Angle of rotation is a key parameter in motor fault diagnosis under varying speed conditions, and is usually measured by an optical encoder. However, the use of encoders is intrusive and in many scenarios its signal is difficult to access due to technical or commercial reasons. In this study, a novel rotation angle measurement method based on stray flux analysis is proposed and applied to bearing fault diagnosis of brushless direct-current (BLDC) motors. The measurement accuracy of the proposed method is comparable to that from an encoder. The developed method is flexible, noninvasive, and nondestructive. It is easy to implement and eliminates the need for long cables and access of the motor control system. The proposed method can be extended to the diagnosis of motor electrical and drive faults. If implemented with an Internet of Things (IoT) or a hand-held device, it can further improve the reliability of sensorless motor drive systems in industrial automation so as to meet Industry 4.0 requirements.


Regular physical activity has been recognized as an effective strategy for limiting the cognitive decline observed during aging. Much evidence has supported that maintaining a high level of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better cognitive performances across the lifespan. From childhood to adulthood, a high level of physical activity will have a positive impact on cerebral health. More specifically, executive performance seems to be preferentially affected by the level of fitness. This is partly because the prefrontal cortex, which governs these functions, seems to be very sensitive to physical activity levels. Today many neurophysiological mechanisms that explain the improvement of the cognitive performance are relatively well identified. A question then arises as to what is the optimal dose of physical activity to observe these effects on our brain. An example of successful aging is the example of the Master Athletes. This category of people who have been training and competing throughout their lives, demonstrate high levels of fitness induced by a high level of physical activity. Some studies seem to confirm that Master Athletes have better cognitive performances than sedentary or less active subjects. The aim of this review is to identify studies assessing the cognitive performance of Master Athletes and report on the probable neurophysiological mechanisms that explain the cognitive benefits in this population.


This study examines the presence of multiple peaks from 2 dimensional Fourier and Radon Transform analysis for the entire South Pacific basin from 10 years of sea level anomalies determined from ERS (European Remote Sensing satellite) and T/P altimeter observations and attempts to determine whether their speeds resemble those of higher order baroclinic Rossby wave modes.


This article considers the long-run performance of the monetary approach to explain the dollar–yen exchange rates during a period of high international capital mobility. We apply the Johansen methodology to quarterly data over the period 1980:01–2009:04 and show that the historical inadequacy of the monetary approach is due to the breakdown of its underlying building-blocks, money demand stability and purchasing power parity. Our findings on long-run weak exogeneity tests emphasize the importance of the extended model employed here. This shows that cumulative shocks to nominal exchange rates can be explained by variables outside the usual price and interest rates. JEL Classification: F31, F36, C22


Based on the characteristic of high power blue laser, the quasi-three-energy-level was analyzed.Through the comparison of distribution of temperature field in three different structure crystals,the high efficiency of composite Nd∶YAG in remove heat from laser crystal was indicated.And by the experiment of V cavity,the output power at 473nm was 1.38W,the efficiency was 7.5%,and the superiority of the composite crystal was proved.


Image of a first edition copy of George Alfred Townsend's Tales of the Chesapeake, a collection of short stories and poems about the Maryland shore. Published in 1880.


Transmission loss of ultra lightweight concrete block were measured in-situ and the FSTC (Field Sound Transmission Class) was established using the ASTM Standards.. Block wall constructions that were investigated include the untreated block, conditions with the block sealed and batt insulation installed on one side. The field STC performance was compared to earlier laboratory test results of Northwood and Monk [6] as well as predicted performance provided by National Concrete Masonry Association methods [2]. The field transmission loss of the ulta lightweight block showed that low field STC ratings are realized, due to the porous nature of the block, and that the block must be sealed to provide high field STC ratings. Further, the results showed that regression equation of Reference 2 is seen to provide an over-estimation of the STC rating for unsealed ultra lightweight block.


The present invention discloses a shift assisting apparatus body, comprising a body for carrying the support pad, the support pad may be used to transport the transport lifting platform, and a support pad for transport to move the platform and removed from the pad for supporting a rail transport platform assembly, the wheel assembly comprising a backup pad cooperating with the guide rail assembly and a lift mechanism lifting the first support pad roller assembly is slidably connected to the track assembly; the body while shifting method is disclosed, comprising a bearing pad support body by rail assembly moves from the initial position to the transport and movement of the platform from the platform to the target position of the transport step. The body of the invention shift assist device and shift method, only needs the help of an ordinary adult strength, you can easily complete the entire shift process, when a small private car or take a large private car, persons with disabilities or reduced mobility people no longer action is more limited, simple structure can be onboard, can be used to travel up and down in the car.


Abstract
This chapter examines men's involvement in birth control from a feminist political-economic perspective. Fertility, and hence women's body, is still a focus of political struggles today. In the late 1990s, the international community of population policy recognized a concept of women's reproductive rights and adopted a rights-based discourse in place of a language of economic efficiency. At the same time, they advocated for men's participation in family planning and burden sharing between couples. This gender-sensitive new policy was effective in achieving more successful contraception in patriarchal societies where men are decision-makers in many aspects of social life. Yet, from a feminist perspective, such a policy could threaten women's reproductive rights if gender relations remain patriarchal. A close examination of Turkey's fertility decline suggests that the process was led by men who increasingly aspired to have small families which they could manage to look after as wage-earning fathers. In other words, it was realized without women's empowerment. A case study of Kurdish women conducted in Eastern Turkey where fertility rate was significantly higher than the national average indicates a positive impact of men's involvement on effective birth control. Yet this study also suggests a risk of undermining women's empowerment and autonomy. The promotion of men's involvement in family planning can reinforce men's control over women's bodies and endorse birth control without women's empowerment again, unless it is consciously designed in the context of reproductive rights.


This paper deals with the study of various machining process and show the effect of different cutting parameters on the properties of material. There are several important factors in the product quality which are surface finish, cutting temperature, tool life and coolant quality. The use of coolant generally causes life of tools and it also maintains work piece surface properties without damages. There are some negative effects and cutting fluid wastes in industries. In this paper, attention is focused on minimum quantity lubrication and recent work and some outcomes of machining factors from minimum quantity lubrication are presented. The review of the literature suggests that minimal fluid application provides several benefits in machining. It has been found that hardened alloy steel like AISI 4340 is known to be difficult to cut and a little knowledge is available in use of MQL for cooling. The main objective of the study of MQL is to reduce the surface roughness during machining and machining cost of cutting fluid. The minimum quantity lubrication also affects the surface finishing, reduce tool wear and reduce the cutting force. This paper provides a review of present work and some limitations of conventional cutting fluid machining and growing opportunities for development of the next generation MQL in machining operations.


Considerable advances have been made in the area of C-H functionalization in the last few decades. A number of approaches including both directed or non-directed strategies have been developed thus far. Among the various C-H functionalizations, C-H borylation is of special interest due to the wide applications of organoborons. In this regard, various transition-metal-catalyzed regio-selective strategies have been appeared. However, the major concern regarding metal-catalyzed C-H borylation protocols is the requirement of a precious metal as well as the contamination of metal precursor in the desired products, which limit the application of this process in large-scale synthesis. Therefore, the recent trends have involved the use of transition-metal-free systems. We summarize this recent ongoing interest of transition-metal-free regio-selective C-H borylation. We believe that this review will definitely help to increase interest in this field and it will stimulate further progress.


Primates move their eyes 2-3 times per second to bring objects of interest to central, high-resolution vision. For moving objects, they use a combination of rapid saccadic eye movements along with smooth following movements to track targets continuously. Eye movements produce perceptual enhancements for the saccade target, called pre-saccadic attention. Recently, we found in humans that saccades to peripheral motion apertures resulted in smooth post-saccadic following of stimulus motion (Kwon et al, 2019). The early phase of post-saccadic following reflects motion integration at the target before the saccade and could provide a behavioral read-out of the target's motion. Here we examined post-saccadic following in marmoset monkeys. Marmosets performed a saccade foraging task in which they made a saccade to one of three different motion apertures. Immediately upon saccade offset, the marmoset's eye movements followed the target's motion with a low (10-20%) gain that was consistent with what has been observed in humans. The motion from other non-target apertures also influenced following responses, though with much weaker gain. The gain was distributed equally across apertures before the saccade but enhanced for the target immediately after the saccade, consistent with a post-saccadic enhancement (Gardner and Lisberger, 2001). This following response provided an estimate of target motion with a median absolute angular error of roughly 40 degrees, half as accurate as explicitly trained reports (Cloherty et. al., 2020). Further, the relative gain for the target motion direction versus other apertures provided an index of attentional selection. Thus smooth eye movements provide a read-out both of pre-saccadic motion integration and attention. New & Noteworthy Using a saccade foraging paradigm in marmoset monkeys we measured visual motion integration and pre-saccadic attention from smooth following eye movements with minimal animal training.


