The Flat-plate Solar Array Project (FSA) is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Considerable technical progress has been achieved by FSA since that reported in a paper delivered at the 15th IEEE Specialists Conference at Orlando, Florida. The basic technological direction has also changed since the last report. Technical progress in the areas of silicon feedstock refinement; large-area sheet formation; flat-plate module process sequence development, and engineering and environmental testing are discussed, in the context of a revised thrust developed by the US Department of Energy. The new thrust of FSA is directed toward higher-risk, longer-term-payoff work that emphasizes the assumption of those technological risks that industrial firms are not likely to finance in the effort to develop reliable, low-cost photovoltaic modules.


Nanotechnology has been gradually penetrated into the field of bitumen modification. Seemingly magic effect of nanomaterials has now been brought to improve the performance of bitumen. To demonstrate many of the prospective application, research has been conducted through series of positive and effective effort dealing with the preparation of modified bitumen to demonstrate the mechanism of modification and resultant improvement in performance. In this review, various nanoclay used in bitumen modification are initially presented, followed by the method employed for the bitumen with these material and finally the effect of nanomaterials on the performance of base bitumen are presented and the modified mechanism are discussed. Based on the current research result, the influence of preparation process parameter on the compatibility of every phase in modified bitumen and the stability of modified bitumen system are described.


This research discusses the development of puzzle integrated rhyme learning media in folk poetry learning on first grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Sugio Lamongan. This research is based on the importance of learning media using to support the learning process in school. This research used the design of research and development by Sadiman et al. The data on the development of puzzle integrated rhyme media was in the form of description of media development. The subjects of the trial in this study were the students of first grade E SMP Negeri 3 Sugio Lamongan, data collection technique used questionnaires sheets of the needs and characteristics of students, expert validator sheets, analysis of students' and educators' activity observations, students' learning outcomes test sheets, and questionnaire responses to students. Data analysis techniques used analysis of questionnaire results data of students' needs, analysis of the results of expert validator, analysis of observations of the activities of educators and students, analysis of student learning outcomes, and analysis of student questionnaire responses. The results of the research development of puzzles integrated rhymes include the quality of the media which consists of three aspects, namely validity, effectiveness and practicality. The research showed the results of the quality of the puzzle media integrated in the rhyme of folk poetry learning for students of class VII-E SMPN 3 Sugio Lamongan was worthy of being used with the criteria showing "Highly Qualified" with an average percentage of 83%. On the validity aspect, the integrated rhyming puzzle media is based on the components of presentation quality and the media had a quality of "Good" with a percentage of 78%. While the components of quality media presentations on the media had "Very Good" quality with a percentage of 88%. In terms of the effectiveness of the media, it was reviewed from the results of the study of educated "Very Good" students with an


It's very important for tuomen to write what they feel. Really, toe need more writing from women. I think women understand each other better when they are alone together than when there's a man around because then there is always the possibility of pretending and that's not communication. . . . So we should come together as women and try to do some creative uniting—I mean writing that will help or encourage other people who might become our fellowwriters in the future.


Highlight Enhanced cyclic electron flow contributes to increased accumulation of ATP in light, which facilitates Na+ sequestration into vacuoles of mesophyll cells mediated by up-regulation of genes associated with Na+ transport during salt stress.


Abstract This article defines a distribution family based on the distribution of a random variable associated with the projections of a normally distributed random matrix with unknown mean onto a linear space and onto a closed convex cone. The stochastic monotonicity property of the distributions in the family is established. This property finds the application in the proving the unbiasedness of a likelihood ratio test in a multivariate order restricted model.


David Bloome is Professor of Education in the Department of Teaching and Learning at Peabody College of Vanderbilt University. His research focuses on cultural, social, and linguistic aspects of reading, writing, and language education and the use of microethnographic approaches to the study of classroom life. His co-authored books include Reading Words (with Barry Stierer) and Writing Ourselves: Literacy Practices and the Mass-Observation Project (with Dorothy Sheridan and Brian Street). He is the editor of several edited research books including Literacy and Schooling, Classrooms and Literacy, Alternative Perspectives on Assessing Children's Language And Literacy (with Kathleen Holland and Judith Solsken) and Students As Researchers of Culture and Language in Their Own Communities (with Ann Egan-Robertson). He is the co-editor of the research journal Linguistics and Education. He can be contacted at the Department of Teaching and Learning, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37203. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.


Trials at Tulloch, Aberdeen (sandy loam soil, 820 mm rainfall) and Woodside, Elgin (light sandy loam, 730 mm) compared organically managed crop rotations containing different proportions of spring oats, swedes, potatoes and grass/clover leys (0·50 and 0·67 of the rotation at Tulloch; 0·38 and 0·50 at Woodside). The trials simulated farm conditions through the use of grazing animals and the recycling of farmyard manure. The rotations at each site gave similar financial outputs. Yields of oats were higher where these were grown after the main ley phase of the rotation than where they were grown later in the rotation (more ears/m2 and grains/ear), but were not significantly higher after a 4-year ley than after a 3-year ley at Tulloch. It was concluded that all of the rotations were agronomically and financially sustainable. Cereal yields showed large year-to-year variations but little indication of a progressive decline. There were only small changes in soil organic matter, soil P and soil K. Increased early summer weed cover in the arable crops was not matched by increases in weed invasion in the grass/clover leys and did not appear to be affecting yields.


Lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) is a Colombian fruit that is mostly used in the preparation of homemade juice as well as natural remedy for hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine physicochemical and antioxidant properties (antioxidant capacity, total phenols, flavonoids and spermidine content, and polyphenolic compounds profile by liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC-MS)) of the lulo fruit and its juice. Additionally, vacuum impregnation (VI) properties of the fruit and the effect of high homogenization pressure (50, 100, and 150 MPa) on the juice properties were studied. The results revealed a good availability and impregnation capacity of the pores in fruits with similar maturity index. The main differences observed between the juice and fruit derive from removing solids and bioactive components in the filtering operation. However, the effect of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) on particle size and bioactive compounds increases the antiradical capacity of the juice and the diversity in polyphenolics when increasing the homogenization pressure.


The Imitrob dataset was created with the aim to enable imitation learning of manipulation tasks 5 purely from visual observations. This includes the ability to recognize 6D pose of the hand-held 6 objects. Current methods are typically trained and tested in different conditions than this kind of 7 tasks, so it is very difficult to estimate how they will perform in manipulation tasks with hand-held 8 tools. As expected, the tested methods showed quite low accuracy in the case of the mainipulation 9 with hand-held tools, especially when generalization to new users, camera viewpoints, or tasks was 10 needed. This motivated the creation of a new dataset, which would enable benchmarking of these 11 methods. 12


Islamic education is an educational system based on the Qur'an and Sunnah. Kh. Ahmad Dahlan in his thoughts on Islamic education based on the Qur'an and Sunnah. This must be accompanied by other sciences or what is commonly referred to as other general sciences in order to create individuals who are rich in knowledge outside of religious knowledge. The education system at the Yamisa Islamic Boarding School, despite applying the teachings of the Qodariyah Naqsabandiyah order. But in practice in line with Kh. Ahmad Dahlan in which the Yamisa Islamic Boarding School teaches its students about religion and includes other knowledge so that the students have broad knowledge. The methodology used in making this article is to use historical research methods which consist of several stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The research method in this article uses the historical method. The first source collection was to find information and collect data from a book entitled Kh. Ahmad Dahlan (1868-1923), Rattan the Kiai: The Life Story of Mama Uyeh. Sources from the internet such as e-books, journals entitled understanding of education, Islamic Education Thought Perspective Kh. Ahmad Dahlan (1869-1923) and Kh. Hasyim Asy'ari 1871-1947(M): Comparative study in the concept of reforming Islamic education in Indonesia. and other articles such as the thesis entitled Islamic Education Thought According to Kh. Ahmad Dahlan. As well as interviews conducted with Mr. Heri Haris Mawardi as the administrator of the Yamisa boarding school. Islamic Education KH. Ahmad Dahlan at Yamisa Islamic Boarding School, although in practice there are differences in his flow because of NU and Muhammadiyah. However, in terms of the education system, it is not much different, because the thought of Islamic education at the Yamisa pesantren also applies the same thing as KH. Ahmad Dahlan in his education system. Namely, Yamisa Islamic Boarding School also implements a non-formal education system so that the education system can keep up with the times with openness to general knowledge so that students gain knowledge related to religion and the public.


Dr. Jang instructs a cadaver lab to educate the residents at Duke University on the steps and technical aspects of various endoscopic sinus surgery procedures.


Pediatric cardiac emergencies are almost always associated with major degrees of hemodynamic instability and cardiovascular compromise. Immediate surgical intervention is required especially if the pediatric patient presents with signs of cardiac tamponade. Anesthetic management is a major challenge in these patients , with induction of anesthesia being the most important stage as sudden cardiovascular collapse can occur immediately after induction of anesthesia. Here we present a 11 month old child , with signs and symptoms suggestive of pericardial tamponade , who was posted for total pericardiectomy. The patient was hemodynamically unstable with heart sounds barely audible. The child had considerable thickening of the pericardium with 2 layers investing the heart, the second being closely adherent to the heart. There was no effusion and hence pericardiocentesis was not possible. All emergency and resuscitation drugs were kept ready. The patient was induced with ketamine, with graded cautious doses of midazolam and fentanyl after cannulating internal jugular vein and femoral artery. Intraoperatively, Inj. Dobutamine was started and the surgery proceeded uneventfully. Patient was shifted on post operative ventilatory support and was extubated the next day. This report highlights the importance of induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients, with hemodynamically unstable pericardial tamponade which cannot be drained by pericardiocentesis, hence have to be taken up for open heart surgery.


