Purpose.

Return to work (RTW) after breast cancer (BC) may easily impact on women recovery and quality of life. Literature on RTW hightlighed several factors associated to RTW after BC, and there is still some concern for exploring the main sociodemographic, clinical, psychological and work-related predictors of RTW after BC treatments especially when considering the first 6 months. The present study aims to explore which baseline factors are associated with RTW at 6-month after BC surgery.
Methods.

A 6-month follow-up study was performed among patients recruited from a Hospital in Northern Italy after their cancer-related surgery. Partecipants filled in a battery of questionnaires at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Measurements were on job stress, work engagement, quality of life, anxiety, depression and resilience. Moreover, sociodemographic, clinical and work-related data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
Results.

We recruited a sample of 149 patients, whose 73.9% returned to work after surgery. The women who returned to work were more likely to be not in a relationship, nor to have children. Also, they were not treated by chemiotherapy, and had higher scores in expectations of job changes after illness, RTW expectations, perception of physical quality of life and psychological resilience. In the multivariate model, chemiotherapy and women's RTW expectations resulted as significant predictors of RTW at 6-month after BC surgery.
Conclusion

Most patients returned to work within first 6 months from breast surgery. Return to work was influenced by chemiotherapy and RTW expectations at baseline. A carefully individual screening of risk factors at baseline can prevent from occupational disability and long sickness absence.


Introduction: World Comprising Transcendency of Evolutionary Experience Evolution as a Principle in Nature Evolution in the Mammalian Sphere Evolution in the Human Sphere Evolution and Culture Consequences for the Future Bibliography Index


Calculations of the ratio of N(+) to total N2 ion production for auroral electrons which give a value of 0.16 compared to the value of 0.22 that has been assumed in a recent publication is presented. The corresponding ratio for photoelectron production is 0.05, which makes photoelectron production of N(+) negligible compared to photodissociative production. The ratio of 3914-A to total ion production is found to be 0.07 for auroral electrons and a similar 0.06 for photoelectrons. The 3371-A ratio to total N2 ion production is 0.09. This calculation also reveals that the secondary electrons in auroras, with energies less than 100 eV, produce only about one third of the total number of ions produced. Only one quarter of the N(+) ions are created by secondary electrons.


Each flora is unique. To a greater extent this can be seen in the geographical structure of the differential species of the studied floras. The purpose of the work: to establish the geographical structure of the differential species of the pine forests of the Russian Plain on the southern border of the Pinus sylvestris area for identify the nature and uniqueness of these flora. To achieve the goal, a geographical characteristic has been established for the differential species floras of forest-steppe pine forests Oka-Don lowland: Usmansky and Khrenovsky, and floras of the steppe pine forests of the Trans Volga region: Buzuluksky and Krasnosamarsky. Considering the composition and structure of differential species, it was noted that the nature of each of the compared floras is best reflected in the geographical structure of the aborigine fraction of the floras. The following features were identified. Among the differential species of flora of the forest-steppe forests of the Oka-Don lowland, forest and forest-steppe species with a Holarctic and EuropeanWest Asian prevail. Among the differential species of pine forests of the steppe zone of the Trans Volga region, steppe species with a Eurasian and East European-Asian range predominate. Endemic species that were noted in the flora of the all studied pine forests give particular uniqueness.


The aims of this study were to evaluate the frequency of healthy eating habits (FHEH) and sufficient level of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in Physical Education college teachers from Rio Grande do Sul. A long version of IPAQ was accessed to verify the level LTPA and the "10 Steps to Healthy Feeding" to attend FHEH. Most teachers (66.7%) were considered sufficiently active during leisure time. Regarding the FHEH, step 8 showed the highest adherence (62.5%), followed by step 7, with 41.7%. Lower adherence was found to step 5 with 4.2% and steps 4 and 2, with 8.3% each. No teacher adhered to all the steps. It was concluded that teachers have higher LTPA than the general population, but there is poor adherence to healthy eating habits. Keywords: Faculty. Physical Education. Motor Activity. Food Habits.


Objective:To study the genetic damage induced by radiotherapy in cervical cancer patients.Methods: Blood samples were collected from 15 cervical cancer patients exposed to radiation at accumulated dose of 0Gy,10Gy,20Gy,30Gy,40Gy,50Gy,60Gy.To study DNA damage by comet assay.To study hprt gene mutation by multinucleated cell assay.Results:All the accumulated dose groups increased significantly according to 0Gy(P0.01).The increase of the comet frequency was linear from 0-60Gy.The tail length showed significant increase at all the accumulated dose groups(P0.01).At the accumulated dose of 30Gy,the tail length achieved the max value.There was no dose-effect manner between the tail length and the accumulated dose.Mutation frequency of hprt gene increased after radiation.The mutation frequency increased significantly at dose 30Gy,40Gy and 50Gy compared to 0Gy(P0.05).There was a good dose-effect manner between mutation frequency of hprt gene and accumulated dose.Conclusion: Radiotherapy induced DNA damage and hprt gene mutation in cervical cancer patients.To assess the radiation-damage by comet assay and hprt gene mutation has a high sensitivity.


In order to improve the situation of the Afghan government and build security capabilities, after ISAF, in 2015, Resolute Support Mission was established. Train, assist and advice duties in Kabul have been given to Turkish forces, provided that they serve under this Mission. Within this command based in Kabul, on February 2019, two new teams were established. One of these teams was assigned to train, assist and advice to National Police Training Center and the other to the district units in Kabul. Before the team starts its duties at National Police Training Center, within the framework of strategic plan of the Ministry of Interior of Afghanistan, training was planned for the police working in the districts of Kabul at this training center. The advisors who examined the training identified deficiencies. Upon this, it was aimed to find the answer to the question on how to improve the training. As a result of the literature review, it was understood that the necessary conditions for feedback were established and the research was started to answer the question of how * Dr., Emniyet Müdürü, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Dr. Chief Police Superintendent, Turkish National Police 0000-0002-4677-3477 email@example.com ** Danışman, RS Misyonu Advisor, Resolute Support Mission 0000-0003-3844-649X email@example.com *** Emniyet Müdürü, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Chief Police Superintendent, Turkish National Police 0000-0002-6596-448X firstname.lastname@example.com **** Emniyet Müdürü, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Chief Police Superintendent, Turkish National Police 0000-0003-1656-1526 firstname.lastname@example.com ***** Emniyet Müdürü, Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Chief Police Superintendent, Turkish National Police 0000-0003-4142-5980 firstname.lastname@example.com 208 Uğur Demirci Hakan Arslan Erdal Kılınç Özkan Baran Ahmet Yarlıgaç Turkish Studies Social, 15(1) to use advisor feedback effectively in the development of training. The research was designed as an action research. Research data were collected from Kabul National Training Center trainers and the personnel returned to their duties after the training. Data collection tools include the Trainer Information Form, researcher diary, Feedback Assessment Form, and advisor's observations. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. As a result of the research, the mechanism established with advisor feedback has been beneficial in the development of the training. it was also learned that although the instant feedback given to the trainers by the advisors during the training in the training center was beneficial, the instant feedback given to the personnel, who returned to their duties after the training, by the advisors about the correction of the wrong practice during their duties was not sufficiently useful. Structured Abstract: In order to improve the security capabilities of Afghanistan government, Resolute Support Mission has been established in 2015. In this mission, Turkish forces took over train, assist and advise responsibilities of Kabul authorities. 2 new advisory teams were established under the command of Turkish forces in Kabul in February 2019. One of these teams was assigned to train, assist and advise to the National Police Training Center and the other was assigned to the district police department in Kabul. Before starting the team activities at the National Police Training Center, an in-service training was conducted at the training center within the framework of the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Afghanistan for the police officers who work in the districts of Kabul. This training had started with the National Police Training Center's own capabilities before the advisory team began to work. If the training reaches its goals, all Afghan police forces will be trained in this context. After the advisors of the National Police Training Center had started to their work, they had the oportunutity to observe the conducted training. During this observation, it was revealed that police patrol training was taught in the form of rural patrolling which is different from the urban police patrolling. Also, it was understood that the process regarding evaluation of the results of the training had not been not determined. On this occasion, it was aimed to find an answer to the question "how could the training be improved?". Feedback is largely used to train individuals. However, in order to establish effective feedback mechanisms, various conditions must be found. As a result of the literature review, it was understood that the conditions of feedback indicated by Ramaprasad (1983) were formed and the research was started to answer the question "how can the advisory feedback be used effectively in the development of training?". The research was designed as action research. In the research, first of all the process was described, then created themes were associated with the problems of the research and lastly findings were evaluated. Within the scope of the research, information on the current level of the system parameters and reference level was provided by advisors. The mechanism for comparing information on those two levels also has been established through these advisors. While the reference level in this mechanism is the knowledge and experience of the advisors, the current level is determined by the observations of the advisors. The data of the study were collected from the Kabul National Training Center trainers and the police officers who returned to their duties after the training. The research was carried out with 40 National Police Training Center trainers and 13 advisors. The data collection tools are the Trainer Information Form, the researchers' diary, the Feedback Evaluation Form, and the advisor observations. Descriptive analysis was used in data analysis. In order to ensure the validity and reliability of the research, credibility, transferability, consistency and approvability strategies were followed. Established mechanism within the scope of the research has found useful in achieving the research goal. In this context, it is understood from the study that the knowledge based on experience and observation which is provided by advisors is effective in the development of the training. The information obtained within the scope of the evaluation as a result of advisor observations has also found beneficial in developing the training curriculum. One of the positive results obtained within the scope of the research is increasing the capacities of the Kabul National Training Center trainers. Thus, the capacity of the training center has been increased and as a result Afghan police found an opportunity to sustain this maintained capacity. Instant feedback is an important tool in increasing the capacities of the Kabul National Training Center trainers. Positive results were obtained from the instant feedback given to the trainers during training. These instant feedbacks were stated to be beneficial both by trainers from Kabul National Training Center and by the advisors. On the other hand, instant feedback given to the police officers while they were evaluated during their duties after training was not found useful enough by the advisors. According to the information obtained from the research, it can be stated that instant feedback is effective in verifying the existing information, however when it is desired to give other information than the existing one, its effect is not realized desirable. It was also revealed from the research that training needs analysis is necessary. On the other hand, even if training needs analysis is done, deficiencies in training may also be encountered. This research reveals Danışman Geribildiriminden Öğrenileni Anlamlandırma: Afganistan'da Bir Eylem Araştırması 209 www.turkishstudies.net/social that advisory feedback can be effective in bringing the training to the desired level by recovering the deficiencies. Well-structured advisory feedback mechanisms can be effective in obtaining the desired training results. In the scope of the research, it was also revealed how different units can cooperate and work together to solve the common problems. The main purpose of the advisory services, especially in institutions such as NATO and the UN, is capacity building. One of the most important tools of capacity building is training. In order to reach the desired training goals, it may be beneficial to use advisors to discover the current level of the units and conduct training need assessment. For future researches, it would be useful to carry out qualitative and quantitative researches in order to reveal the necessary conditions for effective instant feedback. It is recommended that researches can be conducted to find other ways of advisor feedback to build capacity. This research is limited to the Kabul National Training Center and the training conducted there. Due to the unstable security conditions in Afghanistan, advisors were able to make limited visits. For this reason, the research systematic could not be fully followed. This can be accepted as a limitation of the research.


Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) is a multifaceted and incapacitating disorder characterized by persistent dizziness and instability. Vestibular rehabilitation has arisen as a promising therapeutic strategy, aiming to mitigate symptoms and enhance patients' overall well-being. However, this therapy is not without its set of challenges and controversies. This narrative review delves into Vestibular Rehabilitation in Patients with Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD), revealing several pivotal themes. The challenges associated with diagnosing PPPD, its inherent heterogeneity, and the often-intertwined psychological aspects add complexity to treatment decisions. Despite these obstacles and ongoing debates, vestibular rehabilitation stands as a promising therapeutic path, underscoring the significance of continuous research and individualized care in the management of this intricate and debilitating condition.


In topology optimization literature, the parameterization of design is commonly carried out on uniform grids consisting of Lagrangian‐type finite elements (e.g. linear quads). These formulations, however, suffer from numerical anomalies such as checkerboard patterns and one‐node connections, which has prompted extensive research on these topics. A problem less often noted is that the constrained geometry of these discretizations can cause bias in the orientation of members, leading to mesh‐dependent sub‐optimal designs. Thus, to address the geometric features of the spatial discretization, we examine the use of unstructured meshes in reducing the influence of mesh geometry on topology optimization solutions. More specifically, we consider polygonal meshes constructed from Voronoi tessellations, which in addition to possessing higher degree of geometric isotropy, allow for greater flexibility in discretizing complex domains without suffering from numerical instabilities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Organic–inorganic hybridization technique is the recent trend to increase the performance of conventional organic coatings. In this work inorganic nano-Al2O3 was incorporated in organic waterborne polyurethane conventional coating (PUA) and applied on mild steel. The problem of lack of interfacial interaction between inorganic nanoreinforcement (nano-Al2O3) and organic matrix, agglomeration of high surface energetic nano-Al2O3 within the coating need to be solved. In order to obtain stable hybrid coating the organic bi-functional polymers, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and 3-glycidoxy-propyltriethoxysilane (GPTMS) were grafted on the surface of nano-Al2O3 and dispersed in PU coating by ultrasonication which were designated as PUM and PUG respectively. AFM analysis indicates that the grafting of nano-Al2O3 significantly reduces the agglomeration problems as well as root mean square surfaces roughness (Rq) of coating. Immersion studies conducted in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution showed that the dielectric properties (polarization resistance) increases and corrosion rate decreases significantly with grafted coatings as measured by electrochemical technique. The mechanical properties of PUG and PUM hybrid coating showed the much better performance than waterborne Polyurethane (PU) coating.


Introduction and Objectives: We compared the clinical and radiological results in patients under and over 40 years of age who had received a non-cemented alumina-alumina hip replacement. Materials and Methods: We studied 337 Cerafit acetabular cups implanted in 4 hospitals in association with Multicone-Hydroxyapatite stems with alumina-alumina bearing surfaces. Group 1 consisted of 63 patients under 40 years of age and group 2 of 274 patients over 40 years of age. Mean follow-up was 59.0 months. Demographic data and clinical and radiological results of both groups were compared. Results: There were no cases of primary arthritis in group 1, however severe hip dysplasia and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were frequent (p Discussion and Conclusions: Diagnoses were different in both groups, the younger patients were in worse conditions. In spite of these differences, the alumina-alumina prosthesis showed similar results in both groups in the medium term. Long-term follow-ups are necessary to confirm these results.


Views on Recent Trials and the Future of Hormonal Replacement Release of data to the media from various trials of hormone therapy (HT) has resulted in tremendous fear and anxiety for women and has put HT in an extremely negative light. The principal concern here is that the data have not been interpreted correctly. Because flaws may be found in any study, it is not appropriate to focus on weaknesses of a study, but rather to consider what lessons have been learned from the study and to put the findings into perspective. It is also most appropriate to consider the entire body of evidence from the literature (observational and clinical trial data) and not focus only on data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). No single study, however large, has a monopoly on the "truth." In the early 1990s, when the observational data were considered to be so consistent in showing a protective effect of HT against coronary heart disease (CHD), various RCTs were designed to prove this association because it would be faster to obtain data from a secondary prevention trial (treating women with established disease). The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) was launched to compare the effects of a fixed combination (conjugated equine estrogen [CEE] 0.625 mg + medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA] 2.5 mg) against placebo in an older (mean age 73 years) population with known CHD. Around the same time, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was launched, with the hormonal trials being the centerpiece of the overall initiative. We only have data on the continuous estrogen with progestogen trial, which was terminated in 2002; the estrogen alone trial in hysterectomized women will be published in April 2004. Between 1993 and 1998, 27,000 women were recruited by investigators of WHI and were randomized to receive CEE 0.625 + Correspondence: Rogerio A. Lobo, MD, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Volume 47, Number 2, 424–427 © 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins


The objective of studies was to determine the effect of suitable nutrition level and proceeding technologies on performance and serum biochemical indexes in growing Rhesus monkey. The results showed as the follow: In same nutritional level, fed on expanded feed, the digestibility of DM and CP was 83.61%, 79.77%, while pellet feed and control feed were 81.83% , 71.71% , 80.54% , 76.32%, respectively.The Rhesus monkey showed the best weight gain fed on expanded feed. The values of serum biochemical indexes of Rhesus monkey were in normal range.


The world of education that is increasingly developing requires teachers to improve their abilities in teaching. One of the abilities that must be improved is the ability to produce creative teaching media. This training was held to help teachers at SDI Al-Hakim to improve their skills in producing digital-based creative teaching media in the form of podcasts. The teacher's ability to teach is an asset for teachers to make learning more creative and innovative. The selection of using the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method for community service at SDI Al-Hakim is dedicated to teachers at SDI Al-Hakim to be able to form digital-based creative media (podcasts) properly and smoothly.


: Vitamin K deficiency is an acquired condition associated with blood coagulation disorders. We describe our experience with a case of vitamin K deficiency. A 71-year-old man with an unusual oral hemorrhage who had a wound in his cheek came to our hospital. His medical history included cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, hypertension, and aspiration pneumonia treat-ed by antibiotics. Oral intake of food was stopped to prevent aspiration pneumonia, and his only energy source was intravenous hyperalimentation. We suspected a blood coagulation disorder because of prolongation of APTT and PT, decreased thrombotest values, and elevated PIVKA-Ⅱ levels on peripheral blood testing. We therefore administered 10 mg of Menatetrenone(vitamin K)intravenously, and consulted with the Department of Hematology in our hospital. The Department of Hematology diagnosed vitamin K deficiency because of decreased Hepaplastin test values and decreased coagulation factor Ⅱ, Ⅹ, and protein C activation levels. These abnormalities were found to be caused by vitamin K deficiency on additional examinations. After vitamin K administration, no unusual oral hemorrhage occurred during hospitalization.


The theoretical background and technical capabilities of the free liquid surface (nozzle-less) electrospinnig process is described. The process is the basis of both laboratory and industrial production machines known as Nanospider TM and developed by Elmarco s.r.o. Technical capabilities of the machines (productivity, nanofiber layer metrics, and quality) are described in detail.
 Comparison with competing/complementary technologies is given, e.g. nozzle electrospinning, nano-meltblown, and islets-in-the sea. Application fields for nanofiber materials produced by various methods are discussed. Consistency of the technology performance and production capabilities are demonstrated using an example of polyamide nanofiber air filter media.


