Synopsis: Renal tumors encompass heterogeneous disease spectrum, which confounds patient management and treatment. Percutaneous biopsy is an invasive procedure with excellent accuracy for the diagnosis of kidney cancer, though limited by the inability to sample every part of the tumor at multiple time points, potentially limiting the accurate characterization of heterogeneous renal masses and detection of tumor changes over time. Imaging, particularly with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provides a noninvasive method for the detailed assessment of kidney tumors. In conjunction with Radiomics, imaging may provide detail beyond what can be achieved from human interpretation alone, including detailed insight into tumor biology. Understanding what these technologies can offer will allow radiologists to play a larger role in the care of patients with RCC. In this article, we review the use of radiomics in renal cell carcinoma, in both the pretreatment assessment of renal masses and posttreatment evaluation of RCC, with special emphasis on the use of mpMRI datasets.


In the extremely competitive environment of shipping, minimizing shipping cost is the key factor for the survival and growth of shipping companies. However, stricter rules and regulations that aim at the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions published by the International Maritime Organization, force shipping companies to increase the operational efficiency of their fleet. The prediction of a ship speed in actual seas with a given power by its engine is the most important performance indicator and thus makes it the "holy grail" in pursuing better efficiency. Traditionally, tank model tests and semi-empirical formulas were the preferred solution for the aforementioned prediction and are still widely applied. However, currently, with the increased computational power that is widely available, novel and more sophisticated methods taking into consideration computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are emerging. In this paper, we briefly present the different approaches in the prediction of a ship's speed but focus on ML methods comparing a representative number of the latest data-driven models used in papers, to provide guidelines, discover trends and identify the challenges to be faced by researchers. From this comparison, we can distinguish that artificial neural networks (ANN), being used in 73.3% of the reviewed papers, dominate as the algorithm of choice. Researchers mostly rely on physical laws governing the phenomena in the crucial part of data preprocessing tasks. Lastly, most researchers rely on data acquisition systems installed at ships in order to achieve usable results.


Background: Companies establishing a new brand on the Swedish market have to face competition from already established brands. This makes it interesting to investigate which branding strategies com ...


Here we report a chemical procedure for separating platinum group elements(PGEs,Os,Ir,Pt,Pd,Ru) and Re using a single sample digestion.The procedure consists of the following five steps:(1) sample dissolution via Carius tube technique;(2) separation of Os from the PGEs and Re and other matrix elements using CCl4 solvent extraction;(3) purification of Os using micro-distillation method;(4) separation of PGEs and Re from other matrix elements on cation exchange resin;(5) the interference elements,such as Zr,Hf,Mo and W,were separated from the PGEs and Re fraction solution by "BPHA" chelated resin.The concentrations of PGEs(Pt,Pd,Ru and Ir) and Re were determined by isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ID-ICPMS);the abundance and isotopic composition of Os were measured using isotope dilution-negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry(ID-NTIMS).The analytical results of PGEs and Re-Os isotopic system for international rock reference materials show good agreement with previous reported data.


Though the design and relization of wharf storehouse video monitoring system,various technology, principle,system integration and the configuration of some equipments, which are involved in realizing locomotive work using the combination of CDMA 1X and VPDN technology, are introduced in this paper.


toric, policy speeches. This is an important, and — as he likes to remind the reader — often overlooked subject. His conclusions offer insights into this process, but the study cannot speak to the many other times when presidents choose religious imagery and themes. In other words, this study focuses on types of presidential appeals that are most likely to use divisive coalitional rhetoric. A study of other aspects of presidential speechmaking would be much more likely to find ways in which presidents routinely, and often successfully, employ communitarian religious rhetoric that has unifying power.


By studying the properties difference among three different types of autoclaved aerated concrete and thus play a guiding role in the selection.Through performance tests and microanalysis,this paper compared and analyzed the mechanical properties,shrinkage properties,frost resistance and hydration products of different types of autoclaved aerated concrete.The results showed that there was no significant difference among three different types of autoclaved aerated concrete in physical and shrinkage properties;the frost resistance of autoclaved aerated concrete mainly made of sand was better than others;the main compositions of hydration products in three different types of autoclaved aerated concrete were Tobermorite,but crystalline phase morphology were different.


Seasonally adjusted series provide a more direct appreciation of the underlying movements of economic variables and, therefore, contribute to the analysis of the economic environment. This document presents the theoretical and empirical framework used by the Central Bank of Chile to perform the seasonal adjustment of macroeconomic series.


The doctrine of 'odious debt' has often been invoked to call for the cancellation of debts in very specific and complex political contexts. In this (...)


In this paper,the problem of tracking multiple maneuvering and track-cross targets under dense clutters was investigated.IMMJPDA algorithm would cause combination explosion problem of the calculation in the case of intensive and multiple model.Therefore,a new adaptive tracking algorithm was proposed,which combines IMM with Cheap JPDA.This new algorithm reduces the associated probability calculation difficulty and calculated quantity by saving the resolution process of the matrix.The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the algorithm can achieve good tracking performance for maneuvering targets and illustrate the validity of this algorithm.


The distribution and chemical composition of inorganic components of a corrosion-inhibiting primer based on polyurethane is determined using a range of characterisation techniques. The primer consists of a Li2CO3 inhibitor phase, along with other inorganic phases including TiO2, BaSO4 and Mg-(hydr)oxide. The characterisation techniques included particle induced X-ray and γ-ray emission spectroscopies (PIXE and PIGE, respectively) on a nuclear microprobe, as well as SEM/EDS hyperspectral mapping. Of the techniques used, only PIGE was able to directly map the Li distribution, although the distribution of Li2CO3 particles could be inferred from SEM through using backscatter contrast and EDS. Characterisation was also performed on a primer coating that had undergone leaching in a neutral salt spray test for 500 h. Overall, it was found that Li2CO3 leaching resulted in a uniform depletion zone near the surface, but also much deeper local depletion, which is thought to be due to the dissolution of clusters of Li2CO3 particles that were connected to the external surface/electrolyte interface.


Household fuel refers to any material that is used to produce heat or power by burning. Some of the household fuel used in Nigeria includes: biomass, charcoal, kerosene, CNG (Compressed natural gas), LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), electricity. Biogas is relatively new and emerging as a viable option. In this study, biogas was produced using cow dung and the emission characterization of biogas and that of LPG was compared using a Gasboard model 5020H gas analyzer. Results of biogas emission is as follows; CO: 0.01%Vol , CO2: 0.14 %Vol, HC: 0010 ppm, NOx: 0002 ppm while LPG gives the following; CO: 0.30%Vol , CO2: 1.88 %Vol, HC: 0003 ppm, NOx: 0007 ppm. Recommendation was made for the inclusion of biogas in Nigeria energy mix because of its relatively better emission.


We show that unconstrained anisotropic 2.5D inversion of Towed Streamer EM data in complex geological settings can produce resistivity models that are consistent with both interpreted log and seismic data, and known discoveries. We consider two cases from recent surveys in the Celtic and Barents Seas offshore Ireland and Norway respectively. In the Celtic Sea case we show an example where we have compared the results of unconstrained inversion to publically available log data. Not only is the overall depth trend recovered, but the main variation of the resistivity is captured as well as, in some intervals, comparable average interval resistivity. For the Barents Sea case we show an example resistivity and anisotropy section from one of eight survey lines that traverse the Skrugard discovery across its short axis (about 2km). While the resistivity section highlights that the sub-surface resistivity is complex, the somewhat simpler anisotropy section reveals an anisotropy anomaly that is co-incident with both the lateral, and depth, extent of Skrugard.


Brodzinsky, D. M., Schecter, M. D., & Henig, R. M. (1993). Being adopted: The lifelong search for self. New York: Anchor Books. Brodzinsky, D. M., & Palacios, J. (Eds.). (2005). Psychological issues in adoption: Research and practice. Westport, CT: Praeger. Carangelo, L. (Ed.). (2005). Statistics of adoption. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from http://www.amfor.net//statistics.html#ADOPTEES. Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. (2006; revised January 2007). Safeguarding the rights and well-being of birth parents in the adoption process. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/publications/2006BirthparentStudyrevised07. pdf. Fessler, A. (2006). The girls who went away: The hidden history of women who surrendered children for adoption in the decades before Roe vs. Wade. New York: Penguin Press. Miller, B. C., Xitao, F., Christenson, M., Grotevant, H. D., & van Dulmen, M. (2000). Comparisons of adopted and non-adopted adolescents in a large, nationally represented sample [electronic version]. Child Development, 71(5), 1458–1473. National Council for Adoption. (2007). Correct adoption terminology. Retrieved January 6, 2008, from http://www.adoptioncouncil.org/resources/adoption terms.html.


Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to get individuals understanding how to think differently about leadership and the process for creating ethical leaders with sustainable impact.

Design/methodology/approach

– The author uses his experience as a teacher, a state senator and his own learning experiences from studying and experiencing leadership from the top down. The author has taken concepts from his recently published book: A Leap of Faith: Going, Doing and Changing Ourselves and the World Around Us.

Findings

– There is a huge difference between having a position of authority and that of being a leader. One cannot lead anyone until first learning to lead one's self. That we must shift how we think from reacting and repeating to responding and creating new possibilities.

Research limitations/implications

– This work is based upon the life experiences of the author. It is limited to that experience and his interpretation of what those experiences can mean for future leaders.

Practical implications

– These concepts can change reality for anyone both professionally and personally. These are concepts for changing ourselves and the world around us to provide meaning and joy regardless of one's circumstance.

