Dynamical problems of the theory of plasticity have not been adequately studied. Dynamical problems arise in various fields of science and engineering but the complexity of original differential equations does not allow one to construct new exact solutions and to solve boundary value problems correctly. One-dimensional dynamical problems are studied rather well but two-dimensional problems cause major difficulties associated with nonlinearity of the main equations. Application of symmetries to the equations of plasticity allow one to construct some exact solutions. The best known exact solution is the solution obtained by B.D. Annin. It describes non-steady compression of a plastic layer by two rigid plates. This solution is a linear one in spatial variables but includes various functions of time. Symmetries are also considered in this paper. These symmetries allow transforming exact solutions of steady equations into solutions of non-steady equations. The obtained solution contains 5 arbitrary functions


The paper reports the results of model testing of dry and mixed friction wear of a worm – worm rack kinematic pair, where the worm is made of CUA19Fe3 bronze, while the rack of alloy cast iron. Such a pair is applied in the feed mechanisms of heavy-duty machine tools. The experiment was conducted with variable cast iron hardness values and pressure levels. The distribution of wear along the friction path for the both elements of the tribological pair has been determined. The results are presented in diagrams and in the form of a relationship of wear intensity as a function of the parameters examined in the experiment.


ZnS polytypes are formed by martensitic transformations from their common parent, the hexagonal 2H structure, and their crystallographic characteristics depend on the detailed transformation mechanism. The ratio of the number of rhombohedral to the number of non-rhombohedral polytypes in the population of the currently identified polytypes is 1.5. It was formerly argued that the expected ratio is 2 and that the discrepancy indicates that the population is biased. An analysis based on the established properties of martensitic transformations in ZnS shows that the ratio of rhombohedral to non-rhombohedral polytypes depends on the transformation probability by a dislocation dipole; it is further shown that the experimental ratio of 1.5 can be derived by assuming the plausible value of 0.8 ± 0.1 for this probability.


ABSTRACT Youth experience numerous mental health and behavioral challenges in schools. School counselors are uniquely qualified to address these issues via prevention programming and interventions. This article discusses the behavioral Response to Intervention (RtI) framework and related three tiers of prevention that offer the early identification and support of students with more complex needs. We will also provide examples of evidence-based practices school counselors can incorporate in the delivery of services. These practices are universal, targeted, individualized, and rooted in research outcomes. Implications for school counseling research and practice are discussed.


Recent scholarship analyzing Japanese defense policy has been sensationalistic. Challenging the constructivist argument that an antimilitarism norm has constrained Japanese militarization, realists have called attention to Japan's technologically advanced military, procurement of sophisticated weaponry, increased public support for the Japan Self-Defense Force, and a strategy of buck-passing as evidence of "normalization," "militarization," and the emergence of a "great power." However, is this really the case? Has Japan embarked on a new aggressive path, negating decades of pacifism? In this paper, I propose a cross-paradigmatic approach for analyzing Japan's military strength by combining constructivist, liberal, and realist arguments. First, this paper provides a systematic comparison of militaries in East Asia to measure relative power. In context of a rapidly militarizing East Asia and the emergence of new threats, Japan's military policy has been moderate modernization, not militarization. Second, this paper offers a typology of constraints on the Japanese military. Social, technical, normative, and political factors limit Japanese power projection capabilities in the present, and will become more debilitating in the future.


We determined plasma (serum) alkaline phosphatase activity in 854 healthy students of the Rochester, Minnesota, public schools. Prepubertal girls had somewhat greater upper limits than did boys, and there was a low trend of increasing activity in both sexes. At the beginning of adolescence increasing activities were observed, which peakedatages 11 to l2yearsingirlsandatages l3to 14 in boys. Adult values were not reached until six to eight years later. In 160 pairs of siblings, a significant intraclass correlation was noted. A possible role of alkaline phosphatase in the regulation of protein synthesis is suggested.


With the products on the 18th PALM Exhibition, this paper introduces the characteristics of home-made digital voice processor, platform of network transmission.


Abstract The influence of the river Danube is determinant to the sedimentation of the north-western and western Black Sea area. After 1970, following the building of the Iron Gates dam, the Danube River sediment discharge diminished to 30–40% of its previous value. After a 12 000-year evolution, marked by active progradation, the Danube delta has become mainly inactive over the last few decades partly due to interventions of man-made origin. The deficit of sediment influx has led to the intense erosional processes of the deltaic littoral. On the Black Sea north-western shelf, two main areas (with contrasting sedimentary processes) have been identified: the internal, Danube sediment-fed shelf and the external, sediment-starved shelf. The modern highstand sedimentary history of the north-western Black Sea deep area is marked by the cessation of the Danube deep-sea fan active development. The main depositional units within the north-western Black Sea are described.


The global financial crisis and its aftermath have triggered extraordinary policy responses in advanced countries. The impacts of these policy responses—from asset price bubbles to currency depreciations—have often been felt in the developing world. As tapering talk evolves into actual withdrawal of quantitative easing in the United States, and as the Euro Zone launches its own quantitative easing program, there are good reasons to be concerned about the financial stability of emerging economies. India's experience with U.S. tapering offers insights into what to expect. This paper estimates the contribution of external and domestic factors to short-term fluctuations in the value of the Indian rupee between 2004 and 2014, using a rich dynamic model that controls for a large number of exchange rate determinants. The paper finds that a global surprise factor, more than domestic vulnerabilities, was the main driver of the large rupee depreciation in summer 2013. With the surprise factor gone, further normalization of U.S. monetary policy is unlikely to have significant effects on the rupee exchange rate.


Gene therapy must fond a kind of cell that can rebirth and express timelessly. Hematopoietic stem/pregenitor cells play an important role in hematopoietic system. They have potential to rebirth to expand and to differenciate forever. They could be cultured and expanded in vitro. So they are the good host cells for target gene. And they have the good prospects of application in gene therapy.


Background: Tissue prolapse (TP) after stent implantation is sometimes observed on optical coherence tomography (OCT) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the clinical significance of TP on long-term outcomes has not been fully investigated. We sought to evaluate the relationship between TP just after PCI and neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) at the follow-up period by serial OCT examination. Methods: We evaluated 106 consecutive lesions in 106 patients (46 patients with acute coronary syndrome [ACS]; 60 patients with stable angina pectoris [SAP]) that underwent PCI with OCT examination. All lesions were treated with stent implantation (60 lesions with drug-eluting stents; 46 lesions with bare metal stents). Before PCI, plaque morphologies at the culprit sites on OCT were evaluated. TP after PCI was defined as tissue extrusion through the stent struts. TP area in each cross-sectional area (CSA) and TP volume defined as the sum of TP area in each CSA at 1-mm intervals throughout the stented ...


The invention discloses a through hole filling method, including the following steps: providing a substrate which has a through hole on the surface; developing a dry film on the surface of the substrate; exposing and developing the dry film so as to form an opening on the dry film; and filling the through hole from the opening of the dry film. The invention further discloses a through hole filling structure and a through hole formation method. The invention solves the problem that currently filling light-sensitive lacquer into a through hole with big height-depth ratio is difficult and consumes a big amount of energy during the exposition process, thus improving through hole filling efficiency.


In India Majority of the population live in rural areas, there is much scope for solar energy. India has massive plan for Solar Energy generation. India is not only fulfilling the power generation but also contribute largely in Green Energy. Use of solar energy can reduce the Air pollution happen due to


A neural-network-based methodology for the design of optimal controllers for nonlinear systems is presented. The overall architecture consists of two neural networks. The first neural network is a cost-to-go function approximator (CTGA), which is trained to predict the cost to go from the present state of the system. The second neural network converges to an optimal controller as it is trained to minimize the output of the first network. The CTGA can be trained using available simulation or experimental data. Hence an explicit analytical model of the system is not required. The key to the success of the approach is giving the CTGA a special decentralized structure that makes its training relatively straightforward and its prediction quality carefully controlled. The specific structure eliminates many of the uncertainties often involved in using artificial neural networks for this type of application. Validity of the approach is illustrated for the optimal attitude control of a spacecraft with reaction wheels. I. Introduction A RTIFICIAL neural networks have been investigated extensively in the optimal control of nonlinear systems. Control architectures known as adaptive critic designs (ACD) have been proposed for the optimal control problem. 1−3 ACD are based on the forward dynamic programming approach to optimization. The basic architecture consists of a critic that models the cost-to-go function and a controller. Both structures are parameterized using neural networks. These two functions are trained simultaneously and each of them depends on the fidelity of the other to get trained properly. This could make the training of the overall system particularly challenging. An interesting solution approach has been presented recently, where the critic and the controller are pretrained using linear models over the region of operation of the system and an algebraic training procedure is employed in the initialization of the neural networks. 4 In our previous work, a modified parametric optimization approach was developed to generate optimal controllers in both state feedback form and dynamic output feedback form for linear systems. 5 In the present work, we generalize the approach to nonlinear systems. Parametric optimization imposes the form of the controller in advance and the controller parameters to optimize the performance measure are found. If the controller parameterization is done via neural networks, then given their universal functionapproximating capability, the true optimal controller can in theory be captured. 6,7 One objective of our research is to remove many of the uncertainties associated with training a neural network architecture that results in an optimal controller. The key to the success of our method is to give the neural network a very special structure that permits tight control over its prediction quality during training. The special structure also makes it possible for each subsystem of the overall network to be trained independent of other subsystems. The issue of interdependency among various portions of the overall network during training, encountered in the basic adaptive


The article deals with the simultaneous application of the classical penetration theory to both oblate ellipsoidal and spherical-cap bubbles coexisting in the heterogeneous (churn-turbulent) regime of bubble column operation. The theoretical volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients, kLa (referred to dispersion volume), for both small and large bubbles were first calculated by means of the classical penetration theory and then corrected due to the nonspherical bubble shape. The correction procedure developed by Nedeltchev et al. [1–3] has been successfully applied. Two new correction factors, (for the small ellipsoidal bubbles) and (for the large spherical-cap bubbles), were introduced. was correlated to the Eotvos number. Eo, whereas was correlated to the constant large bubble aspect ratio.