Most discussions about the quality of schooling quickly turn to the quality of teachers, reflections and memories of individual teachers who 'made a difference', whether good or not so, in a person's school biography. The quest for the 'good teacher' is important to parents, interleaves itself into a community's conversations about its schools, animates children's and adolescents' reflections on a central feature of their lives and increasingly is the protagonist in policy debates on teacher education. Almost everyone has certain convictions about the characteristics and importance of a good teacher, borne out of schooling as a shared and typically vivid experience. But these convictions tend to foster three misleading assumptions: that quality teaching is only about individuals, that it is innate and that it is immutable. There is a strong tendency to centre on the individual teacher and ignore the school and community context. The belief that the teacher (again the emphasis is typically on the individual) is born, not made, is often stated, thereby rendering invisible the powerful developmental, cultural and institutional dynamics leading to 'good' teachers and teaching. Kennedy (2010) argues "...that researchers as well as laymen tend to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the influence of situations on observed behavior" (p. 591). Thus, in comparing differences across classrooms, there is a strong tendency to focus on differences in student learning as a function of the "characteristics of teachers themselves, overlooking situational


An edge seal for fabrics such as insulating window shades is disclosed. The seal is formed by tracks disposed on each side of fabric when the fabric is drawn and the tracks receive the fabric margins. A lip is provided on each track, which interlock with flaps cut in the margins to hold the margins in the tracks even when forces are applied to the fabric which would ordinarily pull the margins out of the tracks.


extensive air-pockets, under pressure, in the mediastinum, overlying the right ventricular outflow tract and the pulmonary arteries (Fig. 2). The air-pockets were decompressed with intraoperative haemodynamic improvement immediately noted. Tissues also removed from the mediastinum during sternotomy exhibited widespread pneumatization giving a 'bubbled' appearance. No significant bleeding was noted during sternotomy with mediastinal and bilateral pleural drains placed. The chest was closed in standard fashion with stainless steel sternotomy wires and layered closure technique. Drains were placed on −3 kPa suction with negligible bleeding and no air leak observed. The patient remained stable and was returned to the intensive care unit. Several days later, formal neurological testing confirmed brain death with next of kin consenting to organ donation shortly thereafter. Organ retrieval of heart and lungs occurred expediently and without complication. It is hoped the sharing of these images will alert fellow clinicians to the possibility of tension pneumomediastinum, especially in ventilated, chest trauma patients and to reinforce the vital importance of organ donation


It has been suggested that the coastal Southern Ocean subsurface may warm over the 21st century in response to strengthening and poleward shifting winds, with potential adverse effects on West Antarctic glaciers. However, using a 1/12 8 ocean regional model that includes ice-shelf cavities, we find a more complex response to changing winds in the Amundsen Sea. Simulated offshore subsurface waters get colder under strengthened and poleward shifted winds representative of the SAM projected trend. The buoyancy-driven circulation induced by ice-shelf melt transports this cold offshore anomaly onto the continental shelf, leading to cooling and decreased melt below 450 m. In the vicinity of ice-shelf fronts, Ekman pumping contributes to raise the isotherms in response to changing winds. This effect overwhelms the horizontal transport of colder offshore waters at intermediate depths (between 200 and 450 m), and therefore increases melt rates in the upper part of the ice-shelf cavities, which reinforces the buoyancy-driven circulation and further contributes to raise the isotherms. Then, prescribing an extreme grounding line retreat projected for 2100, the total melt rates simulated underneath Thwaites and Pine Island are multiplied by 2.5. Such increase is explained by a larger ocean/ice interface exposed to CDW, which is then amplified by a stronger melt-induced circulation along the ice draft. Our main conclusions are that (1) outputs from ocean models that do not represent ice shelf cavities (e.g., CMIP5 models) should not be directly used to predict the thermal forcing of future ice shelf cavities; (2) coupled ocean/ice sheet models with a data from high-resolution airborne radar (Vaughan et al., 2006) and submarine surveys (Jenkins et al., 2010a), and including a pinning point underneath Thwaites (Cornford et al., 2015). It should be noted that the bedrock topography used in Cornford et al. (2015) is known to be inaccurate underneath Dotson and Crosson ice shelves (Millan et al., 2017). Our perturbed ice-shelf cavities have a geometry derived from year 2100 of one of the ice-sheet simulations from Cornford et al. (2015), namely their H/A/O''/F experiment which corresponds to one of their most extreme grounding line retreat for 2100. This simulation was forced by melt rates empirically derived from an ocean simulation with ice-shelf cavities and itself constrained by a CMIP3 model under the A1B emission scenario.


Aim:  To assess the usefulness of a new method for cesarean section (CS) that is comprised of a transverse incision into the uterine fundus, developed for women with placentas covering the entire anterior uterine wall, and introduced in September 2006.


This paper is introducted about the usage,structural design and calculation of a new tool -Smart Up-down Tackle. The concrete example, of how to make it, is given.By practice,it is shown that the new tool is convenient to use and saves working space.


Chromium residue is one of the most hazardous residues that has a large annual output.In this paper,the detoxication mechanisms,technological processes of utilization of chromium residue for sintering and ironmaking technology are introduced,the feasibility is analysed in theory and practice.The performances of chromium residue added and non added are compared.The results show that when 1.5% chromium residue is added in sintering and ironmaking,the quality of sintered mines can meet the standard,and the pollutants meet the standard.The oxidation-reduction reaction of chromium residue at high temperature,can also be used to realize the harmlessness and resource of chromium residue.


Objective: This study therefore evaluated the expression of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-26 mRNAs in patients with OM with effusion (OME), chronic OM (COM), and cholesteatomatous OM (CholeOM) and the relationships between their expression and the absence of bacteria and hearing loss. Methods: 87 Patients diagnosed with OME, COM, and CholeOM from 2013 to 2016 were enrolled. Effusion fluid, granulation tissue, and cholesteatoma samples were obtained during surgery. Levels of IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-26 mRNAs were assessed by real-time PCR and compared the results according to types of OM, result of bacterial culture, and type of hearing loss. Results: IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-26 mRNAs were expressed in all three groups of patients with OM, with all being significantly higher in patients with OME than in patients with COM and CholeOM (p < 0.05), but not differing significantly in the latter two groups. The increased levels of all four mRNAs in patients with OME were independent of the presence or absence of bacteria and of the type of hearing loss (p < 0.05). Conclusion: IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-26 are involved in the pathophysiology of OM and are significantly higher in patients with OME than in patients with COM and CholeOM.


The roles of prior information, event space and choice of constraint functions in information-theoretic approaches to the crystallographic inversion problem are discussed, with a view to relating recent articles on the inversion problem. In particular, the important distinction between the general expression for the entropy of a probability distribution function and specific derived forms for entropy involving, for example, mean values of the corresponding random variables, is pointed out and illustrated. Information theory can provide a very general and powerful approach to problems of statistical inference (Jaynes, 1982). However, great power must be tempered by great care in order for any good to result. In this note it is our purpose to focus attention on some of the areas in the informationtheoretic approach in which such care is required, with a particular view to elucidating some of the assumptions underlying recent articles (Britten & Collins, 1982; Narayan & Nityananda, 1982; Piro, 1983; Wilkins, Varghese & Lehmann, 1983) on the crystallographic inversion problem. The key concept and starting point for an informationtheoretic approach to a problem in statistical inference is the concept of a unique and consistent measure of the information content, /, in a probability distribution P(e) relative to a given prior P°(e) (Shannon & Weaver, 1949; Kullback, 1959; Levine, 1980; Jaynes, 1982): I = )-'. P(e) log {P(e)/P°(e)},


Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an evolving practice in the early stages of adoption similar to the mechanical, electrical and software domains 20 to 30 years ago. Today there is increasing recognition of the potential MBSE brings to system life cycle processes with the increasing complexity of systems and the demands of the global marketplace. In order for the practice to realize this potential, system modeling and MBSE must be part of the larger model based engineering effort, and integrate with other engineering discipline models and modeling activities across the life cycle of a system. This is placing increasing demands on the need for Model Lifecycle Management (MLM) as an essential part of an MBSE infrastructure. This paper establishes the motivation for MLM, as well as laying the foundation for addressing challenges that lay ahead. The paper is focused on describing key concepts, requirements, current practices, and future directions of MLM, and setting the basis for more in depth overview of MLM solutions and vendor offering that are beyond the scope of this paper.


This paper stems from PhD research I conducted on the campaign for gender parity in France. I first formulated the concept of "field of women's advocacy" in this specific research context, and I have been developing it in the following years. This is the first draft of a paper in which I try to link the category to theoretical debates in the field of social movement analysis. I would be glad to have your comments on how to rework the paper, which I am aiming to submit to a social movement journal. Many thanks, in advance, for the time you will spend reading it, and for your comments. I am looking forward to next Thursday,


New reaction chemistry may reduce the energy input and carbon dioxide emissions from processes that convert coal into liquid fuels.