Social implications

– Create a way of thinking and a process for creating authentic, ethical leaders throughout the world whose impact will be both sustainable and resilient in the worlds of today and tomorrow.

Originality/value

– These are concepts taken from the author's new book which is in the form of letters to his sons (and to us) about his life, experiences and how to be ethical leaders with lives of meaning and joy.


s from E!8el1ical )literature. ,GYNJECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS. Pelvic Connective Tissue. B. BERGLAS AND 1. C. RUBIN (Burg., .(}ynec. &; Obst., September, 1953) suggest that the assumption that the pelvic connective tissue has the func-tion of a supportive structure for the pelvic organs has been based on the supposed presence of band-like con-densattons of the pelvic connective tissue, their fixation to the pelvic walls and their attachment to the pelvic viscera by sheath-like condensations called visceral fascire. However, the .authors' histological study of sections from female pelves with intact 'relationship of vascular and connective tissue components shows the absence -of a Mackenrodt ligament and of a pubo-vesico-uterine ligament. The bulk of tissue structures erroneously taken for these ligaments consists of plexuses of blood vessels which are -embedded in loose areolar connective tissue. The authors' studies further -show that sheath-like condensations of the connective tissue surrounding the pelvic organs, and designated as fascire, .(10 not exist. None of the microscopic sections show attachment of the pelvic .connectrve tissue to the pelvic walls which could be interpreted as a fixation; moreover, the pelvic connective tissue continues into the retroperitoneal connective tissue of the abdominal .cavity. There is no anatomical basis for ascribing support of the pelvic organs to connective tissue structures. 'The plexuses of blood vessels and the loose areolar connective tissue are inherently incapable of supporting the pelvic organs. The F<letal Risk in Breech


Audited financial statements can be viewed as the product of negotiations between a company's management and its auditor. Relative power of these two parties is a major factor that determines the outcome of the negotiation. This study examines the impact of auditor tenure, importance of a client to an audit partner, nonaudit purchases, and prior audit firm experience of client personnel on client perceptions about their ability to persuade the auditor in the context of an accounting disagreement. We obtained responses to a survey from 124 CPAs in industry who are employed as CEOs, CFOs, controllers, or treasurers. Our results indicate that respondents from companies with short auditor tenures were somewhat more likely to indicate that they could persuade the auditor to accept their (client's) position in case of a disagreement. This finding is consistent with the argument that auditors are susceptible to influence in the early years as they are still in the process of recouping start‐up costs, but is not ...


Instantaneous single-shot temperatures measured using the thermally assisted fluorescence (THAF) technique are reported for three C2H2/O2/Ar flames which range in temperature from 2200 K to 2465 K. The temperature precision of 100 single-shot THAF measurements ranges, in general, from 10 K to 60 K. Comparison with averaged THAF temperature measurements and reversal temperature values indicates the high accuracy and precision obtainable with single-shot THAF and its potential for use as a thermometric method for laboratory and turbulent flames.


Water stress affects crop performance by influencing nutrient availability and crop
functionality. There is a lack of information on utilization of deficit irrigation
strategies in manipulating the growth rates, yield and quality of low land tomato plant
in Malaysia. Present study was indicated to investigate the effects of different level of
water stress on plant growth, yield and postharvest qualities. Two greenhouse
experiments were conducted at Field 15, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra
Malaysia. Experiment 1 was conducted to describe the effect of limiting strategically
the water supply during plant development on plant growth, yield and postharvest
quality, with the aim of identifying the best deficit schedule for the plants under low
land tropical conditions. Three- week old MT1 tomato seedlings from the trays were
transplanted into polybags filled with mixture of coco peat and paddy husk (2:1 V/V).
After 40 days, the seedlings were treated with T1 control (daily watering to field
capacity), T2 (restoring water supply to field capacity every two days) and T3
(restoring water supply to field capacity every four days). At harvest, plant height,
leaves number, stem diameter, leaf area, dry shoot and root fresh and dry weight, fruit
weight and fruit number were measured. In addition, data were collected on the
following fruit quality parameters: firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH,
ascorbic acid and lycopene. The deficit irrigation applications increased soluble solids
concentration significantly at T3 in the first experiment and at T4 (fruiting growth
stage) in the second experiment. However, the rates of increment was not significantly
different in titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, lycopene content, pH and firmness. The
T2 (restoring water supply to field capacity every two days) promoted total fruit
weight. Water stress treatments decreased plant heights, leaves number, leaf area,
trusses number and both fresh and dry shoot and root weight. The leaf relative water
content was reduced by 22.2% in the most stressed plants T3 (four days deficit
irrigation) compared to the control. Whilst experiment 2 was conducted to identify the most critical phenological (plant growth stages) and fruit maturity stages to impose
deficit irrigation and their effects on growth, yield and postharvest quality of tomato.
Three weeks old seedlings were transplanted into polybags. Then, the seedlings were
exposed to four water stress treatments: T1 (control), T2 (deficit irrigation every four
days at the vegetative stage), T3 (deficit irrigation every four days at the flowering
stage) and T4 (deficit irrigation every four days at the fruiting stage). All growth,
yield and postharvest parameters were determined as in Experiment 1. The plants that
subjected to deficit irrigation levels produced similar plant height and number of
leaves to the control plants (full irrigation). However, fruit weight and number of fruit
increased significantly under T3 (flowering stage) but not significantly different from
those in control plants. In addition, water deficit irrigation at T4 (deficit imposed
during fruiting stage) significantly reduced fresh and dry weight of shoots and root
compared to the other treated and control plants. In conclusion, the optimum yield of
tomato could be obtained at T3 (deficit imposed at flowering stage). The vegetative
and flowering growth stages could be considered as the most tolerant to deficit
irrigation, and the fruiting growth stage could be considered the most critical stage.
Imposition water stress at flowering growth stage on tomato produced better plants
condition, while using the water stress during fruiting stage retards plant growth by
decreased plant growth and rate of yield. Fruits quality such as fruit firmness, pH of
fruit, SSC, TA, AA and lycopene were affected significantly by deficit irrigation
treatments. T4 (fruiting stage) fruits had the highest SSC in those harvested at the
turning maturity fruit stage; high SSC improves both paste yield per unit of fresh fruit
and overall processing efficiency. While the highest lycopene content was observed
with those treated during vegetative stage harvested at the red maturity fruit stage. On
the other hand, fruits harvested from T2 (vegetative stage) plants at turning maturity
fruit stage gave the highest firmness. Highest pH fruit was obtained with T3 plants at
red fruit maturity index. However, the results demonstrated that different deficit
irrigation regimes did not affect TA and AA contents of tomato fruits, indicating that
the results from of this study can enhance and maintaining post-harvest quality, also
deficit irrigation strategy can help in the development of water management system
for tomato production in the scenario of reduced water availability and enable the
tomato growers to produce tomato with optimum yield by allowing little water stress
without substantial yield reduction.


This paper reports on the development of the Children's Separtion Rating Scale(CSRS), its initial reliability and validity, and clinical/research utility with psychiatrically hospitalized children. The CSRS appears to be a reliable and valid instrument, and useful in distinguishing children's separation reaction from their general psychopathology. It may be also useful in aiding clinicians in differential diagnosis. This study points to the need for further understanding of children's psychiatric hospitalization in relation to their separation reaction and its possible untoward effects. Findings of this pilot study support the notion that inpatient treatment programs should address the developmental needs and abilities of the various age groups and the particular deficits reflected in their psychopathology.


Unusual very positive enrichment of C in carbonate sediments deposited in modern hypersaline environment, Lagoa Salgada, Brazil: Indicator of salinity controlled metabolic processes  Vasconcelos, C., Bovier, C., Bahniuk, A., Anderson, M.B. and McKenzie J.A. Geological Institute, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland LAMIR, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil  Institute for Geochemistry & Petrology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland


Given the large volume of contracts established in the area of information technology (IT) in Brazilian companies, the lack of skilled labor for their analysis and the consequent lack of clear processes for managing and monitoring the life cycle, this work has general objective to assess the degree of maturity of the management contract processes and their vulnerabilities arising. The methodology is characterized as a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative and qualitative approach. Participated in the survey, 46 organizations, from Rio Grande do Sul, selected among the 200 largest companies. For data collection were used electronic questionnaires, interviews with IT managers conducted by the researcher. There are cases of legal risk and economic, in the organizations surveyed due to the low level of maturity found in the life cycle management of contracts of IT and delegation errors in the researched companies.


The utility model relates to a composite thermal insulation board, which is characterized in that the composite thermal insulation board comprises a foam plastic thermal insulation layer and a plurality of dovetail grooves are arranged on the surface of one side of the foam plastic thermal insulation layer, and a stiffened light concrete surface layer which is embedded in the dovetail groove is cast on a thermal insulation layer on one surface of the dovetail groove. A reinforcing layer is arranged in the middle of the concrete surface layer and the matchboards which can be connected with the neighboring thermal insulation layer and the concrete surface layer are arranged with intersection at the margin of the circumferences of the thermal insulation layer and the concrete surface layer. At least two preformed holes are arranged in the middle of the concrete surface layer with being spaced out and an emargination is arranged at the top of the preformed hole. The utility model delivers the comprehensive performance which is greatly superior to that of the common external thermal insulation system, delivers assured construction quality, can be conveniently and quickly constructed and can be widely used in the external thermal insulation of various buildings.


Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer defined by the lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Patients with relapsed/refractory TNBC tend to over‐express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on their cancerous cells. One proposed mechanism for EGFR over‐expression is through an increased autophagic flux and decreased apoptosis. Our study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel combination therapy of an anti‐EGFR drug, osimertinib (Osim), with an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ) in TNBC.


