide blocking agents all but conclusively shows that when angiotensin is unable to function, blood pressure returns to normal or near normal, especially if salt has been depleted. Furthermore, the evidence for a mosaic of regulatory mechanisms, internally equilibrated, also seems after some 30 years close to being accepted. There are many antihypertensive and pressor mechanisms, but the predominance of angiotensin as modulated by salt and perhaps a renal antihypertensive agent now almost surely should replace the avowal of ignorance.


The article analyzes the architecture of the Stalin's era in the Soviet Union, as well as it identifies and analyzes building processes in Rezekne in the fifties, providing a historical evaluation of the credibility of the research. In the research there have been used theoretical research methods: the research of sector-related literature, internet resources and archival documents and qualitative research methods: expert interviews and witness accounts. Triangulation of methods ensures credibility of the research. The goal of the study: to describe the architecture of the Stalin's era in the Soviet Union, to explore and analyze the construction process in Rezekne in the fifties of the 20th century and to provide a historical evaluation of the Culture House of Rezekne National Societies (former cinema "Zvaigzne").


This paper evaluates the hypothesis that operations historically carried out in a specifically-scientific or -statistical database management context can reasonably be accommodated by the relational model. Such a critique is particularly relevant at this time. With the adoption of SQL as the international standard for relational database management [ISO 87], with ongoing development of an extended version of SQL called SQL21 [Melt 88], and with the general pressures of the marketplace, we seem to be moving rapidly toward a period in which there will be few available database management systems that are not relational and SQL-based. The field has gone through a phase in which the developers of even classical statistical packages felt a need to claim "relational form" or "relationallike" (e.g., COMP 80), to a series of announcements of "SQL interfaces" from vendors of distinctly non-relational systems [Asht 88; Lotu 88]. In the interim, many papers at these workshops have shifted from "how to design a system to accomplish this end" to "how to force this problem into the relational model". If the SQL-based relational model is not optimal for statistical and scientific databases, its strengths and limitations should at least be understood and documented.


ıx A discretization space interval A discretization time interval ıv A discretization vehicle speed interval, ıv D ıx= ıa A discretization vehicle acceleration (deceleration) interval, ıa D ıv= tn The discrete time, tn D n; n D 0; 1; : : :. Time is measured in values of , respectively, value in all formulas is assumed below to be the dimensionless value D 1 n The subscript n marks in variables and functions time step corresponding to the discrete time tn vn The vehicle speed at time step n xn The vehicle coordinate at time step n


The essay proposes a lecture of Toni Morrison's novel
Beloved, keeping the focus on the evident resemblance that exists
between the story written by the contemporary author and
the classical myth of Medea, and highlighting the distinctions
of each one. The comparison between the two protagonists has
already been drawn, more than once, and it is not the first time
that a novel, whose protagonist is a woman who has killed her
own offspring is compared to the mythical Greek personage.
Women's appeal to the horrible infanticide as a reaction to a
tragic situation has been recurrent throughout history and
throughout stories. And it is in the dialectic between reality and
fiction that it is possible to notice the first big different among
the two narratives. While Medea is a mythical character, Sethe
– the character created by Toni Morrison – is a fiction based
on a real person, on Margaret Garner, who has really killed her
daughter, and because of this gesture became an important and
almost mythical personage in the struggle of North American
abolitionists. The second difference to be highlighted lies in the
motivation of the act around which the story revolves: Self-love,
in one case; maternal love in another. The third and last major
outstanding distinction is directly linked to the first, that is,
to the dialectic between fiction and reality. For coming from a
story that really happened, the character of Toni Morrison has to face the reaction to her murderous act in the so-called real
world, serve sentence in jail and suffer for it in her life. The deus
ex-machina solution is reserved for mythical heroines. If there is
a god able to save Sethe, it is a quite phenomenal one and goes
by the name of Eros.


A 197Au ion source was used to irradiate a Ge2Sb2Te5‐alloy‐based phase‐change memory (PCM) cell to study the ion‐irradiation effect on the properties of the cell. The PCM devices with the tungsten (W) heating electrode of 260 nm diameter were fabricated by 0.18 µm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Four different doses (1010, 1011, 1012, and 5 × 1012 ions/cm2, respectively) were applied to irradiate the PCM cell. The samples before and after irradiation were characterized by current–voltage and resistance measurements at room temperature. It is found that the cell properties (resistance value of the amorphous and crystalline states, threshold voltage, and current for phase transition, etc.) have hardly changed, even for the sample irradiated up to 1012 ions/cm2 dose, and the cell still has good set–reset operation ability (above 105 cycles). Furthermore, the resistance ratio remains at 1000 even after 105 cycles of the set–reset operation. The results show the PCM cell with Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy has a strong ion‐irradiation tolerance.


