This study was conducted to compare the effects of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and organic acids mixture (OAM) alone or in combination as alternative feed additives to an antibiotic growth promoter (avilamycin) on the growth performance, some plasma parameters and histological parameters of the small intestine of male broiler chickens. The chicks were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treaatments: control, avilamycin, MOS, OAM and MOS plus OAM supplemented diets. The dietary treatments did not significantly influence the body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency from 7 to 42 day. No significant effect on some plasm,a parameters was observed by the dietary treatments. Crypt depths in the duodenum were not influenced by the dietary treatments. However, the depths of the crypts in the jejenum of the treatment groups decreased significantly (P&ltO.O5) compared with control. The depths of the crypts in the ileum were significantly reduced by supplementation of dietary avilamycin, MOS and MOS plus OAM in comparison to the control and diet supplemented with OAM only (P&lt0.05). It is possible that the level of mannanoligosaccharide and organic acids mixture used in the study was not sufficient to elicit a significant response.


This article is based on the text "The Ludic in Game Theory"(Gianella, 2003). With mathematically formal treatment introduced in the preliminary definitions and the proof of Theorem 1, the concepts addressed result in obtaining the linear Diophantine equations which on Geometry of Chance is used to formalize the sample spaces of probabilistic events, simple combinations of n elements taken p at a time, commonly denoted by Cn,p, and combinations with repetitions of n elements taken p at a time, denoted by Crepn,p. Introducing the idea of the frequentist view, proposed by Jacques Bernoulli, it is shown that, within the universally accepted mathematical probabilistic view of the relationship between all favorable outcomes and all possible outcomes, the result of each event follows a given pattern. The study of the set of organized and ordered patterns is introduced; accordingly, when compared to one another, the results occur with different frequencies. As predicted by the Law of Large Numbers, these patterns, if geometrically depicted, provide a simple tool with which to inspect sample spaces. Thus, the available results from lottery experiments, gathered from countries where such events take place, make up the ideal laboratory: they provide subsidies to help understand the probability of each pattern pertaining to the pattern set. Additionally, analyzing the frequencies of previous samplings provides tools for plotting strategies to forecast what might happen in the future.


Background Various biomarkers have been investigated for their ability to identify patients more likely to respond to immunotherapy. Recently, the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab was approved by the FDA for treating patients with unresectable or metastatic solid tumors with high TMB (TMB-H) who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options following progression on prior treatment. The FDA contemporaneously approved the FoundationOne®CDx (F1CDx; Foundation Medicine) as the companion diagnostic for TMB assessment for pembrolizumab. However, multiple comprehensive genomic profiling panels that can measure TMB are currently available or in development. We evaluated the performance of TruSight™ Oncology 500 (TSO500; Illumina) for assessing TMB and its clinical utility using F1CDx and whole exome sequencing (WES) as reference methods. Methods Pretreatment archival tumor samples from patients enrolled in 8 clinical trials of pembrolizumab monotherapy were evaluated for TMB by TSO500, F1CDx QSR pipeline v3.2.0, and WES. Correlation was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ). The F1CDx and WES TMB cutpoints were 10 mut/Mb and 175 mut/exome, respectively. The TSO500 cutpoint was selected using the Youden index criterion. Concordance was assessed by calculating area under the receiver-operating curve (AUROC), positive percentage agreement (PPA), and negative percentage agreement (NPA). Statistical significance of the association of TMB measured by TSO500 with ORR was assessed using logistic regression adjusted for ECOG performance status and cancer type. Clinical utility of the selected TSO500 TMB cutpoint for discriminating responders and nonresponders was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, ORR enrichment, and prevalence. Results TMB scores were valid for 294/294 patients assessed by TSO500, 269/270 assessed by F1CDx, and 293/294 assessed by WES. TMB assessed by TSO500 had good correlation with TMB assessed by F1CDx (ρ=0.76) and WES (ρ=0.74). Using Youden index criterion, 10 mut/Mb was the TSO500 cutpoint that corresponded with both the F1CDx and WES cutpoints. TSO500 reliably predicted TMB-H and non–TMB-H status as determined by the F1CDx (AUROC=0.99, PPA=97.4%, NPA=93.0%) and WES (AUROC=0.95, PPA=76.2%, NPA=96.1%) cutpoints. TMB measured by TSO500 was significantly associated with ORR (one-sided P Conclusions TMB assessed by TSO500 is highly correlated and concordant with TMB assessed by F1CDx and WES. Similar to the validated and approved F1CDx TMB cutpoint of 10 mut/Mb, the TSO500 TMB cutpoint of 10 mut/Mb is predictive of response to pembrolizumab monotherapy. Acknowledgements This analysis and all included studies were sponsored by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. Trial Registration NA Ethics Approval The protocols and all amendments for the studies included in this analysis were approved by the appropriate ethics committee at each participating institution. Consent NA References NA


During the period 15 September 1968 to 14 December 1968, the NASA supported Biomedical Application Team at the Research Triangle Institute has identified 6 new problems, performed significant activities on 15 of the active problems identified previously, performed 5 computer searches of the NASA aerospace literature, and maintained one current awareness search. As a partial result of these activities, one technology transfer was accomplished. As a part of continuing problem review, 13 problems were classified inactive. Activities during the quarter involved all phases of team activity with respect to biomedical problems. As has been observed in preceding years, it has been exceedingly difficult to arrange meetings with medical investigators during the fourth quarter of the calendar year. This is a result of a combination of factors. Teaching requirements, submission of grant applications and holidays are the most significant factors involved. As a result, the numbers of new problems identified and of transfers and potential transfers are relatively low during this quarter. Most of our activities have thus been directed toward obtaining information related to problems already identified. Consequently, during the next quarter we will follow up on these activities with the expectation that transfers will be accomplished on a number of them. In addition, the normal availability of researchers to the team is expected to be restored during this quarter, permitting an increase in new problem identification activities as well as follow-up with other researchers on old problems. Another activity scheduled for the next quarter is consultation with several interested biomedical equipment manufacturers to explore means of effective interaction between the Biomedical Application Team and these companies.


Based on the database and GIS system of meteorological disaster in Huixian City,according to the principles and methods of meteorological disaster risk regionalization,comprehensively considered hazard factor,hazard inducing environment and hazard bearing body,a risk evaluation index system for meteorological disaster in Huixian City including rainstorm,geological hazard,strong wind and hail was established,and comprehensive risk regionalization map for meteorological disaster was established.The research provides theoretical basis for the defense of meteorological disaster in Huixian City.


I've posted a video of a one-hour introduction to version control with Git for academics that I presented at the University of Oregon.


Hyperbranched polymer modified carbon paste electrodes(HBP/CPE) were prepared.The electrochemical behavior of Cu(Ⅱ) on the HBP/CPE electrode was studied.In the solution of 0.25 mol/L KCl(pH 4.0),an electroactive complex of Cu(Ⅱ) with poly(amine-ester) was formed and produced a redox peak at 0.27 V and 0.06 V.The HBP/CPE electrode showed good catalytic activity and sensitizing effect for the reduction of Cu(Ⅱ) in the KCl solution.The investigation of the effect of structure and generation number of hyperbranched polymer on the capability of modified electrode indicates that HBP5/CPE electrode was the highest sensitizing effect.The detection limit and the linear range of the concentration of Cu(Ⅱ) to the reduction peek current were 4.0×10-9 mol/L and 1.0×10-8-3.0×10-5 mol/L,respectively.Linear sweep voltammetry has been applied to the determination of micro Cu(Ⅱ) in human hair with satisfactory results.


The Chinese leafhopper species of the genus Scaphomonus Viraktamath are reviewed, and one new species Scaphomonus furcatus sp. nov. is described and illustrated. A key is given to distinguish Chinese species of the genus. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).


Outlines the development over a period of 27 years of a novel sensor that uses the off‐axis rotation of a lens to provide a circular scan of distance data. Applications include weld line tracking, waterjet cutting and many others requiring the measurement of curved and angled surfaces.


Scholars have argued that Interwar Europe presents a quasi-experimental setting for studying the causes of political regime change. However, all previous cross-national analyses of regime change in the interwar period have been constrained by a dearth of data on the outcome of interest. Comparative studies have therefore largely been confined to crisp distinctions between democratic survival and breakdown. This situation has made scholars neglect more gradual patterns of regime change, such as the increased repression of the 1930s that took place both within countries where democracy had already broken down. In this paper, we enlist new data from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project to map patterns of democratic deepening and regression in the interwar period. We distinguish between three sets of countries – relatively developed countries with a pre-WWI legacy of democracy, relatively developed countries without a pre-WWI legacy of democracy, and relatively undeveloped countries without a pre-WWI legacy of democracy – and report their scores on electoral rights, political liberties, private liberties, and the rule of law. This descriptive overview enables the formulation of novel research questions about political regime change in this period.


The ultimate goal of the Human Genome Project and many other efforts in molecular biology is to sequence the chromosomal DNA of humans and other species and elucidate the genetic information contained therein. A less ambitious intermediate goal is to construct physical maps of our 23 pairs of chromosomes. A physical map specifies the locations of markers identifiable fragments of DNA along the DNA molecule. These markers provide a kind of random access to the linear DNA molecule. To locate a feature of interest such as a gene, an experimenter can start at a marker that is known to be close to the gene and "walk" along the DNA until the gene is identified.