This article classifies and analyzes the assimilation words expressed in masnavi "Gulshan ul-asror" of Haydar Khorezmi's, one of the mature representatives of our classical literature, who lived and worked in Khorezm in the late XIV and early XV centuries. It is natural that the interaction, neighborliness and trade relations of peoples of different languages have an impact on the development of their languages, first of all, on their vocabulary. As a results, there are cases of exchange and assimilation. In general, it is expedient to analyze foreign words in the lexicon of Turkic languages by dividing them into two groups:1) ancient (pre-Islamic) period which Sanskrit, Sogdian and Chinese elements are specific;2) relatively new (Islamic and post-Mongol) period. This group includes Arabic, Persian-Tajik and Mongolian dialects. In this study, we examine the pre-Islamic state of the lexemes of the assimilation layer mentioned in the Masnavi. The emergence of Sugd, Sanskrit and Chinese assimilation words in the vocabulary of Turkic languages is assessed as a product of the close ties of the Turkic peoples with the Sughd, Indian, Chinese and Khorezm peoples since ancient times.


The essay is in the background of the globalization era It probes into the transformation of the basic educational concept and the essential necessity of bettering the quality structure of the teachers in colleges and universities The essay considers it valuable for the teachers to develop open minded and creative thinking quality,global and modern personality and fine education theory quality conforming to the globalization trend They should try to form the ability centered quality structure by improving their abilities through their academic research, the abilities in educational scientific research,the abilities in bilingual utilization and modern education technology


An attempt is made to forecast future trends in the number of households formed by never-married people in the Netherlands up to 2010. Five alternative hypotheses of how such trends might develop are considered based on different assumptions concerning social development. (SUMMARY IN ENG)


At present, the leaf analysis is the method of greatest relevance in the definition and interpretation of nutritional status of plants. The correct interpretation of the nutritional status of the crop is only possible when it regionalizes reference values (standards). This study aimed to determine reference values for the interpretation of the results of leaf analysis of maize through the use of methods of interpretation: critical levels (CL), sufficiency range (SR) and balanced indexes of Kenworthy (BIK). Sampling of soil, leaves and productivity was conducted in 120 commercial crops of corn, in the crop year of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, in the region of Alto Paranaiba, MG. To generate the diagnostic indexes by the methods SR and BIK, the population was divided into two sub-populations: with the productivity above and below 11,795 kg ha-1. Levels and normal ranges proposed by the cited methods were very similar. The amplitude of optimum ranges were lower when compared to that one found in the literature. The diagnostic indexes regionalized by the methods CL, SR and BIK increased the reliability when diagnosing plots with the same characteristics of the standards approved in relation to universal reference values.


1997;32:156-62. Enchondroma is a benign tumor mainly developed in the hand and uncommon in the foot. Even if it is in the foot, most are in the phalanges and distal metatarsals of the foot. Enchondroma in the calcaneus is very rare. A 44-year-old male suffered from left heel pain for several months, authors treated it with curettage and bone graft, it was histologically confi rmed as an enchondroma in the calcaneus. The authors presented a rare case presentation of an enchondroma in the calcaneus with pain.


Manufacturing method of magnesium hydroxide particles of the present invention is (a) 1 of magnesium chloride with an alkaline solution: Step (b) Step (c) the mixture of the mixture is carried out the precipitation method of mixing in: (alkali solution of magnesium chloride), 2 molar ratio a hydrothermal reaction step of step (d) to filter and wash the mixture, and (e) a step of vacuum drying the mixture. Of the magnesium hydroxide particles are excellent in the different size and shape, and dispersible side and existing products and shows a high flame retardancy in manufacturing a coating liquid.


Objective To detect the expression of p14ARF and E2F-1 in human squamous cell carcinoma of lung and explore their role in the development of human squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)of lung and clinicopathological significance.Methods Thirteen cases of inflammation of the lung(the control group)and 56 cases SCC of lung were enrolled in this study.All specimens were affirmed by pathology.p14ARF protein and E2F-1 protein were detected by immunohistochemical examination of paraffin-embedded sections.Results ①The positive rate of p14ARF protein in SCC and the control group were 41.1% and 76.9%,respectively,the difference was significant(χ2=5.435,P=0.020).②The positive rate of E2F-1 in SCC was 55.4%,which was significantly higher than 7.7% in control group(χ2=9.639,P=0.002).Expression of E2F-1 in SCC was closely related to tumor stage,age and lymph node metastasis(P0.05).③There was an inverse correlation between p14ARF protein and E2F-1 protein(rs=-0.359,P0.05).Conclusion The down-regulation of p14ARF expression and up-regulation of E2F-1 expression may contribute to the carcinogenesis and development of SCC of lung and can be a biological marker for diagnosis and judging malignancy degree of SCC of lung.


High pressure,rich gas transmission pipeline requires the development of measuring method of Crack Tip Opening Angle(CTOA).Using quasi-static tear propagation and specimen of long crack propagation length,the crack propagation experiment of X80 pipeline steel was conducted.The whole progress of propagating crack was recorded by camera,the CTOA were directly tracked from the photo-graphs,the behavior of fracture mechanics of crack propagation was analyzed.The test results show that the thinner the ligament thickness is,the more easily the steady-state crack propagation process of thin ligament is obtained,and the CTOA of steady-state crack propagation process increases as the ligament thickness increases.CTOA of steady-state crack propagation process of 4 and 8 mm ligament thicknesses are 7.8° and 12.8°,respectively,and the ratio of crack propagation length and the ligament thickness are 5 ~ 25 and 2 ~ 10,respectively.


The method is developed for gadolinium-153 isolation from irradiated europium targets by displacement-complexation chromatography on KU-2 cation-exchange resin in the Cu form with introduction of separating ion (Cd) into the system. The influence of various chromatographic parameters on the efficiency of the Gd-Eu separation is investigated. An additional separation band of sorbed EDTA is demonstrated to form along with the cadmium band, providing complete Gd-Eu separation. The Gd-Eu separation is strongly affected by both holding and separating ions.


Volunteering can be beneficial to both the recipient and the volunteer. Given that I also have to make a living, I only have so much time to dedicate to volunteer activities, making prioritization necessary. While my particular motivations may not apply to you, volunteers should consciously consider for what they are volunteering and use some method to manage their set of volunteer opportunities.


Although the study of friction has a long history, ice friction has only been investigated during the last century. The basic physical concepts underlying the different friction regimes, such as boundary, mixed, and hydrodynamic friction are also relevant to ice friction. However, these friction regimes must be described with respect to the thickness of the lubricating liquidlike layer on ice. In this review the state of knowledge on the physics of ice friction is discussed. Surface melting theories are introduced. These theories attempt to explain the existence and nature of the liquidlike surface layer on ice at any temperature and without any load applied. Pressure melting, as the long-time explanation for the ease of ice friction, is discussed, together with the prevailing theory of frictional heating. The various laboratory setups for ice friction measurements are presented as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The individual influence of the different parameters on the coefficient of ice fr...


This study investigates the effects of yield stress (τ0) and shear banding on the fluidic behaviors of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium salicylate wormlike micellar solutions flowing through a microfluidic planar contraction (8:1) geometry. Test solutions with different surfactant concentrations (Cd = 75, 87.5, and 100 mM) at a fixed molar ratio of salt to surfactant (R = 0.32) were characterized by shear and extensional rheometry. While the lower concentrated test solution (Cd = 75 mM) with low τ0 (≈ 0.02 Pa) and no shear banding showed a Newtonian-like flow behavior for Mach number, Ma < 1, the flow with corner vortices was formed when Ma exceeds unity. For higher Cd (87.5 and 100 mM), new fluidic phenomena are documented: (i) even at a low volumetric flow rate (Q), the fluid velocity at upstream corners was slower than that of Newtonian-like flows and (ii) at higher Q, the secondary flow with a quasi-static condition was formed at Ma well lower than unity. Micro-particle image velocimetry showed the lower shear rates at upstream corners, which can be understood by the effects of contraction entry, shear thinning, and high yield stress. The quasi-static secondary flow region was not induced by generation of elastic shock waves; instead the shear banding was found to be the underlying mechanism for the separation of the region from the main flow. In addition, the length of secondary flow regions showed a close correlation with the Deborah number, which was calculated using the extensional relaxation time.


This paper investigates time-delay estimation for acoustic source localization in a distributed microphone array. The microphones are assumed to be part of a wireless sensor network, with a constraint on the number of bits that may be exchanged between the sensors. Consequently, at the fusion center, time-delay estimation needs to be performed using quantized signals. In this paper, the relation between the communication bit-rate and the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on the variance of the time-delay estimation error is explored. The minimum bit-rate required to ensure that the CRLB is attained is also derived.


Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is part of a spectrum of functional gastrointestinal disorders that include a component of disordered bowel motility.


This paper studies the generalized fuzzy approximation spaces determined by a triangular norm. The entropy of a fuzzy approximation space is introduced, which is similar to Shannon's entropy. To measure uncertainty in generalized fuzzy rough sets, a notion of fuzziness is introduced. Some basic properties of this measure are examined.


Purpose – The purpose of this chapter is to trace the history of the cultural myth that children, especially boys, experience an abrupt heterosexual awakening during pubescence, from its origin during the 1950s to the present, with particular attention to a decrease in the age posited for such an awakening, from fourteen or fifteen to eight or nine or even earlier, until finally children are presented as heterosexually desiring from birth.

Methodology – The methodology is a content analysis of a sample of mass media texts starring or featuring prepubescent or pubescent boys, including films, television programs, comic books, comic strips, and juvenile novels, appearing in the United States between 1950 and 2007.

