The present invention for by giving the guide can be easily by a URL-based, without aware of the public address consisting of a transaction for every 32 bytes (byte) or more of the digital virtual money having a block chain between the parties performing the transaction, a separate bit coin payment providing a bit coin every bit coin transactions between the parties adverse effects of the QR code for payment QR for all the other bits coin payment code associated with the digital virtual currency transactions available transactions do not have a QR code having a block chain having to pre City must discomfort and digital virtual currency to be done to deal with shooting them in the transaction because the process is the presenter is a Bitcoin QR code for payments of presentee outflow provided in advance as well as the complex has a block chain in addition to the risk of theft is also according to the parties to prevent in advance That the block for digital virtual currency trading transaction information is transmitted for having a chain block by verifying the digital virtual monetary transaction information for transactions with the transmitted block chain on the trading system and method of the digital virtual money having an inter-block chain the chain-based digital virtual authenticate the monetary transaction, and the block chain that a digital virtual currency transaction information is recorded for transactions having a chain block mounted in accordance with the authenticated block chains holding server (100) and; When the transaction request signal for the donor transfer, when the transfer by creating a number of URL (A) for that the presentee to guide able to recognize the presentee to receive gift digital virtual money having the block chain, and the presentee authentication personal history signal is transmitted for trade to the donor is deducted by the amount to be donated to the presentee in block chains based digital virtual money amount information held in the electronic wallet, and accumulate in the block chain based digital virtual money amount information in the electronic wallet of the presentee as the deductions the history generating a digital virtual monetary transaction information for transactions made with this, the block chain server holding block for controlling to propagate to 100 chain-based digital virtual currency transactions guide server 200 and; Generating a presenter transaction request signal that includes the amount of money information and the identifying information of the donor of the digital virtual money having a block chain to be donated, and transmits it to the digital virtual currency transactions guide server 200, the digital virtual currency transactions Description the server 200, the donor-side block chain based digital virtual for monetary transactions app 310 that guides can be transmitted by specifying the presentee to before the URL (a) for whether the presentee haejugo characters transmitted from the mounting presenter terminal (300 )Wow; Is executing the donor terminal (300) URL (A) URL for or not the transmission presentee (A) for whether presentee from automatically cyclic, presentee including the personal information that is bestowed digital virtual money having a block chain presentee made of; generate for authentication identifiable breakdown signal and to this end, the digital virtual currency transactions guide server 200, the presentee terminal 400 presentee side block chain based digital virtual currency transactions app 410 is mounted for the control to be sent to.


In this paper we present a test statistic, which will be used to test for significant differences between generating processes of two time series that may be logically connected. The test statistic is based on the differences between estimated parameters of the autoregressive models which are fitted to the series.


Timing is as important in politics as it is in comedy, and nothing proves that quite as well as last week's news headlines claiming that ministers want nurses to smile more. Under different circumstances, a Cabinet discussion about the results of a patient survey might not have raised too many eyebrows. But against the background of a staged below-inflation pay award, newly qualified staff unable to find jobs and frozen posts in a health service that desperately needs nurses, any link between staff and smiling is going to appear deeply inappropriate if not downright offensive. No wonder it prompted such an angry response.


PURPOSE: Provided is far infrared radiating ceramic paint which is excellent in that it neutralize toxicity of building materials and purify the air and has antibiotic property, and reduce costs for heating. CONSTITUTION: An infrared radiating ceramic paint is provided by steps of: (i) mixing 26 wt.% of water, 20 wt.% of aqueous emulsion resin and 6 wt.% of aqueous urethane resin in a mixer at the speed of 5-100rpm; (ii) adding 34 wt.% of filler and 10 wt.% of calcite into the above mixture of the 1st step during mixing thereof; (iii) adding 2.50wt% of mineral split and 0.20wt% of antifoam, and 0.30wt% of dispersing agent into the mixture of the 2nd step during mixing thereof; (iv) adding 0.56wt% of a colouring agent into the above mixture of the 3rd step during mixing thereof; (v) dispersing thickener in the residual water in 1st step followed by mixing thereof at the speed of 50rpm; and (vi) adjusting the pH of the resultant product from the 5th step by using 0.04wt% of amine.


The Virtual Snap World is a project that aims to facilitate the teaching of electronics through educational tools. It finds opportunities in the Minecraft video game to connect and promote interest in science and engineering in new generations. This new setting eases the hybrid environment performance which means it provides the face-to-face or virtual system. This presents a solution to the problem the COVID-19 pandemic has created so as to focus on prevention measurements for contagion and the impediment to create events. This project allows having learning spaces considering people's health now that it can be developed from anywhere in the world.


The purpose of this study is to invent high-efficiency atomization enhancement nozzle, which the spray with large spray angle, short liquid core length and small droplet diameter is obtained. In the previous study, the single hole atomization enhancement nozzle, which excellent spray characteristics are obtained at relatively low injection pressure, was developed. In this study, it was investigated about atomization of the spray of the multihole atomization enhancement nozzle invented in this study, and aimed to improve atomization characteristics and to obtain excellent spray characteristics with shorter breakup length, larger spray angle and smaller droplet diameter. The effects of dimensions of the atomization enhancement nozzle such as hole number, the hole diameter, position of the nozzle hole on atomization of the spray and atomization characteristics were investigated. As a result, it was clarified that in case of the multi-hole atomization enhancement nozzle with hole number of N = 4, breakup length becomes short about 70 p.c. and spray angle becomes large about two times, droplets of the spray become considerably small compared with the single hole atomization enhancement nozzle. Atomization characteristics were improved considerably and uniform spray mass flux distributions are obtained by using the multi-hole atomization enhancement nozzle with hole number of N = 4.


More and more attentions are paid to the critical role of gene expression regulators in disease states,except for the classic mutations in coding regions of genes.Disregulation in gene expression is one of the main underlying mechanisms that contribute to disease development.As the main member of the modulators of gene expression,microRNAs control protein production by targeting mRNAs for translational repression or degradation.MicroRNAs play a significant role in many biological processes such as cellular proliferation and maturation,apoptosis,regulation of chronic inflammation and development of cancer.Since one microRNA can target many functional-related genes,they open a new field for diagnosis and therapy assessment in various diseases.In this review,we focus on the emerging microRNAs that are differentially regulated in the more common nervous system diseases,their targets,and potential function.We discuss the potential of microRNAs as a disease marker and a novel therapeutic target in nervous system diseases.Better understanding of the role of microRNAs in nervous system diseases will improve our knowledge of the pathogenesis of these diseases.

Key words:
microRNAs ;  Nervous system diseases ;  mRNAs


The existing rolling bearing fault diagnosis method based on the deep convolutional neural network has the issues of insufficient feature extraction ability, poor anti-noise ability, and a large number of model parameters. A lightweight bearing fault diagnosis method based on depthwise separable convolutions is proposed. The proposed method can simultaneously extract different features from vibration signals in different directions to enhance the stability of the diagnosis model. The lightweight unit based on depthwise separable convolutions in the feature extraction layer reduces the size of the model and the number of parameters that need to be learned. The vibration signals of bearings in different directions are converted into time-frequency signals by the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and then into pictures as the input of the model. In order to verify the effectiveness and generalization of the method, this paper uses the gearbox data set of Southeast University and the CWRU (Case Western Reserve University) bearing data set for experiments. Comparisons of bearing fault diagnosis results using the proposed model with other classical deep learning models are implemented. The results show that the proposed model is superior to other classical deep learning models; thus, it has a smaller model size, higher accuracy, and less computation burden. Compared with using a single-direction vibration signal as input, the proposed model that uses multiple vibration signals in different directions as input has more accuracy.


