SUMMARY Properties of the shear-coupled P wavetrain (SPL ) from regional earthquakes provide important information about the structure of the crust and upper mantle. We investigate broad-band seismic data from intermediate-depth earthquakes and develop a grid search technique using synthetic seismograms to study the sensitivity of SPL and to model the crustal structure of the northern Altiplano, central Andes. Waveforms from an earthquake that occurred on 1994 December 12 within the Nazca slab beneath the Altiplano display a clear SPL wavetrain at the temporary stations deployed during the BANJO and SEDA experiments. We relocate this event and determine the moment tensor by inverting the complete long-period waveforms. With these source parameters fixed, we perform sensitivity analyses using a reflectivity technique to compute synthetic seismograms at a distance of 313 km (BANJO station 2, SALI). We find that, at this distance, the long-period SPL wavetrain is sensitive to the following model parameters, in order of decreasing sensitivity: crustal V P /V S , mantle V P /V S , average crustal velocity, crustal thickness, focal depth, distance (location), crustal Q a and Q b , and mantle velocity. We develop a grid search method to investigate the four parameters of the crust/upper mantle model to which the synthetic seismograms are most sensitive at SALI (crustal V P /V S , mantle V P /V S , average crustal velocity, crustal thickness). Trade-oVs exist among all four of the model parameters, resulting in a range of acceptable crustal models that provide excellent fits between the data and synthetic seismograms in the passband of 15‐100 s at a single station. However, by using data at a range of distances (150‐450 km) we find that the model that provides the best overall fit between the data and synthetic seismograms, and thus best approximates the average characteristics of the crust and upper mantle structure of the northern Altiplano, is characterized by an average crustal velocity of 6.0 km s'1, a crustal Poisson's ratio (s crust ) of 0.25 and a mantle Poisson's ratio (s mantle ) of 0.27. The resulting models confirm previous estimates of low Poisson's ratios, low average crustal velocity and thick crust in the Altiplano.


We present novel terahertz metamaterials that feature frequency tunable resonant responses. Tunability is achieved by selective patterning of semiconductor regions within split-ring resonator structures. Simulations reveal non-linear frequency tuning as a function of conductivity.


Objective To analyze the diagnostic value and relationship of anti-citrullinated protein/peptide autoantibodies (ACPAs) —anti-perinuclear fator (APF)、 anti-keratin antibody (AKA), anti-profillagrin/fillagrin antibody (AFA), and second generation of anti-cylic citrulline peptide antibody (anti-CCP Ⅱ) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Three hundred and seventy-six serum samples, including 129 RA cases, 153 non-RA rheumatic disease cases, and 94 healthy subjects were enrolled. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was detected by latex agglutination test. APF and AKA were detected by indirect immunofluorescence test. AFA and anti-CCP (Ⅱ ) antibody were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. Results The sensitivities of RF, APF, AKA, AFA, and anti-CCP ( Ⅱ ) for RA were 46.5% , 58.1% , 40.3% , 62.0% , and 67.4% respectively, their specificities were 77.7% , 90.3% , 94.7% , 93.5%, and 94.7%respectively. The Kappa values between APF and AFA, APF and anti-CCP (Ⅱ) antibody, AFA and anti-CCP (Ⅱ) antibody were 0.596, 0.572, and 0.576 respectively. Conclusion Among ACPAs, anti-CCP (Ⅱ) antibody was the most sensitive and specific item for RA and had good con-sistency with APF and AFA.


This paper proposes an accurate information-theoretic security analysis of Scalar Costa Scheme (SCS) when the SCS is employed in the embedding layer of digital image watermarking. For this purpose, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients are extracted from the cover images. Then, the SCS is used to embed watermarking messages into mid-frequency DCT coefficients. To prevent unauthorized embedding and/or decoding, the SCS codebook is randomized using the pseudorandom dither signal which plays the role of the secret key. A passive attacker applies Known Message Attack (KMA) on the watermarked messages to practically estimate the secret key. The security level is measured using residual entropy (equivocation) of the secret key provided that the attacker"s observations are available. It can be seen that the practical security level of the SCS depends on the host statistics which has contradiction with previous theoretical result. Furthermore, the practical security analysis of the SCS leads to the different values of the residual entropy in comparison with previous theoretical equation. It will be shown that these differences are mainly due to existence of uniform regions in images that cannot be captured by previous theoretical analysis. Another source of such differences is ignoring the dependencies between the observations of non-uniform regions in previous theoretical analysis. To provide an accurate reformulation, the theoretical equation for the uniform regions and the empirical equation for the non-uniform regions are proposed. Then, by combining these equations a new equation is presented for the whole image which considers both host statistics and observations dependencies. Finally, accuracy of the proposed formulations is examined through exhaustive simulations.


For the electrical insulation of high voltage apparatus we developed a highly efficient electric field optimization technique using neural network (NN). Once the NN learns the relationship between inputs and outputs, the developed optimization algorithm easily allows to get a target solution. The procedure is as follows: (1)we provide learning patterns and calculate learning data, such as electric field strength, electrode curvature, gap length and coordinate. (2)The NN learns teaching data. (3)Inputting optimum value of electric field strength to NN allows to get an optimum electrode contour. During the optimization process, we proposed an algorithm to determine the optimum field value from the electric field distribution on learning contours. As a result, it took only 12 seconds to reach the optimum contour by personal computer. Consequently, the proposed method in this paper realized the highly efficient electric field optimization by NN.


* Penulis korespondensi: Hp.: 085707133710 Email: email@example.com Abstract: Currently, the number of smokers in Indonesia are still high. Cigarette smoke contains free radicals. This study was aimed to analyze the effects of red rosella extract on the prevention of the increaseing of malondialdehyde (MDA) serum of wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke. The total sample of 20 male rats were divided into four groups: negative control, positive control, treatment of red rosella calyx extract dose 270 mg/bw and red rosella calyx extract dose 540 mg/bw. Negative control only given with standard feed. Positive control given by standard feed + exposed to 2 cigarettes a day. Treatment group were feeded by standard + red rosella calyx extract in the morning and exposed to 2 cigarettes after that. This study was conducted for 28 days. At the end of the study, blood serum was analyzed to determine MDA. The results of the study of MDA serum test was analyzed with One Way ANOVA and followed by Tukey HSD test at 5% level. The giving of red rosella calyx extract dose 270 mg/bw and red rosella calyx extract dose 540 mg/bw can significantly prevent the increase of MDA serum in wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke.


This large book, printed simultaneously in Europe by Brill, has also been published in Japanese, to accompany Professor Hata's Japanese translation of Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. The project may be viewed as a fraternal twin of the recent one that resulted in Professor Hata's Japanese translation of Josephus, with its accompanying two volumes of essays also published in English by Wayne State University, Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity (1987) and Josephus, the Bible, and History (1988). For the work under review, thirty scholars were asked "either to assess Eusebius himself, his aims, and his relationship with his environment, to present contemporary scholarly opinion on key areas of the period covered in, or in some cases ignored by, the Ecclesiastical History, or to evaluate some aspect of the legacy of Eusebius and the attitudes that he represented." With such a broad charge, it is not surprising that eight of the essays refer to Eusebius only in passing or that two of them do not mention him at all.


A high proportion of women can be delivered vaginally if given the test of labor even though section had been used previously.


Fulop and Ramsay describe how organisations can drive changes in practice that can improve care.1 Their underlying assumption is that all such change is beneficial.

All humans are capable of self interest, which can lead to errors. Fulop and Ramsay's concept of challenge applies to dealing with …


To compare cyclosporine (CSA) combining eltrombopag (EPAG) with or without antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in aplastic anemia (AA) patients in the real world.


Countries of the Eurasian region in the former Soviet space have witnessed massive changes in the last twenty-five years. The Russian Federation along with the newly independent states of Central Asia and Caucasus started their journey towards democracy and market economy. Despite a complex legacy of the socialist planned system and dissolution of the Soviet Union, all these countries have moved along this economic and political transformation to varying degrees. The changes have also affected their social relations significantly. Many of the former communist leaders in Central Asia became nationalists. They tried to pursue economic stability while securing their own dominance in the new political system. Even the secondgeneration leaders have not changed the policy framework in any significant way. The political elite in the region has also tried to learn few lessons from the Chinese model of development. It means political concentration and stability is paramount for any meaningful economic reform. Disintegration of the USSR and Yugoslavia along with the war in Afghanistan also created many security challenges for the Eurasian region. The processes of disintegration as well as and attempts to reintegrate Eurasia have affected the region simultaneously. Newly independent nations of Eurasia have also attempted to find economic and strategic partners beyond Moscow. Despite their growing ties with other partners including with the US, China, Europe and India, Russian shadow on the region is still huge. The increasing Chinese profile; close strategic ties between Moscow and Beijing; and instability in Afghanistan have kept the Eurasian region continue to be extremely relevant in international politics. Authors in this issue have tried to describe and analyse political, economic, and social changes in the Eurasian region, particularly in Russia and Central Asia. As the region has a special significance for India, papers have also looked at India-Russia relations as well as changing nature of Soviet and post-Soviet studies in India. The Centre for Russian & Central Asian Studies at the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University is one of the largest Centres of Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies in the world. We are thankful to the scholars of the Centre for contributing papers. We are also grateful to Guest Editor, Prof Sanjay Kumar Pandey, who has ably collected and edited papers for the special issue. Since India has a long tradition of Soviet/Russian/Eurasian area studies, I hope the issue will be of interest to scholars working on similar issues worldwide.