Findings – The rapid decrease in the age is correlated with an increased visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adolescents, leading to the conclusion that it results from an attempt to privilege heterosexuality by making it appear a natural, inevitable outcome of biological maturation that is absent until puberty, whereas at the same time addressing homophobic insistence that no juvenile character be presented as gay by ensuring all characters, regardless of age, express heterosexual desire.

Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to a single causal factor, but it illustrates a complex cultural phenomenon, a shift in the way childhood is constructed, so there are doubtless other factors that should be explored. It is also necessary to explore why the change from presumed pubescent heterosexual awakening to presumed constitutional heterosexuality occurred at different rates depending on the race and social class of the character and the medium presented.


According to investigation and statistics,there are 157 cudbears belonging to 88 genera in 48 families in Niubeiliang National Natural Reserve.The predominant families are Pottiaceae,Thuidiaceae,Mniaceae and Brachytheciaceae;predominant genera are Mnium,Porella,Bryum,Entodo,Fissidens,Anoectangium,Anomodo,Brachythecium and Hypnum.Based on the analysis of geographic elements of species,the result showed that the temperate elements are dominant,accounting for about 51.59% of the total.The dominant group was indigent.The single and depauperate family of cudbears belongs to 38 species in genera and 29 genera in 28 families.Anomodon denlatus and Bellibarbula obtusicuspis were included in the red list of Chinese endangered bryophytes.


OBJECTIVE The pilot near real time surveillance system ASTER, which currently monitors the French Forces in Djibouti and French Guiana [1], has been especially designed for inter-allied interoperability. This paper briefly describes the rationale of this system's interoperability framework and components, and its results from a 4 years long experience. BACKGROUND Surveillance for health threats within allied deployed forces raises several operational constraints related to geographical spread of health-care data sources, nation-dependent information management and organization, data military classification, patient privacy, information accuracy and timeliness. These constraints advocate against a central data warehousing, and uphold a solution where data stay in-situ and where surveillance is done using real-time convenient queries against the data sources. METHODS The ASTER system adopts a lightweight interoperability approach using a logical model of epidemiological events [2] with the OpenEHR archetypes paradigm [3] and the CEN/TC251 prEN13606 standard. This approach is a "plug-and-play" semantic interoperability build upon a specific knowledge representation that avoids the rigidities of message-based standards, as HL7 or Edifact.


INTRODUCTION: Coincident ulnar compression at the cubital tunnel can affect patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, but poses a diagnostic challenge sensitivity of "gold standard" nerve conduction study results is limited to 60-70%. To date, this coincidence has not been reported, and a quantitative characterization of diagnostic methods may improve detection of coincident compression neuropathy.1-3


For the floodplain of the rivers Weser, Werra and Fulda, integrated ecological measures have been planned in order to identify areas of conflict and establish development potential by comparing the present situation with model developments. Supplementary schemes were also planned for representative pilot areas. The key goal was to investigate anthropogenic influences and ecological targets in order to achieve the high-priority goal of restoring quasi-natural conditions in the floodplain in a manner which is socially and politically acceptable. An interdisciplinary working group consisting of experts from administration, Laender and universities has been established to work out in detail a solution in accordance with the draft EC Framework Directive on Water.


In order to quickly and precisely help agricultural machinery hand know the digging depth of machinery conveniently, an ultrasonic distance measure method in field Based on NEC microcomputer was proposed. Both a nonrigid ground-contact copying mechanism and electronic control system were designed, ultrasonic sensor and NEC microcomputer were used, combined with the automatic code generated from appropriative NEC software development tool Applilet, target source files were established in the integrated environment platform of PM+, Finally the files were burned into single chip microcomputer to complete the control task by flash programmer. Agricultural machinery hand can know the real-time operation parameter by observing the LCD display, LED status indicator, or according to the buzzer alarm,monitoring and adjusting operating depth of machinery timely.The design provides a development platform for the research and development on intelligent equipment.


The papers in this special section on terahertz near-field microscopy (Thz-NFM). THz-NFM is a powerful technique, although still challenging to implement, that is invaluable for probing low-energy light–matter interactions in solid-state and biomolecular nanostructures. In contrast to conventional infrared techniques, owing to the low photon energies of a few millielectronvolts, a THz near-field microscope can directly probe the intraband dynamics of charge carriers and intermolecular vibrations. In particular, combined with the THz time-domain spectroscopy, THz-NFM can provide coherent broadband spectroscopic information on local ultrafast dynamics with nanoscale spatial resolution.


Infrared thermal image region of interest ( ROI) extraction has important significance for fault detection,target tracking and so on. In order to solve the problems of many infrared thermal image disturbances,artificial markers and low accuracy,a ROI of infrared thermal image extraction algorithm based on fusion of multi-modal feature map is proposed. Multi-modal feature maps are constructed by contrast,entropy,and gradient features,and region filling is performed to achieve ROI extraction. New algorithm is applied to actual collected photovoltaic solar panel image. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has high average precision ( 93. 0553% ) ,high average recall ( 90. 2841% ) , F1 index and J index are better than Grab Cut,less artificial marks,etc. . It can be effectively used for ROI extraction of infrared thermal images.


The 4-substituted 3-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazole 1 from the Malaria Box Project of the Medicines for Malaria Venture foundation shows very promising selectivity and in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Within the first series of new compounds, various 3-acylamino analogs were prepared. This paper now focuses on the investigation of the importance of the aromatic substituent in ring position 4. A number of new structure–activity relationships were elaborated, showing that antiplasmodial activity and selectivity strongly depend on the substitution pattern of the 4-phenyl moiety. In addition, physicochemical parameters relevant for drug development were calculated (logP and ligand efficiency) or determined experimentally (CYP3A4-inhibition and aqueous solubility). N-[4-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl]-3-methylbenzamide 51 showed high in vitro activity against the chloroquine-sensitive strain NF54 of P. falciparum (PfNF54 IC50 = 0.034 µM), resulting in a very promising selectivity index of 1526.


Introduction Objectives of the handbook Experimental methods involved Guide to the data tables List of symbols Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions Partial water vapor pressures or water activities for binary polymer solutions Partial solvent vapor pressures or solvent activities for ternary aqueous polymer solutions Classical mass-fraction Henry's constants of water vapor in molten polymers Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions Cloud-point and/or coexistence curves of quasibinary solutions Table of systems where binary LLE data were published only in graphical form as phase diagrams or related figures Cloud-point and/or coexistence curves of quasiternary solutions containing water and at least one polymer Table of systems where ternary LLE data were published only in graphical form as phase diagrams or related figures Cloud-point and/or coexistence curves of quasiquaternary solutions containing water and at least one polymer Table of systems where quaternary LLE data were published only in graphical form as phase diagrams or related figures Lower critical (LCST) and/or upper critical (UCST) solution temperatures of aqueous polymer solutions High-Pressure Phase Equilibrium (HPPE) Data of Aqueous Polymer Solutions Experimental data of quasibinary polymer solutions Table of systems where binary HPPE data were published only in graphical form as phase diagrams or related figures Experimental data of quasiternary or quasiquaternary solutions containing water and at least one polymer Table of systems where ternary or quaternary HPPE data were published only in graphical form as phase diagrams or related figures Enthalpy Changes for Aqueous Polymer Solutions Enthalpies of mixing or intermediary enthalpies of dilution, and partial enthalpies of mixing (at infinite dilution), or polymer (first) integral enthalpies of solution Partial molar enthalpies of mixing at infinite dilution of water and enthalpies of solution of water vapor in molten polymers from inverse gas-liquid chromatography (IGC) Table of systems where additional information on enthalpy effects in aqueous polymer solutions can be found PVT Data of Polymers and Aqueous Polymer Solutions PVT data of some polymers Excess volumes and/or densities of aqueous polymer solutions Table of systems where additional information on volume effects in aqueous polymer solutions can be found Second Virial Coefficients (A2) of Aqueous Polymer Solutions Experimental A2 data Appendices List of polymers in alphabetical order List of systems and properties in order of the polymers List of solvents in alphabetical order List of solvents in order of their molecular formulas


Objective-To evaluate whetherrecombinant human interferon-f-la significantly affects disease activity as measuredby a reduction inthenumberandvolumeofGd enhancing lesions on monthlyMRI. The studyalsoevaluated theeffect on sixmonthlyT2 weightedabnormality and relapse frequency. Methods-After a baseline scan anda six month pretreatmentperiod, 68patients were randomlyassigned toreceive either 3 MIU or9MIU ofinterferon-fl-la bysubcutaneousinjection threetimesa weekforsix months.Allpatients were examinedbyGd enhancedMRI every monthinbothpretreatmentand treatmentperiods. The evaluation ofGd enhancing lesions was performed blindattheendofthestudy. Results-The mean numberofGd enhancinglesions was higherduringthepretreatment periodthanduringtreatment.This difference was statistically significant for thetwodifferent dosesubgroups (3.5 v 1S8, P < 0.001 forthe3MIU group and2-4v 0'9, P < 0-001forthe9 MIU group, corre


For many years, genetic expression profiling has helped physicians predict which patients are at the highest risk of having their melanoma metastasize. Now, this same approach could aid in treating squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.