The invention relates to a method for preparing bisphenol A in acidic ion liquid. The bisphenol A is prepared from phenol and acetone as original material by carrying out condensation reaction in the presence of acidic ion liquid stable to water and air as catalyst and reaction solvent; and it has high selectivity and high yield. The method adopts the non-volatile acidic ion liquid with good heat stability as catalyst and reaction solvent without adopting any volatile organic solvent and other catalyst, therefore, the method is environment friendly.


China concentrated apple juice industry was competitive in the international market,and it played an important role in the income of farmers and the rural economy.In this paper we focused on the whole industry chain and every aspect of the industry chain,such as corporate and individual behavior which constituted the basic unit of ours' framework to build the logic of this industry.Market actors attempted to eliminate transactions costs of opportunism through vertical integration and horizontal integration according to the changing market environment,but inappropriate policy interventions often hindered this process.The result showed that high-quality materials of concentrated apple juice were so deficient,and fruit farmers and juice manufacturers had no incentive to change this situation.The future of concentrated apple juice industry depends on further removing policy barriers,and bringing the market initiative and initiative body functions.


DOI: 10.14254/2071789X.2020/13-1/11 ABSTRACT. Changes in the perception of disabled people and the shift towards the social model of disability should also be reflected in the media debate. On the one hand, media expose the dominant social attitudes towards disabled people, on the other hand, they play an important role in shaping public opinion, influencing ways of thinking and talking about disability. The aim of the paper is to examine the extent to which the term osoba z niepełnosprawnością (person with a disability), which is seen in Poland as being connected to the social model of disability and the ideals of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, is used by the media and whether this is accompanied by changes in the presentation of social roles performed by disabled people. The analysis encompasses articles published in the selected Polish opinion-forming weekly magazines after ratifying the Convention (2012). The study shows that although the term osoba z niepełnosprawnością is gradually gaining popularity, this is not related to the way disabled people and their social roles are presented.


UML and specialized profiles, such as MARTE, are established specification and modeling procedures in the system development process. While language-based system specification and resource modeling shortens the design cycle, the exploration of the design-space is time-consuming. Most expensive proves the generation of system models respectively the architectural alternatives for exploration. This work contributes a method that utilizes activity threads to reduce the effort, needed to build such a set. With this method, a group of system models, each representing one design alternative, can automatically be generated. Therefore, only one architecture model and one function model in combination with an activity thread is required. The proposed method is the first step towards automated comparison of the performance for design alternatives at an early stage in the development process.


A static condenser is an advanced static VAR compensator (SVC) using voltage source power converters with capacitors connected on the DC side. It has several advantages over both rotating synchronous condensers and variable impedance type SVCs and is expected to make a major breakthrough in reactive power control in electric utility systems. This paper presents the mathematical modelling and analysis of a static condenser. The control parameters are based on eigenvalue analysis and the performance evaluated from digital simulation. The results from a case study show the benefits of static condensers in improving power system stability and thereby increasing the power transfer in the line.<<ETX>>


Transfusion‐transmitted babesiosis (TTB) has been rapidly increasing in incidence since the beginning of the 21st century. Asymptomatic individuals with Babesia infection are able to donate blood in the United States because of the lack of specific blood donation testing. Blood products collected in Babesia‐endemic areas are distributed nationally; thus, clinicians in nonendemic states may fail to include babesiosis in the differential diagnosis of a patient who had a recent transfusion history and a fever of unknown origin.


Microwave absorption and film dielectric spectrum detection technology, which has a high time resolution, was used to measure the photoelectron decay time-resolved spectrum of free electrons and shallow-trapped electrons generated in dye-sensitized AgBr crystals illuminated by 35 ps super short pulse laser in this paper. The influence of spectrum-sensitization on the photoelectron decay temporal characteristics of AgBr materials was analyzed. For dye-sensitized tabular (111) grain AgBr emulsion, the free photoelectron lifetime is in principle smaller than that for cubes (100). The photographic efficiency of the former is higher than the latter.