The benthic marine brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus can be infected by a virus which is expressed in reproductive organs of the host. In cultures, liberation of virus particles was stimulated by addition of fresh culture medium together with a rise in temperature, suggesting the incoming tide as a triggering factor in the natural habitat. Ultra-small particles between 20 and 200 nm diameter suspended in aquatic habitats are referred to as femto-plankton (Sieburth et al. 1978). Direct counts in coastal and offshore waters yield high numbers of up to 10* particles ml-' (Bergh et al. 1989). Proctor & Fuhrman (1990) found significant numbers of phageinfected bacteria and cyanophytes, which therefore can be a potential source of marine planktonic viruses. While Borsheim et al. (1990) considered viruses from eukaryotic hosts to be of minor significance, Suttle et al. (1990) found a strong impact of virus samples from natural habitats on the vitality of laboratory cultures of unicellular eukaryotic phytoplankton species such as diatoms, cryptophytes and prasinophytes. The benthic brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus has been shown to act as a host for a marine virus (Miiller et al. 1990). Laboratory cultures were used to study virus release and to estimate the productivity of this system. Material and methods. Virus-infected gametophytes of Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillw.) Lyngb. isolated from the New Zealand coast (Miiller 1991) were used to generate a sporophyte strain with rich and stable virus expression. Bacteria-free stock cultures were maintained in Petri dishes on Provasoli ES-medium solidified with 1 % agar. Four to 6 wk after transfer to sterile liquid medium the E, siliculosus plants reached maturity. Release of virus clouds was observed in microscopic mounts under dark field illumination on a Leitz dissecting scope at 63 X magnification. Size of virus particles and their number per sporangium compartment were derived from electron micrographs


We describe an interdisciplinary course for senior students in the physical, biological, and social sciences. The unifying theme is evolution and evolutionary theories in physics and anthropology. Our experience from three years of teaching such a course is that this format is excellent for the purpose of introducing undergraduates to a more realistic view of scientific work than they would normally encounter and for exploring in an unusual way the scientific method and how it is expressed in our culture.


The key of slope stability analysis of concrete face rockfill dam is how to reasonably choose the shear strength indicators of the rockfill materials,and how to choose the anti-slide stability analysis method reasonably reflected the failure mechanism of slope instability.Taking the face rockfill dam slope stability and safety factor as research subjects,through compared linear shear strength indicators,the paper demonstrated the reasonableness of non-linear shear strength index and explained the accuracy and reasonableness of the finite element method by comparing finite element method with the traditional rigid body limit equilibrium method.The results shown that by using the non-linear shear strength of the finite element method to resolve the problem of slope stability of the concrete face rockfill dam can obtain more reasonable results.


The verb κενόω (kenos) means 'to empty' and St. Paul uses the word ἐκένωσεν (ekenosen) writing that 'Jesus made himself nothing' and 'emptied himself'. Śūnyatā is a Buddhist concept most commonly translated as emptiness, nothingness, or nonsubstantiality. An important kenosis–śūnyatā discussion was sparked by Abe Masao's paper 'Kenotic God and Dynamic Śūnyatā' (in 1984). I confront the kenosis–śūnyatā theme with Vattimo's kenosis-based philosophy of religion. For Vattimo, kenosis refers to 'secularization': when strong structures such as the essence and the fulfilment of the Christian message are weakened. Parallels between Abe's and Vattimo's thought will be demonstrated with regard to themes current in East–West comparative philosophy: reality and emptiness, the overcoming of metaphysics, the position of the Self, the human and the divine, and the relationship between science and religion. The latter point is particularly timely because since the 1990s religious fundamentalism has pushed forward a curious 'religion as science' hypothesis. Both thinkers' relationship with the idea of Nothingness will also be explored. Finally, Abe's interpretation of śūnyatā will be presented as a form of 'weak thought'. Both Abe and Vattimo design a religious attitude based on negativity without falling into the trap of anti-religious nihilism. Abe's negation of the subject, which leads to a pluralism of beings, can very well be compared with Vattimo's paradoxical 'credere di credere' (to believe to believe), through which Vattimo describes the attitude of an ego that has lost its own subjectivity. The person who does not believe but only 'believes to believe' is a sort of non-ego. I show that a 'half-theistic' way of thinking God based on kenosis can work in the service of plurality because it deconstructs the principle of reality based on faith and 'fullness'.


A motion sensorless control for single phase permanent magnet brushless d.c. (PM-BLDC) motor drives, based on flux integration and prior knowledge of the PM flux/position characteristic is proposed here and an adequate correction algorithm is adopted, in order to increase the robustness to noise and to reduce the sensitivity to accuracy of flux linkage estimation. An I-f strategy is used for starting, by prescribing a ramped reference frequency and a constant current, and then the seamless transition to close loop sensorless control takes place. The proposed control system is detailed and validated by simulation and experimental results.


In a previous paper (Hurst, Snow, and Roberts, 1955) it was shown that the marked therapeutic effect of mepacrine dihydrochloride dihydrate (mepacrine) against equine encephalomyelitis in the mouse (Hurst, Melvin, and Peters, 1952; Hurst, Peters, and Melvin, 1952) could not be reproduced in a number of other animal species. The drug appeared to have no effect, or even an adverse effect, on infections in chicks, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and monkeys. Only in the adolescent rat could a significant protective action be demonstrated. Mepacrine failed to protect newly weaned rats from infection, whereas it had a good therapeutic action on similarly immature mice. Since mepacrine is quite exceptional in showing a therapeutic action against some smaller viruses, it seemed important to try to discover why its action should be largely confined to the mouse. Various reasons for this selective action could be imagined. There might, for instance, be a difference in metabolism in the mouse leading to the production of an active substance not formed in other species. The importance of metabolism in the action ofmepacrine is still an unsettled question. On the one hand there is some biological evidence favouring the possibility that mepacrine may exhibit its antiviral activity because of conversion in vivo into an active product; on the other hand there is the observation (Goodall, 1956) that the acridines extractable from livers of mepacrine-treated mice contain at least 96% of unchanged mepacrine either free or in the form of salts with phospholipids. Another possible way in which the mouse could differ from other species is in the mode of distribution of mepacrine, either in the different tissues of the body or in different cellular components. It is this possibility which has been examined in the experiments described here. Although scattered references to the concentrations of mepacrine in various animal tissues occur in the literature, it has not been possible to make use of them. Most of them, e.g. Hecht (1936), Oldham and Kelsey (1945), Dearborn (1947), refer to small single doses of mepacrine or to small amounts administered daily over a period, whereas others give results which are insufficient for any comparisons to be made (e.g. Scudi and Hamlin, 1943). A systematic comparison of the levels of mepacrine in organs of five different animal species has therefore been made at various times after oral administration of a single massive dose of the drug. Another line of approach was suggested by the observation (Hurst et al., 1955) that liver cells of mice treated with mepacrine contain yellow cytoplasmic particles which fluoresce and which may be stained with basic dyes; certain other species such as the guinea-pig do not exhibit this effect. It was thought that the quantitative distribution of mepacrine in the different component parts of the liver cell might be important in relation to the antiviral action of the drug. Experiments involving the centrifugal separation of cellular particles were therefore performed with livers from mice and guinea-pigs previously treated with mepacrine.


Abstract: The present prosperous industrial advancement, with the multifarious design of products and reduction of production cycle, highspeed machining technology has been extensively adopted by manufacturers. With the improvement of the science and technology, the high recurrence axles has been occurred of the typical mechanical shafts to an ever increasing extent, and furthermore be utilized of the numerical control machine with extraordinary impacts. The Fundamental ambitions of this proposal are structuring and examine the fast mechanized milling machine spindle. The spindle analyzed with contrasting materials like wise Steel, Aluminum Alloy 6061, 7075 and Carbon Fiber. In this analysis we find stress, Strain and deformation at every mode on these materials. The total analysis is done by using Ansys Software.


In this paper, we continue studying the properties of $\gamma^{*}$-semi-open sets in topological spaces introduced by S. Hussain, B. Ahmad and T. Noiri[8]. We also introduce and discuss the $\gamma^{*}$-semi-continuous functions which generalize semi-continuous functions defined by N. Levine [10].


Abstract Based on the concept of subloading plasticity, a constitutive framework, using mean skeleton stress and effective degree of saturation as fundamental variables, is proposed for capturing coupled hydro-mechanical behaviours for overconsolidated unsaturated soils. This framework can be reduced to the Modified Cam-Clay model when suction becomes zero and the initial overconsolidation ratio (OCR) is equal to 1.0. Compared with the models in literature, the main advantage of the proposed model that it is capable of modelling the hydro-mechanical interaction behaviours of overconsolidated unsaturated soils, such as strain-hardening coupled with shear contraction for normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated unsaturated soils, strain-softening coupled with shear dilatancy for heavily overconsolidated unsaturated soils, and the effect of OCR on the shear-induced variation in the degree of saturation. Meanwhile, the dependence of mechanical behaviours of unsaturated soils on degree of saturation can be adequately described. The performance of the presented model is illustrated through numerical examples with different initial degrees of saturation and overconsolidation ratios. Finally, the proposed model is validated against a variety of experimental data from suction-controlled triaxial compression tests.


Depression is one of the most harmful diseases in society today, and the etiology and pathological mechanism of depression is one of the most complicated mental illnesses. As the population of people with depression grows, the patient's long duration of illness and the harmfulness of
 the results make the disease the biggest challenge in the diagnosis of mental illness. How to improve the recognition rate of depression and make diagnosis and treatment as early as possible is the most effective way. According to the clinical medical manifestations of patients with depression,
 it is found that there is a very obvious difference between the patients with depression and the normal group in terms of speech characteristics, such as lower tones and slower speech speed. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for intelligent recognition of depression based on speech signals
 in combination with the contemporary smart home environment. A novel ensemble support vector machine (ESVM) algorithm is proposed in this article, which is applied to several classic depression speech data sets. The organic combination of depression recognition and smart home environment can
 adapt to the development of future technology.