Abstract: This study draws attention on proper planning and construction practices for multi-storied buildings on sloping ground. However, in usual design practice the designers generally ignorethe behavior of the building due to the effect of sloping ground. The evaluation of a G+4 storey RCC structure on varying sloping angles (00 , 150 , 200 , 250 , 300 and 400 ) were studied and also compared with the flat surface. The evaluations of the structure were carried by the software STAAD Pro v8i to study the effect of slopes on building performance. The evaluation was done to figure out the effect of sloping ground on the forces applied on the structure. Soil interaction must be suitably believed from design point of view. The Research work triesto find the truth about the earthquake-related behavior of multi storey structures on sloping angles thinking about soil-structure interaction. The horizontal reactions, bending moment in footings and axial force, bending moment in columns were critically studied to put the effectsof different sloping ground. It has been followed that the footing columns of lower height attract more forces, because ofa big increase in their stiffness, which in turn increases the horizontal forces and bending moment. So, the section of these columns should be designed for changed forces due to the effect of sloping ground. It draws attention to the need for proper analysis and designing of the structure resting on sloping surface. Overall movement of the structure with respect to different sloping ground setups is also carefully studied.


Introducing the direct current motive adjust soon priciple, the direct current cuts a machine to adjust to press the principle. The KGT can control the silicon electric circuit briet introduction and the work principles.KGT used in electric locomotive,that starts steadily speed regulation equation saves electric energy,extends storage battery life.


In Yogyakarta Special Region, the West Progo Dome comprises the Nanggulan Formation and Old-Andesite Formation as the oldest formations. The Nanggulan Formation is composed of sedimentary rock with a density of 2.5 g/cm 3 , while the Old-Andesite Formation is composed of volcanic rock with a density of 2.7 g/cm 3 . Dome morphology is formed by vertical endogenous energy that radiates SE-NW, NE-SW, and E-W. This study aims to describe the correlation between the hill lineaments and gravity anomaly lineaments in the Nanggulan Formation and Old-Andesian Formation. Identification of the hill lineament uses Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), while the gravity anomaly lineament uses gravity anomaly map. The standard used in the gravity survey concerning the American Society for Testing and Materials Standard (ASTM). The measurement system utilizes a looping distance of 200-350 meters. The lineaments of the hill and gravity anomaly show the same direction SE-NW. Both lineaments are calculated by fractal dimension (D) utilize the box-counting method. The result of overlaying the two lineaments' fractal dimension produces the same value and the different value. The same fractal dimension value (D=0.81-1.20) indicates whether the hill lineament and gravity anomaly lineament are correlated, while the different fractal dimension values indicate that the two lineaments are not correlated. The fractal dimension value is different due to small intrusions and faults.


In the years since unification, citizenship politics in Germany has been driven by a clash of two variants of civic republicanism. Whereas liberal egalitarian republicans view citizenship as a means of facilitating immigrants' integration, statist communitarians argue that citizenship should only be awarded as a result of their successful integration. These divergent ideological positions have mapped onto existing party cleavages, with expansive liberal egalitarian positions on jus soli, dual citizenship, and integration being embraced by the Greens and the SPD and opposed by conservatives in the CDU/CSU. CDU moderates and the FDP have struggled to reconcile their affinity for liberal egalitarian principles with the demands of party and coalition solidarity. This politicization of intra-republican differences has led to strained solutions that awkwardly capture both sides' positions, most notably the 1999 citizenship law's peculiar combination of an extremely liberal jus soli provision and principled rejection of dual citizenship. Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Toronto, June 1-3, 2006. Draft version. Please do not cite or quote without the authors' permission. In the early morning of January 1, 2000 baby Seyma Kurt was born in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin. The press throughout Germany deemed her birth a "symbol of a historical change," as Seyma, whose parents were both Turkish nationals, became the first child granted German citizenship under the principle of jus soli – the law of territory. Prior to this, children of migrants born in Germany maintained their parents' nationality and thus were officially classified as foreigners, according to the 1913 Reichs-und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz. The 1913 citizenship law's elevation of the principle of descent (jus sanguinis) was meant to maintain bonds of citizenship with Germans who had emigrated abroad, while ensuring that foreign migrants and their children remained outside the German body politic, despite long-term residence and, in the case of the second and third-generations, birth and socialization in Germany. The introduction of jus soli in German citizenship law checked the perpetuation of "domestic foreigners" and promises to create many more German citizens of immigrant descent. However, the law also demands that Seyma choose between her German and Turkish nationality upon reaching the age of majority. As commentators have noted, this component of the law is extremely awkward and potentially unconstitutional. Our paper seeks to make sense of this peculiar outcome. We argue that the 1990s featured an important shift in thinking on citizenship among German political actors. The "elite consensus" on ethnoculturalism noted by Rogers Brubaker and others gave way to a general agreement on the need to facilitate the integration of former guest workers and their families. This new stress on integration necessitated the introduction on new principles in German nationality law – principles that stood in stark contrast to ethnoculturalism and were reflective of a distinctly civic republican character. Yet, German political elites did not simply shift from one monolithic view of nationhood to another. Rather, since unification, citizenship politics in Germany has been defined by the clash of two distinct inflections of civic republicanism. On the one hand, liberal egalitarians have advocated a distinctly procedural understanding of democratic legitimacy. In their understanding, the state is responsible for facilitating the integration of immigrants by enacting policies that make the process less onerous and more rapid. Thus, liberal egalitarians view policies such as as-of-right naturalization, jus soli, and dual citizenship as essential means of integrating immigrants and their children and according them equal rights and standing. Measures for facilitating integration, such as language courses, are deemed a public good, to be paid for and provided by the state for immigrants who voluntarily partake of them. Conversely, conservatives base their position on a more statist communitarian understanding of the relationship between individuals and the political community. Conservatives' objections to jus soli and dual citizenship do not reflect an adherence to the principle of descent, but rather to the idea that the renunciation of applicant's previous nationality demonstrates his or her willingness to enter wholeheartedly into his or her newly adopted political community. For conservatives, dual loyalties make a "common life" between new and old citizens difficult, if not impossible to nurture. Conservatives also maintain that individuals should prove that they have successfully integrated before naturalization "crowns" the integration process. The onus is therefore placed squarely on the individual. As the representative of the public good, the state's role is limited to judging whether integration has indeed been achieved. The idea of facilitating integration through the conferral of citizenship is anathema to this point of view. These divergent ideological positions have mapped onto existing party political cleavages. Liberal egalitarian positions on jus soli, dual citizenship, and integration have been embraced by the Greens and the SPD. Conversely, conservatives in the CDU/CSU have tended


This study aims to investigate the Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA) of Korean college students in a four week TOEIC Intensive program and analyze FLA through comparing TOEIC and TOEIC speaking class. The program consists of five TOEIC classes and a TOEIC speaking class. The six FLA variables of 123 participants were measured and changes in TOEIC pre and post-test scores were documented. The correlation of FLA items and achievement of TOEIC and TOEIC speaking scores were analyzed respectively using SPSS 18.0 to detect how FLA influences language performance and achievement differently according to learners' language levels and functions. This study also included the instructors' semi-structured interviews with students. The results reveal how FLCAS is correlated between FLA items and influence learners' performance. The implication of the study is further discussed with regard to teachers' consideration of learners' FLA when learning a language. It will eventually give language teachers a perspective on how they can possibly create a learning environment which can alleviate language learners' FLA. (Won Kwang University)


In order to obtain multi-wavelength short pulse source with high-repetition frequency,supercontinuum (SC) spectrum generation in dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) was experimentally investigated.In use of actively mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser as pump,supercontinuum with 40 nm width was obtained.And the experiment also demonstrated that the stability and power of the pump pulse are important factors for supercontinuum generation.


IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, a new figure emerged among European princes recognized as connoisseurs and devoted collectors of fine arms, armor, and militaria. He was Dauphin Louis, born on September 27, 1601, to Henry IV of France and Navarre. According to contemporary records, the dauphin displayed an interest in firearms even as a small boy and, following his third birthday, received as gifts his first arquebus and a bandolier with cartridge boxes. At the age of ten, having already been proclaimed Louis XIII of France (1610), he possessed no fewer than seven guns, mechanical marvels that gave him great pleasure when hunting and target


The In 2 O 3 thin films were prepared on glass substrates by sol -gel technique and dip-coating of an aqueous In(OH) 3 gel prepared from InCl 3 ·4H 2 O and PVA,followed by drying at 110℃and calcinating at 400℃.The relatio nships between the thickness of In2O 3 thin films and In 2 O 3 con -tent,viscosity of the dipping solut ion and raising rate were investigated.It is found that there are well logarithmic -linear relationships between film' s thickness and viscosity of the dipping solution,raising rate.The thickness(t)of In 2 O 3 thin films and the raising rates(v)of substrates from dipping solution s are correlated with an expression of t≈v 0.62 .The results obtained from XRD and IR show that PVA is completely removed after calcinati on at 400℃.SEM photographs show the morphologies of the thin films are flat and bright,so that it is possible to prepare practical In 2 O 3 gas sensor by using this film.


Within both cultural and academic understandings, conceptions of what pain is and the ways it is experienced are complicated by moral and medical pathologisation. Pain is often defined in a tautological fashion, as physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury. Both the experience of pain and responses to that experience are shaped by context and are subject to forces of ideology. On the edges of religious experience there have always been those who explored pain and suffering as a ritual means or end. This paper examines how some people have negotiated the moral context and medicalisation of pain-filled experience, and why: from the physical alchemy of hatha yoga to body modification, BDSM and other complex behaviours often labelled as 'self-harming'. Using personal accounts of encounters with pain as a guide, we will discuss how physical pain and stress are transformed by context and culture, to either enable or deny personal agency and mind–body integration.


