6 After the meticulous characterisation of all the basic features of the MZI-SOA, like switching speed, transfer behavior, and gain, some of its possible applications in future all-optical high-speed networks are investigated by exploiting these features: For OTDM networks, demultiplexing and add/drop multiplexing are amongst the key functions in routing nodes. Demultiplexing has been performed for data rates of 40 Gbit/s, 80 Gbit/s and 160 Gbit/s by using the fast switching ability. Add/drop multiplexing on the other hand extracts only one channel out of the stream while leaving the remaining OTDM stream undisturbed. Into the cleared time slot another channel may be added. In this thesis we present a novel concept for add/drop multiplexing having simultaneously regenerative capability for the data. The validation of the concept has been performed in a 40 Gbit/s routing experiment. Another important function is the wavelength conversion to guarantee routing flexibility in WDM networks. A 10 Gbit/s conversion throughout the Cand L-band (1530-1610 nm) has been achieved using the MZI-SOA. Due to the interferometric structure of the device, the data even experiences a regenerative effect, making this approach preferable to others. Furthermore, we present in this thesis a novel and cost-effective approach to concatenate the two mentioned network architectures OTDM and WDM in a so-called transmultiplexer working at 40 Gbit/s. It demultiplexes the OTDM stream in its different channels with simultaneous wavelength conversion in a single process. The 3R-regeneration is probably the most important key function in optical networks because it cancels all limiting data impairments which may occur during transmission. Exploiting the regenerative ability of the MZI-SOA, we present an optical 40 Gbit/s 3R-regenerator viable for real network applications. Finally, we show a waveform characterization technique for 320 Gbit/s data streams, exploiting the fast switching ability of the MZI-SOA for optical sampling.


Many structural components operate in very severe environments characterized by a high temperature, increasing temperature gradients, thermo-mechanical stresses and a presence of oxidizing and corrosive atmosphere. In addition, an impact of hard particles can cause failure by erosion mechanisms. Turbine blades of aircraft engines stand as a perfect example of components working in such a severe environment. They are the most loaded parts of the engine owing to the high working temperature and mechanical stresses induced by forces and moments; only centrifugal forces acting on each blade can reach several tens of kN. Temperature patterns of incoming gases are inhomogeneous and, due to transient regimes, their temperature can increase in about 500 °C during a few seconds (Eskner, 2004). These components must withstand such a complex loading for a required performance and lifetime. They are often made from layered material systems in which interfaces between layers play a key role for a prediction of durability. Each layer has different thermal and mechanical properties. Elastic energy of the layered material is concentrated into small volumes the fracture resistance of which is lower than that of the bulk material (Bose, 2007). Therefore, quantitative approaches based on fracture mechanics can be used to assess the damage due to crack initiation and growth. Structural materials of rotor blades and their coatings determine a maximal permissible temperature of gases incoming to the high pressure turbine. The metallic coatings on blades serve as physical barriers between the underlying substrate and the outer environment. From the point of view of corrosive and oxidizing effects, they can be divided into two categories: diffusion and overlay coatings. Diffusion aluminide coatings (DAC) are based on the intermetallic compound ┚-NiAl that forms under the influence of the substrate (usually Ni superalloys). On the other hand, the composition of the overlay coatings MCrAlX remains independent of the substrate alloy. In the MCrAlX alloy system, where M means Ni, Co, Fe (or a combination of these) and X means Y, Si, Ta, Hf, etc., the properties can be controlled and balanced for a specific application. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are composed of ceramics and represent another group of so-called multilayered coatings. These surface barriers insulate the underlying substrate from the heat flux of gases, thus contributing to an improvement of the engine performance. They consist of three constituents: (i) The thermally insulating outer layer (the TBC itself),


AIM To study liver targeting and pharmacokinetics of tegafur magnetic long-circulating liposomes (TMLCL) which were given rats by hepatic artery. METHODS The concentration in biological specimens of rats was detected with high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Area under concentration-time curve of 8 h at liver in TMLCL group was 17.4 times of that in tegafur group,and 3.9 times of that in tegafur long-circulating liposome group. Tegafur concentrations in plasma and kidney were lower than those in tegafur group and its liver-targeted ratio was 73.9%. CONCLUSION TMLCL by hepatic artery can markedly increase the liver targeting for tegafur and decrease nephrotoxicity in rats.


Sophie Dumont is modest when speaking about her own accomplishments, even though she has studied with some of the best and most creative minds in biophysics and cell biology. But it was a lowly breakdown of her Volkswagen hatchback in graduate school that steered her toward studying biophysics at the cell biology level.


Standard for classification of seismic protection of buildings(GB50223-95) adopts the method of upgrading the seismic measures to upgrade the earthquake-resistance level of category II structures, which are more important than ordinary structures. It is different from some foreign codes (such as US, Europe, New Zealand), which adopt the method of upgrading the earthquake-design level. This paper studies which method is more effective through the nonlinear dynamic analyses on category II frames in region 8 which are designed according to these two methods. The results show that the method adopted by GB50233-95 is more effective than the method adopted by some foreign codes based on the seismic measures of region 8 (grade 2 seismic measures) in Chinese Codes. This conclusion may be the reference to modify GB50233-95.


The increased scrutiny of a product's effects on the environment has led industry to embrace Environment Conscious Design and Manufacture (ECDM) practices. Disassembly of a product at the end of its useful life is an integral part of the ECDM paradigm. Disassembly facilitates the end-of-product life options such as recycling, remanufacture, reuse and safe disposal. As industries take active steps to move to a "greener" economy, the emergence of dedicated disassembly facilities is foreseeable. The increasing variety of new products requires that these disassembly factories be able to handle a wide spectrum of products. Today, dedicated disassembly facilities exist for disassembling high value products such as computers and automobiles. However, the flexibility of a disassembly facility is particularly important to accommodate the disassembly of moderate to low value, and high variety consumer products. We address this issue by proposing a framework for the formation of product groups based on their disassembly characteristics as a step towards increasing the flexibility of disassembly factories. A two-level hierarchy of generic disassembly characteristics has been employed to evaluate the similarity of diverse products. We have used a modified version of the "growing neural gas" neural network model to classify the products. The first level or primary Disassembly Product Groups (DPGs) are obtained based on similarities in product structure. They are further subdivided into secondary DPGs based on the disassembly resource requirements of the products. An implementation for the disassembly-oriented grouping using a few example products has been carried out for demonstration purposes.


In this paper, we introduced non-parametric statisticals method that could analyse the field data and proposed application ways such as repair-part demand forcasting, MTBF estimation and trend analysis, identity comparison with two populations using the analytical results. In addition, we applied that to real field data which has been collected for about ten years from K series tracked vehicle. After that, we compared the results with those using traditional parametric statistical method, and verified the usability of them.


Within the last months the semiconductor plant of Infineon in Dresden has converted to a pure manufacturer of logic products. With it, premises for production control have changed to short and, first of all, predictable cycle times. Typical for a logic fab, intelligent performance monitoring and prediction methods have to be installed, coping scheduled and unscheduled disturbances. Most important method is transient fab simulation, giving a 3-months performance forecast based on actual line situation and planned changes in toolset and product mix. This continuous forecast has to be enriched with information to scheduled and unscheduled fab disturbances for just in time initiation of countermeasures in case of foreseeable excursions, e.g. changes in dispatching. In particular, breakdowns have to be analyzed from historical data to find typical patterns, for probability of occurrence and, especially, machine group specific behavior. This paper presents the procedure on the basis of three examples.


Objective:To expore and analyze the clinical characteristics of coronary heart diseases(CHD)combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM).Methods:100 cases of CHD combined with type 2 DM was selected as observation group and 100 cases of CHD as control group.The clinical symptoms,the coronary lesions,the levels of blood sugar and blood lipid were compared between two groups.Results:Compared with group with CHD,①The clinical symptoms was atypical,showing silent heart ischemia and heart dysfunction in obserevation group;②the levels of TG and LDL-C was markedly increased and the level of HDL-C decreased in obserevation group;③most cases showed obstructive and diffusive lesions in multiple branches in obserevation group.Conclusion:The CHD combined with type 2 DM is apt to heart failure.The severity of coronary lesions increased with the level of blood lipid.


For general memoryless systems, the existing information-theoretic solutions have a ldquosingle-letterrdquo form. This reflects the fact that optimum performance can be approached by a random code (or a random binning scheme), generated using independent and identically distributed copies of some scalar distribution. Is that the form of the solution of any (information-theoretic) problem? In fact, some counter examples are known. The most famous one is the ldquotwo help onerdquo problem: Korner and Marton showed that if we want to decode the modulo-two sum of two correlated binary sources from their independent encodings, then linear coding is better than random coding. In this paper we provide another counter example, the ldquodoubly-dirtyrdquo multiple-access channel (MAC). Like the Korner-Marton problem, this is a multiterminal scenario where side information is distributed among several terminals; each transmitter knows part of the channel interference while the receiver only observes the channel output. We give an explicit solution for the capacity region of the binary doubly-dirty MAC, demonstrate how this region can be approached using a linear coding scheme, and prove that the ldquobest known single-letter regionrdquo is strictly contained in it. We also state a conjecture regarding the capacity loss of single-letter characterization in the Gaussian case.


Objective
To evaluate the value of sorafenib as an adjuvant therapy in combination with microwave (MW) ablation on rabbit VX2 liver tumor model.

