In the data backup system, to reduce the bandwidth and processing time overhead caused by full backup technology during data synchronization between backups and source data, incremental backup technology is emerging as the focus of academic and industrial research. It is key but poorly-solved to find the incremental data between backups and source data for incremental backup technology. To find out the incremental data during the backup process, here, in this paper, we propose a novel content-defined chunking algorithm. The source data and backup data are chunked into some small chunks in the same way with the variable length. Then, by comparing whether a chunk of source data is different from any of the chunks in backup data, we can evaluate whether the chunk of source data is incremental data. By experiments, the chunking algorithm in this paper is compared to other ones which are the classical or state-of-the-art algorithms. The experimental results show that the incremental data found by this algorithm can be reduced by 13%–34% compared to the others with the same chunk throughput.


Purpose – This paper aims to present an interview carried out by Stephen Denning, who asks Roger L. Martin, the author of the recent explosive book Fixing the Game and Dean of Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, to explain why the private sector's 35‐year addiction to "maximizing shareholder value" has been disastrous for shareholders, for employees, the personal lives of executives, for the economy and for society at large.Design/methodology/approach – In the interview Martin outlines the forces at work that preserve a dysfunctional system of maximizing the return for shareholders instead of focusing on customer value.Findings – The paper reveals that there are many special interests that are devoted to maintaining the shareholder value doctrine, even at the risk of the survival of the firm.Practical implications – Executives who mouth the shareholder value mantra need to realize that they are playing a game they cannot win on behalf of faceless, nameless shareholders who behave uni...


Cloud computing aims to realize the vision of computing as a utility provided in an economically viable manner. A necessary condition for its success as a business solution is the existence of proper software tools for the development and provision of applications for this highly dynamic ecosystem. In this paper we focus on the tools providing PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) functionalities and more specific we propose a new middleware architecture that could allow the creation of elastic applications with the scalability of the application transparently embedded in the middleware. Departing from legacy considerations, we embrace the latest trends in scalable distributed software design as well as concepts from SOAs (Service Oriented Architectures) and agent-based computing with the goal to provide a future-proof platform in technical and business sense. Central to our approach is the tackling of the scalability and pricing problems in order to reliably further the adoption of the pay as you go model. Moreover we put special emphasis on a formal definition of scalability rules and on structuring our middleware along these lines.


The simulation study of the static test of composite aileron is carried out. By MSC Nastran, the finite element analysis is implemented to predict the response of the structure under test loadings. The stress, strain and other computation results of the structure are given in order to help engineers to choose suitable displacement and strain gauge sensors.


This paper reexamines the democratic peace in a longitudinal fashion. We extend the democratic peace proposition beyond isolated militarized disputes or wars to longer-term interstate rivalries. Rivalries of all types are rare among democratic dyads; there is only one case of enduring rivalry between consistently democratic states, and most conflictual relationships between democracies remain confined to isolated conflict. Second, we assess the effect of regime change on rivalry behavior when a regime change precipitates or ends a jointly democratic dyad. Enduring rivalries that include both joint democratic and non-democratic periods exhibit significantly lower dispute propensities while both rivals are democratic, although proto-rivalries show much smaller differences. Importantly, the pacifying effect of democracy appears to strengthen over time after the transition to joint democracy, which is consistent with the onset and deepening of democratic norms. Both proto-and enduring rivalries show a decreasing propensity for militarized conflict within a year of the transition to joint democracy, and this


Dye industries and textile are among the most water-consuming industries, which severely disturb the aquatic life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of Fenton process in removing Direct Red 81 dye from aqueous solutions and the optimal conditions for maximum removal.
This research was conducted in a laboratory-scale using a one-litre photochemical reactor. The effect of the influential parameters, including pH (3–9), Fe (II) concentration (10–150mg/L), H2O2 concentration (20–150mg/L), initial dye concentration (25–150mg/L), and reaction time (15–120min) on the dye removal was investigated and the optimal conditions were determined according to maximum dye removal efficiency
The results showed that the dye removal rate increased as the pH and Fe(II) concentration decreased and as the initial dye concentration and time increased. The optimal condition was at pH=3, Fe (II)=10mg/L, H2O2=50mg/L, initial dye concentration=100mg/L, and reaction time= 45 minutes. Although the maximum removal efficiency (98.29%) was obtained at the reaction time of 120 minutes, 45 min was the appropriate reaction time considering the cost-effectiveness.
Our results suggest that the Fenton process is a reliable and efficient method with more than 95% efficiency for decolourization of DR-81 dye and many industrial wastewaters.


Abstract : Optically active poly(thiophene) with a high stere regularity was synthesized for the first time by using a Rieke zerovalent zinc catalyst. An optically active polymer having more than 93% of Head-Tail linkages was obtained from 3(2(S)-2-methylbutoxy)ethyl)thiophene. Electrical and optical properties of the Head-to-Tail polymer were much superior to those of random-type polymer derived from the same--monomer and the third order non-linearity k3 reached a high value of 10(exp -7) esu.


Is it possible to condemn certain forms of expression without being seen as a moralist? In order to get around the emphasis that American jurisprudence places on freedom of speech, some antipornography feminists have used the theory of speech acts to demonstrate the wrongs that pornographic representations can inflict on women. If pornography has the power to silence women by its mere existence, then it is possible to fight against it for the sake of freedom of expression. This article aims to show that the application of the theory of speech acts to pornography is based on a strategic confusion between the juridical and linguistic meanings of the term "speech". However, the feminist argument forcefully emphasizes the ambiguities of the notion of "freedom of speech" when the protection of certain non-discursive forms of expression, such as pornographic representations is at stake.


Abstract In well buffered soils calcium ions occupy the majority of exchangeable sites in the soil colloids. Also, the fraction of exchangeable magnesium is considerable, while the monovalent cations only occupy a few percent of sites. Among the monovalent ions potassium is withheld more strongly than sodium. Therefore, potassium ions only leak out by drainage in small amounts until the soil is overfertilized by potassium. The first year's result of applying potassium chloride may lead to a higher yield even when the soil is not deficient in potassium, because chloride may increase the amount of dissolved cations in the soil solution. If a larger amount of potassium is applied than removed by the crop, potassium is accumulated in the soil and this leads to an antagonistic effect on the uptake of magnesium and calcium. The antagonistic effect of potassium was found to be considerable when the activity ratio between potassium and calcium in a soil extract (1 part soil to 2 parts water) during the period of ...


Introduction Learning outcomes assessing has become an increasingly important issue at universities and colleges (Chrysler & Van Auken, 1999; Mitri, 2003; Salegna & Bantham, 2002; Taylor, 2002). Outcomes assessment efforts appear to be framed more often by control and marketing concerns than by educational philosophies. These concerns focus on institutional accountability and program (major or degree) effectiveness and quality for the learning experiences of students (Cunningham & Omolayole, 1998; Nichols & Nichols, 2000; Redmond, 1998). Assessing educational outcomes is about how well programs inculcate the subject matter which programs (in their design) claim ought to be known and doable (even if this seems like an old-fashioned idea because disciplines have lost control over their common body of knowledge). Assessing outcomes is about the verification of these institutional claims and improving the situation (Palomba & Banta, 1999; Salegna & Bantham, 2002; Sims, 1992; Wade, 1999). While the drive to assess learning outcomes is focused on the institutional and programmatic levels, assessing students' knowing and doing of things must begin at the course level (Dominguez & Ridley, 1999; Redmond, 1998). This can be done with modeling how knowing in the head shows up as knowing and doing in the world (Norman, 1988). Background I have had the responsibility for teaching the introductory and advanced courses in Java at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. I also have had the responsibility for developing several addition Java courses, undergraduate and graduate, beyond the introductory level. At the undergraduate and graduate levels, there are now courses in advanced Java application programming, Java applet and web-based programming, and Java data structures. This is necessary, I believe, because of the immense number of Java classes developed in the various Java APIs (Application Program Interface). Of course, any instruction in or study of the Java programming language necessitates Object-Oriented concepts. In the advanced levels of Java, this means using Object-Oriented analysis and design techniques, together with UML (Unified Modeling Language) to visualize the classes, objects, relationships, and other programming structures diagrammatically. The Research Question The evaluative question for every instructor of a programming language such as Java is how well he or she is presenting the course content so that students will be able to analyze programming problems and develop and implement program code using Java and Object-Oriented concepts. It is no longer a matter of merely learning reserved words and syntax. Part of this assessment situation is devising ways of evaluating the process holistically, of determining somehow what mental models (Norman, 1983, 1988) are in use as students work on solving a programming problem. The mental models (for example, primitive data types, control structures, and loop structures, to name only a few) may be specific to the programming language studied, and consists of a language's grammar and syntax. The question is, for a (Java) programming course or any course, how to verify that knowing in the head has happened. Course assessment is about finding out how well students know the grammar (the whys) and syntax (the hows) of a programming language, not simply that they present an executed program (Peterson & Quarstein, 2001). Purpose of Essay The reason for this discussion is the description and analysis of a model designed and developed for ascertaining the growth of knowing and doing of Java programming and understanding fundamental Object-Oriented concepts. A Notion about Assessing Learning While assessing outcomes is a driving force behind institutional and programmatic redeployment of resources and efforts under the guise of "quality assurance" (Millis, Lowe & Aretz, 2003; Yorke, 2002), learning assessment begins at the course level. …