The complex head for rubber covered cable is the key part in the production line of rubber covered cable continued curing in steam pipe line. The head can extrude insolate layer and sleeve layer of cable with high productivity and fine quality.


The article is devoted to the analysis of the views of the philosopher-neofreidist E. Erickson, who considered fatherhood as generative self-manifestation of men, which is necessary for the successful resolution of the identity crisis in adulthood.


In this paper, we evaluate a performance of in-car speech enhancement techniques with single channel signal processing and microphone array signal processing. We employ SS (Fourier Spectral Subtraction) and WSS (Wavelet Spectral Subtraction) as single channel signal processing and delay-and-sum beamformer, eigen beamformer, AMNOR (Adaptive Microphone array for NOise Reduction), S-AMNOR, Svc-AMNOR, and MV (Minimum Variance) beamformer as microphone array signal processing. In-car speech database designed by CIAIR (Center for Integrated Acoustic Information Research, Nagoya University) was used for this evaluation. It has numerous in-car speech signals with multiple microphones. Therefore, we evaluate a performance of in-car speech enhancement techniques with this database. As a result of evaluation experiments, we confirmed the performance of each technique in some conditions (for example, idling, side window (open/close), car-audio (on/off), air-conditioner (high/low/off), and so on) of in-car.


Lipase catalyzed of biodiesel is expensive which restricted industrial enzymatic biodiesel production. In this paper, the industrial lipase made in China was used as catalyst to catalyze the transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The way of methanol feeding, the amount of lipase, the reaction temperature, the reaction time, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, the organic solvent content were investigated respectively. The results indicated that under this condition ,the reaction temperature 45°C and lipase amount 3% (by the weight of the oil), the molar ratio of methanol to oil 2:1, the molar ratio of n-Hexane to rapeseed oil 1:1, and methanol was continuously added, after 40 hours' reaction, the maximum methyl esters yield was over 72.5%.


many points in the history of sinking funds. The continuity between the English and American sinking funds is well shown. While following in the main the chronological order, the monograph is yet a comparative study, with marked simplicity and fidelity in the logical arrangement. The account of Hamilton's measures and of the early attempts of the United States at amortization is singularly lucid. The writer has the knack of going to the heart of the matter in hand, and the equally important knack of putting emphasis of statement in the right place. Upon the basis of his historical and comparative study, Mr. Ross has constructed a theory of amortization. His analysis is acute and profound, and in the main, he justifies his classification of sinking funds. It does not clearly appear, however, what necessary distinction there is between his &dquo; fixed proportional &dquo; and his &dquo; simple proportional &dquo; sinking fund. Again, why should the &dquo; permanent appropriation of intentional surpluses&dquo; be classed as contingent? If an intentional surplus be a permanent policy, it can scarcely be called contingent. He has confused to some extent justification of his analysis with discussion of policy. The main point to be criticised, however, is the nieagreness of the theoretical discussion. Here was an opportunity for a much wider and more detailed development of theory. Professor Ross has made a distinctly original contribution to the theory of the subject, and I express only, what it seems to me, will be a general regret, that the admirable analysis here made was not used as the frame-work of an ample theory of amortization. The author has but whetted the appetite of the students of public finance. If he gives them food of such fine flavor he should give them more.


The determinations of free carbonyl and unbound water contents of polyacrolein samples by standard chemical methods are not feasible because of labile hydration-dehydration equilibria. The conditions used in the chemical determinations of carbonyl and water lead to quantitative dehydration and therefore always yield values of total carbonyl and total water content. An infrared method for the determination of free carbonyl and unbound water has been developed in which these labile equilibria are not perturbed. Polyacrolein, an insoluble and infusible substance, required the development, of a quantitative spectroscopic technique applicable to powdered solid samples. KBr pressed plate techniques are not applicable because they introduce the serious problem of water contamination inherent with the KBr methods. Free carbonyl and unbound water in polyacrolein have characteristic infrared absorption bands. The absorptivities of these bands were determined by appropriate standards. The method developed consists of spectroscopic examination of sample-Fluorolube emulsions in fixed path infrared cells. The free carbonyl and the unbound water contents are then calculated as if the emulsion were a true solution of known concentration. The absorption due to the water bending mode at ∼6.1 μ is used for the calculation of the free water content, and the absorption due to the C=O stretching mode at ∼5.83 μ is used as a measure of the free carbonyl. An alternate method of analysis was developed after determining an absorptivity for the CH2 bending mode in polyacrolein and using this band as an internal reference.


Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers have been widely used in the process industry. However, the satisfactory control performance of a PID controller depends strongly on the tuning parameters. Conventional PID tuning methods require extensive knowledge of the system model, which is not always known especially in the case of complex dynamical systems. In contrast, reinforcement learning-based PID tuning has gained popularity since it can treat PID tuning as a black-box problem and deliver the optimal PID parameters without requiring explicit process models. In this paper, we present a novel entropy-maximizing twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (EMTD3) method for automating the PID tuning. In the proposed method, an entropy-maximizing stochastic actor is employed at the beginning to encourage the exploration of the action space. Then a deterministic actor is deployed to focus on local exploitation and discover the optimal solution. The incorporation of the entropy-maximizing term can significantly improve the sample efficiency and assist in fast convergence to the global solution. Our proposed method is applied to the PID tuning of a second-order system to verify its effectiveness in improving the sample efficiency and discovering the optimal PID parameters compared to traditional TD3.


BACKGROUND
Collaborative storytelling can be a helpful tool to promote cognitive and social skills in adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders.

AIMS
The current study aimed to explore the benefits of collaborative storytelling using traditional (TST), digital (DST), and tangible digital (TDST) methodologies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fourteen Spanish students with mild to moderate intellectual disability and other neurodevelopmental comorbid disorders participated in collaborative storytelling sessions in the classroom, following an experimental, mixed, and cross-sectional design. The study comprised three individual assessments of narrative skills and eight collaborative storytelling sessions using different storytelling methodologies. Individual and collaborative stories were videotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analysed for formal and content characteristics. Behaviours and interactions during the collaborative storytelling were analysed for each group and session.

RESULTS
The results show a positive effect of collaboration on students' stories, compared to individual performance, regardless of the methodology used.

CONCLUSION
Collaboration, technological device handling, and shared storytelling did not present a barrier for the participants.


The higher susceptibility to cavitation in poppet valves due to the lower viscosity of water than the traditionally used mineral oil poses a challenge in fluid transmission technology. To reveal the underlying mechanism of cavitating flow physics associated with the variation in viscosity effect, the current paper examines both the water and oil cavitating flow dynamics inside poppet valves with varied structures through a numerical study. The simulation results are validated with a comparison to previous experimental data in terms of cavitation morphology and pressure distribution. According to the predicted cavitation distribution, three kinds of cavitation occurred at separated positions in both water- and oil-flow cases. The vortex cavitation, which in the oil-flow case displays a remarkable paired structure with favorable coherence, is featured with a scattered dispersion in the water-flow case, while the profound attached cavitation at the poppet trailing edge in the water-flow case almost disappears in the oil-flow case. Furthermore, the attached cavitation within the chamfered groove has higher stability in the oil-flow case, compared to the thorough detachment behavior featured with profound 3-dimensionality in the water-flow case. According to the potential core and vortex evolution, the strong 3-dimensionality due to the violent laminar-turbulent transition in the water-flow case together with the produced puff pattern of the potential core, to a large extent, interrupts the periodic behavior of cavitation, which is essentially preserved in the oil-flow case featured with favorable coherence.


Studies were conducted to analyze the effect of provenances on anatomical and physical properties of Teak between the selected provenances with special reference to the variation in wood physical properties such as specific gravity, wood density, heartwood colour, moisture content, bark thickness, heartwood / sapwood ratio and the variation in anatomical properties including fibre morphology, vessel morphology, vessel area and vessel frequency. For all the characteristics of the wood studied for assessing the variation between the selected provenances, the bark thickness was found to be significant. The result of the present study reveals that there was no variation in anatomical and physical properties of Teak from both the selected provenances which were at par and of good quality for the timber and furniture industry. This was done by comparing the values obtained for each parameter under study with the values of famous Nilambur Teak which is considered as a standard timber value.


A thermal model is presented in this paper for deterministic calculations of the contact temperatures in mixed-film lubrication. A first-principal approach is taken to obtain the temperature results by solving transient energy equations in a domain consisting of three solid-film-solid regions. Various modeling techniques are used to feature model simplicity and to achieve a proper balance among solution accuracy, model robustness and computational efficiency. This thermal model may be incorporated into other deterministic isothermal mixed-film models to form a complete base model for mixed-film lubrication. It provides a platform upon which to model other effects such as lubricant additives, asperity plastic deformation and surface coating.


