Traditionally economists and consumer researchers have studied consumer behavior, especially under imperfect information, without paying a great deal of attention to one another. This is likely due to differences both in purpose and technique. Consumer researchers are generally concerned with individual choice, while economists focus on market outcomes. Even when economists propose detailed models of individual behavior, they tend to use these models to deduce propositions concerning overall market structure. Furthermore, consumer researchers draw data from both surveys and experiments, sources which economists distrust. This paper surveys recent theoretical work on consumer information acquisition, primarily by economists, arguing that consumer researchers and economists have much to learn from each other. There are two reasons for concentrating on theory. First, comprehensive surveys by James Bettman (1977) and Joseph Newman (1977) deal with the empirical literature. Second, and significantly, accompanying the recent attention afforded consumer information acquisition This paper surveys recent theoretical work by economists on consumer information aquisition. Both models of individual behavior and models of market equilibrium are discussed. These models are used to illustrate the point that there are significant advantages to greater collaboration between economists and consumer researchers.


Abstract : The class of convoluted Pascal distributions obeying certain moment conditions are characterized by a system of differential equations satisfied by their probability mass functions. The result contains a characterization of Pascal distributions obtained by Boswell and Patil (1973) as a special case. (Author)


Case reportA 22 year old woman had an unplanned pregnancywhen she conceived unexpectedly at the end of taking adepot progestogen for contraception (medroxyprogesteroneactetate). She had no previous medical history of note, didnot smoke or drink alcohol or take illegal drugs. There wasno known history among her own, or her partner's rela-tives, of congenital abnormality. She decided not to con-tinue the pregnancy and at the time of her visit to thePregnancy Advisory Service an ultrasound scan confirmeda singleton pregnancy of seven weeks and five daysgestation. No obvious abnormality in the fetus was notedby ultrasound at this early stage. A suction termination ofpregnancy was arranged for 11 weeks of gestation. Mife-pristone was given to soften the cervix and the suctiontermination was undertaken without any apparent com-plication. After the operation, she was prescribed, at herrequest, another injection of medroxyprogesterone acetate.Six weeks later, she experienced one day of vaginalbleeding and, as she still felt pregnant, returned to thePregnancy Advisory Service. The scan at the clinic con-firmed a continuing pregnancy with a biparietal diameterconsistent with the gestational age of 17 weeks. Shedecided at this stage that she would probably continue withthe pregnancy but as concerns were raised regardingpotential complications secondary to the surgical proce-dure, she was referred for a fetal medicine assessment.The detailed ultrasound scan was performed at 19 weeksof gestation. There were gross abnormalities in the fetus,which had dolicocephaly, nuchal thickening of 8.8 mm, avery abnormal chest with no obvious calcified ribs, enlargedlungs and a tiny heart (Fig. 1(a)), severe ascites and oligo-hydramnios. Although no major limb abnormalities werenoted, no movements were observed in the fetus throughoutthe time of the scan. In view of these findings and the poorprognosis, the woman decided to proceed to mifepristone/misoprostol-induced termination of pregnancy. After deliv-ery, she consented to postmortem examination of the fetus.The placenta was sent for chromosomal analysis andshowed a normal female karyotype.Postmortem examination showed a female fetus that wasappropriately grown for gestation. There was hydropsfetalis with subcutaneous oedema, most severe around theneck, and ascites. Bilateral talipes and syndactyly of thesecond, third, fourth and fifth toes in both feet were noted.The heart was found to be small but structurally normal.There was a stenosis in the lower trachea with absence ofthe cartilage rings. Ribs were present but were poorlycalcified. The lungs were extremely large with indentationson their pleural surfaces caused by the ribs (Fig. 1(b)). Thelungs showed normal lobulation but when cut the surfaceswere pale and solid in appearance. Histology confirmedthat the distal trachea was narrow and collapsed withabsence of cartilage and glands. The right and left mainbronchi were dilated but structurally normal. The lungsshowed appearances similar to a congenital cystic adeno-matoid lesion. While the bronchi were normal, the airspaces were found to be large, irregular and separated byincreased mesenchymal tissue. The placenta was normal insize, morphology and histology.At a follow up visit to discuss the postmortem findings,she confirmed that both she and her mother had varyingdegrees of syndactyly of the toes.DiscussionAfter the tertiary centre scan at 17 weeks of gestation,there was a strong suspicion that the abnormalities seenwere due to the effects of the suction termination ofpregnancy or the drugs (mifepristone and medroxyproges-terone acetate) administered to the woman at this time.However, the importance of postmortem examination isillustrated by this case.The results of the postmortem examination suggestedthat the primary abnormality in the fetus was a functionalBJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and GynaecologySeptember 2002, Vol. 109, pp. 1069–1071


(57) Abstract: The present invention, the flow rate for a particular use, to an aerosol spray package having a plurality of spray setting the particle size and the spray pattern is optimized. These spray characteristics are determined by selecting the flow rate and nozzle parameters for each set individually. Selecting the spray is easy and convenient use.


A complex C~4ISR system is composed of many subsystems. We use activity model to create the activity adjacency matrix, and path matrix (accessible matrix) of graph theory to recognize the strongly connected components, so as to get the sets of strongly depended activities. The activities in one set should be rearranged in one subsystem. We adopt this approach to recompose the C~4ISR system.


An attempt was made to study the role of spirituality on Mental Well-being among adults. Sample of the study consisted of 100 post graduate students (50 male and 50 female) participants. Mental wellbeing scale developed by Warwick Edinburgh (2006) and Spirituality Attitude Scale developed by Akbar Husain, Shahin Zehra and Musaddiq Jahan (2015) was used for data collection. The data were analyzed, and Pearson product moment correlation was applied to study the relationship between spirituality and mental well-being after that linear regression was used to determine the role of Spirituality on Mental well-being. Further t-test was administered to examine the difference between mental health as well as wellbeing of Male and female post graduate students. The findings were showed that spirituality and mental well-being positively correlated to each other and spirituality has its significant contribution on mental well-being among both genders. It was also found that there was significant difference between spirituality as well as mental well-being of male and female post graduate students. Well-being is matter of concern for an individual by which he/she can lead a qualitative life on which the development of the society is based. The person who has the better mental well-being can contribute to the society in well mannered as well as in the productive way.


The surface water quality of West Bokaro coalfield area was investigated for its suitability for drinking and domestic uses. For this purpose, 28 surface water samples were collected from rivers and ponds and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and major anions (HCO3- F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-) concentrations of both the seasons. pH of the analyzed samples indicates slightly alkaline nature of the water samples. TDS in the pre-monsoon season of surface water varied from 130 to 1023 mg/L with an average value of 573 mg/L. The concentration of the TDS in the pre- monsoon season of surface water varied from 130 to 1023 mg/L with an average value of 573 mg/L. HCO3- and SO42- are dominant anions and Ca2+and Na+ as the dominant cations in both the seasons. In most samples, the analyzed parameters are within the desirable limits and water is potable for domestic purposes. However, concentrations of EC, TDS, TH, SO42-, Ca2+, and Na+ exceed the desirable limit at few sites and needs treatment before its utilization.


[Objective]Scolytus seulensis is an important boring insect and a major threat to five kinds of Rosaceae trees;Amygdalus communi,Prunus salicina,Malus pumila,Amygdalus persica,Prunus armeniaca. We here tried to identify and analyze the volatiles from five kinds of Rosaceae trees in order to provide information for finding the behavioral chemicals for this bark beetle.[Method]The volatiles from five important host plant trees were analyzed by using ATD - GC - MS.The relative levels of each chemical component were determined by applying normalization methods.[Result]In total,18 different compounds were identified in the Amygdalus communis,12 were present in Prunus salicina,17 in Malus pumila,22 in Amygdalus persica,24 in Prunus armeniaca.They fall into five categories;alkenes,aldehydes,alcohols, ketones and esters.The major volatile components of these five plants were alkenes.Importantly,9 of the volatile components were common to all five plants.They were 3 - Methylbutyraldehyde,Hexanal, Heptaldehyde,alpha - pinene,Benzaldehyde,methyl - heptenone,Octylaldehyde,Nonylaldehyde,Decenol.[Conclusion]Volatiles of each tree species is different in type and content,but volatiles of the five kinds of plants have a common characteristic,they all have highest concentrations of aldehydes.These substances may constitute a specific chemical fingerprint of the Rosaceae trees.