In the present paper, the authors analyze the academic theses of acupuncture for treatment of leucopenia induced by chemo- or radio-therapy. A total of 14 theses are retrieved and all written in Chinese. Quantitative meta-analysis is done for 4 studies of dichotomous data and 5 studies of continuous data. Both of them have positive resuits. Majority of these trials have methodological and/or reporting shortcomings. Overall, the existing evidence supports the value of acupuncture for the treatment of leucopenia induced by chemo- or radio-therapy. However, the evidance is still not fully convincing. There is an urgent need for well planned, large-scale and multiple-center studies to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of acupuncture under real-life conditions.


was able to view the universe in an optimistic and hopeful manner, for that universe was static, always secure, having no necessity of change&dquo; (p. 78). &dquo;Ma'at remained the mythic symbol of the divine principle of the order which existed in the universe, inherent within the universe from its very beginning&dquo; (p. 85). (e) Chapter ten, on morality, adds some realistic touches about the practical aspect of morality, but reaffirms that contentment could not come without respect for ma'at: &dquo;Those principles which could ensure goodness and happiness ... were themselves contained and expressed in the wider and all-embracing principle of Ma'at, the cosmic order&dquo; (p. 178). (f) In the last chapter Tobin summarizes his findings by drawing the following conclusion: &dquo;The very term Ma'at should not be translated as 'righteousness,' 'truth,' or 'order' in any superficial sense. Ma'at was much more than any or all of these&dquo; (p. 198). To my mind, the book is on the whole traditional in its thinking and much indebted to what one finds in Bleeker, Wilson, Frankfort and Morenz. It also follows the traditional pattern of placing the Late Period beyond the scope of attention, since it is usually assumed that not many changes occurred at that time or, as in Helck's view, that everything went to pieces after the 19th Dynasty (although this of course does not reflect Tobin's own attitude). The strength of Tobin's work lies in his concentration upon what he considers to be the central experience of the Egyptians: their monistic and optimistic at-homeness in a benevolent and ordered universe. In working out this central idea, he enhances the crucial role of ma'at. This emphasis provides a fresh and original approach to Egyptian religion, since this element has been overlooked by many scholars.


The positive psychological advocacy refers to explaining a variety of psychological phenomena with a positive mental attitude, whose ideas include positive emotions, positive motivation, positive self and positive change.In the mental health work of students in Teachers college, it is necessary to shift work idea, determine the core of the work and create positive educational curriculum by building a positive organizational system, and expand and improve the ways by conducting such strategies as active educational activities.


The 2013 National Security Agency revelations of pervasive monitoring have led to an "encryption rush" across the computer and Internet industry. To push back against massive surveillance and protect users' privacy, vendors, hosting and cloud providers have widely deployed encryption on their hardware, communication links, and applications. As a consequence, most web connections nowadays are encrypted. However, there is still a significant part of Internet traffic that is not encrypted. It has been argued that both costs and complexity associated with obtaining and deploying X.509 certificates are major barriers for widespread encryption, since these certificates are required to establish encrypted connections. To address these issues, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Mozilla Foundation, the University of Michigan and a number of partners have set up Let's Encrypt (LE), a certificate authority that provides both free X.509 certificates and software that automates the deployment of these certificates. In this paper, we investigate if LE has been successful in democratizing encryption: we analyze certificate issuance in the first year of LE and show from various perspectives that LE adoption has an upward trend and it is in fact being successful in covering the lower-cost end of the hosting market.


Exploration and production of offshore oil and gas resources in China are recently accelerating to move into the deep water. As the 1st deepwater gas field in China, LW3-1 is expected to start production in 2013. The water depth is up to 1500m. The truss spar is considered as one of the promising floating platforms. This paper focuses on predicting the global motion performances of the Spar in 1-year and 10year metocean storms. Both numerical simulation and model tests have been carried out. The model tests were carried out in the deepwater offshore basin at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Due to the depth limitation of the wave basin, mooring system was truncated with the hybrid model testing technique. Numerical validation with the truncated mooring system e.g. numerical reconstruction was performed to verify the model test. Extrapolation was also carried out to predict the hydrodynamic performances of the Spar in full water depth. Some useful conclusions were obtained. From the perspective of hydrodynamics, it is feasible and practical to apply the truss spar in exploration of oil and gas resources in South China Sea. And it can satisfy the requirements of offshore oil and gas production.


The Bologna reform process has resulted in some unintended effects. At the system level, the four effects are: creating a dense network as an osmosis; stimulated reforms as a catalyst; shifting to vocational orientation; and structuring mass vs. elite degrees. At the institutional level, strengthening the central leadership, crosscutting the vertical boundaries among continental European universities, strengthening stakeholder influence.


Objective: The "Chinese Fan Spread" (CFS) distraction technique for laparoscopic reduction of intussusception is herein described and its outcome and benefits are evaluated. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent attempts at laparoscopic reduction of intussusception at our center. The CFS distraction technique was consistently applied in all cases. Results: Fourteen patients were identified. Median age was 2.4 years (range, 4 months to 10.3 years). Indications for surgery included (1) failed pneumatic reduction (n=11), (2) need to evaluate for lead point in a patient with 4 recurrences (n=1), (3) need to biopsy the lead point in a patient with suspected lymphoma (n=1), and (4) diagnostic laparoscopy for evaluation of hematochezia (n=1). Two patients who failed laparoscopic reduction by the CFS distraction technique also failed open manual reduction, requiring right hemicolectomy. Of the 12 (86%) who were successfully reduced laparoscopically, pathologic lead points were identified in 5 (2 acute appendicitis, 1 Meckel's diverticulum, 1 harmatomatous polyp, and 1 Burkitt's lymphoma). Lead points were excised laparoscopically or via a vertical transumbilical incision. There were no complications. Conclusion: Laparoscopic reduction of intussusception by the CFS distraction technique is effective and safe. Lead points may be dealt with together either laparoscopically or via a transumbilical incision.


Purpose: of this paper is test of the tribological state in metal forming processes with main aims the determination of state on the tool contact surface (contact stresses and friction coefficient) friction coefficient modelling and simulation and to present the original method of defining contact stresses tf and pn and coefficient of contact friction mi. Design/methodology/approach: of this research is review of contact stresses determination methods, general principles of stochastic modelling, experimental friction test and modelling, examples tribological state test and simulaton by deep drawing and drawing processes. Main achievement are: original experimental identification of contact stresses, original experimental of tools for measurement of contact stresses, mathematical model for defining the tribological state. Application methods of this research are: experimental, tribological state test in forming processes by means of experiment and modelling, statistical and direct contact stresses determining method. Findings: experimental and stochastic modelling of tribological parameters of the forming processes and verification of mathematical model. The tribological state test is performed on the basis of experimental investigations and stochastic modelling. Research limitations/implications: modelling and optimization of tool geometry and selection of optimal lubricators, development experimental methods in the determination of contact stresses, etc. Practical implications: Results of investigations in processing conditions show that the desired effects can be achieved: increased durability of tools 20-40%, reduced stagnation time in the machining process 20-30%, increase on the productivity of the forming process 15-30% and less energy consumption up to 15%. Originality/value: of this paper is obtained original mathematical model for defining coefficient contact friction and contact temperature on the contact surface of tool. Also, is obtained original experimental tool for measurement of contact stresses.


A relaxation method for handwriting improvement was examined. The experimental and no-treatment control groups were composed of 10 students receiving a poor rating on handwriting characteristics and the normal control group of 10 was composed of students receiving average ratings. All three groups received nine trials of writing. Only the experimental group received relaxation training during each trial. The handwriting of the experimental group improved significantly while that of the no-treatment control group remained the same. Although the handwriting of the normal control group also improved significantly, at posttest they were no longer significantly different from the experimental group.


This study was carried out to examine the effects of water deficit stress on growth characteristics of seedlings for the accessions of Elymus pertenuis in Fars research center for agriculture and natural resources (Shiraz, Iran). Accessions of Elymus pertenuis species (#9) were selected from Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands Gene bank and were planted in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Drought stress levels were 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity and the measured characteristics were length of the root and shoot, fresh and dry weight of them. There were statistically significant differences between drought treatments, genotypes and interaction effects of accessions with land, in the all of above characteristics. Analysis of the principal components indicated that the special amounts of components 1 and 2 were 3.87 and 1.42 respectively, which in whole it considered 88% of total variance of variable parameters. Cluster analysis in Ward's model showed that by cutting of Dendrogram in 5.20 Euclidean distances, the accessions were divided into two clusters. According to the results from the assessment of accessions in drought conditions, the Asadabad and Pashalki accessions were recognized as the best and the weakest ones, respectively.


Treatment of acutely occluded saphenous vein grafts may be challenging due to large thrombus burden and diffuse disease. We report two cases of thrombotic saphenous vein graft occlusion, in which after percutaneous attempts to recanalize the saphenous vein graft failed, the target native coronary artery chronic total occlusions were successfully treated using a retrograde approach. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Weeds are a major problem limiting agriculture and cattle raising activities in the tropics. Current chemical control measures have raised environmental concerns due to their potential of contaminating natural resources and compromising the quality of animal feed. The objective of this paper was to identify and characterize the potential allelopathic activity of Fusarium solani f. sp. pipers culture filtrate. The effects of the toxin were analyzed at 1% and 4% concentration, on seed germination and radicle and hypocotyl elongation of the weeds Mimosa pudica and Senna obtusifolia. The results showed potential inhibitory allelopathic activity of the Fusarium culture filtrate, varying according to concentration and receiving plants. The intensity of the inhibition effects promoted by the extracts was clearly associated to concentration, with the major effect being observed at 4%. Regardless of concentration and bioassays, Mimosa pudica was more sensitive to the toxin effects of the culture filtrate. Radicle elongation was more intensely inhibited by the culture filtrate toxins. The results showed potential for the use of the toxins produced by Fusarium solani f. sp. pipers, as an alternative source to control weeds. However, further studies should be carried out.


