Ethanol is contained in alcoholic beverages, which are produced by the process of fermentation of grains, fruits, and other sources of sugar. The effect of alcohol consumption among youths and adults resulting to escalating crime rate in the society has generated great concern. The impact of alcohol consumption on haematological variables has not been well documented in Jos metropolis. The study sought to establish whether alcohol consumption has any effect on the haematological status of individuals or not. Following informed consent, we determined haematocrit values by the microhaematocrit method, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration by cyanmethaemoglobin technique, total and differential white blood cell counts (WBC), malaria parasite as well as microscopic blood film reporting of 124 alcohol consumers and 53 non-consumers as a control. SPSS version 23 was used to compare mean values between alcohol consumers and the control group (student t-test), while associations of blood film report were determined by chi-square. Results showed a significantly higher total lymphocytes count among alcohol consumers compared to nonalcohol consumers (48.28±12.98 v 41.91±11.59; p=0.002). Also, the blood film reporting revealed a significantly higher percentages of macrocytes (p=0.001), microcytes (p=0.020), hypochromia (p=0.001), polychromasia (p=0.013), rouleaux formation (p=0.004) and atypical lymphocytes (p=0.011) and malaria parasitaemia (p=0.001) among alcohol consumers compared to the control group. Anisocytosis and hypochromia, which are essential characteristic features of anaemia, have been shown to associate with alcohol consumption. The implication is that excessive alcohol intake may impact adversely on haematological variables, and particularly constitute an increased risk of developing anaemia.


Archaistic Yue Fu is one of Li Dongyang's magnum opus. In and after his times, his Yue Fu has been belauded. His archaistic Yue Fu not only obtains huge achievement in thought, but also has important innovation, which mainly shows in three aspects: epic and apothegm, surprising meaning and accords with rhythm. With these achievements, Li Dongyang's Archaistic Yue Fu has far-reaching effects in and after his times.


The geological environment is complex, hierarchically constructed at all levels of organization, a self-organizing and self-regulating system with numerous connections both internal and external. In the overwhelming majority of publications on the geo-ecology, adequate attention is not given to the problem of the dynamics of the geological medium as an integral system, although some aspects of problems are developed. The dynamics of the medium are determined by a complex of processes, occurring at all its hierarchical levels from the atomic-molecular to the global. In the authors' opinion, to study the dynamics of the geological environment, its systematic properties have priority significance. The authors attribute to them variability, heterogeneity (including anisotropy), symmetry, organization (existence of hierarchic structure), and also self-organizing, self-regulation, emergence. The authors have shown that the geo-ecological specific of the environment must be investigated at different levels of organization, i.e. it is necessary to use hierarchical approaches, given the different dynamics of processes (structure of temporary flows). It is necessary to switch to geo-ecological structures as to universal taxa (concepts) of geo-ecological space. The principles of their spin-off (isolation) must be such that taxa can be used without reference to the specific territories, i.e., applied not only to zoning (although this aspect is important), but also during the solution of the wider range of conceptual, methodological problems and systematic tasks.


The analysis and design of structures in the U.S made from concrete follow codes that rely mainly on strength failure criteria along with additional parameters to account for mechanisms of failure not explicitly recognized in these methods. All materials contain flaws that contribute to the overall performance of the various geometries and sizes of the components used to build structures. Additionally, concrete mixture designs have become more advanced with the use of strengthening methods such as fiber reinforcement, which contribute to the complexity of the failure characterization. The risk in the current design practice for concrete is that flaws inherent in the material can grow under loading to unacceptable lengths. It is therefore imperative that steps be taken to advance the current understanding and design practices associated with concrete in order to reliably account for the possible failure mechanisms that may occur. With this in mind, CE401/501, Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, provides seniors and first year graduate students with the history and evolution of fracture theories and design practices along with a detailed study of the current theories used to understand the fracture mechanics of concrete. As part of a programmatic change that is under consideration in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) at Clarkson University (CU), the lecture portion of the course has been supplemented by an in depth experimental component that requires students to design and perform concrete fracture tests following recommendations provided by the ACI Committee 446. The programmatic curriculum change that is being considered is in response to the ASCE Policy 465 and ABET assessments. These organizations recognize the fact that changes need to be made in current programs in order to better prepare the new breed of engineer and guarantee the advancement of Civil Engineering.


Most people with Char syndrome have a characteristic facial appearance that includes flattened cheek bones and a flat nasal bridge (the area of the nose between the eyes). The tip of the nose is also flat and broad. The eyes are wide-set with droopy eyelids (ptosis) and outside corners that point downward (down-slanting palpebral fissures). Additional facial differences include a shortened distance between the nose and upper lip (a short philtrum), a triangular-shaped mouth, and thick, prominent lips.


A synchronization control method is proposed for the chaotic system of the permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)with nonsmooth air-gap.First,the model of the PMSM in the rotor-field-oriented frame is transformed into a simple dimensionless form via the multi-time-scale transformation,and then the chaotic behaviors of the PMSM are analyzed by means of the phase portrait and the bifurcation diagram.The period-doubling bifurcation is considered the major cause for the PMSM to be chaotic.Finally,by employing the Lyapunov stability theory,we design an adaptive controller for realizing the chaotic synchronization of the PMSM.Numerical simulation results confirm the correctness of the theoretical analysis and validity of the proposed method.


The distribution of oil and gas resources in the South China Sea and adjacent areas is closely related to the structural pattern that helped to define the controlling effect of deep processes on oil‐bearing basins. Igneous rocks can record important information from deep processes. Deep structures such as faults, basin uplift and depression, Cenozoic basement and magnetic basement are all the results of energy exchange within the earth. The study of the relationship between igneous rocks and deep structures is of great significance for the study of the South China Sea. By using the minimum curvature potential field separation technique and the correlation analysis technique of gravitational and magnetic anomalies, the fusion of gravitational and magnetic data reflecting igneous rocks can be obtained, through which the igneous rocks with high susceptibility/high density or high susceptibility/low density can be identified. In this study area, igneous rocks do not develop in the Yinggehai basin, Qiongdongnan basin, Zengmu basin and Brunei‐Sabah basin, whilst igneous rocks with high susceptibility/high density or high susceptibility/low density are widely‐developed in other basins. In undeveloped igneous areas, faults are also undeveloped, the Cenozoic thickness is greater, the magnetic basement depth is greater and the Cenozoic thickness is highly positively correlated with the magnetic basement depth. In igneously developed regions, the distribution pattern of the Qiongtai block is mainly controlled by primary faults, while the distribution of the Zhongxisha block, Xunta block and Yongshu‐Taiping block is mainly controlled by secondary faults, the Cenozoic thickness having a low correlation with the depth of the magnetic basement.


The purpose of this study was to measure the environment cognition pattern common tohigh performers, and to confirm the relation between environmental cognition andbehavior traits.In this paper I first propose a research question that the personal receptivity of anemployee causes a difference in how he/she perceives his/her job when recognizinghis/her own environment in a corporate setting. I then propose a hypothesis that a certainlevel of receptivity is a necessary condition for an employee behavior to become a highperformer. The discussion point is not the classification of job types, but the difference ofcognition patterns of individual employees.Through a quantitative survey method, I verified whether employees actually displayeddifferent levels of receptivity of environment cognition and confirmed the hypothesis. As aresult, sufficient dispersion was seen in the level of environment cognition in a group ofemployees pursuing the same job roles and a hypothesis for the most part. I was able tospecify the behavior trait of a group with high receptivity of environment recognition, namely, this group fulfilled the necessary condition for high performance to a relativelygreat degree.


The paper presents and discusses an interest topic, i.e., the emergency mapping of landslides, with examples from the 2015 Nepal earthquake. I have some concern about the typology of publication. Indeed, the paper does not presents a typical research based on the analysis of data, but rather a speculation on the problems related to landslide mapping in emergency condition. For this reason, I believe that the paper could be accepted for publication as a brief communication (after significant shortening) and not as a research paper. I'll try to substantiate my opinion hereafter. 1 -The first and main problem is that the paper is based on a single case study. The four figures presents four successive steps of advancements of the inventory, and have been published online first, and they are probably still available in the HDX site (https://data.humdata.org/). The real problem of the paper is that the general conclusions on the emergency map-


3D IC improves the performance of the system and for interconnection purposes through silicon via (TSV) provides a better connection between the two functional blocks of vertically stacked dies. This paper presents a comparative study of power loss in terms of S parameter of cylindrical and tapered shaped TSV with various slope angles $(\alpha=85^{0},86^{0},87^{0},88^{0}$, and 890) at 45 nm technology. The S parameter is computed by analytical as well as structural simulation approach at 20 GHz operating frequency. For the analytical computation of the S parameter, the $\pi$ equivalent RLGC model is used. From this proposed work, tapered shape TSV provides better power performance as compared to Cylindrical shape TSV because of its reduced surface area and parasitic. Furthermore, the results indicate that the Tapered TSV provides 5$.03dB$ less power reflection loss and 0$.683dB$ more power transfer as compared to cylindrical shape TSV.