Risk taking may be regarded as a normative behavior in adolescence. Risk-taking behaviors may include alcohol, smoking, drug use, delinquency, and acts of aggression. Many studies have explored the relationship between adolescents and risk-taking behavior; however, only a few studies have examined this link in adolescents with learning disabilities. The purpose of this study was to compare the risk-taking behavior of adolescents with learning disabilities (N = 307) and without learning disabilities (N = 307) over time. Specifically, this study investigated changes over time in adolescents' substance use, engagement in major and minor delinquency, acts of aggression, and gambling activities. Results indicated that, compared to their non–learning disabled peers, adolescents with learning disabilities engaged more frequently in some risk-taking behaviors including smoking, marijuana use, acts of delinquency, acts of aggression, and gambling. The results also indicate that for some risk-taking behaviors adolescents with and without learning disabilities differ in their trajectory of engagement. Implications of this study point to the importance of supporting adolescents with learning disabilities when they are faced with difficult decisions around risk taking.


The analysis of methods of assessing the conformity of hazardous production facilities supervised by Rostechnadzor is carried out. Measures to improve the quality of conformity assessment, the role of which is of great importance in reducing the influence of negative factors in the field of industrial safety are developed.


Administration of high-dose paracetamol may increase metabolic pathways that produce N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine (NAPQI). NAPQI is reactive substance, resulting in hepatic tissue damage and increase liver MDA level. Avocado peel extract contains flavonoids that act as antioxidants so it is expected may decrease liver MDA level of high-dose paracetamol administration.This research used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups: group of rats fed with standard food, group of rats given paracetamol 1,750 mg/kg BW on day 8, and group of rats given avocado peel extract 1,400 mg/kg/day for 8 days and paracetamol 1750mg/kg BW on day 8. Liver MDA levels were checked on day 9 by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method.The One-Way ANOVA test showed that the liver MDA level of the group of rats given high dose of paracetamol (=312.38±47.830 nmol/g) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) compared to the liver MDA level of the group of rats fed with standard food (=184.50±57.021 nmol/g). The liver MDA level of group of rats given high-dose paracetamol and avocado peel extract (=268.50±91.834 nmol/g) did not significantly decrease (p =0.213) compared to the liver MDA level of group of rats given high dose of paracetamol (=312.38±47.830 nmol/g).The conclusion of this research showed that high-dose paracetamol significantly increased liver MDA level and avocado peel extract tend to decrease liver MDA level because avocado peel consists flavonoid, hydroxynnamic acid, keratinoid, vitamin C, dan vitamin E that function as antioxidants. Keywords: Paracetamol, MDA, Persea americana


Secure routing is one of the most important topics in the wireless MANETs networks. MANETs networks don't have a central infrastructure for the management of routing in the networks. Each node independently routes and sends packets, so many attacks such as forging, modifying, and denial of service (DoS), Occur in these networks. In this paper, we present the new protocol, SEAODV; Secure Efficient Ad-hoc on Demand Routing Protocol for MANETs networks. SEAODV is based on the AODV algorithm and in comparison with existing secure AODV protocols such as SAODV, ARAN and SEAR have improved security and performances. SEAODV uses HEAP authentication Scheme with symmetric cryptography and oneway hash function for protection of routing packets. We show through theoretical examination and simulation, that SEAODV provides better security with significantly less overhead than other existing secure AODV protocols.


Global biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate, which is likely to have important consequences on ecosystem functioning. Previous studies have shown that in the short term, higher plant biodiversity in grasslands is linked to lower soil nitrogen concentrations, particularly of nitrate, probably due to higher plant uptake. It is unknown, however, how this trend will develop in the long term.
To establish long-term responses to experimental changes in biodiversity, long-term data in adequately high resolution is required to separate the long-term trend from seasonal variation in the data, and such data sets are still exceedingly rare. We present a data set of soil solution nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations collected every two weeks over 14 years after the establishment of an experimental grassland with varying levels of biodiversity. Analysis of this data allows us to determine a) whether the system has reached a new steady-state in soil nutrients after conversion from cropland soils to semi-natural grassland 15 years ago, and b) whether these steady-states are different for different levels of plant biodiversity. Furthermore, we expect to be able to detect c) the effects of extreme events (drought, flood) and d) temporal trends under different levels of plant biodiversity before the establishment of steady state. This will have important implications for our understanding of both the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship and the nutrient dynamics of soils changing from previously fertilized systems to semi-natural grasslands. Our results might additionally have practical implications for the establishment and management of hay meadows.


The present work was devoted to the treatment of patients suffering dorsopathy of the lumbar vertebral column using transcranial electrical stimulation and auricular electrical stimulation techniques. The study included 90 patients (41 women and 49 men) aged from 26 to 52 years presenting with lumbosacral dorsopathy in the phase of prolonged exacerbation. The patients were allocated to 3 groups of 30 subjects each. Those in group 1 were treated by transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) (in addition to basal therapy) using the standard scheme with the temporal placement of electrodes. The patients of group 2 underwent electrical stimulation with the use of auricular sensors. Each course of electrical stimulation consisted of 10 procedures (20 min each) performed every other day. The control patients (group 3) were given only standard basal-therapy including the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, segmental massage, and remedial gymnastics. Clinical manifestations of the disease, psychoemotional status of the patients (well-being/activity/mood test and multifactor personality test), and peripheral hemodynamics in the lower extremities were estimated. The stable therapeutic effect was achieved in 50-70% of the patients in groups 1 and 2. It was apparent after 4.6 and 6.7 procedures in the patients presenting with reflex and radicular syndromes respectively. No adverse effects of the treatment were documented. The results of the study confirm the advantages of the auricular variant of transcranial electrical stimulation that appears to potentiate therapeutic effects of physiotherapy and reflexotherapy.


To cope with the lower shear strength of asphalt pavement leading to early diseases such as slippage,upheaval and rutting,based on asphalt pavement layered elastic theory,the penetration model in line with the actual forcing was established through finite element method.The maximum shear stresses of asphalt mixture with different gradations,same gradation with/without filled mineral fines,different asphalt contents,different asphalt types and different aggregate types were obtained from uniaxial penetration test,then c and φ values of these materials were calculated respectively with a group of corresponding unconfined compressive strength.Through data analysis,the regularity of impact on asphalt mixture shear strength was summed up initially.


The Patient-Generated-Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) is mainly used to assess a patient's nutritional status and potential risk for weight loss. The PG-SGA consists of two parts; one from the patient and the other from the clinician. The patient completed part includes criteria related to 4 sections: weight; symptoms; food intake; and functional capacity. Checked boxes are used to indicate the respondent's situation; each box (criteria) has different weight, thus, each section has a separate score. The clinician part includes questions related to evaluatiing patient disease and its relationship with nutritional requirement, metabolic demand, and physical examination.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to check the validity of Bradford's Law in the contemporary world of academic electronic mailing lists. Design/methodology/approach – The present research study applied Bradford's Law to academic electronic mailing lists to determine: whether, on the Internet, mailing lists and the posts sent to them follow the same distribution as scientific journals and the articles published in them with respect to the original form of Bradford's Law; and whether the behaviour of the Bradford distributions differs depending on the type of academic discipline (social studies or sciences) and subject category (documentation and education, medicine and life sciences) to which the list belongs. As a prior step, the utility of mailing lists was analysed during the 10-year period of 2002-2011, together with their expected future in terms of ratifying the applicability of the Law. Findings – The results showed that, in general, electronic mailing lists are continuing to be used, and tha...


Analysis of genetic data from a multilocus allozyme study, using cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, of 2 trematode species, Glypthelmins californiensis Stafford, 1905, and Haplometrana intestinalis Lucker, 1931, from Rana aurora and Rana pretiosa, yielded a Nei's genetic distance coefficient between parasites of 0.70 +/- 0.10. This amount of genetic divergence is characteristic of comparisons between congeneric rather than intergeneric trematode species and supports the conclusion, corroborated by morphology and life history, that H. intestinalis is more closely related to some members of Glypthelmins than to any other species.


Development in the field of pharmaceutical administration has resulted in the discovery of highly sophisticated drug delivery systems that allow for the maintenance of a constant drug level in an organism. Contrary to these revolution biopharmaceutical results, over the last ten years, the number of poorly soluble drugs has steadily increased. Estimates state that 40% of the drugs in the pipelines have solubility problems. Progress in high throughput screening methods leads to an even greater amount of newly discovered drugs, but a lot of them have poor water solubility. Literature states that about 60% of all drugs coming directly from synthesis are nowadays poorly soluble. Meanwhile the five key physicochemical properties, such as pKa, solubility, permeability, stability and lipophilicity, in early compound screening should be optimized. Compounds with insufficient solubility carry a higher risk of failure during discovery and development, since insufficient solubility may compromise other property assays, mask additional undesirable properties, influence both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the compound and finally may affect the developability of the compound. Poor solubility in water correlates with poor bioavailability. If there is no way to improve drug solubility, it will not be able to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and reach the site of action (Junghanns & Muller, 2008; Payghan et al., 2008).


