Dendrobium johannis Rchb.f. is an endemic orchid and has been cultivated in Merauke with conventional cultivation techniques through the separation of its clumps and tillers which requires 2-3 months to grow. Accelerating the Keiki formation can be applicated with an organic PGR (plant growth regulators) such as coconut water. This study was aimed to determine the effect of immersion time in several concentration levels of coconut water on the Keiki formation and pseudobulbs flowering in Johannis orchids. The study used randomized block design with two factors (the time of pseudobulb immersion in coconut water and its concentrations) with three replications. The result showed that interactions do not affect to Keiki formation and vegetative growth, but significantly affect the generative growth. The best treatment to increase the number of flower bud per stalk of the inflorescence is 4 hours soaking time with 500 ml l concentration which generated 2.67 flower buds.


The revised-Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST; Gray & McNaughton, 2000) proposes three neurologically-based systems underlie behaviour, the Behavioural Approach System (BAS), the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS), and the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS). Central to the revision of RST is the parsing of fear (FFFS) and Anxiety (BIS). Based on the findings of Blanchard and Blanchard (1989), Gray and McNaughton (2000) predict that fear is associated with orientation away from threat, while anxiety is associated with orientation toward threat. Perkins and Corr (2006) demonstrated support for this hypothesis using trait measures of anxiety and fear that were not specifically developed to measure RST. In a sample of 197 participants, the current thesis attempted to replicate and extend the Perkins and Corr (2006) study with the use of two newly developed measures of the RST, namely the Jackson-5 (Jackson, 2009) and the RST-PQ (Corr & Cooper, in prep). The Threat Scenario Questionnaire, developed by Blanchard et al. (2001) was used to measure defensive reactions. Contrary to expectations, the BIS and FFFS failed to predict orientation towards threat and orientation away from threat respectively. These findings suggest further refinement of the measures is necessary to test the predictions of RST.


Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) model tests of tunnel excavation with nearby existing foundation are carried out to investigate the influence of the existing foundation due to the interaction between ground and the existing structures. Three types of foundations: flat foundation, group-pile foundation and piled raft are considered. 2D and 3D finite element analyses using subloading tij model are also conducted. The deformation mechanism and distribution of earth pressure during tunnel excavation in the ground with nearby foundation are found to be different from those of green field condition. Surface settlement trough due to tunnel excavation in the ground with existing foundation does not follow the usual pattern of a Gaussian distributive curve, which can be observed in the case of green field. Especially, in the case of pile foundation, Dp, the distance between pile tip and tunnel is an important factor for the ground deformation and surface settlement. For a short distance Dp, although the length of pile is long, the ground deformation is concentrated at a place near the front pile and the rotation of foundation becomes larger. The maximum surface settlement in the case of existing foundation is also larger than those in the case of green field. Due to the existing foundation, unsymmetrical distributions of earth pressure occurred at the bottom of the ground due to tunnel excavation, both in model tests and numerical analyses. The earth pressure at the crown of tunnel in the case of existing foundation is almost the same as those in the case of green field. The arching at the shoulder of tunnel in the case of existing foundation, however, is much larger than those in the case of green field due to the dead load exerted on the foundation. The numerical results agree well with the results of the model tests.


The clothes handling apparatus of the control apparatus and control method are disclosed. The invention can be predicted when the estimated stroke setting of the clothes handling apparatus power consumption or detected, and according to an energy source based on the estimated power consumption of greenhouse gas emissions, or a consumption rate. The present invention is based on the recommended administration set conditions provided by the clothes handling apparatus may set a reasonable administration, and an additional complex is easy without having a power detection circuit to power consumption of the clothes handling apparatus, according to an energy source It can be used to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions or consumption rates. Power consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, consumption rates, sleep tips


The method includes establishing address switching application gateway log-in table on router and each table item for a kind of application protocol, defining a interface processing, callback function in NAT, making special processing for callback function interface if a new application protocol is to be supported by NAT, setting up relevant application protocol processing function as per its message and to log-in it into application gateway log-in table. In the communication course, the application protocol is identified by looking up the gateway log-in table and address switching for application gate way can be realized by logged-in application protocol callback function if any new protocol is occured.


Two syntheses of the class-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor 1 are reported. In the first, eight-step entailing synthesis, the key transformations were a highly efficient [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition affording trans-rac-5 and its resolution. In the second, asymmetric approach, the key steps were a highly selective asymmetric hydrogenation to produce the cis-(S,S)-3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine 18 followed by an amide formation with simultaneous chiral inversion of the carboxy stereocenter to generate the key intermediate trans-(R,S)-3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine 19. The overall yield increased from ∼6% for the resolution approach to ∼26% for the enantioselective approach.


The glutathione-S-transferase (GSTase) had been suggested as a possible metabolic enzyme related to insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L. and other insects. Although the GSTase was studied in many insects, it had not been thoroughly investigated in the DBM. In this study, GSTase was purified either by the traditional protein purification method or the affinity chromatographic method. The affinity chromatographic method was proven to offer a much simpler purification procedure and resulted in higher yield and purer grade of GSTase. The purification factors of GSTase by the affinity chromatography are 32.1 and 24.9 for resistant and susceptible DBM strains. The total activity of GSTase is higher in the resistant DBM, which was agreed with the previous observation that the organophosphate-resistant DBM possessed 2-4 fold higher GSTase activity than the susceptible DBM. After affinity chromatographic purification, only a single protein band was obtained in the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis study, and the GSTase activity staining indicated the active zone is close but not totally matched the location of protein band. The explanation is unknown and needs further investigation. The molecular weight of DBM larval GSTase was measured at 45,000-46,500 daltons compared to other standard calibration proteins in the gel filtration columns, and is similar to the molecular weight of GSTases in housefly.


The paper presents a summary of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) applications at Eurocopter to support the qualification and certification of its helicopters. As CFD methods advance due to higher computer power, more accurate physical and numerical modelling and higher mesh densities, simulation accuracy increases as well as the trust in the results of CFD simulations by aviation authorities. Consequently new opportunities arise to apply CFD. One of such opportunities is the support of qualification and certification processes, wherein the functionality of the helicopter or parts has to be proved towards the customer/client (qualification) or aviation authorities such as EASA or/ and FAA (certification). Based on examples the opportunities, difficulties and particulars to be considered are explained.


The invention relates to a method for cultivating gastrodia elata by mulberry branches. The method comprises the following steps: (1) smashing mulberry branches to be the size of soybean; (2) adding wheat bran, wheat bran and other assistant blending material; (3) packing and then binding; (4) sterilizing; (5) cooling; (6)inoculating; (7) breeding bacteria; (8) excavating and planting after hyphae are fully grown. The technology is to use the sheared branches of the mulberry tree as bacteria material every year, and plant gastrodia elata by using a clinker bacteria packet according to the property that the texture of the mulberry branch is softer than that of other weed trees. On the basis of satisfying the requirements of planting gastrodia elata, the method effectively promotes the utilization rate of the mulberry branches, effectively relieve the situation of serious consumption of a gastrodia elata planting area, effectively use the excessive resources of the silkworm industry, extend the economic industry chain of silkworm breeding and mulberry growing and improve the economic benefit of the silkworm industry; besides, the method can promote the social comprehensive coordinative sustainable development. The gastrodia elata cultivated by the method is richer in nutrition, excludes heavy metal ions and is better is functions.


A subject guide listing library and course resources for students enrolled in finance courses at UTM. Where and how to find books.


Parinari curatellifolia and other Parinari species are used traditionally in many parts of Africa as a remedy for malaria among other diseases. To ascertain this folkloric claim, the antiplasmodial potential of ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (EEPCSB) and n-hexane extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (HEPCSB) on Plasmodium falciparum was studied. Parasites were grown in a 96-well plate containing Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640. The wells were grouped into: control (untreated), artemether-treated, EEPCSB-treated and HEPCSB-treated groups. Treatments were administered to the tune of 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/ml. Parasitemia was observed by microscopy after 24, 48 and 72h of incubation. EEPCSB and HEPCSB elicited dose and duration-dependent reduction (p<0.05) in parasitemia when compared with the untreated group. The recorded percentage parasite inhibition by the extracts was lower (p<0.05) when compared with artemether. There was no difference (p>0.05) in plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase activity of EEPCSB-treated and artemether-treated groups. Findings from this study show that extracts of P. curatellifolia stem bark, especially EEPCSB, demonstrated excellent inhibitory activities against P. falciparum and can be a good source of compounds for the development of novel antimalarial drugs.