Making a great television commercial is an art in itself. Twenty years ago, there was no official available information about the steps to follow to prepare a TV commercial throughout all phases. The main reason for that knowledge gap is that the old method used was based on multiple agencies and vendors working on the same campaign, so the single groups do not have to know everything; they just needed to understand their own role and responsibility. In the last years, video production and post-production industries are changing very fast. Digital retooling is taking place, causing dramatic industry restructuring. The old player's large post-production facilities using dedicated, proprietary equipment are being replaced by new players, small production companies, using personal computers to produce a different type of production media with the same professional result, at a lower cost. Nowadays, the significant reduction of video production costs, the more and more disappearing barriers to access video, as well as brands looking to spend less and get more has forced many advertisers to renounce to big agencies. Actually, with the new technology decreasing the cost of cameras and computers is possible to produce a TV commercial in all its phases (starting from concept, writing, production, and post-production (including animation and compositing) to final video), with a small group of professionals. The one-stop-shop is becoming a growing business model. Many creative artist and directors from big agencies have resigned to establish their own production companies, and groups of talented young people are constantly gathering from all over the world. This study will help to understand the structure and workflow of producing a TV commercial, starting from the copywriting stage until the final product, and passing through the classical production steps of cinematography and motion pictures, such as pre-production, production and post-production, understanding and analyzing every significant step of structure until the initial written concept will become a motion image. In order to reach the objective of this study, I read and reviewed several books and web materials on different topics about stages of the production, planning, budgeting, shooting and editing, equipment and techniques, communication and documentation.


This study aims at evaluating: (1) the difference of students mathematics learning outcomes viewed from two different learning strategies (Two Stay Two Stray and Think Pair Share), (2) the difference of students mathematics learning outcomes viewed from mathematics communication (3) the effect of interaction between learning strategies (Two Stay Two Stray and Think Pair Share) and mathematics communication on student mathematics learning outcomes This study is a quantitative research with quasi experimental research design. The population of this study is 79 students of 7th grade of SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta. Two Classes were chosen for the sample of this study by cluster random sampling. The first class was treated using Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) strategy and the second class was treated using Think Pair Share (TPS) strategy. The data collection was conducted using test, and questionnaire. Morever, the data was analized using different number of cell analysis of variance with 5% significance level. The conclusion are: (1) there is difference on students mathematics learning outcomes viewed from two different learning strategies, Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) a give better learning outcomes than Think Pair Share (TPS), (2) there is difference on students learning outcomes viewed from different mathematics communication, (3) there is no effect of interaction between learning strategies and mathematics communication on student mathematics learning outcomes.


TRA input frames, TRB of each duct, offset in time, are provided each at a frame alignment Aryan (3, 4) from a low-frequency superframe signal, these means supplying synchronization signals SYA, SYB, and a common dual-port memory (5) cyclic addressing. This write addressing is such that each memory location contains a block of TRA and TRB of the same row block from write counters (7, 8) incremented by SYA and SYB signals. The read counter (12) of each location is stalled on the latest signal among the signals SYA and SYB via a phase comparator 9 and a coincidence detector (13). Frames TRA 'and TRB' output are in phase. Application to the masking of transmission errors.


Thermal soft reduction (TSR) is an effective technique to improve the inner quality of continuous-casting billet, but it may lead to undesired internal and surface cracks. In this work, the technologic parameters of TSR were optimized to ensure its effect and control the cracks of 82A tire cord steel billet. A heat transfer model with comprehensive thermo-physical parameters was established to simulate the thermal behavior of continuous-casting billet. The model was verified by comparing the measured surface temperatures and the calculated ones. According to the mechanism of TSR on billet, both the location and water flow rate were comparatively optimized. TSR was determined to locate at 6.96 m–8.46 m from meniscus, where the temperature of billet center dropped rapidly to liquid impenetrable temperature. The water flow rate of TSR was set to 2.2 m/h, which allowed the reheating rate and surface temperature in a reasonable range and prevented the formation of the cracks. Plant trials were conducted to verify the effect of the optimized TSR. The results showed that the central porosity, V segregation and central segregation of the billet were obviously improved by applying TSR. Meanwhile, the internal and surface cracks were well controlled in the billet.


Abstract : The kinetics of free radical polymerization were treated theoretically under the assumption that the reaction temperature increases at constant rate (T = const). From The Arrhenius relationships for the kinetic rate constants, approximate corresponding functions of time were derived, which transformed the kinetic equations accordingly. A differential equation describing the sum of the concentrations of all free radicals appearing in such a system was solved by approximation, and from the resulting series the conditions for the lower as well as the upper bound of the stationary state assumptions were obtained.


Data sinking is one of the typical transmission patterns in WSN(wireless sensor network) . There is inherent unbalanced traffic load distribution in such funnel like transmission. A case in hop-based sinking(HBS) model is found more intricate than simple thought that inner nodes burden more forwarding tasks,showing the inverse direction within the same hop level comparing with global trend. With a simple weighted average mechanism,a continuous gradient parameter is introduced,which will be dedicated to instructing how to forward data to sink in place of hop count,namely fine-grain gradient sinking(FGS) . Through traffic analysis and detailed simulation,in FGS model the network turns out to be smoother on traffic load distribution and more efficient on data forwarding than that in HBS model.


Introduction Tendon healing is a complicated process that results in inferior structural and functional properties when compared with healthy tendon; the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the adjunct of microfragmented adipose tissue (M-FATS) after the suture of a series of Achilles tendons. Methods After complete Achilles tendon tear, 8 patients underwent open suture repair in conjunction with perilesional application of a preparation of M-FATS rich in mesenchymal stem cells. Results were compared with a similar group of patients treated with conventional open suture. Outcomes were evaluated based on range of motion, functional recovery, and complications according to the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI). Achilles tendons were examined by ultrasound (US) at 3 months. Results The AOFAS and FADI scores showed no differences between the 2 groups. US evaluation showed quicker tendon remodeling in the M-FATS group. Adverse events were not documented for both procedures. Conclusions The combined application of derived M-FATS for tendon rupture is safe and presents new possibilities for enhanced healing. Levels of Evidence Level IIIb: Case control study


The invention discloses a method of realizing transformer-substation-voltage reactive power control and a measurement and control apparatus. The method comprises the following steps: based on a microcomputer integration protection measurement and control device, setting a comparator, and loading a preset logic equation to the microcomputer integration protection measurement and control device so that a comparison result of the comparator is converted into a corresponding control parameter according to a nine-zone graph control principle; through an I/O system of the microcomputer integration protection measurement and control device, collecting measurement data and taking the measurement data as an input value and/or a given value of the comparator; through the comparator and the logic equation, converting the measurement data into the corresponding control parameter; and carrying out voltage reactive power control according to the control parameter. Through a technical scheme in the invention, reliability and flexibility of transformer substation VQC can be increased and investment cost is saved.


Under the assumption that seismic coda waves may be modeled as a superposition of single scattered body waves due to scatterers randomly distributed in the three-dimensional earth, we study how nonisotropic scattering and nonspherical source radiation patterns affect the coda wave excitation. The energy density of coda waves is represented by an integral over scattering angle or radiation angle. Properties of each integral kernel are analytically studied in detail. The energy density of coda waves is factored into 2 parts: a geometrical spreading factor and a function of the ratio of the lapse time measured from the earthquake origin time to the travel time of direct wave. The equations predict that the influence of nonisotropic scattering and that of nonspherical source radiation will be significant, particularly on the early part of coda waves.