Rail transport is one of the cheapest ways of transportation available today. It is necessary to monitor and control the cargo condition for ensuring the quality and safety of the rail freight. A three-coordinate electromechanical converter of vibration energy, which can be used as a sensitive part of cargo control system, is represented in this paper.


Objective
To investigate the effect of changing conversation ways combined with self-efficacy intervention on the compliance behavior and quality of life in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods
107 cases of elderly patients with COPD in our hospital from February 2015 to April 2017 were selected and grouped according to the order of admission. 53 cases in the control group were given routine nursing intervention, and 54 cases in the study group were given changing conversation ways combined with self-efficacy intervention on the basis of the control group. The lung function indexes [1 s forced expiratory volume percentage (FEV1%), maximal ventilation volume per minute (MVV)], and quality of life (CCQ) score were compared between the 2 groups before and after intervention, the treatment compliance rate of the 2 groups were compared.

Results
After intervention, the FEV1% and MVV of the study group were higher than those of the control group, the CCQ scores of activities and symptoms in the study group were lower than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The treatment compliance rate of the study group was 94.44% (51/54), which was higher than that of the control group [69.81% (37/53)], with statistically significant difference (χ2=11.113, P=0.001).

Conclusion
Changing conversation ways combined with self-efficacy intervention can effectively promote the recovery of pulmonary function in elderly patients with COPD, improve the treatment compliance and quality of life.

Key words:
Changing conversation way; Self-efficacy intervention; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


Background: Head and neck carcinoma, usually begins in the squamous cells, not only seriously endangers the quality of life, but brings a heavy financial burden for families and countries. Metronomic chemotherapy, a frequent administration of chemotherapeutic agents at a non-toxic dose, gives an alternative low-cost and tolerated approach for patients. We conducted a systematic review to find the effectiveness and safety of metronomic chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.Methods: We searched seven databases and Clinical.gov from the inception to July 14, 2021. The patients diagnosed head and neck cancer and older than 18 were included. Metronomic chemotherapy was defined as intervention. Randomized and non-randomized trials were all included. Quality assessment of included randomized control trials was performed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias criteria, cohort studies using The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), single arm trials using the checklist recommended by The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Studies were synthetized using a narrative approach. The indicators used for meta-analysis was hazard ratio (HR).Results: 310 Literatures were potentially eligible from 7 databases, finally 13 records were included. Five studies were of high quality, while eight were of moderate quality. The overall effect of HR for death of five trials reported had no statistically significant (HR=0.89, 95%CI 0.71-1.10). Subgroup analysis by different design showed a statistically significant HR (0.73, 95%CI 0.60-0.90) in randomized control trials while no significant difference in subgroup of prospective study design (HR=1.23, 95%CI 0.72-2.10). As for HR for PFS, there was no significant difference in overall effect of four studies. HR for PFS was 0.84 (95%CI 0.55-1.31). Subgroup analysis of study design showed that randomized control trials produced a significant HR (0.54, 95%CI 0.45-0.64), while prospective studies did not (1.25, 95%CI 0.73, 2.14).Conclusions: Metronomic chemotherapy has been an optimistic option for treatment for advanced head and neck cancer, especially in low income and medical resource-restricted regions.


An improved chaos particle swarm optimization algorithm based on multi-agent architecture was proposed to solve the high-dimensional,multi-constrained and nonlinear optimization problems.PSO algorithm was integrated with chaos-local-search(CLS) and multi-agent system(MAS) to form a novel algorithm(MACPSO) and applied to reactive power optimization of power system.The swarm search feature of the PSO was combined with the intelligent search feature of the agent.Seen as a particle of PSO during the search process,each agent competes and cooperates with the neighboring agents so as to obtain solutions of high quality swiftly.Meanwhile,the CLS algorithm can help the proposed algorithm to balance the intensification strategy and diversification strategy,and reduce the probability of falling into local optimum.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,MACPSO was evaluated on two various scale power systems——the IEEE 30 nodes and 118 nodes system of reactive power dispatch problem,and the experiment results verify the better search capability and higher degree of convergence for reactive power optimization.


All sports persons and players, at whatever level, need quality surfaces on which to play. And constructing, preparing and maintaining surfaces are all essential tasks carried out by professional groundspersons. However, although looking after the playing surfaces is of crucial importance, the modern sports ground manager requires a large range of other skills and knowledge. There are resources to manage, events to organize and run, and a myriad of legislative and regulatory requirements to cope with.


For the purpose of examining what relations could be between a sovereign Quebec and the United States, we were asked to stay away from considerations on the desirability of Quebec independence, its probability, and the factors that might bring it about. Most contributions to this special issue have observed this rule and offered little perspective on the processes leading to the realization of this hypothetical situation. While I fully agree that it was not at all commendable to politicize our debate, I submit that envisaging a sovereign Quebec without factoring in the elements leading to such an outcome may remain an incomplete exercise. This is why I consider it important to state (or restate), at the outset of my remarks, a few propositions that I regard as fundamental in the Quebec equation. First, as Francois Crepeau has phrased it, Quebeckers would go reluctantly to sovereignty. "Had their politicians been wiser," Quebec and Canada would never separate. It is, in fact, obvious that a great majority of Quebeckers much prefer federalism to independence. Public opinion polls have consistently revealed that a reformed federalism is the favorite option among the Quebec population. The most compelling argument in favor of sovereignty is the failure of Canadian federalism to make room for a Quebec people or distinct society. Second, if ever a referendum on sovereignty registers a victory for the Yes, in all likelihood it will be (unless important changes take place) on a question including a desired association, partnership, or union with the rest of Canada. Such a question might well be considered ambiguous and illegitimate by the federal government and by Canadians outside Quebec. But for most people in Quebec, this is the only valid way of approaching sovereignty. For most Quebeckers it is vital to avoid any sign of isolationism and, ironically (given the frequent use of the word separatism), any indication of a unilateral will to "separate" from Canada and, even, from North America. A successful referendum, therefore, cannot but be followed by negotiations with the federal government of Canada and/or other provincial officials on the terms of a new Canadian union at best or, at worst, the terms of an acceptable secession. This third point rules out any immediate unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) on the part of Quebec. There would most probably be a lengthy period of transition that might even offer the possibility of constitutional reforms instead of formal sovereignty for Quebec, especially in the case of a narrow victory of the Yes. If the United States were to play a role during this period, it would undoubtedly be a crucial one. Obviously, given such a process, the recognition of an eventually sovereign Quebec would be cautiously avoided by the United States and probably by all other countries, including France, until the end of the process. Fourth, in the event of the total failure of these negotiations, there could be a UDI on the part of Quebec. Should Lucien Bouchard still be in charge, given his propensity toward negotiation and compromise, this most probably would not come before two or three years. In such an event, if ever the government of Canada would still want to force Quebec into the federation, the case for UDI might be better defended under international law. If these four propositions make sense, one cannot envisage the problems related to Quebec sovereignty without reading their origins in an eventual transition period between a successful referendum and the declaration of independence. This should affect our understanding of U.S. policies toward Quebec before and after a hypothetical sovereignty. Before taking a look at these policies, I will make a couple of points on Quebec's stance vis-a-vis the United States and briefly review what has been the object of consensus among most of the authors of this study. A Sovereign Quebec and the United States Louis Belanger is right in stressing how ill-prepared Quebec is in facing its giant neighbor as a sovereign actor. …


The delay-speedup asymmetry is that a positive outcome is discounted more, and a negative outcome is discounted less, when it is delayed than when it is "sped up" over the same interval. To account for this asymmetry, Loewenstein and Prelec's (1992) hyperbolic discounting model and Scholten and Read's (2010) tradeoff model invoke reference dependence along the money attribute in combination with aversion to money lost (i.e., 'loss aversion'). We apply parametric specifications of these models to indifference data from three matching studies and preference from a fourth choice study. We compare their predictive accuracy with that of an alternative formulation of the tradeoff model, in which the delay-speedup asymmetry arises from reference dependence along the time attribute in combination with hypersensitivity to time lost and hyposensitivity to time gained. A parametric specification of this model outperformed those of the two competing models. We discuss theoretical and methodological issues in the empirical modeling of data containing the delay-speedup asymmetry.


This article argues that gender reassignment is best conceptualized for sociological purposes as gender migration, drawing parallels with the process of geographical migration. Both gender and geographical migrants often see themselves as beginning a new life; social membership and identity has to be reworked and negotiated; a new way of life has to be learnt; the old one has to be left behind. Migrants of both kinds are often regarded as undesirable and threatening; the legitimacy of settlement in the new country/gender may be denied; the granting of citizenship and other rights may be refused. The consequence may be that the migrant permanently occupies a position of marginality rather than full integration.


Non-competitive land use was followed by introducing perennial fodder crops in inter-row spaces of mango orchards of 50 growers between 2013–14 to 2016–17. Dharwad and Belgaum districts of north Karnataka were selected based on maximum area under mango. As a part of the study, 179 mango growers were trained in cultivation aspect of fodder crops and were advised to select fodder crops based on their resource base. However, 50 mango growers who came forward to cultivate constituted sample for the study. These growers were assisted by giving seeds and planting materials for cultivation in their mango orchard. Data from these 50 mango growers were collected by using standardised interview schedule and analysed. Shortage of green fodder (33.18±3.18%) and dry fodder (37.02±2.92%) was experienced by mango growers before participating in the project. Bajra napier hybrid, guinea, perennial fodder sorghum were the grasses selected and grown either as sole crop or in combination. Legumes (Stylosanthes hamata, fodder cowpea, Clitoria ternatea and lucerne) in combination with grasses were cultivated by less number of farmers. Benefits of fodder crops interventions in mango orchards as observed by farmers decreasing feed cost (46.94%), increase in milk yield (0.93 litre/animal) and improvement in livestock health. These crops helped them to save 0.91 mandays and distance of 1.42 km in lean period to collect fodder. Area under mango orchard, mass media participation and number of mango trees exhibited positive and significant relationship at 1% level and total land holding at 5% level of significance with mango area allotted by growers for fodder cultivation. The mean fodder deficiency experienced was 50.6% before and it was decreased to 9% after the interventions of fodder crops in mango orchard indicating the improvement in fodder availability among participating farmers.


