Article is about children research and cognitive skills development in Riga pre-school education institution "Madariņa" where outdoor education is integrated in its curriculum. Outdoor education helps in children physical, mental, emotional, social and intellectual development. Close connection with nature also helps to benefit from nature and its beauty. The aim of study was theoretically and practically investigate role of outdoor education in development of children research activity in pre-school age (37 years).The following problems were investigated in order to make conclusions for further development of outdoor education activities: children research skills development, methodology used by teachers in order to facilitate children research activity and their interest in research activity. Following research methods were used: observation of children play activity, parents' survey in order to make out parents attitude to children outdoor activity, learning in nature and evaluation of teacher's work in the development of children research activity and teachers' survey with the aim to investigate teachers' knowledge about research activities and used methods in outdoor education. Parents' survey results reflect that parents are very interested in children research activity development, but it also reflects that parents need additional information in this field. Teacher survey results shows that academic staff has good knowledge about children research activity and its role in their holistic development. Analysis of the results approves the fact that pre-school education institution "Madariņa" is progressing well in the implementation of outdoor education.


The economic entity doctrine allows the Commission to fine a parent company if its subsidiary has infringed the competition rules. In such cases, the Commission holds the subsidiary and the parent jointly and severally liable. The EU Courts have acknowledged this sanctioning concept as based on an interpretation of the notion of "undertaking". Yet the economic entity doctrine still faces criticism. It is argued that being a parent can hardly suffice to establish liability for the infringement of the subsidiary. Also, the rule stating that a 100% shareholder is presumed to form an economic entity with its subsidiary is seen to conflict with the in dubio pro reo principle. As far as joint and several liability is concerned, practical problems arise with respect to recourse litigation between the corporate entities. It is argued in this article that irrespective of the interpretation of the notion of undertaking in terms of the competition rules, it is necessary to respect the legal personality of group companies and essential legal principles of sanctioning: namely the principle of personal responsibility.


The impact of a midlatitude SST anomaly on the tropospheric circulation has been shown to be highly sensitive to the position of the SST anomaly within the background state. This behaviour is investigated through a series of aquaplanet simulations using a high-resolution version of the Hadley Centre atmosphere model (HadAM3) under perpetual equinox conditions. These simulations show that the tropospheric response can be best understood by examining the changes in the meridional gradient of SST, rather than in terms of the SST anomaly itself.


After decades of application of the modern composite material geogrid reinforced soil , its design can still be improved. With the development of increasingly strong techniques of numerical modeling (finite element or finite difference methods), attention is refocusing on correct modeling of the complex interaction behavior between the two materials as its description with common interface models has been unsatisfactory so far. A sophisticated large-scale biaxial compression test device at RWTH Aachen University with a transparent side wall has been developed, allowing the quantitative investigation of the soil-geogrid interaction mechanisms. In this study, a special test series of specimens, reinforced with geogrid samples with different numbers of longitudinal and transverse tensile members, is used to quantify the effects of the load transfer mechanisms on the global stress-strain behavior. Additionally, an interaction model, recently developed for pullout situations that explicitly takes into account the separate load transfer mechanisms, is transferred to the plane strain conditions of biaxial compression tests. First results, presented in this paper, are promising and show that the model is capable of describing the complex interaction between geogrid and soil.


Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is widely used in agriculture for the purpose of monitoring, controlling and managing the crops. This paper presents the development of wireless sensor network system to monitor the environment parameters in Harumanis Mango orchard using temperature, humidity, soil moisture sensor by utilizing RF transceiver module and PIC18 microcontroller. The wireless sensor nodes transmit wirelessly the temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensor data to the base station. The system was successfully tested in Harumanis Mango orchard and its capability and feasibility towards monitoring the environment's temperature, humidity and soil moisture level are established. The data were successfully captured and stored in a local server.


Examination of serum samples from Arctocephalus spp. from southern Australia, New Zealand, and Macquarie I. revealed six transferrin types, which were assumed to be the products of four allelic genes, and two phenotypes of a haem-binding protein. Seals from South Neptune Is., Cape du Couedic, and the Recherche Archipelago were identical on these criteria; while those from Victoria were identical with those of Tasmania. This division is consistent with previous conclusions based on skull characters. The names there suggested for these two groups were A, forsteri and A. doriferus respectively. Transferrin types of New Zealand and Macquarie I. A. forsteri were not identical with those of Australian A. forsteri. It is suggested that fur seals may have been exterminated from South Australia and Western Australia and that recolonization was from New Zealand. Alternatively, these differences may indicate the existence of more than one species in these populations.


Simple Summary Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant risk factor for the development of sleep and circadian rhythm impairments. In order to understand if TBI models with different injury mechanism, severity and pathology have different sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions, we performed a detailed sleep and circadian analysis of the high-frequency head impact TBI model (a mouse model that mimics sports-related head impacts) and the controlled cortical impact TBI model (a mouse model that mimics severe brain trauma). We found that both TBI models disrupt the ability of brain cells to maintain circadian rhythms; however, both injury groups could still maintain circadian behavior patterns. Both the mild head impact model and the severe brain injury model had normal amount of sleep at 7 d after injury; however, the severe brain injury mice had disrupted brain wave patterns during sleep. We conclude that different types of TBI have different patterns of sleep disruptions. Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant risk factor for the development of sleep and circadian rhythm impairments. In this study we compare the circadian rhythms and sleep patterns in the high-frequency head impact (HFHI) and controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse models of TBI. These mouse models have different injury mechanisms key differences of pathology in brain regions controlling circadian rhythms and EEG wave generation. We found that both HFHI and CCI caused dysregulation in the diurnal expression of core circadian genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1,2, Cry1,2) at 24 h post-TBI. CCI mice had reduced locomotor activity on running wheels in the first 7 d post-TBI; however, both CCI and HFHI mice were able to maintain circadian behavior cycles even in the absence of light cues. We used implantable EEG to measure sleep cycles and brain activity and found that there were no differences in the time spent awake, in NREM or REM sleep in either TBI model. However, in the sleep states, CCI mice have reduced delta power in NREM sleep and reduced theta power in REM sleep at 7 d post-TBI. Our data reveal that different types of brain trauma can result in distinct patterns of circadian and sleep disruptions and can be used to better understand the etiology of sleep disorders after TBI.


Q1. Based on the new GINA guidelines for children, which include the use of montelukast in the two steps of persistent asthma (mild and moderate), what is your opinion about the use of this drug as an additional therapy to the usual regimen of higher-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in severe asthma? S. La Grutta (Palermo, Italy) Cysteinyl leukotrienes act as potent bronchoconstrictors and are part of the inflammatory cascade initiated during an asthma attack. They are produced – along with other inflammatory agents – by inflammatory cells, including mast cells and eosinophils. Leukotriene modifiers act by either inhibiting leukotriene formation (zileuton) or as leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs; montelukast and zafirlukast), and downgrade that component of the inflammatory response. However, they have no effect on other pathways in the inflammatory cascade. For this reason, their use is recommended in mild persistent asthma when the asthma is not controlled with ICS monotherapy, or as an alternative to a long-acting β 2 -agonist (LABA) as add-on therapy for moderate or severe persistent disease. One rationale for the use of add-on LTRAs in severe asthma is the finding that high doses of oral or inhaled corticosteroids fail to suppress the increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes in asthma, as measured by urinary leukotriene (LT) E4 concentrations. It is well known that urinary LTE4 levels are inversely associated with asthma control in children with persistent signs of moderate-to-severe asthma despite the use of ICS and LABA therapy [1]. In a UK montelukast survey [2], which evaluated the effects of LTRAs across a range of asthma severities, 37.5% of patients (out of 1,351) were aged <16 years. Montelukast was observed to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment in everyday life in as many as 66% of individuals, including symptomatic individuals already receiving ICS plus LABAs. It seems from this survey that prescribers are initiating montelukast in line with the published randomised controlled trial data on efficacy, as add-on therapy for poorly controlled asthma, for activity-induced asthma, and in an effort to treat other comorbid conditions that may be mediated by leukotrienes, including in children. In the same study, logistic regression analysis was performed in an attempt to identify baseline characteristics that may predict a response to LTRAs. The single most important factor was activity-induced asthma at initiation. This was associated with age (a child was more likely to be a responder), sex and sleep disturbance. However, the everyday activity indicates that the utility of these findings is disappointing in the clinical setting. Correctly, the authors of the survey have highlighted that we still lack clinical or biological predictors of likely responsiveness to LTRAs [2]; therefore, a therapeutic trial remains the only realistic strategy for assessing clinical responsiveness, including in severe asthma.


In the treatment and distribution of drinking water, disinfection is a key step for inactivating microbial pathogens and controlling biofouling in pipe lines. Biofilm, which forms on pipe walls, leads to microbial regrowth, biocorrosion and headloss in distribution systems. Utilities depend on disinfection as a key step for the control of biofilm. Chlorine is traditionally the most widely used chemical disinfectant, however alternatives such as chlorine dioxide and chloramines are emerging, each showing benefits and drawbacks. Research has shown that by-products (DBPs) that are formed with these disinfectants can pose serious health threats. The result is new drinking water standards becoming stricter in the past few years. Ultraviolet light, which forms few DBPs and is more effective against chlorine-resistant pathogens, is a relatively new concept in drinking water treatment. It is being introduced as a viable disinfection option however does not provide residual protection for pipe systems. Utilities will often utilize primary and secondary disinfectants in combination in the treatment process for different reasons, and although this is a widely used practice little emphasis has been placed on the potential for synergistic benefits between disinfectants.