Most blockchains are designed to be immutable such that an object, e.g., a block or a transaction, is persisted once it has been registered. However, blockchain immutability hinders blockchain development due to the increasing abuse of blockchain storage and legal obligations. To break immutability in a controlled way, Derler et al. (NDSS'19) proposed a redactable blockchain with fine-grained controllable rewriting by introducing the notion of policy-based chameleon hash (PCH). Given a PCH-based object associated with an access policy, a trapdoor holder whose rewriting privileges satisfy the access policy can alter the object. Although this work offers an elegant approach to blockchain rewriting, it lacks accountability. In practice, the trapdoor holders may abuse their rewriting privileges, and even use their chameleon trapdoor to build a device in a blackbox manner to gain illegal profits while avoiding being caught. In this paper, we introduce a new design of PCH with blackbox accountability (PCHA). Blackbox accountability offers not only linkability between any modified object and its modifier, but also traceability that enables a central authority to identify responsible trapdoor holders whose secret keys have contributed to the blackbox device. Besides modeling PCHAs, we present a generic construction of PCHAs with rigorous security proofs. We instantiate a concrete construction of PCHA by introducing a practical attribute-based traitor tracing (ABTT) with adaptive security on prime-order pairing groups. The experimental analysis demonstrates that our PCHA and ABTT schemes have modest overheads and superior functionality to the state-of-the-art solutions. In particular, the price of accountability in key generation, hash, and adaption is almost negligible compared to the state-of-the-art solution.


Mr. Jones was formerly at the ITT Programming Technology Center in Stratford, Connecticut where he was Assistant Director of Programming Technology. Prior to joining ITT Mr. Jones was at IBM for a twelve-year period in both research and managerial positions He received the IBM General Product Division's outstanding contribution award for his work in software quality and productivity improvement methods. He has also extensive experience in business and federal government organizations. Mr. Jones currently lives in Narragansett, Rhode Island.


Background: Responses to the novel HDAC inhibitor romidepsin were observed in patients (pts) with T-cell lymphoma in a phase 1 NCI trial. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of romidepsin in the treatment of advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). As an exploratory endpoint, to examine the molecular effects of romidepsin in both CTCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). Methods: This Phase 2, open-label, multi-arm, multicenter study enrolled 71 CTCL pts from the NCI and 9 extramural sites. PTCL pts were also enrolled. Clinical results for pts with CTCL and biomarker analyses for both PTCL and CTCL are presented here; clinical results for the PTCL pts are presented elsewhere. This study is now closed to accrual. Pts with recurrent CTCL (Stages IA-IVB) received romidepsin at 14 mg/m2 as a 4-hr infusion on days 1, 8 and 15 q 28 days. Responses were assessed using a composite endpoint that evaluated overall changes in skin (modified Physicians Global Assessment), lymph nodes, extranodal visceral lesions and abnormal circulating T-cells. Molecular endpoints evaluated in NCI pts were: histone acetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); MDR-1 gene expression in PBMCs and in biopsy samples; and blood fetal hemoglobin levels. Results: 71 pts (48 men and 23 women) with a mean age of 56 yrs (range 28–84) were enrolled and received romidepsin; 63 pts received ≥2 cycles of therapy. Mean number of prior therapies was 3.4 (range 1–10). Objective disease response rates (ORR) are presented in the table. Overall disease control (CR+PR+SD90) was 62% in all pts and 70% in pts who received ≥2 cycles. Target skin lesions were followed and changes were generally similar to overall skin changes. Median duration of response (DOR) was 11 months (mo) and the maximum DOR as of data cut-off was 5.5+ yrs. The most frequent drug-related AEs (all grades, all cycles) were generally mild, including nausea (82%; 4% ≥grade 3), fatigue (73%; 14% ≥ grade 3), electrocardiogram T-wave amplitude decreased (69%, 0% ≥grade 3); hemoglobin decreased (59%, 9% ≥grade 3), and platelet count decreased (59%; 13% ≥grade 3). Six pts died within 30 days of study drug administration: 2 after salvage chemotherapy, 1 with ARDS due to PD, 2 with infection, and 1 of unknown cause; 2 of these deaths were considered possibly related to treatment. An increase in all biomarkers measured was observed, although not in all pts. Correlation between global histone H3 acetylation (AcH3) at the 24-hr time point and Cmax, AUC, and clearance was observed (r = 0.37, 0.36, and −0.44, respectively, p = 0.03). Pts with major responses were more likely to have higher levels of AcH3 at 24 hr. Conclusions: This study demonstrates tolerability and durable clinical benefit (ORR of 35% and median DOR of 11 mo in all pts) of romidepsin in pts with recurrent CTCL. Significant responses were observed at all stages of disease, including an ORR of 32% in all pts with stage ≥IIB and 20% in all pts with stage IV. Time to response was rapid, within 2 mo in most pts, and responses were durable, >6 mo in most pts. Molecular analyses confirmed that romidepsin inhibits its target deacetylases in pts. Increases were not observed in all pts, perhaps reflecting, in part, variable drug exposure or variable response to HDAC inhibition. Correlation of global acetylation with PK parameters suggests that increased drug exposure results in increased global acetylation.


The purpose of this research is to examine the antecedent and consequence variables of turnover intentions. The identified antecedent variables are job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and the consequence variable is dysfungsional audit behavior. This research conducted with survey on auditors working on the big audit firms in Jakarta that affiliated to foreign audit firms (The Big Four). Unit analysis are auditors who have non-partner position  i.e: junior, senior and manager that concentrated in audit services. The structural equation modeling with AMOS program is used to analized the data. The results of this research suggest that job satisfaction and organizational commitment have significant negative relationship to turnover intentions. Turnover intentions has significant positive relationship to dysfungsional audit behavior.


Covid-19 has become a pandemic that has spread to many countries including Indonesia. Covid19 has brought about a deterioration of macroeconomic conditions in Indonesia. The consequences of the
pandemic are weakening economic growth and increasing poverty. The government has taken various policies
in an effort to handle covid-19, especially for the population affected.


GUIMARAES, F. R.; ALDEBIS, H. K.; SANTIAGO-ALVAREZ, C. y VARGAS OSUNA, E., 1998: Activation of NPV (Baculoviridae) latent infections in Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae under different environmental conditions. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 24(Adenda al n.° 4): 997-1002. The influence of larval density (1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 larvae/container) and temperature (15, 25, 30 and 35 °C) on the activation of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus latent infections have been studied in Spodoptera exigua larvae. The mortality by nuclear polyhedrosis was not influenced by the larval density; nevertheless, a positive relation was found between larval density and cannibalism. The total percentage of larval mortality was directly related to the number of larvae, reaching signifficant differences between 1 and 9 larvae/container. The rearing temperature affected the larval mortality by nuclear polyhedrosis. The mortality of the larvae reared to 25 °C was signifficantly reduced with respect to the larvae reared to the others temperatures.


I AM very much honored by the invitation to deliver the George Holmes Lecture this year. It is a privilege and a pleasure to join in paying tribute to an outstanding leader. A long time ago I knew Dr. Holmes as one of the leading lights in American radiology; I respected his position and admired his wide knowledge in the field. Then I came to know him personally, and to my respect and admiration were added real affection for a comfortable friend. He occupies for me — and I am sure for many others — a unique position. Dr. Holmes's . . .