Based on the new development of science after Hegel especially in modern times,the thesis gave new interpretations and understandings of the core of Hegel' s philosophy — Logics.More emphasis was put on the explanations of some new theories found by modern science,namely,the Big Bang theory,the outlook on time and space of Einstein's Theory of Relativity,modern genetic theory,and the integration of holographic theory into Hegel' s speculative logic,which were all able to be expained and understood rationally in terms of Hegel' s speculative logic.


Brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is closely associated with many pathophysiological processes of cardiocerebrovascular diseases, including stroke. The activation of the different components in RAS will produce specific biological effects. This article reviews the roles of brain RAS in the pathophysiological processes of ischemic stroke, especially the neuroprotective effect of ACE2/Ang-(1-7) /Mas axis.

Key words:
Stroke; Brain Ischemia; Renin-Angiotensin System; Angiotensin Ⅱ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; Peptide Fragments; Neuroprotective Agents


Fulminant subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: Not only a disease of the past Denise L Chan , Helen Young, Pamela Palasanthiran, William Rawlinson, Paul Gray and P Ian Andrews Departments of Neurology, and Immunology and Infectious Disease, Sydney Children's Hospital, Schools of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Department of Paediatrics, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Department of Neurogenetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead and Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia


Gas injection processes suffer from poor volumetric sweep efficiency due to phenomena such as viscous fingering caused by density contrast between the injected gas and the displaced fluid, channeling due to heterogeneities in the reservoir and gravity override due to the inherent lower density of gas. One possible way to overcome these negative effects is by foaming the gas. Foam can be defined as a dispersion of gas separated by lamellae in a continuous liquid phase. Lamellae stability is enhanced by adding surfactants to the aqueous phase (Lake, 2014). The underlying idea is that the pitfalls of gas injection can be overcome by trapping the gas and therefore reducing its mobility. The benefits of foam flooding have been reported by several authors (Almaqbali et al., 2017, Li et al., 2009, Chalbaud et al., 2002, Patil et al., 2018 ) however, to implement field scale projects, an accurate representation of foams in models that can be applied to reservoir simulators is of paramount importance. In this sense, two main families of foam modelling exist today. One family referred as population balance models, treat foam texture and bubble size explicitly and another family, that treats foam texture implicitly by applying a mobility reduction factor to gas mobility. In the first part of this document, a model that treats foam texture implicitly will be used to evaluate foam performance in a heterogenous reservoir consisting of two layers with different permeabilities. The model known as STARS (Computer Modelling Group, 2010) reduces gas mobility using semiempirical functions that represent the physics governing foam texture. One of the functions used by the model is the dryout function, which represents the effects of water saturation on foam coalescence. This function is tuned by a couple parameters, namely, fmdry and epdry that control the water saturation at which foam dries out and how fast it dries out, in other words, how abrupt its collapse is. Farajzadeh et. al, (2015) found that these parameters were permeability dependent. Inspired by these findings, in the modelling section of this project, foam performance in a two layer reservoir with different permeabilities under varying injection conditions is assessed. Each layer will have its unique set of parameters, namely, fmmob, epdry and fmdry. We are interested in seeing the effects that epdry has on foam performance and the effects of having vastly contrasting foam strengths between layers (large fmmob contrast). The results suggest that epdry can have significant impact on foam performance in the high quality regime. Interestingly, it was found that large fmmob contrast reduce vertical conformance and can reduce recovery efficiency in the high quality regime. It is known that oil can have negative impact on foam stability, however most studies treat gas and oil as different phases. Under miscible conditions, oil and gas become one phase and the extent to how oil destabilizes foam is not clearly understood. Kahrobaei et. al (2017) found in core flood experiments a unique rheological behavior in foams with miscible mixtures of Carbon Dioxide – Decane. Their experiments showed three distinguishable apparent viscosity regimes depending on Carbon dioxide fraction. Regime 1, in which apparent viscosity increased with increasing CO2 fraction; Regime 2 in which apparent viscosity decreased with increasing CO2 fraction; and Regime 3 in which apparent viscosity is constant independently of the CO2 molar composition. Inspired by Kahrobaei et. al, (2017) findings, the second part of the project attempts to investigate, using microfluidics, the effects in foam texture caused by compositional changes in an AOS surfactant solution and a miscible Carbon Dioxide – Decane mixture. Unfortunately, due to set-up limitations and inability to reliably mix the components, the experiments were inconclusive. Nonetheless, valuable lessons learnt are presented that will facilitate the experimental approach if someone decides to continue with this line of investigation.


This article examines the theoretical and methodological issues relating to diet and aggressive behavior. Several areas are reviewed, including neurotransmitting imbalances, hypoglycemia and refined carbohydrate, bod sensitivities, reactions to food additives, and dietaly elements. Clinical evidence indicates that, for some persons, diet may be associated with, or exacerbate, such conditions as learning disability, poor irnpulse control, intellectual deficits, a tendency toward violence, hyperactivity, and alcoholism and/or drug abuse. These behaviors have been closely associated with, or are precursors to, criminal delinquent behavior. However, studies of the relationship between diet and behavior involving offender populations have not yielded evidence that a change in diet would result in significant reduction in aggressive or antisocial behavior.


This paper analyzes the problems in China's internet privacy right protection,introduces the major legal protective models of privacy right in other countries and then puts forward some suggestions for China's legal protection of internet privacy right.


The present paper studies the corrosion behaviour of a new lower-cost type of austenitic stainless steel (SS) with a low nickel content in alkaline-saturated calcium hydroxide solution (a simulated concrete pore (SCP) solution) with sodium chloride (0.0%, 0.4%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% NaCl) and embedded in alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) mortars manufactured using two alkaline solutions, with and without chloride additions (2% and 5%), in an environment of constant 95% relative humidity. Measurements were performed at early age curing up to 180 days of experimentation. The evolution with time of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was studied. <path id="x1D445" d="M627 18l-10 -26q-79 6 -116 27t-69 76q-41 71 -71 138q-13 29 -27.5 39t-42.5 10h-46l-27 -145q-13 -74 -2.5 -88.5t78.5 -20.5l-6 -28h-271l5 28q66 6 82.5 21.5t30.5 87.5l71 387q12 66 2 78.5t-77 19.5l8 28h233q102 0 147 -29q65 -43 65 -129q0 -69 -45.5 -117
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t60.5 43z"/> values obtained in SCP solution or in fly ash mortars were so high that low-nickel SS preserved its passivity, exhibiting high corrosion resistance


While it appeared that none of the growers had used resilience as a conscious factor when planning their gardens, those gardens where local knowledge and cultivation practices were used proved to have better resilience. Although traditional approaches such as crop combinations are still useful, there is definitely scope for introducing new practices that could improve the systems. For example, few growers practiced composting, or had a lot of knowledge about pest and disease control methods.


Neuroblastoma is the second most common childhood neoplasm, being next to leukemia. 80% of the cases are found in children under 2(1/2) years of age. The prognosis for children with localized neuroblastoma under two years of age is excellent with almost 90% survival. The median age at diagnosis of neuroblastoma is two years; initial diagosis in late childhood is rare but having highest rate of spontaneous regression of any malignancy in man. The case Ⅰ present is a girl who was first diagnosed as having neuroblastoma at the age of eight years and the entire course from diagnosis to death was less than two months suggesting a strong influence of age upon survival which is inversely proportional to age.


With a new Shakespeare Week aimed at primaries, there are ideas for introducing all year groups to 'the Bard'. Angela Youngman investigates the options and benefits.


The report is a brief summary of Platform as a Service (PaaS) solutions evaluation including investigation the current situation at CERN and Services on Demand provision, homemade solutions, external market analysis and some information about PaaS deployment process. This first part of the report is devoted to the current status of the process of deployment OpenShift Origin at existing infrastructure at CERN, as well as specification of the common issues and restrictions that were found during this process using different machines for test. Furthermore, the following open source software solutions have been proposed for the investigation of possible PaaS provision at CERN:  OpenShift Online;  Cloud Foundry;  Deis;  Paasmaster;  Cloudify;  Stackato;  WSO2 Stratos. CERN 'homemade' solution called Middleware Manager Service was also examined as well as series of proprietary software to compare the features and possibilities of integration. The second part of report contains information about Cloud Foundry PaaS solution and about the process of its deployment at CERN. CERN openlab Summer Student Report 2014 Table of


Drawing on sources in original languages, the book offers the first comprehensive study of the history, ethnography and convoluted ethnic identity of the Galician Karaites, a non-Talmudic Turkic-speaking minority of Jewish scripturalists.