The purpose of the following article is to present the general framework of the successful joint operation carried out by the Brazilian Navy and Army on the naval Battle of Riachuelo, on June 11th, 1865. Joint operations are those carried out by two or more armed forces, without a commanding unit. The attack on Corrientes on May 25th, 1865, led by a joint operation between Brazil and Argentina, urged Solano Lopez to attack the Brazilian naval force which on June, 1865, was in front of Corrientes, almost at the rear of the invading Paraguayan land force, that was marching by the left bank of Parana River. 2.287 Brazilian combatants, 1.113 from the Navy and 1.174 from the Army, were boarded on the nine ships of our fleet. As they suffered the Paraguayan attack on a Sunday, June, 11th, 1865, they wrote one of the most glorious pages of Brazilian Navy history.


ABSTRACT
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB), an infection that usually affects the lungs and can be fatal without proper treatment. Combating through available drugs became a difficult task due to drug resistance and lack of appropriate common targets against genetically diverse strains. Since to improve efficacy, the effective targets should be identified and critically assessed. In the study, we aim to predict the potential novel targets against M. tuberculosis strains by employing in silico approach. The complete proteomic datasets of 23 M. tuberculosis strains was comparatively processed by executing R-scripts and eventually predicted 3906 'conserved gene products'. Further, we performed subtractive proteomic approach in search of promising crucial targets. Consequently, eight enzymes and two membrane proteins were prioritized as new therapeutic and vaccine targets respectively which found to have more interactors in network with high-confidence score, druggability and antigenicity. Therefore, outcomes of the study emphasize the importance of new targets may counteract with false-positive/negatives and facilitate appropriate potential targets for a new insight of reliable therapeutic development.
Key words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multidrug resistance tuberculosis and Extensive drug resistant tuberculosis.


Smart phones are everywhere, people are taking eBook readers on holiday, the iPad has queues of people wanting to buy one, and some netbooks can fit in a pocket. The technology is attractive and increasingly affordable – how can it help an individual in their access to and use of texts, journals, databases, clinical sources, the web and day-to-day information? The Library has been investigating and trialling mobile devices during 2010, and has received interesting feedback from staff and students on the effectiveness of the technology in the University and personal environments. Each device has its strengths and weaknesses depending on the needs of the individual or activity it is supporting – productivity, research, study, clinical or recreational. The presentation will explore these issues along with some of the practical implications at Deakin, and international experiences in academic environments.


User-Centric work Space (UCS) service provides a user with a personalized (user-centric) work space by orchestrating local and/or remote IT resources (such as file, printer, monitor, keyboard and more). With UCS service, various mobile devices such as smart phone can create personalized and secure work environment for user, because it can store and process user data in secure manner without the interference from the external environment. During the Nov. 2013 ITU-T SG13 meeting, a new standardization activity on UCS has started. With this paper, we describe the conceptual model of UCS, related standardization activity, and some of use cases to present User-Centric work Space (UCS) services.


It is a promising way to construct an overlay network with sensor nodes for wireless mesh networks to perform message delivery and data collection from the nodes. It is necessary for an overlay to reflect nodes' locations to perform geometric routing and geometric search, for example node IDs on the overlay are nodes' location. Furthermore, a route on the overlay should be small, in other words, involve small number of hops even if the distribution of node locations and IDs are biased. A structured overlay presented in this paper fulfills the requirements and provides features of Flexible Routing Tables (FRT), a method for designing routing algorithms for structured overlays. Features of FRT are the dynamic routing table size and high extensibility. The proposed overlay adopts P2P Delaunay Network as its topology, and the method keeps route length short by forming shortcut links to distant nodes based on the estimated number of hops.


Abstract Repetitive model predictive control is an effective method to track a periodic signal as well as reject a periodic disturbance. However, since repetitive controller uses discrete-time model, there always exists ripple when controlling a continuous system with periodic disturbance. This paper proposes a new way for repetitive model predictive control by using multi-rate model. Due to the multi-rate model, the model predictive controller can optimize the system outputs during the period between two sampling times, and then provide a more delicate control action, which can result in the reduced ripple. The simulation demonstrates its effectiveness.


Growth of Phellinus (Poria) weirii (Murr.) Gilbertson from alder block inoculum into the surrounding soil to infect healthy roots was less than 10 cm. Tree-to-tree spread of this root rot fungus, b...


In this work, numerical simulations and experimental tests are performed to determine if it is possible to accurately predict the fatigue behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sub-structure, when fatigue data from a fatigue material database is used in combination with static properties of the actual material. Firstly an appropriate sub-structure is designed based on biaxial test specimens readily found in the literature. The main objective during the design phase is to produce a sub-structure where inter-fibre failure occurs in a typical wind turbine blade laminate when a prescribed biaxial constant amplitude load is applied. The designed sub-structure is tested in biaxial fatigue, and it is shown that there is no delamination in the ply-drops in the gauge zone and that first failure occurs in the gauge zone without cracks from the corners propagating into the gauge zone. This is achieved by using internal ply-drops and a cross-ply dominated lay-up. Lastly, a simulation of the fatigue test is conducted where the linear progressive strength degradation model FADAS (Fatigue Damage Simulator) algorithm is applied. The algorithm is applied to predict the progressive damage in the corners, because this influences the stress and strain field in the gauge zone.


After treatment of the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cervical cancer incidence remains elevated at least for 20 years. Whether the overall or cervical cancer mortality after treatment of CIN is elevated is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the long‐term survival and cause‐specific mortality among women treated for CIN. The study population consisted of 7,104 women treated for CIN between 1974 and 2001 and 35,437 individually matched controls. The follow‐up of mortality was based on nationwide registries and closed at death, emigration or December 31, 2005. The possible differences in mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazard model. With follow‐up time of approximately 630,000 woman‐years, overall 2,781 deaths were observed, 530 among women treated for CIN and 2,251 among reference population (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.3). Mortality from any cancer (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7), lung cancer (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.8–4.1) and HPV‐related anogenital cancer (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1–8.6) was higher among CIN patients, but mortality from cervical cancer was not (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.3–4.0). Elevated cervical cancer incidence after treatment of CIN, documented earlier, did not predict elevation in cervical cancer mortality. This suggests high effectiveness of CIN management. Most of the excess mortality observed among CIN patients was due to increased risk of other cancers. These long‐term mortality patterns should be considered when planning and evaluating the management of CIN lesions and related cervical or other cancer prevention activity.


A 14-year-old girl with psychomotor deterioration developed Wilson disease. Mild atrophy of the small hand muscles was an unusual feature. A cerebral cortex biopsy specimen disclosed exuberant spheroid production, chromatolytic changes, myelin and axonal degeneration, alterations of capillary basal lamina, Hirano bodies, Alzheimer type protoplasmic astrocytosis, and many neuropil-based nonneuronal elements ("M" cells) of heterogeneous derivation distinct from astrocytes and normal oligodendrocytes. On reviewing neuroglia cell changes in light of present findings, the following conclusions become obvious: Alzheimer type II astrocytosis is true cellular hyperplasia of a class of reactive protoplasmic astrocytes with variable cytologic features. Alzheimer type I astrocytes most probably do not exist; the designation should be dropped. M cells play an important role in the cytopathology of Wilson disease; some forms may generate the so-called Alzheimer type I astrocyte.


IntroductionBig cities are attracting people from every where because of the good amenities, better infrastructure and modern view. The metro cities provide very conducive environment for those who are ready for hard work and have required skills. The modern approach to life encompasses the broad outlook and also modern attitude in thinking. The societal systems such as caste, religion do not bother in the lives of the residents. Because of the development, the opportunities are plenty and hence the life becomes more and more competitive. The cities act as magnets and are focus of migrations. The economic development of the city and the residents also spins around more than in a non metro city. The demanding work Ufe, challenging jobs, lots of opportunity and money attract people form all over the country.The life in city like Mumbai, which is a financial capital of country, offers all these attractions very much. The geographical location of the island city poses more challenges to life. The travel time, paucity of proper housing and small houses are hallmark of the city. The personal and professional life is extremely affected by the nature of the dynamics and happenings in the cityThe new age has modified the life styles of people. These changes in the life style are seen in all aspects such as food, clothing, family type, habits, and aspirations of people. The life in metropolitan cities also has changed so much so that the life patterns become very much different and pose variety of challenges. This paper we have studied the life pattern / style of young executives in Mumbai.Theoretical FrameworkThe focus of the study is life style. The concept life style is defined in this study as follows: components life style are defined as family, health, demographic variables, food habits, exercise regime and aspirations for career and life. These components are further broken down in to the variables given in the model below.The life style is culmination of the interrelated processes that result in the patterns of the daily activities. The interaction of the work life, family life, work environment plays an important role in the formation of habits and the resultant patterns of living, life style.Research MethodologyThe study is an exploratory study undertaken for exploring the general pattern of the life style among the young executives in Mumbai. The instrument used for data collection is a questionnaire that is designed to get the information on all aspects of the lifestyle. The primary data is collected in March 2011 in Mumbai with convenience sampling. The unit of analysis used is an individual. The sampling used is non probability sampling, convenience sampling. There is no control or manipulations of the independent variables. Data is collected using a physical form of questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of nominal scale, category scale. Most questions were closed ended. Only questions related to aspirations are open ended questions. The data analysis is done using Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and content analysis are used to analyse the data. The sample size is 90 executives.Data AnalysisThe age distribution of the sample is as follows. Most of the respondents are in the age group of 25-30. Out of 90, 62 are male respondents (69%) and 28 are female respondents (31%).The education is dominated by post graduation and management degree. As the study is of executives they are highly qualified.The occupation for most of them is service . Respondents are also shown the occupations such as Advocate, media sales, Human resource professionals, self employed etc .The income levels are as follows:Most of the respondents are in the annual income bracket of 5-10 lakhs. This is because the age group is of young executives. 51 respondents (56.67%) are married and 38 respondent (43.34%) are unmarried. 14 respondents have 1 child and 9 have 2 children. …