A drastic reform of the power system is about to take place in Japan. The most significant improvement to be introduced is the "market mechanism in the real-time power adjustment of supply and demand," which consists of a bidding system of power adjustment and an imbalance settlement system. Buyers and seller of power can sense the degree of tightness of the market through the level of the imbalance settlement price, which is formed through the bidding systems. Thus, these systems are effective in order to reduce the divergence of supply and demand. Nordic countries and Germany have introduced these systems through liberalizing their power industries. In the present study, we shed light on the following points by studying the market institutions of these countries in the hope of contributing to the system reform of Japan: (1) bidding methods of power adjustment and reserve (2) systems of imbalance settlement (3) cooperation among transmission system operators (TSOs) (4) functions of balance-responsible companies in the real-time markets of each country (5) methods of eliminating congestion in the interconnections between countries


Abstract Seeds of southern seaoats (Uniola paniculata L.) were removed from storage at 4C (39F) and treated with the following selected surface disinfestants, fungicides, or combinations of these chemicals: nontreated (control), 1.3% sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl (chlorine bleach)], 2.6% sodium hypochlorite, RTU® (12.6% thiram + 0.34% thiabendazole), RTU®-PCNB (24% pentachloronitrobenzene), 1.3% sodium hypochlorite and RTU®, 2.6% sodium hypochlorite and RTU®, 1.3% sodium hypochlorite and RTU®-PCNB, or 2.6% sodium hypochlorite and RTU®-PCNB. Following treatment, seeds were germinated at an 8/16 hr thermoperiod of 35/20C (95/68F). The seed treatments and germination thermoperiod utilized were based on three preliminary trials that investigated the influence of selected surface disinfestants, fungicides, and temperature on seed germination of the species. Germination was recorded every 3 days for 30 days. Seed treatment was highly significant (P = 0.0001) for both total percentage germination and total percenta...


The Exchange-Rate Mechanism II (ERM II) is a Maastricht convergence criterion with which Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) must comply before they are admitted to the European Monetary Union (EMU). However, EMU accession is not a 'free lunch' as it entails so-called costs of convergence. Starting from the point of view that these new members of the European Union (EU) are in fact credibly committed to joining the EMU for political reasons - that is, ensuring political stability in CEECs - it is demonstrated that CEECs are able to pass some costs of convergence on to current EMU members: CEECs will under identifiable conditions threaten to halt the entire enlargement process by putting their exchange-rate regimes and, as a result, political stability at risk. In line with this rationale, the entire process of transition within ERM II, can be modelled as a two-stage threat game, which may be solved by a Rubinstein bargaining solution.


Beam steering optical arrangement needs less volume envelope. However because of the optical path difference and other aberration factor, image will be disrupted. Performance of optical design will be affected from these kinds of aberrations. In missile applications, small dimension is important for aerodynamic effects. Using regular gimbal approach increase dimension, but using beam steering method in missile application instead of regular gimbal approach has beneficial in aerodynamically. However performance of system will be affected. Because of that reason two Risley prisms are produced and optical system design is tested at laboratory condition. Change of MTF is measured and its automatic target acquisition performance is measured with respect to Risley prisms' position. Finally results are compared with theoretical results.


The dynamics of a cable/drogue system being towed by an orbiting aircraft has been investigated as a part of an LTWA project for the Naval Air Systems Command. We present here a status report on the tasks performed under Phase 1. We have accomplished the following tasks under Phase 1: A literature survey on the towed-cable motion problem has been conducted. While both static (steady-state) and dynamic (transient) analyses exist in the literature, no single, comprehensive analysis exists that directly addresses the present problem. However, the survey also reveals that, when judiciously applied, these past analyses can serve as useful building blocks for approaching the present problem. A numerical model that addresses several aspects of the towed-cable dynamic problem has been adapted from a Canadian underwater code for the present aerodynamic situation. This modified code, called TOWDYN, analyzes the effects of gravity, tension, aerodynamic drag, and wind. Preliminary results from this code demonstrate that the wind effects alone CAN generate the drogue oscillation behavior, i.e., the yo-yo'' phenomenon. This code also will serve as a benchmark code for checking the accuracy of a more general and complete R D'' model code. We have initiated efforts to develop a general Rmore » D model supercomputer code that also takes into account other physical factors, such as induced oscillations and bending stiffness. This general code will be able to evaluate the relative impacts of the various physical parameters, which may become important under certain conditions. This R D code will also enable development of a simpler operational code that can be used by the Naval Air personnel in the field.« less


Life expectancy is due to the frequency of processes occurring in the body. The lower the frequency, the
longer the lifespan. The frequency is influenced by the fraction of vacuum particles in a free, unbound state. Elementary
particles are connected, grouped particles of vacuum. But in a free state, a large proportion of them affect the frequency
of oscillations, increasing it, therefore, reducing the lifetime. The connection between a living organism and an inanimate
body has been drawn. Dislocations are analogous to vacuum particles. Their low density and low fraction of vacuum
particles describe the theoretical ultimate strength and lifetime. The increase in density and the formation of crystalline
elementary particles cause the average lifetime and average strength, orders of magnitude smaller than the theoretical one.
A further increase in the dislocation density causes cracks and ruptures, and partly chaotic formation — tumors, partly
crystalline. Chaos and order are described by a complex unified field that causes tumors. This unified field is described
by the hydrodynamic, acoustic, complex Reynolds number with a small imaginary part. But the formation of a small
imaginary Reynolds number is an inevitable process with increasing time, as is the formation of tumors. But how to deal
with them. It is necessary for the tumors to pass from a partially chaotic state to a crystalline one, forming elementary
particles. This requires a periodic unified field with a wavelength equal to a constant period, which is formed by vacuum
particles in elementary, crystalline particles. In addition, an imaginary magnetic field is required, which has a sign opposite
to the Reynolds number. Just irradiating the tumor will not help, you need a certain wavelength and a certain sign of the
imaginary magnetic


We used a case study of a coastal bottlenose dolphin population to present a framework for determining the number of individuals present and assessing the likely time scale over which trends in abundance may be determined. Such a framework is appropriate for animal species that possess natural markings sufficient for individual recognition, and may be valuable in the development and implementation of management and monitoring programs for vulnerable populations. Population abundance was estimated using mark–recapture methods applied to photoidentification data. This experiment was designed to minimize violation of method assumptions so as to allow use of the most parsimonious model for analysis. The data were examined critically to investigate mark–recapture assumptions, while analytical methods and data were selected to minimize and, where necessary, account for violations. The estimated number of animals with long-lasting marks from left and right side estimates were 73 ± 12 and 80 ± 11 individuals, res...


Today´s product development usually takes places in a project organization. But the "worlds" of product data and project management are not linked good enough yet to enable optimal development cycle times, cost and product quality. There are software tools implemented that support the handling of product data and others that support project management but the link between both is not implemented satisfactory up to now. This contribution takes a look at possible connection points between both worlds from three different points of view. It wants to give a hint on where a connection between Product Lifecycle Management and project management would have the most positive effects but does not introduce an interface between both types of software tools.


It is difficult to realize the synchronized sampling and integral period truncation.Therefore,the analisis accuracy of algorithm is affected when FFT algorithm is applied to analysis of harmonic signal in power system because of the spectral leakage and fence effect.The windowed interpolating fast Fourier transform(FFT) is the effective method to restrain spectral leakage and eliminate fence effect.A harmonic analysis method based on 3-term 3-derivative Nuttall interpolation FFT is proposed in this paper.The formula of interpolation coefficients,and the estimation formulas of frequency,amplitude and phase of each harmonic are derived.The comparison with the Hanning and Blackman interpolation FFT methods is conducted by Matlab simulation.It verifies that the algorithm has higher analysis accuracy.