The invention relates to the use of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane for increasing the miscibility of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene with a lubricating oil, and in particular with a polyalkylene glycol oil. In this regard, the invention provides heat-transfer compositions and also equipment and processes using these compositions.


Non-Abelian gauge fields are traditionally not coupled to torsion due to violation of gauge invariance. However, it is possible to couple torsion to Yang-Mills fields while maintaining gauge invariance provided one accepts that the gauge couplings then become scalar fields. In the past this has been untenable from experimental constraints at the current epoch for the electromagnetic field at least. Recent researches on the "landscape" arising out of string theory provides for many scalar fields which eventually determine the various low energy parameters including gauge couplings in the universe. With this scenario, we argue that the very early universe provides a Riemann-Cartan geometry with non-zero torsion coupling to gauge fields. The torsion is just the derivative of gauge coupling (scalar) fields. As a result, in the evolution of the Universe, when the scalar (moduli) fields determine the geometry of the universe to be Riemannian, torsion goes to zero, implying that the associated modulus (and hence the gauge coupling) has a constant value. An equivalent view is that the modulus fixes the gauge coupling at some constant value causing the torsion to vanish as a consequence. Of course, when torsion vanishes we recover Einstein's theory for further evolution of the universe.


Developmental Evaluation At the time of registration, the academic skill level of all entering firsttime students is evaluated using ACT and/or SAT scores combined with High School GPA, and if available, the NMSU Math Placement Exam score. For students without placement information, the NMSU Mathematics Placement Exam (MPE) or Accuplacer will be administered. Any new student may choose to take the MPE in an effort to place into a higher level math course than was indicated by the student's ACT/SAT score(s) and high school GPA. More information about placement can be found at http://nmsua.edu/students/. Placement scores are valid for one year.


Different phase transfer catalysts with different molecular weights,i.e,polyethylene glycols(PEG1000,PEG600,PEG400,PEG200) and benzo-15-crown-5 were used in synthesis of p-(2-methoxyethyl)phenyl glycidyl ether from p-(2-methoxy-ethyl)phenol and epichlorohydrin.The results showed that phase transfer catalysis can effectively increase the reaction yield,and the catalyst is PEG400.Under these conditions namely,reaction temperature,(90°C);reaction time,6 h;molar ratio of(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenol):(epichlorohydrin):(potassium carbonate)=1∶2∶2,solvent,water),the yield reaches 87%.


F emoral nerve injury is a rare complication of acetabular surgery. Few published reports exist in the current literature. Of 539 patients who underwent open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of the acetabulum within 3 weeks of injury, Letournel and Judet found only two cases of femoral nerve palsy, both of which resolved in less than 1 year. Likewise, the single case of femoral nerve palsy reported by Matta et al. of 105 patients with displaced acetabular column fractures resolved spontaneously. Herein we describe a case of femoral nerve palsy after ORIF of the acetabulum through an ilioinguinal exposure and discuss anatomical considerations, prevention, and legal implications of this complication. The patient signed informed consent for publication.


Pennsylvania State University's experience in developing and implementing Z39.50 into LIAS is explored in this article. The emphasis is on development and implementation issues from the client's point of view, including mapping commands into attributes, cases not covered by Z39.50, processing diagnostics, and connecting to multiple servers. The article wraps up by discussing Penn State's current and anticipated applications for Z39.50. PENN STATE'S LIBRARY COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT LIAS (Library Information Access System) has been developed in-house at Penn State since the mid-1970s. It has served as the cataloging facility for the Penn State Libraries since January 1981, and the LIAS online catalog has been available to the public since 1983. LIAS supports all activities associated with cataloging: preorder searching, record input and editing, importing records into LIAS from USMARC or OCLC, online shelflisting, and creation of spine and book labels. LIAS also supports a circulation-control system, the fund-accounting component of acquisitions processing, and management statistics programs. In 1992, LIAS began to offer access to journal article databases such as Uncover and ERIC. Uncover, which indexes more than 10,000 scholarly and popular journals, resides on a mainframe in Colorado; LIAS provides transparent telecommunications access to this service. ERIC, which is produced by the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to more than 750 journals and a vast education collection on microfiche. ERIC is locally mounted in LIAS and searchable with the same commands used in the LIAS online catalog. Currently, a fully automated acquisitions component is under development and is anticipated to be operational in late 1993. Penn State's LIAS runs on a DEC VAX 10,000 with one gigabyte main memory and seventy gigabytes of disk storage. At the present time it supports more than 600 PCs, Macintosh computers, and dumb terminals. LIAS serves the entire Penn State Libraries system, including the central campus at University Park, as well as more than twenty branch campuses throughout Pennsylvania. A typical week's activity is about one million transactions. Z39.50 IMPLEMENTATION HISTORY AT PENN STATE In 1989, Penn State and the University of California received grants from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) to support linking the library systems at these institutions via the Z39.50 protocol. Figure I outlines the history of this development effort. The initial effort at Penn State focused on building a server to handle incoming requests from the University of California and integrating a Z39.50 client into LIAS to search the UC database. At this time, Z39.50 was evolving from version 1 to version 2, which complicated the development environment. We were committed to supporting version 2, although it was not yet fully fleshed out. Eventually, the scope of Penn State's project was expanded to other information systems, including a number of abstracting and indexing databases as well as the library Utilities OCLC and RLG. At Penn State the analysis was a shared effort by our two senior development staff, along with a full-time analyst-programmer, who also wrote the client-server code. WHAT IS A Z39.50 CLIENT? Simply stated, the client (or "origin," in Z39.50 terminology) is the system that sends a search request to another system (the server) that contains the database being searched. Basically, the client translates a user's local command into the Z39.50 standard, encodes this information into a Z39.50 APDU (application protocol data unit) using the ASN.1 Basic Encoding Rules, and ships it to the server. The means of transmission that PSU uses is TCP/IP; however, this is not a requirement of the standard. The abbreviation "ASN.1" stands for "abstract syntax notation one" and lays out the basic ground rules on how to represent data. The server, in turn, decodes the ASN. …


Design verification has a large impact on the final testability of a system. The identification and removal of design errors from the initial design steps increases the testing quality of the entire design flow. We propose in this paper to exploit the potentialities of an emulator to accelerate a validation methodology for RTL designs. Alternative emulator configurations are compared in order to evaluate the performance speed-up of the presented methodology. The RTL design functionalities are compared with a System C executable specification model.


This paper presents an analysis of the market for baby food products in Ukraine; it shows the prospects of development and improvement of technologies for probiotic dairy products for baby foods, including "Biolact" milk drinks; is analyses the process flow sheet of "Biolact" drink production, and the ways of its improvement using the direct introduction of combined cultures from bacterial concentrates, acidophilus bacteria and milk adapted mixed cultures of bifidobacteria, bifidogenic factors, prebiotics, proteolytic enzymes, polyunsaturated fatty acid complexes, vitamins and minerals; it contains the advanced process flow diagram for the production of "Biolact" fermented milk drink for baby foods, partially adapted to breast milk, with extended shelf life, enhanced probiotic and hypoallergenic properties; this paper presents a description of the improved technology, the results of industrial testing; it describes the prospects for further research and manufacturing application of the advanced product technology.


In this paper, the stability problems of power systems with large power source are analyzed with viewpoint of energy balance. The phenomena are studied when the energy delivery are "blocked" by faults that occur on some key transmission lines of a large power source within a power system, on the transmission lines between the interconnected power systems, or on some key buses. The cases are based on a practical power system and its interconnected systems.


We report on a femtosecond optical parametric oscillator which is capable of generating on-demand arbitrary higher-order Poincaré (HOP) sphere beams tunable from 1376 to 1626 nm.


REMOTE SENSING FOR URBAN TREE CANOPY CHANGE DETECTION WITH LANDSAT SATELLITE DATA IN NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA – NIGERIA. Urban tree canopy within a university boundary is a measure of the university's tree cover as a percentage of its total land area. The overall objective of the present study is to conduct a spatio-temporal change analysis of urban tree canopy in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka-Nigeria. Landsat data of years 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2019 were analysed using Maximum Likelihood Classifier and Confusion Matrix Spatial Analyst in ArcGIS 10.7.1 software. In terms of tree cover loss, there is a steady rate of decrease from -31.59 ha between 1991 and 2001; -82.32 ha (2001/2011) and -64.53 ha (2011/2019). Whereas, at an initial land area of 9.40 ha in 1991, physical infrastructural development is progressively increased with 16.92 ha between 1991 and 2001; 43.79 ha 2001/2011 and 12.37 ha between 2011 and 2019. The dominant drivers of tree cover change in the study area related to the expansion of physical infrastructures and sprawling agriculture as a result of encroachers into the study area. In conclusion, tropical forests within university campuses face many threats, such as those posed by unregulated physical infrastructural development and a lack of investment and management of forest relics. As a recommendation, Nigerian universities should invest and conserve their existing forested landscapes towards promoting land resources in line with Sustainable Development Goals number 15 (SDG-15) strategies.


Conventional methods ofcontrolling aninduction motor utilize regulation ofstator current andmotorslip frequency inorder to maintain systemstability. Thiscontrol strategy requires ashaft speed feedback andfast-response current regulation. Analternative methodof controlling aninduction motorispresented whichachieves theneces- sarysystemstabilization bycontrolling onlythemotorfrequency. The control inherently regulates themotortorque angle byproperly adjust- ingthephaseoftheconverter firing signals. By synchronizing the inverter firing pulses tothemotorbackelectromotive force (EMF)pos- sible adverse inverter operating modesareavoided. Theconcept of synchronous control eliminates thepreprogrammed functional relations previously required andallows thecontrol toadapttoanydesired motorfluxlevel. Anydesired outerregulating loopcanbeincorporated toformafast-response wide-range acdrive system.