Derrida defines artifactualities as artificially made norms by institutions and hierarchies which turn into conventions over time in dominating mankind, conventions which must be recognized and dismantled. Every particular event or presence can assume its singularity outside such biased tautology by iterating itself to generate its own specific body of norms in supplementing itself. Accordingly, this study tries to highlight the female logic and the iterability of the woman condition against patriarchal artifactualities in Glaspell's Trifles (1916). The women of the play illuminate a world invisible to patriarchy, an overlooking gaze blurred by artifactualities. Dismantling the binary opposition of male/female, the play highlights the singularity of females in discussing the truth of its events. Moreover, the women's aporetic decision in the play not to reveal Minnie's killing motive is an attempt to defend the female cause and highlight the iterability of the woman condition against patriarchy. Thus, the researchers aim at interpreting Trifles through a Derridean perspective to dig up and open up the stifled woman question against patriarchal artifactualities. Contrasting the collective female knowledge to logocentrism, this study illuminates Glaspell's attempt at foregrounding the unique sphere of women's knowledge over patriarchal artifactualities. Glaspell anticipates Derrida's remarks in turning logocentrism and artifactualities over their heads in favor of the singularity of any phenomena which can iterates itself to proof its unique position outside artifactialities.


A Tutorial of two-compartment extravascular population-based pharmacokinetics modeling was performed by differential equations and non-linear mixed effect model approach. First, three-level differential equations of two-compartment pharmacokinetics were generated. Then, covariate and non-covariate models were developed by nlmeODE and nlme packages installed in R. The best model was selected according to AIC, BIC, and LogLik value. A model without covariates model was selected as the best model. The selected model showed a goodness of fit with experimental dataset and residual plot of the model revealed that no violations of model assumtions. nIn conclusion, nlme and nlmeODE is capable to generate an adequate predictive model of two-compartment population-based pharmacokinetics for extravascular route


This chapter investigates why white and light-skinned artists have long dominated representations of ambient music, a popular (sub)genre of electronic music and style of EDM, within anglophone EDM scenes and media discourses. It explores how early discourses on ambient implicitly shaped the genre's aesthetics around idealizations of hip highbrow and high-middlebrow white masculinity. Starting in the 1970s and 80s, these discourses tacitly disregarded the relevance of genres racialized as non-white to ambient's ideals of aesthetic experimentation, affective detachment, cerebral introspection, and physical ease. EDM-oriented discourses reified the putative whiteness of this formation in the early 1990s by repeatedly attaching the ambient label to the expressions of white men while describing the music, by way of a racialized and gendered mind-body binary, as the "beatless" emanation of disembodied mind(s), rather than of individuals. This history illuminates how popular genres become racialized through feedback loops of musical production and discursive categorization. In the course of tracing this history, the author proposes that a discursive framework of "strategic anti-genre-essentialism," which positions genres as processes rather than categories, may help to undermine essentialist assumptions about music and race without dismissing them.


Russian foreign policy is characterized by matchless simplicity of conception and persistence of effort. By comparison the foreign policies of the Great Powers of modern times appear vacillating and ambiguous. There is in the history of Russian foreign policy no counterpart for that Hamlet-like indecision which gripped German expansionism confronted by the fateful choice between a western and eastern "orientation," of the pull and counter-pull of British Empire commitments and continental interests, and of the contradictions between French colonial aspirations and French European policies. Russian foreign policy is dominated by the strategic factor; its objectives, under the direction of the Czars and Soviet leaders, have remained the same: attainment of strategic frontiers and, wherever racial affinities re-enforce strategic geography, ethnographic frontiers. The principal theatre of operations is now, as it has been for nearly three centuries, eastern and southeastern Europe, and Russian policy in the Middle and Far East has been largely derivative. Only when Russia was blocked in Europe, on the Baltic and Moldavian Plains, only then did she turn to Asia. Russia exercised pressure on the Asiatic rimlands, especially on Britain's positions in southwestern Asia, in order to obtain concessions in Europe. Russian expansionism, although it harvested rich territorial gains in central and eastern Asia, did not let itself be deflected from its primary goals, to wit, Russia's strategic frontiers in the West. Indeed, it was the Russian advance upon Europe, the diplomatic set-backs of the Congresses of Vienna and Berlin and the military defeats in the Crimean War and World War I, which diverted Russia towards such secondary objectives as the Persian Gulf and the Yellow Sea.


More and more the system verification makes use of hardware emulation techniques that allow a speed up in simulation performance up to thousand times. Typically, a design is composed by several parts, most of them are available as RTL code, other, mainly memories, only like behavioral models. In this scenario coemulation is necessary to verify the heterogeneous system descriptions, but this way most of the advantage of hardware emulation is lost. This paper presents a solution for modeling the analog array of a non volatile memory based on a VHDL synthesizable description. The presented approach relies on static RAMs and ROMs which models for emulation are assumed to be available. The adoption of a synthesizable model for the analog block makes possible the mapping of the entire design on the emulator thus exploiting its performance at full speed for efficient simulation sessions.


Objective To discuss the best therapy method through varied treatments for tube pregnancy.Methods 98 cases of such patient were treated with varied methods and their clinical effect was analyzed. Results The successful rate was 100% in laparoscope and laparotomy,85% in MTX,84.2% in mifepristone and 100% in expectation method.Conclusion The indication and contraindication should be well controlled and proper method should selected which chould achieve good expectation.


Till within recent years, when a modern growth of church music, of responsive readings, and of other so-called "enrichments," has affected their services, the non-liturgical churches of America have followed an essentially rigid form of public worship. That form still constitutes the underlying framework of their services, whatever modifications in its proportion and arrangement have been introduced. Strongly repudiating any liturgical forms throughout most of their American history, these churches have been tenacious as to the sequence and the general proportion of the elements of public worship. Their much-prized freedom has not been a freedom in practice in this regard. As constituted within the recollection of all here present, and as to be found widely in contemporary experience, the substantially unvarying service of the House of God began with a brief invocation, followed by the reading of the Bible, to which a hymn succeeded, to be followed by the "long prayer" of general supplication and thanksgiving. At its conclusion the sermon was preached. That ended, a brief prayer was offered, a second hymn was sung, and the congregation was dismissed with the benediction. Not infrequently the order of the prayer and hymn following the sermon was reversed; but the essential sequence and proportion of the service were seldom otherwise varied. Such rigidity and uniformity must have its historic reasons; and the purpose of this brief paper is to set forth the more important steps by which our typical form of public worship came to be what it is.


Ketamine hydrochloride's effect on glucose clearance‐insulin secretion during intravenous glucose tolerance testing was studied in five African green monkeys. Animals were tested with ketamine anesthesia and then had indwelling cannulas implanted and were retested both in the presence and absence of ketamine anesthesia. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were determined. There were no significant differences in the glucose clearance rate (K value), basal glucose and insulin concentrations, maximum insulin concentration, and area under the insulin response curve, among the three different conditions.


Tamarix nebkhas (nebkhas) has been widely planted to stabilize sand movement and develop soils along desert margins. The influence of this man made localized landscape on insect diversity is not well known. Some groups of beetles are well adapted to life in the arid and thermally stressing environments found in desert regions. In 2005 and 2006, we investigated the species diversity and abundance of beetles in the litter⁃layer in areas planted with T. nebkhas and bare patches between these in the northern edge of Taklamakan desert, the biggest sand dune area in China, and second in the world in terms of sand dune movement. Six nebkhas areas and contiguous bare patches were monitored from June to August in both years by pitfall traps. Beetle in each trap were collected at half⁃month intervals, and kept in alcohol for later identification. A mark⁃recapture method was employed to estimate the density of beetles and the probability of movement between nebkhas. The community of litter⁃layer beetles in the T. nebkhas was higher and stabilized than in bare patches. In 2005 and 2006 the total number of beetles collected in the T. nebkhas, 360 and 209 in each year, was greater than in bare patches,209 and 158. Some 21 species of litter⁃layer beetles were observed in the T. nebkhas and 10 species in bare patches in 2005, with 16 species and 12 species trapped in each patch type in 2006. Species richness, Shanon⁃Weiner index and htt p:/ /w ww .ec olo gic a.c n http: / / www.ecologica.cn Evenness 21 species of litter⁃layer beetles were observed in the T. nebkhas and 10 species in bare patches in 2005, with 16 species and 12 species trapped in each patch type in 2006. Species richness, Shanon⁃Weiner index and Evenness index were higher at the T. nebkhas areas than in bare patches, and Simpson Index was greatest in bare patches in 2005.Based on mark⁃recapture the density of Penthicicus koltzei Reitter was higher in T. nebkhas areas (13 / m) compared to bare patches (6 / m). Areas planted with T. nebkha act as a refuge for conserving P. koltzei and other beetles in desert areas. Movement of beetles was very localized. Only one beetle was recorded as moving from on nebkhas to another, a distance of 30 m. This implied that beetle in nebkhas might be independent, and refuges are highly localised. There was high seasonal variability in the litter⁃layer beetles species abundance and biodiversity in the two types of patchy: the beetle density in both areas peaked in the June, 2005 and July, 2007. This may be attributed to the abundance of food for beetle in different season and the effect of microhabitat, particularly moisture effects in harsh desert areas. The nebkhas alongside deserts offer a refuge, sustaining the diversity of beetle. Expanding the creation of the distinctive landscape composed of nebhkhas and its biodiversity, provides a buffer between desert and agriculture reclamation should be a priority.