1. Summary More than half of the territory of Catalonia is covered by forests characterised by a great diversity of species and structures, which reflects the outstanding heterogeneity of the Catalan landscape. Most of the Catalan forests are privately owned, still young and often too dense. The heterogeneity, instability and low income that characterise the Mediterranean areas, together with the small extension of the forest ownerships (among other factors) lead to a lack of management in most of the forests, despite the improvements in recent years. In the following pages, the problems of Catalan forests are described more in depth, as well as the measures that are currently being applied or might be applied in the future in order to achieve an adequate development and conservation of our forest resources, which should be based on the sustainability and multifunctionality in their management.


Research guide with information and tips supporting the coursework in T. David Burleigh's MATE 570 class Find information on citation formats, citation management tools and more


The mortalities and subsequent recolonization of a rocky shore in S.W. Ireland following a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum in 1979 are described. Selective mortalities of key animal species notably grazing gastropods were followed by a marked increase in fucoid algae. Enteromorpha spp. blooms were a feature of vertical surfaces only. In general planktonic recruiting gastropods exhibited the most rapid recovery. Forty-two months after the red tide, fucoid algae still dominate both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the study area. Introduction Dinoflagellate blooms ('red-tides'), chiefly of Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt have been recorded several times in Southern Ireland since 1976 (Ottway et al. 1979; Cross & Southgate, 1980; Jenkinson & Connors, 1980; Leahy, 1980; Roden, Ryan & Lennon, 1980; Wilson, 1982) and have resulted in mortalities of farmed rainbow trout in sea-cages in Dunmanus Bay (Parker, 1981). Other species of pelagic and demersal fish on the south coast were also affected by a toxic red-tide in 1976 (Ottway et al. 1979). Owing to the unpredictability of occurrence of dinoflagellate blooms, few studies on the effects of red tides on littoral fauna, and on the subsequent recolonization following the events have been carried out. Previous studies in Dunmanus Bay, Ireland (Leahy, 1980) suffered from a lack of the shores prior to the of information about the structure and dynamics occurrence of a red-tide. Regular monitoring of the rocky shore biota at Dunmanus Bay (Myers, Southgate & Wilson, 1980) has been carried out since May 1978 and is continuing. The red tide of August 1979 caused dramatic mortalities of a wide range of taxa at Pointabulloge in Dunmanus Bay (Cross & Southgate, 1980).


In [28], [27], a class of superprocesses with dependent spatial motion (SDSMs) with starting at a finite measure on R was introduced and constructed and extended in [6] and [7] to the d-dimensional (d = 1, 2 or 3) Euclidean spaces R and starting at some unbounded positive measure on R. In our SDSMs model, due to the particle motion dependence and interacting, the powerful log-Laplace functional and evolution equation techniques approach are intractable because the dependence and the interacting particle motion destroy the multiplicative property which is the basic independent feature of Dawson-Watanabe superprocesses. Even more challenges present in our model because the high order singularities involved in the stochastic convolution integral, the higher moment estimation of these stochastic integral terms raise technique difficulties and the missing tools directly leads to the proof of the joint Hölder continuity of the SDSM local time becomes tough and challenging and this problem has been standing open more than 20 years. In the present paper, thanks to the idea of Tanaka representation of the SDSM local time, based on this Representation of the SDSM local times and the dual identity, by the comparison and the equivalence of the fundamental solutions of uniformly parabolic PDEs and the sharp estimation techniques, the joint Hölder continuity in time and space of this class of


Renewable energy sources are becoming important for the production of electricity used in residential, commercial and industrial applications. These resources include nonconventional sources like solar, wind, hydro, biogas, tidal and biomass. All these are contributing in the production of electrical energy and also help in reducing the pollution by reducing the green gas emissions which were one of the reasons to reduce the use of conventional sources. Out of all of the above, the source which is gaining an importance and maximum usage is a solar energy. The reason behind its extensive use is it is freely available, abundant, non-pollutingin nature and its conversion without involving any rotating device. Combining the two systems increases the performance and efficiency of a particular system. Hence to improve its performance and use by two-fold, a solar system can be integrated with thermal, hydro or wind power system. Also, a suitable converter topology will be used along with an appropriate control algorithm. Solar energy changes as per irradiance and temperature in a day also one factor which reduces the power output is the partial shedding in cells. This will alleviate the conversion efficiency of solar system (About 20%). Many conventional and advanced algorithms are used for getting the optimum output from a solar system. Now days to get optimum energy from a solar system, soft computing algorithms are used in a system which are called as operating point tracking algorithms. This paper intended to emphasize on converter topologies and a brief introduction of MPPT algorithms


The field survey and verification were made on the ornamental plant resources in Yunshan National Forest Park of Hunan.The results showed that there were 137 families,1 129 species of ornamental plant resources in Yunshan National Forest Park of Hunan.The species of the ornamental plants was rich.According to the ornamental characteristics of landscape plants,they were divided into 6 types including shade trees,flower plants,foliage plants,fruit plants,wisteria plants and ground cover.At the same time,the development and application of the ornamental plant resources in Yunshan National Forest Park were discussed.


Niger's Quality Assurance Project has improved the delivery of primary health care services and facilitated the implementation of decentralization. In the Tahoua region, a multidisciplinary Quality Improvement Team has addressed the problem of child malnutrition by arranging for children to be assessed and treated in the same day by a team of providers. As a result of this intervention, child dropout rates at the health center dropped from 40% to 20%, the nutritional rehabilitation rate rose from 7% to 34%, average counseling time increased from one to five minutes, and the average waiting time was reduced from four hours to 40 minutes. Collaboration between the Tahoua departmental and district health services and the Quality Assurance Project has strengthened the analytical skills and action-oriented decision-making capabilities of district-level staff. On the basis of the Tahoua region's successful experience, the Government of Niger is considering the integration of quality assurance measures into broader health sector reform.


Construction, utilization, wave action, and environmental aspects of offshore pipelines are investigated in these Government-sponsored research reports. Hydrodynamics, benefit costs of underwater pipeline transportation, and risk analysis are among the parameters researched. (Contains 94 abstracts)


The thermoelectric properties of CsSnI3 are analysed with the ab initio first-principle density functional theory (DFT). Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivities are calculated in order to determine the dimensionless figure of merit ZT. Knowing that CsSnI3 is one of the perovskite series of materials that undergo complex phase transitions with temperature, the calculations are performed for different common phases. Several phases of CsSnBr3 and CsSnCl3 are also analysed as comparisons. For the same material, comparison of band structures showed that the band gap increases with phase transition from phase - α to phase - β then to phase - γ. And the ZT values show the same trend as the band gaps. CsSnCl3 exhibits a higher ZT value than CsSnBr3 and CsSnI3 at phase-α.


The present invention provides various embodiments of energy absorber corner. In one embodiment, the corner portion and the energy absorber comprises a body arm. The body portion from the top surface, a bottom surface, and the top surface having a front wall extending to the bottom surface. The corner the energy absorber further includes a crush member that extends from the front wall of the body portion between the body portion of the upper surface and the lower surface. In yet another embodiment, at least one of said body portion and said arm portion is provided with attachment means. The present invention also provides various embodiments of the apparatus having a corner bumper energy absorber connected to the bumper beam.