Agreement between the united nations and the government of the republic of korea regarding the headquarters of the asian and pacific training centre for information and communication technology for development. Bangkok, 31 january 2006


of this luxury item on early swords here and in the Aegean, and asked whether the ivory came already attached to the sword or was added locally at a time when, outside the NE, there is little or no other sign of ivory working? K. appears to have changed his opinion since Alaas on the Cypriot origin of iron working in the Aegean, saying that the Skales cemetery 'offers much supportive material for this view', which is perhaps to overstate the evidence which also shows that the Cypriots continued to prefer for some time bronze for their spearheads and kept generally to bronze for their fibulae. Compared with the considerable number of NE imported vases, on which K. and Bikai comment, the lack of any Aegean import in the cemetery is, as K notes, remarkable. Up to c. 950 (the end of CG I) this causes no very great surprise, but in CG II (c. 950-850) and CG III (c. 850-750), with some 13 and 14 tombs in use respectively, some return might be expected from the Aegean, such as is evident at Salamis, Kition and Amathus. This is all the more surprising, perhaps, when K., taking into account the unprecedented number of NE pots in the cemetery, concludes with reason that this may indicate either that Old Paphos 'was by far the most important trading centre of Cyprus during the CG I—II periods' or that the Phoenicians ' had started their westward trade earlier than had been believed'. Can it be that we have been exaggerating the importance of Cyprus as a NE intermediary for the early Aegean world, or is it that western Cyprus played little part in it? Apart from the question why the cemetery begins in CG I (without any certain LC IIIB burial), we may ask why only one tomb was in use from CG I into II, and only two, of which the above is included, from CG I into CG III (somewhat simplifying K.'s natural chronological uncertainties in some cases). Against this, seven tombs are solely CG IA and five solely CG IA-B, with no later burials. Again, with the same reservations over dating, seven are restricted to CG II with only four others continuing from CG II into III. There are many possible family or social reasons behind these hints of discontinuity, and for a well-based consideration of this and of the many other issues, K. has given us the factual information we require, a vast amount of material, admirably and fully documented, produced with a speed that completely outweighs any criticism regarding aspects (mostly subjective anyway) which, ideally, we would have liked to be considered in more detail.


Context: A tertiary study can be performed to identify related reviews on a topic of interest. However, the elaboration of an appropriate and effective search string to detect secondary studies is challenging for Software Engineering (SE) researchers. Objective: The main goal of this study is to propose a suitable search string to detect secondary studies in SE, addressing issues such as the quantity of applied terms, relevance, recall and precision. Method: We analyzed seven tertiary studies under two perspectives: (1) structure – strings' terms to detect secondary studies; and (2) field: where searching – titles alone or abstracts alone or titles and abstracts together, among others. We validate our string by performing a twostep validation process. Firstly, we evaluated the capability to retrieve secondary studies over a set of 1537 secondary studies included in 24 tertiary studies in SE. Secondly, we evaluated the general capacity of retrieving secondary studies over an automated search using the Scopus digital library. Results: Our string was capable to retrieve an optimum value of over 90% of the included secondary studies (recall) with a high general precision of almost 60%. Conclusion: The suitable search string for finding secondary studies in SE contains the terms "systematic review", "literature review", "systematic mapping", "mapping study" and "systematic map".


Values of R = UC/UT for deep inelastic electron-nucleon scattering have been derived from several experiments with incident electron energies up to 20 Gev. Included are previously unpublished measurements at intermediate angles (largely at 15O and 18O). An average value of R = 0.2220.1 is obtained for the kinematic region covered by the experiments. No significant kinematic dependence of R is observed. A table of extracted values of the structure functions, VWZ and 2MW1, is also presented.


A new exemplar-based framework unifying image completion, texture synthesis and image inpainting is presented in this work. Contrary to existing greedy techniques, these tasks are posed in the form of a discrete global optimization problem with a well defined objective function. For solving this problem a novel optimization scheme, called Priority- BP, is proposed which carries two very important extensions over standard belief propagation (BP): "prioritybased message scheduling" and "dynamic label pruning". These two extensions work in cooperation to deal with the intolerable computational cost of BP caused by the huge number of existing labels. Moreover, both extensions are generic and can therefore be applied to any MRF energy function as well. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated on a wide variety of image completion examples.


EV(Electric Vehicle) Quick Charger converts AC Power to DC Power, and during this energy conversion switching loss turns out to be heating phenomena and cooling fan operation begins. With this operation of cooling fan, noise is generated. Korea Electric Power Corporation regulates noise levels by 65 ㏈ so that it could avoid any suit from people living nearby the equipment. In this paper, critical factors to quality have been found through 6 sigma methodology, using 3 factors 2 level matrix experimental methodology. The best condition for measurement of noise in EV Quick charger operation was turn out to be such a conditon that suppression of test ground reflection, weather condition, angle between microphone direction and noise propagation, measurement horizontal & altitude distance should be considered so that we can reduce more than 30 % of noise level reduction.


Over the last several decades, the remarkable advances were given in clinical and preclinical science. We have been fortunate to witness the integration of multiple areas of discovery in science and medicine to push the envelope for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders that can affect the body, especially in the colon disease [1]. In developed countries, life expectancy continues to increase. With the increasing growth and lifetime of the world's people, it is expected that the incidence of a number of diseases also will continue to grow [2].


Enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob for ethanol fermentation from cellulosic hydrolysate was investigated.Corncob pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid was hydrolyzed by the cellulase from Trichoderma reesei ZU-02 at 50 ℃,pH value 4.8,and the hydrolysis yield was only 67.5 % due to poor cellobiase activity in T.reesei ZU-02 cellulase.Addition of cellobiase from Aspergillus niger ZU-07 greatly reduced the inhibitory effect caused by cellobiose,and the hydrolysis yield was improved to 83.9 % with cellobiase dosage of 6.5 CBIU/g substrate.A hydrolysis process using batch-wise feed was carried out to get a final substrate concentration of 200 g/L and the hydrolysis yield reached 80.1 % after 60 h reaction.Furthermore,ethanol fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysate containing 95.3 g/L glucose was performed at 38 ℃ using a thermotolerant strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae HTR-11,45.7 g/L ethanol was obtained within 18 h and ethanol yield reached 94 % of the theoretical yield.


Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic and clinical profile of women from Rondônia, Western Amazonia (Brazil), diagnosed with the main types of cancer, over a period of 3 years. Materials and Methods: The methodological design followed the characteristics of a documentary, transversal and descriptive study, based on the raw data produced and sectorized, according to the methodological model recommended by Paraguassú-Chaves et al [4]. We used an instrument developed by Paraguassú-Chaves [5], semi-structured, divided into two blocks: (a) Block I sociodemographic profile of women with cancer and (b) Block II clinical profile of women with cancer. The research coordinator asked the Human Research Ethics Committee to waive the Free and Informed Consent Term. The research works with primary data from an official source of the public health service in Rondônia. Results: The age group from 40 to 59 years old prevailed, brown skin color, little education, married women, smokers and 89% referred by SUS. Breast, cervical and skin cancers were the most common. The oncology clinic was responsible for the entry of 89.6% of women with cancer. At the entrance to the oncology clinic women without treatment and advanced stages of the disease predominated, with a diagnosis confirmed by histological examination and with a single primary tumor. It prevailed "Other therapeutic procedures used. 23.8% of women with cancer have a family history of cancer. At the end of the 1st treatment, 71% of the patients have the disease in progress. 6.3% of women diagnosed with cancer died. Cancer of the stomach, liver, bronchi and lungs, breast and cervix caused deaths in women in Rondônia. Conclusions: The results presented are in accordance with the data of most studies carried out by Paraguassú-Chaves et al [3], [4], [6] and Paraguassú-Chaves [5] in Rondônia. In recent years, there has been an exponential growth of cancer in women in Rondônia. What is expected is that this research can serve as a basis for planning, executing and evaluating actions to promote, prevent, control and treat cancer in women in Rondônia. Keywords— cancer in women. sociodemographic profile. clinical profile. Rondônia. Western Amazonia. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-7, Issue-5, May2020] https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.75.43 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O) www.ijaers.com Page | 353


Background: Spinal anesthesia is a simple technique that provides a fast surgical block. It has certain limitations such as limited duration of the blockade and post‐operative analgesia. Materials and Methods: This randomized study was conducted in 60 patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Classes I and II aged between 20 and 50 years scheduled for elective lower limb orthopedic surgery. Patients were randomly divided into three groups of 20 each. Group I patients received bupivacaine (0.5%) 2.5 ml with MgSO4 (50%) 0.1 ml, Group II patients received bupivacaine (0.5%) 2.5 ml with fentanyl (50 mg/ml) 0.5 ml, whereas Group III patients received bupivacaine (0.5%) 2.5 ml with MgSO4 (50%) 0.1 ml and fentanyl (50 mg/ml) 0.5 ml, to a total volume of 3.1 ml in each group. The parameters assessed were onset and duration of sensory block, time to reach the maximum height of the sensory block, duration of analgesia, and incidence of side effects. Results: It was found that in Group I, there was a significant delay in the onset of sensory block and time to reach maximum sensory block level when compared with Groups II and III. While the duration of sensory and motor block was significantly higher in Group III than Groups I and II. The moreover, duration of analgesia was prolonged when compared with Group II. In addition of magnesium sulfate provide, a more stable hemodynamic profile and causes less side effects. Conclusion: The addition of 50 mg magnesium sulfate as adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine significantly prolongs duration of analgesia with a lesser side effect. It is suggested that magnesium may be a useful adjuvant to opioids for spinal anesthesia.


Simple Summary Nowadays, the number of malignancies diagnosed during pregnancy is increasing. Despite the fact that diagnosis is occurring on a global scale, their number is still too limited to prepare proper standards of treatment. These problems appear specifically in the least developed countries. The aim of our review is to bring ovarian cancer (OC) as a complication of pregnancy to the attention of doctors and other medical professionals who have to cope with these rare cases. We noted that a variety of malignancies can be included under the heading "ovarian cancer", and we describe obstetric and patient outcomes, which depend on the histopathology of the tumor. We focus on the current recommendations for diagnostics and treatment, and present future possibilities for the management of OC. Abstract The frequency of concomitant adnexal tumors in pregnancy is reported to be at 0.15–5.7%, while ovarian cancer complicates 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 32,000 pregnancies, being the second most common gynecologic cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. The aim of this review is to discuss the problem of ovarian cancer complicating pregnancy and the current recommendations for diagnostics and treatment, with an emphasis on the risk to the fetus. A detailed analysis of the literature found in the PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the keywords "ovarian cancer", "ovarian malignancy", "adnexal masses", "ovarian tumor" and "pregnancy" was performed. There were no studies on a large series of pregnant women treated for ovarian malignancies and the management has not been well established. The diagnostics and therapeutic procedures need to be individualized with respect to the histopathology of the tumor, its progression, the gestational age at the time of diagnosis and the mother's decisions regarding pregnancy preservation. The multidisciplinary cooperation of specialists in perinatal medicine, gynecological oncology, chemotherapy, neonatology and psychology seems crucial in order to obtain the best possible maternal and neonatal outcomes.