For the verification of this concept, kLa values in 15 different organic liquids and 7 preadjusted liquid mixtures were used (see Ozturk et al. [4]). The overall kLa values were estimated as a sum of both kLa values for the small (oblate ellipsoidal) bubbles and kLa values for the large (spherical-cap) bubbles. Each theoretical kLa value was multiplied by the corresponding correction term. As many as 102 experimental kLa values were predicted successfully with an average relative error of 7.1 %.


The report concludes there were individuals who, in the view of the inquiry, could and should on occasions have behaved differently. It singled out several people for specific criticism.

James Wisheart: "lacked insight" and would not admit that his own results were poor. He misled the trust board, his management style was perceived as "autocratic," and he was part of the "club culture which fostered a sense of them and us."

John Roylance: was criticised for "an inappropriate degree of rigidity," for not …


Abstract A simple, sensitive biotin‐avidin‐amplified electrochemical enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of estradiol (E2) was proposed in this paper. The complex of biotinylated anti‐E2 antibody and horseradish peroxidase‐labeled avidin (HRP‐avidin) were regarded as a probe in this system. The activity of labeled enzyme was measured with electrochemical methods using o‐phenylenediamine as substrate. Coupled with the plate‐coated antigen, indirect ELISA format using E2‐ovalbumin, the electrochemical detection was performed for E2 with the detection limit of 21.0 pg/ml, and the linear range of determination of 50.0–500.0 pg/ml. The proposed method has been used for the determination of E2 in river water with satisfactory results. Compared with the traditionally spectrophotometric ELISA detection, this method shows greatly heightened sensitivity. The limit of detection improved by about two orders of magnitude, which is very suitable for the conditions with extremely low concentration of analyte or very small volumes of sample present.


Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a rare malignant round cell tumor. It is the second common primary tumor of the bone found in children. The most common site in which it occurs is in the pelvis, the femur, the humerus, and the ribs. Due to its morphological overlap, there is diagnostic difficulty and for accurate diagnosis, requires special studies such as immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and molecular genetic analysis. We report a case of EWS in a 19 years boy who presented with pain and tenderness of left thigh. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was done and reported as Malignant round cell tumor suggestive of EWS. Diagnosis of EWS was confirmed with special stains and immunohistochemistry.


A charge pump for H-Bridge power driver circuit was proposed in this paper.In order to simplify the circuit complexity and ensure stability,the proposed charge pump is based on voltage doubling charge pump circuit topology,by adding two feedback control loop to precisely control the output voltage and the charging current of the charge pump.Used 0.35μm BCD process model,the cadence spectre emulator show that charge pump is working properly on 5mA load current condition.The output voltage range is wide(from 10Vto 40V),the highest power efficiency reached 91%,settling time of the output voltage is 579μs.And the test results show that the ripple of output voltage is below 385mV.


Differences between Chinese and British water resources management and financial management are compared from the water resources management system,modes of sources for raising water resources fund and water resources fund management,etc.The status in quo of development and existing problems in water resources and financial management of China are analyzed.Based on the characteristics of water resources industry in China,some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward,that is,the widening of range of function of the Ministry of Water Resources,to establish water resources management system based on water right and water market theory,to strengthen water right,to introduce market mechanism into financial management,etc.


The neural networks are powerful as nonlinear signal processors. This paper deals with the problem of employing the feedforward neural networks (FFNNs) to simulate the time-dependent distribution of the airborne toxin in the urbanized area. The spatial distribution of the contaminant is the multidimensional function dependent on the weather conditions (wind direction and speed), coordinates of the contamination sources, the release rate, and its duration. In this paper, we try to answer what topology should be the multilayered FFNN to forecast the contaminant strength correctly at the given point of the urbanized area at a given time. The comparison between the FFNNs is made based on the standard performance measures like correlation R and mean square error (MSE). Additionally, the new measure estimating the quality of the neural networks forecasts in subsequent time intervals after the release is proposed. In combination with R and MSE, the proposed measure allows identifying the well-trained network unambiguously. Such a neural network may enable creating an emergency system localizing the contaminant source in an urban area in real-time. However, in such a system time of answer depends directly on the multiple times run dispersion model computational time. This time is expected in minutes for custom dispersion models in urban areas and can be shortened to seconds in the case of artificial neural networks.


This paper describes the advanced meteor-burst test bed (AMBTB) operated between Charleston, South Carolina and Verona, New York (750 miles). The AMBTB was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to demonstrate the capabilities of multi-media communication via meteor scatter to prospective Government and commercial users. A demonstration site has also been established near ARPA headquarters in Arlington, Virginia. Currently, the AMBTB supports average hourly data-bit throughput in excess of 4 kbps. This throughput performance enables demonstration attendees to witness both text and digitized-voice communications via the AMBTB MB link. This paper describes the AMBTB configuration and presents some preliminary link-performance results.<<ETX>>


In Nova Scotia, corn is the main cereal used as an energy source in poultry rations, but wheat is sometimes more economical to feed than corn. Wheat is a valuable source of feed energy for chickens, and published sources provide estimates of the Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) that it contains. The AME of wheat is variable and is dependent on both cultivar and the environment in which it is grown, and wheat may contain deleterious levels of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). When exogenous enzymes are not provided for their digestion, NSP become soluble in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers and result in sticky droppings, reduced uptake of nutrients, and decreased weight gain (Bedford 1995).


It is widely recognized that the healthcare industry does not use information technology to its full potential. This minitrack explores many of the reasons why large-scale implementation of healthcare information systems has not come to fruition yet. The authors provide a broad coverage of the field, ranging from strategic analysis to real-life project implementation. Moreover the minitrack provides strategies to avoid pitfalls and direct the healthcare organization to strategic use of healthcare information systems. The five main themes of the minitrack will show that the healthcare organizations are realistic laboratories for the information and communication technology scientists to do research. The five main themes are: Strategy, Network Organizations, Process Management, Knowledge Management and Standardization. Former contributions to this minitrack were bundled in the book "Strategies for healthcare information systems".


Background. The United Kingdom Working Party for Atopic Dermatitis has developed a diagnostic questionnaire, whose English and Romanian versions have been validated both in a hospital and out-of-hospital setting. Objective. Our objective was to develop a Spanish version of this questionnaire and use it to address the frequency of the disease in the general school-age population in Health Area No. 11 in Madrid. Results. The validation in a hospital setting showed a sensitivity of 76.5%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 66.8-84.1%. Specificity was 90.4 % (CI = 83.8-94.6 %), the positive predictive value 85.7 % (CI = 76.4-91.8 %) and the negative predictive value 83.6 % (CI = 76.3-89 %). Five schools were selected at random, and all of their students were invited to participate in the study. 874 children were examined (Response rate: 62.9 %). The one-year period prevalence was 9.95 % (7.97; 11.94). Point prevalence was 7.09% (5.39; 8.80). In the 3-7 age group, the one-year period prevalence was 11.2%; in the 8-12 group, 10.3%; and in the 13-17 group, 6.9%. There were no statistically significant differences when