In the mean-field theory of atom-molecule systems,where the bosonic atoms combine to form molecules,there is no usual U(1) symmetry,which presents an apparent hurdle for calculating the Berry connection in these systems.We develop a perturbation expansion method of Hannay's angle suitable for calculating the Berry curvature in the atom-molecule systems.With this Berry curvature,the Berry connection can be computed naturally.We use a three-level atom-molecule system to illustrate our results.In particular,with this method,we compute the curvature for Hannay's angle analytically,and compare it to the Berry curvature obtained with the second-quantized model of the same system.An excellent agreement is found,indicating the validity of our method.


The article focuses on the issue of definition of the concept "ideologeme" which is extremely significant for modern linguistics, and specifically for political linguistics. This research determines what phenomena may be treated as ideologemes i.e. perform the function of ideology representation, become the "form of ideology" and "a sign of ideology". We argue the possibility of interpretation of "ideologeme" as a special type of multi-layer concept, in the structure of which there are ideologically marked conceptual features that embody collective, often stereotypical and mythological image that exists in the minds of language speakers about the authorities, the state, the nation, society, and political and ideological institutions. Ideologeme is a mental cognitive element, a unit of ideological worldview that is used in a text (verbal or creolized), and even in discourse in the form of language units of different levels and signs of other semiotic systems. Furthermore, this article attempts to classify ideologemes on four grounds: the nature of conceptualized information; the sphere of usage and comprehension by native speakers; the pragmatic component; the topicality/outdatedness of ideologeme in contemporary ideological worldview. This classification provides additional information about the types of ideologemes.


This paper describes the results of the continuous low load combustion tests by burning the heavy fuel oil in order to confirm the reliability of the medium sized medium speed diesel engine with a 260mm bore. To investigate the effect of the engine load on the exhaust smoke and the soot contamination in the engine, the combustion tests are conducted on the variations of the continuous operation loads at 0.2MPa and 0.4MPa in BMEP. The results indicate that the engine contamination with the soot deposit increases as not only the engine load decreases, but also the operation duration increases.


Zimbabwe experienced the first hyperinflation of the 21st century. The government terminated the reporting of official inflation statistics, however, prior to the final explosive months of Zimbabwe's hyperinflation. We demonstrate that standard economic theory can be applied to overcome this apparent insurmountable data problem. In consequence, we are able to produce the only reliable record of the second highest inflation in world history.


In this work, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of a ~3.5 μm dual-wavelength pumping (DWP) Er3+-doped ZBLAN fiber laser gain switched by 976 nm pulses. The DWP scheme is composed of a pulsed 976 nm laser system and a home-made continuous-wave 1973 nm laser. Stable pulses were obtained with repetition rates ranging between 5.2 kHz and 10 kHz. The maximum output power energy of 50.4 μJ was achieved at 10 kHz with a wavelength of 3445.9 nm. The temporal profile of the pulse trains was characterized by stable relaxation spike pulses containing a series of sub-pulses. The pulse characteristics with respect to the pump energy and the underlying mechanism are discussed. This work makes an effort to better understand the dynamics and theory of the cascade pumping system, and provides a new perspective for the realization of high-power pulses beyond 3 μm.


. Consider a stationary non-negative autoregressive (AR) model given xt=b1xt-1, +…+bpxt-p+et, where the et are independent identically distributed non-negative variables and b1, …, bp are non-negative parameters, and all the roots of the equation 1 –b1u–…–bpup= 0 are outside the unit circle. The stationary solution of the above AR model is called a stationary non-negative AR process. Let x1, x2, …xn be an example of a stationary non-negative AR process. Under very general conditions strongly consistent estimators of the AR parameters b1, b2, …, bp have been studied. In this paper a new procedure is proposed to estimate not only b1, b2, …, bp but also bo which is the essential lower bound of the variable et. We shall show that the new estimators obtained using the new procedure are consistent estimators of bo, b1, …, bp under the weakest condition which guarantees that the stationary non-negative AR model has a stationary non-degenerative solution.


Resistance to taxane chemotherapy presents a major hurdle in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer. The majority of epithelial ovarian cancers are sensitive to paclitaxel or docetaxel with initial treatment, but resistance ultimately develops in the majority of women. Development of a successful method to maintain susceptibility to taxane and platinum chemotherapy is an unmet clinical need. The article by Kang and colleagues in the current issue of the Journal describes a novel mechanism of taxane resistance, through FAK-dependent upregulation of YB-1, a transcription factor that in turn upregulates CD44 (1). Intriguing findings in their work include the importance of nuclear-activated p397Tyr-FAK for this resistance process, and the demonstration that nuclear colocalization of activated FAK and p102Ser-YB1 dichotomized overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer. How might this relate to taxane resistance in ovarian cancer? The mechanism of anticancer activity of taxanes relies on their ability to bind and stabilize polymerized tubulin. Stabilization of tubulin filaments prevents spindle disassembly during mitosis, leading to catastrophic cell death. Lack of tubulin depolymerization also prevents transport of proteins within nondividing cells, a likely cause for neuropathy associated with taxane therapy. Additionally, the decrease in free tubulin leads to mitochondrial hyperpolarization and release of cytochrome c, triggering proapoptotic cascades (2,3). Classically, resistance to taxanes has been attributed to alterations in tubulin structure preventing the binding of taxane to its target. Other potential mechanisms include imbalance in the cellular apoptotic machinery (4), increased expression of the multidrug-resistance drug efflux pumps (5,6), and increased activation of MAPK (7,8). Class III s-tubulin overexpression in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary was shown to discriminate poor prognosis; in the same study, p-glycoprotein did not correlate with clinical outcome (9). However, s-tubulin changes have not been borne out as common mechanisms of taxane resistance in ovarian cancer; nor has MDR-1 been demonstrated as a major mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in ovar


Principle and application of single-chip microprocessor is a compulsory subject for electronic information discipline in colleges.Experiment teaching is an important part of the course.According to the problems of present single-chip microcomputer experiment teaching,this work has carried on the exploration and practice from the improving teaching methods,adjusting experimental content,improving evaluation methods and so on.It is proved that the new reform is useful to further stimulate students' learning initiative and creativity,so their comprehensive knowledge utilization ability is enhanced simultaneously.


FOR IMEDIAR polymerization ester alkyl ACID methacrylic THROUGH THE TRANSFORMATION OF MEDIA IMEDIACION A nitrogen represses the formation of a group of carboxylic anhydrides WHEN middle part of IMEDIACION ADDING after HAS TRANSFORMED THE MIDDLE OF IMEDIACION ADDED OR AT LEAST IN PART. PARTICULARLY WHEN THE TRANSFORMATION OF MEDIA IMEDIACION HAS BEEN DAMAGED BEFORE HAS BEEN FULLY IMEDIATIZADO POLYMERIZATION.


Existing methods in predicting short-term photovoltaic (PV) power have low accuracy and cannot satisfy actual demand. Thus, a prediction model based on similar days and seagull optimization algorithm (SOA) is proposed to optimize a deep belief network (DBN). Fast correlation-based filter (FCBF) method is used to select a meteorological feature set with the best correlation with PV output and avoid redundancy among meteorological factors affecting PV output. In addition, a comprehensive similarity index combining European distance and gray correlation degree is proposed to select the similar day. Then, SOA is used to optimize the number of neurons and the learning rate parameters in DBN. Based on the nonuniform mutation and opposition-based learning method, an improved seagull optimization algorithm (ISOA) with higher optimization accuracy is proposed. Finally, the ISOA-DBN prediction model is established, and the experimental analysis is conducted using the actual data of PV power stations in Australia. Results show that compared with DBN, support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), radial basis function (RBF), Elman, and back propagation (BP), the mean absolute percentage error indicator of ISOA-DBN is only 1.512% on a sunny day, 5.975 on a rainy day, 3.359 on a cloudy to sunny day, and 1.911% on a sunny to cloudy day. Therefore, the good accuracy of the proposed model is verified.


The improved Sprott-G system is simulated by Matlab software.The transition of the system from periodic motion to chaotic motion is analyzed and the application of Matlab software to the study of chaotic system is described.


Abstract. Single-video-based temporal super-resolution reconstruction (SRR) can get rid of constraints imposed on multiple-video-based temporal SRR, including device scarcity, temporal synchronization, complicated registration, and high cost. But frame interpolation in single-video-based temporal SRR cannot deblur well, and the selection or determination related to interpolation function has a lack of evidence, which reduces the fidelity. Additionally, the subsequent spatial deblurring is suboptimal for the motion blur in video because the formation of the motion blur is different from that of the spatial blur. This paper proposes a temporal SRR based on pixel stream and featured prior model to increase the frame rate and the definition of motion blurred single video. The proposed temporal SRR views the single video as a bundle of pixel streams and implements maximum-a-posteriori-based pixel stream SRR stream-by-stream without the selection or determination related to interpolation function. What is more, a featured temporal prior about the pixel stream is proposed and introduced into the pixel stream SRR, which can well remove the motion blur. Experimental results show the proposed temporal SRR is effective.


Nazmi Ziya is a turning point in history of the Turkish painting art and he is the artist who best represent 14 Kusagi. Also he is the first representative of a current which hasn't it before in Turkish painting art and he has made great contribution to the development of Turkish Painting. In this regard, he is an important example for the young artists. Also this article is an important source for make to promote the artist.