Methods
Thirty-seven rabbits with orthotic VX2 liver tumors were randomly divided into MW group (n=11), combination treatment group (n=14) and control group (n=12). MW therapy was performed with an output power of 20 W for one minute, achieving a maxim ablation diameter of about 1 cm. Sorafenib was given with a dosage of 30 mg/kg per day, while saline were given to the control group and the MW group. Tumor growth-curve in each group was drawn according to tumor volumes before and after treatment. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pathological and immunohistochemical examinations. The independent samples t-test and One-way ANOVA test were used to analyze the quantitative data. Chi-square test and fisher exact test were used to analyze the classified data. Two-tailed P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
The tumor growth was accelerated in MW group compared with control group and combination treatment group. The mean tumor volume in MW group at 3 d, 7 d and 14 d was significantly larger than those in two other groups (P=0.007, 0.001, 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in tumor volume between control group and combination treatment group (P=0.381, 0.069, 0.328). A low metastases rate was shown in combination treatment group compared with other two groups. In combination treatment group, CEUS showed short rod-like and rim-like hypo-enhancement mainly detected in the periphery of lesion. However, conglomerate and latticed hyper-enhancement were the most patterns in MW group, with enhanced areas both in peripheral and internal of tumors. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value on diffused weighted image (DWI) was higher compared with that of the control and MW group, with statistical significance (1.845±0.503 vs. 1.102±0.149, 0.979±0.235). With adjuvant therapy of sorafenib after insufficient ablation, the microvessel density (MVD) was lower than that of control group (5.33±3.11 vs. 12.63±6.88), whereas in MW group the MVD was higher than that of control group (18.20±2.30 vs. 12.63±6.88), with statistical significance.

Conclusion
Insufficient thermal ablation promotes residual tumor progression. While the adjuvant therapy of sorafenib serves as an effective way to suppress the overgrowth and neovasculation of residual tumor after insufficient thermal ablation.

Key words:
Microwave ablation; Sorafenib; Orthotopic VX2 liver tumor model; Contrast enhanced ultrasound; Microvessel density; Apparent diffusion coefficient


Hillslope Runoff Attenuation Features (RAFs) are soft-engineered overland flow interception structures utilised in natural flood management, designed to reduce connectivity between fast overland flow pathways and the channel. The performance of distributed networks of these features is poorly understood. Extensive schemes can potentially retain large quantities of runoff storage but there are suggestions that much of their effectiveness can be attributed to desynchronisation of subcatchment flood waves, and that inappropriately-sited measures may increase rather than mitigate flood risk. Fully-distributed hydrodynamic models have been applied in limited studies but introduce computational complexity. The longer run-times of such models also restricts their use for uncertainty estimation or evaluation of the many potential configurations and storm sequences that may influence the timing and magnitude of flood waves. We applied a simplified overland flow routing module and representation of RAFs to the headwaters of a large rural catchment in Cumbria, U.K., where the use of an extensive network of such features is proposed as a flood mitigation strategy. The model was run in a Monte Carlo framework over a two-month period of extreme flood events which occurred in late 2015 that caused significant damage in areas downstream. Using the GLUE uncertainty estimation framework, we scored our set of acceptable realisations and these weighted behavioural realisations were rerun with one of three drain-down time or residence time parameters applied across the network of RAFs. The study demonstrates that the impacts of schemes comprising widely-distributed ensembles of RAFs can be modelled effectively within such a reduced complexity framework. It shows the importance of effective residence times on antecedent conditions in a sequence of events. We discuss uncertainties and limitations introduced by the simplified representation of the overland flow routing and RAF representation and how it could be verified and improved using experimental evidence. We suggest ways in which features could be grouped more strategically and means by which the synchronisation issue could be addressed.


From December 1964 to April 1965 a survey of the marine algae of the Atlantic coast of Halifax County, Nova Scotia was carried out. Within this region 11 collecting stations were established, including sites from the exposed outer coast to the protected area of Halifax Harbour. One hundred and one species were identified: 24 from the Chlorophyceae, 36 from the Phaeophyceae, and 41 from the Rhodophyceae. Seventeen species are new records for Nova Scotia. During the winter months active vegetative and reproductive development was observed. These results have been compared with those obtained previously from this area as well as with results of similar studies made in Massachusetts and Newfoundland–Labrador.


The system stracture,coating parameters and results of the optical interference filters,using quartz crystal film-thickness monitoring and deposition controller,had been introduced in this paper.The importance of the stability of refractive index of TiO_2 layers,enhanced by the improvement of IAD(ion assistant deposition) technology,to the applications of quartz crystal film-thickness monitoring and deposition controlling technology was discussed.


The serpinB9 protein, known as proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9) in human, can potently inhibit the proteinase, granzyme B, which is the major granzyme immune system cells use to kill intracellular pathogen infected or neoplastic cells. Over-expression of PI-9 in tumor cells is considered as a mechanism for tumor evasion against immunosurveillance carried out by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. We analyzed the upstream, downstream and intronic regions of serpinB9 from nine vertebrate genomes. Three well-conserved non-simple-repeat regions were identified, which locate at ~8 kb upstream (in human), between exons 3 and 4, between exons 4 and 5, respectively. Using the Transfac database, we found a few transcription factor binding motifs matching the conserved regions, including motifs for FOXP3, GATA-4, HNF-1, HNF-3beta, Pax, Evi-1 and Nkx2-5. We used a Poisson distribution to assess the significance of the number of occurrences of these motifs in the conserved regions. FOXP3 turned out to be significant, with p-value = 0.0015. Overexpression of FOXP3 was previously shown to be associated with poor prognosis of ovarian cancer. Our finding suggests a mechanistic link between the overexpression of FOXP3 and cancer -FOXP3 transcriptionally up-regulates PI-9, which facilitates tumor evasion by by-passing immunosurveillance.


A new set of computer simulation results for the cavity concentration profile n(r), which is related to the cavity distribution function y(r), are presented for both pure and mixed binary hard‐sphere systems. Several theoretical methods for predicting n(r) are compared with the simulation data. The most successful theory for pure fluids, due to Boublik, is tested for hard‐sphere mixtures. It is found that this theory, which requires only thermodynamic data for its implementation, accurately describes the cavity concentration profiles in the overlap region for a wide range of densities, sphere volume ratios, and compositions. The theory also successfully predicts the radial distribution functions up to the first minimum.


This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the value of the company with agency cost as an intervening variable on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange Year 2011-2016. Price Book Value (PBV) is the dependent variable in this study. There are five independent variables used, namely Insider Ownership, Institution Ownership, Foreign Ownership, External Monitoring proxied with Debt to Total Assets (DAR), Company Age as control variable, and Agency Cost proxyed by Operating Expense to Sales Ratio (OESR) as intervening variable.
The population used in this study consists of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2011-2016. So the total population of 148 companies. Sampling in this study using purposive sampling, so the total sample of 80 companies. The data analysis method used is the classical assumption test, path analysis which is the development of multiple linear regression analysis and use the test of sobel to analyze the effect of intervening variable mediation.
The results of this study indicate that Insider Ownership has a non-significant positive effect on OESR, Institution Ownership has a significant negative effect on OESR, Foreign Ownership has significant positive effect on OESR, DAR has no significant significant effect on OESR, influential Insider Ownership negatively insignificant to PBV, Institution Ownership has no significant positive effect on PBV, Foreign Ownership has no significant negative effect on PBV, DAR has no significant positive effect on PBV, and Age of Company has no significant positive effect on PBV. OESR can not mediate the influence of Insider Ownership, Institution Ownership, Foreign Ownership, DAR and Age of Company to PBV.


Ziyi Zheng and Klaus Mueller are with the Center for Visual Computing, Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA (phone: 631-632-1524; e-mail: {zizhen, email@example.com). Funding was provided by NSF grant EAGER 1050477. Abstract—Neighborhood denoising filters are powerful techniques in image processing and can effectively enhance the image quality in CT reconstructions. In this study, by taking the bilateral filter and the non-local mean filter as two examples, we discuss their implementations and perform fine-tuning on the targeted GPU architecture. Experimental results show that the straightforward GPU-based neighborhood filters can be further accelerated by pre-fetching. The optimized GPU-accelerated denoising filters are ready for plug-in into reconstruction framework to enable fast denoising without compromising image quality.


Introduction Variations in the iliopsoas muscle complex certainly have some clinical importance. Because these variations are usually associated with unusual femoral nerve formation, here we report a case of variation in the iliacus muscle combined with variation in the femoral nerve. Case report Variation in the iliacus muscle combined with variation in the femoral nerve was observed while performing a routine dissection of a 65-year-old male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy, SRM Medical College. The accessory iliacus muscle originated from iliac crest and inserted to the lesser trochanter of femur along with psoas major. This muscle variant was found to split the femoral nerve into medial and lateral slips. Conclusion The existence of this muscle variation along with nerve variation may increase the chances of nerve compression. Hence, detailed knowledge of these variations has immense importance in various pelvic and pelvifemoral surgeries.


Purpose

This study was conducted to analyse the extent at which Tanzanian newspapers paid attention to climate change information over the period of 10 years between January 2006 and December 2015.

Design/methodology/approach

Six Tanzanian newspapers were quantitatively content analysed for frequencies of coverage to climate change information.