Covid-19 has significantly impacted health service provision, resulting in thousands of deaths world-wide. The Irish Covid-19 experience began on the 29 February, with confirmation of the first case in Ireland. As of 11 June, there are 25 231 confirmed cases of Covid-19 and 1695 Covid-19-related deaths in the Republic of Ireland. Of the confirmed cases, only 1.27% have been identified in the paediatric population (<14 years). It appears that the paediatric population are less affected by severe infection with Covid-19 than their adult counterparts. Deaths reported in children remain extremely rare. However, there is suggestion globally of increased morbidity from delayed diagnosis and treatment secondary to delayed health-care presentation of non-Covid illness. We aim to highlight the early impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on non-Covid-related childhood illnesses. We outline three paediatric cases which presented to University Hospital Limerick, a level 2 regional centre, catering for approximately 100 000 children in the mid-west of Ireland, during this pandemic. A literature review was performed. The medical notes, blood work, radiological reports and images of each patient were reviewed. Written consent was obtained. All three cases were significantly unwell on presentation to hospital, with complex pathologies requiring multi-disciplinary management. Each of these cases had symptoms for a minimum of 7 days prior to presentation to the emergency department (ED), with varying levels of general practitioner (GP) contact. The parents of all three children felt that the timing of their presentation to the ED had been delayed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Case 1


determination of carbohydrates in hydrolysates derived from lignocellulosic biomass is a crucial step in biofuel production. However, development of robust analytical methods remains a challenge. Current methods suffer from several drawbacks, such as low throughput, poor analyte resolution, and lack of applicability to a wider set of biomass samples 6 . High performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) can be used to determine sugars from biomass hydrolysate samples. HPAE-PAD has been shown to deliver fast determinations of carbohydrates in biomass hydrolysate samples using the Thermo Scientific ™ Dionex ™ CarboPac ™ SA10-4µm column. 7 Determination of carbohydrates in acid-hydrolyzed corn stover samples at 10-fold dilution was shown in Thermo Scientific Application Note 1089 (AN1089). 8 The method uses electrolytically generated hydroxide eluent and a 62 mil gasket in the electrochemical flow cell to resolve and detect the eight , To develop a fast ion chromatography (IC) method for the determination of sugars in biofuel samples using a Thermo Scientific ™ Dionex ™ CarboPac ™ SA10-4µm column with electrolytically generated eluent and a high pressure IC system with electrochemical detection.


Conduct disorder (CD) is the most diagnosed psychopathological disorder in juvenile detainees. The presence of a CD diagnosis, especially when associated with psychopathic traits, contributes to a poor prognosis, high recidivism rates, and low responsivity to treatment in these youth. Although group intervention programs have proven to be effective in decreasing antisocial behavior, studies testing their efficacy in reducing psychopathic traits are scarce and limited. Moreover, there is a lack of research focused on the efficacy of individual treatment approaches specifically designed to reduce psychopathic traits and disruptive behavior in juvenile detainees. Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) shows promising results in the treatment of several psychopathological disorders. Besides, there is some theoretical support to consider CFT a suitable approach to treating juvenile detainees. However, there are no treatment programs based on CFT that are designed to target psychopathic traits and disruptive behavior in these youth. Consequently, treatment outcome research in this area is absent. This clinical case study presents the treatment of a juvenile detainee with CD, a high psychopathic profile, and a very high risk for criminal recidivism using the PSYCHOPATHY.COMP program (a 20-session individual CFT program), which was specially designed to reduce psychopathic traits and disruptive behavior. The treatment outcome data revealed a significant reduction in psychopathic traits and disruptive behavior. The treatment gains were maintained and/or increased over time (3 months after program completion). This clinical case study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of the PSYCHOPATHY.COMP program in reducing psychopathic traits and disruptive behavior in a juvenile detainee.


Tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) is a multi-functional cytokine with broad biological activities.The coding gene of TNF-α has polymorphisms which can affect expression of TNF-α at transcriptional level,and is associated with individual susceptibility,development and prognosis of many diseases.Many researches suggested that patients with preterm labour have high level of TNF-α in their amniotic fluid,blood and tissues.This paper reviewed the correlation between TNF-α polymorphism and preterm labor.


OBJECTIVE To maximatily diminish the corrosion of medical apparatus and instrument,and elevate the reuse rate of them to decrease the incidence of hospital infection. METHODS The effect of two methods was compared,one group of medical apparatus and instrument were used the "four steps corrosion elimination method" to eliminate the corrosion of them(test group) and another group of medical apparatus and instrument were used the traditional method(control group).The effect of corrosion elimination of the two groups was observed respectively. RESULTS The test group′s effect of corrosion elimination was significantly higher than the control group(P0.2). CONCLUSION The "four steps corrosion elimination method" of our hospital disinfection and provision center has great significance on prevent hospital infection,increasing in life span of medical apparatus and instrument,saving the manpower and technique price etc several aspects.


PURPOSE: An anode active material composition, an anode manufactured thereby, and a lithium secondary battery including thereof are provided to reduce the resistance of the composition at the low temperature by including a metal oxide with a reformed surface. CONSTITUTION: An anode active material composition for a lithium secondary battery contains an anode active material and a metal oxide with a reformed surface. The metal oxide is attached with MRx on the surface. M refers to Si, Ti, Zr or Mg. R refers to an alkyl group of C1~C3. An anode for the lithium secondary battery comprises a current collector and an anode active material layer formed with the anode active material composition while being included in the current collector.


Sangonghe of Mobei oilfield is the the main purpose of the interval.Though the data from cast thin section,reservoir properties,and logging data analysed reservoir characteristics.The results show that sandstone reservoir are mainly ranging from lithic sandstone and fine grain-medium-grained lithic sandstone, the cuttings is given priority to with tuff.Research zone sandstone- in the overall property belongs to low porosity, low- low permeability reservoir.Reservoir throat are the typical features of big throat development, and different penetration levels of throat radius size and distribution of big differences.And the inner layers of the macroscopic heterogeneity, interlayer heterogeneity and plane heterogeneity study found these aspects,there are three main categories in mezzanine of Sangonghe delta reservoir: intercalation,argillaceous interlayer,dense intercalation.The research areas develop much sandwich,and heterogeneity is serious.Plane distribution of physical properties also reflects the long strip of underwater distributary channel deposit,and underwater distributary channel property to be significantly better than simply phase in the channel between the edge and the deposition,overall reservoir physical parameters of plane heterogeneity is stronger.


The mechanisms driving the thermo-electrochemical response of commercial lithium-ion cells under extreme overdischarge conditions (< 0.0 V) are investigated in the context of copper dissolution from the anodic current collector. A constant current discharge with no lower cutoff voltage was used to emulate the effects of forced overdischarge, as commonly experienced by serially connected cells in an unbalanced module. Cells were overdischarged to 200% DOD (depth of discharge) at C/10 and 1C rates to develop an understanding of the overdischarge extremes. Copper dissolution began when a cell reached its minimum voltage level (between −1.3 V and −1.5 V), where the anode potential reached a maximum value of ~4.8 V vs. Li/Li+. Deposition of copper on the cathode, anode, and separator surfaces was observed in all overdischarged cells, verified with EDS/SEM results, which further suggests the formation of internal shorts, although the cell failures proved to be relatively benign. The maximum cell surface temperature during overdischarge was found to be highly rate-dependent, with the 1C-rate cell experiencing temperatures as high as 79°C. Concentration polarization and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer breakdown prior to the initiation of copper dissolution are proposed to be the main sources of heat generation during overdischarge.


Rural-urban migration mainly contributes to urban growth in the developing countries and accounts for about two-thirds of the urban growth in Bangladesh since independence. In the twentieth century, the urban population in Bangladesh increased about forty-fold in contrast with four-fold for rural population. Owing to limited opportunities in the rural areas, a large number of people continue to move towards towns/cities for their livelihood. The objective of the paper is to identify the determinants of rural-urban migration and its consequences for origin and destination to formulate appropriate strategies to reduce the adverse impacts of undue inflow of migration. The study has adopted household level survey at origin and individual level interview at destination to collect the desired data and information on 480 migrant and 210 non-migrant households from 30 clusters of Bangladesh financed by social science research council (SSRC) of planning commission, Bangladesh. The rural-urban migration rate from different mauzas/villages is estimated at 10.31%. The multiple binary logistic regression analysis has identified that maximum educational level of the household, occupation of the household head, landholding, number of adult male members and dependency ratio are the significant determinants of rural-urban migration. The likelihood of rural-urban migration is documented higher for the households whose members attained at least primary level of education; whose heads' occupations were service, non-agricultural labor and unemployment; and who stay at the both ends of the landholding ladder. Regarding the consequences at the place of origin, the study has explored that rural-urban migration puts a significant and positive impact on the migrant households as a livelihood strategy. Apart from the rapid urbanization, the rural-urban migration reduces urban amenities impinging overwhelming population pressure. A vast majority of the migrants agreed with the decreasing trend of urban amenities as an adverse affect of migration, and the major problematic areas of urban amenities are identified as electricity, housing, transportation and gas. To optimize the rural-urban migration and its outcome, the study suggests some policy implications that include increasing the education facilities in the rural areas, taking proper steps to encourage the natural calamities refugee migrants for rural-rural migration instead of rural-urban migration; decentralizing the administration, industrialization, and commercialization to minimize the untoward rural-urban migration flow. Keywords: Rural-urban, migration, livelihood, regression analysis Cite this Article Md. Zakir Hossain, Md. Ohidul Alam Khan, Jasim Uddin Ahmed. Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in Bangladesh including its Consequences for Origin Households and Urban Amenities. Research & Reviews: Journal of Statistics . 2016; 5(2): 47–61p.