Various political transformations arose in Europe after the First World War. At this period Lithuania restored its independence. Alas, the Lithuanian historic capital was lost at the same time for a long period. So, Lithuania was the only country in the whole Europe which had to establish a new Capital. This establishment had to be realized in a short time. It was a unique and consequently quite interesting event in the urban history of Europe at that time. It was decided to carry into life a new Lithuanian capital in Kaunas. From an urban point of view Kaunas was an old town. There were remains of a rectangular network of streets as relicts from Middle Ages. Around Kaunas fortifications and various other military structures were erected. Considerable areas of oak woods were preserved for masking military manoeuvres. These relicts were conserved while planning a new town. In that stage of Kaunas growth the European practice of designing and building structures was adopted. Paying attention to Lithuanian climate new building materials were used. It is possible to notice a lot of local original solutions and innovations as well which were used in smaller towns later. Article in Lithuanian


The definition, inductive factors, ecological effects and treatments of harmful alga bloom(HAB) are discussed in this paper. Based on these aspects, the prospects of research on HAB are predicted to present advice on the research of HAB, including prediction, precaution, ecological treatments and loss reduction.


R. L. Tyrrell, A. A. Lake, S. Hodgson, W. J. Wills and A. J. Adamson Institute of Health and Society, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK, Centre for Public Policy and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK and Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK


The present invention discloses a method for controlling the thickness of the diffusion layer slurry prepared by alloying Al-Si seed coating, particularly Al-Si infiltration step of preparing a coating as: 1) treatment of infiltration of Al-Si test piece was preprocessed, alumina-silica treated retentate specimen surface uniformly spray coating slip, and then to dry naturally; 2) to be naturally dried after infiltration of Al-Si test piece was placed in a drying oven cure; 3) to be dried after infiltration of Al-Si test piece cured T and the sintering temperature during sintering alumina-silica coating layer by controlling the infiltration of the preparation: comprising the steps of; sintered, and heat treated under argon or air atmosphere, and then cooled to room temperature to prepare Al-Si coating is completed infiltration t the time to complete the diffusion layer thickness control of the Al-Si slurry prepared by alloying a coating, wherein the coating of Al-Si infiltration thickness S of the expression: S = aT + bT + cT + dt + e * 10 wherein, a, b, c, d and e are constants associated with the substrate material, which can be prepared to control the diffusion layer thickness of the coating of Al-Si alloying.


We studied whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances the motility of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells in an autocrine manner. The motility of five SCC cell lines (SAS, Ca 9-22, HSC-2, -3, -4) was examined with the use of a phagokinetic track assay. The motility of SAS cells and HSC-2 cells was significantly increased without EGF stimulation as compared with the three other cell lines. Amounts of EGF in the culture supernatants of the five cell lines after 48h of culture were examined with the immunoblotting method. EGF was detected in the supernatants of SAS cells and HSC-2 cells (SAS, 8.65±0.45; HSC-2, 2.60±1.13ng/ml). SAS cells, showing the highest levels of motility and EGF production, was used for further study. When SAS cells were treated with anti-EGF antibody, anti-EGF receptor antibody, and erbstatin analog, the motility of SAS cells was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the culture supernatant of SAS cells enhanced the motility of HSC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. These results suggest that EGF may stimulate the motility of human oral SCC cells in an autocrine manner.


The genus Moerarchis Durrant, 1914 is recorded for the first time from China. Moerarchis rectitrigonia Yang & Li, sp. n. is described as new based on the specimens collected in Anhui, Guangxi, Hainan and Zhejiang provinces. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided.


Microbial and plant extracts are productive sources of new bioactive metabolites for drug discovery. Screening for secondary metabolites is an established method to identify novel biologically active molecules. The screening system used in this study was yeast-based screening system. The glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3I²) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) were the molecular targets of this study since these kinases play a vital role in tumorigenesis, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Mutant yeasts strain MKK p386 and H10075 were used as models for
searching MAPKK and GSK-3I² inhibitors. The acetone extract of actinomycete strain H7667 showed GSK-3p inhibitory activity but not against MAPKK inhibitory activity. The active acetone extract of H7667 was dried and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with butanol and aqueous at ratio of 1:1. The obtained butanol extract of H7667 gave five significant peaks with retention time at 4.5 min, 18.4 min, 19.0 min, 21.4 min and 23.5 min respectively as analysed using RP-HPLC. The fractions of this extract showed negative results against the GSK-3I² possibly due to small amount of
bioactive compounds after fractionation. Five of the 27 plant extracts (crude, chloroform, methanol: aqueous and n-butanol extracts of Allium cepa, and aqueous extract of Tinospora crispa) had shown potent inhibitory activity against the MAPKK, whereas the Piper nigrum crude and chlorofoml extracts had shown to be potential inhibitors against GSK-3I². The n-butanol extract of Allium sativum showed toxicity against both MAPKK and GSK-3p. The Allium cepa, Tinospora crispa and Piper nigrum are potent anti-MAPKK and anti-GSK-3I² agents which can be further
developed as drugs for cancer and Alzheimer's diseases treatments.


The hypothesis was examined that the negative skew found in most distributions of performance rat ings is a function of the verbal labels used as anchors. When verbal labels quantified on the basis of the range of real-life performance were employed, distri butional parameters (means, skewness) were affected. Typically used sets of labels were shown to be more negative than believed, thus tending to force responses toward the high end of the scale and thereby contrib uting to negative skew.


Aerogravity assist enhances the technique of gravity assist through the use of a lifting vehicle that  ies through the atmosphere of the swingby planet. An algorithm is developed that automatically searches for such trajectories to destination planets including Pluto, Neptune, Saturn,Mars, and Venus. Trajectories for lift-to-drag (L/D) ratios ranging from 1 to 10 are calculated using Venus and Mars as aerogravity-assist  yby bodies. Current waverider technology promises to deliver L/D ratios as high as 7. Trajectories to Pluto with times of  ight near 8 years and launchC3 (excess velocity squared) under 56 km2/s2 are presented for L/D ratios of 7. This techniques signiŽ cantly reduces launch energy and the time of  ight for many missions, enabling greater access to solar system bodies.


The studies of (TEMPO)3O3P molecules (tri‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐oxyl‐4‐piperidyl) phosphite) and their monolayers formed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) are presented. (TEMPO)3O3P is synthesized from TEMPOL precursor (4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl). We focused on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) investigations. The EPR experiments demonstrate the paramagnetism of (TEMPO)3O3P in powdered form and in solution. Furthermore, these paramagnetic properties of (TEMPO)3O3P are preserved after the deposition on HOPG substrate. The STM studies show that (TEMPO)3O3P molecules have a strong tendency to form self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). The detailed STM images let us to explore the structure of (TEMPO)3O3P on HOPG and propose a structural model for the observed SAMs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Signal-noise ratio is an important measurement of communication quality parameters.Correctly estimating signal-noise ratio provides important information for subsequent researches.This issue combines with various kinds of methods for signal-noise ratio estimation,and estimates different kinds of modulated signals in different kinds of methods,only with the prior information of modulation mode.We can effectively recognize six modulated signals,including amplitude-modulation signals,phase-modulation signals and frequency-modulation signals.Simulation experiments prove that the methods in this issue can effectively estimate signal-noise ratio between 0and 18 dB with estimated bias less than 0.5dB.


Based on the various kinds of wastewater,components and the technology and principle of the original wastewater treatment in an integrated circuit factory,the researches on the problems of technology,equipment and control in the wastewater treatment system since putting into action have been carried on.After comparison and analysis,the Japanese patent technique,Heldy-F,developed by Jujikasui Engineering Co.to treat semi-conductor industrial wastewater has been used for the technical reform in the original wastewater treatment.After the reform the system runs stably.Through monitoring the wastewater treatment efficiency and calculating the running cost,the wastewater discharge is steady,reaching the national standard and the running cost gets lower,obtaining excellent result.


On the regulation demanded for a control of various toxic substances, PCBs(poly chlorinated biphenyl) has a fatal poisonous matter in the ecosystem and the environmental pollution as it is a kind of stable chemical substance. Especially, the gross product of PCBs is estimated at about one million tonnage all over the world. However, it is kept on storing in untreated state, then has a deterioration by the prolonged storage and a risk of overflowing. Therefore, this research examined the fundamental characteristics of combustion and emission for the target of using the IPA (iso-propyl alcohol) solution as a part of PCBs control. IPA was filled to three kinds of Vessel, i.e., Vessel Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ, and then was investigated as follows; combustion shape, flame temperature, mass burning velocity, and PM(particulate matter). A radial thermometer and a C-A thermocouple measured the flame temperature, and the optical extinction method by using He-Ne laser and the filter weight method used in the PM measurement. As a result, with an increasing of L/S ratio, the flame length become shorter and the burning velocity is more rapid, but the particulate matters is higher. It is supposed that the air flow rate is high on Vessel놳, and then the combustion is promoted in the surface area of the upstream zone. The future works plan to investigate the characteristics with an using of the mixing of IPA and PCBs


The value of the cascade of HIV national care for assessing the success of HIV management depends on the accuracy of estimates at each cascade stage.