Findings

The results indicate that of total six Tanzanian newspapers had very few (684; 0.84 per cent) articles on climate change which is an average of 68.4 articles per year. Much attention was given to entertainment (24,331; 30 per cent) followed by miscellaneous (19,413; 24.0 per cent) and advertisements (18,112; 22.3 per cent). The Pearson's chi-square test indicates that there was a significant difference in χ2 = 21,765, p-value < 2.2e −16 between the level of coverage of climate change articles on other topics in the selected newspapers.

Research limitations/implications

Scanning the sampled six newspapers for climate change information and recording the results in the code sheet for the period of 10 years was a tedious and time-consuming exercise which demanded researchers and coders to be extremely careful. Also it is possible that the sampling strategy used led to missing some data that would have resulted into different conclusions about each newspaper's coverage on climate change. However, the systematic sampling strategy was applied for a long period, that is, 40 months for each newspaper that increased the reliability and accuracy of the results and conclusions about the overall trends in each newspaper's coverage of climate change information.

Practical implications

These findings imply that, as the disseminators of information, Tanzanian newspapers did not pay adequate attention to climate change issues. The study concludes that contrary to the fact that climate change is among the threatening phenomena in Tanzania that would commensurate a significant attention in the media, the findings of this study indicate that the volume of coverage devoted to climate change by the newspapers in Tanzania is very low and disproportionate to the level of threat. This leaves a question on the Tanzanian newspapers' dedication to reporting climate change information. It is therefore recommended that newspapers' media owners, editors and journalists should be environmental nationalistic enough to frequently report climate change information, and the scope of the government-owned newspapers should be revisited to ensure more coverage of climate change information in their publication which can be done by having a section specifically dedicated for climate change issue.

Originality/value

This study has therefore contributed to the growing body of analytical research knowledge on the role of newspapers in the dissemination of climate change information in Tanzania. This study has also highlighted the importance of taking into account newspapers coverage of climate change information which can further be used for policy recommendations to improve the climate change information communication system through the use of newspapers and show the credibility of the newspapers in creating awareness of climate change in Tanzania.


Carbofuran-14C was absorbed readily from solution by the roots of 1-month-old tobacco plants and translocated to the leaves without accumulation in the roots. Autoradiographs of freeze dried plants indicated 14C-radioactivity accumulated to a greater concentration in the larger (older) leaves than in the region of the terminal bud. Initial accumulation of 14C in these large leaves was in a mottled pattern between the lateral veins. This pattern became more pronounced during the 1st 2 days, but by the 4th day there was a marked accumulation of radioactivity around the leaf margins. Carbofuran-14C was not absorbed readily through the leaves of 1-month-old tobacco plants, and that which was absorbed was not translocated out of the treated leaf to other parts of the plant.


Water deficit is a major limiting factor in vegetation recovery and reconstruction in the Tarim Basin in the extremely arid desert region of northwest China. Populus pruinosa Schrenk is an ecologically important species growing in this region. However, the P. pruinosa population has been declining in recent years because of the low underground water table, mainly caused by increased human water consumption. Currently, the mechanisms underlying the decline in photosynthesis of P. pruinosa under soil water declines are not clear. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of the soil water gradient on photosynthesis, and the relationship between photosynthesis and soil water content. Our study will enhance our understanding of the photo⁃physiological characteristics of P. pruinosa exposed to soil water declines and provide valuable information for the protection of this vulnerable species. Saplings of P. pruinosa were planted in pots under four different soil water gradients. The effects of the soil water declines on the photosynthetic characteristics and stress


The flybys of now four cometary nuclei revealed bodies with seemingly diverse topography and morphology. All cometary nuclei were active producing dust jets during the flybys but areas of activity could not be identified. Only the Deep Impact spectrometer observations revealed 3 small patches from which a signature of water ice crystals was discovered. These observations and the temperature maps demonstrate that the thermal inertia of the nucleus is very low. A corresponding low thermal conductivity was also inferred from the variation of the CO production of comet Hale Bopp with heliocentric distance. As a consequence a representative sample of the nucleus can easily be retrieved without drilling. This strongly facilitates a sample return from a cometary nucleus. Analyses of cometary material collected by Stardust with the aerogel collector and the CIDA instrument show that complex organic molecules are abundant. This instrumentation collected or analyzed, respectively, refractory material (dust grains) during the flyby through the inner coma of comet Wild 2. These grains had been lifted from the surface of the nucleus by gas drag of subliming ice. Therefore a probe directly picked from the (sub-) surface, sealed in a container, and returned to earth can be expected to comprise a representative sample of the nucleus material; certainly including complex organic compounds.


With bee populations increasingly at risk, The Business of Bees: An Integrated Approach to Bee Decline and Corporate Responsibility, edited by Jill Atkins and Barry Atkins, provides an integrated account of how bee decline, consumers, companies, investors and stock markets are interconnected. The Secretary of LSESU Beekeeping Society, Sroyon Mukherjee, praises the book for providing concrete recommendations that include commercial activities as a necessary component of attempts to tackle threats to the global bee population.


A free‐floating (no substrate) granular aluminum superconducting bolometer has been made and tested. Sensitivity and time‐constant measurements were compared with those of similar bolometers fabricated on glass and Al2O3 substrates. The responses were first studied with the bolometer isolated in a vacuum chamber which was immersed in a superfluid liquid‐helium bath and cooled by conduction through the contact leads, and again after incremental increases of helium gas were introduced into the sample chamber. The measurements show that for low gas pressures (≲10−4 cm Hg) the floating bolometer was between one and two orders of magnitude more sensitive than identical bolometers on substrates. With increasing gas pressure, the formation of a superfluid helium film of an approximate thickness of three atomic layers caused a reduction of the floating bolometer sensitivity by nearly two orders of magnitude. The effect of bolometers on substrates was, on the other hand, only 30%. The results provide strong eviden...


The Lippoldt Field is located within a broad band of truncated Mississippian rocks that dip gently southwestward from the flank of the Central Kansas uplift into the Hugoton embayment of the Anadarko basin. Relief on the top of Mississippian rocks seemingly is due to folding and to post-Mississippian, pre-Cherokee erosion. In structurally high parts of the Lippoldt Field, the Warsaw limestone lies beneath Pennsylvanian rocks, whereas in some structurally low wells that flank this oil field, such as the well in the NE.-NE. Sec. 15, the Salem (Spergen) limestone lies above the Warsaw and beneath the Pennsylvanian. Production is restricted to the Warsaw limeston which, in the discovery well, Texaco No. 1 Lippoldt, is 48 ft of light gray to buff, sucrosic to medium crystalline, fossiliferous dolomitic limestone containing drusy quartz and quartzose chert, and brown, fossiliferous dolomite.


Tellurite waveguides are promising candidates for high gain with broad-bandwidth, especially with Er-doping, which covers the telecommunications band and important spectral absorption features of atmospheric CO2. This study aimed at developing new Er,Yb-doped tellurite waveguide power amplifier modules suited to LIDAR measurements from space that will enable improved mapping of the concentration and distribution of CO2 in our atmosphere. A comparison of the optical properties of bulk and waveguide samples has been made, with double-clad waveguide devices, suited for high power diode pumping, currently under test.


Corchorus olitorious is a vegetable that is popularly consumed in West Africa. It is also known to be rich in nutrients. The effects of market storage methods of vegetables on nutrient composition, antioxidant contents and consumer acceptability of Corchorus olitorious were assessed at Owo, Ondo state, Southwest Nigeria. The vegetable was displayed inside a plastic basin and at 6 pm were sprinkled with water, placed inside polypropylene bag and left outside at room temperature of 27±1 o C. This process was carried out for 4 days. The colour and the taste of the vegetable (fresh and stored) were not significantly different (p>0.05) during the first two days of storage. Overall acceptability of Corchorus olitorius stored for four days by the panellist, ranked significantly (p 0.05) in the fresh Corchorus olitorius and those stored for two days. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the nutrient composition of Corchorus olitoriu s in the first two days of storage but reduced significantly (p 0.05). Corchorus olitorius had a scavenging ability of 0.05) as the storage period increased. These results show that based on the storage method available to the market women in the study area, Corchorus olitorius vegetable should be sold within the first two days of harvesting. Keywords: Corchorus olitorius , leafy vegetable, vitamin C, antioxidant, total phenol