Bulb scale segments of Lilium longiflorum were used as original explants and shoot sections excised from shoot clusters arosed from the first explants as the secondary explants.The effects of different concentrations of BA(benzyladenine) and different parts of plant segments on shoot formation were studied.After roots formed,plantlets were treated at 4℃ for 0,7 and 30 days.The results indicated that MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 BA and 0.1 mg L-1 NAA was optimum for shoot formation and proliferation by using short basal stem segment as the second explant.Moreover,cold treatment had little effect on flowering stage.About 54 000 new plantlets could be obtained from one bulb.It took only 8 months from bulb scale to flowering.


The most important relationship between physical characteristics of stars is the spectrum-luminosity correlation. Investigating the character of this correlation for stars of open clusters, Trumpler has worked out a classification of clusters according to their spectral composition.


An opportunity of producing of lipids enriched with eikosapentaenoic acid by transformation of linen oil by fungus Mortierella alpina 18-1 or its haloresistant mutant Mortierella alpina ХН1 that were grown on oat medium containing glycerine was reasearched.


Human movement analysis has recently gained growing interest for computer vision researchers. In this paper, a simple but efficient algorithm using Fourier descriptor to represent spatial-temporal silhouette for human movement analysis is proposed. For each image sequence, motion detection and segmentation methods are used to segment and extract the moving silhouettes of people. Then, Fourier descriptor(FD)is used to describe the moving silhouettes. HMMs and Haudorff distance are applied to the time-varying distance signals described by FD for the activity classification and gait recognition. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm greatly improve the recognition rates.


The goal of the bachelor work "Disclosure of Intangible Assets of the Company" is to analyze defining and reporting of an intangible assets with respect to Czech Accounting Standards CAS) and comparison to International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS) and the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). The work consists of five parts. The first part focuses on accounting of intangible assets according to CAS. In second part, we discuss intangible assets from IFRS point of view, followed by US GAAP in third. Comparison of these standards is covered in the fourth part. Finally, the last part presents a practical example of showing out an intangible property.


With Artificial Intelligence based algorithm, proposed Predictive Risk Analysis can be applied to perform comprehensive risk assessment and can depict serious gaps in existing control measures and the risk footprint of the organization. Risk Assessment and evaluation is core engine of Risk Lifecycle Management for an organization, driving its risk control and mitigation strategy. The prevailing approach to Risk analysis, due to methodologies applied across the industries, is manual, static and very specific to problem at hand. A generalized quantitative model for risk analysis is vital so that a planning, analysis and evaluation framework can be developed that can be used across the industry/sectors for better decision making. We undertook detailed analyses of data regarding hazards and its effect and that indicated necessity for stochastic model for such risk modeling and analysis. For Risk Analysis, a probabilistic model based on fat tailed Gaussian Distribution is used in this research for risk modeling and Artificial Intelligence based algorithm is employed to predict the Probabilistic Risk Value/Level (PRV), which can precisely generate the risk profile of any organization. The model is based on minimalist feature set covering risk assessment comprehensively paving the way for exact prescription for risk mitigation and control. Data regarding the risk metrices were collected from across the sectors/industries. Model validation and analysis shows that this model can be used for quantitative, automatic and dynamic risk analysis and evaluation in any industries/sectors.


With regard to increase of energy consumption, utilization of renewable energies would be more appearing. Among the renewable energies, wind energy has important part to play. Wind energy is considered to be one of the cleanest and cheapest renewable energy. Nowadays wind turbine technologies is being improved very rapidly and it is expected that in near future, at low wind speed the turbines work efficiently. In this paper wind energy potential for Murchehkhort area of Isfahan province was studied to see its suitability for a wind farm. With regard to the annual wind date for the mentioned area, the potential energy was calculated to be 98.69 W/m2. To calculate the wind energy potentials in an area, the wind velocity available was tabulated using this, the data it is possible; by mathematical method two important parameters; shape (k) and scale (c) is obtained where in this case the value for shape and scale was obtained to be; k=1.55 and c=4.71 m/s. With regard to the results, the mentioned site is classified as wind velocity of classes I&II. There for it is concluded this site for the small wind turbines, less than 100kW is suitable.


Recently, superior corrosion properties of novel zinc coatings alloyed with magnesium have been reported.The protection mechanism of magnesium in the coatings was studied on model zinc-magnesium al ...


Iridex Corp. and Synergetics USA Inc. are headed to trial to settle a patent dispute. Iridex claims that Synergetics relied on its patented technology to create a connector for handheld probes it sold between 1999 and mid-2006.


The Committee on Climate Change (CCC) has identified that under net zero emissions scenarios, bioenergy supplied in the UK could reach 200TWh (with 170TWh of this sourced from the UK) by 2050. The CCC considered that UK-produced energy crops could be an important source of bioenergy and assumed that around 700,000 ha could be planted in the UK to help achieve this target, although it did not consider where. If it were evenly spread across the arable area of the UK, Scotland's 'share' would be about 70,000 ha.


The ocean bottom flying node (OBFN) is a special autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for seabed resource exploration. In this article, unmodeled uncertainties, thruster faults, and ocean disturbances are considered. The trajectory errors are constrained. Based on the directed topology, the distributed finite‐time fault‐tolerant error constraint containment control problem for multiple OBFN systems is solved, while only a part of follower OBFNs can measure the state of leaders. By using the backstepping method and a tan‐type barrier lyapunov function (BLF), a novel form of virtual controller is constructed. Neural network is employed to approximate and compensate the general disturbances. And the upper bound of the estimation error is dealt with by proposing an adaptive law. Besides, the trajectory errors can be constrained to a small neighborhood of zero in finite time. In other words, follower OBFNs can reach the convex hull consisted of leaders in finite time. The effectiveness of the designed algorithm is shown by presenting numerical experiment.


Wireless networks are defined as that the network nodes which are connected by wireless data connections. The devices are connected via wireless link to communicate with each other. Measuring the delay performance of end-to-end nodes is the one of the most convoluted issues in wireless networks. In wireless networks, it is very difficult to maintain the substitution between throughput and delay. This paper proposes a new joint scheduling and congestion control algorithm for multihop wireless networks with dynamic route flows. The proposed algorithm achieves a provable throughput guarantee and provable end-to-end delay of every flow. The new joint scheduling and congestion control algorithm improves throughput and delay for dynamic wireless network by shifting scheduling scheme with virtual adaptation model. The proposed algorithm combines window-based flow control with a new rate based distributed scheduling algorithm to survive the quality of the system. This approach adaptively selects a set of routes according to the traffic load. Furthermore this dynamic adaptation mechanism achieves better concert in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.


An analytical method has been developed to treat unsteady helicopter rotor, wake, and fuselage interaction aerodynamics. An existing lifting line/prescribed wake rotor analysis and a source panel fuselage analysis were modified to predict vibratory fuselage airloads. The analyses were coupled through the induced flow velocities of the rotor and wake on the fuselage and the fuselage on the rotor. A prescribed displacement technique was used to distort the rotor wake about the fuselage. Sensitivity studies were performed to determine the influence of wake and body geometry on the computed airloads. Predicted and measured mean and unsteady pressures on a cylindrical body in the wake of a two-bladed rotor were compared. Initial results show good qualitative agreement.


A shiftable bicycle transmission is automatically shifted by automatically sensing output power torque of the transmission, automatically converting sensed output power torque to transmission shifting motion, and automatically shifting the shiftable transmission with that transmission shifting motion. A shiftable bicycle driving power transmission has a transmission shifting element, a bicycle output power torque sensor, and an output power torque-to-transmission shifting motion converter having an output power torque input coupled to that output power torque sensor and having a transmission shifting motion output. Such transmission shifting element is coupled to the transmission shifting motion output of that converter.


Objective You will learn how to use an alternating current susceptometer to study the magnetiza-tion induced in various magnetic materials in response to the alternating magnetic field inside a driven solenoid. In particular, a high-T c superconductor is studied as a function of temperature near the superconducting transition. A two-phase lock-in amplifier is used to measure the amplitude of the sample magne-tization and its phase relative to that of the driving magnetic field. References M. Nikolo, " Superconductivity: A guide to alternating current susceptibility measurements and alternating current suscep-tometer design, " Am.ston, 1976). Chapter 34 gives introductory descriptions of superconductiv-ity and lists references for more advanced reading.


Hong Kong under Imperial Rule studies the administration of Hong Kong during the thirty years between the Chinese revolution of 1911 and the Japanese invasion of 1941, by means of an examination of the records of the Hong Kong administration and its relationship with the Colonial Office in London. Ministers in London attempted to impose moral reforms upon the colony, such as the end of licensed prostitution, and the abolition of the Chinese custom of selling young girls into domestic servitude, but little was achieved in the face of local opposition and the marked lack of enthusiasm shown by the Governor and his officials. Hong Kong also resisted all attempts to close down its highly profitable opium monopoly, in spite of the fact that the British government had signed an international agreement in 1912 to suppress official sales of opium.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the function of the monocotyledon Coniothyriunsp polysaccharide to induce apoptosis of human Leucocythmia K562 cell lines in vitro.METHODS Gel electrophoresis DNA gradient diagram has been used to the apoptosis of the cells induced by the polysaccharide.RESULTS The phenomena of DNA"Ladder",an apoptosis characteristic has been detected with agarose gel electrophoresis.the polysaccharide at different concentrations could reflected on the expression of bcl-2 increased,fax and bax decreased in the control group.CONCLUSION monocotyledon Coniothyriunsp polysaccharide is showed that apoptosis to K562 cell lines can been inducee by the polysaccharide.