Purpose. The article is devoted to various methods of informal assessment and their potential for developing students' reflective skills. The authors analyze different theories and approaches to reflective learning in order to design tools for enhancing students' reflective abilities.
Methodology. The data obtained through the research are evaluated and interpreted on the basis of the descriptive approach. The authors also adopt the reflective-activity approach for designing a set of reflective statements.
Results. The authors study the main features of informal assessment, compare and contrast them with the forms of formal assessment pointing out that new approaches to assessment such as Learning Oriented Assessment (LOA) should be adopted in order to promote learning, motivate students and encourage their autonomy. Special attention is given to feedback as an LOA component, which correlates with the concept of reflective learning. The authors analyze various theories of reflective learning and design a system of reflective statement, which could be used as a means of practical development of students' reflective abilities.
Practical implications. The results of the research can be applied in teaching practice of various disciplines at higher educational establishments.


South East Queensland (SEQ) is Australia's fastest-growing region, attracting an average of 55,000 new residents each year. The historic South East Queensland Regional Plan 2005-2006 (OUM,2005), and subsequent Draft South East Queensland Regional Plan 2009-2031 (DIP, 2008) aim to manage growth sustainably through a policy of compact urbanisation and consolidation. This requires a shift to a level of density not previously experienced in the generally low-density environment of Queensland. A critical characteristic of the regional vision is that 'development is sustainable, well designed, and the subtropical character of the region is recognised and reinforced'. The explict inclusion of the subtropical aspect with sustainability in the regional identity and appropriate design for climate play in the achievement of ecologically sustainable development.-----

This chapter discusses the development of subtropical design principles and guidelines to support sustainable outcomes for SEQ. The chapter begins with a description of the region, and a discussion of subtropical character and identity. The guidelines themselves have been through a process of development including peer review of the initial draft, and testing and validation of the second draft. A sample of one of the principles is included with excerpts from feedback from planners elicited via a detailed questionnaire.


Objective

Provincial maternal mortality surveillance(MMS) systems were set up in all the provinces in China to monitor local maternal mortality and provide scientific evidence for maternal health interventions suited to local conditions, which covered a much larger population than national maternal and child mortality surveillance(NMCMS) system. However, till now little is known outside of China about the characteristics of provincial MMS systems. The objective of the …


This paper presents power management of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter with battery energy storage system (BESS) for the residential application. The overall system is controlled at the grid level and converter level. At the grid level, the inverter is capable of regulating the power provided by the system controller. At the converter level, the inverter system with BESS can manage the power while considering the priorities of the battery or the grid, e.g., battery first and the grid first. Different controllers are designed to control the battery power, inverter power, and the PV power when their priorities are changed. The experimental results show that with the designed controllers, the system is not only capable of dealing with the local load and source change, but also can participate the system level control by regulating the amount power provided by the upper level controllers.


This paper reviews the correlative theories of technology strategy, puts forward a proposition of technology strategy reconfiguration, constructs a model of firm's technology strategy reconfiguration, analyzes its basic types, operational mechanism of reconfiguration, and finds a decision support system which be used to make use of some mathematical methods to identify and inspect strategic reconfiguration. Moreover, the model that reflects strategic performing process can help many companies to reconfigure their technological strategy. According to the empirical study on 30 large Chinese corporations in manufacture industry, this paper also presents analysis of descriptive statistics and pairwise correlations for some variables that be used to inspect reconfiguration of technology strategy. So the research provides a feasible road to advance corporate Indigenous Innovation in China.


An octahedral tilting transition has been investigated in two samples of La{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.1}TiO{sub 3} by powder neutron diffraction. One (slowly cooled) sample had a degree of cation/vacancy ordering on the A sites and was tetragonal, P4/mmm, at high temperatures. The second (quenched) sample had disordered cations and cubic, Pm3m, symmetry at high temperatures. On cooling, both underwent the same R-point tilting transition at {approx}560-570 K, to give symmetry changes P4/mmm{r_reversible}Cmmm and Pm3m{r_reversible}I4/mcm, respectively. From the evolution of the tilt angles, the transition appears to be close to tricritical in both cases. As expected from a Landau expansion in the two order parameters, the transition temperature was found to be only weakly dependent on the degree of cation order. In contrast with the expectation of standard patterns of strain to order parameter coupling, however, the tilted (tetragonal) form of the disordered sample remained metrically cubic, implying that coupling of the tetragonal shear strain with the octahedral tilting was suppressed. It is proposed that cation disordering causes the development of local strain heterogeneities in crystals of La{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.1}TiO{sub 3} which prevent a coherent, long-range shear strain from developing. Manipulation of the degree of cation order in perovskites with carefully selectedmore » compositions might therefore provide a means by which the magnitudes of ferroelastic strains could be engineered according to the requirement of particular applications.« less


A 50-year-old woman, a known diabetic and hypertensive with poor compliance to treatment, presented with fever, dyspnoea and left-sided pleuritic chest pain for 15 days and left lower limb swelling worsening over the past 1 week. On examination, her vitals were stable, and she had significant left lower limb oedema extending up to the upper thigh with livedo reticularis (figure 1). The left lower limb pulses were not palpable. There was excruciating pain on light touch and passive flexion of the toes and ankle. Urgent arterial and venous Doppler sonography of the lower limbs revealed a left-sided iliofemoral venous thrombus. With the clinical diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome, urgent single incision four compartment fasciotomy was performed.

Figure 1
(A) Clinical examination at the time of admission showing lower limb oedema with livedo reticularis, (B) left lower leg livedo reticularis with superficial blistering (white arrow) and (C) postfasciotomy muscular necrosis (black arrow) which necessitated amputation of the limb.

CT pulmonary angiogram demonstrated subsegmental pulmonary emboli in the territory of the left descending pulmonary artery …


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a magnets-embedded rotor that makes it possible to prevent the deformation of a rotor core when a fixing plate is fixed, and to suppress the rattling of the permanent magnets; and an to provide electric motor provided with the magnets-embedded rotor. SOLUTION: Six pieces of fixing pieces 14b are formed at the inner circumference of fixing holes 14a, which are formed at the center of the fixing plate 14 extending from the inner circumference toward the radial direction. The end surfaces 14c of the fixing pieces 14b are made to contact a rotating shaft 11 and to fix the fixing plate 14 to the rotating shaft 11, by receiving an activating force from the fixing pieces 14b. From core contacting portions 14d, eight pieces of stoppers 14e are provided that extend toward the outside of the radial direction. The stopper portions 14e cover the ends facing each other in the circumferential direction of two permanent magnets 13 at the lower end opening of a slit 10b. Also, on the fixing plate 14, plate springs 14f which extend from the core contacting portions 14d toward the outside of the radial direction bias urging contacts 14g at their ends to the permanent magnets 13 side. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI


This paper proposes a model of optimal reserve capacity(ORC) of regional power system.Under the system operation constraints,the model takes the whole profit maximization as objective function which combines the minimization functions of both generation cost and grid loss.According to the complex characterstics of the problem,the multiple population adaptive immune genetic algorithm(Multi-AIGA)is used to calculate the optimized reserve capacity,and the main process is given.First,the idea of maximal supporting tree is introduced from the plot theory,and then a novel chromosome coding strtegy which can produce feasible keys automatically is proposed to complete coding and fetching the probabilites of crossover and mutation adaptively.Validity and feasibility of the proposed method is proved by the simulation results of the IEEE New England 10-generator 39-bus test system.


We introduce a notion of the derivative with respect to a function, not necessarily related to a probability distribution, which generalizes the concept of derivative as proposed by Lebesgue [14]. The differential calculus required to solve linear differential equations using this notion of the derivative is included in the paper. The definition given here may also be considered as the inverse operator of a modified notion of the Riemann–Stieltjes integral. Both this unified approach and the results of differential calculus allow us to characterize distributions in terms of three different types of conditional expectations. In applying these results, a test of goodness of fit is also indicated. Finally, two characterizations of a general Poisson process are included. Specifically, a useful result for the homogeneous Poisson process is generalized.


Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) is caused by the genetic alteration of the steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21B) and nearly 80% of all occurrences have been caused by 9 specific deleterious point mutations. We developed a modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on Hot-start PCR with dried blood spots (DBS) to analyze 4 frequent point mutations, namely (i) A or C to G substitution at base 656 in intron2 (In2g), (ii) Ile-172 to Asn in exon4 (E4IN), (iii) Gln-318 to non-coding mutation in exon8 (E8non), and (iv) Arg-356 to Trp in exon8 (E8RW). All of the 13 patients detected in our congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) screening program exhibited some mutation or deletion on one or both of the alleles. This non-radioactive non-invasive molecular diagnostic method with DBS proved to be easy and quick, and could be a powerful tool for routine genetic diagnosis in newborn CAH screening.


Instead of laying great stress on what one ought to do, as usual in the training of group therapists, I think it may be useful to discuss what one ought not to do; in other words to talk about some frequent errors. Those errors are normally based on false theoretical assumptions. As there is such a close relationship between theory and technique I would rather treat this issue without making distinctions between one thing and another.