This paper develops a comparative perspective on the evolution of states in the global political economy and the emergence of the regulatory states in that context. It sets out to question the utility of the regulatory state model for understanding contemporary states, and does so from two platforms. The first is to consider the broad applicability and relevance of the regulatory state model, and to take issue with the contention that this is a useful framework within which to understand broadly the evolution of states in the different parts of the world. The second is to consider the assumptions on which associated notions of regulation rest, with particular reference to the equation of greater regulation with greater efficiency, effectiveness and transparency. It argues that the study of the political economy of regulation remains excessively dominated by Anglo-American and European – and fundamentally ethnocentric – perspectives, and concludes that these hinder our full understanding of the various modes of regulation that have emerged in recent years. Debates about the evolution of states in the contemporary global political economy have become strikingly tightly bound up with debates about regulation. In both 'international' and 'comparative' political economy, the so-called 'regulatory state' model has become the favoured framework within which to understand the forms of state transformation and adaptation unleashed by the constellation of economic and social processes we have come loosely to term 'globalisation'. The basic argument is that these processes have acted – and are acting – to reorient the policy making functions of states towards a set of strategies designed to underpin markets, correct market failures, and facilitate market activity, and that these strategies crystallise around the notion of regulation. The aim, in essence, is to redefine the policy making process to the extent that it becomes rules-based and fundamentally technocratic rather than governed by political discretion. This process of reorientation is further conceived as involving a restructuring of the institutional apparatus of the state, and in the European and Anglo-American cases in particular this has involved constructing such institutional conditions as Central Bank independence, a clearer demarcation of bureaucratic responsibilities, and a proliferation of autonomous state agencies charged with administering the various dimensions of a system of regulation. What I want to do in this paper, however, is question the utility of this model for understanding contemporary states, and to do so from two platforms. The first is to consider the broad applicability and relevance of the regulatory state model, and to take issue with the contention that this is a useful framework within which to understand broadly the evolution of states in the different parts of the world. The second is to consider the assumptions on which associated notions of regulation, with particular reference to the equation of greater regulation with greater efficiency, transparency and, moreover, what Peter Burnham (1999) has called a 'depoliticisation of economic management'. Again, my challenge to these assumptions rests on their evaluation in a wider comparative context. The conclusions from each of these endeavours indicate that the study of the political economy of regulation remains excessively dominated by Anglo-American and European – and fundamentally ethnocentric – perspectives. Before getting to that point, however, our first task is to set out some context by considering the broader debates about the evolution of states under the impact of globalisation, and the place of regulatory states within that conceptual framework. The following section considers the extent to which ideas about emerging regulatory states are accurate or useful in considering the evolution of states in various regions of the world outside the Anglo-American and continental European models of capitalism, and the third considers the ways in which the notion of 'depoliticisation' is useful in understanding the aims and the outcomes of a shift towards regulatory governance. Globalisation and the emergence of regulatory states We turn first, then, to debates about the ways in which globalisation has reconfigured the institutional structures of states and their roles and functions. In so doing, we are called upon to navigate a sea of contending perspectives. David Held and his colleagues (1999) have usefully identified three dominant schools of thought – 'hyperglobalist', 'sceptical' and 'transformationalist' – which offer a useful starting point. The gist of the first hyperglobalist argument is well-known and requires only brief re-statement here. It is that the nation-state is poorly adapted to the task of government or governance in the context of globalisation, and that state authority is progressively and decisively undermined by the structural power of markets. Primarily as a result of the 'structural power' of global capital (Gill and Law 1989), the autonomy and room for manoeuvre which states previously enjoyed in matters of economic policy has been severely curtailed. Deregulated financial markets and progressively integrated production structures are seen to dissipate national boundaries and render 'national' economic strategies increasingly anachronistic. Markets, in short, are now 'more powerful than the states to whom ultimate political authority over society and economy is supposed to belong' (Strange 1996: 4). The more extreme statements of the hyperglobalist argument have heralded the 'end of sovereignty' (Camilleri and Falk 1992), the 'end of geography' (O'Brien 1992), a 'borderless world' or the 'end of the nation state' (Ohmae 1990, 1995). More nuanced perspectives have perceived the 'retreat of the state' (Strange 1996) or the advent of 'governance without government' (Rosenau and Czempiel 1992), such analyses being concerned essentially with the withering of state authority as a consequence of progressively transnationalised forms of economic organisation, the heightened mobility of capital, and, moreover, the proliferation of non-state forms of authority ranging from international or supranational organisations to the various forms of 'private authority' (see Risse-Kappen 1995; Cutler, Haufler and Porter 1999; Hall and Biersteker 2002). It is important to note that the hyperglobalist terrain is inhabited not just by neoliberals who consider these processes desirable and beneficial, but also by their radical and neo-Marxist rivals which see them as representing the victory of an oppressive and exploitative global capitalism (Held et al 1999: 3-4). But either way, what we might call a 'market triumphalism' prevails across the hyperglobalist school of thought, the variation lying in the different receptions of it in the contending ideological camps. It is in this hyperglobalist perspective that we find the strongest validation of the hypothesis of 'convergence', which contends, in essence, that 'all advanced industrial economies tend toward common ways of producing and organising economic life', explaining any persistent differences in these modes of production and organisation as the result of 'extramarket' sources of distortion. (Berger 1996: 1). In its association with liberal globalisation discourses, and based on neoclassical understandings of trade and competition, the hypothesis holds that the universal availability of technological innovation to advanced industrial societies will generate convergent rates of productivity, accompanied inevitably by the emergence of common institutional configurations and patterns of state-society-market interaction (Boyer 1996). Concretely, convergence stems from the process by which high capital mobility renders expansionary fiscal and monetary policy strategies not only ineffective but also counterproductive. In part this is a consequence of a generalised preference for fixed exchange rates in which ideally monetary policy is removed from the range of policy instruments available to governments. In other part this is the result of the significantly more problematic implications of macroeconomic divergence in conditions of high capital mobility. With the globalisation of financial markets, expansionary fiscal and monetary policies generate significant pressures from markets and other governments for a defence or devaluation of the national currency, and consequently foreign reserves come under threat (Andrews 1994). High capital mobility furthermore generates a situation in which the 'exit options' of mobile capital asset holders are heightened, along with the ease with which they are exercised, and consequently the interests of these actors are elevated to primacy (Milner and Keohane 1996: 245). The hypothesis thus extends to areas outside these advanced industrial societies in the assumption that the pressures of globalisation and pressures from the international financial institutions (IFIs) will generate convergence on neoliberal forms of economic organisation, and thus on the institutional and social configurations necessary to sustain it. It is in opposition to the convergence hypothesis of the hyperglobalist school that the other two schools of thought have largely crystallised. The 'sceptical' school finds its ammunition in empirical evidence, which has been marshalled to advance primarily two arguments. The first is that the existence of globalisation is open to considerable question. Patterns of trade and FDI flows are taken to indicate that globalisation boils down to no more than a continued process of internationalisation, and indeed that the world economy was no more internationalised in the late twentieth century than it was during other historical periods (see Hirst and Thompson 1999). While such perspectives made an important impression on the debate in their insistence on understanding globalisation


to scarcely 40 millions kronen and the export scarcely to 10 millions kronen, the import rose to 14.5 millions kronen during the first quarter of 1921 against 11.4 millions during the corresponding period of 1920. The export rose from 1.9 millions kronen in the first quarter of 1920 to 3.8 millions in the first quarter of 1921. The import showed an increase of 28, the export, of 100 per cent. But unfortunately the export continues to form only one-fourth of the import, whereas for the sake of her mere existence Austria ought to export much more than she imports. Only the exceedingly large finishing up trade, for which America, England, France, Italy, Belgium and the Succession States of Austria-Hungary should allow her credits and raw materials to facilitate the selling of the finished articles in their own commercial


There has been a growing interest within CSCW community in understanding the characteristics of misinformation propagated through computational media, and the devising techniques to address the associated challenges. However, most work in this area has been concentrated on the cases in the western world leaving a major portion of this problem unaddressed that is situated in the Global South. This paper aims to broaden the scope of this discourse by focusing on this problem in the context of Bangladesh, a country in the Global South. The spread of misinformation on Facebook in Bangladesh, a country with a population of over 163 million, has resulted in chaos, hate attacks, and killings. By interviewing journalists, fact-checkers, in addition to surveying the general public, we analyzed the current state of verifying misinformation in Bangladesh. Our findings show that most people in the 'news audience' want the news media to verify the authenticity of online information that they see online. However, the newspaper journalists say that fact-checking online information is not a part of their job, and it is also beyond their capacity given the amount of information being published online every day. We further find that the voluntary fact-checkers in Bangladesh are not equipped with sufficient infrastructural support to fill in this gap. We show how our findings are connected to some of the core concerns of CSCW community around social media, collaboration, infrastructural politics, and information inequality. From our analysis, we also suggest several pathways to increase the impact of fact-checking efforts through collaboration, technology design, and infrastructure development.


The utility model discloses an intelligent water purification filter element replacement reminder which comprises a power supply, a water purifier filter element intelligent detector, a processing center and an audible and visual alarm. The water purifier filter element intelligent detector is mounted between a filter element inlet and a filter element outlet; the water purifier filter element intelligent detector transmits acquired data of filter element impurity content and water flow to the processing center; the processing center is electrically connected with the audible and visual alarm. According to the utility model, the processing center respectively compares the received data of the filter element impurity content and the water flow with set values respectively; and when detecting that the filter element impurity content exceeds the set value or detecting that a ratio of the actual water flow to water flow allowed by a filter element exceeds the set value, the processing center can automatically display replacement time and send out an alarm signal to the audible and visual alarm so as to remind a user to replace the filter element. A water flow switch is also added into the intelligent water purification filter element replacement reminder, so that the intelligent water purification filter element replacement reminder also can be used under the condition of shortage of a power supply.