The1990 annual of meeting the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture was held in Denver and Beaver Creek, Colorado, Wednesday through Saturday, October 3-6. Chaired by Lois Brink and cochaired by Peter V. Schaeffer, the conference was hosted by the Landscape Architecture Program of the University of Colorado at Denver. Despite the additional work for organizers and potential confusion for participants, the move from Denver to Beaver Creek went smoothly, and the conference was characterized by good organization, comfort, and attention to detail. The conference theme was "Tourism, Recreation and Resort Design," and it would be difficult to fault the fit of the theme to the settings. Denver, a major gateway to the Rocky Mountains and their resorts, is also one of the older cities of the American West. Once known for its monumental and federal architecture, much of the "old Denver" has been destroyed or obscured by recent development. While new downtown office buildings, hotels, pedestrian malls, and cafes are indicative of a city seeking visitors, much of Denver's former distinctiveness has been lost in the process of this face-lift. The Brown Palace, once known as the most impressive hotel west of the Mississippi, seems an anachronism, dwarfed and hidden by the newer buildings that surround it. Beaver Creek, located on leased land in White River National Forest, grew out of the anticipated but then popularly rejected 1976 Winter Olympics, and therefore its development has been much slower than originally expected. Nevertheless, the town now boasts a population of 1.50, with a "bed base" (as resort center people put it) of 3,400. The three gracious hotels and several of the condominium complexes (which I imagine being labeled, "alpine elegant" on architectural plans) nestle up against the mountain slope and face a parklike area through which Beaver Creek flows. Up the mountain are some vacation homes, condominiums, 51 ski slopes, and national forest. Down the mountain is Avon, a town dating from the 1900s, and before Beaver Creek, a small center for farmers and ranchers. Now the resort center reports it has a population of 1,000 with a bed base of 2,000. Development is ongoing at Beaver Creek. One could sometimes hear or see earth-moving equipment, and our hotel had only recently opened. The conference's change in location added interest, even excitement, to the proceedings. Propitiously, the weather turned warm and clear on Friday, so the mountains could be clearly discerned and the aspens--at their peak in color--glowed yellow-gold in the sunlight. The environs offered other interesting examples of landscape design too, from small to medium to large scale, from the shuffleboard in the geraniums behind the hotel at Beaver Creek, to Harlequin Plaza, to the amphitheater at Red Rock, to Route 70. At both Denver and Beaver Creek the hotels were plush, comfortable, and had interior plans confusing enough to provide a basis for designers' small talk. There were more than 90 presentations, not including workshops and plenary sessions. Impressively, more than 67 percent of these dealt explicitly with the conference theme. This may say something about a mutuality of landscape architecture with tourism, recreation, and resorts; it may also say something about the degree of interpretation the subjects allowed. Not surprisingly, most speakers had a North American focus; however, there were presentations on projects or studies in Germany, India, Costa Rica, and Egypt. Friday morning's symposium panel discussed tourism and recreation in Europe. Tourism, recreation, and resorts, while often related, do not necessarily coincide. "Tourism" connotes pleasurable travel and the services that support it, "resort" an accommodating place, and "recreation" personal refreshment and renewal. Occasionally the three topics were explicitly addressed and related in one paper. John Martin did this in his discussion of ancient Greek health resorts and their use; Deborah Ryan also did this when she discussed the founding and early "selling" of the National Parks and linked this to late 19th century concerns and treatments for tuberculosis. However, speakers usually addressed ̄ one or two of the topics and the connection to the other topic(s) was assumed, undefined, or seemingly implicit. Not surprisingly, considering resort design's relationship to site, papers in this category tended to be historic or case studies and reports. Among them were William Mann's presentation on H. W. S. Cleveland's master plan for Jekyll Island Club and Joan Hirschman's discussion of the rejuvenation of Hot Springs National Park for active use. Susan Edwards reported on the political and ethical conflicts associated with resort development in the National Forests. Virginia Russell, in her comparative study of retreat environments, illuminated the characteristics of this particular resort subset, as well as the particular recreational qualities sought and presumably realized in such settings. Other angles on recreation included Joseph Popadic's and Jack Haynes's presentation on the development of a master plan for a residence camp for the disabled, a workshop on overseas recreation design experiences for landscape architecture students, and Nathan Perkins's discussion of his research on the influence of group size on environmental preference. The greatest number of presentations were related to tourism, and, within this category, there was also the greatest range. It was a range in terms of geography (Martha Carr discussed a case study of tourism in Costa Rica; Patrick Mooney and John Laird reviewed ecotourism strategies for the high Arctic), and in terms of approach (from Charles Law's discussion on the economic impact of facade improvement dollars in Wisconsin, to Paul


The scope and the role of the secondary (catagenetic) processes in sedimentary-rock formation belong to the category of incompletely resolved and, therefore, the urgent problems of lithological science. The purpose of this work was to show, by means of stadium analysis, the huge "hidden" potential of catagenetic processes in the transformation of the mineral composition of sedimentary strata on the example of sulphate complexes. Boundary clay and carbonate sediments of Urzhumskiy and Sakmarskiy stage of Western limit of the pre-Ural trough were selected as the objects of study. It was found that their lithological appearance has been largely shaped by secondary (diaand catagenetic) processes of sulfate mineralization. And, if the first is reflected in the development of scattered concretionary nodules of gypsum, the latter manifested in large-scale metasomatism with the formation of large anhydrite-gypsum and gypsum-anhydrite lens and tabular bodies, stretching for hundreds of meters. It's possible that metasomatic solutions were very reactive and moved with underground waters. Those solutions were as aggressive as lateritic weathering, and replaced not only the carbonates, but clay and ferrous minerals as well as quartz and feldspar detritus. All of this points to the high alkalinity and to the reducing atmosphere of sulphate of metasomatic solutions.


For decades, teacher feedback has been found to significantly impact student learning. In recent years, research focus has shifted from trying to assess whether feedback is effective to determining whether and how it can be improved. Because of the complexity of the feedback process, the answer to this question is deeply dependent on several factors, such as the learning environment. The goal of this work is to study the feedback process in an online learning environment, in a secondary education setting of learning English as a second language. Using natural language processing techniques we propose to analyze the teacherstudent interactions to identify the different types of feedback observed in this learning context, as well as to gain insights on the most effective strategies to improve the students' engagement with the learning process. This article presents the preliminary results of this on-going research.


Werner's syndrome is a potential model of accelerated human aging. The gene responsible for Werner's syndrome encodes a protein that has a helicase domain homologous toEscherichia coli RecQ. To identify binding partners that regulate the function in concert with Wrn, we screened for proteins using the yeast two-hybrid system with mouse Wrn as bait and found three. One was a novel protein, and the other two were mouse Ubc9 and SUMO-1. Ubc9 also interacted with the mouse homologue of the Bloom's syndrome gene product, another eukaryotic RecQ-type helicase, but not mouse DNA helicase Q1/RecQL (RecQL1). Deletion experiments indicated that both proteins interacted with the N-terminal segment of Wrn (amino acid 272–514). The interaction between Wrn and SUMO-1 was weaker than that between Wrn and Ubc9. Positive interaction was observed in the heterogeneous combination of Wrn and yeast Ubc9 (yUbc9), as well as yUbc9 and SUMO-1, in the two-hybrid system. The interaction between yUbc9 and SUMO-1 was abolished by deleting the C-terminal Gly residue of SUMO-1, which is reportedly required for the formation of Ubc9-SUMO-1 thioester linkage. The interaction of Wrn and SUMO-1 was also abolished by deleting the Gly residue, indicating that the interaction of Wrn and SUMO-1 is mediated by yUbc9 in the two-hybrid system. Finally, we confirmed by immunoblotting with an anti-SUMO-1 antibody that Wrn was covalently attached with SUMO-1.


To develop the public news industry,it is important to make clear of the public news' nature and characters,to find and determine its orientation and to explore its unique law of development,thereby planning news column rationally and moulding famous brands of public news industry.


AbstractThis paper shows that acha (okay) carries a distinct function from acha acha (acha) in Urdu interaction. The paper argues that both these forms of acknowledgment token acha (okay) should not be considered same since they have separate interactional functions. The single acha (okay) functions simply as an acknowledgment token or continuer that encourages the speaker to continue with the current course of action by displaying alignment. On the other hand, acha acha (acha) shows attainment of required level of information and suggests speaker to stop the current action by moving ahead to the next matter of talk. Repeated acha (okay), though, is an indication for the halt of current course of action; however, in a way it helps in the progression of conversation as it is a signal for the speaker to move to ahead in conversation by showing understanding and agreement with the speaker. Hence, repeated acha (okay) function as dis (continuer) in Urdu interaction. The data consist of audio and video reco rding of every day con versation among native speakers of Urdu with a total running time of almost eight hours. This paper contributes to the works that single and repeated response tokens perform variant functions in interaction. Moreover, unlike English and German (Stivers, 2004; Golato & Fagyal, 2008) repeated tokens are observed the intense form of single acknowledgment tokens in Urdu interaction.Keywords: Urdu conversation, interactive functions, acknowledgement tokens1. IntroductionPrevious work on acknowledgement tokens or continuers in English and other languages demonstrated systematic functions in interaction (Jefferson, 1984; Zimmerman, 1993; Gardner, 1998; 2001; Sorjonen, 2001; Stivers, 2004; Golato & Fagyal, 2006; 2008, Sohail, 2010). The listener provides support and feedback to the speaker to show continued attention (Fries, 1952, p.49; Schegloff, 1982:78; Fujimoto, 2007, p.38) and to keep the conversation going smoothly (Dittman & Llewellyn, 1967, p.342). The selection of these tokens exhibit how listeners understand and receive talk (Gardner, 2001) and stance towards the deployed information.Research has shown that when these acknowledgment tokens are repeated on certain occasions during conversation, they function differently than their single forms.Stivers (2004) argues that repetition of acknowledgment tokens or multiple sayings in English such as "no no no", "alright alright alright" or "wait wait wait" occur in a systematic way in conversation. Stivers (2004) claims that these multiple sayings perform the opposite function to single acknowledgment tokens in the conversation; that is, instead of helping in the progression of the current course of action, they signal closure of current sequence. Similar findings are reported by Golato and Fagyal (2008) in German conversation. They claim that single "ja" and double "jaja" with different intonation contours (jaja, jajja) should not be considered as the intense form of same action Ja is used as a continuer or confirmation marker in German conversation while, jaja (j/aja or ja^ja) indicates that the speaker has continued too long and should stop the current course of action. Therefore, single and double acknowledgment tokens or sayings are two different forms of acknowledgment tokens and can perform different interactional functions.In Urdu, the common acknowledgment tokens are hmm,sahilthik (right), hâlh/ji (yes), bilkul (certainly) and acha (okay) (Sohail, 2010).These acknowledgement tokens, however, vary in the degrees of involvement and 'level of recipiency' (fun, 2009; Sohail, 2011). For instance, hmm is the weakest acknowledgment token as it is lexically empty (Mazeland, 1990). On the other hand, bilkul (certainly) is the strongest acknowledgment token and shows high involvement and recipiency.Like hum/, acha (okay) does not convey a positive or negative stance on the part of its producer. The uniqueness of acha (okay) is that it shows reception of new or newsworthy information, and exhibits'change in information' (Gardner, 2001) or change of state of knowledge or information (Heritage, 1984; Heritage, 1998). …


ótima e melhor foi realizado o teste de rápida (RDT). O teste de desaguamento e a verificação de eficiência de deságue são essenciais para a escolha apropriada do sistema. Após todos os resultados das eficiências e de do material, é possível indicar que o geotêxtil 1 do ABSTRACT The study of alternatives for the disposal and reuse of dredged sediments is a constant search trying to minimize environmental impacts and avoid inappropriate discharges on the high seas or on land. A very viable alternative is the use of geotextile bags that promote dewatering and controlled disposal of sediments, where the process takes place through the separation between solids and water, using geotextile as a filter medium. The objective of this study is to verify the dewatering performance evaluation indexes in a comparative analysis between two woven geotextiles, with and without application of polymers. The sediments were classified as "SC" soil, by means of SUCS, framed as sandy clay and through HRB, the soil was classified as A-7-6 soil (4). 10 polymers were tested, and after choosing the optimum dosage and the polymer that best flocculated with the sediment, the rapid dehydration test (RDT) was performed. Dewatering testing and verification of drainage efficiency are essential for proper system selection. After all the results of the efficiencies and characterization of the material, it is possible to indicate that geotextile 1 with polymerization would be more effective for dewatering the studied sediment.