Digital computers are available not only for design of control system but also to perform the control function. Advances in digital computers and microprocessors have made their use very attractive as components in control system. Using digital computer with a plant operating in the continuous-time domain requires that its input signal be discrete, which in turn requires the sampling of the signals used by the controller. An A/D converter must be incorporated in the digital control system. This paper presents the choice of sampling time and bit numbers and they're to the system characteristics. An example of the calculation of sampling time an. their results are presented in the paper. Keywords: digital computer, sampling theorem and A/D converter. 1. Pendahuluan


The specific technology process of acid reinjection is to pressurize the acid gas which need be disposed,then deliver the acid gas to the well and inject it into the specific reservoir. In this paper,the process flow of acid gas reinjection was introduced,including selection of reinjection formation,dehydration method,pressurizing way,pipelines as well as the position of injection well. Hydrogen sulfide in the acid gas is extreme toxic. In this paper,the security risk issues during acid gas reinjection were discussed,and corresponding measures were put forward.


Inverters synthesizing output voltages consisting of two levels, commonly known as two-level inverters, have dominated the global market for a long time. Today, further emphasis is being put on inverter efficiency and power quality. One way of improving these aspects is to use an inverter synthesizing a staircase voltage waveform consisting of three or more levels. Such inverters are known as multi-level inverters. The thesis begins by pointing out key differences as well as advantages and disadvantages of two-level and multi-level inverters. The different multi-level inverter topologies are presented and the decision to further investigate the diode clamped inverter motivated. The diode clamped multi-level inverter and its related control circuit are discussed in detail. Then, simulations containing the two-level inverter and the diode clamped inverter are explained, carried out and eventually used to confirm the alleged advantages and disadvantages, and to show that the diode clamped inverter is more flexible, yielding both better inverter efficiency and power quality. Finally, cost, weight and space requirements of the two inverters are compared to provide a full comparison. (Less)


ABSTRACT Discourses of free movement and "open doors" circulate widely in official Argentine narratives about migration. In fact, some migrant youth cite more lenient Argentine policies as the reason they choose the country over global north contexts. Yet everyday mobility can become a complicated reality for migrant youth of colour who do not fit dominant constructions of Argentine nationhood which have historically centred around whiteness. This article looks at Latin American and African migrant youths' narratives about their presence and everyday mobility in Buenos Aires. It elucidates the ways in which markers of race, class, and nationality shape youths' encounters with state and non-state actors alike, often complicating their free movement throughout the city. Further, this article shows how migrant youth come to understand these realities as "normal", develop strategies to move about the city more freely, and challenge the exclusionary narratives that shape their lived experiences.


This study examined the extent to which the biological sex of nurse‐physician interactants related to the interpersonal communication satisfaction experienced by the nurse. The sample included 153 male and female nurses. Results indicated that same‐sex interactions are more satisfying for female nurses, while mixed‐sex interactions are more satisfying for male nurses. Nurses reported greater communication satisfaction when interacting with female physicians.


Turning to the social dimension has been an influential trend in recent language evolution literature, as documented by e.g. Dunbar  et al.  (ed. 2014), Scott-Phillips (2014), or Pina and Gontier (ed. 2014).  The social origins of language , edited by Daniel Dor, Chris Knight and Jerome Lewis, is of special interest, because rather than just being part of this trend, it aims to redefine the current discourse in language origins research, making it inclusive and "society first". Collectively, the twenty four chapters of this volume make a powerful statement for a broad, incorporative, "everything counts" approach to language evolution. By demonstrating the relevance to language evolution research of a wide variety of social, cultural and cognitive factors,  The social origins of language  is potentially – and hopefully – a game changing contribution to this field of study.


1,2-Dichloro ethane stripping desorption process of homogeneous phase cationic polymerization system in C5 hydrogenation petroleum resin unit was simulated with Aspen Plus.The effects of stripping media such as 180℃ superheated steam,nitrogen,ethane,n-butane,iso-butane and C4 mixture,on the stripping desorption process were simulated in this paper.The results show that when nitrogen is used as the stripping media,the residual amount of 1,2-dichloro ethane is 5 ppm.The recovery of 1,2-dichloro ethane is 94.12% and no equipment corrosion is caused.So it can be concluded that nitrogen is a favorable media for 1,2-dichloro ethane desorption.


The 2D Euler equations are basic examples of fluid models for which a microcanonical measure can be constructed from first principles. This measure is defined through finite-dimensional approximations and a limiting procedure. Creutz's algorithm is a microcanonical generalization of the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm (to sample Gibbs measures, in the canonical ensemble). We prove that Creutz's algorithm can sample finite-dimensional approximations of the 2D Euler microcanonical measures (incorporating fixed energy and other invariants). This is essential as microcanonical and canonical measures are known to be inequivalent at some values of energy and vorticity distribution. Creutz's algorithm is used to check predictions from the mean-field statistical mechanics theory of the 2D Euler equations (the Robert–Sommeria–Miller theory). We find full agreement with theory. Three different ways to compute the temperature give consistent results. Using Creutz's algorithm, a first-order phase transition never observed previously and a situation of statistical ensemble inequivalence are found and studied. Strikingly, and in contrast to the usual statistical mechanics interpretations, this phase transition appears from a disordered phase to an ordered phase (with fewer symmetries) when the energy is increased. We explain this paradox.


The separation and purification of salvianolic acid B by HSCCC were studied.A solvent system petroleum ether-acetic ether-methanol-water-formic acid was selected as solvent.The optimum pruification conditions were determined as follows:rotative velocity 1800 r·min-1,flow rate 1.0 mL·min-1,temperature 30℃.Analyzed by HPLC,the purity of pruified salvianolic acid B was 98.3%.The results showed that purification of salvianolic acid B by HSCCC was quick,convenient with high purity and yield.It could be used in salvianolic acid B preparation.


Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficiency of The combined therapy of thrombolys- is,anticoagulation,agglutination-relieving and vessels dilatation etc.and catheter thrombolytic therapy after a venous filter-laying in inferior vena cava in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremity. Methods The combined therapy of thrombolysis,anticoagulation,agglutination-relieving and vessels dilata- tion etc.for 25 cases of peripheral deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremity and 15 of thrombosis of il- iofemoral vein and 10 of external iliac-popliteal vein thrombosis.Because the blood stream was completely ob- structed,the venous filter-laying in inferior vena cava was first carried out by intra-vessel cavity technology, and then,the cathether was introduced into the venous cavity and the local thrombolyfic therapy was per- formed.Results 32 cases were cured.Of them,15 cases of central thrombosis and 10 of the mixed thrombosis were directly infused with thrombolytic agent through the thrombolytic catheter and 7 were cured through pe- ripheral venous thrombolyfic therapy;12 cases were markedly effective(they were treated through peripheral venous thrombolytic therapy)and 6 were effective(which were treated through peripheral venous thrombolytic therapy).Conclusion The combined therapy of thrombolysis.anticoagulation,agglutination-relieving and vessels dilatation was used for the deep venous thrombosis in peripheral lower extremities.The catheter throm- bolytic therapy should be used in time for the central thrombosis and the mixed thrombosis after venous filter- laying into the inferior vena cava.


The digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) standard is one of the latest transmission standards developed by the digital video broadcasting (DVB) Project. DVB-H, which is based on the standard for digital terrestrial television (DVB-T), offers mobile television and other broadcasting services on small portable devices such as mobile phones. This article presents an overview of the DVB-H standard with respect to structure, features, technology, performance, and resources.


In a study on prevalence of ectoparasites in equines, a total of 2008 equines (1288 males and 720 females), aged >3 years and <3 years were examined from different areas of Kashmir valley. Out of 2008 equines examined for ectoparasites, 423 (21.07%) were found positive for Haemaphysalis bispinosa and 347 (17.28%) were found positive for Damalinia equi. The prevalence of ticks was found to be highest on ponies (22.17%) followed by 20.85 % on mules, 12.5% on horses and 9.68% on donkeys. The prevalence of lice was also found to be highest on ponies (19.55%) followed by 10.00% on horses, 8.06% on mules and 0.00% on donkeys. Highest infection with ticks was encountered in summer season (41.93%) followed by 22.80% in spring, 19.00% in autumn and 0.20% in winter. The seasonal occurrence of lice on equines revealed highest infestation rate of 41.80% in winter followed by 20.60% in autumn, 4.40% in spring and 2.56% in summer. Average number of ticks found on donkeys was 4 followed by ponies (2.72), horses (2.5) and mules (1.98). Similarly, average number of lice found on ponies was 20.14 followed by horses (19.06) and mules (18.88). However, donkeys were not found to be infected with lice. Overall prevalence of ticks and lice was found higher on young equines (28.00% and 20.09%, respectively) as compared to adult equines (18.96% and 16.43%, respectively). Overall prevalence of ticks and lice was found to be higher on female equines (27.64% and 26.39%, respectively) as compared to male equines (17.39% and 12.19%, respectively). A total of two species of flies collected comprised of Tabanus spp. and Chrysomyia spp. Gasterophilus intestinalis eggs were also collected from ponies in Pahalgam area and the maggots belonging to Chrysomyia spp. were recovered from an injured pony in Srinagar.