This paper presents experiments designed to investigate properties of the olfactory system as a measuring device of odor sensation and odor stimulation. I t emphasizes the adaptability of the olfactory system that makes it highly sensitive, with a high resolving power over a wide range of stimulation.1 Measurement of odor sensation is one of the major tasks in abatement of annoyance caused by air pollution. Quantification in the perceptual domains differs from physical measurement mainly in the properties of the measuring device. Usually, technical instruments for measurement have been calibrated to correspond to units of measurement agreed upon. T h a t is, the scales of the instruments are constructed to be linear to the magnitude of the measured object. I n perceptual measurement, however, the perceptual response or the scale values (e.g. ratio estimation) are neither linear to the physical stimulus nor stable over time. Adaptation to odor has long been of interest to researchers in sensory psychology. Olfactory adaptation is usually associated with the loss of odor sensation after mme time of stimulation. T h e time necessary for an odor to disappear is reported to be in a range that goes from a couple of seconds138 18 to infinity.4~ 6 T h e reason for the disagreement in results can probably be found in differences in instructions, experimental procedures in general, or chemical compounds studied. More recent investigations on the time-course of adaptation have used natural breathing conditions and good stimulus control combined with modern scaling meth0ds.4.0.1" Time-rourse function9 do not go down to zero level under such conditions.2 T h e effect of the intensity of adaptatioii stimulus has also been investigated, and most research has focused on threshold measurement. For example, Cheesman and Maynes found that the odor threshold was a power function of the concentration of the adaptation stimulus. Few researchers have studied the combined effect of time and intensity of adaptation stimulation on the perceptual response. Cain and Engen,7 however, investigated effects of these parameters of the adaptation stimulus on magnitude scales of alcohols. They report that adaptation steepens the psychophysical function. Yet, knowledge about adaptive change and its effects on perception is incomplete and much effort must be devoted to the issue i n the future. In psychophysical research, the sensory systems are traditionally treated as static measuring devices; i.e., the system is stable, provided the external conditions are controlled. If, however, measurements obtained by the sensory systems are not from a n "instrument" the range of which is set by experimental control but instead is always clianging with stimul;itioii, the theory behind psychophysical measurement has LO be revised. T h e aim of the experiments to be presented was to investi-


A dvances in telecommunications and networking have been particularly notable in recent times. We have witnessed intense research resulting in fundamen-Switched Network (PSTN) and cable TV networks continue to deliver our data, voice and video information as separate infrastruc-tures. In the 1990s, a fundamental question remains: How can one integrate diverse network types and information types into a single gigabit/sec network? Performance is pushing network evolution that, in turn, is enabling creative new applications for its users. As we move to higher speeds, we often wonder whether our current protocols , architecture, and service models invented over the years will continue to work? We also (should) wonder whether the user is ready for such dramatic changes. Integration is being driven by two factors: the trend toward digitization and the desire for reducing the cost of providing services, thus leading to an economy of scale. Since a bit is a bit is a bit, the recent advances in voice and video digitization techniques along with data has resulted in a common platform for information representation—the digital paradigm and a number of computer-based multimedia applications are being processed, managed, and transferred over the networks. These applications require strict guarantees often stated in terms of quality-of-service (QOS) parameters: bit-rate, delay (real-time vs. non-real-time), and loss sensitivity. With the rapid introduction of fiber-optics into our telecommunications networks, a huge amount of potential band-width (in the teraHertz range) can be utilized. The availability of this bandwidth, along with the increasing conflu-ence of multimedia applications, is actually driving the merger between telecommunications (telephony and cable TV) and computer industries. The timely emergence and standardization of the asyn-chronous transfer mode (ATM) technology is finally removing the boundaries between voice, video, and data


One consequence of strong competition in the global automotive market is that it is forcing a shortening of development cycles. Another is that the complexity of the electronic networking architecture is continually increasing. Key goals in replacing conventional systems by electronically controlled systems relate to cost reductions, a high level of safety and reliability as well as better manageability. Despite all of the benefits, it must not be forgotten that increased numbers of electronic components in vehicles can increase the probability of electronics-related faults. Since reliability is an important criterion for customers when purchasing a new vehicle, it is essential to introduce new methods that enable mastery of this complexity, accelerate the development process and guarantee proper operation of the installed ECUs. Particularly in the area of diagnostic functionality provided by the ECU, it is crucial that diagnostic services are correct. They transport information that helps mechanics in the service garage to quickly determine the cause of a fault and correct it. This information must make it possible for the mechanic to decide which component is the source of the problem and what needs to be replaced to restore full operational readiness. If this is not assured, the result may be erroneous replacement of properly operating units [1], which causes a rise in warranty costs and a decline in customer satisfaction. The E/E architecture of the Opel Insignia consists of several Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) bus systems [2, 3]. All bus systems are accessed via a central diagnostic port (DLC), see Figure 1. Communication is defined by a GM-specific protocol. This GM diagnostic specification is based on KWP2000 [4] and


Maximum root formation on apple (Malus) shoots cultured in vitro occurred after an incubation in the dark on medium containing 3.2 or 10 μM indolebutyric acid (IBA) plus riboflavin. Omission of riboflavin or culture in light resulted in a significant decrease in the number of roots formed. About 95% of the absorbed IBA was inactivated by conjugation, ca 4% was extracted as the free IBA acid (IBAH) and only 1% as IAAH. It was investigated whether the decrease in root formation caused by exposure to light or omission of riboflavin during culture was parallelled by a shift in the concentrations of the physiologically active auxin compounds (IBAH and IAAH) in the stem base, i.e. the location where the roots emerge. At least 90% of the absorbed 3H-IBA was located in the stem base. Omission of riboflavin, either in the dark or in the light, had no effect on the IBAH and IAAH concentrations, whereas root formation decreased significantly. Incubation in the light on medium containing 10 μM IBA with or without riboflavin and culture in the dark on medium containing 3.2μM IBA plus riboflavin resulted in similar IBAH and IAAH concentrations. However, the number of roots was significantly lower after culture in the light. Therefore, we conclude that the synergistic effect of riboflavin and the antagonistic effect of light on IBA-induced root formation are not solely based on changes in the concentrations of the active auxin components resulting from IBA uptake.


T HE war and the experimental adjustments thereto in secondary education have now progressed to the stage where some basic considerations should begin to emerge that may be useful in guiding future thinking. The major question is whether premilitary or pre-induction education is education peculiar to an emergency which may or may not recur in the student's lifetime and is, therefore, of transitory value. Is war fundamentally different from peace in the nature of its demands, or does war merely make more effective use of modern


Abstract : The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) must be able to operate in various shallow water sea state conditions. In order to have a precise navigation and steering system, and efficiently place charges on underwater mines, the AUV must be able to sense and overcome hydrodynamic forces which are caused by waves. This thesis establishes a model of sea state conditions based on spectral analysis, and uses the model to predict future knowledge of the sea. This prediction is determined by the random white noise output of a discrete, digital filter. The development of the discrete, digital filter is described herein. The Pierson-Moskowitz (P-M) spectrum which models seaway elevations using linear wave theory is used as a target spectrum which the filter will track. Cross-correlation between the P-M target spectrum and digital filter have shown that a reasonably accurate estimate of wave elevations can be predicted one full wave period into the future.


The quality of voice information transferred through the telephone depends on the input device of the telephone set. In an average office or residential acoustic environment the handset microphone will give relatively clear voice message when typical loudspeaking devices will disturb communication with phenomena like excessive or variable noise and rain barrel effect. The performance of the loud‐speaking telephone can be improved by adequate electronic and electroacoustic design. The impact of the microphone on barrel effect and noise will be discussed. Typical directional patterns: omnidirectional, quasiomnidirectional, cardioid, and bidirectional will be included as examples.


The grinding machine bed was designed and manufactured by using epoxy-granite materials. Finite element technique was employed to design and analyze the composite bed structure. Von Mises stress and relative displacements between a tool and a workpiece were checked to compared a cast iron bed structure with a composite bed structure. Dynamic features of structures were also studied according to the process of model was also designed using the accumulation of knowledge based onthe use of the structural analysis and experiments. Comparing with the cast iron bed structure, the composite bed structure maintains better functions.


FAIR day's pay for every job well done is the goal of a wage and salary administration program and fund mental re ponsibility of m agement. The level f employee productivity and morale in any organization is related to the fairness and equity with which positions hav been priced. All employees are vitally concerned about their salari s, and to a considerable extent about the salaries of their fellow workers. A man wants to be


Liquid-crystalline (LC) behavior and photoluminescent properties of a gold(I) complex, 2 were investigated. It was confirmed that the complex showed enantiotropic LC phases. In addition, we found that the complex showed strong photoluminescence in the condensed phases, but no luminescence was observed in a dilute solution. The single-crystal X-ray structure analysis suggested that the complex formed dimer in the condensed phases and the dimer formation plays crucial role in both LC behavior and photoluminescent properties.


In the study it is proved, that modern social outlook of culture as management and management in culture investigations is very important. The information boom, spread to all the culture, encroaches on global technologies of management of industrial, communicative, interpersonal processes of human vital activities and necessities. It demands revolutionary reorganization of management of processes that take place in modern society.


Abstract : In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower became the first person to send a voice transmission over an orbiting satellite when he sent his Christmas message over the SCORE satellite. By 1962, Telstar I was providing real-time video between the United States and France during its short 20-minute window of operation. The telecommunications industry would never be the same once space based telecommunications became a reality. Voice telephony came first, then video broadcasting, and now, two-way digital video broadcasting with IP over satellite data connections. Satellite communication has entered into many facets of the telecommunications industry, but has it reached its limits? Many of the services being offered by today's leading satellite providers are in direct competition with less expensive terrestrial systems. The cost of designing, building, launching, operating, and maintaining a satellite or constellation of satellites is an enormous sum that must be spent before the service is ever offered to the public. With an increasing percentage of the market share converting to terrestrial based services, the following question should be asked of the current Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite service industry: Can a LEO startup service provider survive and make money in the current satellite service market?


After examining the characteristics of six-phase electrically excited synchronous motors and control schemes for three-phase synchronous motors,a controller for a six-phase synchronous motor was designed.Vector control of a six-phase synchronous motor based on an air-gap flux-orientation was then achieved.The flux observer was designed for the six-phase synchronous motor.The control system was for a six-phase synchronous motor used to propel a ship,so it was examined in relation to the propeller's load.It was found to have fast response and a high power factor.At the same time,when using electrical propulsion,the impact of torque and energy feedback on steerage must be noticed when immediately starting up or stopping the motor.


Abstract : An Eulerian code was used to numerically investigate the air shock filling by a 5-psi overpressure shock wave of a two-dimensional room (4 in. by 4 in.) having a 1-in. centrally located entrance. Numerical results are presented graphically of pressure and velocity fields, vortex motion, and pressure histories at given locations in the room. Comparisons are made with experimental results which were obtained by shadowgraphs and pressure transducers. (Author)


OBJECTIVE
To observe the effects of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 on nitric oxide (NO) production, islet cell DNA and insulin content, and MTT assay of rat pancreatic islets of Langerhans.