Abstract : An Analytical and experimental program was conducted, the purpose of which was the development and application of the Integral Theory of Impact to the design of lightweight armor. The experimental program consisted of deforming and nondeforming spherical projectiles impacting monolithic and layered targets. Crater depth data were obtained for thick targets; residual velocity data for thin targets. The program verified two key aspects of the theory: (1) a simple, deforming particle model can be used to predict the gross response of a target; (2) the theory can be used to predict layered target response. Materials have been identified which have the potential to reduce armor weight and/or cost. In general, these materials are ceramics which must be used in combination with more ductile materials. An optimization study is presented which demonstrates the method by which the tradeoffs between these materials can be estimated and suggests the potential payoff. The optimization is based on a typical high velocity fragment threat.


logically bold (at times) to the point of blunt insensitivity, and whose worldly ambition and Christian charity are fascinatingly, and ultimately indecipherably, intertwined. E.'s case is made through descriptive narration, with frequent citation from the letters of Augustine and his correspondents. There is surprisingly little fine-grained literary analysis, despite what the introduction seems to promise (pp. 20–5). In other words, while E. is relatively thorough in her setting out of contemporary epistolary conventions and the way in which Augustine manipulates and flouts these at the macro-level, there is not as much as one would expect by way of detailed attention to the particular words and phrases he uses and to their configurational dynamics. This is perhaps a result of the fact that, as E. judges, Augustine's letters are on the whole 'relatively unadorned, textualized speech acts that aim primarily to communicate and produce action', by contrast with those of Paulinus and Jerome, which serve to '[advertise] their literary talents' (p. 229). However, the much more prominent dimension lacking from E.'s treatment is the theological – a deliberate bracketing on E.'s part (e.g. pp. 103 n. 7; 137 n. 101; 192). While her literary-historical approach fully justifies itself as a self-contained treatment (which is at the same time non-reductively open to the theological), I wonder, as a theologian, how her argument would be affected by a systematic integration of the theological dimension which is never far from the surface. As E. senses, the subject of mutual, loving rebuke or correction within the Christian community is a vital, although underexplored, topos within Augustine's theology. She draws attention to the only treatise of Augustine's with rebuke as its central focus (the late De correptione et gratia), but clearly recognises that it is a theme of much more pervasive importance for him, informed in particular by his reading of Paul's rebuke of Peter in Galatians 2:11–14 (pp. 224–5). Thus the potential of a theological analysis – which takes into account both his theoretical reflection on the role of rebuke and his own practice of it in epistolary form – is huge. It is so not only for the specifically theological fruit it could bear in relation to Augustine's doctrinal thinking (e.g. on grace, free will, predestination, the Holy Spirit, etc.), but also for the extra complexity it could bring to the narrative E. tells. What would happen if one were to lend the literary, ambitious and pastoral Augustine a fully theological voice? How would this voice contribute to and transform the already multidimensional Augustine drawn by E.? And more specifically, how would attentiveness to Augustine's theology shed light on his bold manipulation of epistolary norms? Would his strategies emerge in renewed relief? These are questions E.'s exciting monograph invites but does not pursue.


Abstract It is established that, in steady circulation-preserving hydrodynamic motions with velocity q = qt subject to either of the geometric constraints t · curl t = 0 or div t = 0, the geodesic unit tangent t-field is constrained by privileged Heisenberg spin-type equations. In the case div t = 0, remarkably, the integrable Heisenberg spin equation related to the solitonic nonlinear Schrodinger equation is obtained. Corresponding results hold "mutatis mutandis" in magneto-hydrostatics.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(8-iso-PGF2α) level and carotid arterial intima-media thickness(IMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Methods Blood fat,glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α were detected in 129 T2DM patients and 20 healthy people as controls,and the IMT level was detected by high frequency and color ultrasonography.The T2DM patients were divided into normal IMT group(IMT0.9 mm) and higher IMT group(IMT≥0.9 mm) according to the point of IMT=0.9 mm.The correlation between level of 8-iso-PGF2α and other blood index with IMT were analyzed. Results The levels of 8-iso-PGF2α in the control group,normal IMT group and higher IMT group were(356±137),(507±167) and(1 342±323)(pg/mmol Cr),the level of 8-iso-PGF2α in T2DM patients was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the level of 8-iso-PGF2α in the higher IMT group were significantly higher than that in the normal IMT group(P0.01).Pearson analysis showed that the IMT was positively correlated with the 8-iso-PGF2α,HbA1c,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,triglyceride and body mass index(P0.05). Conclusion The level of oxidative stress increased significantly and it may be involved in the atherosclerosis in T2DM patients.Therapy for oxidative stress should be established as early as possible to reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis and vascular complications.


ZnO nanorods were grown on ITO substrates with different concentration of electrolyte by electrodeposition method. Microstructure, surface topography, photoluminescence spectra, Raman spectra and water contact angle of the thin films were measured. The XRD results show all samples are hexagonal wurtzite and the intensity of diffraction peaks at (002) preferred orientation are strengthen as electrolyte concentration increase from 0.005 to 0.03 M. As the concentration increases, the average diameter, density and inclination of the ZnO nanorods increased. Room temperature photoluminescence spectras of the ZnO nanorods show a narrow UV band centering at about 377 nm and broad visible emissions around 600 nm and the UV peak intensity revealed a remarkable decreased. Raman spectras exhibit three peaks which are located at 439 cm−1, 562 cm−1 and 1095 cm−1. All samples change from hydrophobicity to hydrophilic after one hour ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: email@example.com. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0881507jes] All rights reserved.


Cryo-extraction (pressing of frozen apples), is one of the two freeze-enrichment systems allowed for the making of ice juices. Its ciders are often described as more complex and aromatic, however, the production yield is quite low. The Exhaustion method associated with the previous one proposes the valorisation of the discarded apple juice fractions for the making of new ciders. Three types of apple juices and three species of yeasts (S. bayanus, C6; S. cerevisiae, Levuline-CHP, and T. delbrueckii, Biodiva-TD291) have been used to evaluate the Exhaustion method. The ciders obtained were analysed for chemical and volatile composition as well as sensory characteristics. The yield (%) of the Exhaustion process ranged between 24 and 37%. The yeasts promoted the fermentation at different rates, providing ciders with alcoholic degrees between 9 and 12 (%v/v), and low volatile acidities. The yeast strain significantly influenced most of the parameters analysed, whereas the raw apple juice influenced the perception of the attributes fruity, apple and butter. Although the ciders produced by Exhaustion presented significantly lower concentrations of all the volatile compounds analysed than the corresponding ice ciders obtained by Cryo-extraction, the S. bayanus C6 and T. delbrueckii TD291 gave highly valued ciders from the sensory point of view.


This paper was published as Proceedings of the 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, USA, 10-13 January, 2005, pp. 1-12. It is also available from http://www.aiaa.org/.


We use a simple career concerns model with two tasks and additive technology to shed some light on agent's incentives for effort repartition. We establish the conditions under which the agent concentrates his effort on one of the tasks and discuss the implications of the in-formational structure on his choice. In particular, it is shown that increasing information precision may distort incentives and harms the principal's interest.


179Background: The cyclin pathway is comprised of possible targetable alterations as well as resistant alterations that affect treatment, including hormonal agents. We describe the landscape of cyc...


Abstract After an introduction dealing with the new codification trend for prudential supervision and with the three categories of financial services established there, the author turns to contract law proper. He starts out with a detailed description of the Financial Services Distance Marketing Directive, which covers all providers of financial services. In particular he deals with the modifications needed to the general EC regime on distance selling. He then turns to the three categories of financial services. Firstly he deals with commercial banking and three measures which have been recently enacted or proposed in this area: the proposed new Consumer Credit Directive, which might change the approach from an information model to a more interventionist model (with a duty of 'sensible credit giving'); the Financial Collateral Arrangements Directive, which creates the framework for the Europewide recognition of collateral placed on financial instruments (bank accounts and securities); and the equal charging rule for credit transfers, which was introduced in 2001 by the Regulation on cross-border transfers of credits. The author continues with a description of the new measures in the second category – investment banking – namely the new Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (replacing the Investment Services Directive) and the Hague Convention on settlement systems (private international law). He ends by detailing the new measures in the insurance business, namely the Insurance Mediation Directive and the new version of the Insurance Block Exemption.


Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars are critical for autonomous-driving applications. Sawtooth waveforms with short chirp time $( \lt; 50 \mu \mathrm {s})$ are desired to eliminate the speed-range ambiguity. The chirp signal needs to be linear to avoid spurious tones in the receiver baseband, which result in false detections. Furthermore, a wide chirping bandwidth (BW $_{chirp}\, \gt;4$ GHz) improves the range resolution to 3.75cm. To meet these requirements, fractionalN PLLs with two-point-modulation (TPM) scheme are presented in [1]–[3] with a relative rms FM error of 0.05% when normalized to the chirping bandwidth. In conventional FMCW PLLs, the lowpass signal injection is implemented through division ratio modulation in the PLL feedback path. However, the divider power consumption and noise are not negligible. In [4], a subsampling GMSK modulator improves the EVM. By using a high-resolution DTC, the divider quantization noise contribution to the PM/FM error is eliminated. In this work, the frequency modulation bandwidth is extended to GHz range and a 16GHz subsampling PLL (SS-PLL) is used for fast-chirp generation. Thanks to the TPM technique and selfcalibration, this PLL takes $30 \mu \mathrm {s}$ to chirp a sawtooth waveform with a 1.5GHz BW $( \sim 9.5$% of the carrier frequency). The rms FM error is 100kHz, which is 0.007% of BW$_{chirp}$.