During a 6-month period one of the authors reviewed 200 consecutive abdominal or abdominal/pelvic CT examinations using the worksheet shown in Table 1 . All examinations had been performed on a GE 8800 CT/T scanner (Milwaukee, WI) with dynamic scanning capabilities. Oral and IV contrast media were administered in most cases. All had previously been interpreted and reported by one of eight other board-certified radiologists. Two of these individuals had had fellowship training in body CT and the other six had had more practical CT experience than the reviewer at the time of the study. The retrospective reviews were carried out within 2 weeks of the first interpretation and report. The reviewer had access to the same clinical information that the original radiologists had, but he did not have the original reports. The reviewer meticulously followed the worksheet, checking every item as either normal or abnormal and concisely describing each abnormality. These results then were compared with the original reports. Only positive findings of possible clinical significance in terms of diagnosis, treatment, or follow-up were considered.


E-government is one of innovation phenomenon that is done by its country bureaucracy system. Innovations are applied to support organization performance. But they aren't enough to reach the goal. The environmental strategic factors become innovation strategy that done to improve performance. While they can't be applied without nothing keys successful. Implementing this analysis into both of union management is done to find keys successful innovations strategy implementing. Keywords—Appraisal; Environmental Strategic; Innovation; Keys Successful Strategy


A Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) measure titled Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antiretroviral (acronym CEAT-VIH) is currently available in paper-and-pencil and digital (online assessment) formats. Due to the advantages of online assessment, the main objective of this work was to evaluate psychometric properties of the online version, in an international sample, to accumulate evidence of its validity and provide score norms for the questionnaire. A psychometric study was performed with an international sample of 1,470 participants, from 30 countries, to accumulate evidence of CEAT-VIH validity regarding internal structure and related external criterion (e.g., viral load, number of pills, and AIDS-related symptoms). Descriptive statistics and normative data for scores are also presented. The majority of participants were men (72.4%), aged 15 to 78 years old (M = 39.3, SD = 12.6). A unidimensional model with five facets occurred as the observed variables converged, which presented a good model fit (comparative fit index [CFI] = 1.000; Tucker–Lewis index [TLI] = 0.999; standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.027; and root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] [90% confidence interval, CI] = 0.009 [0.000, 0.038], p = .995). There was a weak invariance for the CEAT-VIH structure for language versions and countries. Cronbach's alpha values for the instrument (17 items) were acceptable across language versions (.88-.96). Evidence of validity related to external criteria was achieved by associations (e.g., Spearman and Mann–Whitney) between CEAT-VIH scores and relevant clinical (e.g., CD4+ cells, viral load, number of pills, and AIDS-related symptoms) and sociodemographic (e.g., gender, age, employment status, education level, place of residence, and participation at local AIDS association) variables. In conclusion, the overall data on the evaluated psychometric properties allow recommendation of the use of this instrument in research and applied settings.


This is a series of letters written between a widely published law school professor and the student editor of a law review to which the professor has submitted an article.


New results on development of the Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) technique using the interference of several beams to directly ablate the material are presented. The method is capable of producing sub-wavelength features not limited by a beam spot size and is an effective method of forming two-dimensional periodic structures on relatively large area with just a single laser shot. Surface texturing speed of DLIP method and the direct laser writing was compared. Fabrication time reduction up to a few orders of magnitude using DLIP was evaluated. The sub-period scanning technique was applied for formation of the complex periodic structures. A new method of laser scanning for fabrication of periodic structures on large areas without any visible stitching signs between laser irradiation spots was tested.


Recently, we have witnessed the remarkable development in high-speed railways around the world. To provide a robust and fast wireless network for the onboard passengers, we have earlier proposed smart collaborative networking for railways (SCN-R). In the realization of SCN-R, its security is challenged by potential exploitation of authentication vulnerabilities since traditional authentication mechanisms are unsuitable for scenarios with fast moving objects due to their complex and relatively timely operations. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a new efficient authentication mechanism, which is based on a new design of chaotic random number generator (RNG). Comparing with the recent proposal relying on the precise boundaries of chaotic map state spaces, our RNG uses two logistic maps to avoid the time-consuming boundary location process. The proposed authentication mechanism uses the RNG to generate and validate the one-time password (OTP). To support different authentication applications, different lengths of OTPs can be used to differentiate and identify the applications. We have implemented our proposed authentication mechanism under real-world conditions, with results showing the feasibility and effectiveness of our authentication mechanism.


This essay explores the polemical context in which Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter. It pays particular attention to the Whig movement for moral reform in antebellum America, which sought to merge church and state. Democrats like Hawthorne took exception to this attempt to establish ''moral government'' in America. His novel argues for an ideal of personal freedom in moral matters and criticizes the Whig attempt to impose restrictive moral norms on human, especially sexual, proclivities that Democrats such as Hawthorne felt were embodiments of spirituality in nature. The novel refers obliquely to contemporary religious debates that have been ignored by scholars, such as that concerning Horace Bushnell's God in Christ, a book whose presence in Hawthorne's novel is palpable. Bushnell was put on trial for heresy in 1849, as Hawthorne was composing his novel. In the novel, Hawthorne enters those debates and takes the side of natural religion against the Whig ideal of moral


The transmission and reflection properties of a waveguide resonator with DBRs are described near and at the Bragg condition using the method of coupled waves. Different grating configurations characterized by their coupling coefficients, attentuation parameters, and geometric dimensions are included to investigate symmetrical and asymmetrical resonator configurations. Possibilities of realizing tunable systems and optically bistable devices are also mentioned.


Consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person. Consanguinity is prevalent in many middle eastern and Arab cultures and societies. Genetic disorders and congenital abnormalities occur in about 2%-5% of all live births, account for up to 30% of paediatric hospital admissions and cause about 50% of childhood deaths in industrialised countries. To determine the prevalence of consanguineous marriages, type of consanguinity and to determine the role of consanguinity on congenital malformations so as to create awareness. Retrospective hospital based study with consecutive sampling of 1552 babies in Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital over a period of 12 months from January to December 2015.Out of 1552 babies 61 babies were having congenital malformations. Malformed babies were noted in 8 % of consanguineous marriages versus 1 % in non-consanguineous marriages, with P value of 0.04 which is statistically significant. In conclusion, congenital malformations are more in consanguineous marriages i.e., consanguinity may play important role in high rates of malformations in children. In order to prevent, genetic counselling before marriage must be applied for all couples because they may have family history of genetic disorders and especially consanguineous couples.


Single-crystalline silicon is well known to be a poor thermoelectric material due to its high thermal conductivity. Most excellent research has focused on ways to decrease its thermal conductivity while retaining acceptably large power factors (PFs). Less effort has been spent to enhance the PF in poly and nanocrystalline silicon, instead. Here we show that in boron-hyperdoped nanocrystalline thin films PF may be increased up to 33 mW K$^{-2}$m$^{-1}$ at 300 K when hydrogen embedded in the film during deposition is removed. The result makes nanocrystalline Si a realistic competitor of Bi$_2$Te$_3$ for low-temperature heat harvesting, also due to its greater geo-availability and lower cost.


Budget deficit is defined as the difference between what a government spends and what it collects in taxes in a given period. If the government expenditures exceed revenue, the government must borrow to finance the deficit. In contrast, if government revenue exceeds expenditures, this means that government is spending less than it is collecting in taxes and the government is running a surplus. A budget surplus is simply a negative budget deficit (Case and Fair, 2007). On the other hand, trade deficit occurs when a country's exports of goods and services are less than its imports of goods and services in a given period. The reverse is called a trade surplus. These two deficits are also known as ''twin deficits'' which appears as ''Siamese Twins'' that could not be separated (Feldstein, 1992).


The Scottish scientist and explorer William S Bruce married Miss Jessie Mackenzie from the village of Nigg (four miles north-east of Cromarty), Ross and Cromarty, in 1901. She had been a nurse in his father Samuel's medical practice in London.


A noise‐canceling processor is developed for matched‐field processing problems involving a signal buried in noise. This processor is based on modeling both signal and noise and searching the space of unknown parameters to achieve the best agreement between covariances. The noise‐canceling processor reduces to the Bartlett processor in the limit of high signal‐to‐noise ratio. The examples illustrate the localization of a source obscured by interference from ambient noise or a second source. The noise‐canceling processor is also applied to localize a silent object using scattered ambient noise.


It is a long way to develop a DSP system from theory analysis to software simulation further to hardware implement which is always low in efficiency.The way using DSP Builder can speed up this process,it can quickly set up the model,simulate the algorithm in the software,and implement the function in the hardware.Particularly using the Hardware in Loop(HIL)block which introduces the hardware into the simulation loop makes hardware and software co-simulation possible under the test environment created by Simulink.The examples of the multi-functional modulator based on Direct Digital Synthesizer(DDS)technique(which can be applied to DMB-TH)and the interlever and the deinterlever according to DMB-TH are designed to study this mechanism.Good result achieves from high efficient exploitation.