In the given article ways to decide a problem of timely gaining and combining information, and also data exchange between various information systems are considered. The most popular ways of information interchange between systems with the analysis of their merits and demerits are considered.


Regional economic developers typically use input-output modeling to compare the linkage effects of different targets for economic development policy. Using input-output models for all 50 states in the United States, the authors compare child care linkage effects to economy-wide averages and median multiplier values for agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Multiplier analysis shows that child care linkage effects are similar to these more typical targets for economic development policy and provides one more reason why child care should be included as part of economic development policy.


The investment Practice has gone through three stages in west countries:speculative stage,professional stage and scientific stage,and it was an inevitable process.China's investment should have the same process,but it would not be the simple repeat of west process.The professional investment analysis base on the theory of evaluation should be the main means of china's capital market investment.In the same time ,it's the crux of success that the theory and method of combinatorial investment exceed in the practice.


Work-life integration issue has become an agenda of board room meetings across the globe especially in India. A working person has multiple roles to play at a time at personal as well as organizational fronts; each demanding different skills and anticipations. When such role demands overlap and get clashed, serious problems are faced by the employees. Moreover, in sales, the performance pressure is high leading to work stress reflected in personal life. This research paper is an attempt to delve into the issue of work-life integration issues with reference to young women working as school teachers in private schools of Mumbai.


【Objective】 Crude protein and crude fiber content were determined at the beginning and the end of 7,12,17-days fermentation of white-rot fungi on corn straw in order to obtain optimized condition of fermentation,such as the optimal time,temperature,acidity,inoculum concentration and water content of corn straw.【Method】 In order to select the optimized fermentative conditions of white-rot fungi on corn stem,L9(34) orthogonal experiment was designed in this trial,crude protein and crude fibre content of corn were determined,water ratio,temperature,inoculum concentration and acidity in the fermentation of white-rot fungi on corn stem were designed as main influencing factors.【Result】 Optimized condition of fermentation of white-rot on corn straw was:water ratio 70%,temperature 30 ℃,inoculum concentration 0.25 g/kg corn straw and pH 4 during 7 days.Under above optimizing fermentative condition,crude fiber content was decreased from 348.7 g/kg to 299.4 g/kg,crude protein content was increased from 58.3 g/kg to 116.6 g/kg.【Conclusion】 Optimized fermentative conditions of white-rot fungi on corn stem were selected,which would provide some reference in utilizing the corn stem as feed resource.


Abstract Damage caused by tree root growth to archaeological monuments buried underground, over the course of centuries, has been frequently reported in the city of Rome. The Domus Aurea, Nero's Imperial residence, now lies under the Horti Traianei (Trajan's Park) on the Oppian hill. These gardens, planted at the beginning of the last century, are located only 3–4m above the surviving archaeological structures. In some cases roots have damaged the underlying vaults, sometimes creating serious structural problems. Results of the study show that a variety of species with strong root systems growing for many metres laterally, and to depths of several metres, are present. Identification of the plants responsible for the damage has been achieved through a study of the anatomy of their wood. A real and potential assessment of the risk posed by tree roots to the archaeological structures has been attempted. The data collected will contribute to evaluating the risk to monuments under similar conditions and will also help to avoid errors made in managing the plant cover of archaeological sites


FIRST AMENDMENT FREEDOMS are part of a "constitution of limitations." They reflect an effort by the Framers to institutionalize the rule of law by requiring that government officials observe certain limitations on their own power and authority. Historically, even rulers who acknowledged such limitations found it difficult to identify them; the First Amendment and the rest of the Bill of Rights were an attempt to do this identifying for them. From one viewpoint, the observance of these limitations is dependent on the ruler's own belief in them: his own self-restraint. But feeling that selfrestraint is an uncommon virtue, the Constitution makers relied heavily on the political devices of federalism and checks and balances to assure that no single government or branch of government would be politically in a position to override the limits of its own power. Then, too, the development of judicial review in the latter part of the nineteenth century (and only after 1920 as regards the Bill of Rights) put the courts in a position to step into the breach in those rather frequent instances in which strong or hysterical public sentiment led to the breakdown of political checks. Whether, in such circumstances, even courts are able to act effectively is another question. Cornceding the legitimacy of the judicial "enforcement" of the


In order to study the structure of epileptic seizures in childrenliving in the Aral Sea region, studies were carried out in 56 children with epilepticseizures. The results of the study showed that symptomatic epilepsy with generalizedtonic-clonic seizures is more common (81%). Epiativity was detected in 91.5% ofthe examined patients. EchoEG analysis revealed an increase in intracranial pressurein patients, and EEG analysis revealed an increase in foci of epiactivity in theoccipital region and diffusion in children in an unfavorable ecological region.


In this issue of the Journal of the American Heart Association ( JAHA ), the study by Enserro et al[1][1] of 20‐year trends in cardiovascular health (CVH) and the impact on subclinical and incident clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) offers important insight into how CVH changes over time among


Thirty years on, this statement remains true: and with its widespread application and the development of specialised staining techniques liver biopsy continues to be one of the most important diagnostic procedures in clinical hepatology. The maximum benefit from the procedure can be obtained, however, only when it is performed by properly trained and experienced personnel and when the histological examination is done by a histopathologist familiar with the morphological appearances of the liver in health and disease. Successful liver


The effect ofutilization ofcuttle fish bone-meal as calcium supplement on growth performance was studied in 40 weaned Large White Yorkshire piglets. Four dietary treatments, T1 (control diet with 9% dried fish and 1%mineral mixture), T, (dicalcium phosphate), T3 (50% of di-calcium phosphate of T'l was replaced by cuttle fish bone and diammonium phosphate) and T4 (in which dicalcium phosphate was replaced fully with cuttIe fish bone and diammonium phosphate) were formulated and given to the 4 groups. Total body weight gain and feed efficiency of pigs maintained on T4 was better than that of T1 and T3 (P<0.01)Cost of feed per kilogram gain was also lower for T4 (p<.01)compared to that of other 3 groups, indicating that euttle fish bone can be used economically as a source of calcium along with diammonium phosphate as phosphorus source.


this paper is designed to calculate crack width on concrete road pavement. Manual crack detection and its width calculation is subjected to inspector's skills and consumes time. Automating crack width calculation using image processing speeds up the process. The researchers collected crack images of pavement surface from the national road of CARCANMADCARLAN. The data collected underwent a process of extracting cracks. The image was analyzed using the image processing algorithm in order to calculate its width. Evaluation of developed device's performance is tested against ground truth. The result shows that the developed device for crack width calculation is with accuracy of 96.93%.


Introduction: In 2016, Rwanda implemented "Treat All," requiring the national HIV programme to increase antiretroviral (ART) treatment coverage to all people living with HIV. Approximately half of the 164,262 patients on ART have been on treatment for more than five years, and long‐term retention of patients in care is an increasing concern. To address these challenges, the Ministry of Health has introduced a differentiated service delivery approach to reduce the frequency of clinical visits and medication dispensing for eligible patients. This article draws on key policy documents and the views of technical experts involved in policy development to describe the process of implementation of differentiated service delivery in Rwanda.