Registered Nurses (RNs) make up the largest group of healthcare workers that use electronic health records in the United States, yet many nursing schools do not have electronic health record training in their curricula.  An academic electronic health record (AEHR) used within the nursing curriculum will prepare new nurses to use electronic documentation in a way that will provide safe, quality care, and enable necessary financial reimbursement. To determine the benefits and barriers to implementing an AEHR in prelicensure nursing curricula, a review of the current literature was undertaken in widely recognized databases. The findings were organized using Sittig and Singh's 8-Dimensional Model of Sociotechnical Change as a framework. Recommendations guided by the literature review include how to use an AEHR in prelicensure nursing courses found in one university's curriculum.  By systematically addressing and mitigating barriers to implementing an AEHR, faculty in Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs will be empowered to make this change to curricula. Innovative use of the AEHR throughout the curriculum can be facilitated by understanding where best to insert this content.


We report on new measurements of the stellar velocity dispersion of 4 BL Lac objects for which optical spectroscopy was gathered at the ESO 3.6m using EFOSC2. Assuming the M(BH)--(sigma) relation is valid also for ellipticals hosting active nuclei we estimate the central BH mass of these BL Lacs.


Today there is a general consensus among maritime stakeholders that human error is the most dominant contributing factor in causing accidents. It is also widely accepted that human error is a general term which covers a variety of unsafe acts, omissions, behaviors and unsafe conditions or a combination of these. A quick review of P&I clubs reports and bulletins shows that this general term accounts for more than half of the claims and accidents. The term human error indicates that the individual should have acted in a different manner. Experts in maritime field agree on three basic points:


A natural outbreak of Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Egypt during the summer of 2006 had been observed. In Beni Suef province, out of 70 cattle naturally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus, three fattening calves suffered from subcutaneous emphysema died and were subjected to post-mortem examination. The findings revealed severe subcutaneous emphysema, interstitial and pulmonary emphysema. The serous membranes were thick, opaque and emphysematous. Microscopically, interstitial and pulmonary emphysema was prominent in most lobes of the examined lungs accompanied with pulmonary oedema and focal leucocytic aggregations in some areas. Angiopathy was demonstrated in all cases. The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes showed congestion and hemorrhages. Immunohistochemically, specific reaction for Bovine Ephemeral Fever virus was demonstrated in the lung and lymph nodes of the three cases; the pathogenesis of the disease was discussed.


The Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, exhibit an extensive framework of shear zones in spatial proximity with syn-tectonic magmatism that makes it a perfect place to understand their relationship. In the eastern portion of this province an important dextral shear zone, that divides into two terranes, was originated during an escape tectonics after an oblique collision after a tectonic transport to NW. The recrystallization of quartz and feldspar shows a remarkable increase towards the shear zone, interpreted as a temperature increase during deformation. Thermodynamic modelling coupled with field relationship shows that high strain migmatitic textures such as stromatic structure was formed at ~650 °C and ~0.9 GPa prior to the shear development. Whereas low strain migmatites with schollen texture was formed at ~750 °C and ~0.7 GPa. We propose that the presence of melt during an oblique collision facilitated the emplacement of shear structures due to a thermal anomaly during the emplacement of syn-tectonic plutons.


In order to switch its direction, a macroscopic magnetic moment of a superparamagnetic system has to overcome an energy barrier which is due to magnetic anisotropies in the material. The switching rate is usually described by a Neel-Brown-Arrhenius law, in which the energy barrier is a constant for a given temperature. However, magnetic anisotropies are in general depending on temperature. We take this temperature dependence into account and derive a generalized Neel-Brown theory for the switching rate. Importantly enough, this generalization has a tremendous effect on the physical interpretation of switching processes obtained in experiments on the basis of the conventional Arrhenius law. In particular, the assumption of a temperature-independent anisotropy may result in an overestimation of the attempt frequency by several orders of magnitude.


In the present experiment, several species of Syringa were employed as the experimental materials to carry on the study of the determining of fresh pollen, the effect of different conditions on the pollen vitality and the difference of storage capacity among the species. The results indicated that the vitality of the S. villosa was the highest in Syringa, it could reach to 81.5%. The storage capacity of. S.microphylla was the best, it could be stored over 60 days under the low temperature. The most proper temperature for storage was 0-2℃,the life of pollen could be prolonged to over 15 days under this condition. The vitality of all kinds of Syringa pollen was dropping drop obviously, and nearly 0% after 5 days under the room temperature.


The invention relates to a fracturing fluid system, in particular to an environment-friendly and bio-available green fracturing fluid system, which contains the following components in parts by weight: 0.30-0.55% of vegetable gum polymer, 10-20ppm of biofungicide, a cross-linking agent (1-1.5% of borax water solution, and cross-linking ratio: 100:5 to 100:10), a pH value adjusting agent, 0.018-0.025% of biological discharge aiding agent, 5-30ppm of enzyme breaker, 1-3% of clay stabilizer, 0.25-0.3% of fracturing optimizer, and the balance of water. The fracturing fluid system furthest uses non-toxic and innoxious natural products to replace toxic and noxious chemical additive, thus achieving environment friendliness; and working fluid which is injected into the formation and returned to the ground is biodegradable and bio-repairable, and flowback liquid can be recycled, thus saving energy and reducing emission. The fracturing fluid system is a more ideal fracturing fluid system.


A kind of radial labyrinth for scroll compressor's radial sealing is presented.By using geometric and thermodynamic method,the velocity of gas in radial sealing with smooth clearance of circumferential involute scroll compressor is determined as speed of sound,thermodynamic vary of gas in radial sealing with smooth clearance is analyzed,on the basis of the thermodynamic and boundary particularities,the algorithm to calculate the leakage through radial sealing with smooth clearance is developed,according to the law of the conservation of energy and mass,discriminant for judging whether the velocity of gas in radial labyrinth comes up to speed of sound is deduced,and the algorithm to calculate the leakage through radial labyrinth is also deduced.The leakage under the different pressure differences of the two adjoining pressure chambers are obtained by calculation and experiment.The results show that the algorithms for the leakages of the two kinds of structures are correct,with the increase of the pressure differences of the two adjoining pressure chambers,the leakages of the two kinds of structures become large,and the straightforward leak effect of radial labyrinth become clear,the ratio of the experimental leakage of the radial labyrinth accounts for that of the radial sealing with smooth clearance is practically constant at about 79%,it shows that the radial labyrinth has better sealing performance compared with the radial sealing with smooth clearance.


Two poetic sections are identified and investigated in Daniel 2. Attention is paid to the function of these poems within the narrative in Daniel 2 and its particular structure. The conclusion is drawn that poetic speech is used here as a focusing technique to point out the main themes of the narrative.


Prior studies have addressed many negative aspects of mobile distractions in group activities. In this paper, we present Lock n' LoL. This is an application designed to help users focus on their group activities by allowing group members to limit their smartphone usage together. In particular, it provides synchronous social awareness of each other's limiting behavior. This synchronous social awareness can arouse feelings of connectedness among group members and can mitigate social vulnerability due to smartphone distraction (e.g., social exclusion) that often results in poor social experiences. After following an iterative prototyping process, we conducted a large-scale user study (n = 976) via real field deployment. The study results revealed how the participants used Lock n' LoL in their diverse contexts and how Lock n' LoL helped them to mitigate smartphone distractions.


Experiments have been completed on dependence of the wire pull strength on aging duration in TCB(Temperature Cycle B), HTS(High Temperature Storage), uHAST(unbiased Highly Accelerated Stress Test), THS(Temperature Humidity Soaking), and PCT(Pressure Cooker Test) for non-molded bare Cu and Pd coated Cu wire bonded devices. The data can be summarized as follows: 1. Bare Cu is less robust to temperature cycling than Pd coated wire. 2. There was no significant difference between the two types of wires when exposed to either THS or HTS as no interfacial degradation was found for aging up to 1000 hours in either stress condition. 3. In both uHAST and PCT degradation of the interface was observed. In both stress tests more ball lifts were observed for bare Cu than for Pd coated Cu. However the time for onset of ball lift failures was the same for both wires. Finally the wire strength degradation was more severe for the Pd coated Cu than for the bare Cu. We interpret these results to be related to electrochemical degradation of the IMCs and of the wire itself.


In this work represented description of control and training program which serves as additional instrument of teacher of definite discipline conducted in English language (also in the frames of polylingual education). This program having wide range of opportunities may help to organize learning/teaching process on definite discipline. It looks like template which filled with information and tasks may become electronic textbook. Testing of this control and teaching program was held using as basis tutorial "English language for postgraduate students of law specialities" (B. A. Zhetpisbayeva, E. A. Uteubayeva) in Karaganda State University named after academician E. A. Buketov in 2011–2012 year. The results of using this program show the improvement of quality of knowledge on discipline, four speech skills and also increased the percentage of involvement of postgraduate students into the process of mastering English language by virtue of widening opportunities of getting knowledge.


The objective of this paper is to study the problem of orbital maneuvers for an artificial satellite moving in a Keplerian Force Field. Analytical equations are derived to solve this problem. Several cases are studied to validate the algorithm developed. The results show that the theory developed here are suitable for real simulations and mission analysis.