Starting from introducing the parental origin and breeding process of distillers type hybrid sorghum Jiza 138, the main characteristics and yield test results were discussed. Moreover, the cultivation techniques and seed production techniques were elaborated. It was pointed out that Jiza 138 took free sterile line Ji2055 A as its female parent, and took free restore line Ji R9048 as its male parent which was group matching in 2007 by the crops resources research institute of Jilin academy of agricultural sciences. This sorghum variety was adopted by the national accreditation council in Dec. 2013. It was the quality of distiller raw material which contained crude protein 9.82%, crude starch 73.42%, tannin 1.07%, fat 3.22% and 79.4% amylopectin. And the advantage about this variety was its high yield, wide adaptability, fine lodging-resistant, well anti-aphid,and also its high resistance to sorghum head smut. Therefore, the hybrid could plant in Songyuan, Baicheng and Changchun of Jilin Province, and also the accumulated temperature zone I in Heilongjiang Province,Chifeng, Tongliao and Hetao of Inner Mongolia.


The results shown in this report give a comprehensive comparison of the accuracy of United States and British standard pitot tubes.


This article contains a summary discussion of human health effects linked to indoor air pollution (UP) in homes and other non-industrial environments. Rather than discussing the health effects of the many different pollutants which can be found in indoor air, the approach has been to group broad categories of adverse health effects in separate chapters, and describe the relevant indoor exposures which may give rise to these health effects.

The following groups of effects have been comdered: effects on the respiratory system; allergy and other effects on the immune system; cancer and effects on reproduction: effects on the skin and mucous membranes in the eyes, nose and throat; sensory effects and other effects on the nervous system; effects on the cardiovascular system; systemic effects on the liver, kidney and gastro-intestinal system. For each of these groups, effects associated with IAP the principal agents and sources, evidence linking IAP to the effects, susceptible groups, the public health relevance, methods for assessment, and major research needs are briefly discussed.

For some groups of effects, clear relationships with exposure to IAP have been reported in the world literature. Among these are respiratory disease (particularly among children), allergy (particularly to house dust mites) and mucous membrane irritation (particularly due to formaldehyde). Large numbers of people have been, and are still being affected.

Many chemicals encountered in indoor air are known or suspected to cause sensory irritation or stimulation. These, in turn, may give rise to a sense of discomfort and other symptums cummonly reported in so-called "sick" buildings. Camplex mixtures of organic chemicals in indoor air also have the potential to invoke subtle effects on the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to changes in behaviour and performance.

An increased risk of developing lung cancer has been linked to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and to radon decay products. Lung cancer is a very serious disease with a high fatality rate; however, the number of people affected is much lower than the number of people contracting resparatory disease or alhgies, or experiencing irritative effects due to exposure to indoor pollution.

The effects of IAP on reproduction, cardiovascular disease and on other systems and organs have not been well documented to date. To a certain extent, this may mean that no serious effects occur, but there has been little by way of research to clearly document the absence of these tvpes of effects.


With the fast development of Internet, the size of routing table in the backbone router continues to grow rapidly. Forwarding Information Base (FIB), which is derived from routing table, is stored in line-card to conduct routing lookup. Since the line-card's memory is limited, it would be worthwhile to compress the FIB for consuming less storage. Therefore, various FIB compression algorithms are proposed [2-7]. However, there is no well-presented mathematical support for the feasibility of the FIB compression solution, nor any mathematical derivation to prove the correctness of these algorithms. To address these problems, we propose a universal mathematical method based on the Group2 theory. By defining a Group representing the Longest Prefix Matching Rule (LPM), the bound of the worst case of FIB compression solution can be figured out. Furthermore, in order to guarantee the ultimate correctness of FIB compression algorithms, Routing Table Equation Test (RTET) is proposed and implemented to verify the equivalence of the two routing tables before and after compression by traversing the 32-bit IP address space.


Objective To evaluate the performance of a novel extracorporeal hpoprotein filter,JX-DELP.Methods The adsorptionof the filter membrane to lipoproteins was examined by in-vitro static adaorption method.A pocket filter which simulates the product,JX-DELP,W88 designed and made.An extracorporeal circulation system was established using the pocket filter and clinical application was imitated.The influences of plasma volume,flow rate and filtering time on the removal of lipopmteins were tested in a flow condition.The biocompatibility of the falter Was evaluated by incubating the membrane with whole blood.Results The in vitro removal rates of the filter membrane to lipeproteim are:TC 16.7%,TG 9.7%,and LDL 13.5%,respeetaively.In the extracorporeal circulation systemthe removals of TC,TG,and LDL were 52.0%,50.1%,and 38.4%,respectively.However,the reductions of other components in plasma were negligible.The filter membroJle did not change the normal components in the whole blood,and the hemolysis rate was low as 0.19%.It suggests that the filter has good blood compatibility.Conclusion The llish level of lipoproteins in hyperlipeidemia patients could be efficiently removed by the novel extracorpereal hpoprotein filter,JX-DELP.It may be effective in treatment of hyperlipoidemia related diseases.

Key words:
Lipoprotein; Filtration; Adsorption; Stroke; In vitro evaluation


In recent years the intensive efforts in developing a d producing electronic devices have more and mor e critical inference in many areas of human activity. Engineer i g is one of the areas which have been also import antly affected. The paper deals with dependability namely reliability analysis procedure of a highly reliabl e item. The data on manufacturing and operating of a few hundre d thousands pieces of electronic item are available nd they are statistically a very important collection/ set. However, concerning some items the manufacturi ng procedure was not checked and controlled accurately . The procedure described in the paper is based on the thorough data analysis aiming at the operating and manufacturing of these electronic elements. The res ults indicate some behaviour differences between correct ly and incorrectly made elements. It was proved by the analysis that dependability and safety of these ele m nts was affected to a certain degree. Although there is a quite big set of data the issue regarding the stati stical comparability is very important . Valis David, Vintr Zdenek, Koucky Miroslav Contribution to reliability analysis of highly reliable items 368 manufacturing a new item. While manufacturing the item a relatively minor shortening of program protocol took place, thereby shortening the initialisation time. This situation resulted in the production of many tens of thousands of incorrectly manufactured items where the initialisation time wa s shortened by the program. The non-compliance with the manufacturing process was detected only by accident and that was after some time. However, most of the items manufactured this way have been mounted in systems and they have been in operation. The non-compliance with the manufacturing process itself, thereby shortening the programming time might not be a serious problem. More related circumstances might be the real problem. The first one is the fact that the items have been mounted in systems and they have been in operation. Another quite serious problem is the fact that a item funct io failure can result in failure occurrence on the dev ic which is supposed to perform a system's step function. If a system step function is just being u sed, its interruption-failure might lead to a critical accident with serious consequences. In case this ty pe failure occurs, it affects significantly system's dependability. Moreover, it breaks the confidence i n the step function which leads to the lack of confidence in a system as a whole. Resulting from the arguments mentioned above the producer decided to solve the problem immediately. The producer wanted to find out if the errors occurring when manufacturing items have a possible effect upon operational dependability – reliability . Basically a few solutions could have been taken int o account at that moment. Finally two of the solution s were chosen to be accomplished. One of the options is to carry out a one-side inter val calculation of a item reliability measure at a requ ired confidence level. This intention is easy to be fulf illed since the data on the item operation were carefully and systematically collected. The aim of the paper is to describe an estimation procedure of a reliabilit y measure and assess the validation of the statistica l hypothesis testing based on the available data. Suggesting and carrying out an accelerated reliabil ity test of item is another option. However, this metho d is not included in this paper and represents a sepa rate methodology. All terms mentioned here are in accordance with the [4]. 2. Field data assessment procedure The procedure follows widely known and basic approaches and terminology [5]. The producer provided data on the item operation over a complete period. Regarding the nature of the analysis the following facts were agreed on: 1) The aim of the analysis was to calculate the one-side item reliability interval. The item "programmed incorrectly" was assessed first, and the item "programmed correctly" was assessed as the second. The calculation of a reliability one-side interval determined for each set separately was the outcome of the analysis. 2) The next step was to compare both items sets and decide whether the "incorrect programming" can/cannot affect the item's reliability. A one-side interval was determined at a required confidence level and it specifies a minimal reliability level of a item set obtained by a calculation. 3) The operation time of the item started the moment a production range was produced plus two weeks (the assumption that it will be delivered to the customer, mounting into the system, and physical start of the operation). 4) The real operation time equivalent was determined by recommending the standards and is based on a calendar time[1], [2] and [3]. The real operation time is believed to start at the moment as stated in point 3). The transforming coefficient value following the sources/standards mentioned above is: dormant time versus operation time ≈ 24,836 : 1. 5) The standard [6] "Equipment reliability testing Part 4: Statistical procedures for exponential distribution Point estimates, confidence intervals, prediction intervals and tolerance intervals" has been used for calculating the reliability measure one-side interval at a required confidence level. 6) The reliability confidence interval was set according to common roles. One of the very accurate levels which were decided to be used is 95%. This level was used for following calculations. 7) End of observation, censoring by time is given by the date of 31 st December 2008. This was negotiated with the item producer. 8) The hour [h] is a reliability measure unit. Since the standard [6] deals with a few possible ty p s of the assessed sets, it is necessary to determine what type it is referred to. The operation profile and t he agreement that the analysis assessment will be finished on a certain day indicate that this is a c ase of a specific field test finished by time without replacing the item. This assumption resulted in the following solution taking into account the standard mentioned above. [6].