Objective:To construct rat Pik3cb(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,catalytic,beta polypeptide) shRNA eukaryon plasmid express vector,and test its downregulating effect on Pik3cb mRNA expression for the application of RNA interference in restraining vein graft restenosis. Methods:Two shRNA of rat Pik3cb were design and synthesize according to the sequence of Pik3cb in the Genbank,annealed to form double strands and then cloned into pGenesil-1,and then the sequences were examed. After shRNAs were transfected into rat thoracic VSMC through METAFECTENETM,the transfection rate was identified by EGFP. pAkt-473 protein expression was detected by Western blot,and cell apoptosis were obtained through flow-cytometry. Results:The two sequences of synthesized shRNA named pU6-Pik3cb-shRNA-1 and pU6-Pik3cb-shRNA-2 were exactly the same with the design. The 48 h and 72 h transfection rate were 15.7% and 10.1%,respectively. The pAkt-473 protein expression significantly reduced,while the apoptosis cells were more significantly increased in the shRNA groups than the control groups(P 0.05). The scramble shRNA did not interfere with the VSMC proliferation. Conclusion:Rat Pik3cb shRNA eukaryon express plasmid vectors were constructed successfully and effectively inhibited the proliferation of rat smooth mouse cells.


AbstractThe mathematical formulation offered here applies to a structural model of the Soviet economy based on stages of the production process rather than on sectors or branches of the economy (see Saushkin's model, Soviet Geography, November 1965). The proposed model is of the class of multiphase linear programming models of production and transport problems. It is designed to optimize volumes of output in each production establishment, sites of new construction projects, plans of distribution of resources and investment by industries and regions, and the interregional exchanges of goods.


This study mainly discusses atmospheric water vapor retrieval over cloud cover area on land with the help of a newly developed surface emissivity parameter estimation method in microwave bands. In the retrieval method, the atmospheric water vapor sensitivity parameter-ratio of brightness temperature polarization difference at frequencies 18.7 and 23.8 GHz (ΔTb1.87/ΔTb23.8)-is used to retrieve water vapor, and the surface emissivity parameter-ratio of surface emissivity polarization difference at frequencies 18.7 and 23.8 GHz (Δε18.7/Δε23.8) that corresponds to ΔTb18.7/ΔTb23.8 is a key parameter that affects the final precision of retrieved atmosphere water vapor. In order to estimate Δε18.7/Δε23.8 in cloudy condition, we first estimated the value of Δε18.7/Δε23.8 in clear condition using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) brightness temperature and related MODIS atmospheric products. At the same time, it was found that gradient information derived separately from ΔTb18.7/ΔTb23.8 and Δε18.7/Δε23.8 and very good correlation with each other. Based on this good correlation, the Δε18.7/Δε23.8 in cloudy condition was estimated using corresponding==and adjacent 8 days Δε18.7/Δε23.8 in clear condition. With the estimated Δε18.7/Δε23.8, we retrieved atmospheric column water vapor using lookup table method in cloudy condition over land. As a validation source data, the SuomiNet GPS-retrieved precipitable water (PW) vapor is used to validate the retrieved water vapor in this study. According to validation, the correlation coefficient of the two is 0.94 and the root-mean-square-error (RMSE) is 4.85 mm. It is a great improvement in water vapor retrieval using microwave in cloud cover area on land.


Alcohol (Methyl and Ethyl) represents a renewable energy source that can be locally produced and used to extend petroleum fuel sources. However, its non miscibility with diesel especially at high alcohol ratios, low cetane number and poor lubricating characteristics limited the utilization of alcohols in diesel engines. Past research has focused on four primary methods of introducing alcohol into a compression ignition engine: fumigation, unstable emulsions, neat ethanol fuels, and stabilized ethanol-diesel blends. The major advantage of blending is the absence of modifications in intake and injection systems, and the ease of implementation. Usually, when ethanol contents in the blends reach 20–40%, high concentrations of additives are needed to ensure the mixture homogeneity in the presence of high water contents, and to attain the required cetane number for suitable ignition. Therefore, selection of suitable additives plays vital role to increase the solubility of ethanol in larger amount. Similarly selection of surfactant is very important to obtain long lasting emulsions. Tetra Methyl Ammonium Bromide by virtue of its favorable properties is focused in this study to stabilize the ethanol diesel and water emulsions and as an alternate fuel. A single-cylinder, air-cooled, direct injection diesel engine developing a power output of 5.2 kW at 1500 rev/min is used. Base data is generated with standard diesel fuel Subsequently, four fuel emulsions namely 90D:10E:5W, 80D:20E:5W, 75D:25E:5W and 70D:30E:5W percentages by volume of diesel, ethanol and water along with 2% Tetra Methyl Ammonium Bromide were prepared and tested in the diesel engine. Engine performance and emission data were used to optimize the blends for reducing emission and improving performance. Results show improved performance with D: E: W emulsions compared to neat fuel for all conditions of the engine. However, 90D: 10E:5W emulsion recorded a brake thermal efficiency of 32.8%. Other blends recorded marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency. Minor increase in smoke density is found with the emulsions as compared to neat diesel with reduction in HC emissions. However, NOx emissions were found to be increased for emulsions than neat diesel. Thus the result shows 2% Tetra Methyl Ammonium Bromide by virtue of its properties is capable to stabilize 30% ethanol addition with 70% diesel and 5% water by volume as emulsions, and thereby can be used as a fuel with diesel to replace 30% of diesel in a compression ignition engine with significant reduction in exhaust emissions as compared to neat diesel.