A delayed response to selection may be said to occur when a line suddenly increases its rate of response without the population's size or the proportion of individuals selected having been changed. Sometimes the acceleration may occur in a line which has not shown any response to selection in the immediately previous generations. Such responses to selection provide a challenge, for they cannot be simply interpreted in terms of changes in the frequency of additive genes. For such an acceleration to occur, the genetic variation of the line under selection must either increase or become in some way more effective. Either new genetic variance must be produced in the line, or genetic variants hitherto present but inviable or ineffective must be rendered viable, or effective on the character under selection, through changes in the genetic background or environmental conditions. If new genetic variance resulting from mutation or recombination is involved, its origin also might result from changes of genotype previously produced by the selection, or from special environmental conditions occurring just before the delayed response. Some extensive selection experiments that have been under way since November 1953 have produced a number of similar accelerated responses, and seem to throw light on this problem generally and also on the more general problem of the factors limiting the responses of populations to selection. In the present paper the actual responses of the lines will be described and some of the general possibilities will be discussed. Attempts to elucidate the nature of the genetic changes involved will be described in a later paper or papers.


Internet users in the world according to the Internet World Stat in 2020 reached 58.7% of internet users worldwide, this percentage increases from year to year. The growth of internet users worldwide, namely 1,167% from 2000 to 2020. The large number of internet users makes web service providers have to take resources for managed web servers. Based on these problems, we need a system that can help server performance and availability. Server grouping supports a number of computers to work together to perform the computation process. The technology server clustering has the advantage of being able to produce a system with a high level and level. Kubernetes is a cluster platform for container or container orchestrators. Kubernetes is expected to be a solution for more ef icient computing and the creation of a high-level system. The simulation system uses the public cloud platform, namely the google cloud platform with kubernetes services with google kubernetes engine services. The system is simulated using the google kubernetes engine on the google cloud platform. The average value of Availability was 99.96% of the total 27526 minutes of uptime. With the computational load of the nodes on the google kubernetes engine, the average CPU usage for each test scenario is quite stable with the highest CPU at 27.178% From the test result of throughput, the average value of throughput on each connection is 7,126 Mbit / s with the highest value for 1000 connections, namely 8,764 Mbit / s. The delay indicates the "Very Good" category based on the TIPHON standard of less than 150 ms. The highest percentage of packet loss was obtained at 5000 connections at 16.27%.


Causality refers to the relationship between events where one set of events (the effects) is a direct consequence of another set of events (the causes). Causal inference is the process by which one can use data to make claims about causal relationships. Since inferring causal relationships is one of the central tasks of science, it is a topic that has been heavily debated in philosophy, statistics, and the scientific disciplines. In this article, we review the models of causation and tools for causal inference most prominent in the social sciences, including regularity approaches, associated with David Hume, and counterfactual models, associated with among many others. One of the most notable developments in the study of causation is the increasing unification of disparate methods around a common conceptual and mathematical language that treats causality in counterfactual terms-i.e., the Neyman-Rubin model. We discuss how counterfactual models highlight the deep challenges involved in making the move from correlation to causation, particularly in the social sciences where controlled experiments are relatively rare. Until the advent of counterfactual models, causation was primarily defined in terms of observable phenomena. It was philosopher David Hume in the eighteenth century who began the modern tradition of regularity models of causation by defining causation in terms of repeated " conjunctions " of events. In An Enquiry into Human Understanding (1751), Hume argued that the labeling of two particular events as being causally related rested on an untestable metaphysical assumption. Consequently, Hume argued that causality could only be adequately defined in terms of empirical regularities involving classes of events. How could we know that a flame caused heat, Hume asked? Only by calling " to mind their constant conjunction in all past instances. Without further ceremony, we call the one cause and the other effect, and infer the existence of one from that of the other. " Hume argued that three empirical phenomenon were necessary for inferring causality: contiguity (" the cause and effect must be contiguous in time and space "), succession (" the cause must be prior to the effect "), and constant conjunction (" there must be a constant union betwixt the cause and effect "). Under this framework, causation was defined purely in terms of empirical criteria, rather than unobservable assumptions. In other words, Hume's definition of causation and his mode of inference were one and the same. John Stewart Mill, who shared the regularity view …


Abstract The purpose of our research was to determine which groups and species of internal parasites endanger the health of sheep on the islands of Rab and Pag. The research was carried out in 10 flocks on both islands taking the fresh dung out of 30% of the total number of sheep in each flock. It was ascertained that the gastrointestinal parasites and protozoa of Eimeria genus are present in most flocks on both islands. The presence of the fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum was ascertained in considerably larger number of flocks on the island of Rab than on the island of Pag. On the other hand, the presence of parasites of Moniezia and Nematodirus genus was ascertained in larger number of flocks on the island of Pag. In two flocks on Rab parasites of Protostrongylus genus were ascertained while on the island of Pag they were not found in any flock.


In order to overcome shortcomings in the traditional examination mode,we design and development of an online examination system based on Java,and introduced the design idea and main implementation techniques of the system.After the preliminary test and application shows that the system is stable and function complete.It can greatly reduce the workload of teachers,and achieved satisfactory results.


This paper aims at investigating the role agaropectin plays in hyperglycemia,hyperlipemia and antioxidation.We studied the cleaning effect of·O2-,· OH and DPPH,based on which vitro antioxidation was assessed.We also researched hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia by making use of alloxan to build diabetic model,and hyperlipidemia fodder to build hyperlipemia model,and conducted animal experiments with different doses of agaropectin so as to assay fasting blood glucose,rat′s blood fats(TC,TG,HDL-C and LDL-C),as well as biochemical indexes of serums and livers.The study of vitro antioxidation reveals that agaropectin has antioxidant effect,functioning especially well on scavenging·OH.Animal experiments show that agaropectin can significantly reduce fasting plasma glucose value in hyperglycemia mice,and decrease the content of TC,TG and LDL-C contained in hyperlipidemia rats,which indicates that agaropectin really has an effect on hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia.


Background: The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults with UKALL XII regimen including vincristin is aggressive. Invasive aspergillosis is a common life-treatening infection in patients with acute leukemia. The presence of construction works near hospital wards is an important risk factor for the development of invasive aspergillosis.
Case presentation: A 59-year old woman with common ALL relapsed after 22 years (normal cytogenetics). She was treated according to the UKALL XII regimen and achieved complete second remission. She received four cycles of vincristine 2 mg i.v. In a retrospective cohort study, prolonged neutropenia, use of steroids, nursing unit without laminar air flow during a period of construction works were associated with an increased incidence of invasive aspergillosis in patients who did not receive primary antifungal prophylaxis. Intravenous caspofungin was administered to the patient as primary aspergillosis prophylaxis on the first day of chemotherapy. Galactomannan antigen tests were negative during the period of neutropenia. There was no infection in the period of prolonged neutropenia.
Conclusions: The author discusses primary prophylaxis of invasive aspergillosis with caspofungin during construction works in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with vincristine. Because of non-conventional unit without laminar air flow during induction chemotherapy treatment, which leads to an increased risk of invasive fungal infection with Aspergillus, caspofungin prophylaxis is recommended at least until upgrade to laminar flow or cessation of construction works.


In response to criticism that they do not train students to be effective decision makers, many business schools have attempted to modify their graduate management programs. We suggest that a primar...


The present study was conducted to know the perception and awareness of family members about sex determination and female foeticide on a sample of 200 respondents through random sampling technique. Interview schedule and interview guide were used as a tool for data collection. The sample was selected from ICDS projects of Jammu district. Findings revealed that respondents were aware about sex determination tests and female foeticide through T.V, newspapers and their surroundings. Economic pressure, dowry, cost of marriage were the factors responsible for female foeticide and sex determination. Respondents were found less aware about the legal implications of female foeticide and sex determination tests.


A technique for performing the enzyme phase of the antibody screen on red cells suspended in low‐ionic‐strength‐salt solution (LISS) is described. The reliability of this LISS spin‐enzyme (LSE) technique was compared with the two‐stage papain‐tile method, in the detection of 62 previously identified enzyme reacting antibodies. All 62 antibodies examined were detected by the LSE method, and no false‐positive reactions were found. Using LSE and papain‐tile methods in parallel, further assessment was obtained by screening 2000 sequential blood samples under routine service conditions. Fifty‐six blood samples contained alloantibodies, of which 43 reacted by both methods, eight by the LSE method only, and five by the papain‐tile method only. It was concluded that the LSE method was comparable to the papain‐tile method.


Obstacle limitation surfaces are imaginary space surfaces that must be clear of obstacles for the aircraft to safely take off and land on the aerodrome. These surfaces are closely related to the safety of the VFR aircraft, which require a pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit, to control the aircraft's altitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other aircraft. The Republic of Korea, which has a lot of restrictions on the use of airspace, cannot provide a rich operating environment for VFR aircraft. Under these circumstances, safer operation will not be guaranteed if additional factors that directly or indirectly affect existing VFR routes, such as drone delivery services. This study analyzes and models the track distribution of each VFR section based on radar track data around a specific airport. Through this study, we estimate the three-dimensional space for VFR aircraft and provide the data for future research such as airspace analysis of VFR corridors and correlation with obstacle limitation surfaces. ), Radar Data Analysis( 항적자료 분석 ), Traffic Pattern( 교통장주 )


The author of the monograph, Professor of Political Science of the Institute of African Studies O. Igo Natufe, is a specialist in Soviet and Russian foreign policy. He was educated at the Peoples' Friendship University, as well as at Carleton and McGill Universities (Canada), where he received a doctorate. In addition to the scientific work, he taught political science and international relations at universities in Canada, Ghana and Nigeria. His book is based on documentary evidence, on the vast literature of both Russian and foreign authors about Russian diplomacy since the 1980s. The author convincingly proved the chronological framework of the study. Lower chronological milestone - 1985 - can truly be called an important milestone in the history of modern Russia. That was the year the event took place, which have made major adjustments to the internal and external strategy of Moscow, including its foreign policy. The presented research work demonstrates the highly quality of the researcher, analyzing the qualitative theoretical level serious scientific problems. In his monograph, the author refers to the analysis of geopolitical and geo-economic processes taking place in the CIS which has arisen after the collapse in December 1991 of a major actor in world politics, as the USSR.