Most proposals for legalizing cannabis production and sale ban sales to minors. But such bans are not self-executing. There is at least the risk—if not the overwhelming probability—that legal availability for adults will change price and availability for minors in a way that will increase the prevalence of underage use. This is especially problematic with respect to use by younger adolescents and to heavy use. It might be possible, with vigorous enforcement, to reduce the impact of legalization on use by minors, but the costs and unwanted side effects of such efforts may make them, on balance, inadvisable. The example of alcohol shows that it is possible to make it difficult for minors to buy directly from licensed stores and that doing so reduces alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms in the target population. But strong efforts to prevent minors from buying cannabis illegally from adults, who in turn buy it from licensed stores, may not be advisable. With minors now accounting for approximately 25 percent of the volume in the cannabis markets, giving strictly illicit producers and vendors a firmer grip on the underage market would undermine the goal of reducing illicit-market harms, including violence, the need for enforcement, and the supply of products of uncertain potency, perhaps containing harmful contaminants. If this is so, then the harms associated with increased juvenile use are not entirely separable from the decision to make cannabis lawfully available to adults. † Project Manager of BOTEC's advisory role to the Washington State Liquor Control Board regarding the implementation of Initiative 502. The authors wish to thank GiveWell and Good Ventures for funding this research. ‡ Stever Professor of Operations Research and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College. * Chairman of BOTEC Analysis Corporation, Professor of Public Policy at the UCLA School of Public Affairs, and editor of the Journal of Drug Policy Analysis. Case Western Reserve Law Review·Volume 65·Issue 3·2015 Controlling Underage Access to Legal Cannabis


This paper presents a detailed full-wave analysis of the conductor-backed slotline. The occurrence of an even dominant mode is revealed. This mode may propagate alone from dc up to the frequency at which the first leaky mode sets up. Nonphysical solutions of the dispersion equation and also the second leaky mode, taking power in the substrate, are identified. The first odd space leaky mode revealed on the CBSL enables an entirely uniplanar leaky wave antenna to be designed. The dispersion characteristics of particular revealed modes and their field distributions on the cross-sectional plane are also presented.


Modern society has brought with it profound changes in lifestyle and an increased incidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Body weights are on the rise, diets are becoming less healthy, and people are becoming increasingly sedentary, resulting in elevations of blood pressure and metabolic alterations that increase atherothrombotic risk. In fact, obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes are becoming a public health problem of epidemic proportions.1,2⇓ In addition, modern society imposes demands on many that lead to difficulties in coping with their situations and more chronic "stress." Stress engages the central nervous system and activates behavioral and physiological response patterns, such as the "defense" and "defeat" reactions, which have been beneficial for the survival of the individual and the species but may become maladaptive when stress is chronic.3–5⇓⇓ The concepts of "allostasis," ie, adaptation to physiological states and the environment, and "allostatic load" are helpful in understanding how responses to stress may become maladaptive and damaging.5

See p 2659

Stress activates the sympathoadrenal system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Defense reactions involve catecholamine release, vagal withdrawal, cortisol secretion, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system; the less well characterized defeat reaction is a stimulus for cortisol production.3,4⇓ These mediators subserve functions that help the individual during short-term stress. When stress is frequent, adaptation (coping) is lacking, the ability to shut off the stress response is deficient, or the responses to stress are inadequate and compensatory mechanisms are activated, the allostatic load may become overwhelming and the adaptive processes become maladaptive.5 Stress is involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, as nicely demonstrated in animal experiments,3,4⇓ but human research in this area is complicated. Thus, it is difficult to extrapolate from the laboratory environment to everyday life, to quantitate and categorize stress over …


In this study, the adsorption of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) as appropriate representatives of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on seven types of different carbon nanostructures were investigated. In this research, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT1 and MWNT2), singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), nanoporous carbon and MWNT-COOH, as well as activated carbon as a conventional sorbent for organic contaminant were studied. Nanostructures morphologies were studied by both Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The structure and surface properties of carbon nanostructures including surface area and pore volume were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77K using an ASAP 2010 analyzer accelerated surface area and BET method. Adsorption studies were conducted by passing air samples through the adsorbents in the glass column at an adjustable flow rate and finally trapping any adsorbed species which are not retained by the adsorbents in the column to a charcoal sorbent tube and analyzed by a GC system. The carbon nanofiber (CNF) demonstrated the highest capacity for adsorbing all BTX compared to the SWCNT, MWNT, nanoporous carbon, and MWNT-COOH, respectively. Different effective factors on the adsorption of organic compounds on the carbon nanostructures including pore characteristics, surface area, surface defects, and functional groups have been discussed. It was observed that, carbon nanostructures except MWNTCOOH had higher values of adsorption for BTX, compared to the activated carbon in spite of lower surface area. * Corresponding author


In composite or concrete structures, to analyze the stress their concentration factor, stress distributions and fracture mechanics under forces by photoelastic experiment, it is necessary to develop photoelastic model materials. Thus the orthotropic photoelastic model material for the transparant-type photoelastic device was developed in this paper it is called Copper Fiber Epoxy Composite and abbreviated as C. F. E. C. It was found that C. F. E. C. as developed in this paper satisfied the properties which photoelastic model material should have. C. F. E. C. has the complete properties of a composite material. It is thought that C. F. E. C. can be applied to both medical engineering for modeling biological tissue and to the aerospace industry as orthotropic photoelastic material.


This study aims to develop a mini self-research guidebook based on 4C skills and determine the quality of the guidebook developed based on expert validation and trial results. The method used is RnD (Research & Development) using the ADDIE model. The developed guidebook was then assessed using a questionnaire instrument via google form by media experts, material experts and 28 Biology Education Study Program students. The results showed that the mini self-research guidebook product based on 4C skills was proven valid and feasible. This achievement is indicated by the results of the media expert validation assessment of 91.70% with very good and valid criteria; the material expert 95% with very good and valid criteria; and student responses of 89.02% with very good and valid criteria. In conclusion, the mini self-research guidebook based on 4C skills that were developed is classified as very good and valid and suitable to be used as a source of student self-study.
Keywords: Guidebook, 4C Skills, 21st Century Skills, Mini Research


Abstract : Several important questions related to cavity expansion and pressuremeter testing in clays are being investigated. Tests are performed in a cuboidal shear device to simulate pressuremeter stress paths and to evaluate the strain rate effects. Similarly, experiments will be conducted to evaluate effects of stress relief, relaxation and disturbance. Model pressuremeter tests will be performed in a calibration chamber to confirm the strain rate effects obtained in the cubic triaxial simulation and verify the applicability of the interpretation technique based on anisotropic model to determine the initial in- situ stress. The calibration chamber test equipment is currently being redesigned and modified to perform the model pressuremeter tests. The experimental data will be used to calibrate the anisotropic soil model developed for this study. With this model, one can predict the behavior of clay type material under any desired stress path from the results obtained under a particular stress path, such as the pressuremeter stress path.


In this paper we present a colon straightening method based on a gravity field model. The colon is considered as an isotropic elastic solid geometry. Nonlinear finite element method is adopted to simulate the colon deformation process under the gravity in the natural world. Thin-plate spline based kernel transform is used to interpolate among the nodes of the finite elements. Experiments with both simulation models and a CT dataset are designed. The results show the proposed method is more effective compared with other existing straightening methods in the regions of the colon with high curvature or asymmetrical structure.


Jerry Fodor made significant contributions to our knowledge of the human mind, of the nature of concepts and meaning, and of human language processing. Here is more on his atomistic theory of concepts.


Nowadays many sensors for information acquisition are widely employed in remote sensing and different properties of the objects can be revealed. Unfortunately each imaging sensor has its own limits on scene recognition in the sense of thematic, temporal, and other interpretation. Integration (fusion) of different data types is expected to increase the quality of scene interpretation and decision making. In recent time integration of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), optical, topography or geographic information system data is widely performed for many tasks such as automatic classification, mapping or interpretation. In this paper we present an approach for very high resolution multi-sensor data fusion to solve several tasks such as urban area automatic classification and change detection. Datasets with different nature are integrated using the INFOFUSE framework [1], consisting of feature extraction (information fission), dimensionality reduction, and supervised classification. Fusion of WorldView-2 optical data and laser Digital Surface Model (DSM) data allows for different types of urban objects to be classified into predefined classes of interest with increased accuracy. Numerical evaluation of the method comparing with other established methods illustrates advantage in the accuracy of structure classification into low-, medium-, and high-rise buildings together with other common urban classes.


We measured the angular dependence of coercivity Hc and remnant coercivity Hr of oriented, Co‐Ti substituted, plate‐like barium ferrite particulate samples. The experimental results were compared to those modelled by a chain of two oblate ellipsoids. By including the effects of the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the shape anisotropy, and the interaction anisotropy of the ellipsoids, the model of a chain of oblate ellipsoids can explain the magnetization reversal mechanism of the barium ferrite samples. In an individual particle, the magnetic moment tends to reverse coherently because of it large uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, while in the oriented particulate samples the magnetization reversal of the stacked assembly occurs by symmetrical fanning, consistent with the larger uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy and stronger interaction anisotropy.