The ca. 1.83 Ga El Sherana – Edith River basin of Northern Territory, Australia, contains terrestrial sedimentary and volcanic rocks deposited during continental extension or transtension. Braid-pl...


A collaborative project in liberal arts chemistry, involving faculty in chemistry and science education, is described. The project includes various components: an introductory test (DAST) to examine students' perceptions of scientists, a group library research exercise, oral and written presentation of the results of the library research, a presentation by a guest scientist, and a final evaluation of the experience by the students. (Author) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.


USING OPEN SOFTWARE tools for instruction of computational methods to engineering students, not only graduate, but also undergraduate students, seems to be making a lot of sense. To become truly expert, the students need hands-on practice. Black-box type software may provide some needed experience, but the tired old joke about a monkey that had been taught which buttons to press to get a banana should ring in our ears. Knowledge of how to operate a tool GUI must not be considered a replacement for the understanding of the guts of the tool. Tools that the students may inspect in depth, preferably at the source code level, are ideally positioned as instructional tools at all levels of university instruction. We describe some experiences with instructional software that has been written for and used in some courses taught in the Department of Structural Engineering at the UCSD. These courses span from the introduction to numerical and graphical tools (SE102), numerical methods in engineering (SE121), and finite element analysis (SE131) at the undergraduate level, to advanced nonlinear finite element analysis at the graduate level. Importantly, we are also able to report experiences obtained with these tools in the setting of undergraduate research in the scope of the Faculty Mentor Program at UCSD. Four students have developed MATLAB tools and used them in research in the past three years. Example 1. Compute the mass and stiffness matrices for the pre-stressed cable:


Mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been produced by means of laser pyrolysis. The main fraction of the extracted PAHs was primarily medium-sized, up to a maximum size of 38 carbon atoms per molecule. The use of different extraction solvents and subsequent chromatographic fractionation provided mixtures of different size distributions. UV–VIS absorption spectra have been measured at low temperature by matrix isolation spectroscopy and at room temperature with PAHs as film-like deposits on transparent substrates. In accordance with semi-empirical calculations, our findings suggest that large PAHs with sizes around 50–60 carbon atoms per molecule could be responsible for the interstellar UV bump at 217.5 nm.


Research Studies on Rice/Paddy initiated by Hivos in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and The Netherlands looked at several aspects related to ecological/environmental, economic, institutional, social/gender dimensions of rice production, trade and consumption. The sharing of findings from these studies was done in an International workshop held in Sri Lanka in March 2004, where participants from Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines also participated apart from the countries where the studies were carried out. From the sharing of experiences it emerged that organic agriculture is indeed a better option for the small producer as it reduces the cost of production, enriches the soil, is environmentally friendly (reduces costs on healthcare) and there are possibilities for higher income if linked with the growing demand for organic produce. However very few examples emerged which actually indicated the engagement with a greater part of the food/value chain. This perhaps indicates the complexities and the difficulties in the processes as one moves along the chain. Given the political, socio-cultural, economic and agro-ecological diversities of India, it was felt that a much deeper understanding of the processes that affect the lives and the livelihoods of the paddy producers needs to be acquired for any meaningful interventions to be designed.


A miniature etched loop antenna, self-adjusting to stay resonant at the transmit frequency, is described. The antenna is ideal for miniature hand-held VHF and UHF crystal-controlled transmitters with integral antennas.


We demonstrate a full-wave numerical Maxwell-Bloch simulation tool including perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions. To avoid detrimental reflection errors at the boundary of the simulation domain, an adapted PML model is introduced, which takes into account impedance mismatch effects arising from the internal quantum system. For the numerical validation of the modified PML model the simulation tool is applied to the active gain medium of a terahertz quantum cascade laser (QCL) structure. Improved absorbing characteristics for the truncation of active gain media in our Maxwell-Bloch simulation approach are obtained.


A production method for a centrifugally cast 38 chromium-molybdenum-aluminum nitriding steel abrasive-resistant pipe adopts an ordinary iron pipe, 38 chromium-molybdenum-aluminum nitriding steel is centrifugally cast on the internal wall of the iron pipe, internal wall boring and grinding machining is then carried out after casting, nitriding is then carried out after internal wall boring and grinding machining, ammonia is injected into a nitriding furnace for nitriding, the nitriding temperature is 580 DEG C, and nitriding takes seven hours. After centrifugal casting, machining is easy, and the Vickers hardness of 900 to 1100 degrees and the Rockwell hardness of 65 to 75 degrees can be reached by the way of nitriding after the boring and grinding of the internal wall. The abrasive resistance of the centrifugally cast 38 chromium-molybdenum-aluminum nitriding steel abrasive-resistant pipe is higher than the abrasive resistance of chromium-plated pipes, so the service life of the centrifugally cast 38 chromium-molybdenum-aluminum nitriding steel abrasive-resistant pipe used on a concrete pouring truck is long. The centrifugally cast 38 chromium-molybdenum-aluminum nitriding steel abrasive-resistant pipe is easy to maintain and can be repetitively surfaced, turned and ground. Moreover, the centrifugally cast 38 chromium-molybdenum-aluminum nitriding steel abrasive-resistant pipe is corrosion-resistant and therefore can resist the erosion and corrosion of seawater.


Taccainvolucrata tubers are not currently stored but processed in-situ and this has limited the commercial production and processing of this wild crop. The increasing research into the potential qualities of its starch for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries informed this investigation to determine the storability of the tubers in underground pits. Three identical pits were dug and provided with one, two and no vent. Two hundred clean T. involucrate tubers weighing 22 kg were stored in each pit and monitored for six months. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored three times daily at 6 h intervals from 6 am to 6 pm using a digital thermo-hygrometer while weight loss, sprout index and rot incidence were examined monthly. Air temperatures varied from 28.4-32.9°C, 28.2-32.9°C and 28.2-32.5°C in zero-vent, one-vent and two-vent pits respectively as against 30.1-33.7°C in the surrounding. Weight losses of 12.9, 9.2 and 9.0% were recorded at 4 months while sprout indexes of 7.1, 3.0 and 12.0% were, respectively obtained for zero-vent, one-vent and two-vent pits at 3months of storage. Thereafter, sprout index ˃80% was observed in all the pits. Rot incidences of 4, 3 and 0% for zero-vent, one-vent and two-vent pits respectively were observed after the 6 months storage period. The study revealed a three-month storability of T. involucrate tubers in pits. This is a promising approach, economical and will make T. involucrate available for a longer period after its season for the small scale processors in the locality while awaiting full commercialization.


It has been proposed since modern times that we need to consult the history of mathematics in teaching mathematics, and some modifications of this principle were made recently by Lakatos, Freudenthal, and Brousseau. It may be necessary to have a direction which we consult when modifying the history of mathematics for students. In this article, we analyse the elements of the cognitive interest in Hamilton's discovery of the quaternions and in the history of discovery of imaginary numbers, and we investigate the effects of these elements on attention of the students of nowadays. These works may give a direction to the historic-genetic principle in teaching mathematics.


This thesis examined the conscious processing hypothesis as a potential explanation
for the way in which anxiety affects motor performance. The thesis is written as a
series of research papers (studies). The five papers are preceded by a general
introduction and followed by a general discussion. The first study replicated and
extended previous research in the area of conscious processing. Participants acquired
the skill of golf putting explicitly and implicitly across 400 trials. During a high
anxiety transfer test, the performance of participants who learned explicitly was less
robust than that of participants who learned implicitly, supporting the conscious
processing hypothesis. Study 2 tested the conscious processing hypothesis using a
performance rather than learning paradigm to control for possible desensitisation
effects identified as a possible alternative explanation for the results of study 1.
Results supported the conscious processing hypothesis, but an alternative attentional
explanation was identified. Study 3 examined the conscious processing hypothesis
while controlling for both desensitisation and attentional effects. Kinematic measures
were also adopted to examine the golf putting task in vivo. Performance results
partially supported the conscious processing hypothesis. Study 4 replicated and
extended the design adopted in study 3. Study 4 also examined processing efficiency
theory as a plausible alternative to the conscious processing hypothesis. Kinematic
and cardiovascular measures were incorporated into the design. Performance scores
suggested a processing efficiency interpretation. However, conscious processing
effects could not be totally discounted. The fifth study examined the suggestion that
the use of process goals by skilled but anxious performers might actively encourage
lapses into conscious processing. Increases in state anxiety did not produce
performance decrements. A lack of training in the use of goals was identified as an
explanation for the absence of performance impairment. Implications for future
research and applied practice are derived from the five studies


A methodology to perform sensitivity analysis on a given oscillator circuit prior to its construction is presented. The method uses a computer program developed to obtain the solution of the oscillation equations, and a commercially available curve-fitting routine. Results of the sensitivity analysis performed on a 2 GHz oscillator circuit are presented.<<ETX>>


The least-squares method ensures a lower error in spectral analysis than any other method. This method, in the approach to the problem of analysis of gamma radiation spectra determined with a scintillation spectrometer, requires the introduction of a weighting factor for counting in the channele. Contents of natural radioactive elements in the soil and ores and errors of these values according to the spectrum measured with a 64-channel analyzer were calculated in 3 sec. The correctness of the calculations and operation of the spectrometer were monitored by the ratio of the actual and calculated deviations of the counts in the channels. (tr-auth)


The quantity characteristics of the inflorescence flowers and pod seeds of Medicago sativa (Baralfa 32 IQ) were studied. The inflorescence flower numbers showed a formal distribution pattern which can be represented by the following model:y=16.52πe-12(x-18.56.5)2. The mean number of flowers per inflorescence was 18.5, std. error of mean 6.5, minimum 2, maximum 61, mode 17, and the median was 17.9. The seed numbers per pod also showed a formal distribution pattern which can be represented by the following model:y=13.32πe-12(x-7.33.3)2. The mean number of seeds per pod was 7.3,std. error of mean 3.3,minimum 1,maximum 19,mode 7, and the median was 7.2.