When subjected to a linearly polarized terahertz pulse, a mesoscopic ring endowed with spin-orbit interaction (SOI) of the Rashba-Dresselhaus type exhibits non-uniform azimuthal charge and spin distributions. Both types of SOI couplings are considered linear in the electron momentum. Our results are obtained within a formalism based on the equation of motion satisfied by the density operator which is solved numerically for different values of the angle ϕ, the angle determining the polarization direction of the laser pulse. Solutions thus obtained are later employed in determining the time-dependent charge and spin currents, whose values are calculated in the stationary limit. Both these currents exhibit an oscillatory behavior complicated in the case of the spin current by a beating pattern. We explain this occurrence on account of the two spin-orbit interactions which force the electron spin to oscillate between the two spin quantization axes corresponding to Rashba and Dresselhaus interactions. The oscillation frequencies are explained using the single particle spectrum.


Sodium heated once through steam generator (SG) is an important part of sodium cooled fast reactor. It converts the heat of hot sodium into water and water into superheated steam. Steam can turn a turbine to generate electricity. Compared with modular steam generator, large steam generator has great advantages in the application of large commercial sodium cooled fast reactor. Large steam generator can reduce its manufacturing cost and improve the economy of sodium cooled fast reactor. At the same time, the design of double-wall tube structure reduces the probability of sodium-water reaction and improves the safety and reliability of steam generator. In this paper, the heat transfer regions of the fluid in the heat transfer tube were reasonably divided, the heat transfer relations suitable for the double-wall tube steam generator were compared and analyzed, the contact thermal resistance of the double-wall tube was studied, and a set of physical models suitable for One-dimensional Steady-state calculation of large double-wall straight tube steam generator were established. In order to test the established physical model, the calculation results of the program were compared with the design data of some double-wall straight tube steam generators. It was found that the two agree well, which verified the correctness of the program. The 1-D steady-state thermal analysis of double-wall straight tube steam generator (DWTSG) was carried out by using the calculated results of the code.


Objective:To summarize the experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods:Clinical data of 1 259 cases that underwent LC from June,2001 to June,2008 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results:1 233 of the 1 259 cases went through LC and 26 cases converted to laparotomy (2.1%). Except bile duct injury in 5 cases,right hepatic duct injury in 1 case,cystic artery haemorrhage in 2 cases,postoperative haemorrhage induced by liver damage in 1 case and postoperative bile peritonitis in 4 cases,all patients recovered smoothly with no death or any other complications. Conclusion:For LC application in primary hospital,physicians should be well trained to improve skills,be cautious about details,select proper cases,and convert to laparotomy promptly when it's necessary in order to decrease complication rates.


India is near synonym to outsourcing. More than 95 countries outsource their work to India. India has achieved remarkable success in the software industry. Indian IT and ITES sector is confident of achieving the US$ 80 billion in expor ts by 2010 from current value of $31 billion in 2006-07. It would add seven per cent to India's GDP by 2010 from present level of 5.4 per cent. Along with higher growth there are many challenges emerging. The paper identifies emerging challenges and also explores feasible solutions. Paper uses SWOT analysis to evaluate emerging issues and opportunities for Indian IT and ITES sectors.


In order to evaluate the potency of short peptides containing NGR motif as the imaging agents for diagnosis of tumor angiogenesis, a preliminary investigation on the synthesis and biodistrubution of a short peptide containing the NGR motif was carried out and the results are reported in the present paper. The open-chain peptide GGCNGRC was first cyclized to GG(CNGRC) by oxygen oxidation, and then coupled with benzoyl-protected N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-MAG_3 to form Bz-MAG_3-GG(CNGRC). The latter was labeled with ()~(99m)Tc by reduction-ligand substitution procedure, while the benzoyl group was removed simultaneously. The labeled complex ()~(99m)Tc-MAG_3-GG(CNGRC) was isolated by HPLC and purified by reverse-phase sep-pak column. Its radiochemical purity was estimated to be better than 90%. The complex was stable in saline and serum. The biodistribution of ()~(99m)Tc-MAG_3-GG(CNGRC) in normal and tumor-bearing mice indicates that it is quickly distributed to the whole body and excreted via both hepatobiliary tract and kidney-urethra systems. ()~(99m)Tc-MAG_3-GG(CNGRC) was accumulated in zenografted colon carcinoma (CL-187) after 3 h post injection. It is expected that the radiolabeled short peptides containing NGR motif may be useful as diagnostic imaging agents for tumor angiogenesis.


We describe the spectrum of the $k$-form Laplacian on conformally cusp Riemannian manifolds. The essential spectrum is shown to vanish precisely when the $k$ and $k-1$ de Rham cohomology groups of the boundary vanish. We give Weyl-type asymptotics for the eigenvalue-counting function in the purely discrete case. In the other case we analyze the essential spectrum via positive commutator methods and establish a limiting absorption principle. This implies the absence of the singular spectrum for a wide class of metrics. We also exhibit a class of potentials $V$ such that the Schr\"odinger operator has compact resolvent, although $V$ tends to $-\infty$ in most of the infinity. We correct a statement from the literature regarding the essential spectrum of the Laplacian on forms on hyperbolic manifolds of finite volume, and we propose a conjecture about the existence of such manifolds in dimension four whose cusps are rational homology spheres.


The desire to promote sustainable urban development includes an increasing emphasis on the recreational use of outdoor areas in the vicinity of major urban newbuild developments. There is a need to shape the external wind microclimate to ensure suitability for future use of public realm and open spaces and to deliver a low impact on pedestrianised areas within the vicinity of the site. This article seeks to discuss the benefits of early testing regarding microclimate.


For spectroscopy in space, GRISM elements –obtained by patterning gratings on a prism surface – are gaining increasing interest. Originally developed as dispersive elements for insertion into an imaging light path without deflecting the beam, they are progressively found in sophisticated multi stage dispersion optics. We report on GRISM manufacturing by joining the individual functional elements –prisms and gratings – to suitable components. Fused silica was used as glass material and the gratings were realized by e-beam lithography und dry etching. Alignment of the grating dispersion direction to the prism angle was realized by passive adjustment. Materials adapted bonds of high transmission, stiffness and strength were obtained at temperatures of about 200°C in vacuum by hydrophilic direct bonding. Examples for bonding uncoated as well as coated fused silica surfaces are given. The results illustrate the great potential of hydrophilic glass direct bonding for manufacturing transmission optics to be used under highly demanding environmental conditions, as typical in space.


The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of a single-sugar-tong splint (SSTS) to a long-arm cast (LAC) in maintaining reduction of pediatric forearm fractures, while avoiding secondary intervention. One hundred patients age 3-15 with a forearm fracture requiring a reduction and immobilization were evaluated (50 LAC and 50 SSTS). Medical records and radiographs were reviewed at injury, postreduction, and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks postinjury. Sagittal and coronal angular deformities were recorded. Any secondary intervention due to loss of reduction was documented. The groups were matched by age (P=0.19), sex (P=0.26), mechanism of injury (P=0.66), average injury sagittal deformity (LAC 27.4°, SSTS 25.4°; P=0.50), and average injury coronal deformity (LAC 15.5°, SSTS 16°; P=0.80) At 4 weeks postinjury follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences between use of an SSTS or LAC when comparing postimmobilization sagittal alignment (LAC 10.3±7.2, SSTS 8.4±5.1°; P=0.46), coronal alignment (LAC 6.9±4.6, SSTS 7.6±9.3°; P=0.46), or need for repeat manipulation or surgery (LAC 4/50, SSTS 3/50; P=0.70).


Abstract : Contents: Foundation Explorations; Geology; Special Design Considerations; Excavation Procedures for Component Parts; Foundation Anchors and Rock Bolts; Character of Foundation; Foundation Treatment; Possible Future Problems; Oil Well Plugging.