The origin and development of the Malay art of writing after the introduction of Islam into the
Malay Archipelago were closely related to Arabic and Islamic traditions of writing. Almost all
the Malay manuscripts extant were written in the Jawi script, the traditional script of the Malays
which were developed based on the Arabic script, with a few additional letters, some borrowed
from Farsi and others developed locally, in order to meet the needs of the Malay tongue.
Etymologically, many of the Malay terms relating to the art of writing originated from Arabic
words: huruf from huruf, kertas from qartas and dakwat from da'wat. In addition, the great
majority of the Jawi manuscripts were translations or adaptations from Arabic books on Islam,
biographies and stories of Islamic leaders and heroes and some adaptations from Persian and
Indian legends and literature. This shows the extent of the influence of Islamic tradition of
writing, especially Arabic, on Malay writing and scholarship


SUMMARY Groundnuts given a mixture of S35-labelled ground rock phosphate and sulphur at planting were radioactive 14 days later, when go per cent of the seedlings had emerged. Forty days after planting one-third of the total plant-S was from the fertilizer, and the mean recovery of fertilizer-S was 18 per cent by harvest. In field experiments the mixture outyielded ground rock phosphate and was as good as single superphosphate, though drought diminished yields generally. At three sites which were harvested the percentages of applied-S recovered were 12, 20 and 27 per cent. Significantly more P was taken up by the crop receiving the mixture than was recovered from the ground rock phosphate alone.


Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for episodes of severe major depression, with or without psychosis, and often works when


The dielectronic satellite radiation emitted from ions excited by resonant capture of an electron from a directed electron beam can be strongly linearly polarized. We have carried out relativistic calculations of angular asymmetry parameters and polarization of dielectronic satellite lines for H-like ions with {ital Z}=9, 22, 28, 42, and 92 using the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock model. We found that many transitions exhibit strong angular asymmetry and a large degree of polarization. In addition, we found that the polarization of the resulting radiation is independent of atomic number in the nonrelativistic limit. But when the effects of relativity are taken into account, the polarization becomes markedly {ital Z} dependent.


Modernization in promoting national governance system and capability to be promoted puts demand for "modernization" national software to correspond with modernization in industry, agriculture, national defence and science.The essay states "spirit of government by law"is a core demand for modernization in national governance system and capability. National governance by "modernization"demand not only complete static legal system but also sound dynamic one. Modernization in national governance needs establishing systems of rule to accord with law, public power allocation, citizens' basic right and obligation, state obligation and government duty as well as citizens' obligation as a whole.National governance by "modernization" actually demands that state should effectively apply "thinking and manner of rule by law" to settle down serious and complicated social issues as manage affair in national survival and development.


Spectrum prediction algorithm has always been a research hot spot of communication because it can reduce considerable time and energy consumption when the receiver senses channel states. Users only sense those channels whose prediction result of channel state in the next time slot will be idle, thus reducing the number of perceptual processes. Many spectrum prediction algorithms have achieved good performance, and with the rise of deep learning it will be a good innovation research in the application of spectrum prediction. A prediction model composed of Long Short Time Memory (LSTM) layers is constructed in this paper and then is trained through supervised learning before prediction. The output of LSTM network is transformed into 0 or 1 which indicates idle state or occupied compared to the threshold. Therefore, the maximum accuracy can be achieved under certain threshold settings. Influence of different LSTM network depth and width on the prediction accuracy is also studied in this paper together with Back Propagation (BP) neural network performance. Results show that LSTM network has better performance than BP network under the condition of same number of hidden layers and neurons. When there are something wrong with spectrum sensing, channel states with error and correct channel states both can be used as learning labels. The simulation results indicate that prediction accuracy for the latter one is about 4% better than the previous one.


The presented article is dedicated to the role of local public management in the model of multi-level governance. The problem of local public government in the multi-level governance (MLG) model is of particular importance, especially, in the light of current collapse of the Cohesion Policy in the European Union (EU). This policy has been very important for regional development in the recently acceded member states of the European Community, and particularly significant for countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The article presents the essence of MLG-level governance as a tool of modern management in a diverse EU. The place and role of local government in the model of MLG will be predominantly emphasized. Another important issue for the Public Management in the MLG model in the context of diverse EU is the process of making decisions, and taking over some functions of the national state by other actors, such as local authorities or non-governmental organizations (NGOs). MLG development seems to be particularly important for European integration and its economic and social cohesion in the current crisis of community policy.


The U.S. Soil Survey has existed since 1899 for the express purpose of mapping the soil resources of the nation and providing land-use interpretations for the people. Through its work, the Survey has contributed to developing an understanding of appropriate uses of the varied soils of the United States and disseminating that understanding to farmers, agricultural scientists, governments, and other users of the land. The survey's descriptions of soil types and recommendations for land use, however, depend for their accuracy on adequate scientific knowledge of the principles of soil formation. To obtain that scientific knowledge, the Soil Survey has supported a research program in conjunction with its mapping activities throughout most of its history. One line of research pursued by the Soil Survey program, known as soil geomorphology, studies the relationship of soils to the geology and geomorphology of an area. These studies provide fundamental information about the developmental processes responsible for soils occurring on specific components of the landscape. Pedologists (soil scientists) and geologists conduct soil-geomorphology studies at field locations representing various landscape and climatic regions chosen for investigation. At these field sites, the researchers must map the topography (land surface configuration) and underlying geology (stratigraphy), as well as the


Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) causes the phylogeny of some parts of the genome to differ from the species tree. In this work, we investigate the frequencies and determinants of ILS in 29 major ancestral nodes across the entire primate phylogeny. We find up to 64% of the genome affected by ILS at individual nodes. We exploit ILS to reconstruct speciation times and ancestral population sizes. Estimated speciation times are much more recent than genomic divergence times and are in good agreement with the fossil record. We show extensive variation of ILS along the genome, mainly driven by recombination but also by the distance to genes, highlighting a major impact of selection on variation along the genome. In many nodes, ILS is reduced more on the X chromosome compared with autosomes than expected under neutrality, which suggests higher impacts of natural selection on the X chromosome. Finally, we show an excess of ILS in genes with immune functions and a deficit of ILS in housekeeping genes. The extensive ILS in primates discovered in this study provides insights into the speciation times, ancestral population sizes, and patterns of natural selection that shape primate evolution. Description INTRODUCTION Incomplete lineage sorting generates gene trees that are incongruent with the species tree. Incomplete lineage sorting has been described in many phylogenetic clades, including birds, marsupials, and primates. For example, the level of incomplete lineage sorting in the human-chimp-gorilla branch adds up to ~30%, which means that, even though our closest primate relatives are chimps, 15% of our genome resembles more the gorilla than the chimp genome, and another 15% groups the chimp with the gorilla first. RATIONALE Although incomplete lineage sorting is usually regarded as an obstacle for phylogenetic reconstruction, it holds valuable information about the evolutionary history of the species because its extent depends on the ancestral effective population sizes and the time between speciation events. Additionally, recurrent ancestral selective processes are expected to influence how the proportion of incongruent trees varies along the genome, which makes incomplete lineage sorting a useful tool to study ancient evolutionary events. In this study, we estimate the incomplete lineage sorting landscape by running a coalescent hidden Markov model in species trios along a 50-way primate genome alignment. We then leverage the signal of incomplete lineage sorting to reconstruct ancestral effective population parameters and to analyze the genomic determinants that influence the sorting of lineages. RESULTS We find widespread incomplete lineage sorting across the primate tree in 29 nodes, some reaching as much as 64% of the genome. Combining CoalHMM with a machine learning pipeline, we reconstruct the speciation times of the primate phylogeny without the need for fossil calibrations. Our speciation time estimates are more recent than divergence times, and they are in agreement with previous estimates based on fossil evidence. Our reconstructed ancestral effective population sizes show that they increase toward the past. We additionally detect regions that have low or high incomplete lineage sorting levels consistently across several nodes. We show that incomplete lineage sorting proportions increase with the recombination rate in the genomic region—a difference that translates into an up to fourfold variation in the inferred local effective population size. Moreover, we report low levels of incomplete lineage sorting on the X chromosome. This reduction is more pronounced than expected under neutral evolution, which suggests that selective forces affect the X chromosome more strongly than the autosomes, reducing the effective population size of the X chromosome and, subsequently, the levels of incomplete lineage sorting. We further assess how selection affects the distribution of incomplete lineage sorting patterns by comparing the incomplete lineage sorting proportions of exons with those in intergenic regions. We find that there is an overall decrease in the levels of incomplete lineage sorting in exons that amounts to a reduction of 31% in the local effective population size as compared with intergenic regions. Finally, we perform a gene ontology enrichment analysis on low– and high–incomplete lineage sorting genes. We find that immune system genes show large proportions of incomplete lineage sorting for many of the nodes, whereas housekeeping genes with basic cell functions show a lack of incomplete lineage sorting. CONCLUSION Most molecular-based methods that aim at timing a species tree provide estimates of divergence times, which are confounded by ancestral population sizes compared with the actual speciation times. We showed that using the coalescent theory and the signal of incomplete lineage sorting allows us to accurately estimate speciation times and ancestral population sizes in the primate tree, gaining key insights regarding some aspects of primate biology. Our study also emphasizes the prevalence of natural selection at linked sites that shapes the landscape of both genetic diversity and incomplete lineage sorting along the primate genome. Inference of the speciation history and the genomic landscape of natural selection in primates from patterns of incomplete lineage sorting. CoalHMM was used to capture the signal of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) segments along the genomes of 50 primate species and to estimate coalescent parameters—i.e., the ancestral effective population sizes and speciation times. Moreover, the genome-wide variation in the levels of incomplete lineage sorting allowed for the inference of selective processes in primates. ChrX, X chromosome.