METHODS
Isolated pancreatic islet cells from SD rats were cultured in monolayer in vitro. Nitrite production, islet cell DNA and insulin content, and MTT assay in rat pancreatic islet cells incubated with IL-1 beta and IL-6, singly or in combination, were measured. The levels of these parameters of the cytokines in the absence and presence of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase, were compared.

RESULTS
IL-1 beta induced a significant increase in nitrite production, a decrease of islet cell DNA and insulin content and reduction of cell activity (MTT, P < 0.001); these changes were blocked by L-NMMA (P < 0.001). IL-6 produced no significant change in those parameters (P > 0.05). The combination of IL-1 beta and IL-6 increased NO production, decreased islet cell DNA and insulin content and reduced cell activity (P < 0.001); the changes were similar to those with IL-1 beta alone (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION
The cytotoxic effects of IL-1 beta on pancreatic islets might be mediated by NO. IL-6 may not be directly cytotoxic to pancreatic islets. It may be related with the fact that IL-6 does not induce NO production.


Dish centrifugal separator is a kind of high speed rotary machine, which is widely used in rubber, pharmacy and food industry. Any fault of rotary part could bring about separator's strong vibration and noise. Not only can the strong vibration debase machine's separating efficiency, but it can also affect operator's health. Condition monitoring by vibration is a proper way to reduce loss brought by separator's faults. For dish centrifugal separator, helical gear's condition is closely related to separator's working state. In this paper, main faults of dish centrifugal separator's helical gear are described. In order to analyze the dish centrifugal separator's vibration with different helical gear correctly, the vibration is tested with helical gear both under normal and abnormal condition. After comparing several general methods of gear's fault feature extraction, a new convenient and effective method is presented on the basis of analyzing vibration spectrum under different rotary velocity. Experimental result shows that method proposed in this paper is effective. Keywordscondition monitoring; vibration test ;dish centrifugal separator; helical gear; fault diagnosis�


This work shows that metallic zinc can be used as a low-cost substrate or electrode for photocatalyst and electrocatalyst use by anodising in mild bicarbonate solution. Electrochemical anodising was used to produce ZnO nanowires by controlling operational conditions and dip-coating the anodised surface with TiO2 to produce a core-shell coating with photocatalytic properties. The PbO2, which is known as good electrocatalyst, was electrodeposited over the ZnO-TiO2 core-shell structure to alter its surface for electrocatalytic degradation of dye. The electrochemical and photocatalytic behaviours of the coatings were analysed for the removal of RB-5 dye as model pollutant. For the ZnO-TiO2 core-shell, the photocatalytic removal mechanism was driven by the heterojunction photocatalytic effect of photocatalytically active anatase TiO2 and wurtzite ZnO. Photocatalysis was switched to electrocatalytic behaviour after incorporation of PbO2. Although the UV light might be blocked by PbO2, the electrochemical degradation was enhanced due to the creation of ·OH free radicals over the PbO2 particles decorating a ZnO-TiO2 core-shell composite coating.


Conclusions The colloidal dyes congo red, vital red, rose bengal, and mercurochrome, tried under a variety of conditions, failed to protect the majority of guinea pigs and pigeons against the typical symptoms of anaphylactic shock. These negative results do not support the positive claims of Nikolaiev and Goldberg, who used congo red and trypan blue. It is suggested that the results with these colloidal dyes point to fundamental differences in the tissue reactivities of proteins and of drugs and toxins.


The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) will obtain millions of optical to near-infrared spectra, at low (R~2,500) to high (R~40,000) spectral resolution, via a highly multiplexed (~3000) fiber-fed system. Key science programs for MSE (black hole reverberation mapping, stellar population analysis at high redshift, subkm/ s velocity accuracy for stellar astrophysics) will target faint Galactic and extra-galactic targets (typical visual magnitudes up to 24). MSE will thus need to achieve the highest throughput possible over the 360 to 1800 nm wavelength range. Here we discuss building an optimized throughput budget in terms of performance allocation and technical solutions to steer the concept design studies.


A nutritional survey was conducted in order to establish the prevalence of malnutrition in patients from the medical and surgical wards. Data on anthropometric indicators of nutritional status were obtained on admission and at the time of the study. They included weight (W), Height (H), Arm Circumference (AC)and triceps skinfold (TS).These values were expresed as % of the re ference standard for age (A) (NCHS-USA). The study included 215 patients whose ages ranged from 2 months to 16 years, 58 were surgical and 157 medical patients; 113 were males and 102 females On admission 25% were of normal W/A butatthe time of the study only 19% were in this range. Sixty seven% of medical and 66% of surgical patients had a W/A less than 90% and 29% had low H/A in both groups.The W/H was diminished in 42% of medical and in 15% of surgical patients with a female predominance of low W/H. A.C. was below normal in 65% of medical and in 43% of surgical patient Seventy three% of medical and 71% of surgical patients presented T.S. below 90% of the standard.We analyzed the weight change of children under two years and related it to the lenght of hospitalization finding that 72% of patients were losing weight and the rest were gaining at rates below the expected for their ages. Based on this results we can conclude that there is a high prevalecence of marasmic energy protein malnutrition. The lengh of hospitalization relates to a deterioration of nutritional status. Patients present predominantly signs of depletion of the fat and muscle compartments.


Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of eradicating the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in the hot, humid and rainy conditions of northern Taiwan. Thirteen hectares of the Shihmen Reservoir have been infected with these ants, with a total of 1 578 mounds. Pyriproxyfen was applied at a rate of 2 kg/hectare each season, for a total of four seasons. Surveys using visual examination, bait traps, as well as the population index method showed that the brood, the reproductive ants, and the worker ants within the nests were all significantly reduced 1 month after the first application of pyriproxyfen. Four months after the initial application there were no more brood or reproductive ants. After 8 months there were no longer any active mounds left, and 12 months later there were no more worker ants. After monitoring for 1 more year, it was ascertained that the red imported fire ants were eradicated. The percentages of decrease after 2, 4 and 6 months of treatment were 57.4%, 80.5%, and 98.2%, respectively.


For X-ray powder diffraction spectra collected by an area detector of MarCCD on macromolecular crystallography beamline of SSRF, an energy calibration method was developed using LaB(6)(660a) powder diffraction for in-situ rapid energy calibration of the X-rays without changing the experimental conditions. The intensity of each diffraction ring was integrated, and the accurate peak positions were fitted by Pseudo-Voigt function model. The sample's interplanar spacing for XRD analysis and the calibrated energy were obtained by the PCPDFWIN code and by fitting all the energies with the least-square method. The exposure time and the sample to-detector distance were found no effect on accuracy of the energy calibration, and the in-situ energy calibration could be done with an accuracy of better than 0.4 parts per thousand in 7-18 keV. This method is applicable to other X-ray beamlines.


On a recent trip to Lisbon, a form of everyday improvisation struck a chord with the expanded and updated edition of Charles Jencks and Nathan Silver's book, Adhocism: The Case for Improvisation. The missing flusher button on a toilet cistern had been replaced with a piece of wood attached to the mechanism with fishing wire. This contraption allowed the user to pull a chain out of the cistern and flush— a quick, neat solution. Such an example resonates with a number of the themes that pervade Adhocism. In particular, it speaks to the definition of adhocism as "a method of creation relying particularly on resources which are already at hand."1 Originally published in 1972, the new MIT Press edition resonates with many current debates on new design practices associated with the so-called "third industrial revolution." As set out in the new Foreword and Afterword, adhocist tendencies continue to abound: from the design and engineering of the Mars Rover Curiosity, through the self-organization of the Arab Spring uprisings, to the issue of intellectual property in the digital age. Other than these new contextualizing pieces, the book remains the same as the 1972 edition. Following in a tradition exemplified by the likes of Sigfried Giedion's Mechanization Takes Command, it is a fine example of the power of the image to illustrate, elucidate, and occasionally unseat the textual material. Coming as it did in the early 1970s, adhocism at its core is a challenge to the pervasive homogeneity and aridness of high Modernism, positing instead the potential of individual consumer creativity. Rather than passively accepting standardized solutions, adhocist approaches forefront the localized immediacy of need. The legacy of Jane Jacobs' work is rightly credited. On one level adhocism is part of the long genealogy associated with the bricoleur, emphasizing the role of design as a non-professional, everyday activity. On another level, it is an important developmental stage of the design process itself, particularly with the initial "breakthrough" stage where hybrid forms of creative innovation occur. For Jencks the evolution of designed objects, such as the bicycle and automobile, emerged where existing subsystems were joined. In the case of the bicycle, various subsystems of wheels, seat, bars, frame, and motive energy were being conjoined. Only later do such subsystems become conventionalized into a recognizable form. Crucially, ad hoc breakthroughs are typified by extreme visual juxtapositions, so that the joining of subsystems is clearer, visible, and celebrated. The join as a conceptual and material expression is a continuous theme throughout the book, particularly in relation to design and architecture. Silver's own design for Dining Chair from 1968 is used by Jencks as a paradigm of "serendipitous association,"2 consisting of a tractor seat, wheels from a hospital chair, and insulating foam. In the context of urban planning, the violent historical contrasts and visual richness of organic growth are promoted, as opposed to predetermined Modernist planning strategies. Perhaps the most important sections of the book, both in 1972 and today, are the ones on the politics of consumption. Where the argument is made for the inherently creative improvisations of the bricoleur, a similar case is made for the individual consumer. Jencks and Silver argue that the consumer can become empowered through nascent electronic technologies revealing "the general trend [...] toward a more responsive, individualized, differentiated environment."3 Remember that these words were written in 1972. Jencks and Silver admirably call for a greater sense of consumer input—for control to be shifted from the producer to the consumer. And the legacy of the book is most complex in this respect. For although many of the technologies that Adhocism identifies as potentially empowering (e.g., cybernetic


Simple Summary 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat multiple cancers. Many people who are treated with 5-FU experience severe toxicity to the drug, and in severe cases, patients can die. This review discusses current methods for identifying people who are at high risk for severe side effects to 5-FU therapy. Abstract Severe adverse events (toxicity) related to the use of the commonly used chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) affect one in three patients and are the primary reason cited for premature discontinuation of therapy. Deficiency of the 5-FU catabolic enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, encoded by DPYD) has been recognized for the past 3 decades as a pharmacogenetic syndrome associated with high risk of 5-FU toxicity. An appreciable fraction of patients with DPD deficiency that receive 5-FU-based chemotherapy die as a result of toxicity. In this manuscript, we review recent progress in identifying actionable markers of DPD deficiency and the current status of integrating those markers into the clinical decision-making process. The limitations of currently available tests, as well as the regulatory status of pre-therapeutic DPYD testing, are also discussed.