This paper considers use of employment contracts versus commercial contracts for the exchange of labor services. Those workers selling their services via the former contract are employees and those using the latter are independent contractors. Following the legal distinction between the two types of contracts, this is equivalent to modeling the right to control the work routine. The work routine is allowed to affect effort incentives as in Holmstrom and Milgrom (1994) and investment incentives as in Grossman and Hart (1986). Predictions of the effects of monitoring costs and the importance of investment on control of the work routine and use of independent contractors are derived. These predictions are tested and supported with data from the Current Population Survey augmented with occupational characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.


Background: During operative treatment of bunions, an attempt is made to correct the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and the intermetatarsal angle (IMA). In this study, the HVA and the IMA were measured using intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopic images obtained during surgical treatment of a bunion with chevron osteotomy. These angles were again measured using weight-bearing radiographs obtained 4 to 6 weeks postoperatively. Methods: At our institution, we reviewed medical records of patients who underwent a bunion repair with chevron osteotomy between January 2013 and October 2017. A total of 26 feet from 24 patients were included. Three authors (ALP, TMH, and RAM) measured the HVA and IMA using intraoperative fluoroscopic images and postoperative weight-bearing radiographs (4 measurements per foot; total, 104 measurements). The authors were blinded to their previous angular measurements and to measurements made by the others. An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for the HVA and IMA measurements between groups (ie, intraoperative fluoroscopic images and postoperative radiographs) to determine interobserver reliability. We compared the angles measured by the authors between groups and used a paired t test for statistical evaluation. Results: Interobserver difference of the HVA and IMA was low between intraoperative fluoroscopic images and postoperative weight-bearing radiographs (0.98 and 0.79; 0.78 and 0.95, respectively). The measured IMAs were relatively consistent between groups (6.21° and 6.37°, respectively); only two patients had a difference > 3°. There was a greater difference in HVAs between groups (11.5° and 14.2°, respectively). In 11 feet, the HVA was > 5° (range, 5.3-12.7°) in the postoperative radiograph compared to the fluoroscopic image. In one foot, we noted a 7° decrease of the HVA on the postoperative radiograph. The average difference of HVA between groups was 2.6° (P < 0.0001), whereas the IMA was 0.16° (P = 0.002). Conclusions: Interobserver measurements of the HVA and IMA were reliable on both the intraoperative fluoroscopic images and the postoperative weightbearing radiographs. The IMA was similar between groups; however, the HVA was often greater on the postoperative weight-bearing radiographs.


We perform numerical calculations to predict the electronic energy-subband structures in quasi-two-dimensional electronic systems with periodic modulation potentials along the lateral directions under normally applied electric fields. These potentials arise from the periodic modulation of the widths of the systems, such as those produced by deposition of AlAs and GaAs fractional layers on (001) vicinal GaAs substrates. A coordinate transformation was introduced which transforms the systems with periodically structured interfaces to quantum wells with planar interfaces so that the boundary conditions of the electron wave functions are considerably simplified. Far-infrared optical absorptions associated with the electron transitions between the electron conduction subbands of the systems were predicated numerically. The changes of the electronic density of states, energy minigaps, and subband optical-absorption coefficients as functions of the normally applied electric fields are investigated in detail.


This paper presents ferroelectric single-electron transistors (SETs) with tunable tunnel barriers and their application in a reconfigurable binary decision diagram (BDD) logic architecture. In this experimental demonstration, the SETs can be programmed into short, open, and Coulomb blockade modes to construct the BDD fabric. We experimentally demonstrate the decision node, consisting of two SETs, with robust path switching characteristics. Harnessing such programmability and path switching features, a nonvolatile reconfigurable low-power BDD logic is achieved. A ferroelectric dielectric-based split gate configuration and a differential biasing scheme are utilized to share the programming resources and reduce the energy consumption. Peripheral interface circuits are designed to recover the output signal swing for cascaded BDD logic demonstration and to provide noise immunity. The simulation shows that with sufficient circuitry complexity or a latched dynamic CMOS interface, the proposed BDD architecture achieves higher power efficiency than CMOS at the same throughput delay.


Abstract
Background: Flow cytometric analysis of leukemias improves accuracy for distinguishing acute leukemias of myeloid and lymphoid origin. In rare cases, both myeloid and lymphoid antigens are expressed, creating


The Present investigation was conducted on KF (HF cross) bulls maintained at Artificial Breeding Complex of National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India from April, 2008 to July 2009 in five phases to evaluate the effect of various freezing rates and ice nucleation on cryopreservation of crossbred bull semen, to study the effect of filtration with antioxidant fortification on preservability and to assess the effect of Vitamin E supplementation on ameliorating vaccination stress. In phase-1, freezing protocol was standardized for KF bulls. In phase-2 choice of semen additive was done based on comparative performance of these extenders at room temperature (25 C) refrigeration temperature (4 to 7 C) and frozen temperature (-196 C) with low and high grade ejaculates. In phase-3, filtration of low grade ejaculates from Subfertile bulls were done at room temperature, refrigerated temperature and frozen temperature. In phase-4 experiment was conducted to study amelioration of vaccination stress by vitamin E supplementation, and finally in phase-5 Immunomodulating dose of levamisole treatment was used to study the amelioration of vaccination stress. Seeding definitely (p<0.05) improved the semen quality of spermatozoa, though freezing in biological freezer had no additional significant benefit to restore the normal characteristics of spermatozoa. Antioxidants significantly (p<0.05) improve preservability of semen, but among additives vitamin E had best effect. Damage to spermatozoa was found to be least in extender fortified with vitamin E at room refrigeration and frozen temperature. Filtration system containing sephadex ion-exchange columns can effectively remove immotile, dead and abnormal spermatozoa from an extended low quality semen ejaculate specially when it is fortified with vitamin E, at all preservation temperature. Vitamin E supplementation in vaccinated bulls ameliorates vaccination stress partially as it improve significantly (p<0.05) overall volume, concentration dose/ejaculates and other characteristics of spermatozoa. Levamisole treatment in vaccinated bulls ameliorates vaccination stress partially as it improve significantly (p<0.05) overall concentration, dose/ejaculates and other characteristics of spermatozoa. No significant effect was observed in blood profile either with Vitamin E supplementation or Levamisole treatment.


In a study on L2 writing, conducted among a group of university students of Italian and French, a cloze test consisting of a shortened version of a journal article was administered, in order to obtain a separate measure of the level of linguistic proficiency of the learners. The cloze test is an integrative testing instrument that measures overall language competence, consisting of a text of which every fifth to eleventh word has been left out. The present article focuses on the results obtained on the cloze test 'In carcere per Lara', by 98 L2 learners of Italian of different levels of L2 proficiency, with Dutch as their native language. In our contribution the advantages and shortcomings of the cloze procedure as compared to the C-test and other language tests are discussed. On the basis of the findings we argue that although the cloze test is a reliable and valid testing method, as it provides a good and quick assessment of general language competence in L2, it should mainly be used as a diagnostic instrument for formative testing and not for summative purposes.


This paper presents the development of a web application, which aims to provide a platform for white paper authors to upload and have their documents reviewed by industry experts and scholars. The web app will utilize Ethereum block chain technology to provide security and authenticity to the uploaded white papers, which will be converted into non-fungible tokens to ensure their uniqueness. The authors will have the ability to self-upload their white papers onto a secured IPFS (Inter Planetary File System) database and use ERC721 (Ethereum Request for Comments) protocols to mint them as non-fungible tokens. In addition, the web app will allow white paper authors to receive crowdfunded support from users holding ETH in their web3 wallets. With our unique authentication system utilizing decentralized techniques, the Paper Publication Portal ensures that only verified authors can publish their work, enhancing both the security and credibility of the platform.


......................................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... ix ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................. xii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES .................................................................................................. xii


Web-based cooperative learning provides learners an environment which makes the studying process vivid and interesting,useful for the development of the learners' advanced cognitive ability.On the basis of the higher education teaching model reform in the informa-tion age,this paper mainly talks about the existing problems and the solutions in the web-based cooperative learning model in universities.


Chemical compositions,pharmacological effects of Diphylleia sinensis, Balanophora polyandra,Paris polyohylla,Swertia davidii,Arisaema rhizomatum,Panax japonicus,Impatiens pritzelii,Cynanchum officinale and so on,were reviewed in this paper. It provides reference for the comprehensive utilization of Ethno-medicinal plants.


Government by law is integrated with democracy.To enforce government of the county by law ,we should first establish grass roots democracy and perfect the grass roots system of voting ,decision,management and supervision .Secondly,we should administrate by law and guarantee judicial fairness.Finally ,grass roots cadres should establish the idea of governing by law and governing by the people,and they should also improve the qualities of present officials by way of replacing old ones with new ones.