Hospital discharge certificate for Privt. Adolphus Seymour of Company "F," 1st regiment, N. Y. Veteran's Cavalry. The certificate details that the Private has been discharged from service, at Turner's Lane Hospital, due to a disability which was certified by a surgeon.


Based on the micro-theoretical framework of constructing farmers' transfer incentives in farmland, this paper analyzes the differences of land transfer decision-making behaviors for rural households in Shaanxi and Henan provinces by using rural household data in Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and discusses the regional differences of farmers' transfer welfare effects in farmland on this basis. The study finds that both rental and leased land are conducive to promoting farmers' income and reducing the incidence of poverty. Nevertheless, there are some differences in welfare effects among regions. There are certain similarities and differences in the influencing factors of the decision-making of farmland transfer among regions. Among them, the intelligence level and health level of households in Shaanxi Province and Henan Province have a significant positive impact on transfer in farmland. Family characteristics show that Shaanxi Province is gradually breaking the path dependence of agricultural development, while Henan Province still has certain path dependence. Urban wage levels and employment opportunities are still the main reasons for farmers to rent land for non-agricultural production activities in Shaanxi Province and Henan Province. In addition, the measure of welfare effects finds that the welfare effect of leased land in Shaanxi Province is significantly higher than that of rental land, while the welfare effect of leased land in Henan Province is significantly lower than that of rental land.


We describe the development experience of the building intelligent technique and the application of the technique in the now hospital construction.We brifely present the equipment, the main functions of each system and the equipment maintenance and the operation of the hospital intelligent building.We also put forward the suggestion for the improvement.


Focusing on the "information island", "information black hole" phenomenon of the government information resources sharing, it can't meet the demand of information to the public. The work analyzes the interests between the same level governments departments, superior and subordinate departments, and between the government and the public based on the game theory. Find out the obstacle of the sharing information. Then the work give some advices on solving the questions .It can contribute to the government information resources sharing.


The hippocampus has been the focus of many researches over the last decades. The aim of this study is to simulate firings in hippocampus CA3 area with pulse coupled neural network (PCNN). The model consists of 120 neurons, of which the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neuron is 5 to 1. The weight parameter is set according to Gaussian distribution. Results show that for the three different inputs: sinusoidal input, rectangular pulse, and the sum of the above inputs, average population firings rate is less than 10%; the sparse connectivity among neurons can be adjusted by weight matrix. We may come to the conclusions that: (1) Under three different types of inputs, the mean activity level of PCNN is less than 10%, which satisfies the sparse coding of hippocampus CA3; (2) The connectivity of the neurons is adjusted by the synaptic weight matrix. It satisfies the sparse connectivity of hippocampus neuron; (3) PCNN outputs different time series according to the input, which may be further used in future coding studies.


In many real-world situations, agents must formulate option exercise strategies with imperfect information. In such a setting, agents may infer the private signals of other agents through their observed exercise strategies. The building of an office building, the drilling of an exploratory oil well, and the commitment of a pharmaceutical company toward the research of a new drug all convey private information to other market participants. This article develops an equilibrium framework for option exercise games with asymmetric private information. Many interesting aspects of the patterns of equilibrium exercise are analyzed. In particular, informational cascades, where agents ignore their private information and jump on the exercise bandwagon, may arise endogenously. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.


Photonic jet microscopy is a technical field of microscopy applying photonic jet phenomenon to increase the resolution of objects or area of objects being observed. Mostly it is used in optical microscopy as the demand of visual observations are increased, especially for the micro-metric biological objects. In addition to our previous works inoptical assessment of observing a micrometric object under a microsphere using an optical microscope, now we made the electromagnetic assessment. It concludes if smaller microsphere magnifies greater than bigger microsphere. Therefore, applying photonic jet microscopy for visual observation is getting closer.


Based on the technique of fragment‐induced spin polarization combined with the β‐NMR method, a series of experiments has been carried out at RIKEN for the nuclear‐moment measurement of light unstable nuclei. The measurement will be extended further in the RIKEN RIBF project, where radioactive‐isotope beams in the medium‐ and heavy‐mass regions will be produced at higher energies and with higher intensities compared with the RARF facility. Measurements of the isomeric‐state nuclear moments of unstable nuclei will be started with BigRIPS by utilizing fragment‐induced spin‐orientation phenomena. Also, an upgrade program of the existing fragment separator RIPS is proposed in the phase‐II program of RIBF. Then, intense beams will be delivered to RIPS at E ∼ 115 A MeV. This energy region is useful, not only because spin orientation is produced in the PF reaction but also they can be implanted into sample materials with limited thickness.


I t is commonly reported that symptoms of anxiety and depression are underrecognized and poorly addressed in primary care. Several studies have found that psychologic diagnoses frequently coexist with and may exacerbate physical symptom presentation, yet physicians continue to have difficulty in addressing their association and influence on the clinical presentation. Furthermore, as demonstrated within gastroenterology, merely making a diagnosis of a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder compared with an organic GI disorder can influence physician attitudes, behaviors, and clinical judgment. In this study, Keefer et al are to be commended for bringing these important clinical issues to light and to encourage psychosocial assessments to improve patient care. Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among patients seen in 2 gastroenterology referral clinics, the authors found that anxiety, more than depression, were common, though were not different between the functional and organic disorders. However, the treating gastroenterologists often missed these diagnoses, and when they did diagnose anxiety or depression, the results correlated poorly with, and had a low-positive predictive value to the standardized psychologic test. Furthermore, it seems that physicians were more likely to diagnose a functional GI disorder (FGID) when anxiety is perceived or vice versa. In effect, the authors found that the physician's ability to diagnosis anxiety and depression is poor when compared with standard measures and that their diagnostic accuracy may be biased by the perceived association of anxiety with a FGID. So, is the recommendation for medical physicians to use psychologic tests to make psychologic diagnoses going to be helpful? To fully understand and apply the recommendations into clinical practice, it is important to know (a) whether physicians are able to identify psychologic comorbidities, or whether they interpret and respond to them differently, (b) whether psychosocial screening instruments are clinically relevant and appropriate to use in medical settings, and finally (c) whether gastroenterologists need to provide a different type of care for their patients with psychosocial comorbidities. Are Physicians able to identify psychologic comorbidities or do they see them differently? The identification of psychologic diagnoses and distress can be difficult even for psychiatrists and psychologists. The risk of missing important factors in patient presentation, whether medical or psychologic, likely represents a larger trend within medical practice; the pressure to reduce the time spent with the patient because of increased financial pressures—to ''increase throughput'' to counter decreasing revenues. Thus, medical physicians may not believe it to be valuable to put in additional time to assess psychologic diagnoses. To complicate this further, patients referred to gastroenterologists maybe reluctant to acknowledge symptoms of anxiety or depression because of the risk of social stigma or the belief that they


An optimal construction site layout planning (CSLP) is vital for project management. It can reduce the transportation flows and thus the costs of a project. Genetic algorithm (GA) is the most used algorithm to solve site layout problems, but randomly generated initial population in GA will decrease solution quality. Max-min ant system (MMAS) can offer a better initial population than the randomly generated initial population at the beginning of GA. In this study, a modified GA (MMAS-GA) formed by conjoining MMAS to the step of initialization of GA is proposed to solve CSLP problems. In order to reveal the computational capability of MMAS-GA to solve CSLP problems, the results of MMAS-GA and traditional GA are compared by solving an equal-area CSLP problem. The results showed that the proposed MMAS-GA algorithm provided a better optimal solution under the objective function of minimizing the transportation flows between the site facilities. The proposed MMAS-GA algorithm could assist project managers and planners to design optimal construction site layout, and thus to reduce construction costs.


Although predictions based on machine learning are reaching unprecedented levels of accuracy, understanding the underlying mechanisms of a machine learning model is far from trivial. Therefore, explaining machine learning outcomes is gaining more interest with an increasing need to understand, trust, justify, and improve both the predictions and the prediction process. This, in turn, necessitates providing mechanisms to evaluate explainability methods as well as to measure their ability to fulfill their designated tasks. In this paper, we introduce a technique to extract the most important features from a data perspective. We propose metrics to quantify the ability of an explainability method to convey and communicate the underlying concepts available in the data. Furthermore, we evaluate the ability of an eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method to reason about the reliance of a Machine Learning (ML) model on the extracted features. Through experiments, we further, prove that our approach enables differentiating explainability methods independent of the underlying experimental settings. The proposed metrics can be used to functionally evaluate the extent to which an explainability method is able to extract the patterns discovered by a machine learning model. Our approach provides a means to quantitatively differentiate global explainability methods in order to deepen user trust not only in the predictions generated but also in their explanations.