There are four historical reasons about the evolution from Qingyi to public opinion:firstly,Qingyi essentially belongs to internal politics competition and interests rivalry among the King's officials,and the political criticism has the color of expostulation within the system,which ultimately represents the profit distribution of ruling circles;secondly,Qingyi belongs to the traditional Confucian system and the political system of despotism,which can't accommodate and apply to western political philosophy and political power theory;thirdly,modern media as the new tool extend the traditional style of channel and communication way,and make the Qingyi concept within the imperial political system unable to adapt to the needs of the time transformation;fourthly,after the abolishment of imperial examination system,Confucianism and royal system have to confront the disintegrating situation as a result that traditional Confucian have to be transformed to modern intellectual elite,then the public issue not just focuses on the King,but spreads to the whole society.


Objective To evaluate the surgical safety and clinical effect of single-stage posterior total vertebral osteotomy for correction of kyphoscoliosis.Methods Twenty-one patients with kyphoscoliosis,17 cases were congenital kyphoscoliosis and 4 cases were idiopathic kyphoscoliosis.They were treated with single-stage posterior total vertebral osteotomy for correction.Lateral side X-ray photograph of patients pre-and postoperative were compared.Scoliosis,Cobb angle,the spinal corrective angle in sag ittal and coronal pre-and postoperative were measured.Results The operation was completed smoothly in all the 21 patients.Mean operating time was 351 minutes (range 215-515 min),and the average blood loss was 1450 ml (range 750-2950 ml).The followed up of all patients was 18.9 months (range 12-24 months).Deformity correction was 69.1% in the coronal plane and 66.7% in the sagittal plane.All patients got good trunk balance with no decompensation.Neurologic complication,nonunion of bone,infection,loosening or breakage of the internal fixator were not found.Conclusions Single-stage posterior total vertebral osteotomy for correction of kyphoscoliosis is effective and safe,and have a advantages of high fusion rate,less complication and short operation time.However,it is a technically demanding and exhausting procedure with some potential risks of complications.

Key words:
Kyphoscoliosis;  Posterior;  Osteotomy


pre-paid legal services is the new system to defend the high trial fees. It's very popular in the USA. There are some benefits to their customs, and it is still a young system so it also has some weakness. I think it also can be introduces into China.


The paper describes a method for detecting and establishing the position of objects outside the visible area of CCTV cameras with two additional light sources. An algorithm for computing the position of objects in two images, containing their shadow.


The purpose of this study was to determine teacher and program effectiveness in Consumer and Homemaking Programs in Arizona by using time on task as a measure. In effective program studies, the common critical variable was the individual teacher (Brophy, 1979; McGreal and McGreal, 1986). Teachers who were organized, started class on time and kept the students busy with relevant work maintained high time on task percentages. Using time on task as a measurement of effectiveness, the "Managing Learning Time" instrument (Halasz and Desy, 1984), was used. This study: determined that the majority of students were on task in Arizona Consumer and Homemaking Education classrooms. Time on task was affected more by teacher and classroom practices than by the course content. The focus of the on task behavior varied by subject matter. The majority of time was spent on theory, practice and basic skills in Consumer and Homemaking courses.


The pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias include both structural abnormalities of cardiac tissue (e.g., healed infarction, hypertrophied or hemodynamically-stressed muscle) and transient functional changes in cardiac electrical properties (e.g., due to transient ischemia, reperfusion, autonomic or electrolyte fluctuations) . Clinical and experimental data suggest that both the chronic and the dynamic changes in electrical properties interact in the genesis of life-threatening arrhythmias. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the onset of ischemia, and its reversal by reperfusion, create dynamic changes in cellular membrane characteristics which may participate in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias. Clinical observations at the onset of myocardial infarction, and reperfusion after coronary spasm or interventional procedures, are beginning to provide a parallel body of information. In both experimental and clinical studies, the characteristics and ionic mechanisms for ischemic arrhythmias appear to differ from those in reperfusion arrhythmias. Studies on the experimental influences of both α-and β-adrenergic activity on ischemic or normal myocardium demonstrate an arrhythmogenic effect, in parallel with limited information on autonomic fluctuations in clinical arrhythmias.It has long been recognized that experimental changes in electrolyte and metabolic status of ventricular muscle influence cellular electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis, and recent clinical information is beginning to suggest similar influences in man. Specifically, transient changes in oxygen supply, pH, Ca++ flux, and superoxide radical formation may be responsible for the transient destabilization of the myocardium experimentally, and also may contribute to the genesis of potentially lethal arrhythmias in man. A thorough understanding of the factors which transpose a structurally diseased but stable myocardium into an electrically unstable mass of tissue is required for meaningful inroads into the prevention of potentially lethal arrhythmeas.


As always, it is a real pleasure to welcome you to the SAGES/SASES meeting. But it gives us particular pleasure this year to contribute to the successful celebration of our sister society's 50th anniversary meeting. This is a fine achievement for generations of SAGES office bearers and members, and we are grateful to them all.


In this note we present a solution method for a discrete-time linear optimal control problem where the controls are bounded and both the states and controls have asymmetric costs with dead zones containing the nominal values. This model generalizes the well-known optimal control model for a linear system with symmetric (quadratic) objective functional. We transform the problem into an equivalent large quadratic programming problem with equality and inequality, constraints and decompose it into N simpler subproblems, each with very easily computed optimal solutions. Using a two-level approach suggested by Lasdon and Schoeffler [11] the optimal solution to the overall problem is obtained.


Directevidenceforthe rst-ordernatureofthewetting transition,asoriginally predicted by Cahn [1],together with the characteristic prewetting jum psaway from the coexistence line,has been obtained in severaldi erent system s:quantum liquid lm sphysisorbed on heavy alkalim etals[2],com plex organic liquids [3],near-critical liquid m ercury [4] and binary liquid crystal m ixtures [5,6]. Q uite generally, wetting transitions at tem peratures abovethetriplepointareexpected forweakly attractive substrates.In particular,itwasargued thatalkalim etals providetheweakestadsorption potentialsofany surfaces forHeatom sand thereforethatwettingtransitionscould be observed on such substrates[7]. Thishypothesishas subsequentlybeen con rm ed and thecorrespondingtransition studied in m any laboratories[8{10].M orerecently, sim ilarphenom ena havealso been predicted and/orseen forH 2,Ne,and Hg on varioussurfaces[11{16]. Theory dictates[17,18]thatwhen a rstordertransition from partialto com plete wetting occurs at a tem perature Tw above the triple-point(and below the bulk criticaltem perature),then a locus of rst-ordersurface phasetransitionsm ustextend away from thevaporuid coexistence curve,on the vapour side. At T < Tw the thickness ofthe adsorbed liquid lm increases continuously with pressure,butthe lm rem ainsm icroscopically thin up tothecoexistencepressurePsat(T),and becom es in nitely (m acroscopically)thick justabove it. The adsorption isotherm sreach Psat(T)with a nite slope. At tem peraturesTw < T < T pw c (T pw c being the prewetting criticaltem perature)the thin lm growsasthe pressure isincreased untila transition pressurePtr(T)< Psat(T) isreached.Atthispressure a thin lm isin equilibrium with athickerone,and ajum p in coverageoccursasP increasesthrough Ptr(T).Atstillhigherpressuresthis rst ordertransition isfollowed by acontinuousgrowth ofthe thick lm which becom esin nitely thick atPsat(T).The discontinuity (i.e.thedi erencein thicknessbetween the two lm sin equilibrium )becom essm allerand sm alleras T increasesaboveTw ,untilatatem peratureT pw c thetwo lm sareno longerdistinguishablefrom oneanother.Finally,when T > T pw c ;the adsorbed liquid lm increases continuously with pressure to becom e in nitely thick at Psat(T). Noble-gas uids (other than He) adsorbed on weakly attractivesubstratessuch asthesurfaceofalkalim etals, are good candidatesfor showing prewetting transitions. There is however a lim ited experim entalknowledge for these system s. The m easurem entsofHessetal.[14]indicate thatNe undergoesa wetting transition ata tem perature within 2% ofTc on a Rb surface and that it undergoesa drying transition on Cs.Non-wetting ofAr on a Cs surface has been proposed on the basis ofdesorption experim ents[19].Noexperim entalinform ation is available atpresenton the wetting propertiesofArand Ne on otheralkalisurfaces. In theabsenceofexperim entalobservations,num erical sim ulations m ay play an im portant role in understanding thewetting propertiesof uidsand m ay beused asa usefulguidein thechoiceofsystem sto bestudied experim entally.W epresentin thispaperonesuch calculation, based on a Density Functionalapproach,where the adsorption propertiesofsim ple classical uids(nam ely Ar and Ne)on Liand Nasurfacesarestudied.Neon Rb has also been studied asa testcase,wherethe wetting transition has experim entally been observed [14]. Recently, resultsofextensiveM onteCarlo(M C)sim ulationson the Ne/Lisystem have been presented [20],which seem to show thatthissystem isnonwettingforallT between the triple pointand the criticalpoint. Asshown in the following,ourcalculationspredictquiteadi erentscenario, and arein factconsistentwith prewetting transitionsbelow the criticalpoint. W e willdiscussthe discrepancies between our ndingsand the M C resultsofRef.[20]in Section 3.