Coral reefs around the world have experienced a dramatic decline during the past 25 years. Overfishing is believed to play a major role. There is significant interest in stabilizing and restoring damaged reefs, and first steps include understanding the functioning of reefs in their natural state and examining the effects of fishing. The isolated Kingman and Palmyra reefs are believed to provide a baseline for the natural state of coral reefs. At Kingman, it was recently discovered that apex predators constitute 85% of the total fish biomass. This is in sharp contrast to most reefs, where the prey biomass substantially dominates the total fish biomass. The recent study at the two pristine reefs also indicates that the predator:prey fish biomass ratio is an increasing function of reef cover. Based on these field observations, we model the fish biomass structure at a pristine coral reef. Since the prey hide from predators in the coral, a key component of our model is a refuge. Our model yields both the inverted biomass pyramid and the increasing dependence of the predator:prey biomass ratio on reef cover. Thus, refuge may provide a general new mechanism in ecology to create an inverted biomass pyramid, that does not require mass action interactions between predators and prey. We add various forms of fishing to our model, and show that sufficiently high fishing pressure with quite general types of fishing transforms the inverted biomass pyramid to be bottom heavy. We also show that prey fishing alone has the same effect.


Ethiopia has gone through the implementation of dif ferent educational philosophies, which range from idealism to modernism by answering the above q u stions differently at different times. The area of engagement has also been diverse. At the be ginning, learners were prepared for church and mosque services. Learners used to focus on acqu iring readymade ideas and beliefs of the church and mosque curricula. In other words, they w re not active learners. Then, there were shifts of ideologies from idealism to existentialis m, modernism and progressivism, and side by side the nature of students' engagement also change s in line with the enacted educational philosophies.


Acknowledgments My greatest and eternal thanks go to my academic advisor Jim Haglund who showed consistent encouragement and boundless support. His mathematical instinct was truly inspiring and this work was only possible with his guidance. My gratitude is everlasting. I am grateful to Jerry Kazdan and Jason Bandlow for kindly agreeing to serve on my disserta-tion committee, and Jennifer Morse, Sami Assaf and Antonella Grassi for graciously agreeing to write recommendation letters for me. I would also like to thank the faculty of the mathematics department for providing such a stimulating environment to study. I owe many thanks to the department secretaries, Janet, Monica, Paula and Robin. I was only able to finish the program with their professional help and cordial caring. I would like to thank my precious friends Elena and Enka for being on my side and encouraging me whenever I had hard times. I owe thanks to Daeun for being a friend whom I can share my emotions with, Tong for being a person whom I can share my little worries with, Tomoko, Sarah and John for being such comfortable friends whom I shared cups of tea with, and Min, Sieun and all other my college classmates for showing such cheers for me. My thanks also go to my adorable friends Soong and Jinhee for keeping unswerving friendship with me. My most sincere thanks go to my family, Gum Yoo, for their unconditional support and constant encouragement. I could not have made all the way through without their love and faith in me. ii ABSTRACT COMBINATORIAL FORMULAS CONNECTED TO DIAGONAL HARMONICS AND We study bigraded S n-modules introduced by Garsia and Haiman as an approach to prove the Macdonald positivity conjecture. We construct a combinatorial formula for the Hilbert series of Garsia-Haiman modules as a sum over standard Young tableaux, and provide a bijection between a group of fillings and the corresponding standard Young tableau in the hook shape case. This result extends the known property of Hall-Littlewood polynomials by Garsia and Procesi to Macdonald polynomials. We also study the integral form of Macdonald polynomials and construct a combinatorial formula for the coefficients in the Schur expansion in the one-row case and the hook shape case.


To systematically review the scientific literature addressing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and urodynamic findings in adults and children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Prognostic factors were also investigated.


Considerable gaps still exist in understanding the complex dynamics that effect the stimulation of adaptive capacity at different scales, the role of different governance regimes in building adaptive capacity, and the favourable conditions for mobilising reactive and proactive capacity. This thesis aims to contribute to the conceptualisation and operationalisation of adaptive capacity, as well as proffering new case studies to the empirical body of evidence on adaptation and adaptive capacity (Aconcagua Basin in Chile, Rhone Basin in Switzerland). It attempts to bridge the conceptual gap by contributing a more nuanced conceptualisation and operationalisation of adaptive capacity, through better understanding how the governance context and mechanisms within those frameworks contribute to an enabling environment for adaptive capacity. It also seeks to better understand the challenges in generating adaptive capacity across temporal and spatial scales and in so doing, generate a framing of adaptive capacity that better serves policy and decision makers.


he COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on changing people's behavior. The pandemic has become one of the accelerators for the acceleration of human civilization to internalize technology in various dynamics of human life. One of the sectors affected by this pandemic is the financial services sector, which includes the banking sector, capital markets, and the non-bank financial industry. This dynamic needs to be responded by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as the regulator, supervisor, and enforcer and consumer protection service in the financial services sector in accordance with Law Number 21 of 2011 concerning the Financial Services Authority. The role of OJK representatives in the regions became significant as an extension of the head office. The role of digital leaders is needed in achieving task force performance through digital transformation. The phenomenological approach is an option in this research as a medium to explore research problems. Researchers use Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as a data analysis technique in tracing the meaning of the phenomenon that occurs. Based on the results of research conducted by the OJK of Southeast Sulawesi Province, seven qualities of the digital leader model in the success of digital transformation consisted of digital literacy, vision, stakeholder concern, agility, risk taking, collaboration, and compliance with regulations/policies.


We state two new second order sufficient conditions for local strict optimality in semi-infinite programming, which do not require a strict complementarity condition for the local reduction of the feasible set. This set will be described (locally) by means of a finite number of local optimal value functions, Due to the lack of strict complementarity, the latter functions are only of differentiability class C 1We show how the unique solution of a parametric nonlinear programming problem with inequalities is glued together from C 1piece of unique solutions of problems with only equally constraints. As a consequence, the local optimal value functions will be piecewise of class C 2, which gives information of second order.


Racial integration of the public schools in large northern cities is one of the most dramatic kinds of social change in America today. No other issue has disturbed New York City in the way or to the degree that the school integration controversy has during the past few years. In fact, New Yorkers are discovering nerves they never knew they had and muscles they have seldom tried. Integration is a city-wide issue, unlike slum clearance, for example, since the school populations in all neighborhoods are involved, whereas urban renewal affects relatively smaller areas and less powerful groups of citizens. Also, northerners have no clearly developed, realistic ideas of what an integrated society implies for their daily lives-at school, at home, and at work-for so far they have been only spectators or members of the cheering sections while events have been occurring in the remote South. The issue of school integration now is forcing many people to make individual, group, and community decisions that they have not anticipated. The reason for the furor surrounding school integration is the policy dispute over the use of the public school as an agent of social change. The fact that the public school plays a significant part in integrating and molding American society should be no surprise. One of the school's historic functions, almost from the beginning, has been to assimilate the waves of immigrants coming to America, particularly to New York City. What is surprising is that our own


ABSTRACT Acceptance sampling plan has become an essential tool in the statistical quality control. Traditionally, most acceptance sampling plans have been developed for non-repairable items. Recently in Cha [Variables acceptance reliability sampling plan for repairable items. Statistics. 2015;49:1141–1156], variables acceptance reliability sampling plan for repairable items has been developed assuming that the failure process follows the non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP). In this paper, we assume that the failure process follows a new counting process which is a generalized version of the NHPP. Furthermore, it is shown that the developed sampling plan improves the reliability characteristic of the population of items which have passed the testing procedure. An illustrative example is also provided.


We describe the clinical features of a rare congenital ectodermal dysplasia - Keratitis Icthyosis Deafness (KID) syndrome in a 45-year-old female patient, who presented with corneal neovascularization and advanced cataract in both eyes. Sequential bilateral extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) in the bag was performed for visual rehabilitation. A review of published literature for this rare disease is also presented.


The South China Sea dispute not only involves the sovereignty and security interests of the countries concerned, but also the stability and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region. As the South China Sea dispute has evolved, the United States, with its continuous engagement, has played a vital role in contributing to the complexity and internationalization of the dispute. This book summarizes American strategies in the South China Sea, and comprehensively examines the role of the United States in this maritime dispute from both historical and realistic perspectives. It argues that the U.S. policy towards the South China Sea dispute is highly skillful and targeted. The degree of the U.S. involvement in the disputes mainly depends on three factors, namely its Asia-Pacific strategy and interest demand, its strategy towards China, and the speed of China's rise and how the United States perceives it.
This book will be of great interest to those who study or focus on international relations, China-U.S. relations, maritime affairs, U.S. foreign policy, and East Asian security studies. University libraries, public libraries, think tanks, institutes for marine affairs, and engaged private individuals who are interested in international relations, China-U.S. relations, maritime disputes, South China Sea issues, etc., will also be interested in this book.