In the past decade, Eugene Gendlin has emphasized the importance of bringing an action step to the Focusing Process. According to Gendlin the Focusing process without an action step is like a car with its motor running, but not moving. In the year 2000, when we co-founded the Israeli Focusing Center, we added a seventh movement called an Action Step right after completing the step of Receiving. This Action Step was also added as a response to the Israeli participants' special cultural demands to learn a process that is applicable in the here and now, and effective in handling daily stressful events. In addition, our teaching program also consists of a special unit called: 'Focusing on the Go'. This unit attempts to weave Focusing into the public language and daily conversations in order to integrate Focusing as a way of being and living. Our Israeli participants' self-reports of personal changes and inner transformation have supported the value of introducing a seventh movement as Action Step and 'Focusing on the Go'. INTrODUCTION Eugne Gendlin speaks of Focusing as a "potential for a new kind of a relationship and a new kind of society, transcending outmoded roles and patterns... a society of new patternmakers" (Gendlin, 2007). We have been inspired and influenced by Gendlin's vision of this new society and looked for ways to make this vision tangible and applicable for everyday life in a society living in a survival mode. Israelis are known to be eager to learn new processes to increase quality of living in the 'here and now', and to deal with their life stressors more effectively. They request that these processes be efficient, applicable, and useful in life. Many of our early participants expressed different frustrations after practicing Focusing such as, "O.K., I just focused, but what is the next step? or How can my inner shift help me tomorrow in my job? or What can I do to manage my anger toward my boss at work?" From the participants' point of view there is paramount value in experiencing a full Focusing process: the physical shifts and the insights, and yet they were looking for the 'more' that they could do in addition to the inner process. Traditionally, the Focusing process consists of inner movements, but the challenge we faced was how to further extend those inner movements and insights and anchor them A seventh movement: ACtion steP And 'FoCusing on the go' • in the outer reality so they could be easily and effectively applied in real life situations. The importance of not stopping with inner movements and shifts in experiencing was noted by Gendlin several years after his original publication of the Six Steps. He stated that, "Steps of Focusing and steps of outward action often alternate. Each aids the other" (Gendlin, 2007). As a result, we have been teaching Focusing along two tracks side by side. One track is the traditional Focusing Process with the six movements as a self-process and in partnerships. The second track has to do with two new developments that we have implemented in our teaching. The first one is a seventh movement called Action Step that is offered after the Receiving step, and the second one is 'Focusing on the Go' which provides an opportunity to incorporate and weave Focusing into daily language, so that it stands out as a new way of thinking and speaking. 1. Seventh Movement: Action Step In our model, after the Receiving movement (in which the Focuser purposefully gives thanks and acknowledgement for whatever steps or movement occurred), we added a seventh movement, Action Step, that takes Focusing to yet another level of practice and application in daily living. Now, a Focuser is not only rewarded with a felt shift during a Focusing process in his or her inner world, but also can be rewarded in the outer relationship world by applying and practicing one or more small action steps. We have seen a whole set of new possibilities open up to the Focusers whenever they do a seventh movement, the Action Step. Once they choose the action step and make a verbal commitment to doing it the following week, they often experience new felt senses. It is through the body's sense of meaning that a person can experience shifts and changes in relationship to an issue. By practicing one or more action steps in the external world, a new interactive process happens between the Focuser and the event — or another person. This interaction with the environment implies new different steps and new shifts. LEADING INTO A SEVENTH mOVEmENT: ACTION STEP At the end of the Focusing process, after the Receiving movement, the Listener invites the Focuser to take the seventh movement: "Please, take a moment and sit quietly with all that came for you in your Focusing process... and ask yourself: What is a meaningful small action step(s) that you would like to anchor and practice this coming week?" The Focuser finds one or more action steps and resonates the step(s). S/he invites the body wisdom to provide a body felt sense to the possibility of applying the action step(s). The Focuser has an opportunity to do a mental rehearsal, right then and there, and experience the Listener's reflective response. For example: Judith just finished a full Focusing process regarding her relationship with her 20 year old daughter. She acknowledged her inability to feel close and loving toward her daughter. At the end of the Receiving step, she sat quietly with both her pain and her stuck place. After she opened her eyes and was back from her inner journey, she was offered a seventh movement — the Action Step. The Listener asked Judith, "Please consider the


We present a three-pointing study of the molecular gas in the starburst nucleus of M82 based on 190–307 GHz spectra obtained with Z-Spec at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. We present intensity measurements, detections, and upper limits, for 20 transitions, including several new detections of CS, HNC, C2H, H2CO, and CH3CCH lines. We combine our measurements with previously published measurements at other frequencies for HCN, HNC, CS, C34S, and HCO+ in a multi-species likelihood analysis constraining gas mass, density and temperature, and the species' relative abundances. We find some (1.7–2.7) × 108 M☉ of gas with between (1–6) × 104 cm−3 and T > 50 K. While the mass and temperature are comparable to values inferred from mid-J CO transitions, the thermal pressure is a factor of 10–20 greater. The molecular interstellar medium is largely fragmented and is subject to ultraviolet irradiation from the star clusters. It is also likely subject to cosmic rays and mechanical energy input from the supernovae, and is warmer on average than the molecular gas in the massive star formation (SF) regions in the Milky Way. The typical conditions in the dense gas in M82's central kiloparsec appear unfavorable for further SF; if any appreciable stellar populations are currently forming, they are likely biased against low-mass stars, producing a top-heavy initial mass function.


Currently, considerable attention is paid to staffing in enterprises of various sectors of the economy. High-quality selection of qualified personnel ensures not only the effective functioning of the enterprise, but also allows to achieve higher economic performance. Existing methods of personnel assessment and certification have their advantages and disadvantages. The article deals with the assessment and certification of personnel in terms of a systematic approach. Electric power enterprises are characterized by increased requirements for personnel, both in terms of qualification and in terms of psychological stability. Based on this, it is a systematic approach to the assessment and certification of personnel, allows to achieve the best result in the selection of personnel. As the results of the research show, the increase in economic indicators of the electric power enterprise with qualified personnel selection is achieved by reducing the number of emergency situations and efficient use of energy resources.


For making learning effective a combination of appropriate pedagogy and technology is essential. But another pre requisite for effective learning is use of appropriate language, because it is language which bridges the gap between the teacher and the learner. By language we mean the communication skill. So teachers and learners must be conversant in the basic language skill. But other than this each subject has got its own language. For effective communication subject specific language needs to be mastered by concerned subject teachers. This paper delves into this aspect of effective learning in the context of Economics. It tries to make the teachers understand the importance of language in teaching of Economics. It also studies the uniqueness of the language of Economics and views language development in Economics in its historical perspective. It suggests activities that will enable Economics teachers to enhance their language proficiency and communication skills.


The Real Deal Charter, which gives a commitment to shoppers for safe and fair trading at markets, has been signed at Bromley's Charter Market.


Although genetic factors seem to be important, basic mechanisms related to arterial wall cell malfunction, which leads to atherosclerosis formation, depend on the blood flow properties. The present study correlates the factors simulating pulsatile blood flow in the human arteries (aortic arch) using patient-specific geometry. Using numerical techniques we examine the relation between time-Averaged Wall Shear Stress (AWSS) and Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI). The velocity vector oscillates and at the same time alters its direction in places with low AWSS values. Low AWSS and high OSI values do not always collocate. Regional differences between AWSS magnitude and OSI may answer the question as to where atherosclerotic lesions predominately develop and progress at specific aortic regions. This analysis gives information for deeper understanding of the atherosclerosis mechanisms.


We consider the learning and communication complexity of subsequence containment. In the learning problem, we seek to learn a classifier that positively labels a binary string x if it contains a fixed binary string y as a subsequence. In the communication problem, x and y are partitioned between two players, Alice and Bob, who wish to determine if x contains y as a subsequence using a minimal amount of communication. We devise asymptotically tight bounds for the sample complexity (VC dimension) of the learning problem and the communication complexity of the communication problem. Our results illustrate that the sample complexity of our learning problem can be considerably larger when the subsequence occurs in non-contiguous locations.


Background: Nurses and paramedical staff face a high risk of infection due to excessive COVID-19 exposure. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured among nurses and paramedical staff, with an aim to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and the characteristics associated with it. Methods: After obtaining IEC Clearance and informed consent from the study subjects, a cross sectional study was conducted from August to September, 2020. Data was collected from 127 nurses and paramedical staff, Government general hospital, Kurnool, selected by simple random sampling, using a semi-structured questionnaire and chemiluminescence immunoassay test for which IgM antibodies cut off value was 10 AU/ml. Test results and participant characteristics were recorded and data was analysed by MS Excel 13. Results: Among the study participants, seroprevalence was found to be 2.4%. Majority were females (66.9%). Most of them were aged 20-29 (24.4%) followed by 40-49 (19.7%) and 50-59 (10.2%) years. 56.7% were working in COVID wards. 42.5% worked in 3-6 hour shifts. Conclusions: The present study did show a low prevalence of IgM among nurses and paramedical staff. This might be an indicator that the personal protection measures were effective. Further it can provide an overview of the current seroprevalence of the health care workers.


The Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) does not need exact precision as regards the control system, and this interesting feature is very useful for controlling the pneumatic servo system whose characteristics often change and are not capable of being estimated easily. When high adaptive gain of MRAC is yielded to obtain rapid and accurate adaptation, saturation of the control parameters occurs and the control system of the pneumatic servo tends to oscillate. For realization of accurate and stable control, switching the adaptive gain method of MRAC is presented in this report. In the region, the cylinder speed is slow and the frictional force changes rapidly; the adaptive gain is switched to high so as to avoid any delay in the adaptive response. As a result of the fundamental effects of switching the adaptive gain in MRAC of the pneumatic position of the servo sytem can be tested experimentally, and then, the usefulness of this method is specified using an inverted pendulum driven by a pneumatic rodless cylinder.