A business's estimation of cash flow during upcoming months of operation is even more critical than its projected budget of revenues and expenses. This indicates whether a business will have the cash it needs to pay employee wages/salaries and other operating expenses, along with financial payments of loans or purchases of new equipment. If a business's initial projected cash flow is negative (which means there's not enough cash to cover necessary costs), it is likely the business will fail.


The present invention post-traumatic provide an improvement of the physiological response method according to the stress disorder, where the free amino acid beta-alanine, or post-traumatic for the duration of the predetermined time to its salt or ester, as a person dietary supplementation to individuals stress disorder It is administered in an effective amount to improve the physiological response associated with.


A method for controlling an internal combustion engine (10) with spark ignition and direct injection, having a controllable valvetrain having intake and exhaust valves (20, 18) and a controllable intake air throttle valve (34), the method comprising: Monitoring an intake air flow; Commanding engine operation to transition between a controlled auto-ignition combustion mode and a homogeneous combustion mode spark ignition; and Operating the motor (10) to move in a stratified charge combustion mode spark ignition during the transition with a time delay with respect to an instruction from an internal combustion mode to the controlled auto-ignition in a homogeneous combustion mode spark ignition when the inlet air flow exceeds a predetermined threshold, wherein the operation of the engine (10) is interrupted in the stratified charge combustion mode spark ignition when the inlet air flow from the predetermined threshold decreases.


Stem cell therapy holds great promise for regenerative medicine and the treatment of numerous diseases. A key issue of stem cell therapy is the control of stem cell fate, but safe and practical methods are limited. Essential fatty acids, namely ω‐6 (n‐6) and ω‐3 (n‐3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and their metabolites are critical components of cell structure and function, and could therefore influence stem cell fate. The available evidence demonstrates that n‐6 and n‐3 PUFA and their metabolites can act through multiple mechanisms to promote the proliferation and differentiation of various stem cell types. Therefore, elucidating the role of PUFA and their metabolites in stem cell fate regulation is both a challenge and an opportunity for stem cell biology as well as stem cell therapy. PUFA‐based interventions to create a favorable environment for stem cell proliferation or differentiation may thus be a promising and practical approach to controlling stem cell fate for clinical applications. Stem Cells 2014;32:1092–1098


The reactivity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient azelaic acid (AA) with carboxylic acid, alcohol, amine, and amide based co-formers was screened. Five new multicomponent crystal forms of AA were obtained by liquid assisted grinding and conventional solution methods. The obtained forms: (i) a co-crystal with 4,4′-bipyridine (AA:BIP, 1), (ii) an anhydrous and an hydrated molecular salt with piperazine (AA:PIP, 2 and 3), and (iii) two anhydrous molecular salts with morpholine (AA:MORPH, 4) and 1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane (AA:DABCO, 5), were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction and solid-state (SS) NMR. In all new forms the carboxylic-carboxylic R22(8) homosynthon present in AA is broken, and NH2···OCOOH or +NH2···OCOO- hydrogen bonds (HBs) become the fundamental pillars in the new supramolecular arrangements. The X-ray structure of 4 exhibits a static disorder in the hydrogen atoms engaged in an HB between two COOH moieties of AA. Density functional theory geometry optimization of the hydrogen po...


Management of power supply modes should ensure compliance with three main conditions: economy of power supply operation, reliability of power supply to consumers, standard quality of electricity. Passive filters with an unchanged structure are less and less satisfying the requirements for maintaining the quality of electrical energy. As a result, power active filter compensating device are developed and implemented. In case of power supply voltage distortion, a series filter compensating device is used, which is connected to the network through a single-phase double-winding series voltage transformer. In the prior investigation it has been found, that during operation of the filter-compensating device the load current creates an additional voltage drop in the transformer winding. The use of a closed loop system does not compensate for said influence. Based on the results of automatic control system circuit analysis, the combined system is selected. Using the methods of automatic control theory, transfer functions necessary for the implementation of the combined control system are determined. Based on mathematical modeling methods, a model of a single-phase series active filter-compensating device has been created. As a result of the experiments, the coefficient of nonlinear distortion was reduced to 1.17%. Conclusions were drawn on the rationality of the proposed solution. The obtained automatic control system can be used to regulation voltage and current of a series filter-compensation device.


The integral representation algebra A(RG) is C ®z a(RG). When does a(RG) contain nontrivial nilpotent elements? Let | G\ = pn, where p\n, p prime. Denote by Zp the £-adic valuation ring in Q, and by Zp* its completion. Reiner has shown (i) If a = l , then A(ZPG) and A(Z*G) have no nonzero nilpotent elements (see [ l ] ) . (ii) If ce^2, and G has an element of order p, then both A(ZPG) and A{Z*G) contain nonzero nilpotent elements (see [2 j). We have been able to settle the open case as to what happens when G has a (p, £)-subgroup. Our main result is


The magnetostriction anisotropy of hot-rolled and cast"Alfer" ailoy was studied. The saturation magnetostriction is closely depefident upon the roll direction, and .shows a minimum value in the direction perpendieular to that of rolling and a maximum value in a direction midway be-tween the roll direction and the direction across it. This magnetostriction vs.. roll-direction curve is varied more or less by the heating temperature. The saturation magnetostriction vs. heating temperature curve is complicated, and shows a rnaximum near 500nNv6000C. The saturation ma-;i:


A 2-year-old previously well boy presented to a regional hospital with sudden onset of irritability. The child had no significant past medical history. He had been playing outdoors on his family's farm when he suddenly called out for his mother and told her he had a 'prickle' above his right ear. She examined the area and found no lesions or bites. The parents were confident there was no history of a fall or ingestion. Over the next 10 min, he became flushed, inconsolable and vomited once. He was taken by ambulance to the local hospital and on arrival was drowsy, inattentive and intermittently agitated. Observations were all within normal range, heart rate 106– 136 bpm, oxygen saturation above 98% in room air and no increased work of breathing. He was afebrile, well hydrated and blood pressure was not recorded. There were no features of meningism, no rash, bite marks or other lesions found. Coagulation studies were normal with international normalised ratio 1.0. Electrolytes, venous blood gas and complete blood examination were unremarkable. Lactate was 4.03. The child was treated for early sepsis with intravenous (IV) ceftriaxone and transferred to the nearest tertiary paediatric hospital. On arrival, the child was noted to be flushed and diaphoretic, with widespread piloerection. He remained distressed and irritable, and was found to be hypertensive at 129/81, which improved with analgesia to systolic measurements between 110 and 115. Laboratory results were again unremarkable except for raised lactate. The child was discussed with the on-call clinical toxinologist who advised the constellation of symptoms was likely to represent latrodectism due to a redback spider bite. The use of antivenom was discussed with the parents including the self-resolving natural history of latrodectism and the risk of anaphylaxis with antivenom administration. Given that the child had some relief from analgesia and there had been improvement in hypertension, no antivenom was given. Over the course of the day, the child became less distressed and began to engage in play. He remained flushed and diaphoretic. While changing his nappy, his mother then noted that he had an erection. On review, she stated the erection had been present since that morning – approximately 8 h. Throughout the day, the child had had good urine output. On examination by a urologist, priapism was noted with mild erythema at the tip of the penis but no evidence of ischaemia. Ultrasound of the penis was not performed. His blood pressure had also increased to 122/65. The child was again discussed with the toxinologist who advised that even though the child appeared to be in less pain, the finding of priapism and worsening hypertension meant that giving antivenom would now be strongly indicated. The antivenom was given without incident approximately 8 h after priapism was first noted. The child was monitored in the intensive care unit during and after IV antivenom administration. Within 1 h, the priapism had fully resolved and systolic blood pressure had decreased to 110. Within 4 , the diaphoresis and piloerection had resolved and the systolic blood pressure was 100. The child was back to his usual health and activity within 6 h. He was discharged into the care of his parents with education given on the potential for serum sickness 10–14 days postantivenom. The parents were instructed to seek medical advice if there were any concerns over physiological erections in the future.


ZnO-based diluted magnetic semiconductors is one of the candidate materials which have the most application prospect in spintronic devices. The controllable preparation of room temperature ferromagnetic materials and the origin of ferromagnetism are two basic problems of spintronics. Based on the two problems above,the recent progress in experimental and theoretical studies about ZnO-based dilute magnetic semiconductor materials are reviewed in this paper.