A description is given of a mechanised and automated coordinate index system which by the substitution of punched tape for term cards and the use of film offers a wide range of new applications. As in the Uniterm System, each document receives a number. Each position in the punched tape or film is numbered successively from a selected starting point and these numbers represent the numbers given to the documents. Each punched tape represents one term and a perforation in this tape reveals that the document, the number of which corresponds to that of the perforation, has this term as one of its characteristics. A film contains at each perforation a greatly reduced image of a reference to the document the number of which corresponds to that of the perforation. Thus, if a punched tape and the film are read synchronously, each reference image with a number corresponding to a perforation in the tape will be automatically reproduced. In this way, then, references to all documents for which a particular term is a characteristic can be obtained. On the other hand, by reading several tapes synchronously it is possible to record fully automatically the numbers belonging to those documents which possess all the terms represented by the tapes.


Image retrieval has commonly been attempted using non-semantic approaches. It is clear though, that semantic retrieval is more desirable because it facilitates the user's task. We present a new approach to semantic access of a database of images by asking for the presence of certain objects; this is known as object-related image retrieval. This approach is built within a classical computer vision framework (i.e. localization, segmentation and identification). This platform is used to automatically index images of a given database by object names, which finally allows the use of semantics (driven by these object names) to extract images from the database (e.g. "all those images that have a bull and Melissa's face"). The use of a totally automatic system would cause some errors of indexing (and so retrieval). To solve this we use a human-in-the-loop strategy where a human expert is placed after the two outputs of the system to confirm their "correctness". An experimental result using a database of 1,300 images is presented.


Loess and laterite distributed widely in the northern and southern China cannot be directly used as the natural barrier to isolate the solid waste because of their high hydraulic conductivity. In this paper, they are enhanced by bentonite to improve their performance. The effects of bentonite percentage on compressive strength and permeability of the compacted soil and the effects of moisture and density of the compacted soil on its permeability were studied. For the loess, the compressive strength reaches the peak when the bentonite is between 6% and 7%. It is helpful to improve the hydraulic performance of the original and enhanced loess if the water percentage of the compacted soil is by 2% higher than that with the optimum compressive strength. For the laterite, 8% of bentonite can significantly improve its compressive strength and hydraulic performance. The permeability coefficient of the enhanced laterite is only one-thirtieth of that of the original laterite. It is helpful to improve the hydraulic performance and compressive strength of the original and enhanced laterite if the water percentage of the compacted soil is about 24%. The results in this paper will be good to develop the bentonite-enhanced soils as landfill materials.


Germination and pot experiment were conducted to study the influence of irrigation water salinity on yield and chemical composition of wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) plant grown in sandy and calcareous soil. Water salinity levels were, 0.43 (control), 4.85, 6.60 and 8.86 dS m -1 , S1, S2, S3 and S4, respectively. Results concluded that, the lower germination percentage and rate in calcareous soil at any salinity level compared to sandy soil and also, decreased the mean daily germination in both soils. Soil salinity increased as a result of increasing salinity levels of irrigation water. Easily available water was negatively correlated with increasing water salinity from S1 to S4, especially in case of calcareous soil. Same trend was observed in case of soluble cations and anions; especially Na + which increased by 121, 285, 610 % and 94, 267, 531 % for S2, S3 and S4 relative to the control, for sandy and calcareous soils, respectively. Increasing water salinity in sandy soil up to 4.85 dS m -1 reduces the grain yield by 23 %, while 16 % reduction is found in calcareous soil. The yield reduction increases by increasing salinity of irrigation water and reaches its maximum at 8.86 dSm -1 salinity level. Grain yield, was highly significant negative correlated with hardly available water, water salinity and soil EC, while the relations were highly positive with easily available water.


As states turn to AI to gain an edge in cyber competition, it will change the cat-and-mouse game between cyber attackers and defenders. Embracing machine learning systems for cyber defense could drive more aggressive and destabilizing engagements between states. Wyatt Hoffman writes that cyber competition already has the ingredients needed for escalation to real-world violence, even if these ingredients have yet to come together in the right conditions.


In order to assess the effects of mechanical handling on peaches, the impacts measured in Italian packing lines using an instrumented sphere were emulated in the laboratory by means of a simple drop-test device. Samples of Big Top, Caldesi 2000, Centry, and Rich Lady peaches were subjected to impacts representative of the conditions observed at the critical points in packing lines: the drop onto the conveyor belt from the dry bin dumper, the entrance into the counter-basket filler, and at the beginning of the filling of the mini-bin. A test was also carried out to assess the effects on the damages of repeated drops onto the same point of the surface of the fruits. At the highest impact level (180 g, 2.20 m/s), at the beginning of the filling of the mini-bin, damaged fruit did not exceed 18% and the average dimension of the flesh damages did not exceed 10 mm in diameter (Big Top) and 6 mm (Centry) in depth. In general, repeated drops did not seem to cause substantial additional damage. However, they did cause an increase in percentage of damaged fruits for Centry and for the dimension of the alterations for Rich Lady. Considering the severity of the test, the low number of fruits subjected to high impacts by the mini-bin filler and the kind of the damages, the packing lines studied in the present research should not produce an appreciable commercial damage to the ready-to-eat fresh peaches.


The growing popularity of Cloud Computing has led to an increasing number of applications using MapReduce in cloud data centers. MapReduce workloads are mostly interactive workloads or batch processing workloads that consume an enormous amount of energy when hosted on multiple clusters. Currently, the scheduling of workloads is done with the sole goal of the faster execution time of jobs. However, in doing so, there is wastage of energy as the same jobs could be completed within the stipulated Service Level Agreement (SLA) using fewer resources when hosted on small clusters. Therefore, in order to minimize the energy consumption of MapReduce clusters, workloads could be deployed on a minimum number of clusters depending on the type and size with the goal of minimizing energy consumption and not faster response time. In this work, the three schedulers i.e FIFO, Fair and Capacity schedulers are compared with respect to energy efficiency on small-scale and large-scale workloads. Experiments performed on a small cluster using these workloads show significant energy savings with respect to Capacity scheduler compared to other schedulers.


In May 1984 unemployment was, officially, 3.1 million. Critics of the count put the true figure at between 1.7 million and 4.4 million, depending on their point of view. In Section 1 I examine what the statistics do and do not measure and highlight recent changes in coverage and counting. Estimates of the long-run rate of unemployment are given in Section 2. These estimates imply that injudicious macroeconomic policy accounts for a large fraction of current unemployment. In Section 3 Britain's unemployment is put into an OECD context. It is shown that our comparatively high level of unemployment is not due to problems with the labour supply or lack of adaptability on the part of the workforce. Finally, Section 4 addresses the question 'where are the new jobs coming from?' There is general agreement that manufacturing will not be a source of net new jobs, but private services are unlikely to generate jobs on the scale required to make a dent in unemployment.


Abstract Using approximately 25 years of rehabilitated global solar radiation measurements, an analysis of the asymmetry of global solar radiation around solar noon was performed for three climatic regions of the United states represented by Miami, Florida; Fort Worth, Texas; and Washington, DC. An asymmetric distribution of the global solar radiation during the summer months was found at all three regions. The most pronounced asymmetry occurred at Miami during July and August: radiation in excess of 12% was received in the morning as compared to the afternoon. At the other station the morning totals exceed the afternoon totals by 3%–4%. At Fort Worth. a reversal in the asymmetry was observed during the spring: the afternoon hours received 3% more radiation than the morning hours. Similar analyses were performed using hourly observations of clouds and resulted in consistent findings.


Among the major arthropods In soil and plant samples taken from groundnut farms dunng the 1996 croppmg season m Mall, Burkma-Paso, NIger, and Nigena, termites in the genus Microtermes (Isoptera: TermltIdae) were the most abundant and wIdely dlstnbuted species of economic importance. None of the termIte specIes Identified on trees in the surveyed farms attacked groundnuts. At plant matunty, termItes were less frequently observed in soils taken from bare ground but were predommantly found on plants. Residues of prevlOus cereal crops m the helds contributed to termIte spread. Most of the whitegrub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and mIllIpede (Mynapoda: Odontopygidae) specIes Identihed belonged to the genera of Schyzonycha and Pendontopyge respectIvely. There was a general decrease m both theIr population densIties and the percentages of farms they infested at plant matunty compared to the early stages of the crop. Mean percentages of plants attacked by termites, whitegrubs and millipedes in the surveyed groundnut fIelds were 39.4, 10.9, and 9.3% respectIvely. YIeld loss due to termItes, whIch predommantly damaged harvested kernels, was estImated at 9.6-30.4%, and was signifIcantly correlated wIth percentage of plants damaged by termItes (r2 = 0 73).


Universal precaution is a precautionary guidance on infection prevention that is expected to reduce the risk of transmission infection from patient to health worker regardless of the status infection. The purpose of this research is analyze the correlation between intention with compliance universal precaution application to nurses. This research is an observational study with cross-sectional design. Respondents in this study were nurses from 9 rooms who served in inpatient installations with total of 47 people. The sampling technique using simple random sampling. The data was collected by using questionnaires and observation. Analysis data used analysis of chi-square and Cramer's V correlation. Universal precaution observed was hand washing, use of Personal Protective Equipment, management of sharp objects, and management of medical waste. The results showed that the majority of nurses (74.5%) were well behaved in compliance of universal precaution application. Statistical analysis show that there is a relationship between intention and compliance to the application of universal precaution (0.001) and strong correlationin in medium category (0.526). The conclusion was that the better of intention, the better the nurse compliance level in the application of universal precaution.Keywords: compliance, intention, universal precaution


A novel microstrip dual-bandpass structure was presented in this paper,the stub-loaded defected ground structure resonator were etched on the floor,the excitation was feeded by the feedline in the above of the floor.The result of simulation show that the filter has a compact size,easy to bring the transmission zero to improve the performance of the stopband and the passband frequencies can be flexibly controlled.