By applying digital image analysis on the bubble characteristics in a two dimensional wet‐particle fluidized‐bed, we report two‐stage evolution of bubble characteristics with increasing liquid content. In the first stage, bubble number and uniformity of bubble fraction increase, while bubble average diameter and aspect ratio decrease. In the second stage, these characteristics shift toward an opposite direction. This two‐stage evolution of bubble characteristics are analogous to that of reducing particle size in dry‐particle fluidization, and the fluidizing properties of particles shifts from Geldart Group B to Group A and then to Group C. Furthermore, liquid addition causes a continuous decrease of bubble fraction and bubble flow rate. This is different from dry‐particle fluidization, in which reducing particle size causes an increase trend. An explanation for this difference is that liquid addition increases the equivalent size of agglomerates in wet‐particle fluidization, which is opposite to the effect of reducing particle size.


We present two case studies discussing the synergy between appraisal and maturation activities of a heterogeneous carbonate play in North Oman. Key aspects are the effects of the complex geology on how quickly new fields can be brought on stream after discovery.


In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have played an important role in graph representation learning and have successfully achieved excellent results in semi-supervised classification. However, these GNNs often neglect the global smoothing of the graph because the global smoothing of the graph is incompatible with node classification. Specifically, a cluster of nodes in the graph often has a small number of other classes of nodes. To address this issue, we propose a graph-retraining neural network (GRNN) model that performs smoothing over the graph by alternating between a learning procedure and an inference procedure, based on the key idea of the expectation-maximum algorithm. Moreover, the global smoothing error is combined with the cross-entropy error to form the loss function of GRNN, which effectively solves the problem. The experiments show that GRNN achieves high accuracy in the standard citation network datasets, including Cora, Citeseer, and PubMed, which proves the effectiveness of GRNN in semi-supervised node classification.


【Objectives】Controlled release urea has been proven to have positive significance to increase nitrogen use efficiency,reduce nitrogen loss and increase production. Different controlled release urea coated with different materials has different N release rate and N supply intensity. A field experiment was conducted in a maize farmland in Huang- Huai- Hai area to study the effects of sulfur- and polymer- coated controlled release urea on regulation N supply intensity and reducing nitrogen loss. This study is aimed to provide guidance on sulfur- and polymer- coated controlled release urea application in Huang- Huai- Hai maize zone under the condition of high temperature and rainy.【Methods】The field experiment was conducted to study the effects of sulfur- and polymer- coated controlled release urea on the 0-100 cm spatial- temporal variations of soil NO-3- N,nitrogen balance and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency.【Results】Compared with common urea of the same N application rate,the sulfur- and polymer- coated controlled release urea has the characteristics of controlled N- supply in the beginning and sufficient N- supply in later days. The sulfur- and polymer- coated controlled release urea reduces soil NO-3- N content of 0- 100 cm soil layer by 11. 7%- 56. 7% and 28. 8%- 68. 2% respectively during maize seedling stage,increases soil NO-3- N content of 0-40 cm depth at maize filling and harvesting stages by 16. 3%-46. 7%,0. 5%-60. 7%,respectively. The sulfur- and polymer- coated controlled release urea reduces the soil residual nitrogen content by 12. 0%-18. 4%,nitrogen apparent loss by 13. 2%-66. 4% and the nitrogen surplus by15. 6%-30. 9% in the whole maize growth stage,respectively. The maize yield and the utilization rate of nitrogen were increased by 14. 6%-37. 5% and 12. 3-20. 8 percentage points,respectively. Compared with sulfur- coated controlled release urea of the same N application rate 210 kg / ha or 300 kg / ha,polymer- coated controlled release urea reduces the soil NO-3- N content of 0-60 cm depth by 26. 4%-39. 1% during maize seedling period,brings up the soil NO-3- N content of 0- 40 cm at maize filling stage by 10%- 21. 8% and that of 0- 20 cm at maize harvesting stage by 9. 6%-16. 4%,respectively. Polymer- coated controlled release urea reduces the soil residual nitrogen content by 2. 3%-6. 0%,nitrogen apparent loss by 44. 6%-61. 3% and nitrogen surplus by 17. 0%-17.7% than those of sulfur- coated controlled release urea with the same N application rate,respectively. Polymer-coated controlled release urea improves the maize yield and the utilization rate of nitrogen by 6. 8%- 8. 3% and 7.1-8. 4 percentage points more than those of sulfur- coated controlled release urea with the same N application rate,respectively. Over all,polymer- coated controlled release urea is better than sulfur- coated controlled release urea in reducing the soil residual nitrogen content,and maintaining the soil nitrogen balance and improving nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. The N application rate 300 kg / ha of the polymer- coated controlled release urea or the sulfur- coated controlled release urea increases the soil NO-3- N content of 0-100 cm depth during maize growing stages by 1. 2%- 90. 9%,2. 0%- 56. 7% respectively and increases the soil residual nitrogen content,nitrogen apparent loss and nitrogen surplus by 42. 1%- 47. 6%,66. 2%- 137. 9% and 52. 5%- 53. 8% respectively. The300 kg / ha application rate also improves the maize yield and the utilization rate of nitrogen by 20. 8% and 22. 5%,6. 5 and 5. 2 percentage points more than that of the N application rate of 210 kg / ha respectively. The effects of the N application rate 300 kg / ha of the polymer- or the sulfur- coated controlled release urea are better than those of the N application rate 210 kg / ha.【Conclusions】Polymer- coated controlled release urea in reducing soil profile nitrate nitrogen residual,maintaining soil nitrogen balance and improving the utilization rate of nitrogen in summer maize farmland is better than sulfur- coated controlled release urea and common urea. In the context of sufficient N supply,reduced nitrogen loss,improved maize yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency,the application of the polymer- coated controlled release urea or combining with sulfur- coated controlled release urea at N application rate of 300 kg / ha is the best recommended nitrogen fertilization management practice for Huang- Huai- Hai summer maize zone which is under the condition of high temperature and rainy climate.


Bad contaet are usually found between sub-socket of silver-zine battery and plaug of the plane. We adopted aluminium alloy protector structure which increase contact surface area, leduce inner resistance and ensure the safety of flight.


Strategic warehouse location-allocation problem is a multi-staged decision-making problem having both numerical and qualitative criteria. In order to survive in the global business scenario by improving supply chain performance, companies must examine the crossfunctional drivers in the optimization of logistic systems. A meticulous observation makes evident that strategy warehouse location selection has become challenging as the number of alternatives and conflicting criteria increases. The issue becomes particularly problematic when the conventional concept has been applied in dealing with the imprecise nature of the linguistic assessment. The qualitative decisions for selection process are often complicated by the fact that often it is imprecise for the decision makers. Such problem must be overcome with defined efforts. Fuzzy multi-criteria decision making methods have been used in this research as aids in making location-allocation decisions. The anticipated methods in this research consist of two steps at its core. In the first step, the criteria of the existing problem are inspected and identified and then the weights of the sector and subsector are determined that have come to light by using Fuzzy AHP. In the second step, eligible alternatives are ranked by using TOPSIS and Fuzzy TOPSIS comparatively. A demonstration of the application of these methodologies in a real life problem is presented.


The invention discloses a solvent-free epoxy resin as a plugging material and a preparation method and application of the solvent-free epoxy resin. The material is prepared from part A and part B at a ratio of 4:1 to 20:1 by weight, wherein the part A contains the following components by weight: 7.3-13.8% of organic silicon modified epoxy compound, 66.2-70.8% of Pluronic polyol polyether-modified epoxy resin, 15.0-25.0% of a reactive diluent, and 0.2-0.5% of a catalyst A, and part B contains the following components by weight: 99.0-99.7% of modified phenolic amine, 0.2-0.5% of a silicane coupling agent and 0.1-0.5% a catalyst B. According to the invention, reaction between benzyl glycidyl ether and hydroxyl silicone oil is utilized, so that the molecular weight of the reaction product is reduced, the viscosity is reduced, and the surface tension of the product is small for plugging effect. In addition, reaction between Pluronic polyol polyether and epoxy resin is adopted to improve the elasticity of a consolidating body and increase the surface activity of the system for water repelling effect. The solvent-free epoxy resin as the plugging material can be applied to engineering parts with visible water.


Recent studies have found that pain in infancy has a significant impact on infant development, including psychological problems, possible brain injury, and pain sensitivity in adulthood. However, due to the lack of specialists and the fact that infants are unable to express verbally their experience of pain, it is difficult to assess infant pain. Most existing infant pain assessment systems directly apply adult methods to infants ignoring the differences between infant expressions and adult expressions. Meanwhile, as the study of facial action coding system continues to advance, the use of action units (AUs) opens up new possibilities for expression recognition and pain assessment. In this paper, a novel AuE-IPA method is proposed for assessing infant pain by leveraging different engagement levels of AUs. First, different engagement levels of AUs in infant pain are revealed, by analyzing the class activation map of an end-to-end pain assessment model. The intensities of top-engaged AUs are then used in a regression model for achieving automatic infant pain assessment. The model proposed is trained and experimented on YouTube Immunization dataset, YouTube Blood Test dataset, and iCOPEVid dataset. The experimental results show that our AuE-IPA method is more applicable to infants and possesses stronger generalization ability than end-to-end assessment model and the classic PSPI metric.


The recent discussions among scholars that whether Chinese philosophy is legitimate or not always entwine with the problem that whether China (ancient times) had or had no philosophy. In fact, these two problems have no the inevitable connection each other. The answer to the latter will be decided by the comprehension of definition that what is philosophy?, but the former's grounds were the particular historical context that Chinese culture have contacted and interchange with western culture since 18th century. One who denied that China (ancient times) had philosophy is not a western culture centerist. To the contrary, perhaps one who consider that China (ancient times) had philosophy may fall into the old rut of "western culture centerism". If we say that there is the philosophy in China, it certainly is not a ture of and accomplished thing, but it is what it should be and it is being formed.