Not Yet Available Detecting and Measuring Nucleation in High Shear Granulation M. Oullion , G.K. Reynolds 2 and M.J. Hounslow 1 Session 4: High Shear Processes 2 23 1) University of Sheffield, UK 2) AstraZeneca, UK Particulate processes are of great importance in industries like chemical, agricultural or pharmaceutical industries [1]. High-shear granulation is commonly part of the solid product design chain. Consequently, there is a growing interest for this process. A wide range of end-use properties can be modified thanks to this method (flow-ability, dissolution rate, composition, particle size etc.). However, the number of granule properties changing with time makes it difficult to control. In addition, it involves several phases (solid, liquid, gas). The properties analysed during the process are usually limited (size, strength, porosity), the evolution of the liquid phase distribution being rarely measured. Consequently the nucleation mechanism resulting from the interactions between the liquid binder and the primary powder is poorly understood. This observation has led us to focus our attention on the liquid phase behaviour during the early stage of the process. A study has been performed on industrial compounds provided by AstraZeneca. Several samples were withdrawn during each granulation batch. The particle size distribution (PSD) and the liquid content were measured. Optical microscopy coupled with Image Analysis was used to determine the PSD, because of its accuracy on small size particles. A liquid tracing procedure was implemented in order to quantify the liquid content. The impacts of the water addition technique, of the drop size distribution [2] and of the impeller speed [3] were investigated. The results reveal the occurrence of a layering phenomenon inducing a binder content distribution with size. The competition between the different mechanisms (nucleation, aggregation, breakage) is also discussed. Finally, it is planned to use a 2-D model and simulate this experimental data in order to estimate the mechanistic kinetics of the process.


Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of pulp fiber waste (PFW) from British Columbia pulp mills. In the first experiment, PFW from 10 mills was analyzed for chemical constituents and in sacco digestion in the rumen of steers. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and lignin contents ranged from 15.6 to 35.2%, 42.5 to 96.3% and 2.2 to 50.7%, respectively. Nitrogen content was low ( 50%. These criteria were used to determine if a particular sample of PFW was suitable as a substitute for forage. In the second experiment, steers were fed red clover-timothy silage substituted with 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48% P...


In an effort to characterize a region of conserved synteny on human chromosome 20q13 (HSA20q13) and the distal imprinting region of mouse chromosome 2 (MMU2), which is part of about 100 evolutionarily conserved linkage groups between human and mouse (Copeland et al., 1993, Grutzner et al., 1999), we are currently building up a high resolution comparative physical and transcriptional map. In the course of isolating and characterizing ESTs out of this region the EST stSG13054 was assigned to two BACs (RPCIB753D1180 and CEPHB751G1388) which are defined as mapping between the genes EDN3 and GNAS1. This EST sequence is part of the human gene for the epsilon subunit (ATP5E) of F1-ATPase (Boyer, 1997), the catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Recent studies to evaluate the role of the  subunit, which is assembled into the extrinsic membrane sector of F1-ATPase, suggested a possible role in the mechanism of regulation of the ATP hydrolytic activity (Orriss et al., 1998). Here we report the physical mapping of ATP5E between the anchor marker D20S171 and GNAS1 on chromosome 20q13.2→q13.3 which is in contrast to a previous localization of this gene distal to D20S173. Materials and methods