Vaccine equity holds the key to ending the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Yet most prior work on vaccine equity has compared vaccine uptake across neighborhoods with varying sociodemographic composition or assessed whether vaccine disparity across neighborhoods has diminished over time. Researchers seldom examine the extent to which vaccination helps reduce inequalities in the prevalence of COVID-19 across neighborhoods. Using administrative data from the City of Toronto, the authors compare the vaccine trajectories of neighborhoods with low, moderate, and high COVID-19 rates. The authors also examine whether disparities in COVID-19 rates have narrowed or widened as vaccinations have become more available. By mid-June 2021, differences in vaccination rates by neighborhoods' COVID-19 levels were small, but disparities in COVID-19 rates across neighborhoods persisted. Equality in vaccination rates is not a silver bullet to reducing inequalities in COVID-19 infections across neighborhoods with varying sociodemographic characteristics and likely variations in exposure to the COVID-19 virus.


JC virus (JCV) is a small double strands DNA virus which causes widespread infection in the human population. It has only one serotype and is classified into more than 30 genotypes. JCV can be transmitted vertically and by respiratory and ali-mentary routes. The patients with severe immunosuppression are likely to develop progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) after JCV infection,and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes play a major role in the incidence of PML after JCV infection. Extensive onco-genic potential of JCV has been verified in cultured cells and experimental animals,and a certain relationship between JCV and hu-man carcinomas is found as well. The main means to determine JCV infection are detection of JCV DNA via PCR in the samples of patients' urine,cerebrospinal fluid,blood and affected tissues,or detection by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in live tissue. However,JCV antibody testing is not a reliable method to confirm the presence of active PML. At present,there is no effec-tive antiviral agent for JCV infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy is the best option for HIV/AIDS patients who develop PML caused by JCV infection to achieve immunologic reconstitution.


Dependence of acrylate macroradicals concentration in polymeric matrix of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate on time within temperature range of 318-353 K has been investigated by means of ESR-spectroscopy. It has been established that experimental data do not linearize in coordinates of the equation of the second order reaction, that coordinates with bimolecular mechanism of macroradicals decay. It has been suggested, that the effect of decreasing the rate constant of bimolecular macroradicals decay in time is related with their propagation in chain propagation reaction. Kinetic equation obtained on this basis describes experimental data satisfactorily, that allowed to estimate quantitatively such parameters as the rate constants of chain propagation and termination in polymeric matrix, diffusion coefficient of macroradicals and characteristic time of segmental movement.


NASA is conducting fundamental aeronautics research to develop innovative ideas that can lead to next generation aircraft design concepts with improved performance and operation. There is an increasing interest in more integrated aircraft multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) processes that can bring flight control design into the early stage of an aircraft design cycle. By taking advantage of flight control as an additional discipline for integration with the traditional disciplines of aerodynamics, structures, and propulsion into an aircraft design process, potentially novel aircraft concepts could be identified that may provide better performance and improved safety.Â


We establish the optimal lower bound & N for counting the number of distinct inner products of pairs from any N given vectors in R. Essentially, we lift a related incidence structure defined by inner products in the plane to R and derive our bound by showing that the lifted structures result in planar graphs.


This paper presents the experimental assessment of a free elastic-piston compressor (FEPC) equipped with a separated combustion chamber. The FEPC is a proposed device that utilizes combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel to compress air into a high-pressure supply tank, thus potentially serving as a portable power supply candidate for untethered pneumatic systems of human-scale power output. The design and simulation of the FEPC concept have been shown in previous work, and the device's energetic merit outlined. The free "piston" consists of a custom-molded silicone-rubber membrane, clamped at the circumference, thus providing perfect blow-by sealing and near zero friction. The device is equipped with a custom-built separated combustion chamber, which dynamically channels high-pressure combustion products of a hydrocarbon fuel in order to produce power strokes. Experimental results coupled with high-speed video are presented which verify 1) the operation of the separated combustion chamber including its air/fuel mixture control, 2) the dynamics of the combustion valve in first sealing the pre-combustion gases and then venting the combustion products into an expansion chamber, 3) the dynamics of the free piston in converting pressure energy in the expansion chamber into kinetic energy, and 4) successful pumping of air into a reservoir.


with the development of Internet science and technology, art has a broader space for improvement. The nonlinear change of computer hardware and software makes digital media technology become one of the widely used technologies in digital film and television. Under the guidance of science and technology, digital film and television art is at the forefront of art. This paper makes an in-depth analysis and research on the development of digital media technology, and puts forward scientific and reasonable solutions to its development prospects in the digital film and television industry, aiming to further promote the in-depth integration of science and art.


The compounds Me3Si·CH2·CD2Br, Me3Si·CHD·CH2Br, and (CD3)2MeSi·CH2·CH2Br have been prepared and their solvolysis rates in aqueous ethanol have been determined and compared with those for the non-deuteriated compounds. The acid-catalysed solvolysis of the 2-hydroxyalkylsilanes is similar to the solvolysis of 2-halogenoalkylsilanes and it appears likely that it follows a similar mechanism. The compound Me3Si·CH2·CD2·OH was prepared and its rate of solvolysis was determined and compared with that of the non-deuteriated material in the same medium. The mechanism of the solvolysis reaction is discussed in the light of the observed isotope effects and the stereochemical evidence reported previously.


Four compounds were isolated from CH2Cl2 soluble fraction of the fruiting body ofGanoderma lucidum.On the basis of their spectral data( MS,UV,IR,1 HNMR,13 CNMR and2DNMR)they were identified as 7β-hydroxy-3,11 ,15-trioxo-lanosta-8-en 24→20 lactone(Ⅰ),5α-lancota-7,9(11), dien-3β,24 ,25,26 tetrol(Ⅱ), 5α-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3β.26-diol(Ⅲ)and 5α-lancota7,9(11),24-trien-3β,26,27-triol.Compound I is a new compound namedganolactone.


Quality tourism experiences are frequently referred to in tourism industry literature and discourses, albeit definitions are rarely provided. A study of adventure travel industry providers using an interpretive social sciences approach was conducted 2007 during peak season at an east coast Australian tourist destination in order to understand what constituted a quality adventure tourism experience. Empirical materials were collected using a qualitative methodology and purposive sampling. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews generated discourses which were interpreted using successive approximation within a grounded theory tradition. Core elements of quality tourism experiences for adventure travel providers included experience delivery, personal and social connectivity, inter-connectivity of entire tourism experiences as well as provision of combinations of experiences.


Photonics could offer a potential for high performance ADCs in high-end segments to pursue further development. We revisit ADC's SNR to examine what is effective to approximate it to an ideal one of being constrained by the trade-off condition between sampling rate and resolution.


In epidemiological studies of the effects of air pollution it is desirable to obtain estimates of the exposure to various pollutants of persons living throughout a geographical region under study. On the other hand, it is typically the case that pollution levels are measured at only a few locations. The problems of interpolating these values and of determining the accuracy of interpolation are amenable to analysis by way of spatial stochastic models. Such models can lead to an optimal interpolation technique, in a manner which is reviewed here. The method requires for its application knowledge of the spatial convariance structure of the pollutant to which it is applied. Some difficulties encountered in estimating this for oxidant levels in the San Francisco Bay Area are mentioned.


We hypothesised that a multi‐compartment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that is sensitive to fetal blood oxygenation would identify changes in placental blood volume and fetal blood oxygenation in pregnancies complicated by early‐onset fetal growth restriction (FGR).


Diagnosis is an important but difficult problem in the design and manufacturing of VLSI circuits. This thesis contributes to two important diagnosis topics, namely diagnostic fault simulation and diagnostic test pattern generation. First, a diagnostic fault simulator for stuck-at faults in sequential circuits that is both time and space efficient is described. The simulator represents indistinguishable classes of faults as memory efficient lists. Second, diagnostically equivalent fault pairs in combinational circuits are identified using test generation and structural knowledge. A connection between redundant faults and a specific class of diagnostically equivalent fault pairs is established. A method to modify a conventional test generator for diagnostic test generation is also presented. The method utilizes circuit netlist modification along with a forced value at a primary input in the modified circuit. Finally, a technique to reduce the computation effort for diagnostic test pattern generation in sequential circuits is presented. The technique identifies some states that are impossible to justify in three-valued logic. This is achieved by performing test generation on certain transformed circuits to identify state elements that cannot be set to a particular value in three-valued logic.