Purpose of the study: The purpose of the article is to solve one of the urgent problems of education: the methodology of the formation of universal competences, which in universities of culture and art is solved due to such a discipline as world art culture. In Russian Federal Educational Standards of the new generation, special attention is paid to the new block of professional qualities of university graduates – universal competences. One of the universal competences is readiness for intercultural communication, which manifests itself in the ability to analyze and consider the diversity of culture in the process of intercultural interaction. Methodology: To achieve the set goal, the authors based their work on the methodology synthesizing the experience of the Berlin School of Comparative Musicology (E. Hornbostel, K. Sachs), the traditions of world ethnomusicology (A. Lomax, A. Merriam, J. Blaking, M. Hood), culturological approach to education (V. Kanke), as well as a multicultural methodological approach. These pedagogical technologies ensure the efficiency of forming the universal competence of university graduates. Main Findings: The main conclusions of the study are as follows. The modern world is not conceivable outside the multicultural paradigm of development. Therefore, close attention is paid to the formation of the universal competence of intercultural communication. This quality of human personality is necessary for solving many world conflicts and problems. Experts in the field of culture and art are able to solve this problem due to their professional competence. Applications of this study: The research results can be useful in the field of scientific and methodological development of university disciplines, development of state policy in the field of education and culture, as well as scientific research on international relations in the field of culture, education, and art. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty of the research consists in the idea that expanding one's understanding of the most important categories of worldview by overcoming Eurocentric restrictions to form universal competencies requires acquisition of the spiritual continuum and artistic conventions of other cultures, which is impossible without conscious effort, need for artistic and aesthetic self-improvement and desire to master practical activities in various fields of art. Any manifestation of culture is a reflection of the type of thinking. Therefore, the introduction to the multicultural traditions leads to the development of different types of thinking and identification of common and particular features, resulting in the development of universal thinking and cognitive techniques in the field of humanitarian knowledge.


A deep understanding of the rainfall-runoff mechanism is essential to estimate the runoff generated in a given basin. In this regard, this paper aims to develop a continuous hydrological model of the Bouregreg watershed. The objective of this modelling is to evaluate the inflow to the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (SMBA) dam, located at the outlet of this basin. To this end, using the HEC-HMS model, the Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) Loss Method was used to model infiltration losses. The SCS Unit hydrograph (SCS UH) and the Recession method were chosen as transform model and baseflow model, respectively. As a result, the comparison shows an acceptable agreement between observed and simulated flow in terms of streamflow distribution and peak values (NSE=0.57, R2=0.58). During validation, the model retained its ability to sufficiently reproduce the rainfall-runoff mechanism of the studied basin with a slight overestimation of peaks (NSE=0.61, R2=0.60). This study allows to assess and predict the inter-annual and intra-annual variation of the SMBA dam reservoir' inflows, and therefore to forecast the climate change impact on this basin.


A diversity receiving phase compensation means for carrying out fast, so that it is adapted to the actual signal phase rapidly changing radio environment, a small power difference between the received signal if the two phases are combined using the same method would, if the two received signals large power difference between, on the use of level comparison diversity method. Thus, this diversity reception apparatus has absorbed the advantages of both methods. Further, since the phase shifter located in a low-noise amplifier, so that if there is loss of phase shifters, but it will not cause much influence on the overall noise of the receiver.


The purpose of this thesis is to present peer relations in children's residential homes or a small group homes. In the theoretical part, I name the factors that influence the child's/adolescent's development and the reasons that lead to his accommodation at children's residential. I describe the life at the small group homes where I pay a special attention to peer relations and their influences on an adolescent. In the empirical part, I present the results of a qualitative research where I conducted some interviews with the adolescents that live in small group homes. I wondered how they perceived friendship and peer relations in the group. The results show that the adolescents in the group get along differently well, are mostly satisfied with the relations, and some of them also have a best friend in the group. So, the friendships among them also work as a safety factor as they give them a feel of belonging, support at the arrival to the group, mutual trust, and help. On the other hand, bullying such as insulting and mockery can also be detected in a groups but usually as a case of minor conflicts due to "bugging", use of common things, personality differences, borrowing property without permission etc. that come with cohabitation. One of the key findings is that peer relations can appear in both roles – as a safety factor and also as a risk factor. One of the purposes of this thesis is also to emphasize the importance of awareness of peer influence in small group homes. It is especially significant that the educators are aware of this influence, and try to create a good group atmosphere that will support adolescent's development.


In this paper, we propose a method to optimally set the reactive power contributions of distributed energy resources (DERs) present in distribution systems with the goal of regulating bus voltages. For the case when the network is balanced, we use the branch power flow modeling approach for radial power systems to formulate an optimal power flow (OPF) problem. Then, we leverage properties of the system operating conditions to relax certain nonlinear terms of this OPF, which results in a convex quadratic program (QP). To efficiently solve this QP, we propose a distributed algorithm based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM). Furthermore, we include the unbalanced three-phase formulation to extend the ideas introduced for the balanced network case. We present several case studies to demonstrate the method in unbalanced three-phase distribution systems.


Interaction of N-ethyl isatin 3 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the presence triphenylphosphine has led to good selectivity of methyl 1'-ethyl-4-methoxy-2',5-dioxo-5H-spiro[furan-2,3'-indoline]-3-carboxylate 4 formation. Similar yields of spirolactones 6,8 were obtained by addition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to 5-bromo functionalized isatins 5,7. However, reaction of N-butyl isatin 9 resulted in formation of an inseparable mixture of compounds. Treatment of N-benzyl isatin 10 and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with triphenylphosphine proceeded with reduced selectivity of the spirooxindole 11 formation.


About the new drugs and clinical trial rules of 2019 (NDCTR-19), no study surveyed the differences in views of various researchers, such as investigators, co-investigators, members of the ethics committee (EC), research assistants, coordinators, associates, and managers. The current study aimed to address this gap. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant variation in the views of different researchers about the changes of NDCTR-19. Future study is required on the larger sample at a national level to generalize the views of various researchers on the topic.


The paper discusses the importance of manuscripts and digital preservation of manuscripts, Chronology and Universal initiatives in digital preservation of manuscripts; Collection and details on how manuscripts are digitized in central library of university Tehran are also discusses and conclude with references.


Purpose: To investigate the effect of oteracil (Oxo) in combination with gimeracil (CDHP) on long-term survival and postoperative complications in elderly patients undergoing radical surgery for biliary tract cancer (BTC).Methods: Clinical data for 70 patients who underwent radical surgery for BTC in the Oncology Department of the Changle People's Hospital, Weifang, China from April 2017 to April 2018 were collected. The patients were equally assigned to group A and group B, based on odd or even hospitalization number. After surgery, patients in group A received the combination of Oxo and CDHP, while group B patients received gemcitabine only. Long-term survival and incidence of adverse reactions were compared.Results: Compared with group B, group A had higher total treatment effectiveness (p < 0.05), lower clinical indices (p < 0.05), lower BPI score (p < 0.001) and higher 3-year overall survival (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Combined use of oteracil and gimeracil significantly prolongs the survival time and reduce cancer pain in BTC patients, with minimal toxic and side effects. However, further clinical trials are required prior to application in clinical practice.


Section I: Human Colour Perception Three papers appeared at the end of last year which are of great importance to the theory of human colour-vision. In the first paper the author, Dr. Motokawa (1949), describes his method, which has both interesting and novel features. It consists in exposing the eye to light and immediately afterwards investigating the sensitivity of the eye to an electrical stimulus of known current strength and duration. He used lights which either were white or were monochromatic of chosen wavelengths from the visible spectrum. The electrical apparatus consisted of batteries, switches, and resistances so arranged that the duration of the stimulus was always one-hundredth second. The current was applied to the eye by means of two electrodes, one above the eyebrow and the other on the temple. A subject with normal sight gave electrical sensitivity curves after exposure of the eye to red, to green, or to blue lights, the shapes of which depended on which light was used. Only two of these, that for blue and that for green, were found in a red-blind subject; only two, that for red and that for blue, were found in a green-blind subject; whereas all three were found in an anomalous trichromat. In other words, the results were in satisfactory agreement with current views on the type of vision present in these colourdefective subjects. In the second paper the method is extended to the investigation of different regions of the retina of a subject who has normal colour-vision. The fovea was found to be trichromatic in accordance with the findings obtained by means of colour-mixing experiments, thus supporting Young's theory, with, however, this strange difference, that whereas the anomalous tri4hromat after exposure to white light was found to exhibit a three-humped electrical sensitivity curve-one hump for the red component, one for the green component, and one for the blue component (see Fig. 1)-the subject with normal colour-vision exhibited a smooth curve without humps (see Fig. 2), thus clearly showing that his retina comprises some additional factor or factors not present in the anomalous trichromat, which fill in the gaps between the three main humps. Let us then consider what the modifying factor or factors present in the normal-sighted are likely to be. Wright and his co-workers showed that, although the normal-sighted and the protoand deutero-varieties of anomalou§ trichromat are classified as trichromats on the basis of Young's theory, they are found to differ greatly in colour perception. Thus the ability to distinguish grada-


The physico-chemical and sensory properties of fufu flours from three local white yam varieties, Ozibo, Okpebe and Nwopoke were investigated. The tubers were peeled, sliced, blanched and dried in an oven set at 60°C to constant weight. The chips were milled into flour, passed through American Standard sieve number 10 and analyzed for moisture content (MC), loose bulk density (LBD), water absorption capacity (WAC), swelling capacity (SC) in water at 30°C and 50°C, blue value index (BVI), extensibility and the gelatinization temperature. Sensory evaluation of fufu reconstituted from the flour samples was carried out. The qualities assessed were texture, stickiness, appearance and general acceptability. The result showed that the swelling capacity at 30°C and 50°C of Nwopoke were significantly different (P Keywords : cooling time, extensibility, gelatinization, stickiness, swelling capacity, blue value index. Nigerian Food Journal Vol. 23 2005: 107-113


It is important to carry on Chinese culture during the course of Chinese language teaching, the effects are mainly reflected by how much the minority students are able to understand, master and use Chinese. One should learn about the culture related to the language which he intends to master.