The ability to speak a Second Language besides one's mother tongue embodies a significant challenge for students of a BA in English Language. This is because most of the times this skill does not get the right amount of attention, as it should (Bashir, Azeem & Dogar, 2011). Based on the researcher's experience, students had a noteworthy lack of oral participation when a teacher posed a question. Only a few of them responded and spoke to the whole class while the rest remained silent. Even though in some occasions the answer was incorrect. Consequently, silence predominates most of the lesson. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the speaking strategies that students from the Intermediate English level in the term August 2016-January 2017 apply to develop and achieve oral proficiency and communication in the target language. It also seeks to discover which of those strategies they use the most and how they apply them within classroom activities. In order to carry out this research, it was taken a qualitative approach, case study. The main tools for obtaining information were classroom observations, questionnaires and interviews.


The article considers interaction of subjects possessing either feminine or masculine characteristics, with the socio-political system. Particular features of this interaction, in the author's opinion, arise from the process of their identification by the system: either as features implementing traditional gender role, or as features losing this role; in the latter case the system stops to "recognize" them, because their conduct becomes deviant.


Numerical tests indicate that Hortonian runoff mechanisms benefit from scaling effects that non‐Hortonian runoff mechanisms do not share. This potentially makes Hortonian watersheds more amenable to physically based modelling provided that the physically based model employed properly accounts for rainfall distribution and initial soil moisture conditions, to which these types of model are highly sensitive. The distributed Hortonian runoff model CASC2D has been developed and tested for the US Army over the past decade. The purpose of the model is to provide the Army with superior predictions of runoff and stream‐flow compared with the standard lumped parameter model HEC‐1. The model is also to be used to help minimize negative effects on the landscape caused by US armed forces training activities. Development of the CASC2D model is complete and the model has been tested and applied at several locations. These applications indicate that the model can realistically reproduce hydrographs when properly applied. These applications also indicate that there may be many situations where the model is inadequate. Because of this, the Army is pursuing development of a new model, GSSHA, that will provide improved numerical stability and incorporate additional stream‐flow‐producing mechanisms and improved hydraulics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper, the corrosion performance of galvanized steel was investigated in a simulated marine environment, under UV irradiation coupling with an alternating wet and dry cycle in a NaCl solution. The surface morphology, composition, and corrosion performance of galvanized steel before and after different alternating wet and dry corrosion under UV irradiation were investigated. The results show that the corrosion current density gradually increases and the corrosion resistance decreases as a function of the alternating wet and dry corrosion cycles. Meanwhile, UV irradiation accelerates the increase in the corrosion current density and the decrease in the corrosion resistance. In addition, the corrosion product ZnO shows a semiconductor property, and the photo-induced electrons and holes produced under UV can participate in the corrosion reaction and promote the formation of loose corrosion products Zn(OH)2, Zn5(OH)8Cl2, and Al2Cl3(OH)5·4H2O, thus accelerating the corrosion of galvanized steel in the atmosphere environment.


The subject of the invention is the use of a biodegradable lactide oligomer, obtained by a process comprising at least one step of polymerization of the lactide via ring opening in the presence of a functional agent chosen from fatty acids and fatty alcohols, as a plasticizer for formulations based on biodegradable polymers and/or vegetable flours.


Resorting to several methods such as literature collection and Depending on the study of course, the paper analyzes the meaning, scope, essence and trend of PE course research, and discusses the author's standpoints about the meaning, scope, essence and trend of PE course research. Its aim is to provide sports researchers with the theoretic basis of PE course.


Objective: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and safety of Crominex ® -3+ (a complex of trivalent chromium, Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) extract and purified Shilajit) in moderately arthritic horses. Background: Currently, millions of horses suffer from osteoarthritis (OA) around the world. OA inflicts horses because of excessive running, intense exercise, injury and infection, immune disorder, aging, genetic predisposition, and poor nutrition. Due to multiple etiologies and complex pathophysiological pathways, management of OA in horses is a challenging task for today's veterinarians. Presently, among various options, the use of nutraceuticals appears to be a preferred choice because of their efficacy and safety. Methods: Eleven client-owned arthritic horses in a randomized double-blinded study received placebo or 1000 mg of Crominex ® -3+ (containing 20 mg of chromium, 300 mg of amla extract, and 300 mg of purified Shilajit) daily in two divided doses for a period of five months. On a monthly basis, each horse was evaluated for arthritis associated pain (overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation, and pain after physical exertion) and given a full physical examination. At the same time intervals, serum samples were examined for biomarkers of liver (total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and aspartate aminotransferase), kidney (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), and heart and skeletal muscle (creatine kinase) functions; and blood samples were examined for complete blood count (CBC). Results: Findings of this investigation revealed that horses receiving Crominex ® -3+ exhibited a significant (P 0.05) in the horses receiving placebo. No significant change occurred in physical parameters, serum biomarkers or CBC in horses on placebo or Crominex ® -3+, which suggested that Crominex ® -3+ was well tolerated by arthritic horses. Conclusion: Crominex ® -3+ significantly (P< 0.05) ameliorated arthritic pain and improved quality of life without causing any untoward effects in the arthritic horses. Crominex ® -3+ was well tolerated by arthritic horses and safe for long-term use.


Set up a new typhoon intensity forecast model using neural network and the genetic algorithm based on the data of the typhoon intensity in June,July,August and September from 1980 to 2008 respectively.Kernel Principal Component Analysis(KPCA) is applied for feature extraction from the removed forecasting factors selected by stepwise regression method.Then two kernel principal components which contain the most forecasting information are chosen,with the selected factors,as the input data of the forecast model.Predictive performances of the new model and traditional stepwise regression prediction equation are discussed based on the independent samples.Results show that the new model is superior to the traditional method.


This essay investigates the critical method of Luigi Blasucci. Following an analysis of the four books Blasucci wrote about Leopardi, the essay focuses on I tempi dei Canti, particularly dwelling on the writings dedicated to a general analysis of the poetry of Giacomo Leopardi: the metrical readings of the early Canzoni and of the canzoni libere as well as the essay which gave the volume its title, in which the critic presents, in the clearest form, his own comprehensive vision of the poetic career of Giacomo Leopardi.


the military/industrial/academic establishments. (For a more penetrating analysis, this reviewer recommends the chapter on "Protest" in Alain Touraine's The Academic System in American Society.) Chapter 2 reviews more than 80 books and articles from the immense volume of research and writings on student unrest spanning the 19631974 period; 83% of the items were published between 1968 and 1971. Several approaches to the study of protest are discussed: the characteristics of the activist students; long-range causes and immediate issues of the protests; processes of provocation, response, and communication during the unrest; and the driving forces underlying these manifestations. This ambitious essay concludes with the expectation that, since it is still too early to ' 'put it all together," historians of the future will have to place those controversial times into proper perspective.


Virtual reality is often interpreted as an experience where the user is immersed in a responsive virtual world. Gaming in a virtual world often utilizes peripherals in order to enhance user immersion. This paper provides the design and implementation of a VR gun controller with haptic feedback for the HTC Vive. Compared to current gun controllers with recoil systems that cost between $260 to $2400, the proposed design costs $150 while providing an immersive experience to the users.


Q come in many shapes that are questionable indeed. They can be "properly" signalled by quotation marks, or come "incognito"; they can be set off from their surrounding text by layout or syntactical breaks, or be unobtrusively integrated; they may or may not be accompanied by an indication of their source; they may stretch over whole text passages or consist of just one prominent word; they may represent "the text and nothing but the text", or be conflated and modified; they can "come single spies", or "in battalions";1 they can be lexical or thematic; they can be literal or metonymical – and all these "forms, modes and shapes"2 are no "either or" characteristics but exist in a multi-dimensional continuum with many degrees of "more or less".


The present study was undertaken to produce agro residues briquettes from cotton stalk, soybean stalk and pigeon pea stalk and to investigate their physical properties. The briquettes of 100% individual agro residues and various combinations of the agro residues were produced using a high pressure (100 MPa) piston press model briquetting machine. The physical properties viz., bulk density, impact resistance and compressive resistance of the briquettes were tested. The physical properties of the briquettes varied with residue type and percentage of the residues used. The results shown that briquettes made of 100 % cotton stalk and combination of cotton + soybean (75%+25%) gave better performance because of their higher densities (1.53 and 1.54 g/cm) and more impact resistance (99.56%) and higher compressive strength. Since the aim of briquetting is to produce briquette that will serve as a good source of fuel and support combustion, the best briquettes was produced with 100% cotton stalk and combination of cotton stalk + soybean stalk (75%+25%).set of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE). KeywordsBriquettes, Agro residues, Physical properties


Jefferson states that in certain dire circumstances—e.g., when a person's life is at stake or when a belligerent nation threatens the existence of another—the legal pacts between those persons or nations, and even the laws of morality, are left in abeyancy. Survival of the threatened person or nation is the only thing that matters, and any actions that conduce to survival are justifiable. Self-preservation in such cases trumps all considerations—even moral considerations. The right to existence then, seems to be the first axiom of morality, lex suprema, for Jefferson in such scenarios. Virtuous living is ancillary. Jefferson seems to be advocating a sort of moral or egoistic "survivalism." For ancient eudemonists like Aristotle and the Stoics, happiness is the end of living, and a life without the prospect of happiness, of which virtue is the key or sole ingredient, is not worth living. All the goods or conveniences of life, without virtue, cannot make a person anything but miserable. In sum, virtuous living, not living, is the human telos (the Stoics), or the chief part of it (Aristotle). And so, survival without the prospect of virtue is valueless. Is Jefferson a eudemonist or a moral survivalist? Are the two positions reconcilable? In this essay, I argue that the difficult passages, mostly of a political sort, do not lead to moral survivalism, but are instead consistent with the unique eudemonism Jefferson embraced.