Empire has received attention not comparable to any academic text in recent memory. The two collections of academic approaches to it¹ that we review below are one indication of this. But in addition, the book has been the subject of enthusiastic pieces in Th e New York Times² and Time.³ Furthermore, particularly in Europe, it has been in?uential within the global justice movement. It is the rare book, indeed, that appeals to such diverse constituencies. At the same time, judging by the responses in Debating Empire and Empire's New Clothes, the work has important flaws.


Currently, various companies are developing unmanned vehicles in the cargo transportation industry. According to the results of the analysis of domestic and foreign sources, it has been revealed that algorithms based on graph theory are often used to construct the trajectory of motion, but only a few studies articulated vehicles and algorithms applicable to them, considering their features and the features of a dynamically changing environment. In this case, the maneuver of constructing a trajectory of movement in reverse for an articulated large-sized vehicle was studied, namely, the problems of using such algorithms on road trains to ensure the execution of the corresponding maneuver. A solution is proposed based on the method of finding a path from the final position using sensors and a signal processing unit installed on the vehicle.


The development of paradoxical interventricular septal motion is a common consequence of cardiopulmonary bypass operation. The reason for this postoperative abnormal septal motion is not clear. 41 patients were studied preoperatively and postoperatively with radionuclide blood pool scan to evaluate the frequency of development of paradoxical septal motion with right ventricular volume overload before surgery and the frequency of development of paradoxical septal motion after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, and to evaluate the change of EF related to the development of paradoxical septal motion after cardiac surgery. The results were as follows; 1) 7 of 41 patients with right ventricular volume overload(that is 17%) showed paradoxical septal motion before surgery. But 13 of 34 patients(that is 42%) had paradoxical septal motion after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. So open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass related the development of paradoxical septal motion after surgery. 2) EF significantly decreased in patients who developed paradoxical septal motion after surgery, whereas the EF did not change in the patients who retained normal interventricular septal motion after surgery. So paradoxical septal motion usually reflected some diminution of left ventricular function, immediately after cardiac surgery.


This commentary challenges views of left populism as the normative desirable path for radical democracy. It disentangles populist diagnosis of the failures and deficits of democracy from its solutions. It argues that the logic of populism so well analyzed by Laclau leads to the appropriation of people's power by a clique of politicians and ultimately by a leader.


In today's world, fabricators have a wide range of choices in deciding the best welding process and consumable to use in a particular application. Many different considerations are necessary including welder skill, equipment, and availability of the consumable, environmental issues and the economics of the process. What is the best method to accomplish the task of joining two pieces of steel? One rapidly growing process is being seen in the use of metal cored wires. Higher duty cycles, faster travel speeds; low fumes and better cost effectiveness are some of the primary reasons. By exploring the advantages and disadvantages of the metal cored wires, you can best determine whether this is a process that you should employ to increase productivity and ultimately your profitability.


Based on the data of meteorological observations, executed in 2013-2019 at Research Station "Ice base Cape Baranova" (RS) and original algorithm, taken into account accuracy of measurements and footprints, the components of surface heat budget are calculated. It is shown that in winter due to radiation cooling turbulent sensible heat flux (H) directs to underlying surface. In summer H due to radiation heating of surface with low albedo directs to atmosphere and reaches 25% of the incoming short-wave radiation. The turbulent latent heat flux (LE) in winter directs to atmosphere. Its value is not more than 10% of H. During summer LE has no predominant direction.


A critical assessment of stress nonuniformity in hollow cylinder torsional specimens used in the study of soil behaviour under general stress paths is presented. It is shown that acceptable levels of nonuniformity in individual stress components adopted in earlier studies can cause serious and unacceptable nonuniformity in stress ratio across the specimen wall. Stress ratio being the most important variable that controls response of frictional granular materials, concepts of stress nonuniformity are advanced in terms of acceptable stress ratio variation across the specimen wall. Thus the region of general stress space that can be explored for material characterization without introducing serious nonuniformities in stress ratio is delineated together with its interrelationship to specimen geometry.


We address the problem of finding a subset of a large training data set (corpus) that is useful for accurately and rapidly prototyping novel and computationally expensive machine learning architectures. To solve this problem, we express it as an minimization problem over a weighted sum of modular functions and submodular functions. Quantities such as number of classes (or quality) in a set of samples, or quality of a bundle of classes are submodular functions which make finding the optimal solutions possible. We apply the principal partition to our problem such that solutions for all possible trade-offs between a modular function and a submodular function can be found efficiently. We show results for speech recognition on the Switchboard-I speech recognition corpus, demonstrating improved results over previous techniques for this purpose. We also demonstrate the variety of the resulting corpora that may be produced using our method.


ABSTRACT At the Diavik Waste Rock Project's mine-research site, the microbial colonization and oxidation of waste rock sulfide minerals are attenuated by the extreme freeze-thaw cycle of a permafrost environment. The closure design for the waste rock stockpile consists of a low-sulfide waste rock and low-permeability till, covering a relatively higher sulfide waste rock. This design was examined at the mine site through construction of experimental waste rock piles and active zone lysimeters with and without the till cover. Leachate from these experiments indicates variable pH and SO4 concentrations that correlate with sulfide content and the thermal moderating influence of the till cover. The till initially provided a moderated environment for the production of acid, growth of acidophilic Fe- and S-oxidizing bacteria, and enhanced weathering until wet up and freezing of the till and underlying waste rock as a permafrost. Greater sulfide oxidation was observed above the till cover because of greater exposure to the annual freeze-thaw cycle. An examination of the bacterial communities at the genus level indicates the prevalence of Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Sideroxydans, and Thiobacillus in the waste rock. Pseudomonas spp. were dominant in the drier and more extreme temperature environment above the till cover, while Thiobacillus spp. were dominant in the more sulfide-rich, wetter/frozen environment below the till. A decreasing trend in Thiobacillus spp. from the exterior to the interior and an opposing trend in Acidithiobacillus spp. suggest greater acid generation deeper in the waste rock further from the extreme temperature variation of the tundra climate. The presence of the till cover moderated temperature variations, enhanced the initial rate of sulfide oxidation, and allowed for greater microbial diversity, but the freezing of the till cover and underlying waste rock drastically reduced sulfide oxidation and the generation of acid rock drainage. These results highlight the importance of temperature on microbially catalyzed acid production and our ability to use the extreme temperatures of the tundra climate to minimize potential environmental effects from mining through formation of waste rock permafrost.


A new species of aploactinid, Cocotropus possi, is described based on 2 specimens (32.1-34.5 mm in standard length) collected from the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan. The new species differs from 12 known congeners in having the following combination of characters: XIII, 8 doral-fin rays, 13 pectoral-fin rays, 26 vertebrae, 5 preopercular spines, the upper jaw longer than the lachrymal, no fleshy papillae on the posterior portion of the maxilla, no vomerine teeth, many well-developed fleshy papillae on the ventral surface of the lower jaw, the first sensory pores on both sides of the lower jaw separate, isthmus tip reaching to level of between fourth and fifth sen- sory pores of lower jaw, and the body mostly uniformly dark brown.


The study was performed in order to identify the feasibility of operating a demonstration module production seed Nile tilapia in La Libertad. They told rearing tanks with aeration system and water recirculation supplemented with probiotic administration. Brood fish were acquired in Moyobamba, San Martin and after receipt underwent a selection process based on morphological characteristics that offer advantage for meat production. In breeding adults was established relationship female male 3: 1. They were examined periodically females to collect eggs or larvae in their mouth for handling in artisanal incubators. They were evaluated the physical and chemical variables units incubation and breeding for the purpose of monitoring and control of water quality observing demonstration module temperature levels of 16.6 and 29 °C without the survival of being affected species. The highest frequency of spawning occurred in the summer season with temperature levels of 29 °C making the extraction and incubation of 4900 eggs in artisanal incubators determining a production of 3932 juvenile fish with a survival of 80.8%. The module operation seed production was technically feasible for Nile tilapia in La Libertad.


On 12 June 2011, the first International Workshop on Pervasive Urban Applications (PURBA) was held in conjunction with the International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive 2011) in San Francisco. The workshop aimed to bring together researchers and practitioners to discuss and explore the research challenges and opportunities in applying the pervasive computing paradigm to urban spaces.


According to amount change of the Neolithic sites in the Peiligang, Yang shao and Longshan Cultural Periods in Henan Province, these sites was divided into three categories: first is the Growth type, e.g. the Luoyang Basin. Where High plain and hilly landform was convenient for millet-farming and settlement-clustering. The amount of sites was increasing in the whole Neolithic Period. The Second is the Atrophy type, e.g. the Nan yang Basin. This area was a transition zone for cultural exchange, the local cultural space was constricted continually from foreign culture intrusion as well as the site amount decreased. And the third is the Oscillation type, e.g. the area of Yinghe-Ruhe River downstream with low land and frequent floods, which affected the amounts of sites in respond to series climate fluctuations in the early and middle Holocene. Comparatively, the unique terrain environment and water networks in the Luoyang Basin heralded the earliest civilized fruit in China and to be the cradle of early cultural transmission.


To date, no method that can provide directional extreme wind speed estimates in mixed climates has been established. A new definition for design wind speeds that considers wind direction is proposed in this paper. Samples of extreme wind speeds in two types of climates are obtained separately through the Monte Carlo method. Results are presented and discussed with Shanghai as the example.