The experimental evidence for Mach reflection of gaseous detonation waves acting on an obstacle is presented in this paper. Wedges with different wedge angle are mounted on the side wall of tube to form convergent tube. The Mach reflection is shaped when detonation waves propagate on a wedge. The trajectory of triple point of Mach reflected detonation wave was recorded for the first time by smoked foil. On both sides of the trajectory, the change of cell size and shape is very obvious. According to the literature known to us, it is confirmed for the first time by cellular structure that as shock waves in non reactive air, the detonation waves can also shape Mach reflection under certain conditions. These experimental results not only help us deeply understanding the nature of detonation waves but also afford a reference for comparison when we make numerical simulation for this phenomenon.


Approved: _ t#0 " . P. 1/ Breen A series of field experiments were designed to determine the plant growth and yield responses of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Olympus) to three rates of summer drip irrigation, with or without black polyethylene mulch. Additional field, greenhouse, and growth chamber studies sought to identify some of the physiological bases for reduced vegetative' growth in response to water deficit. The relationships between leaf water status and both stomatal behavior and leaf elongation were characterized. Field plantings for the irrigation trial were established in May of 1977 and 1978 and received differential irrigation (0, 0.23, or 0.70 of pan evaporation) during midsummer for one month in 1977 and two months in 1978. During the driest portion of each year the water potential of the sandy loam soil at 20 cm depth remained above -0.3 bars for the highest irrigation rate with mulch, and fell below -11 bars at the lowest rate without mulch. Vegetative growth was significantly increased by both irrigation and mulch. Crowns, leaves, and stolons (runners) were counted monthly, and leaf area and dry weight of leaves, crowns, and roots were determined the following July after fruit harvest. The growth enhancement due to irrigation and mulch was strongly partitioned to top growth rather than roots. Among two year old plants those in the mulched and more highly irrigated treatments had a very large number of leaves and crowns (up to 223 and 26, respectively), yet the leaf area averaged 27% lower than that of one year old plants. The number of flowers in the first crop year was increased by irrigation in both plantings but was only increased by mulch in 1977. The number of harvested fruit was increased by irrigation in 1977 and by mulch in 1978. The effects of environment (including frost damage one year) on yield component relationships were discussed. Irrigation and mulch each caused a significant increase in fruit yield in one of the two years. No yield response to treatments occurred in the second year crop of the 1977 planting, although it received a second season of treatment which caused large differences in plant size. In general, fruit yield responded more to mulch than to increased summer irrigation. Mulch also increased the relative water use efficiency. Stomatal behavior in 5-month-old irrigated (IR) plants was compared to that in plants which were non-irrigated (NIR) for up to 36 days. Minimum leaf water potential (ij>) in both IR and NIR plants often reached -16 bars in the field, but never fell below that level even with pan evaporation rates up to 1.42 cm per day. ip in IR plants was only higher than in NIR plants when evaporative demand was lowered due to cloudiness, and turgor (if/ ) was similar even when the treatments differed in \\). However, leaf conductance (K ) rates in NIR plants were half or less those in IR plants both during the day and night. Light level and soil volume were both lower for plants in the greenhouse and growth chamber compcired to field plants. The combined effect, of the two factors was that in the indoor environments, \Ji in NIR plants was several bars lower, than in IR plants. Low light flux (250 -2 -1 yE m s ) in the growth chamber also affected stomata directly, reducing K compared to field rates over a wide range of leaf ^. Osmotic adjustment occurred to a moderate degree (ij> of NIR plants was decreased 2-3 bars more than the amount expected due to dehydration), -2 -1 but it was inhibited by light flux densities below 500-800 pE m s The relationship of leaf elongation (which was proportional to increased area) to iji was examined in two environments. In the greenhouse a positive influence of increasing i|) on elongation was observed, while in the field the inhibitory effect of low temperature was apparent during the night, so that no straightforward relationship between ip and elongation could be established. A growth chamber study found that the optimum temperature for leaf lamina elongation was between 22° and 28C. Petiole elongation had a higher optimum. In a 14-day field study the daily rate of elongation was higher and the final leaflet area was 85% greater in IR plants. Approximately half of the daily leaf expansion occurred during a three to five hour period in the evening. The underlying causes of the large reduction in vegetative growth in water-deficient strawberries can only be inferred at this time. While reduced elongation corresponded to reduced ip in the greenhouse, this was not observed in the field. Either very small reductions in ij> in NIR field plants caused large reductions in leaf elongation, or facets of water deficit other than i|) level were responsible. The greenhouse result may be considered artificial, since osmotic adjustment was absent.


The article is devoted to the problem of modern Russian Federation environmental safety. Main reasons and consequences of the problem are analyzed. The differences of danger evaluation approaches between native MАC (maximal acceptance concentration) method and internationally accepted risk method are considered. The role of photosynthetic organisms as an integral indicator of the environmental safety level is defined. It is shown that many safety problems lie in the legal framework that ignores quantitative estimates of the safety level, the level of necessary and sufficient safety, the concept of acceptable risk and international risk management experience. Possible ways to resolve the crisis are shown in the article.


According to a survey of 62 Chinese senior citizens aged over 90,the main factors conducive to longevity include: healthy interior body organs,good bodily resistance,tranquil mentality,good interpersonal relationship,healthy diet with proper proportion of meat and vegetable,healthy sleeping habit,good dwelling place,natural and geographical environment,etc.These factors are of great importance in keeping senior citizens healthy and their family life happy and the society harmonious.


Samuel Wadham arrived from England in 1926 as Professor of Agriculture at the University of Melbourne. A man who was prepared to ignore heat, dust and flies to talk to farmers in remote districts, Wadham defied the then accepted image of a university educator, being unpretentious and at ease socially in all surroundings. Through government bodies he shaped soldier settlement, endorsed the Snowy Mountain Scheme and helped scuttle plans to settle European migrants on peasant farms. This fascinating biography also reveals the complexities of his character and his family life.


Surface potential is a key electrochemical property of colloids in the study of particle interactions. However, the specific ion effects are not involved in the existing measuring methods. In this study, approaches for the estimation of the surface potential of montmorillonite with or without consideration of the specific ion effects were explored through the montmorillonite particle aggregation in the presence of Li+, Na+, and K+ ions. The montmorillonite aggregation process exhibited remarkable specific ion effects, and the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values show the following: Li+ (271.8 mm) > Na+ (130.8 mm) > K+ (85.04 mm). Based on the mathematic relationship between electrostatic repulsion and the van der Waals attractive interaction at the CCC, the fluctuation coefficient ß was obtained. The value of β could quantify the strength of the specific ion effects of different cations. Then, the fluctuation coefficient β was introduced into the classical method for calculating the surface potential, considering the specific ion effects. The quantificational sequence of the ionic specificity of K+ and Na+ was as follows: βK = 1.433 > βNa = 1.187. Simultaneously, the surface potential considering specific ion effects can be obtained by introducing this coefficient. Our findings provide ideas for getting reliable surface potentials of charged particles in different electrolyte environments.


We present results concerning the incentive compatibility of mechanisms when the agent's type space may not be convex. In particular, we provide a necessary condition for incentive compatibility when the agent's utility is convex in their type, a sufficient condition for incentive compatibility when the agent's utility is concave in their type, and a necessary and sufficient condition for incentive compatibility when the agent's utility is affine in their type. These results can be used to analyze screening problems that do not satisfy commonly imposed, but restrictive, assumptions such as the increasing differences condition, as we illustrate with examples.


INTRODUCTION Cities are now the homes of more than half the population in the world. In fact, it is projected that more than 70 per cent of the world's population will be living in urban areas by 2030. Though most cities have higher economic growth, foreign investment, and labour productivity than the rest of the country, they are also more polluted, crime ridden, and socially disparate. Successful cities attract talented, young, highly-skilled workers, are centres of innovation and entrepreneurship, and are competitive locations for global and regional headquarters. The proximity of universities to research and production facilities means cities are where new products are developed and commercialized. It is reported that more than 80 per cent of patents are filed in cities. Empirical studies based on within-country information show a strong positive connection between density and productivity; transition to dense urban living seems to be part of the process of a country becoming richer over time (Glaeser and Gottlieb 2009). Indeed, the rapidly rising degree of worldwide urbanization has led to the growing recognition that cities and their surrounding urban regions play a vital role in national economic competitiveness. A book co-authored by M. Weiss and H. Cisneros entitled, Teamwork: How Cities and Suburbs Develop Metropolitan Economic Strategies to Innovate and Prosper in the Global Marketplace asserts that cities and the metropolis — urban regions — are the fundamental building blocks of prosperity and quality of life, both for the nation and for families and communities. However, one should not assume that cities do not falter. The OECD Territorial Reviews (2003) reports that cities such as Berlin, Fukuoka, Naples, and Pittsburgh perform below the national average for income, productivity, skills, and employment. There are also indications that mega-size cities — those with more than seven million people — such as Seoul, Mexico City, Istanbul, and Tokyo — have outgrown the economies of scale normally associated with cities. In a study of eight Asian cities, it is reported that "urban development in Asia is largely driven by the concentration of local, national and increasingly, international profit-seeking enterprises in and around particular urban centres" and that "cities may concentrate wealth both in terms of new investment and high income residents but there is no automatic process by which this contributes to the costs of needed infrastructure and services".