During several recent disasters hospital routines have been severely disrupted as a result of invasions by representatives of the media. Reporters, photographers, and crews from television and radio stations have all vied with each other to be the first with detailed reports, pictures, and exclusive interviews. The problems arising from the "clamour for information from relatives, press, television, and radio" were recognised in 1977 by the Department of Health and Social Security when it issued the most recent health circular dealing with major accidents,' and general requirements for dealing with representatives of the media have since been outlined.2 The role of the media is to obtain information of interest to its listeners, viewers, or readers and to produce this information as rapidly as possible. While this is an essential part of a free society, the sudden arrival of a large number of reporters can be an unwelcome burden for a hospital trying to cope with the victims of a disaster. The problem can, however, be reduced to manageable proportions if the requirements of the media are understood and effective measures taken to meet them. These objectives can be achieved by including in the disaster plan facilities for accommodating the press and by developing good liaison with the media through a press officer. This officer might be a designated senior member of staff at the hospital who assumes the role during a disaster. Professional help is available, however, from the press and public relations department of each regional health authority. The regional public relations officer and his staff will advise hospital managers and, if necessary, go to the hospital to take on the responsibility for the media, working with and for the hospital staff. We prepared the following guidelines after analysing the lessons learnt from a disaster exercise held at Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup, and from the bomb explosion at the Grand Hotel, Brighton. Theory and practice A disaster exercise held at Queen Mary's Hospital in March 1984 was designed to include harassment by the media in the form of enthusiastic participation by reporters from the Kentish Times and members of the South East Thames Regional Health Authority's public relations department, several of whom had been professional reporters. The exercise simulated a train crash at Sidcup station and resulted in 76 "casualties" being admitted to the hospital over one and a half hours. In addition, 150 people playing the parts ofrelatives …


Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and various high-angular-resolution imaging (HARDI) techniques, has been widely used in the research of neuroscience and clinical applications. With the development of new acquisition and imaging schemes, numerous novel post-processing methods are also proposed. However, it remains unclear whether the newly proposed methods are better than the existing ones since there is no ground-truth. Therefore, providing a realistic digital phantom and the corresponding simulated diffusion weighted (DW) image data sets is essential for evaluating quantitatively the performance of different modalities and subsequent analysis methods. In this work, we propose to use the human brain DTI atlas to construct a digital brain phantom, and then combine the Bloch equation and Mont-Carlo method to simulate DW images and diffusion tensor images. The simulation results are validated by DTI atlas. The experimental results demonstrate that such simulation tool is able to generate realistic DW images along any directions, which permits for the quantitative comparison of different acquisition, reconstruction and processing schemes by using our simulation data sets.


The utility model discloses a vehicle emergency starting multifunctional mobile power supply. The vehicle emergency starting multifunctional mobile power supply comprises a charging input interface, a charging management circuit, a storage battery group and a vehicle power supply output interface which is connected with a vehicle starting circuit, wherein the charging input interface, the charging management circuit, the storage battery group and the vehicle power supply output interface are electrically connected in turn. The vehicle emergency starting multifunctional mobile power supply further comprises an electronic device charging circuit which is electrically connected with the storage battery group. According to the utility model, the utilization rate can be greatly improved; and the vehicle emergency starting multifunctional mobile power supply can charge a variety of other electronic devices, provides lighting, and is very convenient and practical.


Surface electromigration rates on oxide-free surfaces of unpassivated damascene Cu interconnect segments have been determined through electromigration testing under vacuum. Electromigration-induced voids grew at the cathode end of the segments due to a flux divergence at refractory-metal-lined vias to the lead lines below the test segment. Copper diffusivity on a clean Cu surface was determined by measuring the size of the voids as a function of time and test temperature at a fixed current. An activation energy of 0.45±0.11eV and a prefactor of 3.35×10−12m2∕s were found for the product of the effective charge z* and the surface diffusivity Ds. This result is shown to be consistent with void drift rates measured in passivated interconnects.


At present, China's economy has entered a new period of high-quality development from the stage of high-speed growth. The supply side structural reform focusing on removing production capacity, inventory, deleveraging, cost reduction and making up for weaknesses is a major strategic measure to enhance the driving force of sustained economic growth, solve the deep-seated problems of economic development and improve the quality of economic development. Accelerating the innovation and application of smart supply chain has become an important part of promoting supply side structural reform, cultivating new economic growth points and building a modern economic system. This paper mainly analyzes the emergence and research status of smart supply chain and the construction of smart supply chain system under the background of supply side reform, so as to promote the high-quality development of economy.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we consider the problem of testing independence against stochastically increasing property. For the construction of new statistical tests, we employ Nadaraya–Watson regression estimator. We examine their asymptotic properties under the null and an alternative hypothesis. The performance of the tests is studied via power study. For this purpose, the bootstrap versions of proposed tests are utilized. The finite sample results indicate their competitiveness compared to existing statistical methods.


Objective To become familiar with the features and increased risks of lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ,and to investigate the direct relationship between fibrosis and cancer development .Methods The retrospective study was made on the clinical course of patients.The real concordance rate of the two lesions in the chest computed tomography (CT ) was analysed and compared to the histological types of lung cancer.The subjects included 28 patients with combined lung cancer and IPF (IPF Ca ) ,48 patients with lone IPF ,and 570 patients with primary lung cancer .All patients were campatible with the diagnostic criteria drawn up by zhong hua hu xi yujie he za zhi during the same period .Results The age ,percentage of smokers ,and the male sex were significantly higher in IPF Ca compared with lone IPF .The most frequent cell type was squamous cell carcinoma, and there was no significant difference in the cancer cell type between IPF Ca and total lung cancer population . In some situation ,the cancer might develop in the area of major fibrosis .IPF Ca was founded to be frequent in the periphery of the lung and the lower lobe,the real concordance rate of the two lesions in the chest computed tomography (CT ) was 36%.Conclusion These findings suggest that not only the age , smoking ,but also the male sex is a strong risk factor for IPF Ca . IPF is assocated with increased risk of lung cancer. the features of IPF Ca are similar to the total lung cancer population.The occurrence of IPE may be certainly correlated with the early action of lung cancer.


.......................................................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... 10 1. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF INFORMATION ACCESS THROUGH PUBLIC POLICIES: IMPACTS OF RURAL EXTENSION AND INTERNET ACCESS ON BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................... 11........................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.


We examine whether the cultural orientation of target firms influences outcomes of international mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Prior research shows that the national culture of the acquiring firm country influences M&A, as well the distance between the acquiring and target country cultures. Not previously studied from a cultural perspective of M&A has been the target country culture, despite estimates that about 40 percent of M&A is target-initiated. Our focus is on target firm cultural orientation, including how cultural orientation affects the likelihood of, and returns from, M&A. Our testing applies three cultural orientation factors (results, tradition, people orientation) extracted from a GLOBE cultural framework to a dataset of firm-level M&A data across 39 countries, 1990-2016. We find that firms from cultures with a results orientation are less likely to become M&A targets and also experience higher cumulative abnormal returns if acquired. While firms from countries with cultures with a tradition orientation or a people orientation are more likely to become targets but experience lower cumulative abnormal returns if acquired. These results are robust to a comprehensive range of robustness tests. Our findings suggest that understanding the cultural orientation of target firms is important to understanding M&A outcomes.


ABSTRACT Four female Holocaust survivors were interviewed in order to investigate how they coped prior to the Holocaust, during the Holocaust years, following the end of World War II, and during integration within emerging Jewish society prior to the establishment of the State of Israel. Antonovsky's (1987) concept of sense of coherence (SOC) and thematic analysis were employed. The analysis suggests that their ability to navigate these life-changing circumstances as young women was the result of the elasticity of the SOC components and the meanings ascribed to them, depending on the situations encountered.


The technique of gene chip has been more and more applied in ophthalmology. In this article, we reviewed the basic conception of gene chip and focused on the recent progress on gene expression, molecular mechanism of normal and pathologic cornea.


Issues around climate change are being examined globally across various disciplines and informed decisions at community levels are required within wider national responses. Research addressing decision support for managing the possible impacts on human communities has to date been limited. As climate science knowledge and government policy changes, information must be updated for dissemination to regional implementers. Traditional knowledge repositories for decision support however work on static models, expensive to update in dynamic fields. This paper describes a process for developing a sustainable knowledge repository for decision support that can assist local policy development in climate change applications. An ontology guaranteeing the semantic integrity of the repository is a central feature. Using a semantic wiki approach the semantic integrity of the knowledge base is combined with the update of emergent findings from multiple stakeholders. Both methodological and practical aspects for developing an information framework to support climate change decision makers are addressed.


There are two issues for the strearning video delivery on the 3G network: one is to change the bandwidth of the data 1ink layer dynamically, and another is to change the connected/ disconnected state during the session. The purpose of the study is to create a framework for developing the software which manages もheseissues on mobile wireless to control QoS parameters among the wireless link, video contents and user's requests. The paper describes several issues on mobile wireless 1ink for multimedia streaming, and proposes techniques which can improve the QoS control on end-to-end path for multimedia streaming to mobile terminals.


Background and Aims: Patients with advanced liver cirrhosis who develop renal dysfunction have a poor prognosis. Elevated intrarenal resistance indices (RIs) due to renal vascular constriction have been described before in cirrhotic patients. In the current study, we prospectively investigated the course of intrarenal RIs and compared their prognostic impact with those of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and the Child-Pugh scores. Methods: Sixty-three patients with liver cirrhosis underwent a baseline visit which included a sonographic examination and laboratory tests. Forty-four patients were prospectively monitored. The end points were death or survival at the day of the follow-up visit. Results: In 28 patients, a follow-up visit was performed after 22 ± 8 months (group 1). Sixteen patients died during follow-up after 12 ± 8 months (group 2). Group 2 patients showed a significantly higher baseline RI (0.76 ± 0.05) than group 1 patients (RI = 0.72 ± 0.06; p < 0.05). As shown by receiver operating characteristic analysis, the RI and the MELD score achieved similar sensitivity and specificity [area under the curve (AUC): 0.722; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.575–0.873 vs. AUC: 0.724; 95% CI: 0.575–0.873, z = 0.029, n.s.] in predicting survival and were superior to the Child-Pugh score (AUC: 0.677; 96% CI: 0.518–0.837). Conclusion: The RI is not inferior in sensitivity and specificity to the MELD score. Cirrhotic patients with elevated RIs have impaired short- and long-term survival. The RI may help identify high-risk patients that require special therapeutic care.