By Tracey Gendron, M.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Major Director: E. Ayn Welleford, Ph.D. and Barbara J. Myers, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Chair, Gerontology Associate Professor and Director of the Developmental Program, Department of Psychology The growth of the aging population has warranted increased training and education to prepare professionals with the specific knowledge needed to best serve older adults. Gerontology, as an academic discipline, provides professionals with the conceptual knowledge and the skills necessary to address the complexities of working with a diverse aging population. Little research has been done of the characteristics of professionals both with and without formal education in gerontology that are working with the aging population. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of career motivation, job satisfaction, attitudes about aging, career commitment, and professional identity among those working with older adults. An exploration of the characteristics of gerontological professionals has implications for the development of best practice approaches in student and staff recruitment, retention, curriculum design, and training practices. Participants were recruited from volunteers invited from a convenience sample of approximately 7,000 members signed up to receive emails from the Department of Gerontology at a Southeastern University, and a snowball approach with the link to the survey being distributed by various organizations and institutions (e.g., assisted living facilities, Southern Gerontological Society, Therapeutic Recreation Association). Professionals' age and job satisfaction significantly predicted professional identity. Participants' career motivation, job satisfaction, and exposure to formal gerontological education (MSE) significantly predicted career commitment. Self-identified professional identity in aging groups did not moderate the relationship between MSE predictors and career commitment. However, aging anxiety mediated the relationship between job satisfaction and career commitment. Finally, age and higher perception of the value of teamwork predicted both level of professional identity and job satisfaction. This study sheds lights on perspectives of professionals working with older adults and highlights areas for future research and training with this population.


Poorly known species may be cryptically endangered, especially when they inhabit fragmented and threatened habitats. Heart‐tongued frogs (genus Phyllodytes, family Hylidae, Lophyohylinae) comprise 17 species of poorly known frogs that have obligatory associations with tank bromeliads. The distributions of all species are restricted to a small, extremely fragmented, region of Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil. We model climate and tank bromeliad distributions to better understand frog distribution limits. Using records from several sources for frogs and bromeliads with climate data from WorldClim, we modelled the distribution of Phyllodytes using maximum entropy. We compared climate and altitude within the distribution and nearby to test how climate may limit distribution. Climate together with bromeliad distributions provided the best model and predicted the smallest suitable area for Phyllodytes that was larger than that occupied, from the state of Paraiba in the north to Rio Grande do Sul in the south. Phyllodytes occurs in lower elevations that are warmer, wetter and less variable than the surrounding regions where it does not occur, and dispersal is apparently limited by the surrounding, inhospitable, region. Dispersal limitation and habitat fragmentation have relegated Phyllodytes to many very small habitat fragments. With many species in this genus being known from a single or few samples, this unfortunate combination of limitation and fragmentation suggests that some or all species of Phyllodytes may be threatened with extinction, especially if habitat fragmentation continues at its present pace in eastern Brazil.


'Wherever two or three are gathered in my name, I am there among them,' says Jesus says in the Gospel of Matthew. Look at what these words say to his followers.


The polar decomposition of a square matrix is a major step toward the singular value decomposition, and is an important device in its own right. Singular values of a matrix $A$, being the eigenvalues for a matrix closely related to $A$, generally cannot be computed by a finite process if only arithmetic operations and radicals are allowed. However, this consideration alone does not prove that the polar decomposition is not finitely computable.
The problem of finite computability of the polar decomposition is not settled in this paper, but we do show it to be equivalent to the following simpler-looking problem. Suppose $f$ is a real polynomial of degree $ n > 4$, and all the roots of $f$ are distinct positive numbers. Denote by $g$ a polynomial of the same degree whose zeros are the positive square roots of the zeros of $f$. Can this polynomial $g$ always be computed finitely for a given polynomial $f$? In the Appendix we discuss one nontrivial situation where the polar decomposition can indeed be computed finitely.


In this study the idea of spur gear teeth with circular instead of the standard trochoidal root fillet is introduced and investigated numerically using BEM. The strength of these new teeth is studied in comparison with the standard design by discretizing the tooth boundary using isoparametric Boundary Elements. In order to facilitate the analysis the teeth are treated as non-dimensional assuming unitary loading normal to the profile at their Highest Point of Single Tooth Contact (HPSTC), so that non-dimensional stress vs. Contact ratio diagrams are plotted. The analysis demonstrates that the novel teeth exhibit higher bending strength (up to 70%) in certain cases without affecting the pitting resistance since the geometry of the load carrying involute is not changed. The circular fillet design is particularly suitable in gear with a small number of teeth (pinions) and these novels gears can replace their existing counterparts in any mechanism without any alterations. Finally the geometry of the generating tool (i.e. rack) is determined in order to be able to cut these teeth using a generating method (i.e. hobbing).


Genius Loci or the 'Spirit of place' refers to the tangible and intangible characteristics of a place as regards several aspects. This concept relates to a deeper meaning of a place and its relationship with the environment. Genius Loci is not merely associated with the city's urban fabric; instead, it is infused within the experience/ setting of the place. The paper discusses the connotation of Genius Loci as an important lens or a possible vocabulary for a much more layered and in-depth analysis of the Bohri Bazaar area in Saddar Bazaar quarter in Karachi, Pakistan. Bohri Bazaar is one of the early shopping streets developed during the British era in 1839, parallel with the concept of independent market buildings like Cunningham market (demolished in the late 19th century) or the Empress market, among many during British rule in Karachi. Its location within the Saddar Bazaar quarter in Karachi places it exceptionally at the central commercial spine of the city. The British designed the bazaar in Gridiron geometry to orient the users at their ease. The area is romanticized as an oriental bazaar because of its historical nature that homogeneously absorbs the local narrow street layouts and neighborhood context, giving a unique identity to its urban, architectural, and functional design. The methodology followed for this research is based on different sections. The first section is based on a literature review relating to the concept of Genius Loci and then literature on the Bohri Bazaar. The second section is based on the fieldwork conducted between 2020-21 to articulate a description of the area according to the concept of genius loci by physically visiting the site and surveying the Bazaar. Both sections are combined to develop a discussion on the genius loci of Bohri Bazaar for collective conclusions/outcomes. These conclusions are not a singular or solidified statement but an invitation for further investigation.


Macrobrachium poeti spec. nov. is described from subterranean waters of the Gunung Sewu karst area, central Java, Indonesia. The species probably is closest related to M. pilimanus (De Man, 1879).


In this paper a novel super-resolution wavefront extraction algorithm is introduced that merges advantages of the efficient constant false alarm rate and super-resolution ability of dynamic correlation method based techniques. The introduced algorithm optimizes the computational effort and possible feature extraction of complex metallic objects. Furthermore, a suitable imaging algorithm is briefly described that merges the advantages of these algorithms. This optimization is ideal for autonomous security robotics where real-time conditions are necessary. Experimental validations are performed with three complex test objects. For the measurements a m-sequence Radar operating from 4.5 GHz to 13.5 GHz and compact dual-polarized Ultra Wideband antennas are used.


Ginkgolide is one of the important secondary metabolites of Ginkgo biloba. The synthesis of plant secondary metabolites is influenced by exogenous phytohormones. In this study, ten-year-old ginkgo grafted seedlings were used as the test material, and the effects of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mmol L gibberellin (GA3) on endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), GA3, and ginkgolide contents in ginkgo leaves were investigated. Results showed that exogenous GA3 treatment inhibited endogenous GA3, changed the contents of endogenous IAA and ABA in ginkgo leaves, and affected the accumulation of secondary metabolite ginkgolides. Among the given concentrations, the 4 mmol L GA3 treatment could remarkably increase ginkgolide content. We found that the best harvesting period of ginkgo leaves were in late August and late September, in which the content of ginkgolides was the highest.


In this paper, we have proposed a multiple wires homogeneous suspending fashion for gravitational waves antenna, showed that the strain caused by suspending in the antenna can be reduced arbitrarily to avoid the additional noise excited by restricted phonons, and also proved that the influence of this suspending fashion upon the eigen frequency and the Q factor of the antenna can be neglected. Thus, this suspending fashion may be a perfect supporting scheme.


Introduction: FSE based techniques are being considered for the screening of inner ear tumors instead' of the more expensive contrast enhanced Tl weighted gradient echo imaging techniques [l-3]. This consideration is due to the insensitivity of FSE to magnetic inhomogeneities known to exist around the inner ear [4] as well as the excellent T2 weighting possible for the fluid filled inner ear structures. The 2DFSE technique can be ruled out in favor of the 3DFSE sequence for studies requiring high resolution due to its inherent slice thickness limitation [5]. However, despite its ability of achieving the high resolution necessary, 3D FSE has some disadvantages as well. To achieve a clinically feasible scan time, often the echo train length (ETL) needs to be very long (i.e. 264) which can lead to blurring in the image and potentially may lead to loss of small structures [6-71. Using smaller ETL values reduces this problem but it leaves a lot of dead time in the TR interval which is not used for data acquisition. Since the TR of a conventional 3DFSE sequence needs to be sufticlently large (i.e. > 3000 ms) to allow for Tl relaxation of fluid , this leads to a drastic increase in the acquisition time.