A new species, Octocryptus kalesarensis, collected during night from the light source in the forest of Kalesar (Haryana: India), has been described. It does not approach close to known species and has been named after its locality. It is black, covered with small brown scales. Prothoracic margins crenulate and posterior angles truncated. There is no subapical process of parameres, the latter is shorter than aedeagus.


Abstract. Birds are expected to orient their nests non-randomly in order to avoid extreme thermal conditions that are known to affect their reproductive success. Considering the hypotheses that yearly mean temperature influences entrance orientation in birds, nests at higher latitudes are expected to face the equator in order to take advantage of warmer temperatures. Here we explore the relationship between latitude and nest entrance orientation in closed nests of Passeriformes in the southern Neotropics (Furnariidae, Rhinocryptidae, Troglodytidae, Tyrannidae), using both published and original data. We found a positive and significant correlation between mean entrance orientation and latitude, and report significantly non-random nest orientation at 62% of the locations with available samples. Overall, there is a trend for nests at lower latitudes to have north-northeasterly orientations, and for nests at higher latitudes to be oriented northwest. The reasons for the observed trends remain unclear, but likely involve the availability and intensity of solar radiation and its effect upon the nest microclimate.


This article looks at recent developments in the law relating to local authorities' responsibility for providing accommodation for asylum seekers. It contrasts the position of failed asylum seekers and other classes of persons who are ineligible for community care services.


The optimum microwave extraction technology of betaine from Lycium barbarum leaves was studied and the impacts of every technology parameter on extraction rate of betaine were investigated.Extraction rate of betaine was taken as index.L9(34) orthogonal design and analysis of variance were adopted to optimize the technological conditions of microwave extraction of betaine.The results showed that the rate of solid and liquid,extraction time and microwave power were 1:10(g:ml),20min,200w,respectively,and the average of betaine extraction rate was up to 4.48%.The technology was simple,stable and feasible.


Johan Andreas der Mouw (1863-1919) became a poet in his late forties after a long career as a scholar of classic literature and philosophy. After having searched for the meaning of life in the Protestantism of his youth, which he despised later on, and scholarship, he now turned to the Indian notion of brahmanism and displayed it in his poetry. Christianism however, continued to influence him. This article focuses on the importance of the figure of Christ in his poetry, and on the way Der Mouw uses it to expose his opinions and questions about both religion and poetry.


Dendrite‐induced short circuit and capacity loss present major barriers to high‐energy‐density lithium (Li) metal batteries. Many approaches have been proposed to regulate or restrain the formation of Li dendrite, yet it has not been fully eliminated. Herein, a dredging tactic with hemisphere‐like concaves is designed to horizontally release the stress during Li deposition, making both upper smooth Li and nether granular Li dwell inside the compartmented tummy. With such protuberance‐free Li metal anode, an ultrahigh Coulombic efficiency over 96% of the half‐cell is maintained after 490 cycles and capacity retention of 100% for the full cell paired with a LiFePO4 cathode after 140 cycles (with low N/P ratio of ≈5) is achieved simultaneously. This study contributes to a deeper comprehension of electrochemical metal deposition and promotes the development of safe batteries.


Detonation velocities were measured in mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen containing 25 to 75 mole % hydrogen at initial temperatures from 160° to 580°K. and initial pressures from 1/2 to 2 atm. The measurements were made in a number of tubes of different diameter to permit extrapolation to a tube of infinite diameter. Theoretical detonation characteristics were computed for the same range of conditions. The measured and computed velocities are in good agreement except in rich mixtures and at subatmospheric pressures. Schlieren photographs reveal that the detonation wave front is very thin for a stoichiometric mixture but degenerates to a complicated zone of interacting shock waves and turbulent combustion as the percentage of hydrogen is reduced. The detonation velocity is found to depend only slightly on initial temperature and pressure. The computed pressures behind the detonation and reflected waves are roughly proportional to initial pressure and to the reciprocal of the initial temperature.


A b s t r a c t . There are five species of musk deer of the genus Moschus, in China, occurring in about 17 provinces. We estimate the total numbers in China to be between 220,000 and 320,000. In some areas the populations are in decline, and some are close to extinction due to over-hunting and habitat loss or degradation, the former being the primary threat to musk deer populations. To conserve musk deer, in situ protection should be improved, and the present unsustainable forest exploitation in the range areas should be halted. Poaching of musk deer, and smuggling of musk deer products, should be prevented. Domestic use of musk should be restricted. In some areas where musk deer have become extinct or are critically endangered, ex situ protection should be introduced. Musk deer farming should be revised and developed according to biological requirements.


Managing capacity at regional facilities caring for sick neonates is increasingly challenging. This study estimated the clinical and economic impact of the elective transfer of stable infants requiring nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) from level three to level two neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) within an established clinical network of five NICUs.


Industrial and agricultural systems often generate wastes such as plastics and egg shell wastes. Disposal of these wastes is usually a problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using plastic and egg shell wastes together with white cement in the production of floor tile materials. The waste was collected from kitchens and waste disposal facilities within Juja constituency, Kenya. The materials were cleaned and dried; and plastics were shredded while egg shells were crushed. Waste materials were then mixed with white cement in different proportions. Compressive strength tests were carried out to determine the suitability of using such solid wastes in making floor tiles. Crushed egg shells passing through the 1.2 mm sieve and shredded plastics with an average diameter of to 1 to 2 mm were used. Cubes were cast and cured for 28 days. The compressive strength of the cubes was tested using a universal testing machine. The study found that addition of up to 50% cement resulted in more than 10 fold increase in the compressive strength of the cast cubes. Addition of plastics decreased the compressive strength of the cubes while addition of egg shells had insignificant effect on compressive strength. Increasing the quantity of plastics and egg shells resulted in elevated water absorption, while larger quantities of cement resulted in reduced water absorption. With the presence of plastics, abrasion resistance increased and the tiles became less brittle. It is concluded that egg shells can be used as filler material in the manufacture of floor tiles. Because of the tendency of plastics to reduce the compressive strength of tiles, they should be used cautiously. The study has established that use of plastic and egg shell wastes in the manufacture of floor tiles is a viable waste reduction option. However, further studies are necessary to establish the chemical interactions involved in floor tile production systems where household and industrial wastes such as plastics and egg shells are used.


RMB upvaluation has a great influence on foreign trade enterprise in particular production configuration foreign trade enterprise in our country,which is of more advantage regarding the import enterprise,but brings disadvantage for the exportation enterprise.On the basis of finance and investment from the financial management and transport business fund management,the influence which receives in these aspects is analyzed for the production configuration foreign trade enterprise after RMB upvaluation.And then some proposals and countermeasure are put forward.


In this paper, the aim is multi-illumination color constancy. However, most of the existing color constancy methods are designed for single light sources. Furthermore, datasets for learning multiple illumination color constancy are largely missing. We propose a seed (physics driven) based multi-illumination color constancy method. GANs are exploited to model the illumination estimation problem as an image-to-image domain translation problem. Additionally, a novel multi-illumination data augmentation method is proposed. Experiments on single and multi-illumination datasets show that our methods outperform sota methods.


Abstract. Ensuring and maintaining the environmental safety of the urban population living in an industrial city in the vicinity of a large city-forming enterprise in conditions of constant emission of industrial dust and gases into the air has always been and is today one of the urgent problems of the architecture of the city of Magnitogorsk. The article examines the historically existing urban planning situation in Magnitogorsk in the conditions of the climate and wind direction of the South Urals, the accounting of which largely contributes to the protective qualities of the air despite the significant emissions of man-made pollution into the atmosphere of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK). The original location of industrial buildings and residential areas during the construction of Magnitogorsk was carried out in the 30s of the XX century on the basis of a purely economic approach, bringing housing as close as possible to production, not taking into account wind flows from the construction site and cutting down perennial trees on the slopes of magnetic mountains for the construction of buildings and structures ... After 10 years of MMK operation, the significant role of the South Ural wind in maintaining the ecological situation in the city was proved. Until now, thousands of city residents continue to live in close proximity to MMK, feeling the harmfulness of industrial emissions that pollute the atmosphere. Later, the residential zone of the city began to develop to the south along the right bank, and the industrial zone to the north along the left bank of the river, thus creating further many unfavorable environmental problems that sometimes have to be eliminated.
Subject of the study is the change in the climatic of the Ural River, and the conditions and wind direction in Magnitogorsk during the year.
Materials and methods. The available scientific materials and works of scientists, ethnographers, art historians, builders and architects devoted to the history, urban planning and ecology of the city of Magnitogorsk were analyzed. An extensive analysis of climatic conditions and wind directions in Magnitogorsk and their seasonal changes throughout the year and an analysis of the dynamics of gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere of MMK (in thousand tons) from 2000 to 2019 were also made. To identify the effect of the mass of polluting emissions on the health of residents, the air pollution index (API) and its complex values were used. The lower the output of metal products at MMK, the lower the volume of technogenic emissions from MMK and the lower the values of IPA and KIZA.
Rresult was the development of a concept for the town-planning plan of Magnitogorsk, taking into account the pollution of the city by harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere of MMK using SNiP 2.01.01-82 "Construction climatology and geophysics".
Conclusions. The proposed city map makes it possible to characterize urban sectors with the number of environmentally unfavorable days per year. This will make it possible to draw a strategic conclusion about the further construction of industrial and civil zones on the territory of Magnitogorsk.