Mobile intention recognition is the problem of inferring an agent's intentions from the spatio-temporal behavior she shows. We present a framework for mobile intention recognition that covers all levels, from low-level position data to high-level intentions, with the detailed structure of the motion track as an intermediate level. Our framework is new in explicitly including the structure of space into the intention recognition process at each step. We demonstrate the benefit of adding spatial knowledge by an ex-post interpretation of the behavior tracked in a location-based game.


For the model of learning, Most of the information of relevant professional beginners are difficult to adapt to the training of the model structure. In the early learning students should focus on the cultivation of thinking structure, visual modeling study is conducive to the strengthening of the relevant professional structured learning and understanding. Nowadays Study on the visualization of teaching are few all over the world, Visualization technology is often manifested as data visualization, but the visualization model of image network still remain at the theoretical level. In order to meet the requirements of teaching at present, we design and build the network platform of visual modeling training. Take advantage of the network script language, Moodle and Mxgraph, which have the correlation of modelling, the platform is developed in the server environment. The modeling steps platform record students, in order to guide the development of structured programming thinking, to help the designer to master and practice model. Index Terms - Modeling and visualization, structured, network platform In the teaching process, we should strengthen students' understanding of the model(1). In the absence of visual teaching aid. The main research field of visualization is the visualization of teaching of computer technology, where image express some abstract problems intuitively in Teaching, it is p roposed the establishment of visual model in the teaching and training platform services. At the same time the single teaching method makes students lack of clarity on the teaching requirements, which did not issue a structured way of thinking to think. Using modeling ideology teaching visualization helps to stimulate students' interest and understand the course content better. The main research field of visualization is the visualization of teaching of computer technology, where image express some abstract problems Intuitively in Teaching, it is p roposed the establishment of visual model in the teaching and training platform services. Gene expression is the idea of the model, so implementation model visualization has important practical significance for modern teaching. Teaching visualization helps teachers improve teaching efficiency, which helps students understand what they have learned to master the curriculum. understanding of some models by rendering, but also to learn how to use the model to solve the education problem. Combined with a variety of information, Modeling visualization can be summarized as abstract and difficult to describe things or relationships through a number of related data processing to make it intuitive, visualized. In the research on visualization modeling teaching, compared with the traditional teaching can be found that combined with the model of teaching can enable students to understand the teaching task. The students themselves establish the model, which also converts structure of thinking into the process of space structure, showing their reachability and topology. For example, in the programming process of learning, Visual training adds algorithms and modeling of two modules, letting beginners only need to draw the flow chart for the learning


The crystal structure of the complex [phen · phen · phen] · NaBr · 2 CHCl3 of the macrobicyclic ligand 1 has been determined. The complex is of cryptate type, the Na+ cation being contained in the molecular cavity of 1 and coordinated to all eight N-atoms. The ligand has a propeller shape and interconverts in solution between the two enantiomeric helical forms.


Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project "Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)" funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate short-term clinical and MRI outcome of a polycarbonate-urethane meniscus implant for the treatment of medial compartment pain in middle aged patients. In the younger population, ( The meniscus implant is a non-degradable polymer-based spacer which is inserted into the medial compartment of the knee between the tibia and femur by a mini-arthrotomy, without requiring attachment or bone resection. It was hypothesized that the implant could relieve pain by restoring the pressure distribution function. This paper presents the first experience of 3 Israeli sites (out of 7 sites participating in the study). Thirty patients aged 36 to 70 years were treated with the implant after signing an informed consent and meeting the criteria defined in the Ethics Committee approved protocol. All of the patients reported medial knee pain which was associated with either a severely degenerated meniscus (∼25%) or post-meniscectomy knee pain (∼75%). Patients with evidence of grade IV medial articular cartilage loss or instability were excluded from the study. Primary clinical outcome was measured by the KOOS scale over 12 months, with secondary outcomes measured by IKDC subjective, EQ-5D and VAS questionnaires for pain. Serial MRI scans were taken at 6 weeks and 12 months of follow-up to evaluate the condition of the articular cartilage. The patients included in this study showed a considerable clinical improvement after the procedure. Significant pain relief was indicated by both KOOS pain subscale and VAS scores after 6 months follow up, and patient activity levels were also found to be higher following implantation. The first MRI findings from this study were considered to be promising since no signs of deterioration of the surrounding cartilage or of the device were observed. So far, one case of implant dislocation and two cases of infection have occurred among the 35 patients. This study was designed to evaluate and obtain reasonable assurance of the safety, effectiveness, and risk/benfit ratio of a novel implant in the treatment of a challenging patient cohort. The short-term outcomes are promising.


Acknowledgements General Editors' Preface Introduction S.Barker Shakespeare's Problem Plays: Concepts and Perspectives V.Thomas All's Well That Ends Well and the Tale of the Chivalric Quest L.Scragg The Political Effects of Gender and Class in All's Well That Ends Well P.Erickson Subjectivity, Desire and Female Friendship in All's Well That Ends Well C.Asp Transgression and Surveillance in Measure for Measure J.Dollimore London in Measure for Measure L.S.Marcus Love's Tyranny Inside-Out in the Problem Plays: Yours, Mine and Counter-Mine R.Hillman 'Tricks we Play on the Dead': Making History in Troilus and Cressida H.James Invading Bodies/Bawdy Exchanges: Disease, Desire, and Representation V.Traub Fragments of Nationalism in Troilus and Cressida M.Greenfield Further Reading Notes on Contributors Index


Algae are organisms that grow in aquatic environments that use the light and carbon dioxide (CO2) to create biomass. Macro algae are larger algae that can grow in a variety of ways. Algae can be explored for a variety of other uses such as biofuels, fertilizer and pollution control. In addition, algae can also be used for reducing the emissions of CO2 from power plants. CO2 produced by the power plant could be utilized as a carbon source for algal growth, and the carbon emissions would be reduced by recycling waste CO2 from power plants into clean-burning biodiesel. This paper describe native species identification of macro algae species at Setiu, the study hope to select Setiu as potential site for the cultivation of identified species.


Indians, myself included, must immediately place everyone we meet. We are a nation of taxonomists. It must be in our genes because of the caste system There are categories for everything--educated or not, foreign car or not, brahmin or banya or what, English-speaking or not, meat-eating or not, if vegetarian then whether an eggitarian or strict, if strict then too strict to eat Western desserts with egg or not. All this in the case of women helps predict whether they might be led astray. In the case of men, whether they will misbehave with women given half a chance, take bribes, support their parents in old age, and on and on. (5)


A photoferroelectric effect described as photoassisted domain switching (PDS) is used to store high resolution, high contrast, nonvolatile optical information, including gray scale images in PLZT ceramics. Image storage is achieved by switching the ferroelectric remanent polarization while exposing the image on one of the indium tin oxide electroded surfaces of a PLZT plate, using near-UV light at the PLZT band gap energy (3.35 eV). PDS eliminates the photoconductive films required in previous PLZT image storage devices. Some characteristics of the PDS effect which apply to image storage and selective erasure are described. Image processing to achieve contrast enhancement is also discussed.


Synchronously pumped parametric oscillators have been shown to have subthreshold giant amplification of such a magnitude that a macroscopic, entirely noise-driven, signal is present at output even when the device is below threshold. In this paper we quantify the magnitude of the amplification factor in terms of some key device parameters. We use non-normal operator theory to find the noise amplification factor (Kreiss constant) and show that the signal amplitude is proportional to it. We also determine that the noise sensitivity depends in a nontrivial way on the group velocity of the three fields.


The article represents results of diachronic studying the historical and political vocabulary with Google System Books Ngram Viewer. The authors investigate changes in use frequency of political figures names during 1920-2000. The study results demonstrate the relationship between changes in the frequency use of names in printed documents texts with historical events and political traditions of different countries. Some limitations of the system were also considered.


Polymerization of butadiene by bis(h3-allylnickel trifluoroacetate) in benzene and o-dichlorobenzene solvents yields an equibinary 1,4-polybutadiene, containing equal amounts of cis and trans isomers. Initiation proceeds by addition of the allylic moiety of the initiator to a butadiene molecule. The rate of initiation is high enough to ensure complete consumption of the catalyst for a monomer/catalyst molar ratio of about 10 at 5°C. The propagation exhibits the characteristics of a "living" polymerization: the molecular weight is proportional to the conversion, and at the end of the reaction, the average degree of polymerization is equal to the monomer/catalyst molar ratio. Living polybutadienyl-nickel trifluoroacetate is able to reinitiate not only butadiene polymerization but also allene polymerization. However, for high [monomer]/[catalyst] ratios, conversion-dependent transfer reactions limit the molecular weight to 7000 in benzene and to 70,000 in bulk polymerization in the presence of small amounts of o-dichlorobenzene.


The literature on spirituality at work and in organizations is full of useful contributions and suggestions, but difficulties arise in applying it to firms due to the lack of a theoretical conceptual framework that integrates the different approaches. This paper seeks to provide such a framework, using a simple theory about human action that allows for integrating the different components of spirituality at work.


The sorting is one of the most important problems in computer science.In this paper,radix sort using distributing counting sort method is put forward.Its algorithmic definition,algorithmic ideas,the correctness of the algorithm and algorithmic analysis are given.Solution methods of key problem for the algorithm are discussed.Its theoretical analysis and experimental result show that its time complexity is O(N),and it is better than quick sort.It is efficient sorting method.