The dissociation constants of acetic and boric acid in D2O and D2O–H2O mixtures have been determined by means of a cell with glass and silver–silver chloride electrodes and without liquid junctions. The fractionation factor Φ1 for isotopic exchange between solvent and undissociated acetic acid has been determined from n.m.r. measurements and is close to unity. The isotope effects, ΔpKn= pKn– pKH, are discussed in terms of the equilibrium theory of solvent isotope effects. For acetic acid ΔpKn= 0·4630n+ 0·0377n2+ 0·0138n3 and for boric acid ΔpKn= 0·399n+ 0·131n2– 0·014n3. The possibility of distinguishing, from these measurements, between the structures OB(OH)2– and B(OH)4– is considered.


In this paper, we present a simple yet effective fast motion vector search algorithm, called motion codevector (MCV) based search. In a coarse-to-fine manner, two stage codebooks are generated by quantizing motion vector ensemble to generate motion codevector based search pattern, which is expected to follow the true distribution of the motion vectors more closely. Expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is adopted to estimate density of the motion codevectors, based on which appropriate search orders of the generated motion codevectors in the two codebooks are determined respectively to facilitate early termination efficiently. Experimental results show that, compared with the hybrid UMHexagonS algorithm adopted in H.264/AVC standard, the proposed approach can achieve a computational reduction of up to 30% while maintaining similar rate-distortion coding performance.


The present study investigated the effects of cooking temperature on the biochemical characteristics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three different seeds of Citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus limetta, Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia) collected from Assam, India. Total soluble sugar (72 mg/mL) were highest in Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol seed extract before heating and 50 mg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol, Citrus limetta hydro-methanol and Citrus maxima hydro-methanol seed extract after heating. Total soluble proteins before and after heating were highest 82 mg/mL and 88 mg/mL in Citrus limon 2 propanol seed extract. Free amino acid contents before and after heating were highest (62 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-propanol) and (40 µg/mL in Citrus limon hydro-methanol) and free fatty acids were 29.2 µg/mL and 23 µg/mL in Citrus maxima methanol extract, respectively. H2O2 scavenging activity before and after heating were highest in Citrus aurantifolia propanol (59%) and in Citrus limon (67%), respectively. Total antioxidant capacity was found highest in Citrus maxima hydro propanol (92.5%) before heating and in Citrus aurantifolia 2-propanol (65%) after heating. Antimicrobial activity of the seed extracts was studied on B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and minimum inhibitory concentration of the four Citrus fruits was determined. MIC of the different seed extracts was observed for 100% (v/v), 75% (v/v), 50% (v/v) and 25% (v/v) against three test microbes viz. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. For Bacillus subtilis, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75%, and 75% to the extract of Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol and Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol, respectively. For E. coli, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 75%, 100% and 100% for Citrus aurantifolia hydro 2-propanol, Citrus limon hydro 2-propanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC was found to be at 100%, 100%, 75% and 50% for Citrus aurantifolia methanol, Citrus limon methanol, Citrus maxima hydro 2-propanol and Citrus limetta hydro 2 propanol, respectively.


Objective: To observe the clinical therapeutic effects of Heart-Strengthening Deoction(HD,强心汤) in the treatment of chronic heart failure.Methods: 52 patients were randomized into two groups.Those in the treatment group(26 cases)were treated by routine therapy of WM and HD, and in the controlled group (26 cases) were treated by simple routine therapy of WM. After 2 weeks, left ventricle ejection fraction(EF), Cardiac Output(CO), NYHA cardiac function grade, syndrome cumulative scoring were observed. Results: After the treatment,the cardiac function in the two groups were improved. The treatment group had better clinical effects than the controlled group. There was marked difference between the two groups.Conclusion: Adding HD can enhance clinical therapeutic effects for the patients with heart failure on the basis of rountine therapy.


BACKGROUND In patients with symptomatic mitral regurgitation who are high-risk for surgery, transcatheter mitral valve repair has been shown to be safe and improve clinical outcomes. However, its impact on survival has shown con fl icting results in recent trials. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were queried for all trials about MitraClip compared with optimal medical therapy RESULTS This meta-analysis of 9 trials, including 3099 patients, found that patients treated with MitraClip compared to optimal medical therapy had similar 30-day mortality (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.32- 1.28) while at 12-months MitraClip was associated with signi fi cantly lower all-cause mortality (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.38- 0.66). Absolute risk reduction was 13.9%, and number needed to treat to save 1 life at 12 months was 7.2. Percutaneous Mitral Valve BACKGROUND Percutaneous mitral valve (MV) repair with the MitraClip device is effective in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Patients with NYHA IV heart failure requiring inotropes or mechanical circulatory support (MCS) have been excluded from prior MitraClip studies. Co-existing renal failure is common in such pa- tients. The impact of MitraClip on renal function is not known. underwent percutaneous for or severe Renal function was assessed with serial the


The South African Cabinet statement on anti-retroviral (ARV) access in early August this year overcame or at least indicated the political will to overcome what appeared to be the biggest obstacle to a stepped-up programme of care for HIV/AIDS in South Africa - mobilising and allocating the financial resources to pay for such a programme. The work of the Joint Health and Treasury Task Team 1 was thorough going beyond a simple calculation of drugs costs to an assessment of the investments required to build health system capacity. For the time being at least money is not the problem to scaling up. In addition a number of well-documented ARV projects in poor communities have shown conclusively that socio-economic status in and of itself is not a barrier to long term adherence to drug therapies. These developments have allowed the other challenges of scaling up to become foregrounded. These challenges are two-fold and can be summarised into the demand and supply sides of the health system. On the demand side stigma discrimination and widespread mistrust of the public sector will delay presentation for care by potential beneficiaries to the point where the risks of initiating treatment are considerable. As generic ARVs become available many will seek care from private practitioners preferring to pay out of pocket for drugs than face long queues and often hostile reception in the public sector. However as has been shown with other conditions such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) issues of affordability may compromise standards of care in this sector especially where long-term therapy is needed. On the supply side is a health system that has historically managed chronic diseases poorly is beset by inequities in capacity and resources and staffed by a stressed and demotivated workforce that is increasingly being lured to the industrialised world. (excerpt)


The special requirements of cruise ship propulsion systems are first discussed. The features of conventional direct-drive propulsion systems are next reviewed, after which a proposed diesel-electric propulsion system is described. The advantages of the diesel- electric system are then discussed. They include the ability to use fixed-pitch instead of controllable-pitch propellers; the elimination of auxiliary diesel generators, reduction gears, step-up gears and clutches; less noise and vibration; improved machine layout and space savings; high flexibility; greater reliability and lower maintenance costs; and excellent fuel consumption performance.


Demography leaves childhood understood as a period in human life at the margins of its interest. Leaving alone the fact of birth, during its first years of live before starting a sexually active period of life and especially before the period of procreation a child is taken no account of within the demographic perspective. The only exception is made for those children who have experienced some significant demographic events death or migration. Such attitude is partly a result of the tradition, i.e. the continuation of the research within the aiready explored areas, partly a result of the lack of occurrence of events during this period of human life and partly a result of the lack of demographically relevant behaviors within the process of sexual reproduction within the duration of this period. In the following paper I wish to concentrate not so much on the data on children (i.e. persons defined on the basis of the criterion of chronological age as being aged 0-14) as rather to go beyond the presentation of mere figures and concentrate on meta-data measurements and demographic and epidemiological indicators that provide us with the indirect information on the quality of childhood in contemporary Poland. What I have in mind when applying the term 'contemporary Poland' is the situation within the last decade, i.e. the decade the information on which is available in statistical data bases, namely 1998-2007. At the same time, I wish to try to articulate here those currently perceptible phenomena, which -th o u g h appearing as being of little importance in the light of statistical data hereby presented will have an influence on adult lives of people who are now children. The main obstacle on the path of realization of the aim thus proposed is the lack of sufficiently precise data. What I have in mind when talking about the precision and accuracy of the data is, first and foremost, the more disaggregated data in place of the homogenous data with regard to the most important differentiating factor age. It is within many statistical studies that children aged 0-14 are treated as one unified category. In some other statistics disaggregation applies to the 5-year age-scope groups and sometimes, additionally, within the 0 to 4 age group the infants (children during the first 12 months of life) and the toddlers are being distinguished as two separate categories. From the obvious reasons such a level of aggregation overshadows the clarity of the picture, often making a 12-year-old and a 2-year-old equals. Another factor that poses an impediment for the analysis of data is a shortage of a larger amount of data concentrated around a specific problem or situation in which children may find themselves.


Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)-induced thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia have previously been described.' Although the isolated thrombocytopenia associated with the use of this agent is generally attributed to antibody-mediated platelet destruction, in vitro evidence for such an immunologic mechanism has only rarely been reported.'^^ The difficulty with objective demonstration of immunologic mediation may relate to the varying sensitivity of methods available to detect drug-associated platelet antib~dies.',~.~ In addition, some platelet antibodies may be mediated by drug metabolites rather than the drugs themselves, rendering standard testing invalid.6 We recently cared for a patient who presented with severe thrombocytopenia due to TMP-SMX, in whom drug-related platelet antibody was not demonstrable by standard methodology, but was detected by a flow cytometric assay. A 30-year-old white man with past medical history significant only for recurrent sinusitis treated on several occasions with TMPSMX presented with multiple cutaneous petechiae and hemorrhagic blisters of the oral mucosa that he developed after taking two doses of Sulfatrim DS (Goldline, Fort Lauderdale, FL) (one tablet contains 160 mg of TMP and 800 mg of SMX) prescribed for an illness characterized by a 1-day history of myalgia, abdominal cramps, and chills. Laboratory values were: platelets 6 X 1,000/ mm3, hemoglobin 16.4 g/dL, white blood cell (WBC) count 6.1 X l,000/mm3, normal differential count, and no evidence of red blood cell (RBC) microangiopathic change. Prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen level, and SMAI8 were normal and direct Coomb's test was negative. TMP-SMX-induced thrombocytopenia was suspected, but ITP immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was also considered. TMP-SMX was discontinued and 100 mg of oral prednisone was administered on the first and second days. Platelet count returned to normal on the fifth day (Table 1). The patient has remained asymptomatic. Serologic studies obtained on 1 1/23/92 (day 3) were negative for serum platelet reactivity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for non-drug-dependent antibody and/or immune complexes (all platelet serologic studies were performed by the Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin Platelet Antibody Laboratory). Platelet reactivity was likewise absent in the patient's serum by 5 1 Cr release assay in the presence of either TMP or SMX. However, subsequent testing by a developmental assay based on flow cytometry demonstrated significant serum sulfamethoxazole-dependent Table 1. Clinical Laboratory Values in a Patient With SMX-Related Immune Thrombocytopenia


This study aims to analyze effect of computer-based Management Information Systems on user performance and analyze the effect of computer-based Management Information Systems on user performance moderated locus of control in PD BPR BKK Karanganyar. This study using sample of 64 employees (end user computing). Data analysis using regression analysis and absolute residual-test. Conclusions 1) Computer-based Management Information System has a significant effect on user performance (2) locus of control moderates the relationship between computer-based Management Information Systems on user performance. Keywords: computer-based Management Information System, locus of control, user performance


In these days, in healthcare area, mobile solutions on imaging, diagnostic and treatment techniques are become more popular and important. Patient monitors are one of these candidates in this scope. They includes high technology sensors and signal processing algorithms for early diagnostic and any emergent case on patients reacting as alarms. These properties are very important especially in intensive care units (ICU). However, these devices are only available in intensive care unit departments and not mobile. A remote mobile health monitoring system which is implementable to mobile phone and web service capabilities is proposed in this paper. It provides an early alarm solution; specifically, continuous monitoring of physiological conditions, implementable to send warning messages services during an urgent event. There are around 7 million deaths because of heart failure. In this study, the developed method, which based on PPG signals, experimental results on CinC2015 database show that the proposed system can be useful for detection of life threatening alarm types and implementable for smart watches and phones in pre-clinical use.


The constantly emerging new technologies and rapid development of modern educational technologies promote great changes in educational technology. Since the new century began, governments aroud the world have paid extremely close attention to informationizing education. Although educational technology subjects in China develop quickly, they also encounter development bottlenecks. When facing the rapid development in this discipline and the challenge for the future development, domestic researchers in educational technology are eager to know the trend of educational technology research abroad in recent years intuitively, systematically, and comprehensively. Therefore, knowing the trend of educational research abroad, has become the part of daily academic activites of Chinese educational technology researchers. Computer Education( CE) and British Journal of Educational Technology(BJET) are two top-level academic journals in educational technology research. Papers published in the two journals reflect the trend of educational technology to a certain extent. It is helpful to know the tread of research in educational technology abroad by analyzing papers published in these two journals. As such, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis and inquiry of papers published in the CE and BJET from2004to2013. This paper collects data about thepublished papers, such as time distribution, country(region), high-yield academic institutions, high-yield and high-impact researchers and scholars, research topics, research focus, and to research methods, from Science Citation Database-WOS based on bibliometrics and social network analysis. Furthermore, this paper adopts information visualization software Bibexcel and NetDraw to conduct the co-citation and co-occurrence of knowledge map visualization analysis of the high influential scholars and keywords in the two journals. The results show that CE concentrates on research topics, because there is a strong connection between authors. In other words, the closer are the topics, the more citations between them. In contrast, BJET has strong localization focus, because the topics in is dispersive widely. Authors of papers in BJET also show dispersion, and connection among the authors is relatively weak. Papers from Taiwan, China rank first quantity and quality in Asia. The result also shows strong potential for international exchanges and strength. There is development potential for China. Compared with those from Taiwan, China, papers from mainland of China are fewer in quantity and lower in quality. The number of high-yield academic and research institutions in China is also smaller than that of Taiwan,China. According to the result, main research topics focus on the creation of an interactive learning environment. Research focuses include the learning environment and resources, strategies and methods, theoretical research, practical research, and media technology. Research methods gradually transform from a single paradigm to empirical paradigm, and then to multiple comprehensive research paradigm. Besides, famous scholars, such as Mayer R. E, Vygotsky L, Jonassen D. H., and their classical theories still have high influence in education technology research.


The sample collected from the Yuye-1 well,located in the Pengshui County of Chongqing,helps to understand the pores forming features and favorable conditions for shale gas reservoir of Long-ma-xi formation of lower Silurian system black shale in the high-steep,Southeast Chongqing area.The types of mud shale pore type,identification features, basic parameters and geologic factor of shale gas were studied.The results show that pores are so well developed in the sample collected from the Yuye-1 well,and there are two kinds of main existing pores forms,namely crack and bedrock pores.Cracks include structural fractures(extensional crack,shearing crack and extensional-shearing crack),diagenetic crack(lamellation crack,bedding glide crack,emposieu and diagenetic shrink micro-cracks) and abnormal pressure crack of organic evolution.Basement pores include organic micro-pore,mineral substance pores(residual intergranular pores and intergranular dissolution pores),pores between organic and mineral.There are nine kinds of main existing crack combinations of configuration on Cross-section and section,and these configurations of crack combination match the cracks in the bedrock so as to form an effective network.Geologic factors controlling the formation of pores are complex, mineral composition and maceral are the base to control the formation of pores,tectonism is a key factor in the formation of pores,and sedimentary diagenesis is a control action in the formation of non-structured crack.


In this work, to systematically investigate the evolution characteristics of electrical properties in polymorphic piezoceramics, the Ba(Ti0.92Zr0.08)O3 ceramics are selected as a paradigm that possesses all the general phase structures above room temperature. It is found that the evolution of electrical properties with temperature change can be divided into three stages based on phase structure transforming: high ferroelectric and stable strain properties at R and R-O, high ferroelectric and enhanced strain/converse piezoelectric properties at O, O-T, and T phase, and the rapidly decreased ferroelectric and strain properties in T-C and C phase. However, the ferroelectric and strain properties all increase with rising electric field and their evolution can be divided into two parts based on phase structures. The high property and slow increase rate are present at R, R-O, O, and O-T, while the poor property but a high increase rate is present around T-C. Similar results can be found in the evolution of electrostrictive property. Finally, the highest d33* of ~1240 pm/V and Q33 of ~0.053 m4/C2 are obtained at O-T due to the high ferroelectricity but easy domain switching. This work affords important guidance for the property optimization of polymorphic piezoceramics.


This article is prefaced on the proposition that the call for more leaders from diverse backgrounds should be accompanied by the creation of a professional space for those leaders to lead joyously, be authentic as well as effective and influence leadership practice. The Investing in Diversity programme provides an opportunity for Black and global majority aspiring leaders to reflect on who they are and what they bring to leadership. It is hoped that the presence of a more representative workforce and leadership in schools will make a difference, particularly to those communities that have traditionally been failed by the system. Such aspirations will never be realised unless we have leadership preparation programmes that are focussed on producing leaders who have the pursuit of equity and social justice as a central priority. It argues that changing the face of leadership is not enough.


A 1.5 kV, 35 kW, 1 kHz silicon steel core medium-frequency transformer is designed and prototyped for a 10 kV, 0.5 MW electronic power transformer. This transformer uses 0.18 mm silicon steel as core material due to the advantages of easy processing, high saturation flux density, low noise, and low cost. The detailed design considerations and an optimal design method are presented in this paper. Different from the previous work on medium-frequency transformer design, the proposed approach takes ripples into account. Core loss model under square wave excitation with ripple and winding loss model considering sideband harmonics are established. Besides, two-dimensional finite-element simulations are adopted to obtain ac/dc resistance factors. Finally, the proposed approach is verified by experiments on prototype. The test results show performance better than expected, with desirable no-load loss and power density of 2.9623 × 106 W/m3.


The present invention relates to the use of a compound according to formula (1) in the electron transport layer or an electron injection layer in an electronic device comprising: Formula (1) Wherein X and X 'are independently selected from C and N; Where X is C, and R R only, R As well as both, R Where X is C R It is cyclized with two identical substituents on the phenyl or pyridyl ring both hydrocarbyl connection invoking another and to form a C


Since Chongqing became National Experiment Region of Coordinating Urban-Rural Development,Chongqing government has attached great importance to the farmer workers' vocational skill training.However,there are still some problems,such as fund shortage,emphasis on quantity not on quality,low rate of the trainees,incomplete training service system and so on.To solve these problems,the writer has proposed her suggestions on the policies,which include that the multi-form fund-raising system dominated by government investment be established and perfected;the training system be improved with the communities as organizations;the cooperation with sister provinces and cities be strengthened and the training responsibility be shouldered by all the parties.