Abstract The identification of individuals with null alleles enables studying how the loss of gene function affects infection. We previously described a non‐functional variant in SIGLEC1, which encodes the myeloid‐cell receptor Siglec‐1/CD169 implicated in HIV‐1 cell‐to‐cell transmission. Here we report a significant association between the SIGLEC1 null variant and extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in two clinical cohorts comprising 6,256 individuals. Local spread of bacteria within the lung is apparent in Mtb‐infected Siglec‐1 knockout mice which, despite having similar bacterial load, developed more extensive lesions compared to wild type mice. We find that Siglec‐1 is necessary to induce antigen presentation through extracellular vesicle uptake. We postulate that lack of Siglec‐1 delays the onset of protective immunity against Mtb by limiting antigen exchange via extracellular vesicles, allowing for an early local spread of mycobacteria that increases the risk for extrapulmonary dissemination.


This paper investigates the problem of estimating the effects of interference to a coherent phase-shift-keyed (CPSK) digital carrier. Paralleling Saltzberg [1], the principal tool utilized is the CramerChernoff bounding technique. The interference effects can be characterized by equating the larger interferers to an equivalent coherent canceling sine wave and the remaining interferers to an equivalent incoherent source of thermal noise. Subject to an envelope constraint, any allocation of the interferers between a canceling sine wave and thermal noise is allowed. Conditions are developed for the case: 1) when all the interference should be allocated to thermal noise; and 2) when as much as possible of the interference should be allocated to a canceling sine wave. This provides insight into the formal procedure of equating interference as additional thermal noise.


The RAID technology is relatively mature now and applied widely in serverand even micro computer, but due to lack of experience in its application,even professional engineers feel at loss about the problems lisuchas, disk array information recovery when RAID corrupt, original data retaining when RAID corrupt for commixing disk's levels, when and how to resume lower version of BIOS of the disk array, why system down at time of mirror operation and how to solve it. The writer summaries solutions for 4 typical cases based on his experience in relevant work, to provide reference for readers that have similar problems, in the hope of helping them recovery the disk array fast.


Little is known about how cortical reorganization occurs after peripheral nerve injuries. The author proposes that this reorganization is essentially done through columnar structures. This proposition was confirmed by constructing a simplified, but physiologically plausible, model of the somatosensory cortex.


Physical method(yellow board) and biological pesticide were used to control fungus gnat on Auricularia,The result showed that 26×30 yellow board(with grid) produced by Lingbo Niukang Biological Technology Company had the best result compared with the amount of fungus gnat stuck on other types of yellow board.The optimal conditions of yellow board were as follows,hanging height: 1.8 m above floor;size: 26 cm×30 cm;density: 1 yellow board every 2 meters in the alley putting Auricularia;direction: parallel to shelf.Auricularia yields were increased by using pesticide compared with CK without any pesticide,especially,pyrethrum had the best result with 50.12 % increasing production compared with CK and no pesticide residues were detected after Auricularia was harvested in the third time.


Two chapters from the Handbook are presented in this document. Chapter 3 deals with the effect of operating conditions on corrosion and fouling; Chapter 4 gives information on paint materials used as protection against corrosion and fouling.


Based on system research on detrital sediments in different scales, it is found that molasse-like deposits, instable (easy abrasive) detrital grains and mineral-assemblages were developed in the Kuqa depression, the south foot of the Tianshan, in Neogene, especially after Miocene. It is also presented that gradual southward migration of alluvial depositional fronts and depositional depocenters with near east-west strike occurred since Cretaceous. However, evident changes of the above migration trend happen since Pliocene, in which large-scale southward migration of alluvial depositional systems but relative northward migration of depositional depocenters occurred simultaneously, and current north depositional boundary is near present basin-mountain boundary between Kuqa depression and Tianshan, which attributes to syndepositional normal faults of southward dip. Combined with data from tectonic and paleoclimate reserches, it is explained that the above depositional records resulted from the tectonic transformation processes in Late Cenozoic, in which gravity-extension and gravity-collapse occurred in the shallow tectosphere of the Kuqa depression-Tianshan since Pliocene due to intensive uplift of the Tianshan under continuous extrusion stress in Late Cenozoic. The conclusion on tectonic transformation processes, presented in the paper, revise the past views on Cenozoic dynamic mechanism of structural accommodation, which was explained with sole southward thrusting pattern of the Tianshan under extrusion stress regimes.


The Secretary-General of Indias Family Planning Association stresses the need for increased involvement on the part of men in fertility control campaigns. Most family planning programs are designed for women and fail to acknowledge mens involvement in decisions about contraception. Recommended are program approaches that build on mens positive attitudes toward family planning and their awareness of their responsibilities to both family and society. Male components should be integrated into ongoing program activities and backed up by a sound information education and service strategy. The support of formal and informal leaders in the community and use of local infrastructures for communication is essential. Cooperation with relevant governmental and nongovernmental organizations is desirable. Strategies to increase shared responsibility for family planning include identification of local values and traditions that encourage joint responsibility stimulation of discussions on the roles and responsibilities of both sexes promotion of family life and parenthood education programs extended collaboration with trade unions and predominantly male groups such as the armed forces and involvement of men in efforts to promote the rights of women. In cases where the level of knowledge and support for family planning is favorable contraceptive practice by men themselves can be promoted. Such an effort can be facilitated by encouraging male opinion leaders to support male contraceptive practice and involving satisfied male acceptors in promotion.


ABSTRACT A recent scandal in the Netherlands painfully underscored that sexual harassment and abuse are unfortunately still happening around the world, even after decades of advocacy on this issue and five years of #MeToo. To make progress in prevention and treatment we argue that we should address sexual violence from a public health perspective. Furthermore, looking back on the past year, the COVID-19 pandemic was the dominant and potentially traumatic stressor affecting large populations around the world. Another big topic was that of the impact of climate change, we are only beginning to realize its impact on stress across the globe. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT), with its increasing global readership and scientific and social impact, is focusing on the traumatic stress aspects of these and many other events. Relatedly, neurobiological aspects are an important and growing focus of the journal in that they help us better understand the mechanisms behind the development of trauma-related disorders and their treatment. In this editorial, we present recent trends, new Open Science developments, journal metrics, the plans and themes for next year and the ESTSS EJPT award winners for best paper of 2021. Highlights • Next years' research focus should be on sexual violence from a public health lens, climate change, and neurobiologal aspects of trauma-related disorders. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) calls or papers on these issues.


Paternity probabilities when an alleged father is a congenital chimera A previous note proposed ways to calculate locus paternity probabilities when the child in a paternity case trio is a congenital chimera. This letter describes ways to calculate them when the alleged father (AF) is a congenital chimera. A chimeric cell sample contains two genomes and four alleles per locus. After DNA extraction and analyses of microsatellite (STR) loci, one to three alleles per locus may be rendered "invisible" if they are duplicates of visible alleles. (This occurs in the same way an ordinary two-allele homozygote exhibits a one-allele phenotype.) Nonpaternity of an AF chimera is evident if the child's paternal obligate allele (POA) is absent from AF's locus phenotype. If AF is the child's biologic father, his phenotype will include a visible copy of the POA. The conditional probability that a child would inherit the POA from its chimeric AF (PrAF) depends on two considerations. First, there is a constant 0.25 probability that AF's child would inherit a visible POA. The 0.25 is the product of [Pr that the paternal DZ twin of AF carries the POA (50.5)] 3 [Pr that the POA would be transmitted from the paternal twin to the child (50.5)]. Second there is another combined probability of three independent Pr's. It is the product of [Pr that an invisible allele would be inherited (50.25)] 3 [number of invisible alleles/locus, each with a chance of being a duplicate of the visible POA] 3 [the chance that each invisible allele is a duplicate of the visible POA (51/number of invisible alleles at the locus)]. The sum of the constant Pr and the combined Pr is the total conditional probability that AF would contribute the POA to his child (PrAF). The conditional probability (PrRM) that the child would inherit the POA from "the random man" (RM) is the probability that the child would inherit the POA by chance (the POA's frequency in AF's population). The fraction PrAF/PrRM is the paternity likelihood ratio (LR), unless the child's mother is not tested and two different probabilities are compared: The [Pr that the child's genotype would occur if AF's POA were multiplied by the frequency of the child's second allele] is divided by the [Pr that the child's genotype would occur entirely by chance in AF's population]. Table 1 formulates the two conditional Prs and LRs in AF-chimera cases.


Establishes data translation model for the entire Jiangsu Provinces national land information.Through the translation model research, develops a spatial data transducer,as multi source spatial data transformation platforms data translation engine,enables the data in various kind of format to be allowed to free tranlation, sharing in this platform.


A two-stage solutionprocedure is developed as a managerial decisionmakingtoolin thetransmission linerouteselection process.In stageone,theK leastcostlyalternatives arefound, basedstrictly onmonetary considerations. Instage two,thealternative whichcausestheleastamount of socialandenvironmental disruption is selected fromthealternatives generated instageone.