Background: Women are at increased risk from smoking and experience specific barriers
to smoking cessation. Age-progression interventions that demonstrate the ageing effect
of smoking to the face, appear to be effective in changing smoking intentions and
behaviour in women. One underlying theme of age-progression research is a shock
reaction that is thought to create stress reactivity. The impact of this shock response on
efficacy of the intervention has yet to be understood.
Aim: The research within this thesis aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an ageprogression intervention for smoking cessation in women aged 18-55 years, and the role
of the stress response elicited by the intervention on smoking outcomes.
Methods: A systematic review updated and synthesised information regarding the
effectiveness of appearance based interventions. A mixed methods approach was used in
a pilot study, to develop aspects of research design, including the use of physiological
stress measurement and intervention instruction types (Neutral and Reassuring) to
influence levels of stress. A qualitative investigation also explored the experiences of
women who received the intervention. Findings from the pilot were implemented in a
randomised controlled trial that assessed the impact of psychological and physiological
stress induced by the intervention and its impact on the long-term smoking outcomes.
Results: Qualitative study indicated the age-progression technique continues to create
shock, with more instances of accounts of shock reported by women that received the
Reassuring instructions. The quantitative study showed this response was accompanied
by an increase in subjective and physiological stress. Lastly, findings from the
randomised controlled trial indicated the age-progression intervention delivered using
Reassuring instructions produced changes in smoking intentions and
abstinence. Importantly, stress elicited by the intervention, positively moderated
intentions to quit.
Conclusions: The synthesised findings from this thesis conclude that age-progression
interventions for smoking cessation can reduce smoking behaviour in women.
Additionally, when administered via Reassuring instructions, high levels of shortterm stress can increase the effectiveness of the intervention. Future research should
ii
focus on identifying the optimal stress levels induced by smoking cessation interventions
that increase successful smoking cessation.


The requalification of urban centers has been identified as an important measure for sustainable urban development, since it imposes the challenge of remaking and reinventing the existing city. Thus, the culture of urban requalification should be stimulated in opposition to the culture of the dominant urbanism of the horizontal and peripheral expansion of Brazilian cities. The sustainable development of cities entered Agenda 21 and is currently considered by the ONU to be one of the greatest challenges of the century for improving the quality of life of communities. In this sense, this exploratory study highlights walkability, associated with green infrastructure, as an important strategy for urban requalification, as it promotes an improvement in the quality of life, urban vitality, community health, interpersonal relationships, in addition to the greater belonging relationship to the place. Finally, this article intends to provide subsidies for projects for requalification of urban centers, highlighting the importance of the quality of public open spaces and the connection of paths between them, forming a walkable network, considering its possible environmental, social and economic benefits, to improve the quality of life and contribute to the production of sustainable and healthy and, above all, inclusive cities.


A growing body of empirical research suggests that well-governed countries are more successful in creating investment, growth, and employment. These effects are explained by reduced room for corruption and discretion as governments increase access to information and thereby make rules more predictable and those who create them more accountable. Transparency helps clarify rules and institutions and therefore is an important aspect of good governance.


This study investigates Greek school students' aspirations in relation to university education and how the economic recession in Greece has influenced these aspirations. The factors that influence students' aspirations are explored, with reference to the theoretical framework of relative risk aversion theory. The study also takes into consideration the important role of private tuition lessons as a strategy to increase chances to study at university in Greece. Based on students' opinions and experiences, it was revealed that the fear of unemployment and anxiety about downward social mobility partly explain students' intentions to study at university and attend private tuition lessons. The findings also suggest that parents' perceptions influenced students' intentions to attend private tuition lessons and students' aspirations to study at university. Therefore parental expectations could be seen as a complementary explanation to the claims of relative risk aversion theory. Furthermore, students' decisions to study at university were connected with different 'dimensions of risk', such as the fear of unemployment, financial limitations or the fear of being considered over-qualified for a graduate job. Finally, the study provides a typology of how school students mitigated these risks.


If one feature of modernity is the degree of tolerance a state or society affords a religious minority, then for much of the Chosŏn dynasty Korea was more modern than Western Europe or North America. In contrast with the witch-hunts we see in the West, which took the lives of tens of thousands, Korea marginalized but did not usually kill its shamans. The Chosŏn state exercised ritual hegemony over its subjects, but that meant it attempted only to control their religious activities. Unlike in the West until a few centuries ago, Korea did not execute many religious non-conformists for their nonconformity. This changed in the late eighteenth century, when the Chosŏn government began killing members of Korea's emerging Catholic community for being Catholic. Moreover, when Korea began killing Catholics, it tortured and executed women as well as men, though in the past any legal attacks on nonconformists were usually limited to men. In Korea today, we find the legacy of pre-eighteenth-century Korea to be stronger than the legacy of the nineteenth-century persecutions. Nevertheless, Korea continues to differ from the West in its relationship between the state and religious communities.


CURSORY REMARKS ON RECOVERY FROM ACCIDENTS AND SURGICAL OPERATIONS. ByEDWARD COPEMAN, F.R.C.S., Coltishall. The case of compound dislocation of the ankle, lately reported in the Provincial Jouirnal, is a striking instance of rapid recovery from accident, effected by the vie medicatrix naturte, but it would not be difficult to adduce numerous proofs of the power of this mysterious agency. One other instance which lately occurred in mny neighbourhood, it will not be impertinent to relate. A middle-aged man, thin, and not of very healthy constitution, met with a frightful accident when attending to a cow that had just calved. Whilst he was stooping to give her some water, the animal tossed up her head suddenly, and one of her horns entered the man's mouth, tearing up the cheek in a jagged and irregular manner, from the angle ofthe mouth to the malar prominence in one direction, andacross the top of the nose in another. The wound was a very unsightly one, implicating the entire thickness of the cheek. There was free bleeding, and considerable contusion. I closed the wound accurately with eight or nine interrupted sutures, covered it with lint, and applied cold water to the whole side of the face. I did not disturb it for several days, and, at the end of a week, there-was scarcely anything to be seen but a linear cicatrix, marking superficially the course and extent of the wound. It healed beautifully, without any deforzDity. Were we to speculate upon the reasons for the exemption from severe symptoms enjoyed by mnany who meet with grave injuries, I tbink we might fairly assign a prominent position to a country residence, and after this to the non-removal of the patient from his family and home. The subject of the dislocation of the ankle above referred to, positively refused to be sent to the county hospital, owing to a prejudice that is not uncommon amongst certain of the lower classes, against those excellent institutions, and it added no little to his comfort and tranquillity to be n.ursed and attended, during his confinement, by his friends and relations. What is true with respect to recovery from accidents, is also equally certain with respect to recovery after surgical operations; the causes above referred to seeming, as it were, to compensale for the smaller degree of surgical skill necessarily attainable by those whose lot it is to practise in rural districts. A few instances I shall proceed briefly to describe:I. In April, 1839, a man, aged 76, bad his fore-arm severely injured by cart-wbeels; soft parts considerably lacerated; ulna broken in several places; lower end of radius fractured; wrist-joint open, and filled with gravel and dirt; muscles, nerves, and interosseous ligament extensively torn. When I saw him, a few hours after the accident, the injured integuments wereof a greenish hbe; the pulse very feeble; the patient much prostrated; and I looked upon -the case, under any treatment, as quite hopeless. I gave himu brandy and laudanumn, and he then somewhat rallied; but he suffered severe pain, and begged hard to have the linmb removed at all hazards; his friends also were in favour of the operation; and, apparently with very little probability of success, I amputated below the elbow. In order to get the operation over as quickly as possible, I retracted the integuments forcibly with my left hand, and cut directly down to the bones with a single cfcular incision. Scarcely any blood was lost, and to my great satisfaction be was relieved by the operation, ard said the renoval of the limb was " as good as a dose of laudanum." This was on the 1st of April. Tbe stump lhealed by the first intention; and on the 16th of May I met him in the road driving a cow. I believe he is still alive and well, at 83 years of age. It. May 13th, 1839. A very stout, plethoric drayman, had his right hand severely lacerated by the tCe of a stallion which lie was leading. I amputated below the elbow at midnight, before inflammation supervened, and the man recovered without a single untoward symptom. III. May 14th, 1845. I amputated the armn of a lad, 13 years old, on account of a very severe gun-shot Wound of the fore-arm. On the 12th of Juine the stump was quite healed, although his health had been disturbed by inflammation and suppuration of the right eye-ball from the presence of a shot. IV. May 4th, 1846. I amputated the thigh of a young man of scrofulous diathesis, aged 26 years, for long-standing disease of the knee-joint. He had suffered a year or two before from a large abscess over the sternum, and had since lost one eye from purulent ophthalinia. He had no illness after the operation, took no medicine but an opiate and one dose of castoroil, and by the 26th the stump was healed. The patient had, some little time before, been actually admitted into the Norwich hospital, but left again in the afternoon of the samne day, owing to an impression that he could not recover away from home. V. June 12th, 1846. I amputated a gamuekeeper's leg below the knee, for extensive and long-standing disease of the ankle-joint. He was 38 years of age, much emaciated and hectic. A night or two after the operation, the perspiration, whichi bad been profuse for many weeks, entirely ceased; and althlough the stump was obliged to be opened on account of hmnorrhage occurring some hours after amputation, it was healed, and the patient's health restored by the 24th of July.*


Rubber commodity is one of the essential agricultural sectors in the City of Balikpapan. Rubber plantation has become a leading product to boost the economic growth in Balikpapan from the agricultural sector. However, this commodity is vulnerable through the changes of rainfall index since less rainfall can decrease the amount of latex in a rubber tree. This unexpected event will make a financial loss to farmers because of delaying the cultivation time. Therefore, the crop insurance for rubber farmers should be discovered. This study applied the Burn Analysis method to determine some classes of rainfall index and calculating the crop insurance premiums based on Black Scholes methods. The lowest class of rainfall index is 1264.36 mm with the crop insurance premiums at this class is Rp. 521,482.73. Otherwise, the highest rainfall index is 1761,36 mm whereas the premium level is Rp.568,592.93.