just above the yacht model surface. The observed tracks, colored by velocity, are painted by the wind and simulate a classic wind tunnel experiment. Converging lines show separating or re-attachment regions. Over last few decades, the development of techniques in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) together with the increasing performance of hardware and software have helped engineers understand the role of geometrical and mechanical factors on external aerodynamics in ways that were nearly intractable in the past. In recent years, several leading America's Cup sailing teams have become top-shelf users of flow simulation software by pushing the envelope of existing meshing and solver technology. Just a decade ago, experiments on physical models — using wind tunnels and towing tanks — were the main tools for the top teams in their external aerodynamic and hydrodynamic investigations. The option of simulating a number of boat designs in a virtual environment has been shown to have several advantages, including full control of all the parameters involved, repeatability of the measurements, and the ability to simulate non-standard sailing condition scenarios. In the 2003 America's Cup, in New Zealand, only a few racing syndicates had adopted fluid flow simulation as an effective design tool, though by the 2007 Cup, in Spain, almost all of the 12 competing teams had recognized the value of investing resources in both experimental tests and computational research. Nevertheless, for several technological reasons, there is still a reliability gap between experimental-and simulation-based results. One of these is the extremely complex flow around a racing yacht, particularly in downwind conditions. To design the sail plan for an International America's Cup Class yacht, a model-scale boat is commonly tested in a wind tunnel. To perform the same test in a virtual environment, all of the turbulent scales of the wind need to Increasing computational capabilities of the last 15 years, expressed in Gflops (billions of floating point operations per second) and published by the official worldwide ranking top500.org The increasing trend of the number of cells adopted in downwind CFD simulations. Very similar behavior is shown compared to increasing computational capabilities, with the exception of the groundbreaking billion-cell computation. be simulated — from the largest, which draw energy from the mean flow, to the smallest, which are associated with the viscous dissipation that extracts energy as heat. It is possible to estimate the overall number of cells required to simulate all of the turbulent …


This paper describes a new zero voltage switching (ZVS) bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) module. Compared to existing bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) modules for the same application, the new BDC module has the advantage of high efficiency, high power density and isolation. These advantages make the new BDC promising for medium and high power fuel cell, solar cell and battery applications where high power density, high efficiency, high reliability and lightweight power converters are needed. A real world implementation of 384 V to 48 V and 48 V to 384 V BDC is described, implemented and simulated using existing old components and proposed new power components for power level up to 1.65 kW. A new BDC provides a +13.5% increase in efficiency at 10% load, a +3.4% increase at 50% load and a +1.5% increase at 100% load in both forward and backward mode and more than double power density.


Studied herein is an experimental study on the collision between two steel girders using laminated fiber reinforced rubbers. The steel girder has 1000mm long, 200mm wide and 200mm high and the collision velocity ranges from 0.25m/sec to 2.00m/sec on 5 stages. In this experiment, a rubber or a few kinds of laminated fiber reinforced rubbers (LFRR) are equipped as a shock absorber and the energy absorption and the impact force during the collision are investigated. The following results are obtained from this study. The usual rubber and the LFRR are similar in the energy absorption during the collision however, the LFRR reduces the impact force better than the usual rubber when the laminated fibers break.


This paper focuses on an important task in online courses, which is to estimate student learning ability from students' answering records. The challenge of this task is to automatically estimate the learning ability for students and infer the true answer for each question without any supervision. Most of the existing methods solve these challenges by designing an optimization objective function. However, these approaches ignore the characteristics of students from different groups. Intuitively, outstanding students always provide correct answers and should be assigned higher weights compared with ordinary students. Based on this intuition, this paper proposes a new optimization framework by dividing students into two groups: an authoritative group and an ordinary group. The losses of the objective are from both authoritative students and ordinary students. Through optimizing both losses simultaneously, the proposed model can automatically estimate learning ability for authoritative students and ordinary students and infer the right answer for each question. Two experiments conducted on two datasets show that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art baselines.


This volume deals with the economic effects of immigration on the Danish public sector, in terms of both public income (through taxes) and public expenses (through transfers and the use of services).


This paper presents the design and measurement results of a mm-wave voltage controlled oscillator in 130nm SiGe BiCMOS technology for application in D-Band transmitters. The VCO is designed using two oscillators operating at fo=60 GHz and arranged in a push-push configuration, to provide a D-Band output. The wide tuning range is achieved by employing a hyper-abrupt junction varactor. The VCO delivers a peak output power of 1.44dBm at 127GHz to a 50Ω load with a tuning range of 18.2% centered at 121GHz. The chip consumes 42mW of DC power from a 1.5V supply and hence achieves a peak DC-to-RF efficiency of 3.3%.


The results are presented of two computations of current evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge produced by two models of differing complexity. The simpler soil water storage model SOWAS was found to be very appropriate for determining the water balance for large areas since it uses few parameters and yields good agreement with measured values.


Objective To investigate the association of renin gene (ACAG)n short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP) with essential hypertension in Chongqing. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique combined with silver staining on denaturing DNA sequencing gel was applied to genotype the (ACAG)n STRP located in the 7th intron of renin gene among 80 normotensive and 83 hypertensive subjects. Results Five alleles were discovered in this research. The most frequent genotype and allele of renin gene (ACAG)n STRP are genotype 4/4(62.6%) and allele 4(77.6%).The genotype frequency distribution is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The frequencies of genotype and allele showed no significant difference between two groups(χ 2=3.273, P 0.05;χ 2=1.212, P 0.05). Conclusion Renin gene is not a major contributor to the genetic bases for essential hypertension in Chongqing.


Objective To study the blood preparations unqualified causes in blood tests and solutions.Methods Cases of 60 unqualified samples in blood test from June 2011 to December 2011 in our clinical laboratory were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among these cases of 60 unqualified blood samples,23 cases had hemolysis,accounting for 38.33%,15 cases had blood clots,accounting for 25.00%,11 cases had sample delayed,accounting for 18.33%,5 cases were error specimens,accounting for 8.33%,4 cases had inaccurate volume,accounting for 6.67%,and 2 cases had container broken,accounting for 3.33%.Conclusion Collecting specimens for clinical blood tests should be strictly in accordance with the operational procedures and inspection requirements,and delivery should be timely,which helping to ensure the quality of them and accuracy of the test results in order to provide dependable accordance and directions to clinical treatment.


This study aims to analyze the payroll accounting information system at Institute of Economic Science Balikpapan. The data obtained by the authors do research analysis of payroll accounting information systems used by Institute of Economic Science Balikpapan. This research method is to use primary data with data analysis technique through interview and observation at Institute of Economic Science of Balikpapan. Researchers make observations for 1 month to know the payroll accounting information system conducted Institute of Economic Science from attendance and attendance hours up to the obligations of employees on taxes and insurance. The results of the study that the College of Economics still use the manual system in payroll, so that the payroll is still waiting for completion time.


AbstractThe traveling-wave antenna for heating and current drive in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies is shown theoretically to have loading and wavenumber spectra that are largely independent of plasma conditions. These characteristics have been demonstrated in low-power experiments on the DIII-D tokamak, in which a standard four-strap antenna was converted to a traveling-wave antenna through use of external coupling elements. The experiments indicate that the array maintains good impedance matching without dynamic tuning during abrupt changes in the plasma, such as during L- to H-mode transitions, edge-localized mode activity, and disruptions. An analytic model was developed that exhibits the features observed in the experiments. Guidelines for the design of traveling-wave antennas are derived from the validated model.


For a numerical monoid $\langle n_1, \dots, n_k \rangle$ minimally generated by $n_1, \dots, n_k \in \mathbb{N}$ with $n_1<\cdots<n_k$, the longest and shortest factorization lengths of an element $x$, denoted as $L(x)$ and $\ell(x)$, respectively, follow the identities $L(x+n_1) = L(x) + 1$ and $\ell(x+n_k) = \ell(x) + 1$ for sufficiently large elements $x$. We characterize when these identities hold for all elements of numerical monoids of embedding dimension three.


Spectral karyotyping and multiple fluorophore fluorescence in situ hybridisation (M‐FISH) facilitate identification of inter‐chromosomal rearrangements, but are of low cytogenetic resolution in mapping translocation breakpoints. Reverse chromosome painting yields increased cytogenetic information but isolation of aberrant chromosomes is technically difficult. We have developed the technique of paint‐assisted microdissection FISH (PAM‐FISH), which enables microdissection of aberrant chromosomes to be carried out easily and rapidly using relatively simple apparatus.


How professions should be defined and separated from other occupations has constituted an enduring theoretical and empirical problem in studies of the professions. In this article, the definitions of the so-called list approaches, involving enumerations of social attributes, are scrutinized. Weak-nesses are highlighted and analysed. It is argued that an alternative approach to the issue of definition, commencing from the epistemic or cognitive dimensions of professions, may be more fruitful. One such possibility is presented by setting out from realist philosophy of science. The links between science and profession are explored by addressing, primarily, the relation between the concepts of mechanism and intervention. A new, 'invariant' definition is proposed. In conclusion, a few consequences for future empirical studies of the professions are outlined.