A method is described for the determination by solid phase spectrophotometry (SPS) of trace amounts of vanadium in natural water and crude petroleum samples. The procedure is based on fixation on a dextran-type anion exchanger of the complex V(IV)-Eriochrome Cyanine R. The absorbance of the gel, at 563 and 750 nm, packed in a 1 mm cell, is measured directly. Vanadium can be determined in the 0.6-25.0 lag 1m range with a relative standard deviation of 2.2%. The comparison of the SPS method and the gallic acid persulphate method shows that the linearity, analytical sensitivity and precision were better for the SPS method, and that the latter method has lower detection and quantification limits than the gallic acid persulphate method.


Aims: Analysis of risk, farmer's perceptions on risk and their adaptation practices through exploration of agriculture based farmer's community perceptions were lack on the perspective of Angaria sub-sub-district of Dumki sub-district of Patuakhali district in Bangladesh. That is why this study was conducted to gain understanding on agriculture farmers' risk profile, its impact and potential risk reduction strategy through community participation. Study Design: A total of 23 Focus Group Discussion's (FGD) and 04 Key Informant Interviews (KII) were conducted. A well structured pretested questionnaire schedule was developed keeping in mind the objectives and variables under this study. Place and Duration of Study: Angaria sub-sub-district of Dumki sub-district of Patuakhali district in Bangladesh, from January, 2015 to May, 2015. Methodology: Primary data was collected through face to face FGD, KII methods and extensive field visit. Secondary data was collected from different secondary sources. Results: The agriculture sector of the study area is potentially exposed by different primary and secondary risk factors such as cyclone, flood, drought, pest attack etc. which threats to agriculture production and pose the farmers to make their livelihood diversified. But due to the changing trend in risk profiles; increasing its persistence time and frequency and intensity, farmers' adaptation capacities and sustainability are more exposed to vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the farmers are decreasing in the study area. They are transforming from on-farm agriculture practices to nonfarm alternative livelihood options ‐not as innovative adaptive resilient options. Conclusion: Recurring disasters phenomena threatened and undermined farmers capacity to adaptations, resulted more dependence on alternative nonfarm livelihood options than appropriate Original Research Article


Thomas Hobbes is the first person in the modern western history of the theory of the state to oppose the divine theory of the state.His theory of the state is based on the theory of the human nature.He believes that autocratic monarchy is the best system of government.Despite its historical limitations,his theory is progressive because it is against religious theocracy and feudal separatist rule,and for the idea that the state sovereignty comes from people.His theory has a very important position in the modern western history of the theory of the state.


Preoperative identification of cardiac insufficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) has proved essential for the success of surgery on the coronary arteries. To provide for an objective assessment of the contractile function of the myocardium in selecting candidates for surgery among IHD patients with over 70-percent narrowing of one, two, and three coronary arteries, use was made of the central hemodynamics indices in response to the loading test during right heart catheterization with computer-assisted monitoring and mathematical analysis. Two patient groups were distinguished during the hemodynamic loading test: group I showing a high and effective chronotropic reserve (+X) and group II presenting a negative chronotropic reserve (-X). It was established that with equal numbers of narrowed coronary arteries and similar clinical manifestations, the estimates of myocardial contraction may differ which determines indications for surgery and preoperative care.


. One of the difficulties in manage-ment of the infection is the limited knowledge on its clinicalfeatures. Basically, Ebola virus infection is a kind of viralinfection that the main clinical presentation is febrile illness.There are also possibilities to have other additional clinicalpresentation. Here, the authors try to summarize on themagnitude of "neuropsychiatry problem" during clinical pre-sentation. Of interest, based on available data from 15 con-firmed cases reported from Guinea


The growth, water status and water use efficiency of trees are sensitive to drought. The severity of drought experienced by trees can be magnified or diminished depending on plant community structure and density. This is especially important in semiarid environments. In dense afforested plantations, high inter-tree competition for soil water could increase the water stress of trees in comparison to plants in an open woodland. On the other hand, the shading effect of the tree canopy and the increased soil infiltration capacity in semiarid afforested stands could prevail over competition and buffer the drought effect. Thus, in dense afforested plantations, greater inter-tree competition but more favourable microclimatic conditions may have opposite effects, and the prevalence of one of them could depend on annual meteorological conditions.


Taking account of the effect of the driver's memory, an extended car‐following model is proposed in this paper. A control signal including the velocity contrast of considered car and the following car is taken into account in this extended model. Numerical simulations are implemented to prove that the application of the model can suppress the traffic congestion successfully.


A spectrophotometer has been adapted for use as a simultaneous observation–exposure system for irradiation of biochemical samples by 1.7–2.6 GHz electromagnetic radiation. A waveguide applicator is mounted vertically in the sample compartment of a Cary 15 spectrophotometer such that the sample can be placed simultaneously in the light path and in a slot in the applicator. A standard 1‐cm path square cell contains the sample which is irradiated through the open top of the cuvette. Temperature of the sample and an unirradiated reference are monitored continuously without measurable interference from the microwave field. Temperature can be controlled within a few tenths of a degree between 15 ° and 40 °C, and an absorbed dose rate can be calculated using thermal measurement techniques. Microwave generator output and reflected power are monitored at all times. The frequency can be changed easily and standing waves minimized by adjusting a waveguide tuning section. The microwave energy within the basic frequen...


Background The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery admits Parkinson's disease (PD) patients for medical management and deep brain stimulation, as well as non-PD inpatients on levodopa with dystonia or atypical Parkinsonism. Previous work showed 24.5% of administrations were outside of the recommended 30-minute time window. Methods We introduced interventions based on the Leeds Quality Improvement Project "Get it Right on Time", adapted for local protocols and focused questionnaires. Due to cancellation of elective PD admissions during the SARS-CoV-2 crisis, we included all inpatients on levodopa. We tested differences between pre-intervention and post-intervention groups using Chi-squared (χ2), with post hoc comparisons to examine individual time categories. Results We compared 177 post-intervention administration episodes to 404 in the pre-intervention group. Across all time categories, we found a significant change in administration timings between groups (χ2=35.9, p<0.001). This was driven by an increase in levodopa given on time, from 11.4% to 23.2% (p<0.001) and a decrease in levodopa given up to 15 minutes late, from 31.2% to 17.5% (p<0.001). Conclusion Ward-based interventions improve timely levodopa administration. Including non-PD patients altered the study population and may have impacted results. Further work includes surveying staff to identify additional interventions and investigating a PD-only cohort. firstname.lastname@example.com


We consider noninteracting fermions on the honeycomb lattice in the presence of a magnetic vortex superlattice. It is shown that depending on the superlattice periodicity, a gap may open at zero energy. We derive an expression of the gap in the small-flux limit but the main qualitative features are found to be valid for arbitrary fluxes. This study provides an original example of a metal-insulator transition induced by a strongly modulated magnetic field in graphene. At the same time, our results directly apply to Kitaev's honeycomb model in a vortex superlattice.


The physiological property of a Rhizobiumsp sp.(peashrub) was studied in this paper.The optimum culture condition and medium ingredient were determined by shaking flask tests.The batch fermentation was performed in a 10-L auto controlled fermenter under the optimum condition.Using laurate as regulators the metabolic regulation at the level of substrate was carried out.Experimental results showed that the strain had many excellent productive traits such as faster growth rate(0.6608 g·μL(-1)·h(-1)),shorter cycle of the fermentation (27 hours) and higher productive PHB (6.61g/L) and a new kind of heteropolymer P (HB-HO) was synthesized by the metabolic regulation.It had a good prospect in exploitation and application.


A system and method for a display device comprising at least one method for adjusting the brightness of the display is provided by automatically adapts to ambient lighting conditions.