57 ABSTRACT The present invention relates to a process for the encap sulation of a solid substrate with a neutralized sulfo nated polymer, which comprises the steps of: (a) form ing a solution of a non-conjugated, diene polymer in a solvent selected from the group consisting of aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof; (b) con tacting the solution of the unsaturated polymer with a sulfonating agent at a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient period of time to form a solution of a sulfo nated polymer containing free acid; (c) forming a solu tion of a base selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and mixtures thereof in a mix true of an aliphatic alcohol and a hydrocarbon, the hydrocarbon being selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof; (d) adding the solution of base to the solution of sulfonated polymer in an amount sufficient to neutralize the polymer and the free acid, thereby forming a coat ing solution; (e) contacting the solid substrate with the coating solution while removing the solvent therefrom, thereby forming an encapsulated substrate. In a pre ferred embodiment, the solvent removed during step (e) is recovered and distilled to separate the solvent into at least two fractions, a fraction containing substantially hydrocarbon and an alcohol containing fraction. The separated solvents are then recycled to dissolve the polymer in step (a) and to dissolve the base in step (c).


Estimating river streamflow is a key task for both flood protection and optimal water resource management. The high degree of uncertainty regarding watershed characteristics, hydrological processes, and climatic factors affecting river flows makes streamflow estimation a challenging problem. These reasons, combined with the increasing prevalence of data on streamflow and precipitation, often lead to data-driven models being preferred over physically-based or conceptual forecasting models. The goal of this study is to predict daily river streamflow data with high accuracy using bagging and boosting approaches, which are ensemble learning methods. In addition, the effect of tributary streamflow on the forecast performance was analyzed in the estimation of the streamflow data. According to the results obtained, it has been shown that ensemble learning models are successful in estimating daily streamflow data, and if the tributary streamflow data is also used as input in the estimation of the streamflow, the determination and correlation performance parameters are improved, and the streamflow data can be estimated using tributary streamflow data.


Succession is an important problem the family owned businesses should face.This article summarizes the characteristics of family owned business,the succession mode,choice of successor,and the problems during the succession;and then gives some countermeasures to improve their succession.


Many patients require trials of different antidepressants to find a suitable treatment for depression and anxiety disorders. Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing may provide opportunities to improve drug selection or dosing. How and when to obtain this information and integrate it into clinical care remains a challenge. A recent randomized controlled trial of PGx to guide antidepressant treatment by integrating community pharmacists provides an opportunity to reflect on current challenges and interprofessional opportunities to improve patient care. Finding effective and tolerable medications for individuals with depression or anxiety is a challenge. These conditions are quite common, but despite a number of approved antidepressants, remission to initial treatments is achieved by only approximately onethird of patients.1 Sequential strategies for switching or augmentation may be helpful for some patients, but the journey may be long. Determining effectiveness in the outpatient setting may take 4– 8 weeks per medication. Depending on illness severity, the need to trial multiple medications in a sequential fashion may result in many months of direct and indirect costs related to illness, and inadequate treatment may increase the risk for suicide. PGx has long been regarded as a seemingly logical and enticing approach to improve the precision with which we choose and dose antidepressants.2 PGx tests have been available for over 10 years,3 yet we as a mental health field have struggled to incorporate this element of precision medicine into clinical practice. Other therapeutic disciplines (e.g., oncology), however, now have "omic" technologies integrated into the standard of care. Higher level challenges to integrating PGx into clinical care for mental health include (1) how best to test and quantify clinical impact, and (2) how to effectively incorporate PGx into clinical care in a structured and evidencebased fashion. Papastergiou et al. conducted a randomized controlled trial of PGx guidance for antidepressants versus standard care in a community pharmacy setting. They identified greater improvements in symptom and disability measures over time in those receiving pharmacist recommendations that incorporated PGx results versus those that did not have PGx information. The study design, approach, and results offer an opportunity to gain further insights into the aforementioned barriers as we expand our evidence base for PGx facilitate care in mental health.


In this paper,the quality of Gd 2O 3 MgF 2 film on thin quartz slice is determined by positron annihilation life spectroscopy. It illuminates the relationship between positron annihilation parameters and film structure.


A the many concerns that beset our world today, two in particular stand out—not because they capture daily headlines, as the 'oil crisis' has done recently, but because they are so profound that they threaten the continuing existence of civilization. The first is too-rapid population growth and the crushing poverty of hundreds of millions of people in the Third World; the second is the increasing rate of degradation of the environment and utilization of living natural resources at levels that cannot be sustained. The two problems are linked: as one intensifies, it exacerbates the other; and action taken to ease one must be designed also to ameliorate the other. The linkage is not widely understood. Many of us, even among conservationists and environmentalists, have only recently begun to appreciate the significance of poverty as one of the major impediments to achieving conservation (another is excessive consumption by the well-to-do); many advocates of development still see conservation as a concept of marginal importance that is of interest to only a few. At the worst they are apt to consider conservation an impediment to progress and to react accordingly. The problem of poverty and under-development manifests itself in such stark human terms as starvation, malnutrition, slums, filth, and crime, and is thus better known and deemed more important by more people than is the resource-environment problem. Solutions to the former problem have been, and are being, sought through a complex of measures that are currently being presented and reformulated in the United Nations' Third International Development Strategy*.


Decision makers rely on models to assist them in taking the right decision on complex issues. The Scottish Government is using the TIMES model to inform the Scottish Climate Change plan (Scottish Government, 2017a) and the Scottish Energy Strategy (Scottish Government, 2017b). TIMES is an energy system model, which is typically used for the exploration of possible energy futures based on contrasted scenarios (Loulou et al., 2005). It's a well-known modelling tool, with many national and regional versions in the world ("IEA-ETSAP | Energy Systems Analysis Applications," 2017). In the Scottish context, TIMES is used to find the least cost energy system under the ambitious decarbonisation scenarios in Scotland. In other words, TIMES shows what the Scottish energy system would look like (the energy mix, technologies and required investments) if the decarbonisation targets for 2050 (set in the climate change plan) are to be achieved.


X-ray measurements are carried out on a series of substrates with carefully prescribed coatings. An equation is developed for determining coating thickness and canalso be used to give values for the x-ray range.


Abstract : This paper explores the relationship between budgeting and perceived power in city government organizations. Data are reported from a survey of perceived budget influence in six city governments in Texas. During budget formulation city managers were perceived as having the most vertical power, followed by the city council, department heads, and department employees. During budget implementation, there was a perceived increase in department head vertical power and a decrease in city council power. Perceptions of horizontal power suggested that budget departments generally had greater perceived influence than operating departments for budget related issues. The findings are used to develop a strategic contingencies model of budget-related power, and to suggest some research steps for testing the proposed model. (Author)


The invention discloses a novel single-three-phase electric energy meter integrated verifying unit. The unit comprises a single chip microcomputer module, a current measurement loop, a voltage measurement loop and a display module, wherein the current measurement loop, the voltage measurement loop and the display module are connected with the single chip microcomputer module. The unit is characterized in that the voltage measurement loop comprises a voltage type power amplifier, the output end of the voltage type power amplifier is connected with a switching module which is connected with a three-phase boosting transformer and a single-phase boosting transformer, a feedback coil of the three-phase boosting transformer and a feedback coil of the single-phase boosting transformer are connected with the voltage type power amplifier through the switching module, the output end of the three-phase boosting transformer is provided with a three-phase multi-tap port capable of measuring a three-phase electric energy meter, and the output end of the single-phase boosting transformer is provided with a single-phase multi-tap port capable of measuring a single-phase electric energy meter. The unit meets the verification requirements for the single-phase electric energy meter and the three-phase electric energy meter.


The Remez penalty and smoothing algorithm (RPSALG) is a uni…ed framework for penalty and smoothing methods for solving min-max convex semi-in…nite programing problems, whose convergence was analyzed in a previous paper of three of the authors [1]. RPSALG subsumes wellknown classical algorithms, but also provides some new methods with interesting computational properties. In this paper we consider a partial implementation of RPSALG for solving ordinary convex semi-in…nite programming problems. Each iteration of the algorithm involves two types of auxiliary optimization problems: the …rst one consists of obtaining an approximate solution of some discretized convex problem, while the second one requires to solve a non-convex optimization problem involving the parametric constraints as objective function with the parameter as variable. The main computational di¢ culties come from the non-convex optimization problem associated with the constraints, which must be solved e¢ ciently at each iteration. In this paper we tackle the latter problem with the so-called Cutting Angle Method, a global optimization procedure for solving Lipschitz programming problems. We implement di¤erent variants of RPSALG which are compared with the unique publicly available SIP solver, NSIPS, on a battery of test problems. ? Institut Camille Jordan, Université de Lyon, CNRS, and Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique, France, email: email@example.com ?? Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada I, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain, email: firstname.lastname@example.com ??? Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Alicante, Spain, email: firstname.lastname@example.com y Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Alicante, Spain, email: email@example.com 2 A. Auslender et al. Key words convex semi-in…nite programming Remez-type methods penalty methods smoothing methods cutting angle method


All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Double Anonymous • Conference submission management system: Morressier • Number of submissions received: 46 • Number of submissions sent for review: 46 • Number of submissions accepted: 28 • Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 60.9 • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 29 • Contact person for queries: Name: Carina Liu Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Affiliation: South Asia Institute of Science and Engineering


This essay considers the bushidō (Way of the Warrior) discourse of the nationalist ideologue and theorist of Tōyō shisō (Oriental thought) Yasuoka Masahiro (1898–1983). As part of his Confucian nationalist perspective on jinkakushugi ('personalism'), Yasuoka propagated self-cultivation that would enable Japanese to resist the supposedly debilitating effects of materialist ideologies and effete urban living upon their personalities. Relying on Tokugawa-era reflections on the bushi (warriors), late Meiji musings on bushidō and budō ('martial arts') and modern idealist responses to materialism, he exhorted Japanese men to embrace a self-sacrificial 'samurai spirit' and to act as exemplary 'men of character' (jinkakusha) loyal to the emperor-centered state. Articulated during the advent of universal male suffrage, Yasuoka's bushidō discourse not only revealed the obvious expectations of wartime service to the empire but also expressed elite anxiety over the prospect of mass political participation in an age of radical ideologies. Concern for political stability was also prominent in his insistence that these enfranchised public men be supported by disenfranchised housebound women living a feminine analog to bushidō. Examining what Yasuoka called his 'new discourse on bushidō philosophy' (bushidō tetsugaku shinron) thus sheds considerable light on the modern reproduction and political implications of bushidō as national ideology, as masculine ideal, and as part of the pervasive prewar discussion of self-cultivation.