We estimate long-run money demand equations for the ASEAN-4 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) and evaluate whether the equations are cointegrated. Despite the substantial financial liberalization that has taken place in these countries, we find that the money demand equations are cointegrated. In sum, our results show that provided that the monetary authorities know the shape of these money demand equations, a policy framework aimed around monetary targets can be implemented. Copyright @ 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.


This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity for Juglans regia leaves. The Methanol extract from Iranian Juglans regia leaves that grow in Karaj and Tonekabon regions was examined. In addition, total amount of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activities and reductive power of crude extracted its different fractions were determined. The antioxidant activity data by DPPH has been compared in both regions.


This work presents a data‐driven stochastic collocation approach to include the effect of uncertain design parameters during complex multi‐physics simulation of Micro‐ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). The proposed framework comprises of two key steps: first, probabilistic characterization of the input uncertain parameters based on available experimental information, and second, propagation of these uncertainties through the predictive model to relevant quantities of interest. The uncertain input parameters are modeled as independent random variables, for which the distributions are estimated based on available experimental observations, using a nonparametric diffusion‐mixing‐based estimator, Botev (Nonparametric density estimation via diffusion mixing. Technical Report, 2007). The diffusion‐based estimator derives from the analogy between the kernel density estimation (KDE) procedure and the heat dissipation equation and constructs density estimates that are smooth and asymptotically consistent. The diffusion model allows for the incorporation of the prior density and leads to an improved density estimate, in comparison with the standard KDE approach, as demonstrated through several numerical examples. Following the characterization step, the uncertainties are propagated to the output variables using the stochastic collocation approach, based on sparse grid interpolation, Smolyak (Soviet Math. Dokl. 1963; 4:240–243). The developed framework is used to study the effect of variations in Young's modulus, induced as a result of variations in manufacturing process parameters or heterogeneous measurements on the performance of a MEMS switch. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper, we describe the advances of the Semantic E-learning Agent project, whose objective is to develop virtual student advisers that render support to university students in order to successfully organize und perform their studies. The advisory agents are developed with novel concepts of the Semantic Web and agent technology. The key concept is the semantic modeling of the domain knowledge by means of XMLbased ontology languages such as OWL. Software agents apply ontological and domain knowledge in order to assist human users in their decision making processes. Agent technology enables the incorporation of personal confidential data with public accessible knowledge sources of the Semantic Web in the same


Abstract : This book contains data on the electrostatic discharge susceptibility (ESD) of electronic devices. Detailed susceptibility data is presented along with the ESD classification in accordance with DOD-HDBK-263 for approximately 700 microcircuits and 500 discrete semiconductor devices. A discussion of various discharge models and failure mechanisms of ESD are also presented.


The idea of publishing a special issue on proteins and enzymes was conceived during the 18th International Drying Symposium (IDS2012) held in the historical city of Xiamen, China (November 11–15, 2012). It appeared to us that a number of scientists and engineers were enthusiastically undertaking research in various aspects of drying of proteins and enzymes. Professors Arun Mujumdar and Sakamon Devahastin encouraged me to explore the possibility of bringing at least one special issue that would depict contemporary research undertakings in the broader theme involving proteins and enzymes. We were somewhat unsure in the beginning whether or not the required number of high-quality manuscripts could be garnered for one issue within the time constraint we had in mind. We were not sure whether scientists and engineers working in several pockets in Europe, Asia, and Australia would enthusiastically contribute to this special theme. When the idea was floated, we received extraordinarily positive support from scientists from all corners of the world and were greatly encouraged by their willingness to contribute to this thematic issue. The outcome was such that an overwhelming number of very high-quality manuscripts were received and passed through the rigorous peer review process of Drying Technology. We had to consider the option of two to three issues of the journal to accommodate the accepted high-quality papers. We are delighted to note that more than 30 manuscripts are included in a triple issue dedicated to the theme. We believe that this set of papers will constitute an authoritative collection of latest knowledge in this important area of both academic and industrial interest. Proteins are the most important macromolecules around which the intricacies and sophistication of life are built. Proteins are industrially produced as nutrients as well as pharmaceutical drugs or excipients. Enzymes are a special class of proteins with unique functionalities. Proteins are converted into dry powder form in order to preserve their structure and functionality over considerably long times. In the food industry, proteins are used as ingredients in many manufactured food products. Proteins are also harnessed as ''smart'' drying aids to produce high-value food powders. In the pharmaceutical industry, proteins are used as potent therapeutic drugs and hence require a certain degree of concentration to be effective from a dose–effect perspective. Drying is required because proteins are unstable in dilute or concentrated solutions. Once they are in powder form, therapeutic proteins are highly stable and they can be redissolved and used as and when desired. The need to dry proteins as food ingredients is more obvious. Drying enzymes or using enzymes for hydrolyzing materials, which are subsequently dried, is similarly important. Drying of proteins and enzymes is an extraordinarily complex issue. This is because proteins have secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. These structures are different in different proteins and are uniquely associated with their functionality. The heat and mass transfer processes occurring during drying reversibly or irreversibly perturb protein structures. Drying-induced stresses can denature proteins and, in worst cases, render them completely insoluble. The result is that proteins lose their functional characteristics. Therefore, it is not sufficient for scientists and engineers to limit their understanding only to the transport phenomena when drying of proteins is involved. It is important to have a sound understanding of the level of perturbations or damage caused by the drying process and the relationship between these perturbations and the physiochemical properties of the dried proteins. Proteins need to be structurally and functionally intact after drying to impart their unique functionality. Because of the unique structure–function relationship of protein macromolecules and the intricacies of protein drying, both the width and breadth of the research papers included in this thematic issue are quite broad. This special issue contains papers that are of a highly fundamental and theoretical nature, such as protein segregation during drying, modeling of multicomponent drying (involving proteins), and application of reaction engineering in protein drying. At the same time, the issue contains papers that are applied in nature, those dealing with specific albeit important aspects of protein drying. A few papers explore aspects of harnessing the surface-active nature of proteins Drying Technology, 31: 1439–1440, 2013 Copyright # 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0737-3937 print=1532-2300 online DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2013.819262


This paper deals with a topi c in multivariate a nalys is. Consider that a sample of size n+ 1 has been collected from a p-variate normal distribution having dispersion matrix (CT ii'). Let a;r/n denote the usual unbiased estimate of CTW. Further, let O< l<u be constants such that all cha racteristic roots of a matrix having t he Wishart distribution lie in t he interval [I, u] with probability I a . A t heorem of Roy, Bose, and Gnanadesikan [A nn . Math. Stat. 24. 513536 (1953); Biometrika 44, 399410 (1957)] may be stated as follows: The probability is 1a t hat every principal minor determinant of II (aii ') (CT jj') and of (CTii,)ul(a jj') is nonnegat ive. The previous result may be used to prove t he main theorem of the p resent paper. Theorem: T he probability is at least 1a t hat t he following system of re lat ions hold simultaneo us ly : ulai i ~CT 'i ~I-laii; j = l , ... , p and ICT ii,-}f (11-1 + 11)0 ii·1 ~7WI -1,1) (a iiai';') ! ~' j r= j'.


We propose a strategy utilizing carbon nanotube (CNT) agglomerates in solution, typically undesired precipitates from dispersions of isolated CNTs, for fabricating advanced composites. Importantly, long, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were necessary to make highly concentrated (above 3.0 wt%) and very stable CNT suspensions. SWNTs in the agglomerates formed a dendritic network similar to venation and vein patterns observed in nature. Through this strategy, we demonstrated a 10-fold increase in electrical conductivity of a rubber-composite. Our results showed that the two CNT dispersion strategies, i.e., isolated CNTs, and dendritic CNT agglomerates are complementary, and each demonstrated distinct advantages and disadvantages, and their application is intended toward different uses; our results show the individual values of each approach.


Contrast media may induce nephrotoxicity, particularly in elderly patients with pre-existing renal impairment. The concomitant use of metformin may lead to lactic acidosis due to metformin accumulation. Thus, metformin should be discontinued prior to use of contrast media. We observed acute renal failure requiring haemodialysis in a 74-year-old man with non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes. The man had had an intravenous urography to examine an increased plasma creatinine level, and metformin had not been discontinued. We report the case to remind doctors of this avoidable side effect.


Medical healthcare providers are an important link with the general public to impart knowledge regarding contraception. However, their own attitude and practice of contraception is often lacking. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the attitude and practice of contraception over the last 5 years of the gynecologists themselves in a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 125 female gynecologists in a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur. All were given a questionnaire which was duly filled by them and data obtained was analyzed. Results: All the doctors used some form of contraception. The mean age was 29.32 years. The commonest was the barrier method (38.4%) followed by OC pills (27.2%). Twenty-one percent of the barrier users used them occasionally. Emergency contraception was used by either those using natural methods of contraception or who were occasional users of OC pills or condoms. Fifty percent of the couples relying on natural methods conceived.


The non-differentially stained karyotypes of the tropical voles Microtus quasiater (Coues, 1874) and M. umbrosus (Merriam, 1898) are described by first time, and compared and contrasted with that of the hypothetical primitive karyotype for Arvicolinae. The karyotype of M. quasiater from Veracruz, Mexico, has 2n = 62 and FN = 66, while that for M. umbrosus from Oaxaca, Mexico, has 2n = 56 and FN = 60. Their chromosomal morphology comprises few two-armed chromosomes and a relatively large number of single-armed chromosomes. Both species share both a medium-sized metacentric X chromosome and a small telocentric Y chromosome. This karyotypical pattern deviates from the hypothetical primitive condition. However, the karyotypes of other Microtus, including Mexican species of temperate affinity, seem to be even more divergent from the ancestral karyotypical pattern.