A 20‐ns laser pulse is compressed to nearly 2.5 ns in a 10‐cm‐long sample of liquid‐crystal cholesteryl oleate in the isotropic phase. Pulse compression in a length as short as only 5 cm has been observed. A semiquantitative explanation is given in terms of stimulated Brillouin scattering.


The overall objective of this chapter is to present a summary of current knowledge about the various materials used to build flexible pavements within the context of developing analytically based methods for pavement design of the type discussed in chapter 1. A large part of the chapter is concerned with the properties of bituminous materials since these have been more extensively researched than others. The other materials considered are unbound aggregates and soils. For each material, the characteristics of interest for pavement design are discussed, these being stress-strain relationships and failure criteria. Both elastic and permanent strains are considered since the former are relevant to elastic analysis of pavements and fatigue cracking of bituminous materials and the latter relate to the development of permanent deformation in the various layers which causes the observed surface deformation used as the principal failure criterion in Great Britain. /Author/TRRL/


This paper introduces a traveler electromagnetic suspension system.A linearized model is established.Simulation result of the PID control is also given.


Abstract Making use of natural dynamics of mechanical systems is extremely powerful for generating highly dynamic motion with impressive performance. Optimal trajectories, however, are difficult to find when the systems has weak actuation or totally passive degrees of freedom during motion. We discuss how the complexity of a finite-time optimal control problem for an underactuated two-link robot gets reduced by using a geometric parameterization of motion. A performance index for maximum velocity is analytically derived enabling a parametric search and study of parameter sensitivities. We investigate a formulation of a necessary condition for optimality. A small number of parameters describes an optimal pitching motion.


Join curator Judy Aitken and artist Albert Potroni for a chance to see some of the Cuming Museum's First World War artefacts and discuss the proposed new war memorial in Walworth.


We use a sample of 45 core collapse supernovae detected with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on-board the Hubble Space Telescope to derive the core collapse supernova rate in the redshift range 0.1 =0.39, =0.73, and =1.11, we find rates 3.00 {+1.28}{-0.94}{+1.04}{-0.57}, 7.39 {+1.86}{-1.52}{+3.20}{-1.60}, and 9.57 {+3.76}{-2.80}{+4.96}{-2.80}, respectively, given in units yr^{-1} Mpc^{-3} 10^{-4} h_{70}^3. The rates have been corrected for host galaxy extinction, including supernovae missed in highly dust enshrouded environments in infrared bright galaxies. The first errors represent statistical while the second are the estimated systematic errors. We perform a detailed discussion of possible sources of systematic errors and note that these start to dominate over statistical errors at z>0.5, emphasizing the need to better control the systematic effects. For example, a better understanding of the amount of dust extinction in the host galaxies and knowledge of the supernova luminosity function, in particular the fraction of faint M > -15 supernovae, is needed to better constrain the rates. When comparing our results with the core collapse supernova rate based on the star formation rate, we find a good agreement, consistent with the supernova rate following the star formation rate, as expected.


Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis is applied to a cross-national data set to test two hypotheses concerning governments' hard-line response against terrorism: do hard-line responses cause more damage vis a vis event outcome and is the hard-line approach a deterrent? Six national factors are included in this analysis: economic development, economic growth rate, democratic
development, leftist regime type, military regime type and British colonial legacy. Only the level of economic development, economic growth rate and leftist regime type demonstrated statistically significant relationships with the dependent variable "event frequency." Government response strength demonstrated a strong statistically significant relationship with event outcome, however, its relationship with event frequency was statistically insignificant.


To investigate the impact of family size on growth and morbidity of children from poor socioeconomic background 32 children from small families ( 4 children) of class IV workers of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh were observed and followed up over a period of 1 year. Both groups were closely matched according to mothers education fathers occupation total family income places of habitation and sanitary conditions. Growth of children were regularly measured according to Jelliffes field measurements by one investigator. Morbidity data (upper respiratory infections diarrhea vomiting skin infections sore eyes discharging ears worm infestation and pallor) was recorded at regular intervals. Chi-square and student t tests were used for data analysis. An increase in family size decreased family income which in turn reduced the economic well-being of the family. Net effects of these interrelated factors were reduced growth and increased morbidity of children from large families. A notable difference between the two groups was the shorter incidence of respiratory infection among children above 2 years of age from small families. Limitations of this study were ascribed to higher per capita income of small families younger-aged mothers in small families and larger number of children above 2 years of age in large families. The rapid agricultural and industrial progress achieved by India since its independence had been offset by an unchecked population growth. The study showed the benefits of adopting the small family norm into Indias cultural milieu.


A method to construct a simple feedback law for neutral delay-differential systems is proposed. The feedback gain is determined with a solution of a matrix inequality, which can be solved numerically via the technique of solving finite-dimensional linear matrix inequalities. It is shown that the resulting closed-loop system is asymptotically stable, and if some transformation of variables is introduced, it is assured to have a pre-assigned degree of exponential stability. Moreover, it belongs to a class of linear–quadratic regulators. The design procedure is demonstrated and the effectiveness of the feedback is evaluated with a numerical simulation.


Intensive milk and beef production is COIlIIlPn to the European agricultural due to a high density of population. Milk and beef traits are involved in breeding objectives of dual-purpose cattle. Various dual-purpose cattle populations cover a wide range of economic ting of milk and beef. The optimal weights of milk and beef characters on the marginal change in profit, and the time and nUIlber of .. " genetic inprovement of the traits. OVerproduction prevails in the and especially in the EEC sub markets of beef, milk and grain. The equilibrimn IOOdel of Linear Progranuning can be used to reliably evaluate the economic weights of dairy and beef traits. In the work from ADELHELM et al. (1972), HENZE et al. (1980) and ZEDDIES four sets of economic weights are derived for milk and beef traits, based distinct economic situations in the FoRoG.. Then the influence of the economic weighting on the breeding objective, and the genetic ill'l:lrOVF!l1lF!I'1It-and beef is detronstrated on the breeding plan of a German dual-purpose population.


This study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility and outcomes of total laparoscopic sigmoid vaginoplasty (TLSV) in women with congenital absence of the vagina.


Alternative conceptions play a pivotal role in learning physics. Students either consciously or subconsciously construct their concepts by experience. For them it becomes difficult to accept new information, which contradicts their alternative conceptions. Knowledge of students' alternative conceptions can provide instructors a window into their students' thinking. To assess alternative conceptions, diagnostic tools such as concept inventories or survey, are often used. In this paper, the development of a tool based on two themes, thermodynamic state variables and entropy, which are encountered at undergraduate level, is discussed and further used for analysis. This tool discussed here is a subpart of the concept inventory developed by authors on statistical physics at undergraduate level. This analysis helped us to identify some of the alternative conceptions prevailing among students on these two themes.


Evaluation of pathological changes expression in the site of choledochotomy incision have been made in the experiment on 30 adult rabbits having body mass 3,35 ± 0,15 kg. Laboratory animals were divided into 3 groups according to variants of choledochotomy incision closure. Group № 1: 10 rabbits with primary precision suture of choledochotomy incision. Group № 2: 10 animals with external drainage of common bile duct. Group № 3: 10 rabbits with precision suture of choledochotomy incision using hidden drainage of common bile duct. Morphological, pathogistological and X-ray examinations of common bile duct and bacteriological examinations of bile were performed. The experiment results showed advantages ofprecision suture of choledochotomy incision without drainage and using hidden drainage of common bile duct in comparison with external drainage of common bile duct.


My part in this Nordic women´s literary history treats the contemporary modernist poetry by Siv Arb, Eva Runefelt, Marie Louise Ramnefalk, Elisabeth Rynell, Eva Strom and Bodil Malmsten. See also ...


An empirical analysis of solar wind-magneto- sphere energy coupling functions is reported. Using the tech- nique of linear prediction filtering with 2.5 minute data, we examine the relationship of auroral zone geomagnetic activity to solar wind power input functions which depend on the solar wind quantities VB 2, VBs, or V2Bs. In this analysis a least squares prediction filter or impulse response function which relates a solar wind power function to an auroral zone geomagnetic index is designed directly from the data. We find that the computed impulse response functions have the characteristics of a low pass filter with a time delay which may be dependent on the strength of the energy input. While the AL index is reasonably well related to the solar wind energy functions, the AU index shows a substantially poorer relationship. In addition, high frequency variations of the auroral indices and some substorm expansions are not predictable with solar wind information alone, suggesting that internal magnetospheric processes partially control the AL index. We also find that the e parameter which depends on VB ' in the solar wind has a poorer relationship to auroral zone geomagnetic activity than a power parameter having a VB, solar wind dependence.