The higher education offered by Turkish Universities cultivates well-qualified and experienced people, catering for the need of skilful employees. With its great role in honing students' economic, interpersonal, cultural, scientific, and social erudition, this education is provided by the academic institutions aiming to raise the scientific and vocational quality. In this regard, the faculties of communication at Turkish Universities also serve to meet the sector-based needs and to provide well-educated academic staff. However, the excessive growth in the number of students enrolling in universities and the number of newly opened faculties of communication has forced the students to opt for these faculties just because they had no better options, which, in turn, has led to a growth in the need of academic staff. As a result, the notion of quality has become a focal point on the side of both students and academic staff. The present study elicited questionnaires from a total of 400 university students. The findings referred to the reasons as to why the students chose this department along with their expectations, willingness to convert to other departments and the reasons, and the level of satisfaction with this department. The results were evaluated in light of the issues abovementioned. Keywords: education, communication faculty, students, students' attitudes.


Fantasies of "virtual libraries," where users transparently access needed information regardless of location, depend on no-cost, unrestricted access to electronic information. In the real world, ownership and access are interwoven, library materials are usually in print form, and libraries are not usually high funding priorities for their parent institutions. If electronic information is obtained from commercial sources, libraries may need to restrict remote access to it. Ironically, print information in remote libraries may be more accessible than electronic information.


The knowledge on the features of the English varieties is essential to understand the differences and similarities of the varieties for second language teaching and learning, either for general proficiency (EGP) or English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classes. This paper demonstrates a corpus-based comparison of the lexical features between an ESP variety (Engineering English) and a General English (GE). Two corpora are used in the study; the Engineering English Corpus (EEC) acts as the representation of the specialized language, and the British National Corpus (BNC) as the General English (GE). The analyses are conducted by employing the WordList functions of a linguistic software – Wordsmith. Discussions on the differences (or similarities) of these two corpora include general statistics, text coverage and vocabulary size. The empirical findings in this study highlight the general lexical features of both corpora. The analyses verify that the Engineering English has less varied vocabulary, but higher text coverage than the GE; in other words, most of the words are used repeatedly throughout the EEC. Thus, this study further emphasizes the importance of corpus-based lexical investigations in providing empirical evidences for language description.


BACKGROUND
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in the developed countries. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with KD in Turkey.

METHODS
The medical records of 24 patients treated for KD between January 1994 and June 2009 at Ankara University Medical School, Turkey were reviewed.

RESULTS
The male-to-female ratio was 1.4 : 1. The median age at diagnosis was 2 years (range: 6.5 months to 11 years). Conjunctivitis and changes in the lips and oral cavity were seen in 21/24 (87.5%), cervical lymphadenopathy 17/24 (70.8%), polymorphous rash 16/24 (66.7%) and peripheral changes in 12/24 (50%). Coronary artery abnormality (CAA) was observed in 8/24 (33.3%) cases. CAA was seen in both the complete and incomplete groups with similar frequency (31.3% vs. 37.5%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
KD must be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of infants with prolonged fever.


Two stages of halal food distribution model for perishable food products are a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model proposed to solve the distribution problem of halal food, especially for perishable food products. The model can simultaneously minimize overstock, shortage, transportation, and deterioration costs. The model is developed into two stages. The first stage is the location-allocation model to determine the halal cluster and the number of suppliers in each cluster. The second stage is the vehicle routing model to determine the routing at each cluster. Numerical experiments are done using CPLEX Solver and the proposed model is applied to solve a real case of halal meat distribution in Yogyakarta. The results show that the proposed model can be used as a decision tool for supply chain and distribution managers to determine the strategy for distributing halal food products with the least total logistics cost for daily application.


Nowadays digital media manipulation has become a common trend. Digital media, especially images, being one of the primary modes of communication, can be easily manipulated. Current research trends in digital image forensics focus on validating the authenticity of the image. Objectives: Objective of the present study is to authenticate objects in an image using light sources and their properties. Method: By locating the direction of the light source, forgery in the images can be easily detected. Inconsistencies between different light sources in the image highlight image tampering. This paper focuses on detection of image forgery using lighting inconsistencies. The proposed technique measures the lighting properties from different objects or surfaces present in the image. Finding: The model for digital forensics identifies the lighting discrepancies in the objects of an image and provides results indicating difference between real and fake images. Improvement: The proposed technique is an objective based method and identifies digital image forgery based on physics of the environment. Results are promising and reproducible making the technique an important tool for image forgery detection.


As with any public health problem, the evolution of antibacterial resistance must be viewed from a perspective of risk, and analyzed in terms of probabilities within the populations. It is necessary to be able to predict the risk of antibacterial resistance in the future, and two main strategies have recently been developed in mathematical models that may help to evaluate these risks. It is also important to understand how antibiotics are used and how their use affects the evolution of antibacterial resistance. Understanding the epidemiology of antibacterial resistance will enable us to develop preventive strategies to limit existing resistance and to avoid the emergence of new strains of resistant bacteria. Furthermore, resistance development in pathogens became a major problem, which is still with us today. In addition, new pathogens are continually emerging and there still are bacteria that are not eliminated by any antibiotic, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition to these problems, many of the major pharmaceutical companies have abandoned the antibiotic field, leaving much of the discovery efforts to small companies, new companies, and the biotechnology industries. Despite these problems, development of new antibiotics has continued, albeit at a much lower pace than in the last century.


Carl Brandon Strehlke, Adjunct Curator has prepared a scholarly examination of the Johnson Collection. His discussion of such art historical questions as dating and attribution combines extensive archival research with technical study of the paintings.


This study aims to find out the effects of independent, careers and grading, objectivity, and audit experience on the effectiveness of internal audits. This research uses purposive sampling method. The data in this research comes from a questionnaire from 52 respondents. The processing of the data in this research applies Structural Equation Model based on Partial Least Square  with the help of SmartPLS 3. According to the research findings, independence and audit experience significantly affect the effectiveness of internal audits. While careers and grading and objectivity do not significantly affect the effectiveness of internal audits.


The invention discloses a train locating method with fixed block and moving block at the same time, which is suitable for train with different block ways and aimed at prior mainstream block way in automatic control system of city obit traffic train. The invention is not only suitable for train location under the condition of fixed block but also suitable for train location under the condition of moving block. The invention searches a good solving project out for the transition from the fixed block to the moving block.


The Book of Sales is one of the lengthiest chapters of the Muwatta. It provides an interesting window into the market and the economy of 8th century Medina, where Malik treats a wide variety of legal problems arising out of cash, credit and barter transactions, involving a diverse range of agricultural and manufactured products, as well as issues arising out of the slave trade.


Diffuse gastroesophageal leiomyomatosis is a rare, benign neoplastic condition characterized by thickening of the esophageal wall as a result ofaberrant smooth muscle proliferation. Gastroesophageal leiomyomatosis may occur in isolation or as a familial disorder and has been associated with other conditions, such as Alport syndrome. Alport syndrome is a hereditary disorder of basement membrane type IV collagen, characterized by progressive nephritis, sensorineural deafness and ocular abnormalities. In this article, we present an interesting case of gastroesophageal leiomyomatosis occurring in a single family in whichthe mother and her son had Alport syndrome. This case is the first report in Korea that gastroesophageal leiomyomatosis is associated with two generations of Alport syndrome. (Korean J Med 79:171-176, 2010)