Information Extraction (IE) has existed as a field for several decades and has produced some impressive systems in the recent past. Despite its success, widespread usage and commercialization remain elusive goals for this field. We identify the lack of effective mechanisms for reuse as one major reason behind this situation. Here, we mean not only the reuse of the same IE technique in different situations but also the reuse of information related to the application of IE techniques (e.g., features used for classification). We have developed a comprehensive component-based approach for information extraction that promotes reuse to address this situation. We designed this approach starting from our previous work on the use of multiple ontologies in information extraction [24]. The key ideas of our approach are "information extractors," which are components of an IE system that make extractions with respect to particular components of an ontology and "platforms for IE," which are domain and corpus independent implementations of IE techniques. A case study has shown that this component-based approach can be successfully applied in practical situations.


The polymerization of isoprene(Ip) is initiated by two component Ti catalyst system consisting of Ti(n-C4H9O)4 and supported titanium/composite aluminum(AlEt3/Al(i-Bu)3).The influence of n(AlEt3):n(Al(i-Bu)3) on the polymerization activity and intrinsic viscosity was studied.The polymer is dissolved and separated into soluble part and insoluble part in gasoline.The gasoline soluble part is characterized by FT-IR and quantitative analysis and the gasoline insoluble part is characterized by FT-IR and DSC.The results show that the gasoline insoluble part is trans-1,4-polyisoprene,the gasoline soluble part is 3,4-polyisoprene.The 3,4-isomer content and the intrinsic viscosity of the gasoline soluble part increase,but the intrinsic viscosity of trans-1,4-polyisoprene decreases with increase of AlEt3 content.


In the book "street-level bureaucracy dilemmas of the individual in public services" (2010) the author Michael Lipsky writes about the individual in public services. Lipsky presents a theory about street-level bureaucrats as policy makers. He argues that policy is created by the people at the bottom of the organizational hierarchy, the street-level bureaucrats. This is made possible by two interlinked factors, a relatively large distance from organizational authority witch leads to freedom in the daily routine.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the problem of seeing street-level bureaucrats as a homogeneous group. This essay questions Lipskys tendency to generalize various types of street-level bureaucrats' possibility to make policy. Therefore the research question is: To what extent does organizational depth affect opportunity for street-level bureaucrats to make policy?
By comparing two organizations with different organizational depth, the police and the healthcare, with the degree of freedom at these workplaces this study examine if these two factors correlate. Based on interviews this study finds that even though the organizational depth differs the opportunity to make policy does not vary.


The article presents the results and methodological strategies used for the dense registry of Anthroposophic therapy intended for body healing, named Euritmia Curativa, while a process of embodiment of Bildung concept word coined in german romanticism and notion of germanic person-proposed by anthroposophy-european spiritual science-for an aesthetic and moral healing permeated by the edification of oneself. In the results I present the ethnography of the sessions of this anthroposophic therapy at the Tobias Clinic, located in the neighborhood of Santo Amaro, in the city of São Paulo, during the year 2013. The clinic was the pioneering anthroposophic institution outside Europe and Latin America. From the reflections of Thomas Csordas and the paradigm of embodiment, the article proposes to reflect on the corporeal experiences experienced in the sessions of Euritmia curative in search of conducting a curative bildung of the researcher and, in the construction of The therapist's corporeity in his professional Bildung in Switzerland.


The writers created a new approach to evaluate environmental performance factors and measure the current or past environmental performances from various city and exurban by aggregation steps. Defined environmental resource indices concerning natural resources development, physical environments, population, economical, and social structures were complex and appeared related to location. The writers conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey to evaluate the entire environmental performance, and give conclusions to urge central and local officials how to detect their most urgent environmental issues. A case study in Taiwan illustrates the usefulness of this approach. This study contributes to the resource management by collecting and analyzing current and past environmental performance that provides a better understanding of the empirical cases toward environmental targets.


Yu Xin was a master writer on parallel prose in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.His using literary quotation with no trace has been praised by the critics, which mainly due to his skills on using literary quotation and fusing ancient allusions and the feelings at that time together.For all that,the phenomenon of contradictions between allusions and feelings is still inevitable,which caused by his prefer his feelings not allusions.


In the paper, by establishing the monotonicity of some functions involving the sine and cosine functions, we find some new sharp inequalities involving the reciprocals of the Seiffert, contra-harmonic, arithmetic, geometric and root-square means of two positive real numbers a and b with ab.


The purpose of this report is to record the data obtained by means of hangar and flight tests of the semirigid airship RS-1, to compare the observed loads with those assumed in effecting the stress analysis of the envelope and structure, to compare the resulting data with that obtained from water model tests and to make recommendations for the conduct of subsequent full scale tests of airships of this type. Recommendations for use in subsequent designs and stress analyses of semirigid airships and a discussion of various features of the RS-1 are embodied in the appendix to this report.


Mature messenger RNA is prepared in eukaryotes by splicing together the protein-coding sequences of precursors. A chromatin-associated protein proofreads these splice sites in the RNA, ensuring accuracy.


The variable separation method and coordinate transformation is presented for solving the refractive index distribution of the regular hexagon GRIN lens. Through the software programming, the exact solution of the refractive index distribution is proved by the correctness. The result is obtained for the manufacture of imaging systems and characteristics. The model can be extended to solve the even-numbered polygon edges in the positive refractive index distribution of GRIN lens.


We study two foremost Mahonian statistics, the major index and the inversion number for a class of binary words called restricted Fibonacci words. The language of restricted Fibonacci words satisfies recurrences which allow for the calculation of the generating functions in two different ways. These yield identities involving the $q$-binomial coefficients and provide non-standard $q$-analogues of the Fibonacci numbers. The major index generating function for restricted Fibonacci words turns out to be a $q$-power multiple of the inversion generating function.


Based on the current situation of the accountancy,in this article the importances of the accountant assignment system in enterprises were discussed,also some specific suggestions to improve of the account assignment system in enterprises are put forward.


Use of energy is closely related to the development of an economy. The most useful form of energy in the modern world is electricity. IGCC has higher fuel flexibility (biomass, refinery residues, petroleum coke, etc.) and generates multiple products (electricity, hydrogen and chemicals like methanol and higher alcohols) and by-products sulphur, sulphuric acid, slag, etc. IGCC plants include coal preparation unit, air separation unit (ASU) to separate oxygen from air to use it in the gasification process, gasification unit where an incomplete combustion for coal is made to produce Syngas, cleaning unit to remove acid gases and CO2 from Syngas and a power station that contains gas turbines and steam turbines to produce electricity (Emun et al., 2010). In this work Heat Integration study is made to an IGCC plant whose feedstock is coalwater slurry with a flow rate of 3,020 t/d. The study produces a comparison between the capital investment and operating costs of the existing and the integrated IGCC plant and investigates the effect of changing the feedstock content on thermal efficiency, net power and cold gas efficiency. The Heat Integration considers ΔTmin = 1.5 °C as for the existing plant, and results in savings of 47.5 % and 5.4 % as in the required heating and cooling duties. Three different feedstocks with the same flow rate 3020 t/d are used in this work to study their effects on the efficiency of IGCC plant; coal, coal-water slurry and a mixture of 93 % coal and 7 % ricestraw. Thermal efficiencies resulted due to the change in feedstock are 37 %, 36.6 % and 36.8 %, net powers are 337.5 MW, 334 MW and 337 MW while the cold gas efficiencies are 71.5 %, 70 % and 72 % for coal, coal-water slurry and (93 % coal and 7 % ricestraw).


Objective The current study investigated the role of cognitive, affective, and behavioural information in the prediction of overall attitudes towards asylum seekers. Method A sample of 98 Australian adults participated in an online self‐report questionnaire where participants generated their cognitive, affective, and behavioural factors towards asylum seekers and then rated those factors on a continuum from 'positive' to 'negative'. Results Multiple regression analysis confirmed the primary role of cognitive, then affective, factors in predicting attitudes towards asylum seekers. Cognitive information accounted for a moderate, significant 31.92% of the variance in overall attitudes towards asylum seekers. The unique variance contributed by affective information accounted for a small but significant 3.46% of the variance in overall attitudes; the unique variance contributed by behavioural information was not significant. Conclusions The results provide a holistic theoretical basis for the assertion that community attitudes towards asylum seekers are based primarily on cognitive evaluations of the minority group. These findings have implications for changing community attitudes towards people seeking asylum in Australia.


Zusammenfassung: This paper introduces and discusses an idea which minimizes gaming or manipulation activities, if payments are linked to results from manipulative methods. The idea is to add nonmanipulable information to manipulable information to improve the evaluation of a given output. A score declining in increasing evaluation quality indicates gaming and allows to estimate the true result. A simple linear incentive scheme is introduced in which a high evaluation score is rewarded. The introduced mechanism dominates any single evaluation method. However, limited liability restricts its applicability. If agents are risk-averse, the principal should let each agent decide, which evaluation method he prefers. (DFG) through the research group Heterogeneous Labour. Neither the Bundesinstitut für berufliche Bil-dung (BIBB), the Institut für Arbeitsmarkt-und Berufsforschung (IAB) nor the Zentralarchiv (ZA) take any responsibility for the analysis or the interpretation of the data presented here. Abstract Wage and productivity effects of training are compared to study how the training rent is shared between employers and employees. Using panel data from 1996-2002, I analyse the impact of continuing training on wages and productivity in a Cobb-Douglas production framework. Using system GMM techniques allows me to account for endogeneity and time invariant unob-served factors. Results suggest that the training rent is shared between employer and employee due to a positive effect of continuing training on both wages and productivity. The effect on productivity is about three times higher than the one on wages. High skilled workers capture a larger share of the rent than low skilled workers.