In order to improve the load bearing behavior of concrete structures which are subject to bending and tensile stresses, a steel reinforcement is, in general, applied. For reasons of corrosion protection, the steel reinforcement requires a concrete cover with a thickness of several centimeters. The demand for corrosion-resistant thin-walled parts is a motivation for the application of alternative reinforcement materials. Within the scope of the Collaborative Research Centre "SFB 532" the application of textiles made of polymer, carbon, and alkali-resistant (AR) glass filaments in a fine concrete matrix are examined. The long term aim is to reach the filament strength of the immersed textiles as thoroughly as possible. As a consequence of textile manufacturing processes and of bad bond properties, the utilization of AR glass textiles is approximately 30% compared to the material strength. In this paper the possibility of improving the load bearing behavior of textile-reinforced concrete structures through t...


A novel method for mode optimization of a high-power laser is presented in this paper. A binary optical resonator is formed through introducing binary optical technology into a laser resonator. The traditional spherical mirrors are substituted by binary optical mirrors. Diffraction analyses show that this kind of resonator can construct any modes as desired with a strong ability of mode selecting and optimization. For a high-power CO2 laser, an optimum design of the binary optical resonator is implemented to obtain a fundamental-mode laser output with a uniform intensity distribution.


SUMMARY
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has sponsored many developments in medical research reporting that have improved the quality of research. Their proposal to require a statement by researchers regarding the availability of underlying data for sharing has the potential for a significant advance in medical knowledge. The Canadian Journal of Surgery supports the initiative and will develop mechanisms to support authors in meeting this new requirement.


Given the lack of studies on the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Croatian political science, and especially in the context of European security, this paper investigates the origins, functioning of ISIL, the ideologizing process that leads and its impact on European security. The aim is to point out that the organization remains a serious threat to the mentioned security. The ideology of the organization and its communication infrastructure are analyzed in particular.


The invention relates to a sputtering substrate fixing device which is used to fix a substrate during sputtering, wherein the substrate is provided with a sputtering surface and a side surface adjacent to the sputtering surface, the sputtering substrate fixing device comprises: a base plate used to bear the substrate; a plurality of clamping units which surround the substrate and are distributed on the base plate to be propped against the substrate from the side surface of the substrate, the plurality of clamping units are a plurality of propping pieces including a base and an extension; and a plurality of fixing units which are connected with the base plate and the clamping units to fix the clamping units on the base plate. With the clamping units, the sputtering substrate fixing device fixes the substrate from the side surface of the substrate, so as to fix the substrate during sputtering, prevent the sputtering surface of the substrate from being covered during sputtering, so that the substrate has quite good sputtering effect.


Within Australia almost since colonisation, there have been debates about whether water supply would pose a 'limit' to expansion of settlement. The seminal work by economist Bruce Davidson, 'Australia Wet or Dry?' in the mid-twentieth century critically examined the public money invested in large-scale irrigated agriculture in the north of the continent, and indirectly critiqued irrigation schemes in the Murray Darling Basin. Davidson coined the term 'the Northern Myth' to describe a widely held belief in the ability of Northern Australia to accommodate vastly expanded irrigated agricultural operations because of abundant water and land.This paper examines the current policy promoting northern development, including proposed significant extensions to dams and other water supply projects in Northern Australia. It places the latest push for northern water development in the broader historical context of Australian water resource management, finding continual reiteration of ideas that engineers can 'create water' and find technical 'solutions' to overcome the limitations of a 'drought-ridden continent'. We argue future policy directions in Northern Australia must draw on the lessons of past water resource policy with respect to two crucial aspects: redressing the historical and current exclusion of Aboriginal peoples' rights to water, and the embedding of environmental values in strategic water planning.


: (1) In Spain, racist right-wing supporters mocked and taunted black players. (2) In Greece, an Albanian fan was stabbed to death by a Greek at a qualifying match for the World Cup. (3) A referee was slashed by a missile at the Champions League match between Roma and Dynamo Kiev. (4) In the Netherlands, Dutch fans threw a smoke bomb into the Portuguese goal and firecrackers on to the pitch, hitting one of the players at the UEFA Cup match between Feyenoord of Rotterdam and Sporting Lisbon of Portugal. (5) German police used clubs and riot gas to arrest 46 fans after a minor regional league match between SSV Ulm of Germany and visiting FC Normannia Gmuend of Switzerland. (6) The violence in Milan, when two bitter rivals, Inter and AC, played in the quarter-finals for the Champions League, the top European club tournament, and (5) riots, such as those in the cities of Leipzig (Germany) and Catania (Italy), are the reason why the EU ministers responsible for sport are now closely studying the issue of sport and violence.


We describe two patients awaiting orthoptic liver transplantation in whom diagnostic paracentesis for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis led to major hemorrhage. Accordingly, we advise caution in patients such as ours, particularly if the prothrombin time or partial thromboplastin time is more than twice the control value.


In this article,the author discusses several successful lessons from learning sciences,by reviewing the contributions of critical leading experts,so as to present the development history of this new science for learning research. The learning scientists seized the opportunity to shift schooling focus from teaching to learning and also led the turn in educational research.They also established the methodological foundation for intellectual inquiry by developing and refining design-based research.In addition,they built an interdisciplinary scientific community with an open and inclusive mind and developed a third orientation for educational research.Finally,they identified critical strategic leverage points for innovative and leapfrogging development,such as addressing strategic research,initiating national programs,and reinventing new cultures of learning.


In a repeated zero-sum two-person game with incomplete information on both sides, the asymptotic value is defined as v = limn→∞vn, where vn is the value of the game with n repetitions. It is shown here that v may be a transcendental number even for games in which all parameters defining the game are rational. This is in contrast to the situation in stochastic games where by the result of Bewley-Kohlberg Bewley, T., E. Kohlberg. 1976. The asymptotic theory of stochastic games. Math. Oper. Res.1 197--208. v is algebraic. This indicates a fundamental difference between stochastic games and repeated games with incomplete information.


ldquoOpen Systems and their interfaces to electronics in Motor Vehiclesrdquo (OSEK) is a real-time operating system used in vehicle systems. OSEK is a standard operating system used by many carmakers. OSEK has a network management algorithm, OSEK network management (OSEK NM). It has two management rules: Direct NM and Indirect NM. Direct NM and Indirect NM are implemented in two network protocols for ECUs, CAN and LIN. Their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. When two OSEK NM management rules are applied to the communication protocols, application problems and differences could be found. Performance analysis in real applications and network management rules for each network protocol are proposed.


This paper deals with the methodology of obtaining designs that are robust to nonnormality of the error distribution for tests associated with first-order multiple design multivariate linear models.A sequential procedure is given for the generation of the proposed designs.


This paper studies a fast computational algorithm for variable selection on high-dimensional recurrent event data. Based on the lasso penalized partial likelihood function for the response process of recurrent event data, a coordinate descent algorithm is used to accelerate the estimation of regression coefficients. This algorithm is capable of selecting important predictors for underdetermined problems where the number of predictors far exceeds the number of cases. The selection strength is controlled by a tuning constant that is determined by a generalized cross-validation method. Our numerical experiments on simulated and real data demonstrate the good performance of penalized regression in model building for recurrent event data in high-dimensional settings.


ABSTRACT We cloned the pheromone precursor genes of Podospora anserina in order to elucidate their role in the biology of this fungus. The mfp gene encodes a 24-amino-acid polypeptide finished by the CAAX motif, characteristic of fungal lipopeptide pheromone precursors similar to the a-factor precursor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mfm gene encodes a 221-amino-acid polypeptide, which is related to the S. cerevisiae α-factor precursor and contains two 13-residue repeats assumed to correspond to the mature pheromone. We deleted the mfp and mfm coding sequence by gene replacement. The mutations specifically affect male fertility, without impairing female fertility and vegetative growth. The male defect is mating type specific: the mat+ Δmfp and mat− Δmfm mutants produce male cells inactive in fertilization whereas the mat− Δmfp and mat+ Δmfm mutants show normal male fertility. Genetic data indicate that both mfp and mfm are transcribed at a low level in mat+ and mat− vegetative hyphae. Northern-blot analysis shows that their transcription is induced by the mating types in microconidia (mfp by mat+ and mfm by mat−). We managed to cross Δmfp Δmfm strains of opposite mating type, by complementation and transient expression of the pheromone precursor gene to trigger fertilization. These crosses were fertile, demonstrating that once fertilization occurs, the pheromone precursor genes are unnecessary for the completion of the sexual cycle. Finally, we show that the constitutively transcribed gpd::mfm and gpd::mfp constructs are repressed at a posttranscriptional level by the noncognate mating type.


The level control system of potash production flotation devices has been improved by using the float type level gauge instead of the radar level transmitter to control outlet valve of the flotation machine,greatly improving the accuracy of the liquid level control.The linkage of differential pressure gauge and tail salts pump changes the current status of the production process,which did not achieve automatic control because tail salts containing large amounts of foam and realized the automation control of tail salts level.