This study uses novel approaches to estimate the fall characteristics of hail, covering a size range from about 0.5 to 7 cm, and the drag coefficients of lump and conical graupel. Three-dimensional (3D) volume scans of 60 hailstones of sizes from 2.5 to 6.7 cm were printed in three dimensions using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic, and their terminal velocities were measured in the Mainz, Germany, vertical wind tunnel. To simulate lump graupel, 40 of the hailstones were printed with maximum dimensions of about 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 cm, and their terminal velocities were measured. Conical graupel, whose three dimensions (maximum dimension 0.1–1 cm) were estimated from an analytical representation and printed, and the terminal velocities of seven groups of particles were measured in the tunnel. From these experiments, with printed particle densities from 0.2 to 0.9 g cm−3, together with earlier observations, relationships between the drag coefficient and the Reynolds number and between the Reynolds number and the Best number were derived for a wide range of particle sizes and heights (pressures) in the atmosphere. This information, together with the combined total of more than 2800 hailstones for which the mass and the cross-sectional area were measured, has been used to develop size-dependent relationships for the terminal velocity, the mass flux, and the kinetic energy of realistic hailstones.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Wisconsin and throughout the United States. Each year approximately 2,980 people die from lung cancer in Wisconsin1 while roughly 158,040 deaths from this disease occur nationally.2 Tobacco smoke is the primary cause of lung cancer cases,3 but radon is the second leading cause of the disease contributing to thousands of deaths each year.4 There is an increased lung cancer risk among smokers exposed to radon. Compared with non-smokers, research shows that smokers' likelihood of developing lung cancer increases exponentially with similar levels of radon exposure.5


We describe herein the use of glycerol as an efficient and recyclable solvent for the addition of thiols to nonactivated alkenes. The catalyst-free reactions take place easily using glycerol at room temperature or heating and the corresponding linear thioethers were obtained in good to excellent yields. The method was used to synthesize new sulfur-containing eugenols, which were tested for their antioxidant activities. The semisynthetic thio-derivatives were more effective in inhibition of induced lipid peroxidation compared to the precursor eugenol and the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole.


This paper expounds and proves the necessity of the proper speed-up development of higher education from the historic experience and an actual requirement and then analyses in detail the difficult situation facing average colleges and universities in suiting the conversion and puts forward some countermeasures for improving the teaching qualities continuously.


Printed circuit boards (PCB), which form the basis of the electronics industry, generate wastes that are difficult to dispose of and recycle due to the diversity of their materials and components and their difficult separation. The replacement of Pb-Sn welding for lead-free alloys to attach components in printed circuit boards is an attempt to minimize the problem of Pb toxicity, but it does not change the problem of separation of the components for later reuse and/or recycling. This article presents a review of the environmental problem of printed circuit boards, the initial development of alternative fixation studies, and reliability tests for comparison with conventional boards and commercial systems to validate or serve as a basis for future research, focused on PCB disassembly for recycling. At present, initial studies were performed by using prototypes for visual and functional tests.


Abstract : During this grant study was carried out on the mechanisms and processes governing transition between flame and detonation in unconfined spherical explosive clouds and how they can be influenced. During the last several years, emphasis has been on investigation of the influence of obstacles on flames and initiation of detonations. Experiments were performed in tubes of various diameters with an orifice placed in the flame path. Various fuels (eg, hydrogen, methane, ethylene, acetylene and carbon disulfide) were used in stoichiometric fuel-oxygen mixtures with reduced nitrogen concentration (compared to air). Smear camera photographs and simultaneously time resolved pressure records were taken. The orifices were found to cause very pronounced local accelerations together with a pressure rise when the flame is transmitted through the orifices. These effects were correlated with the open diameter of the orifices. The maximum pressure was obtained when the orifice diameter is about half the diameter of the initiation section. No detonations were observed in experiments with hydrocarbon-air mixtures.


AbstractThe determination of the concession period (CP) in public–private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects presents complexities to decision makers because various critical success factors...


The theme of mobilising the senses to legitimate a given legal order is explored by Desmond Manderson in 'Senses and Symbols: The Construction of &dquo;Drugs&dquo; in Historic and Aesthetic Perspective'. Manderson presents a new and provocative theory of the force behind 'moral panics', taking the demonisation of opium and Chinese immigrants in late 19th century Australia as a case in point. He introduces the notion


Tetrakis-(F-alkylethanethio) polyoxyethylene ethers 2 were prepared by free radical addition of perfluoroalkylethane thiols to bis(propargyl) polyoxyethylene ethers 1 . The reaction was carried out using AIBN as initiator. These new compounds may have important properties that would be advantageous for their application in industrial and biomedical areas.


Impact of thermal plant discharges on benthic community of Tuticorin Bay and Vaan Island was studied during the period of August 2007 to July 2008. Water quality parameters and heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and Cr in sediment were estimated. As regards biological entity, there were four benthic faunal groups, of this; polychaetes topped the list in terms of abundance in both the regions followed by gastropods, crustaceans and bivalves. Faunal density varied from 552 to 10, 311nos. /m in Tuticorin Bay and 355 to 15, 447nos./m in Vaan Island. Maximum density was found during summer season and minimum during monsoon season. Diversity and richness values were also more in Vaan Island than Tuticorin Bay. Cluster and MDS plots drawn showed that stations of Tuticorin Bay and Vaan Island formed group themselves indicating dissimilarity in their faunal composition and its abundance. BIO-ENV method revealed that temperature, pH, copper and zinc in Tuticorin Bay and zinc and salinity in Vaan Island, as best variable combinations influencing the benthic faunal distribution.


The article describes the analysis of the durability and lifetime of selected interchangeable cutting inserts used for turning based on the wear measurement of the cutting tool, flank wear namely. The experiment was carried out on one type of material, such as stainless steel 1.4404 according to DIN EN 10088-3. The measurements were made on two turning inserts of the same type from two different manufacturers Sandvik coromant and Pramet tools. Evaluation of turning inserts wear was performed at four different cutting speeds. The value that was observed was the flank wear VB of the tool until the critical value was reached. Other different analysis have been performed, such as the length and shape of the chips analysis according to ISO 3685. Based on the results of the measurements, it has been found that the Pramet insert, which has a thinner layer of coating, has reached a longer life and allows heat to flow out of the cutting area. It can be considered that thinner coating can positively contribute to better machining of stainless steels, which could be helpful for machining companies. Cutting inserts wear research is realized at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem.


Background:  Endogenous endophthalmitis is an inflammation of ocular tissues that can lead to deterioration of and loss of vision. Rarely, this can complicate the course of a patient with pyogenic liver abscess.


Purpose:The influence of physical training for university man's simple obesity was studied in order to apply the scientific referenced basis for the exercise of whole people.Method:With physical training of medium intension,comparing and analyzing the research objects' variety on all kinds of indexes.Result:After 12 weeks' training,the average weight of boys reduced 8.38 kg and the girls's weight reduced 8.11 kg.The boys and girls' pul se and blood pressure showed a declining.The index of vital capacity improved too.Conclusion:Physical training of medium intension has an obvious effect on controlling the weight.It not only can increase deplete of the over much quantity of heat but also can improve the function of the blood vessel.For the simple obesity's treatment,it has a simple method and an obvious effect.


Exists in the international and national imagination a major environmental expectations on the fair Amazon to be characterized by large areas of dense forests , extensive rivers and a diverse and exuberant wealth fauna and flora . However, it is important to identify the current situation contrasts with this imaginary, characterized by a significant advance actions that compromise the sustainability call that territory. In this sense, agroforestry systems represent an important alternative economic, environmental and social. This research focused on understanding the main objectives of family farmers coming from settlements in the municipality of Conceicao do Araguaia -PA to adopt agroforestry systems on their lots.


To optimiz the best extraction parameters of tanshinones from Radix Salvia by L9(34) orthogonal test,ethanol reflux method for extraction tanshinones was used and cryptotanshinone and tanshinone ⅡAwere taken as indexes.The optimum extraction condition showed as follows:adding 6 times volumes of 70% ethanol,extracting one time and extracting time was 0.5 hours.


The article deals with the influence of basic text on speech correctness of entrants' compositions. With the help of the comparative analysis of "common passages" in both initial and secondary texts cognitive and mental peculiarities of speech infringements as the foundation of unsatisfactory work of individual's language ability are stressed.


Daniel LeClerc (1652-1728), who wrote the first large history of medicine, came from a family of scholars and was the son of a physician. He was born in Geneva on Feb. 4, 1652. He studied there as well as in Montpellier and Paris. Afterward he settled in Geneva, where he practiced until his death, which occurred on June 17, 1728. In spite of an extensive practice, he found time for scientific works, the most prominent of which is his well known history. The title page reads: "Histoire de la medecine (Ou l'on voit l'origine et les progres de cet art) par Daniel LeClerc, Docteur en Medecine—Geneva, 1696." This work deals with the history of medicine from earliest antiquity to the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is written in a delightfully quaint French style, is lucid, colorful and replete with references to classical authors and abounds in medical anecdotes of


Twistor theory shows that deformations of a hypercomplex manifold correspond to deformations of a canonically constructed holomorphic map from the twistor space of the hypercomplex manifold onto the complex projective line. Applying Horikawa's theory of deformations of maps, we calculate deformations of compact quotients and twists of the associated bundles of quaternionic manifolds. In particular , deformations of hypercomplex structures on Stiefel manifolds are discussed. x1 Introduction Three integrable complex structures on a manifold form a hypercomplex structure if they satisfy the relations of the quaternions (2.1). Recent interest in hyper-complex structures is inspired by S. Salamon's work 31]. The subject is studied along with hyperKK ahler structures 10], quaternionic KK ahler structures 30], quater-nionic structures 31], self-dual conformal structures 1] and most recently together with 3-Sasakian structures 4]. All these subjects are deeply related to twistor theory. It is known that a particular type of Hopf surfaces and their high dimensional analogue are hypercomplex 3] 15]. The collection of examples of hypercomplex manifolds is greatly enriched by Joyce's work, following ideas from physics 32], on the construction and classiication of homogeneous hypercomplex manifolds 12]. Joyce gives various natural geometric constructions of hypercomplex structures such as hypercomplex quotients, twists of associated bundles and he produces more non-trivial examples 12] 26]. From a diierent, yet closely related, perspective Boyer,


The external rotary encoder was connected with the screw. Through setting up the FANUC NC system parameters and changing the installation requirements,measuring error was reduced. The precision of linear feed axis was improved. So the cost performance was increased.