This paper addresses the sliding mode control problem for a class of uncertain Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy singular systems with state delay and subject to input nonlinearity. Our purpose is focused on designing an adaptive sliding mode controller for such a complex system. First, a new fuzzy integral‐type sliding function is designed. Then, an adaptive sliding mode control scheme is established such that the resulting closed‐loop system is insensitive to all admissible uncertainties and satisfies the reaching condition. Moreover, delay‐dependent sufficient conditions are derived such that the admissibility and the L2‐L∞ performance requirement of the sliding mode dynamics can be guaranteed in the presence of time delays, external disturbances, and sector nonlinearity input. Finally, the validity and applicability of the proposed theory are illustrated by a numerical example.


This article applies the photovoltaic PV cell system. The effect is compensated and protected sensitive equipment against balance/unbalance medium voltage Sags, through series injection of the dynamic voltage restore (DVR). The multilevel modular converter (MMC)  with the phase shift PWM algorithm for 9-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter. The power IGBT modular selection type double leg unit of the series connection with the separated dc sources PV arrays. The modeling Inphase compensated type of controller DVR, the controller  designed to have reference voltage supply 0.5 pu and injected voltage 0.5 pu. The PV cell system with the type of amorphous. The result of the controlling system contains medium voltage Sags  for distribution automation system (ADS) load rating of 25 kVA. Simulation is also conducted paralleled  along with measurements of the prototype. As a result short duration of medium voltage, which is used to test the cause of electric fault current.  This provides guideline to further analyze and improve voltage quality in electrical system pertinent to stand-alone photovoltaic system. The configuration is suitable for PV application as the PV strings operate independently and later expansion is possible, PV gird connection has been widely installed


Tree-structured probabilistic models admit simple, fast inference. However, they are not well suited to phenomena such as occlusion, where multiple components of an object may disappear simultaneously. Mixtures of trees appear to address this problem, at the cost of representing a large mixture. We demonstrate an efficient and compact representation of this mixture, which admits simple learning and inference algorithms. We use this method to build an automated tracker for Muybridge sequences of a variety of human activities. Tracking is difficult, because the temporal dependencies rule out simple inference methods. We show how to use our model for efficient inference, using a method that employs alternate spatial and temporal inference. The result is a tracker that (a) uses a very loose motion model, and so can track many different activities at a variable frame rate and (b) is entirely automatic.


This article describes a new scheme for a physical activity recognition process based on carried smartphone embedded sensors, such as accelerometer and gyroscope. For this purpose, the WKNN-SVM algorithm has been proposed to predict physical activities such as Walking, Standing or Sitting. It combines Weighted K-Nearest Neighbours (WKNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The signals generated from the sensors are processed and then reduced using the Kernel Discriminant Analysis (KDA) by selecting the best discriminating components of the data. We performed different tests on four public datasets where the participants performed different activities carrying a smartphone. We demonstrated through several experiments that KDA/WKNN-SVM algorithm can improve the overall recognition performances, and has a higher recognition rate than the baseline methods using the machine learning and deep learning algorithms.


to evaluate the relationship between household food security (FS) and the prevalence of overweight in poor women from rural Mexico.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical discussion of a developing epistemology and methodology for a qualitative study of participants of enterprise education in south‐west Ireland, run collaboratively between third level academics, a regional development agency, and entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approach – The perspective taken is social constructionist, drawing on ideas from identity theory and social learning theory. A discursive approach to entrepreneurship suggests that an entrepreneurial aspect of human identity (as with other aspects) is emergent and relational, developed through dialogue with family, customers, employees, suppliers, competitors and others. In the education programme, aspiring entrepreneurs' exposure to and close engagement with a network of national and international mentors, coupled with their engagement in risk taking, can be understood through the notion of becoming, through and in relation to others.Findings – The mentor network in the education pro...


One approach to enhancing the yield or reliability of large area VLSI structures has been by means of spare interconnect, logic and computational units. Although extensive literature exists concerning design for inclusion of spares and restructuring mechanisms in memories and processor arrays, little research has been published on general models and algorithms for broad classes of spare allocation and reconfiguration problems. The main contribution of the paper is that a novel bipartite graph theoretic approach to spare allocation is presented for structures with dedicated spares and direct replacement reconfiguration. Spare allocation for classes of reconfigurable structures is shown to be equivalent to either a graph matching or a graph dominating set problem. The complexity of optimal spare allocation for each of the problem classes is described, and reconfiguration algorithms are provided. Several detailed examples are presented, and implementation of the algorithms is discussed.


The invention relates to a positive/negative pressure signal generating device, comprising a rack, an oiling air-exhausting accessory, a pressurizing device, a signal-generation exchanging part and a hydraulic cavity, wherein the hydraulic cavity is used for storing and generating hydraulic oil with a certain pressure; the rack is used for installing the hydraulic cavity and fixing a work table and comprises a balance bracket, an oil-collecting box, an oil-collecting plate and a mounting fixed frame; the oiling air-exhausting accessory is used for injecting the hydraulic oil to the hydraulic cavity and removing the gas in the hydraulic cavity during the pressurizing and comprises an oil port plug cover, a ball valve and a bolt plug; the pressurizing device is used for compressing the liquid in the hydraulic cavity to generate the required pressure and comprises a cover plate, a baffle plate, a nut, a pressurizing piston and a handle; the signal-generation exchanging part comprises a negative step pressure signal-generation exchanging part and a positive pulse pressure signal-generation exchanging part.


The invention discloses a turnover box for a container, comprising a plastic chassis and a plastic frame which are mutually dismountable. The plastic frame is formed by stacking a plurality of rectangular plastic square frames connected by bolts; each plastic square frame has an outer profile length of 1100-1260 mm, a width of 1000-1100 mm, a height of 50-100 mm and a thickness of 60-120 mm, and L-2*delta is larger than W; and the outer profile of the plastic chassis and the outer profile of each plastic square frame have the same specification and is connected with the most bottom of the plastic frame by bolts. The turnover box can be repeatedly utilized and has a randomly adjusted loading capacity, hollow boxes can be mutually spliced to have little occupied space and low return cost, can be stacked with heavy loads and do not consume wood, thereby being environment-friendly and practical. The invention also discloses a use method of the turnover box, not only standardizes the loadsof the container, but also fully utilizes the loading capacity of the container.


The influence of cyclooctatetraene on the dye laser output energy was examined, It was shown that COT acts not only as a first triplet quencher but also effectively stimulates depopulation of higher triplet states. The importance of such a behaviour of COT in laser generation of a mixture of rhodamine - COT in ethanol is confirmed experimentally and theoretically, basing on the solution of a system of rate equations of a six level model of a dye laser.


In this work, new solubility data of CO2 in aqueous piperazine (Pz) solutions were measured over a temperature range from T = (287.1 to 313.1) K and for amine concentrations from m = (0.10 to 2.00) mol·kg−1. The CO2 partial pressure was kept within PCO2 = (0.11 to 525.17) kPa using a vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) apparatus based on a static-synthetic method. These experimental data and those found in the literature for the ternary system Pz−CO2−H2O were correlated using a model combining the virial equation of state to calculate the fugacity coefficients with a modified Pitzer's thermodynamic model for the activity coefficients. With the new extended interaction parameters βi,j0 and βi,j1 that cover a wide range of temperature, CO2 partial pressure, and amine concentration, the model is able to correlate satisfactorily the available reliable experimental solubility data.


SUMMARY Nowadays the processing based on pixel surveying does have many applications such as producing binary images from black and white, colored and spectral aerial images using different types of processing filters and masks extracting and detecting objects from images, interpreting photogrammetry and satellite images, decision making in GIS systems and new methods of decision making process such as fuzzy logic, neural networks and etc. which all of the mentioned applications depend on pixel decision making structures. In these types of activities the main role is the responsibility of the programmer. Due to large amount of visual information in a satellite image and the increasing development rate of these data and the developments in satellite and aerial image capturing and also the fact that the current computer hardwares face a lack of ability for fast and prompt process of these data, the need of an optimized way for time saving purposes with lower amount of processing is being felt more and more each day. In this paper by using main structures of programming in pixel processing in satellite images, different methods have been investigated and tested and in the end the best and the most optimized method for pixel processing in satellite images for the mentioned applications is presented.


A theory of matter‐radiation interactions is presented that incorporates a fractional gauge transformation. The transformation is achieved with the Goppert‐Mayer generator multiplied by a continuously variable gauge parameter. The derived Hamiltonian contains a mixture of A⋅p and E⋅x interaction terms: The field and matter variables within the full gauge‐invariant, matter‐radiation Hamiltonian are intermixed. Practical implications for calculating accurate transition cross sections using convenient, but inexact, matter eigenstates are developed by interpreting gauge‐generalized perturbation theory as a gauge‐variational theory. By minimizing the matter/field/interaction ground state energy with respect to gauge variations, the optimum matter‐radiation basis for the chosen set of inexact matter states is obtained. The gauge optimization technique is demonstrated quantitatively for the 2pσu –1sσg electronic transition of H+2 using the simple LCAO‐MO basis.