High resolution radar and sonar images can be constructed using either spotlight or stripmap synthetic aperture systems. In the presence of residual phase errors, the respective images are blurred and their quality degrades dramatically. Typically, autofocus techniques are applied in spotlight operation to correct the degradation. However, for stripmap modes, the use of autofocus methods is not straightforward due to a spatially variant point spread function. We propose modifications to the existing mosaic phase gradient algorithm to overcome its drawbacks and to make it more applicable for stripmap synthetic aperture systems.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to method for catalytic liquid-phase fluorination product 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane and/or 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane in product 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in presence of catalyst and solvent by adding HF in organic phase, consisting of 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane and/or 1,1,2,2,3-pentachloropropane, catalyst and solvent, free from HF. EFFECT: high selectivity of product. 22 cl, 7 tbl, 13 ex, 2 dwg


Vehicle platooning is a modern technique which enables us to have a group ofvehicles driving in a cooperative way. More specifically, in vehicle platooning, anumber of vehicles uses a common contro ...


Fournier gangrene is a rapidly progressive necrotizing soft tissue infection that often leaves patients with a large integumentary deficit to their penis and scrotum. Treatment of the skin defect has been described in a multitude of ways including split thickness skin grafting, burying the testes in the thighs, thigh flaps, and a variety of myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps.

Many of the previously described techniques have worked well for smaller defects and for closure of wounds but fell short of aesthetic reconstruction of sexual organs. We describe a technique using split-thickness skin grafts with suction dressings or bolster. This was employed using the VAC©(Vacuum Assisted Closure Device, KCI©). This technique creates a natural appearing scrotum that holds the testes away from the body in a physiologic manner and surfaces the penis with a seemingly natural appearance in a functional manner. The technique provides a nearly 100% graft take and greatly decreases hospital length of stay.

A case report demonstrates a patient's full recovery to his professional, social, and sexual life within six weeks of initial reconstructive treatment. Our technique provides a reliable treatment with good functional and aesthetic outcomes to a difficult problem.


Dental erosion is defined as a loss of dental hard tissue caused by acids, without bacterial involvement. Erosion may be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. The extrinsic factors are related to acidic environment, diet, medication and life style Zero [1] 1996; Magalhaes et al. [2]. Currently, the increased consumption of acidic foods and soft drinks is becoming an important factor in the development of erosive wear Lussi et al. [3], 2004; Lussi and Jaeggi [4] 2006. Coca-Cola®, as an example of soft drinks, was the world's most popular brand according to Inter brand's best global brand study of 2011, Houpt and Simon [5], 2011.


Based on the Collins integral formula,and by the use of the expanding form of the Hermite polynomial,the propagation of Hermite-Sinh-Gaussian(HShG) beams through a paraxial ABCD system with hard-edge aperture is studied.The field distribution on the output is expressed to be that of the incomplete gamma functions and an analytical propagation expression is derived.The propagation properties of the beams and the superiority of this method are also discussed.


Cultivated land protection is the basis for realizing sustainable development strategy,ecological protection of cultivated land is an important components of cultivated land protection,it is also the premise of agricultural sustainable development.In this paper,the resource status of cultivated land in Linyi city was analyzed,and some problems in ecological environment of cultivated land were discussed,at last,some countermeasures of ecological protection of cultivated land were put forward.


The experimental groups, each having three replicates with 10 birds (9 hens, 1 cock) per replicate. The experimental groups were control (C) - provided basal diet without arsenic, treatment 1 (T1) - birds were offered basal diet with 5.5 ppm arsenic (As) through water, treatment 2 (T2) birds were offered basal diet with 5.5 ppm As through water and 50g methionine was added in excess amount for 100 kg of feed and treatment 3 (T3) - offered 5.5 ppm As through water and 25g methionine + 25g betaine were supplemented in excess for 100 kg of feed. The hemoglobin level was depleted significantly in T1 group than C, T2, and T3 groups. Packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leukocytes count. Heterophil % lymphocyte % and heterophil- lymphocyte ratio were also differed significantly among the groups. But erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, lymphocyte %, monocyte % etc. did not vary significantly among the groups. So it can be concluded that arsenic intoxication has some deleterious effects on haematological systems which varied defending on haematological parameters and this deleterious effects were minimized due to supplementation of methionine and betaine in feed.


On Oct 9, 2004 Integral observed hard X-ray flares from a source located at R.A.=17h 40.7m, Dec.=-28s 08' (J2000, error radius 2.3'). This new hard X-ray source, IGRJ17407-2808, is positionally coincident with a faint ROSAT source listed as no. 10 in the catalogue of sources in the Galactic Center region by Sidoli, Belloni & Mereghetti 2001, A&A 368, 835 and as 2RXPJ174040.9-280852 in the ROSAT Source Browser .


ABSTRACT Biogenic synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles (gold – AuNp and selenium – SeNp) using inexpensive Tryptophan Enriched Banana Peel Media for the growth of marine isolate (Exiguobacterium aestuarii SBG4 MH185868). The response surface methodology is employed for optimizing production conditions. The surface plasmon resonance band showed λmax at 540 nm (AuNp) and 284 nm (SeNp). FTIR and zeta potential analysis confirmed the stability, whereas XRD spectra revealed the nature of nanoparticles obtained at optimum conditions. SEM micrographs showed nanospheres of the following size: AuN, 30 ± 5 nm and SeNp, 50 ± 5 nm. Biocompatibility of Np evaluated by the hemolytic activity showed <20% hemolysis even at highest concentrations (100 µg/ml). AuNp showed the least cytotoxicity, whereas SeNp showed considerable cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell lines MCF – 7 and MDA-MB-231. Hence, we utilized the environment-friendly growth media for the controlled synthesis of dual Np using single bacterial strain involving feasible steps in downstream processing. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


In order to solve the difficult problem of internal finishing for outsize and abnormal shape pipe, the new technology of magnetic field controlled by pulse circuit for realizing magnetic abrasive machining (MAM) is presented. The mechanism of MAM by applying a rotating magnetic field is investigated, and the generation device of rotating magnetic field is analyzed and designed. The results show: (1) amount of magnetic abrasive (MA) supplied effects on the stock removal and the surface roughness directly, and it has optimum value. (2) the finishing efficiency and surface roughness can be improved effectively if MA is mixed with iron powders in rational mesh size or weight percentage. The technology will offer useful basis in practical manufacture.


It is now abundantly clear that rickets should never have been consigned to the history books, and that vitamin D deficiency and its sequelae are far more prevalent in European populations than anyone thought two decades ago. The problem has been how to define, diagnose, manage and prevent the 'new' rickets in all its manifestations, with confusing and wildly differing guidance being issued by various authorities. To rectify this situation, a group of 33 experts from many nations met in May 2014, to thrash out universally acceptable global recommendations for children (Munns C et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015. doi: 10.1210/ jc.2015-2175 and Hormone Res Paed doi: 10.1195/000443136). All the available literature was studied and graded, and consensus was reached on controversial issues. The most important recommendations include: ▸ Interpreting blood levels by distinguishing sufficiency (>50 nmol/L), insufficiency (30–50 nmol/L) and deficiency (<30 nmol/L). ▸ Confirmation that simple VDD does not increase fracture risk unless there are radiological signs of rickets. ▸ Adequate daily Vit D intakes to prevent rickets (400 IU per day for infants, 600 for children) ▸ Not to screen healthy children for VDD using blood levels. ▸ All pregnant women to receive supplementation with 600 IU/day: with adequate calcium this prevents congenital rickets. ▸ All infants up to 12 months to receive oral Vit D supplementation (400 IU/day) regardless of feeding method or rickets risk. ▸ High risk groups to continue supplementation thereafter. ▸ No benefit to infant from extra Vit D supplementation for breastfeeding mothers. ▸ Poor calcium intake in infancy is an additional risk factor, and recommended minimum daily intakes are given. ▸ Staple foods to be fortified with Vit D and calcium. ▸ Although skin exposure to sunlight (UVB rays) helps prevent VDD, there is no 'safe threshold' of UVB exposure which does not increase skin cancer risk. There are also dosage regimes for treating symptomatic rickets and VDD. Public health and population monitoring issues are covered. If fully implemented, these recommendations should go a long way to discourage overdiagnosis and over-treatment while improving the bone health of all children through primary nutritional prevention.


Vakhtang Maisaia, former political prisoner, NATO expert, and alleged double agent reveals how far Georgian President Mikheil Saakasvhili was willing to go to maintain power. Accused of espionage, Maisaia names the real foreign agents who operated in Georgia under Saakashvili's patronage. Now a free man as a result of the new government's sweeping amnesty for political prisoners, he is willing to tell all! A Double Dealing Spy or Scapegoat?


In this paper, three phase shunt active power filter is used for harmonic compensation of multiple non- linear loads by using phase locked loop techniques. The circuit model consists of a standard shunt APF with IGBT inverter. PLL is capable of generating a sinusoidal output. The APF uses a PLL to generate a reference sinusoidal source current which is in-phase with load current and has the same RMS gain as the load current. A dynamic hysteresis band PWM controller is used for Current control. Within a hysteresis band the shunt line current tracks the reference current. The command signals for the inverter semiconductor switches can be produced by comparing the reference currents calculated by the controller with the measured values of compensation currents.


Data mining approaches are widely adopted in various fields, including in the petroleum industries. One of the significant problems in the enhanced crude oil recovery facility is reliability of the water injection pumps. Lubricant service life has important role in this reliability issues. This paper reports the effects of the data preprocessing and the regressor on the predictions of lubricant service life of water injection pump in enhanced crude oil recovery facility. As results, the performance of the algorithm is the decision tree regressor with R2 = 0.88, then the random forest regressor with R2 = 0.82, and the gradient boosting regressor with R2 = 0.71. The lubricant data for the DE (drive end) pump section contains more noise than the NDE (non-drive end) pump section. This indicates that the difference in the bearing components of the pump NDE compared to other parts that are lubricated does not significantly affect the characteristics of the lubricant service life. For small amounts of data, a simpler algorithm such as decision tree can produce better performance than ensemble algorithms like random forest and gradient boosting. Ensemble method such as random forest can outperform the decision tree for data that contains a lot of noise such as lubricant data on the pump. Moreover, the parameter in the lubricant that are most related to the service life of the lubricant on the motor are Viscosity100, Zinc, and Copper. While the content of the lubricant that is most related to the service life of the pump is Viscosity100, Zinc, Boron, and Viscosity40.