Inthis paper wedescribe theongoing workonanewparadigmforcompressing themotion predicted error inavideo coder, referred toasMMP-Video. Thisnewcoding algorithm usestheMultidimensional Multiscale Parser image coding algorithm toencode theresidue error, inaH.264/AVC based video coder. MMP hasshowntoperform verywellasauniversal still imagecoding method, particularly whenitiscombined with Intra prediction schemes. Inaddition, previously published preliminary results havealso presented MMP asapromising video coding method. Inthis paper, wepropose newdictionary updating techniques forMMP-video. Alongwithother functional optimizations, these techniques allow forasignificant improvementintheencoder performance. Thus,wewereableto achieve considerable gains overH.264/AVC forBslices, specially formediumandhigh bit-rates, while maintaining equivalent performance forthePslices.


The authors found the highest frequency of Bantu haplotype (48.2%) and Benin (32.1%) and then the presence of Cameroon haplotype in addition to 19.7% of atypical haplotypes. The authors state then that the protective effect of Hb F was confirmed in SCA patients because an increase of Hb F levels resulted in a 41.3% decrease on the lipid peroxidation levels using Pearson correlation (r = 0.74, p =0.01).


Sustainable development has become a core concept in environmental management during the 1990s. However, scientists and policy-makers have encountered many difficulties in giving practical effect to the general ideas and principles underlying sustainability. This paper reviews three important aspects of recent Canadian practice and research which advance our understanding of the nature of municipal sustainability planning. First is the development of models of 'ecological footprints' at the University of British Columbia, which provide a graphic means of demonstrating how communities might 'tread more lightly on the earth'. Second, also at the University of British Columbia, has been the coupling of research expertise to municipal planning in the City of Richmond. In particular, this has generated ideas about the ways in which 'social capital' might be substituted for 'ecological capital'. Third, the municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth has become one of the 'model communities' attempting to develop a sustainable basis for the delivery of its services and policies, under a programme co-ordinated by the Toronto-based International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. It is argued that these three innovative projects are greatly assisting our knowledge of appropriate city planning and management for the 21st century.


1 Abbreviations used in this paper . GP, glycoprotein; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ; L RNA, large segment RNA ; NOD, nonobese insulin-dependent diabetes ; NP, nucleoprotein; ORF, open reading frame; PFU, plaque-forming unit ; SRNA, small seg- ment RNA .


Big Book is an especially characterized storybook that being enlarged, both the text and the pictures and designed as interesting as possible so it could motivate the students in learning the lesson in school. Big Book media in this research was developed based on local wisdom in Baduy as the effort to introduce the local wisdom values in Baduy custom area, so it may grow the love towards the local custom. The benefit of using the local wisdom based Big Book is the teacher can easily interest the students to focus on the story that will be read and make it easier for the students in understanding the material because the contents of the material are related directly to the student's daily life. From the data that have been gathered, there are 79.7% to learning material expert validation and 83.41% to learning media validation. So, it can be concluded that Big Book media is appropriate to be used in the learning process.


In this study, distributed leader-following consensus for a class of second-order multi-agent systems with delayed information transmission is studied. Based on and only on the relative delayed information between neighbouring agents, two distributed consensus protocols are designed and analysed. The first one is adopted to achieve leader-following consensus for the case where both relative delayed position and velocity measurements are available for neighbouring agents. For the second case where only the relative delayed position measurements can be used for coordination, a new type of observer-based protocol is constructed. By using tools from frequency domain analysis and control theory, several necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such protocols under a directed communication topology are established. Finally, simulation examples are performed to verify the theoretical analysis.


High impact and low wear Polyoxymethylene(POM) blend was prepared by melt blending of POM with copolyamide (COPA),silicone grease,oil carrier and surfactant.The mechanical properties,wear properties and micro-morphology of the prepared blend were studied. The results showed that COPA had good toughening effect on POM and POM blend,and the wear loss of POM blend could be distinctly reduced by a small quantity of silicone grease;besides,the dispersion of silicone grease in POM blend was improved by oil carrier and surfactant,resulted in further improvement of the wear properties of POM blend.


State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Meaning of "territory" in extradition agreement — Whether equivalent to area under jurisdiction of Government — Relevance of de facto recognition of jurisdiction and control by requested State — Extradition Treaty between Israel and United Kingdom — Whether Jerusalem within "territory" of Israel for purposes of Treaty. Extradition — In general — Interpretation of extradition treaties Meaning of "territory" of contracting State — Whether confined to areas over which that State is de jure sovereign — Whether exercise of de facto authority and jurisdiction sufficient — Status of Jerusalem in relation to Israel — Whether offence committed in Jerusalem comes within Extradition Treaty referring to "territory" of Israel. Extradition — Conditions of — Evidence required in support of request for extradition-The law of England. Extradition — In general — Interpretation of extradition treaties — Meaning of "territory" of contracting State — Whether confined to areas over which that State is de jure sovereign — Whether exercise of de facto authority and jurisdiction sufficient — Status of Jerusalem in relation to Israel — Whether offence committed in Jerusalem comes within Extradition Treaty referring to "territory" of Israel.


ABSTRACT
The Analysis of Influence of Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio and Price to Book Value to Stock Price on The Food and Beverage Companies Listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange
Noviani Aulia, 2015, Akuntansi, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya
( xv+70 Pages )
Email : firstname.lastname@example.com

This research aims to test whether Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio and Price to Book Value simultaneously and partially to stock price on the food and beverage companies listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010-2013. The data used is panel data. The analysis technique used is the anlysis dscriptive, classical assumptions test, multiple linear regression and statistic test (hypothesis). Based on the test result, it can be concluded that partially Current Ratio (CR) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) positive and significant impact to stock price, while Price to Book Value (PBV) not positive and significant impact to stock price. Simultaneously, Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Price to Book Value (PBV) positive and significant impact to stock price. The ability of the three variables to predict the price stock was 68% while the remaining 31,8% is influenced by other factors not included in this research.


The aim of this research is to know the : ( 1 ) How is the development of
political thought Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the course of his political career after
the Islamic revolution of Iran; ( 2 ) How does the impact posed by the political
thought Ahmadinejad against economic, social and foreign politics of Iran. This
research using a method of historical research, with the procedure a heuristic,
criticism, interpretation, and historiografi. Based on the results of of the study can
be summed up as follows. First, the political thought Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
about justice, even distribution, freedom, and democracy grows and develops
from university bench influenced doctrine, ideology, and thought Khomeini.
Second the impact of the radical Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's thought and vocal in
the field of economic, social, and political conditions in Iran making increasingly
critical because of the depressed by the embargo and the isolation of Western
politics is done in various aspects of life.
Key words : ideology, political thought, Iran, Mamoud Ahmadinejad.


Rapporteurs/organisers: Antonio F Skarmeta (IoT6 project & University of Murcia/Spain), Alessandro Bassi (IoT-A project, Hitachi & Bassi Consulting), Trevor Peirce (CASAGRA2 project & Avanta Global) and Antonio J Jara (University of Murcia/Spain) Other contributors: Rob van Kranenburg (IoT Council), Bernard Barani (European Commission), James Clarke (IoT Security Telecommunications Software and Systems Group (TSSG)), Pierpaolo Giacomin (IoT-A project, Hitachi), Robert Moskowitz (HIP protocol IETF, Verizon USA), Andrei Gurtov (HIP protocol, University of Oulu), Klaus Moessner (iCore project, University of Surrey)


Acute heart failure (AHF) is a major health problem worldwide and trials to assess novel therapies are increasingly global, as a means to reduce costs, expedite timelines, provide broad applicability, and satisfy regulatory authorities.The significant geographic differences in patient characteristics, outcomes, and treatment effect may affect trial results and raise important questions about generalizability of the results to a broader population.


A MMIC PIN multipole multithrow switch for Ka-band monopulse transceiver applications is presented. Incorporating multiple switch functions into a single MMIC topology yields substantial gains in system performnance. The switch has a maximum insertion loss of 1.6dB in the critical antenna to LNA path and greater than 30dB of isolation between any two ports across the 296Hz to 37GHz frequency range. The switch is fabricated using a MMIC GaAs PIN process having a minimum breakdown voltage of 70V, resulting in high power handling PIN diodes. Additionally, the MMIC switch provides greater than l6dB of passive isolation when in an inactive mode.


This paper presents a glide slope tracking controller for an autonomous gyroplane during the final approach. This controller tracks the glide slope by adjusting the airspeed command and the collective based on the altitude error. To track steep glide slope angles, while maintaining a minimal airspeed for lateral and directional control, a feedforward airspeed command is computed based on the wind estimation. The controller performance was tested for several vehicle configurations and under various wind conditions using nonlinear simulation.