An approach for computing scanning tunneling microscopy from first principles is proposed. Within the framework of Landauer-Buttiker theory, the conductance of a scanning tunneling microscope STM is obtained in terms of real-space Green functions, thereby taking into account incoherent tunneling processes and the tip-sample interaction but avoiding repeated STM tips as in a supercell approach. The approach is formulated within multiple-scattering theory, especially in the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method, but can be implemented in any Green-function method for electronic-structure calculations. Extensive tests are presented for planar and STM tunnel junctions involving Au 111 electrodes.


A 38-years-old woman, presented to the "Centro Barberio" Napoli, Italy, for further outpatient evaluation of a single nonpalpable left thyroid nodule that was cold at the thyroid scan. The laboratory tests performed were noncontributive. An ultrasound examination showed a 1.2 3 1.0 cm hypoechoic mass in the left thyroid lobe (Fig. 1a). An ultrasound guided fine needle sampling retrieved two drops of creamy, gray-greenish material. Two direct smears were prepared from each of the two passes, one was air-dried and stained by May–Gr€unwald–Giemsa and the other by the ultrafast-Papanicolaou method. Microscopically, in a background with debris, without any evidence of inflammatory cells, there was only a monotonous cell pattern represented by intermediate-like cells with abundant cytoplasm and small normochromatic nuclei, as well as anucleated squamous cells (Fig. 1b). No inflammatory or dysplastic cellular changes were observed. Based on US and cytologic features on fine needle sampling, the diagnosis of benign intrathyroid epidermoid Fig. 1. (a) Ultrasound examination: a 1.2 3 1,0 cm hypoechoic nodule in left thyroid lobe; (b) Cytological examination: nucleated and anucleated squamous cells in a background with debris, without any type of inflammation (UF-Papanicolaou, 320 original magnification). [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]


The session identification is an important work in the early stage of analysis of behaviour, which has a decisive impact to find out the behaviour characteristics. After analyzing these common session identification methods, we put forward a kind of optimization method to identify Web user session based on K-means algorithm. We compared the method proposed by this paper with other two methods including θ equals thirty minutes and the session identification based on time distance in three aspects: the number of session, the value of absolute evaluation function A(h) and the value of relative evaluation function R(h). It shows that the session identification method proposed by this paper can identify the real user session more completely.


The present invention relates to cardiac muscle troponin I detection technique field, more particularly to a kind of cardiac muscle troponin I detection reagent contains the Tris-HCl buffer solutions of 50 mmol/L pH 7.6,25 ml/L TritonX-100,7.7 mmol/L Sodium azides in reagent R1;Contain the Tris-HCl buffer solutions of 50 mmol/L pH 7.6,30ml/L goat-anti people TnI antibody coating latex particle, 15 mmol/L polyethylene glycol, 7.7 mmol/L Sodium azides in reagent R1.Using Tris-HCl buffer solutions, latex particle and polyethylene glycol are added, significantly improve the antijamming capability and stability of reagent, be a kind of more stable, cardiac muscle troponin I (cTnI) reagent of strong antijamming capability.


The development and utility of management guidelines assumes that clinical trial findings are generalisable. Seldom is data available to test this. We aimed to determine, in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Ankylosing Spondylitis (BSRBR-AS), the proportion of patients commencing TNF inhibition (TNFi) that would/would not have been eligible for clinical trials that led to TNFi treatment guidelines, and whether treatment response differed between the trials and this real-world population.

 Biologic-naïve spondyloarthritis patients were recruited from across Great Britain. Data was obtained from clinical records, and participants completed postal questionnaires. Participant characteristics were extracted from the placebo-controlled randomised trials in the NICE Health Technology Assessment: TNF-alpha inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (TA383). Descriptive statistics were used to examine differences, including treatment response (ASAS-20), between BSRBR-AS participants who would/would not have been eligible for the clinical trials, and the trial participants.

 816/2420 (34%) BSRBR-AS participants were commencing TNFi. They were younger (mean age 44 versus 50yrs) with shorter disease duration (15 versus 22yrs), more active disease (BASDAI 6.4 versus 4.0), and poorer function (BASFI 6.2 versus 3.8). Fourteen clinical trials were identified. Compared to trial populations, fewer BSRBR-AS participants were male (67% versus 71%; difference: -4.1% (95%CI: -7.8%, -0.4%)) and fewer were HLA-B27 positive (76% versus 82%; difference: -6.6% (-10.6%, -2.6%)). BSRBR-AS participants were 6yrs older than trial participants, with longer symptom duration. They reported similar disease activity (BASDAI: 6.4 versus 6.2; difference 0.2 (-0.3, 0.7)), although significantly poorer function (BASFI: 6.2 versus 5.1; difference 1.1 (0.5, 1.8)) and spinal mobility (BASMI: 4.2 versus 3.3; difference 1.0 (0.8, 1.1)). Only 333 (41%) of BSRBR-AS participants commencing TNFi would have been eligible for any of the relevant trials. Ten trials reported ASAS20 response criteria, and 864/1401 participants reported a positive treatment response (61.7%). Follow-up data was available for 318 (39%) BSRBR-AS participants, of whom 163 (51.3%) achieved an ASAS20 treatment response (difference: 10.4% (4.4%, 16.5%)). There was no difference in ASAS20 response between those who would/would not have been eligible for clinical trials (50% versus 52%; difference 2.0% (-9.4%, 13.4%)).

 In this real-world population, although the likelihood of meeting response criteria was unrelated to factors determining trial eligibility, the proportion of patients responding to TNFi was lower than in the clinical trial literature. Could this be explained by selection bias? Although fewer BSRBR-AS participants provided follow-up data than in the clinical trials, to account for the observed difference participants lost to follow-up would have to be one-third more likely to achieve ASAS20 response than those who provided follow-up data. We believe this is unlikely. These findings have important implications for the generalisability of trial results, and also for the cost-effectiveness of TNFi agents.

 G.T. Jones: Grants/research support; GTJ is/was a grant holder for research funded by Pfizer, AbbVie, UCB and Celgene., GTJ is/was involved in research that received financial support from Novartis. L.E. Dean: Grants/research support; LED is/was involved in research that received financial support from Pfizer, AbbVie, UCB and Novartis. E. Pathan: None. G.J. Macfarlane: Grants/research support; GJM is/was a grant holder for research funded by Pfizer, AbbVie, UCB and Celgene., GJM is/was involved in research that received financial support from Novartis.


Abstract Modeling and projecting timber supply requires a good understanding of how supply responds to price. The price elasticity of supply (PELS) reported in the literature varies greatly, indicating that conclusions regarding price signaling in the timber market are mixed. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the key factors associated with the heterogeneity of PELS of primary timber product supply by examining data from numerous studies conducted around the world. Twelve "moderator" variables were examined to explore differences in PELS. Moderators with significant impacts on variation of PELS included forest products, geographic regions, econometric models, and data type. Furthermore, two-level categorical variables contained within the econometric models including standing stock were found to have significant influence on the heterogeneity of PELS. Variation in PELS also depended on whether or not the supply models accounted for price inflation, and the time period when the study was...


An endomorphism on an algebra 𝒜 is said to be "strong" if it is compatible with every congruence on 𝒜; and 𝒜 is said to have the "strong endomorphism kernel property" if every congruence on 𝒜, different from the universal congruence, is the kernel of a strong endomorphism on 𝒜. Here we consider this property in the context of Ockham algebras. In particular, for those MS-algebras that have this property we describe the structure of their dual space in terms of 1-point compactifications of discrete spaces.


The creation of the machines in the industry today that has been fully automated makes the industry more quickly to produce a good. However, the advanced industrial machines, makes workers demand higher wages because of what they produce more than they produce before. What happens is not a reduction of cost incurred by the owner of the company but in turn make multiplying the cost incurred by the company. This study aims to find solutions to the problem of the increase costs generated by the company with the development of machines that have been automated and the increasing demand for labor. Creating an application control system performance training kit MAP-200 series is expected to cut the cost of the company by reducing the number of workers who would run the machines due to application performance control training kit MAP-200 series, several machines that had been operated by several labors, can now be operated or controlled by one person only.


The book's first three sections discuss the origin of common mistakes and their roots in basic biases; the next five sections discuss behavioural phenomena. In this review, I follow the same progression; a review of mistakes and biases, followed by a discussion of a number of the behavioural phenomena which I think are potentially of great interest to Brandes constituents. These include: group decision making, fallacies of modern finance, the nature and predictability of bubbles, and an important area of behaviour – happiness – or what motivates people (correctly or otherwise).


The Ca atom in the title compound, {[Ca(HO2CC6H4OCH2CO2)2(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, is eight-coordinate. The HO2CC6H4OCH2CO2− monoanion binds in a chelating mode; it also functions as a bridge, linking adjacent Ca atoms into a zigzag chain. Hydrogen bonds link the chains into a three-dimensional network. The Ca atom lies on a special position of site symmetry 2.