This type of picture crops up in different philosophical discussions. One area where it crops up is the philosophy of time. There is a familiar tension between what things are like from the perspective of the present and what things are like from an atemporal perspective. McTaggart can be understood as arguing that time requires the existence of both the atemporal and temporal standpoints, but that incoherence results from putting the facts of these standpoints together. Dummett, in a defense of McTaggart's argument, entertains the conclusion that we should abandon our prejudice that "the description of what is really there, as it really is, must be independent of any point of view" and that we should therefore reject our assumption that there could be a complete description of reality. The picture also seems to arise in discussions of logical paradoxes and meta-theoretical results. Grim argues for example that a range of logical paradoxes, including the Liar paradox, the Knower paradox, and Russell's paradox all converge on the apparent result that there cannot be a total representation of the world and that the world cannot be a simple totality of facts. "The universe itself", Grim concludes, "like any knowledge or description of it, is essentially open and incomplete." To give another example, the sketched picture fits Nagel's influential work in the 1970s and 1980s. Nagel identified a conflict between internal and external standpoints in our philosophical thinking about phenomenal consciousness, free will, the meaning of life, personal identity, and various ethical issues. Nagel argued that our objective conception of the world leaves out aspects of things that are only seen for what they are from a more internal perspective or, in extreme cases, only exist relative to a more internal (or subjective) perspective. Again, the world offers a range of more internal and more external viewpoints to adopt, and


Critical state is the most important character of polluted insulator. In this paper, the method of calculating critical state of polluted insulator model through optimization based on limited element software was offered and a typical mode was calculated with this method. The results show that with dynamic adjusting parameters range and sub-step size this method has good precision and convergence speed; moreover, this method can be used to deal with complex object such as the model with uneven dirty distribution or complex shape. This method is more suitable for simulating and analyzing flashover character of polluted insulators than traditional method such as charge simulation and circuit analysis.


This chapter compiles state legislation, rules and executive orders that specifically address climate change as of the end of October 2009. It also surveys a wide variety of state activities that may have an impact on greenhouse gases including legislation related to energy efficiency and renewable energy. The focus of this material is to provide readers with an understanding of the range of state activity that may contribute to greenhouse gas reduction and climate change. Some types of energy efficiency, alternative fuels and renewable energy legislation (such as tax credits for hybrid vehicles) are very similar from state to state, some laws have a short duration and therefore may not be codified (such as temporary tax credits), and energy legislation is being enacted at an increasing pace. As a result, not all energy efficiency, alternative fuels and renewable energy legislation and other activity in every state is included in this compilation.**


S. epidermidis and other coagulase negative staphylococci are the most common cause of prosthetic device and catheter related infections. Certain strains of CNS produce extracellular slime that consolidates the bacterial adhesion and produces a biofilm that makes the eradication of microorganisms more difficult. Salicylic acid (SAL), Nacetyl cysteine (NAC) and certain other nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs decrease the production of slime and thereby prevent the formation of biofilms and the adherence of S. epidermidis to medical polymers. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of SAL and NAC on biofilm formation by S. epidermidis in vitro. The effects of these agents have been compared using the same strains.


Investments in physics education suffer from rather poor outcomes if we consider the high percentage of young people for whom physics is not perceived as a rich opportunity but only as an arid obstacle along their educational path. To make physics teaching more inclusive also with respect to these students, physics teachers should act as interpreters who combine and convey the powerful images and mental schemes typical of physics together with multiple cultural contexts. Only from this perspective, physics may finally represent an effective contribution to the growth and development of all, especially those who do not plan to become scientists. Systematic references to the humanities may offer a didactic approach that has been underestimated and little exploited until now.


Napoleon said, "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake" (Brainy Quote, 2010, p. 3). During the Battle of Stalingrad, August 1942 to January 1943, Adolf Hitler made huge mistakes. By ordering the German Sixth Army to attack Stalingrad, Hitler committed a military blunder so immense that it cost Germany an entire army and set the stage for Germany's ultimate defeat in World War Two. However, loss of the Sixth Army could have been avoided if Hitler and his cronies had taken the time to rationally consider the geographical factors which could put their army at risk. The combination of poor decision-making and unfavorable topography was too much for the Sixth Army to overcome as Soviet defenders took full advantage of their enemy's mistakes to score a spectacular victory. At Stalingrad, the Germans lost almost 400,000 men; their Italian allies lost 130,000 men and their other allies, the Hungarians and Romanians together lost approximately 320,000 men (Bullock, 1962, p. x). This enormous loss of manpower marked the end of Hitler's vaunted Sixth Army which had borne the brunt of the battle and the beginning of the end of Hitler's attempt to achieve what he termed "a world decisive victory of the have nots" (Domarus, 2004, p. 2664). How could such a huge military force, one that had managed to penetrate so deeply inside the Soviet Union, have suffered such a monumental and catastrophic reversal? Prior to the start of the battle, German military forces, often spearheaded by the Sixth Army (Craig, 1973, p. 4), had overrun and occupied much of Europe and were driving inexorably across North Africa toward the Suez Canal in Egypt. German forces seemed invincible, unstoppable; a virtual juggernaut. Yet at Stalingrad this mighty military machine, a force that up to that time was unmatched by any other in the world, was not only stopped in its tracks but suffered a defeat so complete as to change the course of the entire war (Parker, 1/28/43, p. 7). This outcome was directly attributable to the failure of German military planners, led by Adolf Hitler, to appreciate the unique topographical and climatic conditions of Stalingrad and its environs. Their negligence resulted in faulty decision making at both the tactical and strategic level and was directly responsible for the subsequent annihilation of the German Sixth Army. Stalingrad, now known as Volgograd, is a large industrial city located in a remote part of southwestern part of European Russia. It is 558 miles southeast of Moscow; 1,380 miles southeast of Berlin, Germany; 964 miles northwest of Tehran, Iran; 274 miles northwest of the Caspian Sea and 411 miles northeast of the Black Sea. The city is situated on the west bank of the Volga River, the longest river in Russia, and is 43 miles east of the Don River, another major river. The region surrounding Stalingrad is sparsely populated. The nearest large city is Rostov,


Through the full-scale test,the differences of combustion between the combination furniture and the single furniture is studied,as well as the combustion characteristics of the combination furniture.The experiment shows that the combustion of combination furniture is different from the single and they influence each other in the combustion process;there is an interface in the vent and temperature between the both side of the interface is different;burning traces after the combustion can provide a reference for the identification of fire.


Synchronous pulse-width modulation (PWM) based on precalculated and stored optimal pulse patterns could be a superior method for the control of high-power inverters operated at low switching frequency. The technique has rarely been applied in practice owing to its poor dynamic performance. A novel feedforward control technique eliminates this decisive drawback: the space vector of the machine currents is forced to track a precalculated optimal trajectory in the steady-state and under the transient operating conditions commanded by the drive control system. Undesired transients caused by the pulse-width modulator are avoided. Experimental results obtained from a 30 kW AC drive are presented. >


ABSTRACT The national policy context influences micro-level management actions for natural World Heritage facing the challenge of climate change in the developing world. Little is currently known about how climate vulnerable natural World Heritage is managed to build resilience within the socio-ecological system. Management actions based on conservation, biodiversity, community and tourism policies are important determinants of socio-ecological resilience. The aim of this study is to present a critical cross-border comparative analysis of climate change management responses for building resilience in the Bangladesh and Indian Sundarbans World Heritage area. Drawing on semi-structured stakeholder interviews and document analysis, this research finds that along with the modification of conventional biodiversity conservation practices, management agencies address community needs such as adaptation, livelihoods, involvement and empowerment to build resilience by minimising community-induced forest depletion. The management regimes of the Sunderbans in Bangladesh and India have relative advantages in biodiversity conservation in response to climate change. This research also finds that biodiversity conservation actions are challenged by poor enforcement systems, destructive land use policy, and uncontrolled economic activities including tourism which may threaten the socio-ecological resilience of the World Heritage area.


Context-aware computing generally focuses on abstracting the situation of individual entities, such as persons, places and objects, making this information available for further computational exploitation. With those resulting entities' contexts available, the degree of alikeness of those contexts poses an interesting piece of information. For this purpose, we propose a context model capable of easily identifying affinities among contexts. This multi-dimensional context model is inspired by geographical map models, which are generally applicable for geographical proximity management. We have discovered that geographical proximity can be leveraged to contextual proximity depicting the alikeness of different contexts. Hence, our goal is to apply proximity detection methods from the location-aware computing domain on context-aware computing.


owners may continue to use these lands for haying but other land use practices are not permitted. In addition, through 1988, landowners are also given a tax credit for prairie lands enrolled under this program. The future of protecting native prairie in Minnesota is improving, however. In 1987 the Minnesota legislature enacted two pieces of legislation that hold significant promise for accelerating prairie protection efforts. One law directs the Department of Natural Resources to develop and manage permanent prairie landscape reserves in order to maintain the native plant and animal populations,


Effects of thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) mismatch on structure and electrical properties of TiO2 film deposited on Si substrate by ion beam assistant electron beam evaporation have been investigated. Because of a high CTE mismatch between TiO2 film and Si substrate, microcracks appeared in the TiO2 film deposited directly on Si substrate after the as-deposited film was annealed at 600°C. In order to decrease the CTE mismatch, TiO2 film was deposited on Si substrate which was covered by a ZrO2 thin layer. As a result, crack–free TiO2 film after annealed at the same temperature was obtained. Meanwhile, corresponding to the crack–free structure, the TiO2 thin film has more stable dielectric properties and excellent I–V characteristics.