The paper highlights on a new method to solve the network reconfiguration problem. The uncertainty of system loads vary from time to time and makes the distribution system operation and control more complex. Thus for a feeder system power loss is not at its minimum. In this context a methodology to reconfigure the microgrid and also to facilitate its operation in autonomous mode is being discussed in this paper. The proposed methodology is used for optimal siting and sizing of distributed generators in the microgrid. Optimal siting and sizing of distributed generators is being obtained using particle swarm optimization based optimization method. The proposed method is studied over a standard 15 bus distribution system. Results confirm the usefulness of the said method for reconfiguration of the microgrid. Keywords—Particle Swarm Optimization; Micro Grid, Distributed Generators, Load Flow.


Intracellular localization of λ-carrageenan in the carrageenan granuloma has been demonstrated by a specific fluorescent antibody to the polymer. In general, the fluorescent antibody staining correlated with the intracellular metachromatic staining. The fluorescent antibody technique did not confirm that the extracellular metachromasia was due to λ-carrageenan.


In the last decade, there have been numerous developments in wide-area motion imagery (WAMI) from the sensor design to data exploitation. In this paper, we summarize the published literature on WAMI results in an effort to organize the techniques, discuss the developments, and determine the state-of-the-art. Using the organization of developments, we see the variations in approaches and relations to the data sets available. The literature summary provides and anthology of many of the developers in the last decade and their associated techniques. In our use case, we showcase current methods and products that enable future WAMI exploitation developments.


In the present work, a numerical study of heat transfer for flow inside tube using twisted tapes inserts is presented. Four models have been studied which are plain tube, tube with single twisted tape, tube with double twisted tapes co-swirling flow and tube with double twisted tapes counter swirling flow. The effect of twisted tape pitch and width ratio on heat transfer, Nusselt number, pressure drop and effectiveness are studied. It is found that Nusselt number, effectiveness and pressure drop are increased as pitch ratio decreased. Also, the results show that counter swirling tape inserts has Nusselt number higher than co-swirling tapes, single tapes, and plain tube by about 5-9 %, 14-22 %, and 55-80 % respectively. The results indicate also that twisted tapes with clearance ratio are less effective compared to the types of zero clearance (tight fit tapes). Finally, a good agreement has been found between the present numerical results and published experimental results.


In this study, three types of coupling agent, titanium tris(dodecylbenzenesulfonate) isopropoxide (NDZ 109), γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) and vinyltrim + ethoxysiloxane homopolymer (SG-Si6490), were utilized to reduce the polar surface energy of barium titanate (BaTiO3) particles from 37.53 mJ m−2 to 0.77 mJ m−2, 16.52 mJ m−2 and 5.46 mJ m−2, respectively. At 30 vol% filler loading, NDZ 109 treated BaTiO3 with the lowest polar surface tension exhibited a remarkable compatibility with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) gum shown by the bound rubber content. It is found that just 1% (by weight of BaTiO3 amount) coupling agents SG-Si6490 can raise the tensile strength of EPDM with untreated BaTiO3 composite from 1.94 MPa to 9.00 MPa, due to the CC bonds from vinyl groups. In terms of electrical properties, when untreated BaTiO3 loading was 30 vol%, the dielectric constant of EPDM control can increase from about 2 to 7. Moreover, the SG-Si6490 treated BaTiO3 further improved the dielectric constant of EPDM with untreated BaTiO3 composite from 7 to around 8. EPDM with NDZ109 treated BaTiO3 composite exhibited the lowest volume resistivity among EPDM composites.


Liquid cell electron microscopy enables visualization of liquid phase processes with the high resolution of the transmission electron microscope [1, 2]. Although the technique has been broadly applied for materials and biological imaging, it is particularly well suited for electrochemical studies because its combination of spatial and temporal resolution cannot easily be achieved using other techniques. Observing electrochemical reactions in situ requires integration of electrodes within the liquid cell and accurate control of the electrolyte geometry and the electrochemical parameters, voltage or current.


The invention relates to an access log processing method and system, and equipment. The method comprises the following steps: sending a page access message to an application server, and receiving a page fed back by the application server; and if the page includes a preset log collection link, sending an access request to a log collection server corresponding to the log collection link in order that the log collection server acquires and stores an access log of the page, wherein the log collection link is preset in the page of which the access log needs to be acquired in a hiding way, and points to a corresponding log collection server. A log collection function is separated from the application server, a client directly sends the request to the log collection server, and the log collection server collects the access log, so that resources on the application server are not occupied, and the burden of the application server is relieved.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a single stranded RNA virus, causes yearly seasonal epidemics of upper and lower respiratory infections affecting, to various degrees, all age groups. In North America and Europe, these epidemics generally start in late October-early November, peak at the end of December through February, and then gradually fade away in the spring. It is well known that during these yearly epidemics RSV is the leading lower respiratory infection of children. By the time a child reaches 24 months of age, the chance of his or her having been infected with RSV is >95% [1]. Although less common than in children, RSV is also a pathogen of adults. Outbreaks in nursing homes have been well documented, with pneumonia developing in ∼66% of patients [2]. Other groups of patients are at increased risk of severe RSV infections: those with underlying chronic lung diseases, congenital heart disease, prematurity, or those who are severely immunocompromised. RSV also is an increasingly well recognized and often fatal complication of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Case fatality ratios in this patient population have been reported to exceed 70% [3]. This paper explores RSV pathology and pathogenesis, epidemiology and outcome, diagnosis, treatment, future studies, and recommendations.


A critical analysis of the Lockhart Report - a statutory review of the Prohibition of Human Cloning Act 2002 (Cth, and the Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 (Cth).


The influence of four different intensities of weed control in cereals on the weed flora and the weed seed population in the soil was tested in a twenty year long-time trial. The field trial were laid in the scope of a sugar beet, winterwheat, barley, oat rotation. Aim of the experiment was to determine the longtime effect on the development of the weed population and the weed seed population in the soil by weed control in cereals based on economic thresholds. After two crop rotations clear differences between the proof control systems were seen. At the end of the examination the threshold model caused an average of 50 % higher weed flora in sugar beet and 70 % more weed seeds in soil compared with a local customary optimal weed control. The results are discussed in relation to the applicability of the threshold model in respect to weed control, economic and process engineering facts.


With the development of real 3D model production technology and the expansion of application field, people pay more and more attention to the quality of real 3D model. However, how to measure the quality of today's real 3D model have been bothering its producers and users. In this paper, we analysed the quality model of real scene 3D model based on oblique photography from the perspective of the third party. Our analysis is guided by the application requirements of real scene 3D model, combined with the existing production technology level. Our analysis is guided by the application requirements of real scene 3D model, combined with the existing production technology level, we established the quality framework of real scene 3D model. This quality framework of real 3D model includes nine quality elements. Using this quality framework, we made a quality evaluation test in Yingjing County, Sichuan Provence. The test results show that the quality framework can fully reflect the quality of the real scene 3D model. The quality framework of real scene 3D model established in this paper solves the problem that it is difficult to evaluate the quality of real scene 3D model. The quality framework provides a basis for comprehensive and objective evaluation of real scene 3D model quality.


Taking the-650 level west roadway of Linnancang Mine in Kailuan Mining Area as a case and based on the analysis on the lithological features and others,the paper held that effective measures should be taken depended on the service years of the west roadway in order to reach the permanent safety application purpose of the roadway.The cement grout with sodium silicate was applied to the grouting reinforcement in order to improve the self support ability and the loading capacity of the loose ring in the surrounding rock and thus to effectively resist the deformation pressure of the deep surrounding rock.The study results showed that the bolt and grouting support effect was obvious with excellent technical and economic benefits.


The purpose of this paper is to establish general strategies to evaluate the dynamic effects occurring in reversible hydro systems (i.e. turbine/pumping) with long penstocks resulting from the regular operation of the hydro equipments and, most significantly, from accidental events. It is of great importance these particular aspects are considered in the early stages of a design, in order to ensure the best technical, economical and safety operation for each developed solution. This work presents two complementary approaches to the study of dynamic effects associated to reversible hydro systems based on a parametric analysis and a simulation-based procedure, as well as in the definition of design and operation rules to guarantee a safe solution. The first approach establishes the dynamic behavior of the system by means of a parametric analysis of the hydraulic and the hydro mechanical aspects associated to system operation. Based on this methodology, it is possible to estimate the maximum upsurge, the flow variation under turbogenerators runaway conditions and a valve manoeuvre. The second approach consists in the implementation of a numerical model that simulates accurately enough, the interaction between different components of the system during transient flow regimes associated to the hydropower load rejection, pumps shutdown, actuation of upsurge protection devices and wave propagations along the all system. This methodology gathers the necessary tools for the computational transient analysis of a complex reversible system. Copyright © 2010 International Energy and Environment Foundation All rights reserved.


Lefebvre's Right to the City has sparked debate about urban space and raised questions concerning public space, social exclusion, citizenship, housing, and governance. In this paper, we ask whether rural claims to rights could be fruitfully conceived as expressing a kind of 'Right to the Village', in the spirit of Lefebvre's 'Right to the City'. We carried out a microanalysis in the village of Sinay – located in Jabal 'Amil, South Lebanon – of cases of people's claims for a right to housing and a right to cultivation. The methodology is based on ethno-sociological fieldwork in combination with geographical, agricultural and landscape analyses. Our study shows the limits of applying the 'Right to the City' framework in the rural context, and proposes modifications to that. The case study reveals the partial success of a claim for rights, and the difficulty for actors of translating particular rights into global and lasting claims to a 'Right to the Village'.