After Mandela: The Battle for the Soul of South Africa Alec Russell Windmill Books, London, 2010. pp. 324. ISBN 978-0-099-53402-0 A Legacy of Liberation: Thabo Mbeki and the Future of the South African Dream Mark Gevisser Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009. pp. 376. ISBN 978-0-230-61100-9 South Africa's Brave NewWorld: The Beloved Country since the End of Apartheid R.W. Johnson Penguin Books, London, 2009. pp. 710. ISBN 978-0-141-00032-9


FDA has approved a new indication for ofatumumab (Arzerra, GlaxoSmithKline and Genmab), a CD20-directed cytolytic monoclonal antibody, in combination with chlorambucil for the treatment of previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) for whom fludarabine-based therapy is considered inappropriate.


Current treatment of dialysis patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is suboptimal, according to newly published guidelines by a work group of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF). Lack of evidence of treatment efficacy and exclusion of dialysis patients from major CVD clinical trials may have contributed to the problem.


X‐ray photoelectron forward scattering and CO‐titration measurements show that Fe agglomerates on Cu(111). Deposition of 6 monolayers of Fe at 300 K covers only ∼90% of the substrate. However, deposition of 3 monolayers of Fe at 80 K covers ∼95% of the substrate. The changing film morphology is reflected in the epitaxial phase of the Fe film. Fe deposited on Cu(111) at a substrate temperature of 80 K grows body‐centered‐cubic (bcc), but Fe deposited at a substrate temperature of 300 K initially grows face‐centered‐cubic and relaxes to bcc with increasing thickness. The changing epitaxial crystalline phase is discussed in terms of the intrafilm interaction strength relative to the film–substrate bond strength.


The National Employer Health Insurance Survey (NEHIS) was conducted in 1994 by Westat, Inc., under contract to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The purpose of the NEHIS was to collect information on the health care insurance that U.S. businesses and governments provide for their employees. The survey collected information from employers on the names and types of health insurance plans (if any) offered to their employees, enrollments in these plans, the characteristics of the plans, the money paid for claims in the preceding plan year, and other related data.


Emerging pathogens have no known therapies or vaccines and therefore can only be controlled via traditional methods of contact tracing, quarantine and isolation that require rapid and widespread testing The most recent outbreak from an emerging pathogen is due to the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 disease, which is associated with no symptoms or mild symptoms in 80-90% of the infected individuals, while in the remainder of the patients it exhibits severe illness that can be lethal or persist for several weeks to months after infection The first tests to diagnose infection by SARS-CoV-2 were developed soon after the genome of the virus became known, and use probes to measure viral RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) These tests are highly sensitive and specific but can require several days to return results, which makes contact tracing and more generally efforts to control the spread of the infection very difficult Furthermore, the sensitivity threshold is orders of magnitude below the viral load necessary for transmission;therefore, individuals recovering from the infection may still be have a positive test and be required to isolate unnecessarily while they are no longer infectious Antigen tests were subsequently developed that use antibodies mostly targeted to the nucleocapsid protein of the virus These tests are about 100 times less sensitive than RT-PCR, yes they detect viral loads that are about 1/10 that needed for transmission Furthermore, such tests are potentially much cheaper than RT-PCR and yield results in 15 min or less Antibody, also known as serological testing, is available and can provide useful information to understand the extent to which a population has been exposed to the virus;however, it is not a good indicator of current infection and not useful for infection control Viral transmission models that incorporate testing and contact tracing show that infection control is much more readily achieved by increasing testing frequency than by using higher sensitivity testing For example, compared to no testing at all, testing once every other week has a marginal benefit, while testing weekly can decrease the number of infections to 20-40%, and testing twice weekly or more can bring about a 95%+ reduction in infections These lessons learned from dealing from the COVID-19 pandemic should guide future planning against potential emerging viruses


In this work, supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) has been tested for the incorporation of natural compounds into biocomposite materials for food packaging. Cinnamaldehyde, with proved antimicrobial activity against fungi commonly found in bread products, was successfully impregnated on biocomposite cassava starch based materials using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent. Different process experimental conditions were tested (pressure, impregnation time and depressurization rate) at a fixed temperature (35 ◦ C) in order to study their influence on the amount of impregnated cinnamaldehyde as well as on the morphology of the films. Results showed that all conditions permitted to impregnate antimicrobial active amounts superior to those previously obtained using conventional incorporation methods. Moreover, a significant decrease of the equilibrium water vapor sorption capacity and water vapor permeability of the films was observed after SSI processing which is a clear advantage of the process, considering the envisaged applications.


This is a liquid processing apparatus, having a first magnetic nano bubble generator 51, a raw water tank (1) and the second self-nano bubble generator 52 is processed water tank 62 is installed is installed. A first magnetic nano bubble generator 51 has a self-bow handwritten 12, a microbubble generation section 8, a first base front end portion (6), a second gas front end portion 4, the second magnetic force nanobubbles generator 52 has a self-manipulation bow 48, the microbubble generator 46, the first gas front end 43, a second base front end portion (41). In the raw water tank 1, the treatment tank 62, the magnetic bows manipulation (12, 48) nano bubbles of magnetic nano bubble flow caused in that the water applying a magnetic force by a (3, 40) occurs, and having a magnetic force by the synergistic effect of a radical radical having the nano bubble according to electric energy, and I it is possible to decompose the decomposable organic material.


Almond breeding and evaluation efforts at the Agricultural Research Service resumed during the late 1980s after a lapse of nearly 20 years. Breeding efforts from the 1950s through the early 1970s led to a diverse collection of advanced selections, some being suitable as pollenizers for the important 'Nonpareil' cultivar. Current evaluation efforts are now further characterizing the collection, and some selections are being used in a new breeding effort to develop self-compatible almonds. Through K-means analyses, we have identified those advanced selections from the former breeding effort that were most similar to 'Nonpareil' in bloom phenology and nut/kernel characteristics. In long term storage trials, we have identified several advanced selections with reduced pellicle luminosity degradation rates as compared with 'Nonpareil'. The 'Tuono' cultivar has been our exclusive source of self-compatibility in the new breeding effort, with planned hybridizations emphasizing those advanced selections that are homozygous for sweet kernel. New self-compatible accessions are being identified in segregating seedling populations, and we currently evaluate 50–70 self-compatible accessions annually for nut/kernel quality. Recent evaluation efforts have demonstrated significant differences in shell cracking strength among almond varieties that are independent of an accession's kernel percentage, suggesting shell compositional or morphological differences. These differences may have implications in the use of specific shell types for granular activated carbons, or other value-added product applications.


Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) determines the overall cost of a project. Traditionally, construction and maintenance decisions consider short-term costs, not long-term financial impacts. LCCA considers acquisition costs, ongoing expenses, and disposal costs. When LCCA is applied to an individual asset, that asset can perform at an acceptable level of service, while potentially decreasing overall maintenance costs and worker exposure. When applied across an entire maintenance budget, the savings can be substantial. The goals of this project were to help Caltrans lower the budget needed to maintain its roadway system and to reduce worker exposure. This project produced three reporting tools, which allow users to estimate expenditures and labor hours needed to maintain each asset. Caltrans uses these tools to determine past maintenance expenditures on a per-asset basis and thereby estimate future costs. The tools compare expenditure and labor-hour information among districts, counties, and route classifications. While engineering judgment remains necessary, unusually high or low values can indicate problems that should be explored. Based on the authors' recommendations, Caltrans will be able to measure the annual expense of each type of asset within each asset group by assigning a unique number to each item within the inventory and associating each expense to the assets being maintained. This will allow Caltrans to make maintenance decisions based on a life cycle cost. Once decision makers use life cycle costs to make decisions, Caltrans should be able to achieve a greater overall level of service (LOS) with the same maintenance budget.


This paper covers an analysis of the energy management task during the approach phase as well as the design of an experiment supporting this analysis. The energy management task is analyzed using the concept of energy rate demand, which expresses the amount of total energy to be lost in comparison to the minimal energy rate the aircraft can attain at the current speed and configuration. Energy rate demand is explicitly defined by the altitude and speed profile and indicates the demand put on the aircraft by the approach trajectory. A number of approach trajectories are analyzed including a conventional approach, a Continuous Descent Approach (CDA) and a new, experimental, Constant Energy Rate Demand Approach (CERDA). An experiment has been carried out using a total energy-based perspective flight-path display. The results are used to assess the benefits of adding energy information to a tunnel-in-the-sky display and to gain more insight into the energy management task by comparing the different types of energy management as well as energy rate demand with workload and performance. The hypothesis that adding energy information to a baseline tunnel-in-the-sky display will increase the pilot's energy awareness is supported, however, the hypothesis that the workload would decrease with the energy display has been rejected. No relation could be found between energy rate demand, workload, and performance, rejecting the hypothesis that the performance would decrease and the workload increase with increasing energy rate demand.


............................................................................................................. 3 List of figures .................................................................................................... 12 List of tables ..................................................................................................... 14 Definitions and abbreviations ........................................................................... 15 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ 16