Frequency up-conversion has been proved to be very effective in THz generation. Reverse physical process can serve THz detection. Based on our in-house characterization of DAST crystal and previous intense studies of monochromatic THz generation, we propose an ultra-wideband THz detection approach by using frequency up-conversion technique, which may work from around 2 THz, up to 28 THz at room temperature, accompanied with a high sensitivity.


The knowledge of Fluent and dynamic mesh was used to establish simulative model for a three-gun cluster weapon,based on the influence of delayed firing,and the N-S equation was calculated to simulate the process of muzzle flow field influenced by multiple coupling and delayed firing. Compared with the numerical simulation of correctly shooting,the influences of flow field and the projectile are mutual;The projectile posture is more deteriorated than the normal firing with consideration of the influence of delayed firing and the shooting precision has a large drop. The simulation results have important value for the command of the shooting of cluster weapon.


The magnet is one of the key part of the MRI, it must produce magnetic field with enough intensity and good uniformity in order to meet the need of imaging. However, the temperature of the magnet is affected by ambient temperature. This paper simulates the temperature field of the magnet. So we can figure out the relationship between ambient temperature and magnet temperature.


Noisy, crowdsourced image datasets prove challenging, even for the best neural networks. Two issues which compli-cate classification on such datasets are class imbalance and ground-truth uncertainty in labeling. The AL-ALL and AL-PUB datasets—consisting of tightly cropped, individual char- acters from images of ancient Greek papyri—are strongly affected by both issues. The application of ensemble mod- eling to such a dataset can help identify images where the ground-truth is questionable and quantify the trustworthiness of those samples. We apply stacked generalization consisting of nearly identical ResNets: one utilizing cross-entropy (CXE) and the other Kullback-Liebler Divergence (KLD). The CXE network uses standard labeling drawn from the crowdsourced consensus. In contrast, the KLD network uses probabilistic labeling for each image derived from the distri- bution of crowdsourced annotations. We refer to this labeling as the Human Softmax (HSM) distribution. For our ensem- ble model, we apply a k -nearest neighbors model to the outputs of the CXE and KLD networks. Individually, the ResNet models have approximately 93% accuracy, while the ensemble model achieves an accuracy of > 95%. We also perform an analysis of the Shannon entropy of the various models' output distributions to measure classification uncertainty.


This study investigates experimentally and numerically the impact of terrain complexity on the coherent structures properties using large-eddy simulation (LES) performed with and without forest canopy and turbulence data collected by two sonic anemome-ters at 10 and 30m height on the 30-m tower of the SIRTA observatory (Palaiseau, France). Using an objective detection technique based on wavelet transforms of fluc-tuations time series of atmospheric variables (vertical wind component or temperature) measured by the SIRTA and simulated by LES, the study shows that whatever the up-stream complexity of the terrain, the coherent structures display turbulence properties which are independent of the complex nature of the terrain. Indeed, the frequency of occurrence, time duration of the coherent structures, the time separation between two structures and their relative contribution to the total fluxes (momentum and heat) appear to be independent from the upstream roughness. These results are fundamental since these coherent structures contribute significantly to the energy and matter transport between the surface and the atmosphere, and their "universal" properties may probably facilitate their parameterization in the numerical models even in presence of surface heterogeneities.


The effect of a DC electric field on the formation and the characteristics of a nitrogen bubble injected from an orifice were studied experimentally and theoretically. This study was the first to divide the bubble growth process into four stages (waiting, expansion, deformation and detachment) according to the variation of the bubble shape in order to analyze the bubble behavior in the electric field. During the waiting stage, the waiting interval decreases significantly as the electric field strength rises. In the expansion stage, the minor axis reaches a maximum that decreases with increasing the electric field strength. Within the deformation stage, the major axis achieves its maximum and so does the aspect ratio. As the electric field strength rises, both the maximums of the major axis and the aspect ratio increase. At the detachment stage, as the electric field strength is intensified, the major axis lengthens, the minor axis shortens and the aspect ratio lengthens. From the waiting stage to the detachment stage, the effect of the electric field on the major axis of the bubble is marginal, while with increasing the electric field strength, the minor axis decreases distinctly and thus the aspect ratio increases. To employ the four-stage model, the bubble growth process was analyzed in detail under the electric field. The electric stress exerted on the bubble surface was calculated. The results show that the electric stress compresses the bubble equator and elongates the poles of the bubble, causing the bubble to elongate along the electric field direction.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


This paper mainly studies the distributed fixed-time coordinated attitude tracking control problem of spacecraft formation with a dynamic leader spacecraft under directed communication topology. Follower spacecraft cannot communicate directly with the leader spacecraft; therefore, in order to enable them to obtain the target attitude information, a fixed-time state estimator that can be applied to directed graphs is designed. Based on the estimators, a distributed fixed-time attitude tracking control law is proposed. The settling time of the fixed-time algorithm is only related to the parameters of the control law and independent of the initial state; thus, the proposed control law can reduce the influence of the dynamic leader attitude on the spacecraft formation-coordinated attitude tracking control system. Moreover, external disturbances and spacecraft inertia uncertainty were also considered in the design of the control law. The stability of the system was verified by Lyapunov stability theory, and the effectiveness of the control law was verified by numerical simulation.


There are many ways to speak about the modern world, and many theories setting it apart. I focus on a world facing economic decline and a return to the status-ordering of traditional societies. With republican theory as a backdrop, I show that an updated virtue ethics constitutes an ethical system uniquely suiting any society that is significantly status-ordered.


At times, Karl Polanyi warned, history shifts into ―the gear of social change.‖ This admonition appears near the end of The Great Transformation (chapter 20), his magisterial account of the development of market society. Institutional arrangements, he argued, develop through a ―double movement‖ by which society contains the disruptions produced by self-regulating markets. Polanyi insisted that these efforts to contain the ―cascades SECTION OFFICERS 2009-2010


Ground operators will interact remotely with robots on the lunar surface to support site preparation and survey. Astronauts will interact with robots to support outpost buildup and maintenance, as well as mission operations. One mode of interaction required for such operations is the ability to supervise robots performing routine autonomous tasks. Supervision of autonomous robotic activities requires monitoring the robot's performance of tasks with minimal human effort. This includes understanding its progress on tasks, awareness when important milestones are achieved or problems impede tasks, and reconstructing situations after the fact by relating task events to recorded data. We are developing a software framework to support such interaction among distributed human teams and robots. We are evaluating our framework for human supervision of mobile robots performing routine site survey operations. We are prototyping a system that (1) monitors data from the K10 robot performing surveys to determine the depth of permafrost at the Haughton Crater on Devon Island, (2) computes performance measures about how well the survey is going, (3) builds summaries of these performance measures, and (4) notifies to appropriate personnel when milestones are achieved or performance indicates a problem. We will evaluate our prototype using data collected during Operational Readiness Tests for the Haughton Crater field test to be conducted in July 2007. In this paper we describe our approach for human supervision of robotic activities and report the results of our evaluation with the K10 robot.


IF LITERARY comprehension requires, at its minimum level, a noticing of each major event portrayed by a text and some idea of relationships among sequenced events, then a test exists for basic literary comprehension which surpasses traditional testing methods in objectivity, convenience, and utility. The test reproduces some four to twelve passages carefully selected from a literary work but presented in random sequence. It asks students to read and recollect these passages in order to restore their correct order. Unlike an essay examination, it does not ask them, in response to a pointed question, to render the book's "meaning" in their own prose. Nor does it force students into the bifurcating logic of their instructor's interpretation as the multiple choice examination does. Neither does it call for short-answer identification of "the facts" implied by each passage. It merely asks for the original sequence of the sample passages. That is all, because everything else is implied. Here is a test on A Midsummer Night's Dreamn which took about fifteen minutes to make, fifteen to take, and (for a class of twenty-five students) fifteen to grade accurately.


This research is motivated by changes in the implementation of learning from face-to-face learning to distance learning through the use of digital technology and then changing back to face-to-face learning. Alternating the implementation of learning also influences the character of students. This research aims to provide an overview regarding changes in the character of independence, discipline, and politeness of students after distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at SMAN 15 Bulukumba. This research is a type of qualitative research using a case study research approach. While data collection will be carried out through observations and interviews which are then analyzed qualitatively through several activities in the form of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of this study show that the independence of students after distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic has increased, the discipline of students has decreased, and the politeness of students after distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at SMAN 15 Bulukumba has also decreased. So it can be concluded that there were changes in the character of independence, discipline, and politeness of students after distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic at SMAN 15 Bulukumba.


(1R,5S)-3-Benzyl-7-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2-oxa-4,7-diazabiyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-en-6-one (12) is converted into (3S,4S)-4-ethoxy-1-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-3-phenylacetamidoazetidin-2-one (4) by ethanol containing toluene-p-sulphonic acid. The oxazoline (12) undergoes an analogous reaction with acidic methanol and with acidic 2-mercaptoethanol to give the derivatives (5) and (6), respectively. Reagent-grade chloroform and toluene-p-sulphonic acid transform the derivatives (12) and (4) into (2S)-3,3-diethoxy-N-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2-phenylacetamidopropionamide (15).The oxazoline (12) is also converted into (2R,4S)-4-acetylthio-1-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-3-phenylacetamidoazetidin-2-one (8) by thioacetic acid; a corresponding reaction occurs with 2-mercaptoacetic and with trifluoroacetic acid to give the derivatives (9) and (10), respectively. The azetidinone (9) rearranges to (2R)-N-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2-(5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolan-2-yl)-2-phenylacetamidoacetamide (16) when chromatographed on silica gel, and the azetidinone (10) yields 2-benzyl-4-[(2-methylprop-1-enyl)aminomethylene]-Δ2-1,3-oxazolin-5-one (19) when left in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid. Derivative (19) is also obtained from S-chloromercurio(II)benzylpenicillenic acid (22) and dimethyl sulphoxide.