We constructed a quintuple protease (alp, npII, pepE, npI, pepA) and double amylase (taaG3, taaG1) gene deletant, KO4, for the development of a heterologous gene expression system for an industrial shoyu koji mold, Aspergillus oryzae KBN616. Multiple gene deletion was performed using the Latour system, a simple and effective chromosome modification method developed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Gene deletion was confirmed by Southern blot analysis for protease genes and PCR amplification for amylase genes. Deletion of the five protease genes reduced the extracellular protease activity to approximately 1.0% of the level of the parent strain. Double deletion of the amylase genes completely eliminated all detectable α-amylase activity. These results indicate the construction of a host strain applicable to the efficient production and purification of heterologous proteins.


Studies were conducted to examine the role of gluconeoge,1etic substrate availability on glucose production in the fastud late pregnant rat. Virgin and 21-day pregnant rats were st, 1clied after 24 hours' food deprivation. Pregnant animals showud decreased circulating glucose and gluconeogenic amino acid and increased plasma glycerol concentration. GlucoHo formation was studied in vivo two, five, and ten minutes c fter the intravenous administration of two concentrations of 14 C-alanine. 14 C-pyruvate. or 14 C-glycerol. Concentratio11s of 0.2 mmols of 14 C-glycerol or 14 C-pyruvate. but not of 14 C-alanine, enhanced 14 C-glucose production in pregnant n,ts. whereas 1 mmol of any of the three 14 C-substrates always enhanced 14 C-glucose production in these rats. Both 1 mmc•I 'Land 5 mmol/L 14 C-alanine increased 14 C-glucose formation in 90-minute-incubated liver slices of fasted pregnant rats, in spite of decreased cytosolic activity of alanine aminotransfer ase. The three substrates enhanced "in vitro" renal glucc neogenesis in pregnant rats. Under all experimental conditions studied. labeled glycerol was converted more efficiently imc glucose than equivalent amounts of any other substrate used. and this difference was greater in pregnant. than in , irgin animals. Results indicate that. in spite of enhanced gluconeogenetic activity. maternal gluGose production in tt e fasted state at late gestation is limited by the deficiency of certain substrates. such as amino acids. It is proposed that g ycerol derived from enhanced maternal adipose tissue lipolysis constitutes a preferential gluconeogenetic substrate in comparison with others. such as alanine. that are more efficiently transferred through the placenta to the fetus.


The rate and amount of growth of twenty-five species of fungi were determined when they were supplied with nitrate, ammonium, and organic (asparagine) nitrogen. Nitrate nitrogen was used slowly by ...


The following pK R values for the formation of benzyl, benzhydryl, and fluorenyl carbocations in 50:50 (v:v) trifluoroethanol/water at I=0.50 (NaClO 4 ) were determined as pK R =-log (k HOH [H 2 O]/k H ), where k H is the second-order rate constant for acid-catalyzed reaction of the alcohol to form the carbocation and k HOH is the second-order rate constant for capture of the carbocation by water


Lemma 1. Let 4ABC be a triangle with acute angles ∠A and ∠C. Drop a perpendicular from B to the base line ←→ AC, and let F be the foot. Then A ∗ F ∗ C. Proof. Observe that F 6= A since ∠BAC is not a right angle. Likewise F 6= C. So by Axiom B-3, one of A,F,C is between the other two. If F ∗A ∗C then ∠BAC is external to ∠BFA, so ∠BAC > ∠BFA which contradicts the assumption that ∠A is acute. Likewise, A ∗ C ∗ F gives a contradiction. Thus A ∗ F ∗ C.


El Remitente Cubano: Algunas Caracteristicas Particulares is part of the 2003 Annual Proceedings of The Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy.


Several methods have been proposed for calculating the generalized Q -function Q_{m}(\alpha, \beta) , but only isolated comparisons of the various techniques have been reported. The accuracy, range, and execution time of prominent methods for computing the Q -function are compared, and limitations of the algorithms are identified.


Southeast Alaska's remaining virgin fores t s have few insect pests . The black-headed budworm and the hemlock sawfly, both western hemlock defol ia tors , are the most important species. They k i l l some trees, k i l l tops i n others, and cause growth loss, but stands survive t h e i r attacks. Extensive conversion of virgin stands t o second growth may result i n an increase in pest problems as it has i n similar areas such as coastal Br i t i sh Columbia. outbreaks is not pract ical because of r i s k of contaminating salmon-spawning and trout-rearing streams; but insecticide use may be j u s t i f i ed in local , high value areas. naturally. Damage-prone stands should be ident i f ied and harvested before insect attack o r salvage-logged following outbreaks. growth stands should be managed f o r resistance t o insect pests . Widespread use of insecticides t o control major Weather, diseases, and parasi tes control outbreaks


Nowadays, people are living in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), where small microcontrollers or microprocessors are used to read sensors and interact with actuators through the internet. There are a lot of possible approaches, but boards like Arduino, Raspberry pi, BeagleBone Black (and others), can really simplify the interaction between the controllers, sensors and the actuators, so it is important to understand its advantages and disadvantages when it comes to processing speed, parallel processing, expansibility and versatility. This paper will be focused on the BeagleBone Black, the less popular of the microcontrollers/microprocessors mentioned before and therefore, the one with less web support and updated documentation. Its architecture will be explained in order to understand the advantages of the specifications of the BeagleBone Black, namely the ARM Cortex processor and its Programmable Realtime Unit (PRU). The Attitude Controller for the X8-VB Quadcopter is implemented and compared with its Arduino Due version to validate the overall performance improvement of this transition from the Arduino Due to the BeagleBone Black.


Infection due to Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B streptococcus may be acquired during parturition or gestation. Discordant twin gestational Group B streptococcus infections are rarely reported. We describe two cases of fatal discordant gestational Group B streptococcus infection in both a monochorionic/diamniotic pregnancy and in a dichorionic/diamniotic pregnancy. In both instances, cultures, examination of the placentae, and autopsy findings demonstrated infection by Group B streptococcus in only the presenting fetus. Despite the ubiquity of this organism, this is the first documented case of discordant gestational Group B streptococcus infection in monochorionic/diamniotic twins and only the third case documented in dichorionic/diamniotic twins.


The temperatures of the transition into the state of viscous flow, denaturation, and the onset of intensive destruction were calculated by additive schemes for 32 proteins. Contributions of strong interactions (dipole-dipole contacts and hydrogen bonds) into the partial contributions of the characteristic temperatures of amino acid residues (including the glass transition temperature) were refined. The calculated results agree with available experimental data.


The safety of railway line sections against strong winds can be improved by setting up anemometers in locations where wind speeds frequently exceed the critical wind speed of overturning. In order to ensure optimum location of the anemometers, wind speed values need to be estimated over an N-year return period along railway lines. This paper introduces a method to estimate over a given return period the values of the maximum instantaneous wind-velocity along railway lines at interval of 100m, by using two kinds of numerical simulation techniques (the meteorological model and the Computational Fluid Dynamics model) and a topographical factor analysis.


Cerium lasers are all-solid-state ultraviolet lasers that have the potential to produce tunable output in the important 280-340 nm range. We report tuning of a (chopped) CW cerium laser using prism and birefringent tuning.


Maximum likelihood estimation of genetic covariances subject to a penalty to reduce sampling variation has been shown to yield improved estimates, especially for analyses comprising many traits. However, this can increase computational requirements substantially. Similarly, penalties have been found to be beneficial in a maximum likelihood based approach for pooling results from analyses of subsets of traits. This paper examines the scope for using the latter method to apply penalties to results from multivariate analyses in a computationally undemanding post-estimation step. A simulation study is presented demonstrating that even slight changes to estimates in this way can result in 'regularized' values markedly closer to population values than standard, unpenalized estimates.


The Brazilian market has few hybrids intended for grits production, in particular, due to companies' lack of interest in developing new white corn hybrids due to the low proportion of cultivation in yellow corn hybrids. Another complicating factor is the genotype × environment interaction for recommending superior genetic materials. For this reason, this work aimed to evaluate agronomic characteristics and grits yield of commercial white corn hybrids IPR 127 and Dow 120009HW in different production environments. The assays were carried out in the municipalities of Rolândia-PR (Brazil), Campo Novo do Parecis-MT (Brazil), and Naranjal-PY (Paraguay), in a randomized block design, with four replications in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme (white corn hybrids × production environments). The analyzed variables were plant height, main cob insertion height, lodging and breakage, grain yield, and grits yield. Data were submitted to variance analysis by F test (p<0.05) and means compared by Tukey's test, 5% probability of error, and principal component analysis (PCA). The production environments influence the performance of white corn hybrids intended for grits, IPR 127, and Dow 12B0009WH. The variables plant height, main cob insertion height, lodging and breakage, and grits yield were favored in cultivation in the municipality of Naranjal. The grain yield variable was higher in cultivation in Rolândia, and Campo Novo do Parecis municipalities. The white corn hybrid IPR 127 has a higher grits yield than the hybrid Dow 12B0009WH, in addition to greater stability of this variable depending on the production environments.


In 2011, Queensland was inundated by the worst flood since 1974. Over 70 communities were affected by flood waters, 75% of the State was declared a natural disaster area, lives were lost and thousands of homes were destroyed. As a formal Commission of Inquiry gets underway, and these events resonate through the media, we are reminded of the emergency needs of individuals, families and communities around us. However, the slow process of recovery and community rebuilding is now beginning and it is timely to consider the scope of the task.