Abstract An inverse geometry problem of identifying simultaneously two irregular interfacial boundaries along with the mechanical properties of the interface domain located between the components of multiple (three) connected regions is investigated. A discrete number of displacement measurements obtained from a uniaxial tension test are used as extra information to solve this inverse problem. A unique combination of global and local optimization method is used, that is, the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) to find the best initial guesses of the unknown parameters to be used by the local optimization methods, that is, the conjugate gradient method (CGM) and the simplex method (SM). The CGM and SM are used in series. The performance of these local optimization methods is dependents on the initial guesses of the unknown boundaries and the mechanical properties, that is, Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus, so ICA provides the best initial guesses. The boundary elements method is employed to solve the direct two-dimensional (2D) elastostatics problem. A fitness function, which is the summation of squared differences between measured and computed displacements at identical locations on the exterior boundary, is minimized. Several example problems are solved and the accuracy of the obtained results is discussed. The influence of the value of the material properties of the subregions and the effect of measurement errors on the estimation process are also addressed.


This article develops a model of unemployment fluctuations. The model keeps the architecture of the general-disequilibrium model of Barro and Grossman (1971) but takes a matching approach to the labor and product markets instead of a disequilibrium approach. On the product and labor markets, both price and tightness adjust to equalize supply and demand. Since there are two equilibrium variables but only one equilibrium condition on each market, a price mechanism is needed to select an equilibrium. We focus on two polar mechanisms: fixed prices and competitive prices. When prices are fixed, aggregate demand affects unemployment as follows. An increase in aggregate demand leads firms to find more customers. This reduces the idle time of their employees and thus increases their labor demand. This in turn reduces unemployment. We combine the predictions of the model and empirical measures of product market tightness, labor market tightness, output, and


Experimental assessment of a gateway invader: how yellow bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus) facilitates the loss of native dune vegetation Jane Ashdown Cipra Although much attention is currently focused on the dynamics of invasive species, we have only a limited understanding of the mechanisms that promote spread of nonnatives. In coastal dune habitats of northern California, the non-native yellow bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus) apparently facilitates invasion of other non-native species. It has been suggested that this facilitation results from the lupines' nitrogen-fixing capabilities, such that mortality of individual lupines creates an open, nutrient-rich site suitable for establishment of plant taxa usually intolerant of sterile dune soils. In the stressful dune environment, however, bush lupines may also create facilitating effects by providing shelter from wind and sun exposure. I examined the bush lupine's role in dune habitat and the mechanisms driving associated vegetation shifts using a three-part study. First, to quantify the effects of bush lupine on dune flora I compared vegetation in habitat without lupines to vegetation under living and dead lupines. Second, to characterize the spread and persistence of soil nitrogen after lupine death, I measured soil nitrogen at various distances under experimentally girdled lupines at six-month intervals. Finally, to test the mechanisms by which lupines influence dune vegetation I conducted a fully factorial experiment in which I monitored vegetation changes in plots with windbreaks, shade tents, and/or the addition of nitrogen.


A new method is presented for manipulating thermodynamic relationships that allows the derivation of thermodynamic relationships involving energy-dimensioned potentials, entropy-dimensioned functions, and their natural variables. This approach uses a set of "ad hoc" rules that systematize the underlying thermodynamic manipulations. The method is based on uncomplicated matrix algebra and is a representation of the quasi-geometrical method that is based on published thermodynamic diagrams.


Wolverines (Gulo gulo) in the conterminous United States have experienced range contraction, are uncommon, and have been designated as warranted for protection under the United States Endangered Species Act. Data from the southern edge of the wolverine's circumpolar distribution is sparse, and development of effective conservation strategies would benefit from a more complete understanding of the species' ecology. We captured and radio-monitored 30 wolverines in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), tested for seasonal habitat selection by elevation band, and examined a suite of spatial characteristics to clarify our understanding of the wolverine's niche. Wolverines in GYE selected for areas >2,600 m latitude-adjusted elevation (LAE; n = 2,257 wolverine locations [12 F, 6 M]). Wolverines avoided areas 75% the size of their multi-year home range in an average of 32 days (n = 7 [5 F, 2 M]). Average movement rates of 1.3 km/2-hr indicated that both sexes move distances equivalent to the diameter of their home range every 2 days or the circumference of their home range in 2,150 m LAE (95% CI = 2.8–9.6). Dispersal movements extended to at least 170 km for both sexes (n = 5 F, 2 M). At the southern edge of distribution, where suitable and unsuitable conditions exist in close proximity, wolverines selected high-elevation areas near alpine tree-line where a mix of forest, meadow, and boulder fields were present, deep snow-cover existed during winter, and low temperatures near freezing can occur throughout the year. Persistence in these areas where the growing season is brief requires large home ranges that are regularly patrolled, a social system that provides exclusive access to resources, and low densities. These characteristics, along with low reproductive rates, are prevalent throughout the species range, indicating that wolverines are specialists at exploiting a cold, unproductive niche where interspecific competition is limited. The vulnerability inherent in occupying this unproductive niche was likely influential in previous declines within the conterminous United States and will remain a factor as wolverines encounter modern human influences. Conserving wolverines in the conterminous United States will require collaborative management over a large geographic scale. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.


The omens in mid-1963 for a successful outcome to the cogitations of the House of Commons Special Committee on Defence could scarcely have been less promising. The Committee was set up in June, in the wake of an election campaign which had featured a violently partisan dispute over the vexed policy of equipping Canadian aircraft and Bomarcs with nuclear armaments. Early in the campaign Mr. Pearson's apparent volte-face on this policy for his own party was subsequently coupled with a promise to set up a special committee to examine and make recommendations on defence policy. The heat engendered on the hustings had not abated when the new parliament assembled, for, in both the debate on the Speech from the Throne and the debate on the motion to set up the promised committee on defence, party differences were ardently aired at great length. But once the issues were referred to committee the temperatures of all participants miraculously returned to normal. Under the quietly diplomatic and almost permissive guidance of Mr. Maurice Sauve, the chairman, the committee members of all four parties seemed to reach a tacit agreement to refrain from importing into their proceedings the partisan vendetta that had characterized the previous six months' discussions. Between June 18 and December 18 no less than 49 sittings were held, 14 of these in Europe and two in the United States. With a membership of twenty-four (a trifle smaller than the cabinet itself), the committee was almost a perfect size. The interest and dedication of its members was demonstrated in the close to perfect attendance record of all participants clearly much better than par for a committee that had to meet morning and afternoon throughout a full session during which a minority government faced frequent prospects of defeat. Indeed, the very precarious balance of party fortunes created by the indecisive election may provide a most probable explanation for the surprising atmosphere of impartiality in which the Committee began and completed its work. If it is conceivable, as some observers of our party system have now concluded, that our traditional one-party-dominant situation has been temporarily suspended, then one unexpected dividend may well be the opportunity thus created to seek much-needed improvements in the committee system. For it has long been the complaint that a cabinet possessing a commanding control of the membership of the full House has stultified committees of the House by seeking to preserve the same degree of control over them. That the Committee on Defence was not unaware of these possibilities is apparent from at


Water-laden combustion at high pressure is gaining interest for different applications, including rocket engines, methane hydrates, exhaust gas recirculation in engines, and bio-fuels. A counterflow canonical configuration is studied to obtain numerical results in relation to these applications. The paper is divided into two main sections: a gas-phase study, and a two-phase shifting equilibrium analysis. The former part provides results for a diffusion flame where the fuel stream contains a varying amount of water vapor. The latter part describes the shifting equilibrium formulation that must be coupled with a physical model when two phases are considered. In the presentation, results of this coupling with the counterflow diffusion flame problem will be discussed.


New homoleptic complexes of the form [Ni(L)2] (L = L1 (dibenzyl dithiocarbamate) 1, L2 (N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl ethylene dithiocarbamate) 2, and (R)2[Ni(L3)2)] (L3 = p-chlorobenzene sulfonyl dithiocarbimate; R = (C2H5)4N+3, (C3H7)4N+4, (C6H13)4N+5) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 13C NMR and UV-visible absorption spectra. In addition, their structures have been elucidated by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of 1 reveals unusual C–H⋯Ni intermolecular anagostic interactions in axial positions resulting in 1D supramolecular chains, whereas complex salts 3 and 5 display unique C–H⋯Ni anagostic interactions due to the close proximity of one or two methylene protons in the cationic moieties to the Ni(II) center of the [Ni(L3)2]2− complex anion, providing pseudo-square pyramidal and octahedral coordination environments respectively about the metal centers. To the best of our knowledge, 3 and 5 are the first examples of inter-ionic anagostic interactions within dithio complexes. Theoretical calculations have been performed for 3 and 5. The energy of interaction for 3 and 5 was found to be more than the previously reported neutral complexes. The supramolecular networks in all the complexes are sustained by non-conventional C–H⋯O, C–H⋯N and C–H⋯π (chelate, NiS2C) bonding interactions. All complexes are weakly conducting with σrt ∼10−6 S cm−1.