Recently, hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and mutations have been reported to be related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This cross‐sectional case–control study examined the relationship between HCC and mutations in the enhancer II/core promoter and precore regions of HBV by comparing 135 Korean HCC patients infected with HBV genotype C2 (HBV/C2; HCC group) with 135 age‐, sex‐, and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status‐matched patients without HCC (non‐ HCC group). Age and sex were also matched between HBeAg‐positive and ‐negative patients. The prevalence of T1653, A1689, V1753, T1762/A1764, T1846, A1850, C1858, and A1896 mutations was evaluated in this population. The prevalence of the T1653 mutation in the box α region, the A1689 mutation in between the box α and β regions, and the T1762/A1764 mutations in the basal core promoter region was significantly higher in the HCC group compared to the non‐HCC group (8.9% vs. 2.2%, P = 0.017; 19.3% vs. 4.4%, P < 0.001; and 60.7% vs. 22.2%; P < 0.001). Among HBeAg‐negative patients, the frequency of the T1653 mutation was higher in the HCC group. Regardless of HBeAg status, the prevalence of the A1689, and T1762/A1764 mutations was higher in the HCC group than in the non‐HCC group. However, no association was observed between mutations in the precore region and HCC. Upon multivariate analysis, the presence of the T1653, A1689, and T1762/A1764 mutations was an independent predictive factor for HCC. The addition of the T1653 or A1689 mutation to T1762/A1764 increased the risk of HCC. In conclusion, the T1653, A1689, and/or T1762/A1764 mutations were associated with the development of HCC in Korean patients infected with HBV/C2. J. Med. Virol. 81:1002–1008, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The greenhouse effect is a process in which the atmospheric gases trap the solar radiations. This result into increasing temperature of earth more than what it could have been without atmosphere, thus making it comfortable to live. This effect is utilized to create a healthy environment to grow crops. A Green House is a structure made up of translucent material wherein climate is regulated for growing plants. This structure range from small shades to large industry sized construction. Green houses are particularly used for growing vegetables and flowers. These green houses need monitoring mechanism for knowledge of various parameters like temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil moisture contents, plant growth and atmosphere controlling or actuating elements like heaters, light sources, sprinklers, ventilators. Sensors and actuators used for measurement and control of these parameters have a limited range in terms of area covered. Hence numbers of sensors are deployed in monitoring of a typical green house. As number of sensors increases, not only the cost but also complexity of system increases. Although wireless sensor networks are proving point, but still 'sensor count', cannot be reduced. The objective of system presented in this paper is to reduce number of sensors required for green house monitoring and thus reduce system cost and complexity, System design, installation and monitoring.


Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. As no artificial non-biological nanorobots have yet been created, they remain a hypothetical concept. The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites or nanomites have also been used to describe these hypothetical devices. Nanorobotics is an emerging, advanced and multidisciplinary field that calls for scientific and technical expertise of medical, pharmaceutical, bio-medical, engineering as well as other applied and basic scientists. Nanorobots differ from macro-world robots, specifically in their nano sized constructs. Assembly and realization of nanorobots depend on the principles of molecular nanotechnology and mechano-synthetic chemistry. Practically, these systems are nanoelectromechanical devices that are capable to carry out pre-programmed functions in a reliable and accurate manner with the help of energy provided by a preinstalled nanomotor or nano-machine. Due to their small size and wide functional properties, nanorobots have created exceptional prospects in medical, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Although, no technology is available to construct artificial nanorobots, it is now possible to create nanorobots by using biological means. The review presents a brief discussion on basic nano-robotics and its possible applications in medical, biomedical and pharmaceutical research. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES SJIF Impact Factor 7.421 Volume 7, Issue 8, 1393-1416 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357 Article Received on 21 June 2018, Revised on 10 July 2018, Accepted on 31 July 2018 DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20188-12191 *Corresponding Author


Since there are semantic differences between a source code and its executable code,analysis of only the source code may miss some vulnerabilities in the executable code.Typical vulnerability patterns were analyzed to design a security vulnerability detection tool to work directly on executables.The system combines static disassembly analysis,dynamic auto-debugging and function based argument injection.The tool successfully found buffer overflow vulnerabilities in both a CVE(common vulnerabilities exposures) benchmark and two real executables.The results show that this detection method can be used to directly detect security vulnerabilities in executable codes.


The research aimed to assess, according to the constructional approach by Goldiamond, the reports of 20 mothers of children with behavior problems, (clinical group) and 20 mothers of children without these problems (non-clinical group), social skills and behavior problems of pre-school, investigate the situations and behaviors of mothers before the behavior of children and suggest hypotheses for functionally equivalent behaviors that were investigated. The instruments used were two scales, a questionnaire and a structured interview. The results indicated that children of non-clinical group presented with more frequency and diversity, social skills and with less frequency, of behavior problems compared to children of the clinical group.


The condensate gas-liquid-solid of multiphase complex flow is complicated with phase change and wax deposition.In the process of condensate gas percolation flow in reservoir,gas-liquid-solid may be thransformed with phase change,which will result in the change of distribution of fluid pressure and influence or alter the characteristic and the process of condensate gas percolation flow accordingly.the porous flow mathematic models of multiphase complex flow with phase change and wax deposition is founded.The mechanical characteristics of fluids flowing through porous media and the relevant physicochemical problem may be all summed up as sloving the gas-liquid-solid coupling mathematical model.After considering the phase change action between condensate gas and condensate liquid ,wax deposition,interlarded with interfacial drag force and capillary pressure engendered in the process of phase change,laying a theoretical foundation for studying and predicting the production behavior of condensate gas.


The early 20th century saw the start of the research on Chinese fictions. A review of this research stimulates some people to totally deny the results obtained. They intend to adopt a completely new perspective of research. Taking the discovery of the copyright of Journey to the West as an example, however, we can see that, despite the first great scholars' inadequacy in consideration, approach and conclusion, they combined the text and the data in their research, establishing the principle of studying literature from the angle of literary beauty appreciation, which still has the significance in directing today's literary re search. They saved the quality of beauty appreciation of fiction from the degradation of cultural dissimilation. Their painstaking efforts and great contributions should not be ignored or obliterated.


Detection of the range of a target using laser range finders requires filtering of incoming data in real-time which can be achieved by a dedicated hardware to meet demanding time requirements. In this paper efficient filter structure which is the combination of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and pipelined least mean square (LMS) adaptive filtering technique used to create solution for various adaptive filtering problems. Cell averaging (CA) CFAR and automatic censored cell averaging (ACCA) CFAR algorithm are fused separately with the adaptive filter in order to filter the incoming signal so that the detection of the of a target can be achieved through peak detection unit and accordingly range can be calculated. The design with CA-CFAR fused with PLMS filter is synthesized and implemented on a Xilinx Virtex4 FPGA with 32 MHz clock using Xilinx ISE software. Other design with ACCACFAR combined with PLMS filter is modeled and simulated in MATLAB simulink.


This article provides a critical interrogation of the Brazilian tax on foreign exchange derivatives deployed between 2011 and 2013. It analyses the drivers of the policy‐making process that led to implementation of the measure, locates it within the broader policy response regarding the management of cross‐border capital flows and speculative finance, and assesses its political economy significance in light of class dynamics. The author makes three arguments. First, this innovative policy tool must be interpreted in terms of the emergence of a specific form of state power allowing for the continuation of finance‐led strategies of accumulation, while mitigating some of their worst consequences. Second, this form of state power internalizes the subordinate positionality of Brazil in the global financial and monetary system. Third, while financialization processes have eroded the efficiency of a number of policy tools, this policy experiment demonstrates the possibility of regulating complex financial markets, provided that appropriate resources are dedicated to the task, and that there is the political will to do so. The article concludes by discussing theoretical implications, for how to theorize state and financialization, as well as political implications.


The massive amount of statistical and text data available from government agencies has created a set of daunting challenges to both research and analysis communities. These problems include heterogeneity, size, distribution, and control of terminology. At the Digital Government Research Center we are investigating solutions to these key problems. In this paper we focus on (1) ontological mappings for terminology standardization, (2) data integration across data bases with high speed query processing, and (3) interfaces for query input and presentation of results. This collaboration between researchers from Columbia University and the Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California employs technology developed at both locations, in particular the SENSUS ontology, the SIMS multi-database access planner, the LKB automated dictionary and terminology analysis system, and others. The pilot application targets gasoline data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy, the Census Bureau, and other government agencies.


Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is a serious disease in watermelon cultivation. Most of commercialized watermelon cultivars to Fusarium wilt are susceptible in Korea. Fon isolates were divided into four races (races 0, 1, 2, and 3), based on pathogenicity in four watermelon differentials including 'Sugar baby', 'Charleston gray', 'Calhoun gray' and 'PI-296341-FR'. We obtained 7 isolates of Fon and tested to determine race of the fungal strains. Fon KACC 40902 and Fon HA were race 0 and Fon NW1, Fon NW2, Fon CW and Fon KACC 40901 were race 1. And Fon KACC 40905 was race 2, but race 3 isolate of Fon was not founded. We also tested virulence of seven Fon isolates on three-susceptible cultivars of watermelon. The isolates showed different virulence on the cultivars. In addition, to study the resistance characteristics of watermelon to Fon, we selected three moderately or highly resistant cultivars of watermelon and occurrence of Fusarium wilt in seedlings of the cultivars by seven Fon isolates was investigated. Among them, 'Calhoun gray' is highly resistant to six Fon isolates except Fon KACC 40905. On the other two cultivars, disease severity of Fusarium wilt caused by each isolate was positively correlated with the virulence of the Fon isolates. The results suggest that resistance of the watermelon cultivars to Fon isolates is likely affected by the virulence of the pathogen.


Abstract Is unipolarity durable? IR scholars have offered contradictory answers, with primacists arguing for the longevity of US unipolarity and declinists suggesting the opposite. The literature suffers, however, from two shortcomings: (1) theories of unipolarity built on the sole case of the United States are difficult to generalize; and (2) they tend to focus on the defensive measures available to lesser states while downplaying the proactive means the unipole can adopt to prolong its dominance. To remedy these weaknesses, I propose a model of strategic interaction and apply it to two cases of unipolarity in East Asian history, Ming China (1368–1644) and Qing China (1644–1912). I argue that unipolar durability is an outcome of strategic interactions between the unipole's proactive measures to sustain its asymmetric power advantage and the potential challenger's ability to increase its power without drawing the unipole's military containment. Unipolar durability is contingent, not preordained.