Here we analyze the nuclear trafficking dynamics of PML and its SUMO-dependent ubiquitin ligase, RNF4, in response to arsenic. We show that arsenic induces rapid reorganization of the cell nucleus by SUMO modification of nuclear body associated PML and uptake of the ubiquitin E3 ligase RNF4 leading to the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PML.


I.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 928 II.FROM CSR TO ESG ....................................................................... 932 a. Defining ESG ................................................................. 932 b. A Note on Corporate Purpose ......................................... 934 c. The Strategic CSR Precursor .......................................... 93 7 d. The Rise and Support ofESG Reporting ........................ 943 III. THE SEC'S PROPOSAL FOR MANDATORY CLIMATE-RELATED REPORTING IN RELEASE NO. 33-11042 ................................. 946 a. The ESG Context for SEC Climate-Related Disclosure.947 b. TCFD Origins & Limitations .......................................... 948 c. Responses to Three Major Criticisms of the Proposing Release ............................................................................ 951 i. SEC's Regulatory Purview and Scope ...................... 951 ii. Principles and Line-Items ......................................... 956 iii. Challenges of GHG Metrics ...................................... 961 IV.ACCOUNTABILITY ........................................................................ 964 a. The Essential Problem .................................................... 964 b. Materiality and Liability ................................................. 966 i. Materiality in Volitional ESG Reporting Versus Financial Reporting ................................................... 966 ii. Materiality in Securities Law .................................... 972 iii. Liability with a New Safe Harbor? ........................... 976 V. CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 978


Because of the high-speed growth of economy,the contradiction of land between supply and requirement is aggravated.The event of forced remove has reflected that the rigid demand of land during the period of urbanization construction in present age in China.However,the utilized extensively of land in country is inefficiency.Under the background,has analysis the effect of House-site replacement Reform in Yaozhuang town on the basis of investigation.Found that the reform has been effect the house hold registration system,non-agriculture income level,and medical security and so on.Suggest to pay more attention in the process of reform.


During the last years, several new technical, economical, regulatory and social developments have changed the grid and the way in which it is operated. The massive deployment of unpredictable renewable sources and the trade in liberalized markets make higher demands upon the transmission network. This creates excellent opportunities for energy storage. The importance of energy storage is reflected in recent technical developments. Traditionally, electric energy was converted to another primary energy source for storage. Examples are batteries and flywheels. Two relatively new technologies, SMES and supercapacitors, contradict the adage that electric energy is non-storable, by storing electric energy directly. Hydrogen may be important too: the promise of a global hydrogen economy has recently assumed new credibility. This paper assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of various energy storage systems and discusses their applications on the generation and transportation level. Key-Words: Energy storage, Pumped storage, Compressed air energy storage, Battery storage, Mechanical energy storage, Superconducting magnet energy storage, Capacitive energy storage, Hydrogen.


Home automation faces the challenge of providing ubiquitous, unobtrusive services while empowering users with approachable configuration interfaces. These interfaces need to provide sufficient expressiveness to support complex automation, and notations need to be devised that enable less tech-savvy users to express such scenarios. Rule-based and process-oriented paradigms have emerged as opposing ends of the spectrum; however, their underlying concepts have not been studied comparatively. We report on a contextual inquiry study in which we collected qualitative data from 18 participants in 12 households on the current potential and acceptance of home automation, as well as explored the respective benefits and drawbacks of these two notation paradigms for end users. Results show that rule-based notations are sufficient for simple automation tasks but not flexible enough for more complex use cases. The resulting insights can inform the design of interfaces for smart homes to enable usable real-world home automation for end users.


An explicit surface potential calculation method of gate-all-around MOSFET (GAAMOSFET) devices which takes into account both interface trap charge and varying doping levels is presented. The results of the method are extensively verified by numerical simulation. Results from the model are used to find qualitative and quantitative effect of interface trap charge on subthreshold slope (SS) of GAAMOSFET devices. Further, design constraints of GAAMOSFET devices with emphasis on the effect of interface trap charge on device SS performance are investigated.


Process instability has been a challenge to long-term, continuous anaerobic digestion of foodwaste. Co-digestion is one of the measures to solve instability issue. However, overdosing of a co-substrate may result in inhibition to foodwaste digestion. This study experimentally compared liquid dairy manure and manure digestate as cosubstrate for mesophilic digestion of foodwaste and used four substrate limitation – inhibition kinetic models to identify the optimal co-substrate fraction. The dynamics of cumulative biogas production in batch co-digestion experiments could be highly simulated with the modified Gompertz function. Lag phase varied between 0 and 3.3 d, being generally longer at a higher fraction of a co-substrate. Generally, the manure digestate exerted greater inhibition than the liquid dairy manure at the co-substrate fractions tested, 5-50% in terms of substrate volatile solids (VS). The models, however, showed that manure digestate had higher half-inhibition concentrations (88195% VS) than liquid dairy manure (43-104% VS). Biogas yield reaches the highest when co-digesting with 16.3% manure digestate or 12.0% liquid dairy manure, which are lower than the ranges experimentally compared in earlier studies. At the optimal co-substrate fractions, the maximum biogas yield is 0.66 L/g VS with manure digestate as co-substrate and 0.97 L/g VS with liquid dairy manure as co-substrate. Both liquid dairy manure and manure digestate are attractive co-substrates for anaerobic digestion of foodwaste. Semi-continuous co-digestion of 88% foodwaste and 12% liquid dairy manure at hydraulic retention time of only 14 d attained 81% of the simulated maximum biogas yield.


Cognitive radar is one of the main trend in radar's development. A method of building a LFM-waveform library is proposed on the basis of analyzing the feedback in cognitive tracking loop. By applying the interact multiple model(IMM) algorithm in tracking maneuvering target,waveforms in the library are called timely so as to reduce tracking errors. Waveforms library is built by different combinations of chirp parameters and FrFT rotating angles,the waveform selecting rule is derived through the principle of minimum model's uncertainty,and different selection strategies are obtained. Through analyzing the precision of tracking,the conclusion is drawn that the library of certain amount LFM-waveforms can improve the property of cognitive tracking radar.


The vertical-type metal-base organic transistors (MBOT) are high-performance transistors which have a simple layered structure of organic/metal/organic layers. In this study, we investigated various structures for the collector layer to enhance current modulation and reduce operation voltage. The device having collector layers composed of perylene derivatives/bathocuproine(BCP)/C60 and base electrode of LiF/Al showed very high current modulation of 165.1 mA/cm2 at 2 V of collector voltage and 1 V of base voltage. We found that the LiF layer and BCP layer contribute to current enhancement, and the C60 layer contributes to suppression of leakage current, respectively.


Invention relates to a method for transdermal delivery of a topically applied physiologically active agent comprising: providing a micro-projection apparatus comprising an array of microprojections (3) extending from a substrate; applying the array of micro-projections to an area of skin to form an array of microscopic holes therein; and contacting the area of skin with a transdermal composition comprising a physiologically active agent and at least one penetration enhancer wherein the formation of the microscopic holes and penetration enhancer facilitate transdermal delivery of the physiologically active agent.


Chloronicotinic acid was synthesized from nicotinic acid by oxidation by H2O2 and then chlorinationby POCl3 and PCl5 in a yield of 87.5%.


In the fifties and sixties decades of the twentieth century, several intellectuals began to reflect on what would be the most effective ways to integrate the Amazon to Brazil. At that time, the region was emerging of a long period of economic stagnation and became a space of capitalist reproduction during the military dictatorship with the establishment of the development project, Amazon Operation.  The present article intends to analyze and understand the main politicals ideas of Djalma Batista e Samuel Benchimol, who had an active voice in the debates about the paths to be traced by the region. We seek to systematize the reflexions of these authors about the function of State, national/regional integration and development as they are key ideas in their thought. The thought of these authors was generated by the necessity of the regional elites to put an end to the economic stagnation after the First World War; it was also a way to try to solve the regional issue, facing it as a social and political problem that would only be solved with the social and economic integration to Brazil.


This specification discloses various embodiments of the mixed metal oxide film manufacturing method of the mixed metal oxide. Mixed metal oxide film formed in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention includes the steps of drying and heating the intermediate to form a mixed metal oxide of spinning at least one intermediate layer of the nanoparticle suspension on the substrate.