PURPOSE: To provide a novel sensor for gas vapor. CONSTITUTION: The sensing part 10 of a gas vapor sensor 24 is formed from gold-palladium alloy 13 and is highly sensitive for phosphine or aricine gas. The quantity of the sensing member 10 by pallarium concentration is generally lower than 20%. The sensing member 10 is used as an activating substance in gas vapor sensor 24.


Taking a business-finance perspective this paper investigates the corporate tax neutrality question. Demonstrating that when firms use the NPV-positive criteria, corporate taxation, as well as taxes on security incomes at the individual level discourages corporate investment. However, abolishing the corporate tax (i.e., tax integration) does not help mitigate this tax disincentive for investment. That is despite the under-investment tax distortion created by corporate taxation, a tax-regime that generates revenue solely from individual taxation leads to a lower corporate investment (under the NPV-positive criteria) than a regime that relies on tax revenue from both individual and corporate taxation.


Case teaching is a universal and significant means to improve teaching efficiency and a specific education method. Thereby, how to grasp case teaching well plays a crucial role in improving education quality. The characteristics of case teaching was explored and analyzed, while the implementation and difficulties of case teaching in Marine resources and economic courses was also summarized to offer references for case teaching application.


Dishwasher (1) comprising a Cuba (2) in which is performed a washing process, a thermoelectric unit (3) used for condensation of drying air, having an endothermic part (4) and a exothermic part (5), and a condensation channel (6) allowing the circulation of humid air in Cuba (2) out of Cuba (2) and characterized by a part of which endothermic thermoelectric unit (3) (4) is mounted in the condensation channel (6) without being in contact with Cuba (2) and the exothermic part (5) is mounted on the wall of the condensation channel (6), such that it remains outside the condensation channel (6), allowing the condensation of the humid air received from the condensation channel (6) and Cuba (2) only by contact with the endothermic part (4) and without being in contact with the exothermic part (5) and a channel condensing (6) for sending to Cuba (2) of the air abandon the endothermic part (4).


The principal objective of this project was to investigate the effect of Visual merchandising on customer impulse buying behavior in retail stores in Sudan. This study employed descriptive method, using the convenience sampling technique of non-probability sampling method. 168 questionnaire were administered to shoppers in Alanfal mall to examine the various factors of visual merchandising and its influence on consumers' impulse buying behavior. The Pearson correlation test is used to check the correlations between impulse buying tendency and each of the four types of visual merchandising practices and multiple regression analysis was conducted for hypothesis testing to find out the relationships between impulse buying tendency and each of the four types of visual merchandising practices. The findings indicated that there was a positive relationship between visual merchandising and consumers' impulse buying behavior. Moreover, the study revealed that the strongest correlation exist between impulse buying behavior and window display next to floor merchandising followed by In store form and Promotional signage. The findings are useful for retailers to choose an appropriate technique in presenting merchandise in the most attractive manner to catch the eyes of the customer to convert them into buyers of the products.


Iam so appreciative of the nurses and their colleagues who have continued to produce their scholarly work, even during these unsettled times. It is my pleasure to introduce this issue of the Journal of Addictions Nursing. In this issue, articles address a number of important topics in the addictions field including alcohol use disorders, opioid use disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine withdrawal. The official IntNSA position paper, "Women of Childbearing Age and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Prevention: A Position Paper," along with four columns, namely, Innovative Roles, Medial Watch, Pharmacology Corner, and Stories from the Field, also appear in this issue. We begin with Cecilia Uga and her colleagues' paper, "Educating Nurses on the Use of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale to Improve Care of Adult Patients Undergoing Buprenorphine Induction."They state that participants in their program expressed increased knowledge, confidence, and satisfaction with the COWS screening instrument, which ultimately led to patients benefiting from the participants who had more skills and confidence in monitoring withdrawal symptoms postintervention. This is also the continuing education article for this issue. Next is the article "Correlations between Stress, Depression, BodyMass Index, and Food Addiction among Korean Nursing Students" by Sung Hee Shin and colleagues. In their sample of nursing students, they found that about 7% of the students were classified as having a food addiction. Depression and stress combined were predictors of food addiction. They suggest that effective stress management and depression prevention interventions may be beneficial to prevent food addiction in nursing students. The third article in this issue is by Dr. Chung and Dr. Lee entitled, "Risk Factors of Binge Drinking in Adults across Gender and Age Groups: Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." They conclude that interventions considering the differences in drinking characteristics and risk factors of binge drinking across age groups, as well as interventions focusing on the risk of binge drinking among young adults, must be developed in clinical settings and communities. Next, in the article entitled "The Relationship between Prenatal Smoking Exposure and Telemere Lengths in Fetuses, Infants, and Children: A Systematic Literature Review," Dr. HollyWei and her colleagues show that the impact of prenatal


The increase in body weight is a complex phenomenon and it depends on both genotype and environmental effects acting on an animal. Selection for body weight at young ages and growth rate in meat sheep usually results in more precocious animals, that is, animals that reach the optimum slaughter weight in a shorter period of time, maximizing the production system. On the other hand, this selection makes possible the increase of body weight in adult animals for replacement. Santa Inês sheep breeders are concerned about increasing the animals´ weight, and this increase has been notices over the years. However, it is known that larger animals are less efficient and increase maintenance costs. It is important, therefore, to seek a balance between increasing weight at young ages and the weight of adult animals. In improvement programmes it is essential to know the genetic parameters for conducting an efficient selection. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for Mature Weight (MW) of Santa Inês sheep. The data used in this study come from a herd which belongs to the company Gaasa Alimentos LTDA, located in Inhumas (a town in the Brazilian state of Goiás),and they are part of the Programme of Genetic Improvement of Goats and Sheep (GENECOC) managed by the company Embrapa Goats and Sheep. The analysis was carried out through an animal model from the relationship matrix which consisted of 13,440 animals. The analysis was carried out through the Method of Maximum Likelihood Derivative Free Restricted (DFREML), using the MTDFREML software. The model had the random additive genetic as well as the permanent environment of the animal effects, and also the fixed effect of contemporary group (animals born in the same season and year, with the same kind of birth and sex, as well as subjected to the same handling), and finally the covariate age of the animal in weighing. It was used the weighing of animals between three and five years old. The mean for MW (n = 12,511) was 51.08 ± 8.17 kg. It is worth emphasizing that this average is expected for a commercial herd. Santa Inês sheep's adult weight increasing may not be the most appropriate strategy, especially in that it is a breed of maternal fitness. The selection for heavier animals could have harmed the overall productive performance, making this breed more demanding and consequently less profitable. The heritability of the MW was of a moderate magnitude (0.36). This result indicates that the mass selection can be used as a breeding strategy. However, economic studies will be important to show if this selection must be positive (increased weight) or negative (reduced weight), while maintaining the balance between production efficiency and growth rate.


Based on the concept and working principle of water source heat pump,this paper presents the feature of designing of air conditioning system with water source heat pump,then analyses operating condition of center air conditioning unit with water source heat pump and presents performance curve of refrigeration and heating condition. Through analyzing application example of water source heat pump, we know advantage of water source heat pump. This paper analyses the problems in the application of water source heat pump. This analysis demonstrates that water source heat pump system has high efficiency and wide application, and can be used in large or middle scale air conditioning system.


To discuss the effect of land training of youth ice hockey athletes by Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test survey blood lactate and RPE of 24 excellent youth ice hockey athletes.Compare to blood lactate and RPE,Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test have some characteristic like facility,non-injury,safety and accuracy.


Overnight, room temperature hold of whole blood (WB) before leukoreduction and component processing offers significant logistic and cost advantages over WB processed within 8 hours. Plasma prepared from WB held at room temperature overnight (PF24RT24WB) may result in a degradation of plasma coagulation protein activities compared to plasma frozen within 8 hours of collection. In this study, we intended to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of PF24RT24WB prepared using a new WB collection, leukoreduction, and storage system compared to fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) after 12 months of frozen storage.


We study the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation and derive exact expressions for the Green function in terms of reflection coefficients which are defined for semi-infinite intervals. We also discuss the relation between our results and the WKB approximation.


We present multiple factor analysis for contingency tables (MFACT) and its implementation
in the FactoMineR package. This method, through an option of the MFA function, allows us to deal
with multiple contingency or frequency tables, in addition to the categorical and quantitative multiple
tables already considered in previous versions of the package. Thanks to this revised function, either
a multiple contingency table or a mixed multiple table integrating quantitative, categorical and
frequency data can be tackled.
The FactoMineR package (Le et al., 2008; Husson et al., 2011) offers the most commonly used
principal component methods: principal component analysis (PCA), correspondence analysis (CA;
Benzecri, 1973), multiple correspondence analysis (MCA; Lebart et al., 2006) and multiple factor
analysis (MFA; Escofier and Pages, 2008). Detailed presentations of these methods enriched by
numerous examples can be consulted at the website http://factominer.free.fr/.
An extension of the MFA function that considers contingency or frequency tables as proposed by
Becue-Bertaut and Pages (2004, 2008) is detailed in this article.
First, an example is presented in order to motivate the approach. Next, the mortality data used
to illustrate the method are introduced. Then we briefly describe multiple factor analysis (MFA)
and present the principles of its extension to contingency tables. A real example on mortality data
illustrates the handling of the MFA function to analyse these multiple tables and, finally, conclusions
are presented.