Background: Active opening of the eustachian tube is accomplished by contraction of the paratubal muscles. Disturbance of any of the ET functions may contribute to the development of otitis media (OM) with effusionand other middle ear diseases. Sonotubometry seems to be the most "physiologic"method for assessment of ET function and has the advantage that it can be performed on earswith an intact tympanic membrane and without the use of a pressurechamber.
The aim of this study was to compare the Eustachian tube function using   sonotubometry in patients with combined airway disease associated with Eosinophilic otitis media with that having combined airway disease without otitis media.
Patients and methods: This study was applied on 45 patients divided into 3 groups each of 15.
1st group is the control group, 2nd group patients with combined airway disease without Eosinophilic otitis media, 3rd group patients with combined airway disease associated with Eosinophilic otitis media.
Results:  Our results explains that the tubal opening durations were significantly longer in patients of EOM group than in patients with combined airway disease without EOM group and also the normal control group.
Conclusion: Sonotubometry can be performed in patients with or without an intact tympanic membrane and under physiological conditions. Sonotubometry is also inexpensive, painless, and easy to perform in both adults and children. Therefore, it has great potential value as a diagnostic tool for individuals with suspected ET disease.


Background: The acute angle produced medially when the axis of the forearm deviates laterally from the long axis of the humerus, with the arm extended and the palm facing forward, is referred to as the carrying angle. Variations in the angle have clinical as well as pathological significance. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the elbow carrying angle in normal males and females and its relationship with length of second and fourth digit of same side and also analyse the data to find out any correlation between carrying angle, gender variance due to in utero difference in androgen exposure and ratio of length of ipsilateral second and fourth digit within the study population. Methods: 195 subjects with age varying from 12 to 32 years were studied. Carrying angle was measured using goniometer. Length of second and fourth digit was measured from distal palmar crease to tip of finger. Results: The result of the study showed that carrying angle is more in females than males on both sides. Lower values of carrying angle seen in males is strongly associated with longer ring finger and higher values of carrying angle seen in females associated with a longer index finger. There was only a moderately positive correlation between the carrying angle and fingertip lengths. Conclusion: Carrying angle is greater in women than in men. The second distal fingertip is longer in women and the fourth distal fingertip is longer in men. There is a moderate positive correlation between the carrying angle and the distal extent of fingertip. In utero androgen exposure has an indirect effect on finger length.


0.1 The first five tests (Table I) are inadequate to detect low concentrations of formaldehyde. Those remaining, by contrast, have an adequate sensitivity. Among them, the Hushni test implies the use of sulfuric acid and should be avoided. The reagents used in the Hantsch test have a short shelf half life: they are unsuitable for use on a day to day basis. We have evaluated two of the latter tests: the Formalert and the formotest. Unfortunately in our hands, just as in Woffindin's, Formalert had a lower sensitivity than claimed by the manufacturer: we found 10 PPM versus 9 in Woffindin's study. As pointed out in Woffindin's report the Formotest has also a lower sensitivity than reported by the producer. We were able to increase the sensitivity by adapting the test procedures: instead of adding 1 ml of reagent to a 50 ml sample as by the company's instructions (1/50 dilution). we mixed 0.2 ml of reagent with a 1 ml sample in a glass tube (1 to 5 dilution). Sensitivity increased to 0.5 PPM (evaluation of color change at 2 minutes). Furthermore we established a color scale from 1000 to 0 PPM allowing thus a semi quantitative assessment of the residue. Contrary to Woffindin we found that with this technique evaluation of formaldehyde residues was very easy. The color scale has proved very reliable over the past two years. Obviously dialysate composition may interfere with formaldehyde testing. We used a glucose free, acetate based dialysate. Whether our conclusion can be extended to other dialysate remains to be evaluated.


In this paper, a new type of foam concrete (FC) incorporating ceramsite as a lightweight coarse aggregate was prepared, i.e. ceramsite cellular concrete (CCC). An experimental research was conducted on its thermal properties to clarify the correlation between thermal conductivity and density, compressive strength, thermal storage coefficient and to discuss the influence of ceramsite volume proportion on CCC. Results showed that predictable polynomial models between thermal conductivity and density, compressive strength, and a good linear dependence of thermal storage coefficient on the thermal conductivity can be attained. In addition, it was corroborated that, for the CCC with the design density of 600 kg/m3, the appropriate volume proportion of ceramsite was 45% to present the better influence on thermal conductivity and compressive strength.


| In this paper we present an adaptive blind receiver for asynchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication over multipath channels. The algorithm can handle both multiuser interference (MUI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) by the use of a twofold spreading together with some spatial over-sampling. It is based on a blind virtual channel identiication using the singular value decomposition (SVD). Adaptivity is provided by a recur-sive SVD and user-speciic recursive least squares (RLS) schemes for subsequent symbol estimation.


Using the evaluative congruity theory framework, this study examined the role of destination images in tourism with regard to consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction (CS/D) from the stand point of: (1) the functional congruity between the tourist's expectations and his/her perceptions of performance outcome on specific functional attributes of a destination; and (2) the symbolic congruity between the tourist's self concept and the destination's personality image. The overall findings indicate that CS/D in tourism is related to both functional and symbolic congruity. Further, the findings indicate that the functional congruity explained CS/D better than the symbolic congruity.


Buckler JMH. Plasma growth hormone response to exercise as diagnostic aid. Arch Dis Child 1973;48:565-7. 2 Milner RDG, Burns EL. Investigation of suspected growth hormone deficiency. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:944-7. 3 Kcnny T. Studies of growth hormone stimulation tests. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne. BMSc. 1980. 4 Lacey KA, Hewison A, Parkin JM. Exercise as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency in children. Arch Dis Child 1973;48:508-12.


1 School of Mathematics and Statistics, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China 2 College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China 3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Evin, Tehran 19839, Iran 4Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA 5 Southern Federal University, Computer Center, 200/1 Stachky Avenue, Building 2, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia


The Box Plot Experiment in Grossbeeren was set up in 1972 to investigate the efficiency of diverse fertilization strategies within an irrigated vegetable crop rotation system for three different soils. Here, we report on the long-term effects on nitrogen, carbon and energy balances of applying various organic amendments and different amounts of mineral N fertilizer to soils. Fertile soils (sandy loam and clayey silt) were characterized by higher yield and N removal potential by plants, higher acceptable N input amounts, and a higher proportion of total N input recovered by soil N storage and N uptake by plants. After 40 years, organic carbon equilibrium in the soil has not been reached. Rates of change of organic carbon stocks are still affected by the different organic matter levels at the beginning of the experiment. An increasing net N supply increased and organic C input decreased net C gains. Because of the manifold possibilities of producing energy from current or former agricultural land, energetic evaluation of land use needs to become more complex if direct comparisons are to be made. Including the energy contents of organic amendments and soil organic matter in the energy balances would be a first step in this direction.


Dependency has multiple faces but has no age... More and more teenagers in a dead end situation find themselves within healthcare institutions. Their suffering is expressed by behavioural avoidance, dropping out of school even though they are generally good students, a withdrawal into themselves, isolation, the loss of bearings and a potential risk of some forms of dependency. For this youth, entering puberty and adolescence seems to rekindle deep anguishes, which were more or less hidden during childhood. They are in a dead end situation. To support teenagers who tend to seclude themselves from the world and sometimes from themselves, who are stuck in their fears and in the stillness that comes with it, the use of a wisely-chosen and tested videogame can sometimes help create a meeting space and a dialog with the caregiver, which is essential to any accompanied development. Can the game media enable the troubled youth to progressively renew with a relationship dynamic ? By using the clinical case of « Cesar », the author tries to find the main thread of the therapeutic process, as it occurred, and to draw some lessons from it and to offer a more global view of the elements which are part of a psycho-funfilled dynamic, which can be reassuring for young patients.


This paper is intended to understand and be able to explain the meaning of language and linguistics, to understand and be able to explain linguistic scholarship and to understand and be able to explain the history and nature of language. Linguistic knowledge also provides benefits for compilers of textbooks or textbooks. Linguistic knowledge will provide guidance for textbook compilers in composing appropriate sentences, choosing vocabulary that is appropriate for the age level of the readers of the book. As for the linguistic benefits for statesmen or politicians, first, as a statesman or politician who must fight for ideology and concepts of state or government, orally, he must master the language well. Second, if the politician or statesman mastered linguistic and sociolinguistic issues, in particular, in relation to society, then of course he will be able to reduce and resolve social upheavals that occur in society as a result of language differences and conflicts.


AbstractThe US Army is paying increased attention to the development of rapid three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction using photogrammetry and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies for creating ...


Since the reform and opening up,the focus of China's development has been switched.As a result,higher education has entered a new age of managerialism,seeking for operation effectiveness and efficiency.Under the background of managerialism,higher education has been characterized as paying attention to market,pursuing efficiency,full empowering,pursuing autonomy,stressing performance and pursuing excellence,all of which has resulted in much impact over educational conceptions,power sharing and career ideals.During teachers ethics cultivation,one should start from cultivating educational concept,improving managerial mode and shaping university spirit,intensify the construction of system and culture,stimulates teachers' morality self-discipline,and build the long-term mechanism favorable to teachers ethics cultivation,and translate the era demands into teachers' conscious activities.