Trait-based community analysis provides a new approach to integrate functional ecology with community ecology. However, our understanding of the linkages between root chemical traits and community chemical diversity and assembly is still in its infancy.
Environmental filtering and niche differentiation are two opposite driving forces of community assembly based on deterministic niche processes. We hypothesize that environmental filtering is a strong driver of root chemical assembly at a large spatial scale, whereas biogeochemical niche differentiation drives root chemical traits divergence among co-occurring species at site scale.
We analysed the concentrations of 15 elements in the fine roots of 281 species across five forest types of China. Discriminant analysis was used to measure the degree of similarity of root chemical traits at the community level and biogeochemical niche differentiation at the species level.
Root chemical traits at the community level showed a systematic shift along environmental gradients. The growth rate-related dimension represented by root P and Ca was the most important niche dimension associated with community root chemical assembly, driven by large-scale environmental filters, particularly soils and climate. Biogeochemical niche differentiation of co-occurring species could be a consequence of reducing nutrient competition, especially the competition for nitrogen.
Root chemical traits provide a new dimension for assessing the functional niche and may help improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of root chemical assembly from the local to the biome scale.

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Profession of teacher in Islam education will very related and determine his existence as figure becoming peer, especially related to applying of values of Islam teaching at school or society. Especial and dignity of teacher non lay in his teacher profession, but lay in glory duty which shouldered Therefore various interest have to be owned by a teacher in order to improving his professional as somebody to a lot of positioned as icon from various value and teaching in so many life sector ; family, school, and also society . In contact with activity and result of learning student, interest of playing important role teacher. Process learn to teach and result of learning all student not only determined by school, pattern, structure and fill its curriculum, however most determined by teacher interest.


By analysis of the mathematical model and the operation principle of switched reluctance motor,this paper proposed a control of switched reluctance motor drive system based on current control scheme.To build simulation model in the Matlab/Simulink environment,and each sub module introduces system simulation model of the principle and design method.The simulation results show that the system can achieve the speed fast,has good dynamic and static performance.Provides an effective means for the design of motor control system for the actual.


Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) as a powerful dimension reduction tool, which is widely used in the bioinformatics field. However, the loss function of conventional NMF is sensitive to non-Gaussian noise and outliers. In addition, NMF-based algorithm overlooks the geometric structure of high dimensional data. To improve the robustness of NMF, we propose a novel method called Sparse Hyper-graph regularized Non-negative Matrix Factorization by Maximizing Correntropy (SHNMF-MCC) in this paper. Specifically, the maximum correntropy criterion replaces the Euclidean distance in the loss term of SHNMF-MCC, which can filter out the noise with large outliers. Moreover, the high-order geometric structure in more sample points is completely preserved in the low-dimensional manifold through the hyper-graph regularization. Meanwhile, the sparse constraint is applied to the loss function to reduce matrix complexity and analysis difficulty. Then, the complex optimization problem can be solved by a half-quadratic (HQ) optimization approach. Before carrying out experiments, we analyze the convergence of SHNMF-MCC. Sample clustering experiments on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data verify that the proposed method is more robust and effective than other similar robust approaches.


Alkaline phosphate-permanganate conversion coating, chrome-free conversion coating was studied for corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Also, conventional acid phosphate -permanganate conversion coating was studied for comparison. Analysis and morphology observation for conversion coating layers was investigated in details by using SEM-EDS, XRD. SEM observation showed that a lot of cracks in surface and interface between conversion coating layer and AZ91D magnesium alloy substrate was observed in acid conversion coating, whereas cracks was not almost observed in alkaline conversion coating layer. SEM-EDS and XRD analysis showed that the main elements of both alkaline and acid conversion coating were Mg, O, K, P and Mn. It was found that both conversion coating layers was consisted of MgO, Mg (OH)2 and MnO2. Salt spray test showed that the alkaline conversion coating have a good corrosion resistance compared with acid conversion coating.


To study the ligands of Candida albicans, we measured the quant i ty of adherence of Candida albicans to epithelial cells in vitro The re sults sho wed that the adherence of Candida albicans to buccal cells pretreated by D-mannose was decreased,and Candida albicans pretreated by concanavalin A and P A -MSHA(Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Mannose Sensitive Hemagglutination Pili)vacc in e could inhibit the adherence to buccal cells apparently also Thus,mannose-con ta ining moieties on the surface of Candida albicans could mediate the adherenc e of this yeasts to human epithelium


In this paper, the developed turbocharger test stand design at the IKDG facility is evaluated. The specific characteristics of the test stand as well as operational test data is discussed. A test turbocharger is thermodynamically examined in regard of operation at 220•C turbine inlet temperature. An overview of the measurement instrumentation is given and the thermodynamic parameters of the turbocharger necessary for generating a power map, are presented. The key aspect of providing a constant turbine inlet temperature necessary for the acquisition of reliable performance measurements is varied by means of an operation point stability analysis at different rotational speeds across the whole operating range of the test turbocharger. Additionally, an uncertainty analysis of the temperature and pressure measurement instrumentation according to DIN V ENV 13005 and [1] is conducted. Based on these results, a performance map of the compressor as well as the turbine of the turbocharger is generated and discussed. The paper is concluded by providing an outlook regarding the possibilities of upgrading the performance measurement instrumentation in the existing test stand design as well as upgrading certain parts of the test stand.


Background The COVID-19 pandemic affected many people worldwide, including those with chronic diseases. Our objective was to analyze its influence on medical care and the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Poland. Material/Methods In 2021, 81 patients in Poland with IBD completed an original anonymous questionnaire about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the course of their disease and mental status. The printed questionnaire was distributed to IBD patients treated at the Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of the University Clinical Hospital in Białystok, and an online questionnaire was sent to patients via social media. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared test, with a significance level of P<0.05. Results The study group consisted of 46 women and 35 men with a mean age of 32.42 years. Fifty-nine patients had ulcerative colitis and 22 had Crohn disease. Patients reported significant deterioration in medication availability (50.62%) and restricted access to gastroenterology outpatient clinics (51.90%) (P<0.05). Of patients who contracted COVID-19, 89.47% did not require hospitalization, 32.10% (26/81) were asymptomatic, mild, or moderate, despite immunosuppressive biological treatment (27.16%, 22/81), or steroids (18.52%, 15/81). Over 50% of respondents stated the pandemic negatively affected their mental state and 30% of them associated that with worsening IBD. Conclusions During the pandemic, respondents were mainly concerned with difficulties in accessing the gastroenterology clinic and limited drug availability. The pandemic negatively affected patients' mental state. In cases of COVID-19 disease, patients with IBD were mostly asymptomatic and did not require hospitalization, despite therapy affecting the immune system.


This paper shed light on the impact of an innovative project on the productivity and welfare of cocoa producers in Côte d'Ivoire. To address some of the challenges related to the sustainability of the cocoa sector in Côte d'Ivoire, Mars Inc. initiated the Vision for Change project which is a resourcing and frontier research partnership. The results suggest that this program increases cocoa yields by up to 115 kilograms per hectare, income by up to 48% and the price of cocoa by up to 42 XOF (0.06 euros) per kg. The success of the project is driven by several factors. Firstly, the project uses a novel approach to provide high-yield and swollen-shoot tolerant technology that meet the demands of cocoa producers. This has been made possible by background investigations prior the project. Secondly, although the project was initiated by a private company, it relies on a strong and close collaboration with the public sector and a wide range of private companies within a publicprivate platform. This coordination platform provides an effective mechanism for coordinating interventions as well as generating learning among stakeholders, thereby reducing the research and development costs. In addition, the agreements between institutions involved in the platform lead to economies of scale, helping to make the new technologies affordable to producers. Thirdly, the integrated approach of the project – research, extension services, information and physical inputs – has been successful in reaching out the farmers. * The paper was supported by Grant Reference No: GDN/GRANT/2017-18/458/WB-CIIP/ENSEA and ICRAF financial support. Useful comments were received from participants at a mid-term technical review workshop held on 8 March 2018 in Addis-Ababa and during the presentation at the World Bank Office (Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire) on 1 August 2018. We thank all the scientific advisers of this project, particularly Pierre Bertrand, Francois Bourguignon, Ha Joon Chang, David McKinzie, Dani Rodrik, Charles Sabel, Yannick Saleman and Abebe Shimeles. We would also like to thank the World Bank Team (Maria Deborah Kim, Amina Coulibaly, El Hadj Adama Toure, Jacques Morisset) for their advice on the policy lessons; the The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) team (Christophe Kouamé, Allégra Kouassi, Thomas Kouakou) for their support during the data collection; and Landry Niava for comments that helped us to better understand cocoa sector sociology. We appreciate the contributions of all the survey enumerators. All errors and omissions are the authors' sole responsibility. † Corresponding author. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


This study aims to examine the effects of web-based and mobile bloggings on Korean learners' English writing. A total of 28 university students were assigned to two different groups according to different types of writing settings. They wrote five essays, and they were given one week to write each essay. A pretest was given in Week 7, and the treatments lasted for 7 weeks from Week 8 through Week 14. A posttest was administered in Week 15 to assess the learners' writing progress. The results of the posttest showed that the mobile blogging group performed significantly better than the web-based blogging group regarding holistic assessment. However, the mobile blogging group did not perform significantly better than the web-based blogging group when T-unit was analyzed. Moreover, no significant effect was identified in the posttest when dependent clause ratio was analyzed. Thus, no significant differences were observed in syntactic complexity between the two different groups. In conclusion, it may be inferred that the mobile blogging is more effective than the web-based blogging in promoting learners' writing ability in holistic assessment.