5-Nitrosopyrimidines are important scaffolds due to their unique structural and chemical properties, notable biological activities, and utilization in the syntheses of condensed heterocycles. A series of new 4-alkylamino-6arylamino-5-nitrosopyrimidines are synthesized by intramolecular oxidation-reduction reactions of the corresponding ethyl-N-alkyl-N-(6-arylamino-5-nitropyrimidin-4-yl)glycinates. The title compounds exist as mixtures of two rotamers in CDCl3 solutions.


Todays, use of combination of two or more methods was considered to control of systems. In this paper is presented how to design of a nonlinear H∞ (NL-H∞) controller for flexible joint robot (FJR) based on bounded UKF state estimator. The UKF has more advantages to standard EKF such as low bios and no need to derivations. In this research, based on spong primary model for FJRs, same as rigid robots links position are selected as differential equations variables. Then this model was reformed to


This article aims at analyzing the sugarcane culture in Brazil, showing the current agricul- tural and industrial development stage of the sugar-alcohol industry and how important this culture has become. It discusses its technologic evolution and the technologies that are being developed in the fields of genetic improvement and new cultural practices, and it aims at estimating the benefits that can be obtained in the next few years with the use of new varieties with specific characteristics, proper varietal management and modern cultural practices. By using data from IBGE (the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), the productivity of Brazil and of the North, Northeast, South- East, Middle-West and South regions of the country were estimated based on the genetic potential from new varieties and on the use of new cultural practices. Using information from the results of the agricultural research, it was possible to conclude that a significant raise of sugarcane productivity levels in Brazil, due to genetic improvement, is bound to happen in the next few years.


Pore pressure (PP) is one of the essential and very critical parameters in the oil and gas industry, especially in reservoir engineering, exploitation, and production. Forecasting this valuable parameter can prevent huge costs incurred by the oil and gas industry. This research aims to develop a algorithm to better predict PP in subsurface -formations. Based on this, information from three wells (F1, F2, and F3) representing one of the Middle East oil fields was used in this research. The input variables used in this research include; laterolog (LLS), photoelectric index (PEF), compressional wave velocity (Vp), porosity (NPHI), gamma ray (spectral) (SGR), density (RHOB), gamma ray (corrected) (CGR), shear wave velocity (Vs), caliper (CALI), resistivity (ILD), and sonic transit time (DT). Based on the results presented in the heat map (Spearman's correlation), it can be concluded that the pairs of parameters RHOB-PEF, CGR-SGR, RHOB-CALL, DT-PEF, PP-RHOB, Vs-RHOB, ILD-LLS, DT-CGR, and DT-NPHI are connected. In this research the GS-GMDH methods is used for modeling which is based on the Group method of data handling (GMDH). The results of this research show that this algorithm has an average error of RMSE = 1.88 Psi and R2 = 0.9997, indicating its high-performance accuracy. The difference between this method and the conventional GMDH method is that it can use three or more variables instead of two, which can improve prediction accuracy. Furthermore, by using the input of each neuron layer, the proposed model can communicate with other adjacent and non-adjacent layers to solve complex problems in the simplest possible way.


Objectives: This research aimed at examining the effectiveness of the working memory (WM) intervention using melodies by comparing two groups of elderly subjects with Dementia of Alzheimer's Type (DAT).Methods: A total of 10 patients with DAT (Global Deterioration Scale degree 6) were divided into a WM+MIT (melodic intonation therapy) group (n= 5) and a WM ONLY group (n= 5). The WM intervention consisted of 12 sessions, twice a week, for 20 minutes per day. The protocol consisted of 10 steps. At each step, the WM+MIT group was treated using melodies. The melody was developed as an MIT that takes into account the characteristics of Korean language based on shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH). However, the WM ONLY group was treated without applying the melodies.Results: The results revealed first that there were no significant differences in the pre- and post- performance levels between the two groups for the tasks; both for those with interventions and those for which interventions were not used. Secondly, the differences between pre- and post-performance assessments of the tasks that have interventions were found to be statistically significant within the WM+MIT and the WM ONLY group. The results of the pre- and post- assessments of the tasks that did not have interventions were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Although the results of the pre- and post- assessments of tasks that did not have interventions were not statistically significant, the performances of both groups improved in the post-assessments in general, proving the efficacy of the intervention.


Introduction Forskal (1775) gave the first scientific description of the Nile Softshelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis (called by him "Testudo triunguis") , and noted that it was rare in the Nile ("in Nilo rario"). A century later, the species was found in the Levantine. It was, however, only in the early 1970S that it was realised that the range of the Soft-shelled Turtle extends as far to the west as south-western Anatolia (Basoglu, 1973). According to Kasparek and Kinzelbach (1991) who gave a first overview over the status of the species in the Mediterranean, there were only three major populations: in the wetlands of Dalyan and in the Dalaman area in south-western Turkey, and in the Alexander River in Israel. Although there are now also many records from other areas in the Mediterranean, significant poputations are not known.


over who went to prison-subject to negotiations carried out in the plea bargaining process, within broad limits set by the court and by law. Although this general model had variations, it was the predominate approach to sentencing and prison term policy. Ten years later the situation has changed. States legislatures have passed mandatory prison term laws or have structured the law in which prison term lengths are set. Prisons and jails have filled beyond capacity. The debate has also shifted. Current discussions assume that determinacy in sentencing is widely applied; they tend to focus on the specific form that determinacy should take. Furthermore, the severe prison and jail crowding that most states currently are experiencing, coupled with the drain that a large incarcerated population places on already strapped resources, has raised the interest in the cost of corrections. The theme of a prison sentence as an allocation of a scarce


Swear words are used by some people to express their anger or frustration. Swear words give the foul effect for people who hear someone swearing. However, swear words are still showed to public. The purposes of this research are describing types of swear words and identifying the most frequently used types of swear words. In the reality, swear words can be showed by scene of the movie that we watch. Many people assume that swear words are nasty words to be said by each other. Using qualitative approach, the writer attempts to see how the actors and actress use the swear words in The Expendables 3 movie. In this research, the writer uses the script of movie to identify swear words. Swear words are classified based on Jay's theory of the types of swear words. The result shows that out of ten types of swear words proposed by Jay, nine types occur. The researcher found many kinds of swear words by watching this movie. Type of taboo was not found in this movie. Several kinds of swear words can be cross categorized. It depends on the context to classify swear words.


The current mobile e-commerce has developed rapidly in China, but it also faces many problems to be solved. This paper describes the latest development situation of the domestic mobile e-commerce, explores the mobile e-commerce problems and relevant solutions proposed, and does some simple guess about the future development of mobile e-commerce with a view to provide reference to the future the development of mobile e-commerce.


It is shown that the problem of maximizing living space with restrictions on the cost of construction and the land plot area is reduced to the problem of integer programming with two restrictions. To solve it, you can apply standard known methods and algorithms. Consider, however, another approach based on the method of networks of admissible solutions, proposed by Burkov V.N. The idea of the method is following. We consider the first the constraints of the problem and construct a network of all admissible solutions for this restriction. On the basis of the introduced notion of a problem vertex, a theorem is proved that the proposed method for constructing a network of all admissible solutions will contain all solutions satisfying the constraints of the original problem, and the length of the maximal path in such a network will determine the upper bound for the original problem. It is shown that if the path of maximum length does not contain problem vertices, then the corresponding solution is optimal. The algorithm is generalized to the case of accounting for construction risks.


Abstract The paper analyses the concept of 'teaching excellence' and attempts to give it precision. In the process, it is found that the lack of precision is due essentially to the multidimensionality of the concept, which has led to serious confusion in any attempt to reduce its dimensions to a single one. The dimensions are of two kinds; first, classificatory, distinguishing the three levels of institution, department and individual, and second, substantive, describing the different ways in which each of the three levels can exhibit excellence. Ways of recognizing and rewarding individual excellence in its different dimensions are then discussed and recommendations are made for action. It is argued that under present circumstances, excellence at institutional and departmental levels are almost unattainable, but that this is not so at individual level. Finally, it is noteworthy that recognizing and rewarding teaching excellence at all three levels is found to be significantly different from corresponding...


In an acceleration sensor of electrostatic capacitance type prevents water etc. from entering into a sealed space that contains an acceleration detector with a movable electrode (6), and that the movable electrode (6) due to static charge while performing an anodic bonding is accumulated on a cap (8) remains attached to the cap (8). A conductive shield layer (9), which can be transformed extended is on the entire inner surface of the cap (8), which forms the sealed space, is provided, and it is not only extended so arranged that they between a bonding frame (7) and the cap (8) is embedded, but it is also electrically connected to the movable electrode (6). Even if an unevenness on the surface of the bonding frame (7) occurs, not only is sufficient anodic bonding possible between the bonding frame (7) and the cap (8), but also the electric field due to the static charge in the cap (8) has collected, can be shielded.


This paper is a preliminary study on the concept of Islamic creative thinking through the life of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). This study is aimed to reassess the creativity ofProphet Muhammad (pbuh) spec$cally in political and statesmen point of view. This study also aimed to highlight his creativity in diplomacy, conflict resolution and intevnational affairs. The study employed qualitative method with content analysis approach by evaluating on necessary and relevant reports, articles and texts. It is hoped that this preliminary paper will provide a distinctive perspective on the concept of creativity and innovation and its necessity in contemporary Islamic political approach which should be considered as an important characteristics for both modern Islamic and western worlds. Keyword: Creative Thinking Problem Solving, Politics, Sunnah, Innovation Introduction It is no doubt among Muslims that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is the perfect creation of mankind, as mentioned by Afzalur Rahman (1980). Some western scholars view Muhammad both as a prophet and politician, as Armstrong (2006) writes "...so he wore himself out in the creative effort to evolve an entirely new solution." His leadership was most comprehensive and dynamic, from religious leader to political and military leader (Federer, 2008). Ernest Renan; a French critic who famously wrote in 185 1, observed that Muhammad was the only religious leader who lived "in the full light of history".