The goal of this work is to learn and retrieve a sequence of highly correlated patterns using a Hopfield-type of Attractor Neural Network (ANN) with a small-world connectivity distribution. For this model, we propose a weight learning heuristic which combines the pseudo-inverse approach with a row-shifting schema. The influence of the ratio of random connectivity on retrieval quality and learning time has been studied. Our approach has been successfully tested on a complex pattern, as it is the case of traffic video sequences, for different combinations of the involved parameters. Moreover, it has demonstrated to be robust with respect to highly-variable frame activity.


Daily physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep are often collectively referred to as the 24-hour activity cycle (24HAC). These behaviours are interdependent (ie, one replaces another in the 24HAC) and interactively impact cognitive health outcomes (eg, one may amplify the effect of another) through one or more hypothesised mechanisms, including: (1) PA amplifies the relationship between sleep and cognitive health; (2) greater PA improves sleep, promoting better cognitive health; (3) limiting SB while engaging in greater PA stimulates better cognitive health and (4) greater PA ameliorates the negative consequences of SB on cognitive health. 1 There is great potential for this inter-connected health research area given the possible impact it has for promoting cognitive health. However, in our review of the literature, key characteristics that stratify health opportunities and outcomes are overlooked. Social determinants of health require closer consideration since they can play a critical role in health outcomes. Using the PROGRESS-Plus framework


0. Plan and Purpose. In this paper' we undertake an inquiry into phonemic structure from a somewhat novel point of view,2 using as subject matter various Indian languages the phonemics of which have been described in this journal or elsewhere. The inquiry cannot immediately result in the revelation of previously unknown facts about the languages examined, and, indeed, may even ultimately leave us just where we were before the study was undertaken; the hope is, of course, that light may be shed on certain problems about which at present there is methodological disagreement. Phonemic analysis of a kind was first performed long before anyone had anything to say explicitly on the subject, by those early


An amplitude-comparison monopulse slotted waveguide antenna array with a pillbox parabolic quasi-optical beamforming network is proposed in substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology in the 24 GHz band. The beamformer is illuminated by a cluster of horn pairs located in the focal plane of the pillbox reflector. Each horn pair is composed of two H-plane sectorial horns connected to a coupler. In-phase and out-of-phase operations of each horn pair allow radiation of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> beams along the antenna scanning plane (E-plane). At the design frequency of 24.15 GHz, the experimental results demonstrate an antenna field of view of ± 26°, with null depth better than −20 dB for all the measured <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> beams. The antenna gain varies between 21.6 and 20.5 dBi for the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> beams and the measured input reflection bandwidth is about 2.4% for VSWR < 2.


The effects of anti-inflammatory steroids on connective tissue resemble those induced by ascorbic acid deficiency. An attempt was made to study whether the inhibitory effect of the anti-inflammatory steroids on granuloma formation might be mediated by way of ascorbic acid. In this study, two cotten pellets were implanted subcutaneously in each rat, one on each side of the abdomen. After the implantation of the cotten pellets, the animals were divided into groups of 6-7, and were treated with drug or distilled water. The drug was given by intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection once daily for 6 days. On the 7th day, the cotten pellet granulomas were removed and weighed, and their ascorbic acid contents wore determined. Cortisone (40 mg/kg), hydrocortisone (40 mg/kg), prednisone (13 mg/kg) and prednisolone (13 mg/kg) not only inhibit the growth, but also decrease the ascorbic acid contents of the granulomas. However, cortisone does not affect the ascorbic acid content of blood, liver, heart and spleen of the rats, and does not deplete the ascorbic acid content of non-granulomatous tissue, such as sarconv -180 of mice though the growth of the sarcoma was markedly inhibited. Other anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ACTH and sodium salicylate in the dose of 20 IU/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively, have no inhibitory effect on granuloma formation, nevertheless, they do deorease the ascorbic acid content. The decrease in the weight and ascorbic acid content of the granuloma varies with the dose of prednisolone. However, the effect of the steroid on the weight seems to precede its effect on the ascorbic acid content of the granuloma, since at a dosage insufficient to induce depletion of the ascorbic acid content, pronounced inhibition of the growth of the granuloma is already noticieable. When cortisone is injected on the fourth day after the implantation of the cotten pellets, the growth of the granuloma is not inhibited in sipte of a marked decrease in the ascorbic acid content. The inhibition of cotten pellet granuloma formation by cortisone is not antagonized by intraperitoneal injections of ascorbic acid. It may be seen from the above results, that though the anti-inflammatory steroids in association with their granuloma inhibitory effect, can markedly depress the ascorbic acid content of granuloma, yet the anti-inflammatory action of the steroids is probably not mediated through the depletion of ascorbic acid.


We examine how workers' sense of "identity" and preferences for equality affect the economic performance of self managed groups in team production when workers have heterogeneous ability. The results of the analysis are summarized in a set of hypothesis that will be tested with controlled experiments which are also described in the paper. We contribute to the literature on incentives in teams by explicitly showing how identity improves efficiency in self managed teams when team members have similar contribution to output and when they contribute differently. We also find that the second best optimal sharing rules under identity and heterogeneous team members are more egalitarian than when there is no group identity. Therefore identity may contribute to indirectly account for inequality aversion in heterogeneous teams without damaging efficiency.


An automated inspection station is a specifically designed for quality assurance inspection of multifocal intraocular lenses in the manufacturing environment. The station provides automatic measurements for all required optical parameters of the AMO ARRAYTM multifocal IOL, which includes labeling parameters such as effective focal length, aqueous diopter power (distance power), add power (near power), and depth-of-focus (DOF) around the distance power, and optical quality parameters such as resolution efficiency, image contrast modulation (MTF), through focus response (TFR), and astigmatism.


Through analyzing the reformation of economizers at home and abroad,the heat conducting properties of fouling and abrasions of circle,membrane,ribbed and finned tube economizers are compared.Some suggestions for reformation,design and manufacture are put forward.


Medical expert support systems using medical data significantly contribute to the field of medicine by utilizing intelligent image analysis technology. Such medical systems must be validated and must have a transparent internal structure. Therefore, the technique of analyzing the results of the medical system is an important factor. This study proposes a diagnosis support model of cardiomegaly based on CNN using ResNet and explainable feature map. To configure the model, initially, a cardiomegaly diagnosis model is configured using ResNet, and a chest X-ray data set is used and learned. As the result changes resulting from the input changes of the model configured for model diagnosis support are detected, an explainable feature map for analysis is implemented. The input changes of the model are made as each pixel of the required image is reversed in sequence and the changes of the neural network output layer are saved on the feature map. As a result, the configured analysis method provides information inside the neural network through an accuracy result close to 80% and a visually expressed feature map. In particular, this interpretation method can be extended to a more general form in a medical support system that analyzes patterns.


We propose a one-norm support vector machine (SVM) formulation as an alternative to the well-known formulation that uses parameter C in order to balance the two inherent objective functions of the problem. Our formulation is motivated by the ǫ-constraint approach that is used in bicriteria optimization and we propose expressing the objective of minimizing total empirical error as a constraint with a parametric right-hand-side. Using dual variables we show equivalence of this formulation to the one with the trade-off parameter. We propose an algorithm that enumerates the entire efficient frontier by systematically changing the right-hand-side parameter. We discuss the results of a detailed computational analysis that portrays the computational burden as well as the potential benefits of obtaining the efficient frontier. Our results indicate that the computational effort for obtaining the efficient frontier grows linearly in problem size, and the benefit in terms of classifier performance is almost always substantial.


In his article "Why America's Grand Strategy Has Not Changed: Power, Habit, and the U.S. Foreign Policy Establishment," Patrick Porter argues that the continuity of U.S. grand strategy since World War II has resulted from a group-think mentality fostered by a powerful foreign policy elite—"the Blob"—that stioes debate and prevents needed course corrections.1 Porter's provocative argument is ultimately unpersuasive, because it overstates the degree of conformity and consensus in U.S. strategy while slighting the most obvious explanations for the strategy's endurance. Below we highlight several problems with his argument. First, Porter exaggerates the degree of consensus in U.S. foreign policy since World War II. In fact, despite a bipartisan consensus on the necessity of U.S. global leadership in support of a congenial international order (what Porter calls "primacy"), intense debates about how that strategy should be operationalized have been common in U.S. foreign policy circles. Policymakers, elected ofacials, and policy commentators argued heatedly over such fundamental issues as whether to pursue a Europe-arst or Asia-arst strategy in the 1950s, whether and how aggressively to combat Soviet and communist inouence in the developing world, whether to make or avoid defense commitments on the Asian mainland, whether to pursue détente or confrontation with the Soviet Union in the 1970s, whether to use force to reverse Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990–91, whether to expand the North Atlantic Treaty Organization after the Cold War, and whether to invade Iraq in 2003. These debates reoected genuine intellectual disagreements that pitted members of the Blob against one another. Porter would likely respond that such debates were essentially about tactics, but the fact that the foreign policy community has engaged in knock-down, drag-out debates over issues of such enormous strategic importance shows that it is not as uniaed, and the marketplace of ideas not as limited, as Porter claims.