Student's evaluation is an important issue in all Academic Institutions. Traditional evaluation has mainly be concerned with ranking orderly the students according to the amount of acquired knowledge. However, student's evaluation can attain many other goals. After analysing some other objectives for evaluation, the paper focuses the evaluation design in order to cover the targeted subject including related abilities, the determination of the student degree of expertise in the execution of the main ability, and the " coaching " power of the evaluation exercises considering the cognitive elements to be used in the solution of those exercises. The paper gives information about BCTA (Behavioral-Cognitive Task Analysis), a tool designed by the authors to obtain all the cognitive components needed for the efficient solution of a problem, or execution of a task, with the expertise of a human expert. With the help of BCTA it is possible to obtain the cognitive elements needed for a problem or exercise stored in a Knowledge Base. The paper also describes GEN, a multi-agent system able to obtain from the Knowledge Base a set of exercises using a particular set of cognitive elements and fulfilling certain prescribed criteria; this evaluation constitute a remedial tactic for the produced student's errors. GEN has been used for years; some results are discussed and some conclusions are reached.


An algorithm of searching a zero of an unknown undimensional function is considered, measured at a point x with some error. The step sizes are random positive values and are calculated according to the rule: if two consecutive iterations are in same direction step is multiplied by u>1, otherwise, it is multiplied by 0 1, divergence. Due to the multiplicative rule of updating of the step, it is natural to expect that the sequence converges rapidly: like a geometric progression (if convergence takes place), but the limit value may not coincide with, but instead, approximates one of zeros of the function. By adjusting the parameters u and d, one can reach necessary precision of approximation; higher precision is obtained at the expense of lower convergence rate.


In this study,protective efficacy of Geese at 11 days old Immunized with H5N2 and H5N1 subtype inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine to the challenge of H5N1 AIV was evaluated.According to the morbidity, mortality and protective efficacy,the protective effects of flocks immunized with H5N1 is better than that of H5N2 under the same immune dose and the presence of maternal antibody could interfere with bird′s active immunization.


This study examined the factor structure of a scale based on the four-dimensional gender identity model (Egan and Perry, 2001) in 726 Chinese elementary school students. Exploratory factor analyses suggested a three-factor model, two of which corresponded to "Felt Pressure" and "Intergroup Bias" in the original model. The third factor "Gender Compatibility" appeared to be a combination of "Gender Typicality" and "Gender Contentment" in the original model. Follow-up confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that, relative to the initial four-factor structure, the three-factor model fits the current Chinese sample better. These results are discussed in light of cross-cultural similarities and differences in development of gender identity.


Gender minorities experience extensive health inequities. Discrimination and bias in healthcare are contributing factors. Increasingly, medical educators are utilizing patient simulation to teach gender-affirming clinical skills. However, institutional practices vary widely in case authoring, casting and training. To date, no guidance for ethical practice has been established. Gender minority healthcare providers offer an important perspective on this due to their patient simulation experience and embodied knowledge.
 Transgender and non-binary healthcare providers and trainees (
 Casting gender minorities in gender minority roles is the gold standard. In situations where this is not possible, participant opinion diverged on whether it is preferable to cast cisgender simulated patients or cancel the case. Participants described gender-affirming patient simulation as impactful. They noted the potential for harm to gender minority simulated patients due to repeated learner errors.
 The study provides a point of reference for educators designing simulation activities. Developing gender minority case content is important and should be undertaken with care. If recruiting gender minority simulated patients proves difficult, programs should engage their local transgender and non-binary community for input on recruitment and next steps. Increasing the simulated patient-to-learner ratio, engaging gender minority simulated patients remotely and/or involving gender minorities in case development and training may be viable alternatives.


T HE results presented here are a small step toward a more scientific th ory of exchange, which will distinguish between auctions, stores, etc., make predictions about actual trading outcomes, not about limits approached after innumerable replays, and recognize that actual outcomes are stochastic realizations. In practice, demand and supply are not known, and we can either generate them by simulation but suffer from artificiality, or study real markets but consider less important performance dimensions. Here we choose the latter alternative and focus on price changes, using data from 43 auctions of registered bulls at Red Bluff, California. Our conclusions can be summarized as follows: If the same person buys, the probability that price will rise more than two bidding increments, and the probability that price will fall more than two increments, both are about .2 if the later lot is equally desirable; the former increases and the latter decreases from .2 if the relative desirability of the later lot increases. If a different person buys, the probability that price will rise more than one increment is about .4 if the later lot is equally desirable and greater than .4 if its desirability is greater. Probabilities that apply given a change in buyers are almost equal to unconditional probabilities since the probability of repeating is small. The final price change has the same conditional distributions as an early price change but a different unconditional distribution, because the probability of repeating is greater. A theory of bidders' behavior consistent with these conclusions will be developed.


Oil microleakage can cause the land surface vegetation to be abnormal. An oil and gas exploration method based on the vegetation information in the hyperspectral remote sensing images is proposed. It's used to probe the effectiveness of extracting the oil and gas microleakage information, with the vegetation anomalies in the remote sensing images. A decision tree based on the vegetation index is taken to extract the anomalies areas of vegetation in the CASI images. It's shown by the experiment that there are some potential for the exploration of oil and gas in the areas covered by sparse vegetations. OCIS codes: 100.0100, 100.4145. doi: 10.3788/COL201210.S11004.


Exploring the growth determining factor constituted the mainline of economic growth theory.Looking over the entire evolutionary process of growth theory,we find that the endogenous factors which influence economic growth,such as capital,technology,institution,and even geographical environment,gradually enter our view.This article makes a systematic review of each growth theory,and accordingly gives some certain policy proposals for economic growth in China.


The recent severe winter weather throughout the UK has not only brought Health & Safety concerns for Project Managers, Site Supervisors and Contractors but will lead to an increase in contractual claims for delay and disruption in the next few months. The below sets out the operation of the relevant provision of the NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract with regards to adverse weather conditions and a checklist for all parties (especially Project Managers) when entering in and operating under the NEC3.


Introduces the situation of access network, the typical structure of the fiber optical access network, the constitute of fiberoptical access system and the application of fiberoptical communication technology in access networ k.


Today, DC microgrids have gained attention due to their performance ability. The advantages of this type of microgrid over AC microgrids are fewer DC/AC and AC/DC conversion steps, easier control, reliability, and higher efficiency. One of the most important challenges that DC microgrids face is such systems protection. In this paper, a protection algorithm based on a differential protection method for a low voltage ring DC microgrid connected to the network is presenting. This protection method ought to able to quickly detect all types of pole-to-pole and pole-to-ground faults for high-impedance and low-impedance faults and prevent complete system shutdown. After detecting and isolating the fault, the fault place was determining using fuzzy logic and using voltage transients.


Accurate gender prediction brings benefit to several applications. In biometrics, beyond filtering large databases, a gender recognizer can be combined with the output of primary identifiers to increase the recognition accuracy in challenging scenarios (e.g., partial evidence) [1]. In criminal investigation, gender classification may minimize the list of suspects. Although the development of reliable gender estimators is needed, most of the existing approaches are not highly accurate, and often the process is not fully automated. Epidermal ridges are formed during the first three / four months of the gestational period and the resulting ridge configuration remains stable. Ridges and their arrangement, referred to as dermatoglyphics, are determined not only based on environmental factors but also on genetics [2, 3]. In the scientific literature, fingerprints of females are assumed to have thinner epidermal ridge details which leads females having a higher ridge density compared to males. Subsequently, existing methods tend to relate gender determination to a direct measure of the ridge density [4]. However, this approach may not be robust to image degradation (e.g., partial impressions, low quality).


System promises capability of rapidly processing large amounts of data generated by currently available and planned multispectral sensors, such as those utilized on aircraft and spacecraft. Techniques developed for system, greatly decrease operator time required for signature extraction from multispectral data base.


Dr. P.Ganesan, Professor and Head , Department of Pedagogical Sciences, Tamil Nadu Teachers Education, University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Every problem is an opportunity for learning. Everybody faces many problems in life. Problem solving is the natural process in human being, but we cannot that it will develop at its best level. It is also a slow process, but with deliberates efforts and special training, skill of problem solving can be developed. Various types of co-curricular activities can be organized frequently to promote qualities such as cooperation, tolerance, open-mindedness and sharing of responsibilities to enhance the Problem Solving Ability. Problem solving forms an important ingredient of all scientific disciplines and it also constitutes an integral part of all programmes at all level of studies viz. primary, secondary and higher secondary, almost everything that an individual does involves problem solving which is directed towards achieving a goal. In the present study descriptive survey method of research will be used. In present study population consists of 12th class students of higher secondary schools of Theni districts. In present study sample will be collected from Theni districts through random sampling. Sampling will be done as per the requirement of multistage sampling. In stage Government, aided and private higher secondary schools will be selected randomly from Theni district.The data was analysed using descriptive as well as differential statistics were used. Data was computed using SPSS version 20.Where as t test ad F test were employed to study difference between samples. The result indicate that problem soving ability of higher secondary students have average level towards gender, locality of the school, nature of school, medium of school, locality of residence, parental occupation and type of family further the results indicate that there is no significant difference in probem solving ability of gender, nature of school, medium of school, locality of residence, parental occupation and type of family. The results also show that the significant difference in locality of school of higher secondary students towards problem solving ability. Mukt Shabd Journal