Metastasis to the skin occurs rarely in gynecologic cancer. Although carcinoma of the cervix is the fifth most common malignancy in Korean women, cutaneous involvement originating from cervical cancer is unusual. Common pattern of occurrence is multiple nodule in abdomen, vulva, lower extremities. We report a case of metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of cervix to vulva. The patient was diagnosed with cervical cancer IIA. The extensive skin lesion on the vulva occurred 3 months after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radical hysterectomy and concurrent chemoradiation. We have experienced such a case and report the case with brief review of literatures.


The fundamental position of evidence system in procedural jurisprudence is justified by the characteristics of litigation itself. The procedure of litigation is one that investigates into the facts and evidences and ascertains the reality.The modern inner conviction system is internationally identified under the precondition of critically inheriting the traditional inner conviction system. The characteristic value of the modern inner conviction system in criminal proceedings embodies some aspects. So we should establish modern inner conviction system in our country.


A global model accounting for both the surface kinetics and transport in the vapor phase for AIN sublimation growth is described in this paper. The model parameters for the sticking coefficient of N 2 were identified from the experimental data. The refined model more accurately predicts the growth rate over a wider pressure range than the model considering transport only. Above 200 Torr the growth rate is determined by the transport, while below 100 Torr it is controlled by surface kinetics in the current temperature range (1700-1900°C).


With increasing renewable energy resources, price-sensitive loads, and electric-vehicle charging stations in the power grid, uncertainties on both power generation and consumption sides become critical factors in the Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) problem. Recently, worst scenario based robust optimization approaches are employed to consider uncertainties. This paper proposes a non-conservative robust SCUC model and an effective solution approach. The contributions of this paper are three-fold. First, the commitment and dispatch solution obtained in this paper can be directly used in day-ahead market as it overcomes two issues, conservativeness and absence of robust dispatch, which are the two largest obstacles to applying robust SCUC in real markets. Secondly, a new concept recourse cost requirement, similar to reserve requirement, is proposed to define the upper bound of re-dispatch cost when uncertainties are revealed. Thirdly, a novel decomposition approach is proposed to effectively address the well-known computational challenge in robust approaches. Simulation results on the IEEE 118-bus system validate the effectiveness of the proposed novel model and solution approach.


The invention relates to an electronic program guide (EPG) realization method in an internet protocol television (IPTV) product. The method comprises a service realization flow and an operation processing flow; after an end user registers to become a legal user of IPTV service, an EPG configuration management and maintenance system generates a unified user-defined EPG program list of the EPG system for the relevant account of the end user, the program lists are the same for all users after just generated; and the end user can select whether to configure the user-defined EPG program list template defined by the current user or use EPG defaulted by the system as first choice, the EPG system obtains the data content of the EPG program list defaulted by the system from an EPG database to forman EPG program list interface and display for the end user, or the EPG system obtains the data content of the user-defined EPG program list defined by the current user from the EPG database to form an EPG program list interface and display for the end user. The EPG realization method of the invention simplifies the EPG modification and maintenance processes and realizes the dynamic and real-time modification of the EPG system; and the user can instantly update the style of the EPG program list, and the EPG system can not be developed and designed independently or changed for different groups of users, thus reducing the development cost of the system.


Human sensors systems (HSS) may be approximately described as an adaptive or self-learning version of the Wavelet Transforms (WT) that are capable to learn from several input-output associative pairs of suitable transform mother wavelets. Such an Adaptive WT (AWT) is a redundant combination of mother wavelets to either represent or classify inputs.


The results of studies of exogenous action of glucose and ethanol solutions on the rat organism with description and demonstration of pathological changes of the liver are presented in the article. Prolonged action of ethanol and its metabolism products on the liver, especially acetaldehyde, and under conditions of enhancement by other factors (for example, carbohydrate solutions), leads to impaired function and causes significant morphological changes. Morphofunctional disorders of the liver, in turn, can provoke some serious animal complications, one of which is type 2 diabetes. This is due to the crucial role of the liver in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Type 2 diabetes became a widespread disease in pets in recent years, which is primarily related to their diet. The effects of this disease are reduced productivity, stunted growth and high early mortality in animals. A study of one of the most important indicators of carbohydrate metabolism - serum glucose content, showed that animals that regularly consumed a carbohydrate solution (by drinking way) for 23 days had a 54% increase in blood glucose, while in rats with additional alcohol load in the diet (ethanol solution in combination with glucose solution) - by 77% compared to control. Carrying out histological studies in experimental animals revealed the development of pathological changes, which depending on the conditions of the experiment had different severity. In particular, when consuming carbohydrate solution by drinking way, the animals developed: granular hepatocyte dystrophy and histiocytic infiltration of the interparticle connective tissue. In animals treated with a carbohydrate solution in combination with ethanol, granular and hyaline-drip hepatocytes, histiocytic infiltration of the interparticle connective tissue, and cholestasis in the bile ducts were detected.


Vol. 36, No. 4, December 2019 evading them" (136), as he depicts alternative families, reconfigured social hierarchies, and different ways of living. This collection also perceptively identifies when the balancing act proves unsustainable and how its potential to disrupt stops short of fully realizing its radical agenda. Herbert Foltinek presents Arthur Clennam and Eugene Wrayburn as tantalizing case studies of characters who begin as suggestively "modern" figures but ultimately retreat into conservative roles. Similarly, Hard Times reveals itself as, in Feldmann's words, "a symptom of cultural complexity and cultural change" (166), rather than a coherent and unitary manifestation of radical thought. And ultimately, despite its validation of the minor gesture as a successful catalyst for change, Metz concludes that Martin Chuzzlewit does not present it as the answer to the "Condition of England" Question. Dickens himself queried his own personal impact in advocating change; after he wrote to The Times to protest the public hanging of Marie and Frederick Manning in November 1849, he admitted to William de Cerjat that "My letters have made a great to-do, and led to a great agitation of the subject; but I have not a confident belief in any change being made" (Letters 5: 683). As this impressively kaleidoscopic collection attests, Dickens's discussions of change remain a stimulating topic well over a century later.


A new non-ionic water-soluble polyfluorene that contains two benzo-18-crown-6 side chains per repeat unit (PFDC) is synthesized and characterized. Upon addition of Pb 2+ ions to a solution of PFDC, the PFDC fluorescence is strongly quenched. The minor interference from other metal ions, especial from Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ ions, clearly shows that the PFDC can be used to detect Pb 2+ ions with high selectivity. The fluorescence quenching of PFDC in solution originates from the multivalent coordination of the crown-ether moieties to Pb 2+ ions followed by precipitation. In comparison to ionic conjugated polymers, the pH of the medium shows less effect on the binding of non-ionic PFDC to Pb 2+ ions.


A number of 2-substituted 4,5-dihydroxy-6-(substituted aminomethyl)pyrimidines (VIII) were prepared from the corresponding 2-substituted 4,5-dihydroxypyrimidines (VII) by a new pyrimidine Mannich reaction. The structure of VIII was proved by an independent synthesis. Further study of this reaction led to the synthesis of a new class of compounds: the pyrimido[4,5-e]dihydro-1,3-oxazines (VI).


This report describes 103 cases of offenders arrested for child pornography possession identified in a Virtual Global Taskforce (VGT) police database designed to explore likely characteristics of offenders accessing, distributing or producing illegal images of children in the online or Internet medium. The production and dissemination of child pornography (CP), child abuse materials (CAM) or child exploitation material (CEM) have been widely criminalized and international efforts to suppress its dissemination endorsed by many nations. The VGT comprises nine collaborating policing agencies combating the dissemination of CEM via the Internet and digital technologies. The data collected for this study focused on the apparent uptake of peer to peer (P2P) sources of CEM (usually pre-teen children and serious sexual abuse) previously noted by practitioners and researchers as well as the significant overlap between such use and offenses against children (Wolak et al. 2011). Policing agencies are concerned that increased accessibility to such CEM may also increase risks of assault on children and whether the online trade in CEM has amplified or escalated the demand for newer and more extreme images of child sexual abuse.


The classical polarimetric method has been widely used in liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) phase measurement with a simple optical setup. However, due to interference caused by LCoS cover glass reflections, the method lacks accuracy for phase uniformity measurements. This paper is aimed at mathematically analyzing the errors caused by non-ideal glass reflections and proposing procedures to reduce or eliminate such errors. The measurement is discussed in three conditions, including the ideal condition with no reflections from the LCoS cover glass, the condition with only the front reflection from the cover glass, and the condition with only the back reflection from the cover glass. It is discovered that the backward reflection makes the largest contribution to the overall measurement error, and it is the main obstacle to high-quality measurements. Several procedures, including optical alignment, LC layer thickness measurement, and phase estimation method, are proposed, making the uniformity measurement more qualitative and consistent.