Objective To evaluate the effects of asymptomatic arteriovenous fistula closure on left ventricular morphology and function in renal transplant recipients.Methods Between March 2007 and March 2011,a total of 60 patients undergoing consecutive kidney transplantation with asymptomatic arteriovenous fistula were divided randomly into two groups: arteriovenous fistula closure group,and non-arteriovenous fistula closure group.By using echocardiography,the changes in CO,CI,EF,LVEDV and LVMI were analyzed.Results At 12th month after transplantation,the values of CO,LVEDV and LVMI were significantly lower than those before transplantation (P<0.05).The value of CI also showed a tendency to decrease (P>0.05),and the value of EF was increased significantly (P<0.05).At 6th month after arteriovenous fistula closure (18 months after transplantation),the values of CO,CI,LVEDV and LVMI were significantly lower than those before arteriovenous fistula closure (12 months after transplantation) (P<0.05),and the value of EF was increased significantly (P<0.05),but the values of CO,CI,EF,LVEDV and LVMI remained unc(b)anged in controls (P>0.05).At 18th month after transplantation,the values of CO (4.4 ±0.8 L/min),CI [3.0 ± 0.8 L·min-1·m-2],LVEDV (110.0 ± 17.4 ml) and LVMI (114.7 ± 42.5g/m2) in trial group were significantly lower than the values [CO: 5.1 ± 0.9 L/min,CI: 3.5 ± 1.0L·min-1·m-2,LVEDV: 121.4±19.3 mL,LVMI: 138.4±44.1 g/m2] in controls (P<0.05),and the value of EF (75.2% ± 7.4% vs.70.5% ± 8.2%) significantly higher (P<005).Conclusion In both groups,kidney transplantation benefits significantly the regression of cardiac mass,cardiac index and left ventricular dimensions,but closure of asymptomatic AVF induces more significant regression.

Key words:
Arteriovenous fistula;  Kidney transplantation;  Hypertrophy, left ventricular; Cardiac function;  Echocardiography


The performance of biosensors, i.e. the sensitivity, specificity, linearity, reusability, chemical stability, and reproducibility is critically dependent on the biofunctionalization of the sensor platform. The type(s) of linkers used for the immobilization of the capture probes and the exact immobilization protocol play a vital role in the overall performance of sensors. A variety of linker molecules have been used to biofunctionalize technologically important substrates (glass, gold, mica etc.). Amongst the different linkers, researchers have paid more attention to two dimensional architectures, e.g.silanes, polyaniline (PANI), alkanethiols, poly-L-lysine (PLL), etc. Despite extensive research and a large number of reports, researchers still face problems related to limited loading efficiency, limited accessibility of the probes, poor control over uniform spacing among the probes and a loss of functionality due to irregular orientation of the probes, all of which cause variability in the responses. Three dimensional gel based matrices have proved to be a better choice, except for the fact that the leaching of entrapped probe molecules has limited their use in developing sensor platforms. Taking into account the limitations of the two dimensional linker arrays and three dimensional gel matrices, supramolecular dendritic architectures have shown immense potential in designing and developing the sensor platforms. Dendrimers are well-defined, monodispersed, globular macromolecules constructed around a core unit. Different properties of dendrimers, i.e. their structural uniformity, globular shape, monodispersity, the existence of dendritic crevices, high functional group density, hydrophilicity, versatility to design dendrimer of different composition and their nanometric size can be exploited while developing high sensitivity biosensors. Researchers have demonstrated that these hyperbranched 3D molecules show enhanced sensitivity, reduced nonspecific binding, greater accessibility of the probe for the target analyte, high stability and low variability in their response. Hence, designing a sensor with a dendrimer as a linker is a successful approach to obtain superior sensor performance and minimize the overall cost of a sensor. In this article, we discuss various aspects of dendrimers from the point of view of sensor design, hoping that this review will excite more researchers into exploiting the exceptional properties of dendrimers in biosensor development.


The histochemical activity of aminopeptidase and non-specific esterase, both important enzymes of intermediate metabolism in the mid gut of honeybees ( Apis mellifera), was investigated. Nosema disease control poses a major challenge, and thus, the treatment of this serious parasitic disease using natural phyto-pharma - cological preparations could be of great besnefit. Additionally, the effects of residues and their by-products in honey and wax represent an environmental concern and are another reason for reducing the use of conventional chemical control methods in beekeeping. Nozevit is a naturally prepared water solution of plant polyphenols, and is distributed throughout the market as "the partner for Nosema disease repression". Samples of the midgut tissue were used for the description of enzymatic activity of infected honey bees before treatment and 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and 12 days after a one-time treatment with Nozevit. The possible effects of Nozevit treatment on the activity of the investigated enzymes and digestion are discussed.


Cardiodynia is the pain at precordial region,And comitant clinical contain are pale,dripping wet of cold sweat,Coolness of extremities,pulse to disappearing.It is threating to life without remedy in time;For instance,the Symptom about cyanosis extremity and Cardiodynia,the kak-prognosis about onset of disease in the morning and dying in the evening,onset of disease in the evening and dying in the next morning was recorded inInner Canon .There are satisfactory therapeutic effect by emphasizing Cardiodynia's nursing care by Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),at the same time underlining differentiation of symptoms and signs'Nursing Basing of conbining treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in clinic.


principle upon which the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has operated, and its Wildlife Research Laboratory at Denver has played an important part in the determination of the facts. In conformity with this policy, the "Human Coyote-getter," a device for coyote control, has been subjected to field tests for The coyote-getter (patent pending; privately manufactured) injects a poison, sodium cyanide, directly into the coyote's mouth. It consists of (Fig. 1, A)' (1) a hollow metal stake, closed by crimping at the bottom, (2) a release


Novel Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) flow using the new compact lithography model which predicts wafer patterns formed by the trim-mask lithography has been developed. The trim-mask lithography has been indispensable to manufacture the random-logic devices using the leading-edge processes which require double patterning technology (DPT) and/or restricted/reduced design rule (RDR). It is the litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE) DPT in which a trim process, a litho-etch (LE) process, follows one or several LE processes. The trim process is used to remove redundant patterns in order to achieve the final patterns corresponding to design intent after forming periodic and lithography-friendly patterns by the preceding LE processes. In addition, it is used to form the narrow gaps between line ends1. Since the influence of both the preceding processes and the trim process on the final wafer patterns should be considered through the OPC development, it is necessary to moderate the interference between the OPC developments for the masks and to reduce the increase of required computational resources. The concept of the compact lithography model has been proposed, the results applied to random-logic designs have been shown, and effectiveness of the OPC flow has been discussed.


The high-quality development in the Yunnan–Guizhou region (YGR) is a significant support for the high-quality development of China. It will help shape a new pattern of regional coordinated development. Referring to a Beautiful China and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) evaluation indexes, we built an evaluation index system that puts the high-quality development at its heart. This system includes the resource load, economic development, ecological environment protection, and social progress. Taking 25 prefecture-level cities of the YGR as study subjects, the authors used the entropy weight–TOPSIS model to evaluate high-quality development and evolution. Then, the authors used the Geographical Detector (GD) method and a Geographic-Weighted Regression (GWR) model to analyze factors and mechanisms of the evolution of high-quality development. The results suggest that the changes of urban built-up area, per capita GDP, total foreign trade value, tourism revenue, and total investment of fixed assets investment are the primary factors of spatial differentiation of this evolution. The influence and direction of each factor are different in different periods, with apparent spatio-temporal heterogeneity. From 2005 to 2018, the synergistic effect of changes in total foreign trade value and tourism revenue is the leading force in shaping the evolution pattern. The high-quality development of the YGR generally presents the spatial pattern of "central Yunnan–central Guizhou core dual drive", "high in east and low in west", and the evolution speed presents a development characteristic of "low speed–relatively high speed–high speed". The research can provide a reference for high-quality and precise development and decision-making in the YGR.


This article attempts to reconstruct some of the elements from the passage on the Logic of Essence in the Logic of the Concept Hegel develops in the Science of Logic. Exactly two hundred years after the publication of the Logic of Essence, this paper will suggest that this passage is vital for understanding not only the Science of Logic but the entirety of Hegelian thought. In particular it will argue that the binomial necessity/contingency, one of the categorical pairs of the Logic of Essence, does not adequately capture Hegelian philosophy. As Hegel says on repeated occasions, we must overcome the hard notion of necessity if we are to give way for the logic of freedom. To explore the problem of freedom this paper will focus on the confrontation between the categories of essence, such as substantiality, necessity, contingency and causation and the categories of the concept, such as universality, particularity and singularity. From this discussion we will find Hegel's notion of freedom and its relation to the system he develops in Science of Logic.


The Three megalopolises are the most important economy regions and population zones, obviously, the study of the migration flow in the three megalopolis is of great significance to the nation's migration. Using the methods of direction and distances in the spatial statistics, this paper analyzes the migration data from 2000 Census, and finds the variables affecting the migration in the three megalopolises are economic gap, population size, geographic distances and climate difference. Based on the analysis and with reference to Jifu 's population gravity model, a model is built up to explain the population migration flow between the three megalopolises and the rest regions of China.