High-dose (28-30 mg/kg/day) ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment improves serum liver tests in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) but does not improve survival and is associated with increased rates of serious adverse events. The mechanism for the latter undesired effect remains unclear. High-dose UDCA could result in the production of hepatotoxic bile acids, such as lithocholic acid (LCA), because of limited small bowel absorption of UDCA and conversion of UDCA by bacteria in the colon. We determined the serum bile acid composition in 56 patients with PSC previously enrolled in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial of high-dose UDCA versus placebo. Samples for analysis were obtained at the baseline and at the end of treatment. The mean changes in the UDCA level (16.86 versus 0.05 lmol/L) and total bile acid level (17.21 versus 20.55 lmol/L) were significantly higher in the UDCA group (n 5 29) versus the placebo group (n 5 27) when pretreatment levels were compared (P < 0.0001). LCA was also markedly increased (0.22 versus 0.01 lmol/L) in the UDCA group compared to the placebo group (P 5 0.001). No significant changes were detected for cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, or chenodeoxycholic acid. Patients (n 5 9) in the UDCA group who reached clinical endpoints of disease progression (the development of cirrhosis, varices, liver transplantation, or death) tended to have greater increases in their posttreatment total bile acid levels (34.99 versus 9.21 lmol/L, P < 0.08) in comparison with those who did not. Conclusion: High-dose UDCA treatment in PSC patients results in marked UDCA enrichment and significant expansion of the total serum bile acid pool, including LCA. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;52:197-203)


Hope is considered a protective factor for suicide prevention in Māori communities. In this small study, twenty-one Māori youth in four at risk communities participated in a digital media project on the constituents of HOPE. The preliminary results show that a positive relationship with peers and family is critical for the maintenance of hope in the lives of these Māori youth. The constituents of HOPE identified in this study include; a supportive nonjudgemental family, particularly important for queer/LGBTI Māori youth; stable family relationships; knowledge of one's cultural identity, exposure to opportunities to learn about being Māori; faith and capacity to envisage a life beyond the immediate struggle for survival and to set and achieve personal goals. This preliminary study will inform an extended study with Māori youth and development of a Māori measure of HOPE to guide suicide prevention efforts in the future. Recommended Citation: 1 Lawson-Te Aho: Hope and M?ori suicide prevention Published by DigitalCommons@USU, 2016


BACKGROUND: The risk of infection with transfusion‐transmitted viruses has been reduced remarkably. However, a zero‐risk blood supply remains a popular goal. Some authorities have introduced the screening for antibody to HBc (anti‐HBc) as a surrogate test for the presence of several infectious agents. A 3‐year prospective study was conducted in the Epirus region of Greece to determine the prevalence of several blood‐borne viruses. One component of the study was the prevalence of HBV infection markers and the potential value of anti‐HBc testing of donors in this area.


Computation of quasiclassical trajectories for the N(4S) + O2(X − g ) →NO(X2 ) + O(3P) atmospheric reaction system, based on a new ground potential energy surface reported by R.Sayós et al., has been performed in this work by means of both the fourth-order explicit symplectic algorithm (S4) and the fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme (RK4), and then computed results of two schemes are compared. It is shown that RK4 cannot preserve energy conservation and symplectic structure of the reaction system, which results in the bad veracity of the trajectory calculation. RK4 cannot rightly reflect both the colliding mode and the reaction mode of the trajectories. Moreover, the amplitudes of vibration of the reactant molecule and the product molecule become gradually small with the time increasing, and their rotation–vibrational levels in fact vary during the integration. For these reasons, RK4 cannot assure the accuracy of the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) study of the atmospheric reaction. However, S4 maintains these characteristics and can actually describe the circumstance of the reaction system. S4 is better than RK4 is prospective in the QCT study of the chemical reaction.


Aims: This experimental study evaluated the effect of the antioxidant drug U-74389G on hematocrit levels using a rat model of hypoxia and reoxygenation following an established protocol. Methods: Forty rats with a mean weight of 231.875 g were employed in the study. Hematocrit levels were determined at 60 min (groups A and C) and at 120 min (groups B and D) after starting reoxygenation. Groups A and B received no drugs, whereas U-74389G was administered to rats from groups C and D.  Results: U-74389G administration significantly increased hematocrit levels by 4.73%±2.25% (p=0.0435). Reoxygenation time increased hematocrit levels non significantly by 3.96%±2.29% (p=0.1025). U-74389G administration combined with reoxygenation time significantly increased hematocrit levels by 3.16%±1.33% (p=0.0196). Conclusions: U-74389G administration, whether it interacted or not with reoxygenation time, significantly increased hematocrit levels in the short term in a rat model of hypoxia and reoxygenation.


Results of the fifth International Conference (KubSAU,2007) on problems of vintage, characteristics and storage of perishing wild and native grape of the North Caucasus and the Black Sea area regions are dealt with in the review article. Results of the work of Eurasian countries scientists for the last two years fulfilling the project of International institute of genetic plant resources Biodiversity International have been cited. In particular, assessment of wild grape in the places of its initial origin was carried out, world gene pool was enriched on three hundred patterns, methods of molecular marking of grape genotypes and ampelographic screening of two subspecies Vitis Vinifera L. were improved, international data bank was created and variant of regional ampelography was written.


The present paper is devoted to investigating the possibility of getting stellar interiors for ultra-dense compact spherical systems portraying an anisotropic matter distribution employing the gravitational decoupling by means of Minimal Geometric Deformation (MGD) procedure within the modified theory of f(R,T) gravity. According to this theory, the covariant divergence of stress-energy tensor does not vanish, hence the movement of classical particles does not follow geodesics resulting in an extra acceleration which suffices the late-time acceleration of the universe without adopting to exotic matter fields. In this regard, we have considered the algebraic function as f(R, {\rm T})= R+2\chi T, the corresponding effective stress-energy tensor is conserved as well as the exact solutions are derived, where $\chi$ indicates a coupling constant. Moreover, the physical quantities associated with the new solutions are well-behaved from the physical and mathematical point of view as well as free of geometrical singularities, violation of the causality condition, non-decreasing thermodynamic functions. Thereafter, the physical viability of the obtained model is affirmed by performing several physical tests of the main salient features such as energy density, radial, and tangential pressure, anisotropy effect, dynamical equilibrium, energy conditions, and dynamical stability. On the other hand, we have generated the M-R curves from our solutions in the four different scenarios, including GR, GR+MGD, f(R,T) and f(R,T)+MGD, and we found a perfect fit for many compact spherical objects in these scenarios by changing the gravitational decoupling constant \alpha and the coupling constant \chi as free parameters. The present study reveals that the modified f(R,T) gravity through gravitational decoupling by means of MGD method is a suitable theory to explain compact stellar spherical systems....


The fast step and the subsequent slow step have been observed in the time course of the membrane potential in response to pH jump in the perfluoro carboxylate ion-exchange membrane-aqueous NaCl system. Using the Donnan potential obtained by separation of the two steps, the ion concentration at the membrane surface has been estimated. A change in the ion-cluster structure in the membrane has caused the plot of the surface concentration vs. pH in the external solution to break.


Background: Myocardial reperfusion following prolonged ischemia may paradoxically cause additional injury, including edema and microvascular damage. These structural alterations augment tissue echogenicity measurable by integrated backscatter (IB). We sought to characterize alterations of myocardial IB in an ischemic and then reperfused region of the rat heart. Methods: Myocardial IB in 12 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied at baseline, 60 minutes after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, and chronologically after coronary reopening. Short-axis scans of the mid left ventricle were acquired at a frequency of 8 MHz. Mean±SD values of IB were measured in the region of interest at baseline, ischemia, and reperfusion, and assessed by a paired t-test. Results: See figure and table. IB did not significantly change between baseline and ischemia. However, within 1 minute of reperfusion, IB significantly increased, as compared to both baseline and ischemia, and continued to increase until 10 minutes after reperfusion, when a plateau was reached. Conclusions: Myocardial reperfusion following acute prolonged ischemia in a rat heart significantly augments tissue echogenicity. A continuing increase of IB within minutes of the reperfusion onset and the subsequent plateau of elevated IB values suggest progression and completion, respectively, of reperfusion injury, detectable by a high-frequency transducer.


It is frequently argued that the growing reliance on agency workers in core organizational roles leads to significant risk for client organizations. It has also been suggested that while this risk can be mitigated through investments in human resource (HR) practices directed at agency workers, in practice these will be hard to develop or implement. This paper draws on Lepak and Snell's (1999) HR architecture model, and uses a comparative case study method to explore this issue, focusing on agency working in core nursing and qualified social worker roles. The findings illustrate how client organizations can become more involved in the HR management of agency workers than has previously been acknowledged in the literature. Our analysis also identifies the conditions that shape this client-side involvement, highlighting in particular the nature of agency worker contracts, competing organizational cost-control priorities and the regulatory context. These conditions are brought together in a general model for understanding the largely neglected role that client organizations play in the HR management of agency workers in core organizational roles.


A random variable of interest is often the sum of linear or nonlinear combinations of many independent random variables. In calculating the statistics of this random sum, advantages of simplicity and computational efficiency can be obtained by operating with cumulants.


This paper researches the submergence of the dam-site reservoir area in Ququgou Gully of Songta Reservoir, and determines the scope of the submergence area.


Recent development of in situ Fourier transform–infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy has provided us with a sensitive surface probe to study catalatic reactions on single crystal surfaces at elevated pressure. This method has been utilized in combination with (ex situ) photoemission and other probes to investigate the CO hydrogenation reaction over a potassium promoted Ru(001) surface. Potassium carbonate and formate are identified as reaction intermediates. Isotope transient measurements demonstrate the activity of formate under equilibrium conditions. The comparison with the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) model adsorbates allows us to establish that both formate and carbonate are bound to potassium and not to the ruthenium substrate. This suggests direct participation of the potassium in the synthesis of hydrocarbon species in this reaction.