Cryptographic voting schemes strive to provide high assurance of accuracy and secrecy with minimal trust assumptions, in particular, avoiding the need to trust software, hardware, suppliers, officials etc. Ideally we would like to make a voting process as transparent as possible and so base out assurance purely on the vigilance of the electorate at large, via suitable cryptographic algorithms and protocols. However, it is important to recognize that election systems are above all socio-technical systems: they must be usable by the electorate at large. As a result, it may be necessary to trade-off technical perfection against simplicity and usability. We illustrate this tension via design decisions in the Pr\^{e}t \`{a} Voter scheme. © 2006 University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Printed and published by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Claremont Tower, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England. Bibliographical details RYAN, P. Y. A., PEACOCK, T.. Putting the Human back in Voting [By] P. Y. A. Ryan and T. Peacock Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne: Computing Science, 2006. (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Computing Science, Technical Report Series, No. CS-TR-972)


The value/impact analysis undertaken in this study indicates that implementing a basic surveillance and control program at nuclear power plants would provide a reduction in public health risk for acceptable costs. A basic program would include continuous chlorination of the open-cycle service-water systems to control biofouling, and periodic flushing and flow-testing of safety-related heat exchangers cooled by the service-water system to control fouling by sediment and corrosion products. Implementation of more comprehensive fouling programs was shown to reduce public health risks only slightly more than the basic program but was shown to increase costs dramatically. These are the primary conclusions that were derived in this report, which is a value/impact analysis of alternative fouling surveillance and control programs. The results of these studies have been published in a series of reports that provide the technical basis for development of proposed fouling programs and estimates of the values and impacts associated with their implementation by the nuclear industry. 31 refs., 4 figs., 28 tabs.


Paraganglioma (PGL) of the filum terminale is a rare tumor of extra-adrenal paraganglia. The reported cases of filum terminale and cauda equina PGLs often present with low-back pain and sciatica. While sensory or motor deficits and paraplegia may occur, the incidence is relatively low. We present a case of a 51-year old male with hemorrhagic paraganglioma of the filum terminale. He presented with acute paraplegia and was treated via emergent laminectomy, evacuation of hematoma, and resection of tumor. The patient had a significant but incomplete neurological recovery. The clinical, radiologic, and histopathological characteristics of the condition are described.


The current status of big bang nucleosynthesis is reviewed. Particular attention is given to the degree at which the theory is consistent with the observation of the light element abundances. The observational information at hand on the abundances of the four light element isotopes: D, 3 He, 4 He, and 7 Li can be characterized as being either reasonably certain (for 4 He and 7 Li); getting certain (for D); or uncertain (for 3 He). In the cases of 4 He and 7 Li, there is a growing wealth of data from extragalactic HII regions 1) on 4 He and from the surfaces of old Population II halo stars 2) on 7 Li. Indeed, we are rapidly approaching the point where our uncertainty in the abundances of these isotopes is dominated by systematic rather than statistical uncertainties. For D, though we have good solar and interstellar medium (ISM) data 3) , the connection to a primordial abundance through galactic chemical evolution introduces substantial uncertainties. However, recent observations of D in quasar absorption systems are beginning to to yield a more coherent picture for what may be the true primordial abundance of D. In the uncertain category, I would place 3 He. As for D, we have data in the ISM and there are also 3 He abundances in planetary nebulae, however in this case, not only our we hampered by our lack of knowledge concerning galactic chemical evolution, but also by our uncertainties in the production of 3 He in low mass stars. Overall, there is certainly a broad agreement between the predicted abundances of the light element isotopes from big bang nucleosynthesis 4) and the abundances inferred from observations which span nearly ten orders of magnitude. Indeed, the standard model theory really only contains one free parameter, namely, the baryon to photon ratio, η. Agreement between theory


This paper presents a sensor fusion model developed for the 2005 Grand Challenge competition, an autonomous ground vehicle race across the Mojave desert organized by DARPA. The two sensors used in this work are a stereo vision camera pair and an ALASCA laserscanner. An algorithm to filter laserscanner's raw scan data and to remove ground reflections is also presented. Several tests were made to prove the reliability of this method, that has proved to be useful to extract the information required by the race. Fusion was performed both at a low and medium level: terrain slope, detected with stereo vision, was used to correct pitch information of laserscanner raw data. Object segmentation is applied on a bird view bitmap where each pixel represents a square area of the world in front of the vehicle; this bitmap is obtained from the fusion of the ones generated by each sensor


Microwave assemblies, such as radar modules, require hermetically sealed packaging. Since most of these assemblies are used for airborne applications, the packages must be lightweight. The aluminum alloy A-40 provides the needed characteristics of these applications. This project developed packaging techniques using the A-40 alloy as a housing material and laser welding processes to install connectors, purge tube, and covers on the housings. The completed package successfully passed the hermetic leak requirements and environmental testing. Optimum laser welding parameters were established in addition to all of the related tooling for assembly.


The objects studied in Computational Geometry were traditionally linear objects (points, line segments, triangles,.. .) and research on curved objects was quite theoretical. Curves and surfaces have been considered from a more practical point of view for a few years, especially in Europe. a Cross-fertilization between researchers in Computational Geometry and Computer Algebra allowed advances that this talk will try to summarize. On the implementation side, the talk will in particular mention the work in progress in the cgal Open Source project. b a Let us mention two European projects, ecg (Effective Computational Geometry for Curves and Surfaces


Valuations and appraisals are the product of human judgement. This paper explores the contention that such judgement may incorporate elements of cognitive bias. It assumes that a clearer grasp of the impact of such bias may assist in understanding what leads to 'inaccuracy' in valuations. It outlines the case for questioning the validity of the rational assumptions that underlie models of valuation behaviour, and focuses upon one particular form of deviation from rationality: confirmation bias. It presents and discusses the results of a survey designed to test for associations of characteristics that might support the case for the presence of confirmation bias in valuer behaviour. It concludes that the case for the presence of confirmation bias is unproved.


The acute apoptotic response to genotoxic carcinogens (AARGC) might be important for controlling the subsequent colonic mutational load and progression through oncogenesis. We have found previously that AARGC is p53‐dependent with a gene‐dosage effect, and that decreased AARGC in p53+/− and p53−/− mice is associated with increased susceptibility to carcinogen‐induced oncogenesis. We tested the ability of sulindac to reverse these defects. The effect of sulindac on azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced apoptosis was measured in colonic epithelium in wild‐type, p53+/− and p53−/− mice, 8 hr after a single AOM injection. Sulindac supplementation (0.5 ± 0.1 mg/day) restored defective AARGC in p53+/− but not in p53−/− mice. For effect on colon tumor development, sulindac treatment was started at age 4 weeks in wild‐type, p53+/− and p53−/− mice; three weekly AOM injections were commenced at 6 weeks of age to induce tumors. Sulindac reduced significantly tumor incidence and multiplicity in wild‐type mice (17% and 0.3 tumors/mouse compared to 36% and 0.8 respectively without drug), in p53+/−mice (38% and 0.8 compared to 64% and 1.63) and in p53−/− mice (63% and 1.0 compared to 90% and 1.74). Although loss of p53 function impairs the apoptotic response to AOM‐induced DNA damage, sulindac is capable of partly restoring this defect. As sulindac also reverses the increased risk of oncogenesis due to p53 dysfunction, its enhancement of the apoptotic response to initiating mutations might act to reduce mutational load driving oncogenesis. Sulindac is an effective chemopreventive agent in the presence of p53 dysfunction. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Exxon has been studying coal liquefaction since 1966 but the technology only ranks third in the company's synthetic fuel scheme. Exxon at this time feels that synthetic fuel derived from shale oil is the cheapest synfuel to produce and that the next most economic is coal gasification. However, even though liquefaction is not yet as competitive as the other two, the company still feels that it deserves a role in corporate strategy-as the pilot plant demonstrates. Exxon will develop its coal liquefaction process so that when economics are deemed satisfactory, larger and commercial sized plants can be built and operated with as few problems as possible.


The Gibbs energy changes for the syntheses of the interceramic compounds of BaCuO[sub 2] and BaCu[sub 2]O[sub 2] were investigated as a basic study in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system that includes a superconductor, YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 6.5+x]. For the compound BaCuO[sub 2], thermogravimetry with CO[sub 2[minus]]O[sub 2[minus]]N[sub 2] gas mixtures was employed, and equilibrium temperatures were determined at which CO[sub 2] partial pressures in the gas mixtures were equilibrated with mixed powder of BaCuO[sub 2], CuO, and BaCO[sub 3]. The Gibbs energy change for the reaction of BaCO[sub 3] + CuO = BaCuO[sub 2] + CO[sub 2] was determined from the relation between CO[sub 2] partial pressure and equilibrium temperature, taking into consideration the effect of CO[sub 2] dissolution in BaCuO[sub 2]. For the study on BaCu[sub 2]O[sub 2], electromotive force (emf) measurement using yttria-stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte was conducted. A technique using two cells was applied to the emf measurement for minimizing the effect of dispersion of oxygen from samples, and the Gibbs energy change for the reaction of BaCuO[sub 2] + CuO = BaCu[sub 2]O[sub 2] + 1/2O[sub 2] was decided from the measured O[sub 2] partial pressure.