Delaying emergence of Trichogramma spp. is critical for commercial production. Here, diapause induction was considered for three species (Trichogramma nr. brassicae Bezdenko, Trichogramma carverae Oatman & Pinto, and Trichogramma funiculatum Carver), and the effect of storage temperature (4 C, 8 C, and 10 C) and time (1Ð8 wk) was investigated for T. carverae. For all species, percentage of emergencewas lowered after an initial diapause induction period (28 d at 14 C and a photoperiod of 8:16 [L:D] h) and lowered further after 1-mo storage at 3 C and a photoperiod of 0:24 (L:D)h.Nowaspsemergedafter 2moof storage, suggesting that truediapausewasnot induced. The effect of 1Ð8-wk storage on wasp quality was investigated for T. carverae both in the laboratory and the Þeld. Initial Þeldwork suggested that this species could be successfully stored at 10 C under continuous light (after 5-d development at 25 C and a photoperiod of 16:8 [L:D] h)without reducing the ability of wasps to parasitize eggs in the Þeld. In a second experiment, storage temperatures lower than 10 C and storage times 3 wk or longer had a negative impact on emergence and longevity, and effects were not additive. Negative effects may partly reßect size changes, because size decreased in response to storage time, and there was an interaction between time and temperature effects on size. Storage time was the major factor inßuencing fecundity and Þeld success; both Þtness measures were reduced after storage of 3 wk or longer. T. carverae can therefore be successfully stored for up to 2 wk without detrimental effects, and 10 C is the preferred storage temperature. T. carverae seems to survive unfavorable temperature conditions by entering a state of quiescence.


The invention relates to an object to enhance bonding between the cylindrical substrate and the cylindrical sputtering target material. A In the cylindrical sputtering target comprising a conjugate of a cylindrical base material and the cylindrical sputtering target material, the thickness of the bonding material for bonding the cylindrical base material wherein the cylindrical sputtering target material Dimyuemu, the linear expansion coefficient of the bonding agent the α .The


Purpose: Assess the validity of the use of a 15m course for the 6MWT in subjects with Parkinson Disease (PD) compared to non-PD controls ; also assess the use of dissimilar instructions during the 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) on a 15m and 30 meter course. Secondary outcomes included; the utility of pedometer use and predicted distance versus actual distances accomplished for each course for PD subjects. Methods: Volunteer subjects (N=35, 16 PD; 19 non-PD; mean age 70.2 years) participated. Data was collected on each course for using the instruction, "walk as far as you can" and "walk as fast as you can" for 6 minutes. A pedometer was worn. Predicted distance for the PD group was calculated. Results: A 2 by 8 repeated measure detected differences within subjects' p=.017 and between groups p=.003. The 15m fast course was found to be valid for the PD group. The PD group distance and the predicted distance formula were not different on any course. The instruction was a significant factor for control group 30m, p=.014; 15m, p=.005 and for the PD group 30m p=.026. Using the pedometer, there were some significant differences on the 30 fast course when measured by group p=.009. Conclusion: Overall the PD group performed best on the 30m far course. Fast instruction is recommended for healthy older adults (either size course) and for PD subjects on the 15m course for the best possible effort. The pedometer is an accurate and valid on a 30 far and 15 meter course with PD. The predicted distance is a good indicator of functional distance for these mild to moderate PD subjects on either size course and with either set of instructions.


Objective A general experiment platform of electrical impedance tomography(EIT) based on field programmable gate array(FPGA) was designed to meet the requirements of EIT digital measurement.A digital current source and the research on digital demodulation method was completed.Methods For construction of the experiment platform,DDS module,D/A and A/D interface module,digital demodulation module and RS-232 communication module were all integrated in one FPGA chip.Results The source can provide multi-frequency excitation signals of 2 mA in the range of 6.1-390.6 kHz.The output impedance of the source was higher than 190 kΩ.Both the real and the virtual information of measured impedance could be extracted.Conclusion Measurements based on bioimpedance-equivalent circuit model verified the validity of the platform.The research results of this paper provides a foundation for the construction of a practical EIT system.

Key words:
Electrical impedance tomography; Current source; Field programmable gate array; Digital demodulation


Background  Considerable information has been gathered on the functional organization of enteric neuronal circuitries regulating gastrointestinal motility. However, little is known about the neuropathophysiological mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal motor disorders.


Agriculture has long been considered a great source of nitrogen (N) to surface waters and a major cause of eutrophication. Thus, management practices at the farm-scale have since attempted to mitigate the N losses, although often limited in tile-drained agricultural catchments, which speed up the N transport, while minimizing natural removal in the landscape. In this context, surface-flow constructed wetlands (SFWs) have been particularly implemented as an edge-of-field strategy to intercept tile drains and reduce the N loads by re-establishing ecosystems services of previously drained water ponded areas. These systems collect the incoming water volumes in basins sufficiently large to prolong the hydraulic residence time to a degree where biogeochemical processes between the water, soil, sediments, plants, macro and microorganisms can mediate the removal of N. Despite their documented suitability, great intra and inter-variability in N treatment is still observed to date. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the driving factors behind performance of SFWs, in order to support their successful implementation according to local catchment characteristics, and ensure compliance with N removal goals. This review contextualizes the aforementioned issue, and critically evaluates the influence of hydrochemistry, hydrology and biogeochemistry in the treatment of N by SFWs.


Some of the most challenging Post operative complication include Abnormal wound healing (non healing, delayed healing), a wound infection, Post surgical bleeding from a wound. ymptoms of Post operative wound complication depend on type of complication. It may includes, swelling, redness, tenderness, or warmth around wounds. Additional symptoms may include bleeding or drainage from wound, or separation of wound edges. Standard treatment includes Antibiotic coverage and local wound care, including packing. Failure of primary treatment leads to further surgery with skin flap and free grafts. To overcome all problems mentioned above and to prevent the adverse effect of Allopathic drugs, and it is a ray of hope from Ayurveda the present study is planned to evolve an effective treatment by Ayurvedic approach in the Post operative wound management. Hence in this study an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of Yashtimadhu ghrita as Antiseptic and Bacteriocidal in Post operative wounds, which has vrana ropana, shothgna action apart from properties like daha samana, shulahara, rakta sthambaka.he trial drug proved statistically significant in early wound healing in minor surgical wounds. The results revealed that the estimated treatment shown significant improvement (p< 0.01) in all cardinal sign and symptoms. However the statistical observations reveals that Yashtimadhu ghrita was found efficacious in wound healing phenomenon. The present study proved that the ancient management is safe, easily available devoid of complications and has better acceptability.


【Objectives】To study the preparation of thiolated chitosan and thiolated chitosan-plasmid DNA (pDNA) nanoparticles, and to investigate transfection activities of thiolated chitosan-based nanoparticles to Hela cells in vitro.【Methods】Thiolated chitosan was prepared in the synthesis reaction of chitosan and thioglycolic acid by the catalysis of 1-thyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodoomide hydrochloride (EDAC). Infrared spectrum of product was measured by Fourier transform infrared detector,and the degree of thiol groups modification of thiolated chitosan was determined by 5, 5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoiol acid) (DTNB) assay. Nanoparticles were synthesized through complex coacervation thiolated chitosan vector with pcDNA 3.1 (+)-EGFP, the Latter acting as the reporter gene. The diameter and surface charge of the nanoparticles were determined by Zetasize and grainsize analyzer. The nanoparticles were treated by DNase I, then depolymerized by heparin, and integrity of plasmid gene was measured by gel electrophoresis. The transfection activities of the thiolated chitosan-pcDNA 3.1 (+)-EGFP nanoparticles to HeLa cells were assessed in vitro. The cytotoxity of the nanoparticles to HeLa cells was examined with the MTT assay. 【Results】Infrared spectrum showed that chitosan is thiolatized by the catalysis of EDAC. DTNB assay exhibit that 1 gram of thiolated chitosan processed (202.85±3.05) μmol thiol groups (n=6). Grainsize and Zetasize analyzer showed thiolated chitosan-pcDNA 3.1(+)-EGFP nanoparticles were 288.7 nm in average size and + (25.2±2.1) mV of zeta electric potential. The encapsulated pDNA protection against DNase I degradation was confirmed by DNase I protection test. The nanoparticles were shown to transfect HeLa cells effectively in transfection experiment in vitro and showed no cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. 【Conclusions】Reporter genes were effectively expressed by the HeLa cells when transfected by thiolated chitosan-pcDNA 3.1 (+)-EGFP nonaparticles constructed by the technology. So thiolated chitosan may serve as a promising nonviral gene vector for gene transfer and gene therapy.


Care-supporting policies incentivise women's withdrawal from the labour market, thereby reinforcing statistical discrimination and further undermining equality of opportunities between women and men for positions of advantage. This, I argue, is not sufficient reason against such policies. Supporting care also improves the overall condition of disadvantaged women who are care-givers; justice gives priority to the latter. Moreover, some of the most advantageous existing jobs entail excessive benefits; we should discount the value of allocating such jobs meritocratically. Further, women who have a real chance to occupy positions of advantage have most likely already enjoyed more than their fair share of opportunities; they lack a claim to more. Women can have a complaint grounded in the expressive disvalue of sexist discrimination. This gives them special claims against men occupying the vast majority of top positions and against their higher share of opportunities for positions of advantage. But their claim does not speak against care-supporting policies.


Based on the 2 × 2 contingency table, and by adopting χ2-test, variance ratio (VR), Pearson's correlation, and Spearman's rank correlation, a quantitative study was conducted on the interspecific association among the 300 species pairs of 25 dominant species in Forsythia suspensa communities in Taiyue Mountain, Shanxi of China. The variance analysis showed that the overall interspecific association of the 25 dominant species was not significant, and the species distribution was relatively independent. The χ2 test showed that there were 138 species pairs in positive association, and 150 species pairs in negative association, with the association ratio being 0.92. The Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that 100 species pairs were in positive association, and 199 species pairs were in negative association, with the association ratio being 0.5. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test showed that 121 species pairs were in positive association, and 179 species pairs were in negative association, with the association ratio being 0.67. Compared with χ2 test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient tests had higher sensitivity. According to the adaptation ways of the species to the environment and the leading ecological factors, in combination with principal components analysis, the 25 dominant species were divided into four ecological species groups.