Lee, Yunhyun. 2018. The comparison of word level prominence between disyllabic English loanwords in Korean and their English source words in terms of...


ABSTRACT The characteristics of optimal developmental experiences are examined in a group of international Sea Kayaking Guides. This paper considers how these experiences contributed to the development of decision-making. A mixed approach was utilised that included a survey followed by a series of semi-structured interviews that are thematically analysed. An optimal developmental experience is identified as one with authenticity, diversity, transferability, and reflective value. The Guides developed their judgment and decision-making processes as an aspect of their 'seamanship' via experiences they described as 'epics'. The paper concludes that training for Guides must involve individualised, optimal developmental experiences.


The university as a social institution must respond to the demands of each country and society in general, promoting training and research excellence, so the process of developing career pedagogical projects should be an opportunity to innovate and raise the quality of studies in Angolan higher education institutions. The article presents partial results of a work carried out by the author in relation to the elaboration of a system of theoretical-methodological recommendations for the design of pedagogical projects of university careers in the Angolan context, with the use of theoretical and empirical methods.


Cell Biology
Insulin release takes place in two phases: a first rapid burst followed by a series of small exocytic bursts that coincide with pulsatile spikes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. The second phase is impaired in patients with type II diabetes, underscoring the importance of understanding its


Inert but biocompatible metals and biodegradable polymers are currently used as orthopedic fixations devices to achieve bone healing. However, the high stiffness of permanent metals such as stainless steel (SS), cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr), and titanium (Ti) alloys can cause stress shielding and loosening of the surrounding bone. Long term use of these devices can also result in wear related debris and associated risks of metallosis requiring secondary removal surgeries causing further complications. Inferior strength and acidic degradation products of biodegradable polymers on the other hand, also limit their use as orthopedic devices. Recently, biodegradable magnesium (Mg) and Mg-based alloys have received wide attention and have become the target of intense research due to the benefit of degradability, suitable mechanical properties matching natural bone and the desired biocompatibility. The degradation mechanism of biodegradable magnesium is primarily corrosion which tends to be highly rapid for pure Mg and most Mg based alloys resulting in rapid evolution of unwanted hydrogen gas pockets. Hence, controlling the corrosion of magnesium has been the key challenge limiting the technological development, thwarting the accelerated progress of implementation of Mg based alloys for various biomedical applications. Rapid corrosion of magnesium in the body and the associated hydrogen gas evolution results in device failure, and consequent risks of pain and potential infection. Alteration of alloy composition and the associated microstructure has been typically employed to improve the corrosion resistance and achieve the desired mechanical properties while maintaining the essential biocompatibility suitable for a desired biomedical application.
In this work, Mg-Zn based alloys were developed for biodegradable orthopedic fixation device applications. Magnesium-zinc alloys have the advantage of using zinc as a major alloying element that is considered biocompatible up to a daily dose of 11 mg. Mg-Zn-Zr was thus selected as the alloy system that was accordingly processed systematically varying the elemental composition, and characterizing the resultant system for phase, structure, microstructure, in-vitro corrosion and cytocompatibility properties yielding promising preliminary results. Results of characterization showed that the processing related Mg-Zn intermetallic precipitates formed at the grain boundaries acting as initiation centers for corrosion leading to reduction in the corrosion resistance. Thus, strontium and cerium were selected and added as micro alloying elements to improve the corrosion resistance due to alteration of the alloy phase dynamics and thermodynamic stability of the precipitates. In addition, the osteogenic attributes of Mg, Sr, and Ce ions were studied using human mesenchymal stem cells.
Furthermore, to demonstrate the biosafety of Mg-Zn alloys, Mg-Zn-Sr-Zr pins were implanted in a rat femoral fracture model. The model was selectively designed to result in extreme stress on the machined Mg-Zn pin hardware and also test their biocompatibility under load-bearing conditions. As intended, higher degradation rates and device failures were observed in the micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images. Despite the pre-designed extreme stress assisted corrosion observed, normal fracture healing response was still exhibited in the micro-CT images and bone histology demonstrating the efficacy of the alloy system. Moreover, no systemic or local tissue toxicity were detected from blood, liver and kidney assessments further validating the beneficial aspects of this alloys system for orthopedic applications.


This chapter deals with the demographic, spatial, social, economic, political and cultural dimensions of migration to late medieval and early modern cities. It will examine European experiences from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries, and explore parallels and contrasts with Chinese cities from the Song to Qing dynasties. Source limitations and language barriers hinder the systematic pursuance of a truly 'symmetrical comparison' as advocated by Bin Wong. Instead, the chapter undertakes a first comparative exploration informed by insights derived primarily from European experiences. After discussing the overall demographic importance of urban migration, the chapter turns to comparing and juxtaposing different types of migration, before considering aspects of migration regulation and overall implications for patterns of urban integration. Notwithstanding its methodological limits, the comparative approach may inform new perspectives for looking at migration patterns in other parts of the world, for instance in the Middle East, during the premodern era.


Working on the Ecuadorian Senecio species, I focused my attention on Senecio hamamelidifolius Kunth in Humboldt et al. (1818: 140), a poorly known species that Nordenstam (1999) pointed out to be doubtfully described from Ecuador as indicated with a question mark in the protologue. Further research on this matter led me to realize that the same species had been treated in Colombia under different names, i.e., Senecio bugalagrandis Cuatrecasas (1950: 20) and Telanthophora guerkei (Hieronymus 1901: 646) Jeffrey (1992: 54). Herein, I discuss the taxonomic position and nomenclature of this taxon. A clarification of its distribution area is also provided.


A military environment such as a battlefield or a hostile region is likely to suffer from temporary disconnections like jamming, environmental factors, and mobility. Disruption tolerant network [1] are the successful solution that allow wireless devices carried by soldiers to communicate with each other and access the confidential information by exploration storage nodes includes authorization policy or by updating policy .The policies include cipher- text policy attribute based encryption enables encryptors to choose an access policy on attributes and to encrypt confidential data under the access structure via encrypting with the corresponding public keys or attributes . The problem of applying Cp-Abe [2] in DTN includes attribute revocation, key escrow, and coordination of attribute. In proposed system, immediately enhances backward/forward secrecy, escrows-free key issuing protocol and monotone access structure for security and efficient management in confidential data.


In current years, wind power generation technologies have turn one of the peak fields of eagerness for electricity cropping in the advanced power electronics field. The main attention of this research is to implement an AC-DC converter using modified Vienna rectifier of a wind-power conversion system and to build an interconnection between 3- phase wind generator that operates at changeable wind speed and a constant DC voltage. The inter-connection is needed to confirm higher efficiency by minimizing losses and keeping the DC constant as well. This paper presents the design of a modified Vienna rectifier which can be developed wind power transformation for raised changeable-speed. This article discusses a very light control system for proposed Vienna rectifier that is built to rein the boost type DC voltage and nearly genuine sinusoidal line current to earn unity power factor. The proposed system gives an enhanced power factor of about 0.982 with lower line current total harmonic distortions (THDs) of about 7.9%.


This presentation describes the approach and progress in the ARPA-sponsored effort to develop a Direct Methanol, Liquid-Feed Fuel Cell (DMLFFC) with a solid Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) for battery replacement in small portable applications. Using Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) developed by JPL and Giner, significant voltage was demonstrated at relatively high current densities. The DMLFFC utilizes a 3 percent aqueous solution of methanol that is oxidized directly in the anode (fuel) chamber and oxygen (air) in the cathode chamber to produce water and significant power. The only products are water and CO{sub 2}. The ARPA effort is aimed at replacing the battery in the BA 5590 military radio.


The article examines under-researched aspects of the activity of managers of the forest industry during the Civil war. It is mainly based on archival documents that are introduced into the scholarship for the first time. The author used materials from two central and four regional archives. The territorial scope of the study covers the Penza, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk provinces, and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1918–1921, logging managers were under severe pressure from Cheka. The article deals in detail with the example of investigation on the implementation of the decree of 1919 on the procurement of wood by forest workers by personal labor in the provinces of the Volga region conducted in the summer of 1920 by the provincial emergency commissions. Frequently, in the context of the economic crisis and the legal chaos of the Civil war, some of the leading personnel of the forest industry were tempted to break the law for personal gain. However, both real criminals and falsely accused employees were arrested. According to the author, despite the spread of cases of crime among managers, most of the logging managers in extreme wartime conditions honestly fulfilled their official and civil duty, providing the country with fuel. The author comes to the conclusion that the business manager in Russia inevitably finds himself in a situation of balancing between finding the solution to the problem and malpractice bordering on a crime.


Lala FeOxideCuAuUREE deposit, classified as a massive sulifide deposit before, is located in Sichuan province,China. LaLa district is situated near the western margin of Ynagtze block. The deposit is hosted in a Proterozoic unit,named Hekou Group,which is composed of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The metavolcanics consist of spilite, keratophyre, keratophyre volcaniclastic rock, with subsidiary cogenetic intrusive rocks. The metasedimentary rocks are comprised of magnetic quartzite, mica schist and marble.The LaLa deposit appears to have the form of a large lens. The ore bodies strike west northwest and dip at approximately 30° to south .The LaLa deposit contains a resource of about 200 Mt,including 0.9% Cu, 0.026% Mo, 0.02% Co, 0.25% RE2O3, 0.49ppm Au, 1.89ppm Ag. The deposit is mainly comprised of magnetite, chacopyrite, pyrite, minor bornit, molybdenite, apatitebearing REE, cobaltite, pyrrhotite,and trace native gold, native silver, chalcocite,with rare telluride. Gangue minerals include albite, carbonate, biotite, quartz, fluorite, hongbland, sericite, almandine, and Kfeldspar, with minor chlorite and tourmaline. According to the texture of the minerals, it is suggested that some of them were formed in regional metamorphism but the others formed in hydrothermal process. The hydrothermal mineralization has been determinated by ReOs molybdenite. Four samples give the model ages:1001±1Ma,1005±1Ma, 928±1Ma, and 983±1Ma, respectively. These data demonstrate that the hydrothermal mineralization occurred at~1000Ma. And the age of the metamorphic mineralization is 1200Ma of the whole rock RbSr dating of muscovite schist. 


Hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1) as a transcript io nal activator in response to hypoxia is composed of HIF-α and HIF-β subunits. HIF-1 has been taken as a key factor in tumour angiogenesis and metastases. This review presents a summary of the structure and function of HIF-1α,and correlation among specific re gulators and their signaling pathways.


The central photograph shewn on p. 279 is of a fragment now in the courtyard of the Terme Museum in Rome, but unpublished as yet in the catalogue. The material is a white coarse-grained marble probably of Greek origin, and the fragment represents the right leg (Standbein) of a standing male figure, and the trunk of a tree which supports it. Against the trunk, and at the side of the leg, is a quiver with conical lid, slung by a strap over a projecting branch. The foot is missing from the centre of the ankle-bone, and the upper line of breakage runs from the hip-bone inwards and downwards to the junction of the legs. From this point to the ankle the fragment measures 67½ centimetres, so that it is approximately life-size. There is a puntello in the middle of the thigh on the outside.


Globalization and economic integration, together with actual technological development and new internationalization strategies of MNEs, have promoted regions to relevant entities of economic activities in general and recipients of FDI in particular. The existing theoretical literature on FDI gives a good basis for the analysis of factors which determine FDI-flows at regional level and these include: microeconomic performance, region-specific institutional factors and forces behind agglomeration economics. Despite large inflows of FDI, Croatia failed to realize significant sector- and region-specific spill-over effects of foreign capital. The analysis of Croatian counties shows strong positive correspondence between local economies' performance (sales, labour productivity, exports, net-wages) and the amount of inward FDI, thus indicating relative ineffectiveness of the FDI-promotion legislation so far. However, realized improvements in the exiting legislation and further development of business climate, elimination of administrative barriers, institution building and support to agglomeration economics should further improve location advantages of individual regions and Croatian economy in general for hosting FDI.


It has been proven that a country's development level increases with greater access to and use of electricity. However this holds true for lower levels of development – in the light of increasing political commitments for environmental concerns and global warming it is much harder to pinpoint best energy consumption pattern for sustainable economic development. Authors of this article measure energy intensity of the Nordic and Baltic countries by observing returns to GDP from amount of electricity used; comparing this to existing electricity production opportunities and cost. Findings demonstrate that low energy-intensiveness is economically more preferred but not ultimately necessary. Countries with well developed energy supply chains can maintain energy-intensive structure of the economy if the effectiveness of the structure is optimised.


Scholars have debated intensely whether Israel's Arab citizens are increasingly becoming hostile to the State, working within the system, or aspire to some form of cultural and political autonomy short of insurrection and potential secession-I Whatever position they take in the debate, most would agree that Israeli Arabs have become increasingly politically assertive over the past two decades in Israeli politics. The following article analyses whether this assertiveness characterizes Israeli Arab attitudes and behaviour towards the Arab world (rather than the Palestinians) since Iraq's occupation of Kuwait on 1 August 1990 up to 2001. It begins by exploring their attitudes and behaviour regarding Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the subsequent war waged between the Allied coalition and Iraq and Israel's policies in Lebanon during the 1990s until the final withdrawal on 24 May 2000. Another milestone that elicited many reactions amongst the Israeli Arab public and elite was the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty signed in October 1994 in Wadi Araba near the Gulf of Akaba. It proceeds to investigate the positions Israeli Arabs adopted toward the intensive struggle waged mainly by professional unions in states such as Egypt and Jordan that signed formal peace treaties against the 'normalization7 of relations (muqawamat al-tatbi') between Israel and Arab states and their respective societies2 This was by far the most complex issue facing Israeli Arabs not only because it extended into the cultural realm but also because it raised the issue of their legitimacy in the Arab world. The article concludes by asking how these positions on foreign affairs issues help identify whether Israel's Arabs are embarking on a radical approach, taking the more moderate alternative of working within the system, or maintaining some position in between. The article is based on an analysis of the Israeli Arab press, the major Hebrew-language newspapers and the little secondary source material that exists on the subject.


In this article, a novel reliability model for bike-sharing dispatch is established using a hypothesis test. Based on the bike-sharing trajectory data from hotspot detection, we first perform the kernel density analysis to identify the dispatch points. As a result, a buffer area of 500 meters radius is designated as the studied dispatch area. From a systematic perspective, the reliability of the dispatch system is user-oriented during an ideal period when shared bikes constantly enter and leave the area. We propose the performance function of bike-sharing dispatch, in which the difference between origin and destination (OD) is defined as the main parameter of the failure probability of the system. By adopting different distribution forms, including Poisson distribution, Rayleigh distribution, exponential distribution, normal distribution, and gamma distribution, we examine the distribution characteristics of OD differences. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique is applied for model calibration, and chi-squared statistics are used to identify the acceptance of the null hypothesis. Finally, we take Beijing city as a case to verify this model. The results show that among many distribution models, the fitting goodness of normal distribution is the best. According to the properties and parameters of the distribution functions, we solve the dispatch scale for bike sharing at different confidence levels, allowing the dispatch strategy to be more flexible. Moreover, we find that the variation of dispatch quantity across different time periods and locations follows a systematic fluctuating trend.


We study 2D Qausi-Geostrophic(QG) equations in fluid mechanics,and obtain the new LAX pairs of 2D QG equations through studying the similarity between 2D QG equations and 3D Euler equations. In addition we obtain new Darboux transformations whenλ= 0 in LAX pairs.Finally we discuss the similar structure of the two equations about LAX pairs and Darbous transformations.


This paper evaluates the applicability and potential influence of the SOLAS 2009 requirements on current Ro-Ro ship design based on calculation and comparison of 4 sample ship results. Modification and calculation for designs that fail to meet the SOLAS 2009 requirements are performed to propose some ideas and suggestions on design modification to meet the requirements.


A thin layer of liquid in a horizontal cell is subjected to a periodic vertical force with two control parameters: acceleration and frequency. The influence of the rheological behavior of the fluid was considered over the empirically obtained results, which were subjected to a multfractal spectrum process. As control parameters varied, so did the corresponding spectra, according to theoretical models; each change of state was visually detected, which permitted interpreting the corresponding spectral changes.


Significance Cholestatic itch is a debilitating symptom that affects hundreds of thousands of patients every year, drastically decreasing patient quality of life. Additional therapeutic targets are needed, as current therapies are ineffective for many patients. In recent years, the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MRGPR) family of receptors has been linked to itch. Here, we determine that MRGPRX4 is specifically activated by numerous bile acids (BAs) up-regulated in cholestatic patient sera. To test the relevance of these findings in vivo, we generated humanized mice expressing MRGPRX4 in sensory neurons. MRGPRX4+ humanized mice display higher levels of itch in response to injection of BAs and in a mouse model of cholestasis, indicating that MRGPRX4 could play a role in cholestatic itch. Patients suffering from cholestasis, the slowing or stoppage of bile flow, commonly report experiencing an intense, chronic itch. Numerous pruritogens are up-regulated in cholestatic patient sera, including bile acids (BAs). Acute injection of BAs results in itch in both mice and humans, and BA-modulating therapy is effective in controlling patient itch. Here, we present evidence that human sensory neuron-expressed Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X4 (MRGPRX4), an orphan member of the Mrgpr family of GPCRs, is a BA receptor. Using Ca2+ imaging, we determined that pathophysiologically relevant levels of numerous BAs activated MRGPRX4. No mouse Mrgpr orthologs were activated by BAs. To assess the in vivo relevance of BA activation of MRGPRX4, we generated a humanized mouse with targeted expression of MRGPRX4 in itch-encoding sensory neurons. BAs activated MRGPRX4+ sensory neurons at higher levels compared with WT neurons. Compared with control animals, MRGPRX4+ mice scratched more upon acute injection of BAs and in a model of cholestatic itch. Overall, these data suggest that targeting MRGPRX4 is a promising strategy for alleviating cholestatic itch.


Complex QR decomposition has important application in many fields. But no algorithm gives the Householder transformation matrix recursive expression. This limits its application. This paper amends the limitation and gives program of this algorithm in ADSP-TS201.


The invention discloses a brake control unit for a railway vehicle. The brake control unit comprises a brake control part and an axle non-rotation detection part which are electrically independent of each other. The brake control part comprises a pneumatic brake control unit, a wheel sliding protection unit, an MVB network communication port and a serial port communication port. The axle non-rotation detection part comprises an axle speed anomaly detection unit, an MVB network communication port and a serial port communication port. The pneumatic brake control unit can conduct brake instruction receiving, brake force calculating, EP current control, EP current lag compensation control and the like. The wheel sliding protection module can conduct sliding and locking detection, sliding prevention and locking prevention control, tread sweeping control and ATC axle sliding state output. The axle speed anomaly detection unit judges whether a certain axle is locked or not or whether the speed of the axle is abnormal or not. The independent axle non-rotation detection part is arranged in the brake control unit, and therefore the working current of a speed sensor can be independently monitored and reported to a vehicle diagnosis device, and the safety level of the brake control unit is increased.