Objectives: The possible phytochemical constituents, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of the crude ethanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans (CE) were investigated along with the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of its petroleum ether (PESF), carbon tetrachloride (CTCSF), chloroform (CSF) and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions.
Materials & Methods: The coarse leaf powder was extracted at room temperature with ethanol. Solvent-solvent partitioning was done to obtain the four soluble fractions. Anticoagulant potential was determined by the in vitro thrombolytic model, membrane stabilization method was used to assess in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, the disc diffusion method was used for anti-microbial screening, antioxidant potential was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was used for cytotoxic activity determination.
Results: Chemical screening of the crude extract evidenced the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars and gums. It showed significant clot lysis property of 46.91%. It also significantly inhibited heat and hypotonic solution induced lysis of the human red blood cell membrane with values of 71.80% and 47.60%, respectively. CTCSF and PESF showed mild antimicrobial activity. AQSF showed most prominent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 12.27 µg/mL. CTCSF showed LC50 value of 0.84 µg/mL, with most potent cytotoxic activity.
Conclusion: Significant thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antioxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the ethanolic plant extract were observed in this study. In vivo activities and isolation of active compound(s) from this extract are yet to be investigated.


Introduction: Mild dehydration is common and it is usually caused by an insufficient fluid intake throughout the day. People are continuously losing liquids through sweating, breathing and urine. Others causes that lead to a loss of body water are diarrhea, vomiting, physical activity, fever or burns. Inadequate fluid intake during hot weather or when performing physical exercise can deplete body water levels. On the other hand, people suffering from a chronic disease or undergoing drug treatments are more susceptible.
Method: We developed a care plan to maintain hydration, prevent dehydration and also to explore the prevalence of dehydration, evaluated by objective parameters on a medical ward at Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital and its association with indicative dehydration parameters in hospitalized elderly people. The target population were people between 75 and 88 years old, prescribed with a lot of medication due to chronic underlying diseases.
Results: The observed symptoms were: dry mouth, oliguria or anuria, high heart rate, dry skin and very low blood pressure in severe cases.
Conclusions: Besides the physical and anthropometric assessment scales we used Barthel and Yesavage to assess the emotional state and MNA to assess nutritional status.


The Korean Integrated Model (KIM) forecast system, based on a hybrid four‐dimensional ensemble‐variational method, was extended to assimilate Horizontal Line‐Of‐Sight (HLOS) wind observations from the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) on board the Atmospheric Dynamic Mission Aeolus satellite. In a global cycling experiment, assimilation of Aeolus HLOS wind observations led to reductions in the average root‐mean‐square error of 0.8 and 0.5% for the zonal and meridional wind analyses when compared against European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) analyses. Even though the observed variable is wind, there was also an overall beneficial impact on analyses of the mass variables. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), the reduced analysis errors led to forecast skill improvements out to 72 h. In contrast, in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) there was relatively little reduction of analysis errors, but wind forecasts were nevertheless improved, and these positive impacts lasted longer – out to 120 h rather than 72 h. Experiments suggest that the relatively poor long‐range performance in the SH high latitudes was due to problems with the mass increments derived from Aeolus wind increments via the ensemble‐based part of the hybrid background error covariance (B), which eventually led to adverse effects on the wind variables as forecasts progressed in the SH. This study shows that it is necessary to estimate the ensemble B in the Antarctic region with its high elevation more accurately in order to effectively use the Aeolus observation information.


Background: Rectal varices and hemorrhoids are a gastrointestinal complication of portal hypertension. There is a large discrepancy in previous studies regarding prevalence of rectal varices and hemorrhoids and their correlation with other factors. Aim of the work: goal of our study was evaluation of the effect of band ligation of oesophageal varices (OVs) on the evolution and/or progression of rectal varices and haemorrhoids. Patients and Methods: This study conducted on 50 postHCV cirrhotic patients screened for esophageal varices. They were divided into two main groups; Group I: It included 25 post-HCV cirrhotic patients, screened for OVs, band ligation was indicated in them, and they were banded for OVs. Group II: It included 25 post-HCV cirrhotic patients, screened for OVs, and band ligation was not indicated in them. All of them were submitted to oesophagogastrodudenoscopy (OGD) for assessment of OVs and short colonoscopy for assessment of rectal varices & haemorrhoids at the baseline and after 6 months. Results: Obliteration of esophageal varices by endoscopic variceal band ligation did not affect the incidence of hemorrhoids (38% before and after) and anorectal varices (12% before and after). Conclusion: It is concluded that esophageal variceal band ligation does not affect the incidence of hemorrhoids, or anorectal va1rices inpatients with liver cirrhosis.


Biomechanical reinforcement of the cornea by collagen cross-linking (CXL) using riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UV-A) irradiation is a well-established treatment for halting the progression of keratoconus. Corneal pachymetry is one of the most important factors with respect to the safety of CXL. In addition to the initial pachymetric changes, significant changes in corneal pachymetry may occur during the different steps of the procedure, highlighting the role of intraoperative pachymetric measurements. Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used safely and effectively to monitor the corneal pachymetry during CXL. Among the advantages of this technology is its ability to provide a more detailed profile of the corneal thickness in a noncontact manner compared to the ultrasound method. These features are especially advantageous for monitoring corneal pachymetry in the setting of CXL in KCN patients, considering the marked irregularity of the epithelium and stroma in these patients. OCT has also been used for evaluation of other aspects of the CXL procedure like evaluation of in vivo riboflavin penetration in to the corneal stroma.


The inkjet recording method of the present invention includes an image-forming step, wherein an ink composition containing a compound represented by the formula (1) (Component A-1) and a polymerization initiator (Component B), and having a surface tension at 25°C of 34.0 to 39.0 mN/m, is discharged onto a recording medium from an inkjet head having a nozzle plate, wherein the ink discharging side surface of the nozzle plate has been subjected to an ink-philic treatment, to form an image; and a curing step wherein the discharged ink composition is irradiated with actinic radiation.


Sodium nitrate crystallizes in the calcite structure, R-3c (No. 167 in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, 1965). In the triple hexagonal cell, which is used exclusively from this point, the Na atoms are in positions 6(b), the N atoms in positions 6(a) and the oxygen atoms in positions 18(e), with six formula units per cell. The structure consists of alternating layers of sodium ions and nitrate groups; alternate layers of nitrate ions differ in orientation by 60 °. At a temperature near 275°C, there is a transition to a structure with a halved c axis and three formula units per cell (Inkinen, 1960). We believe this phase change to be a transformation to complete disorder between the two NO3 orientations so that the structure becomes R'3m (No. 166), with Na atoms in positions 3(a), N atoms in positions 3(b) and half-oxygen atoms in positions 18(g) with doubled z coordinates of layers. The structure has been previously studied by X-ray diffraction most recently by Inkinen (1960) when all reflexions were measured at room temperature; and by Cherin, Hamilton & Post (1967) (referred to as CHP), who measured the oxygen-only, /-odd, reflexions at temperatures of 25, 100, 150 and 200°C. Our aims in again studying the structure by neutron diffraction were:


A spectral sliced multiwavelength laser source which utilizes supercontinuum generated in a high nonlinear dispersion flattened holey fiber(HNL-DF-HF) and spectral slicing in an arrayed waveguide grating has been demonstrated. All 32 channels exhibit almost constant pulsewidth, the channel separation is 100GHz, and crosstalk of the adjacent channels is more than 25dB.


This thesis presents work aimed at the development of practical and simplified methods for advanced
characterisation of PV modules while reducing energy yield estimation uncertainties, focusing on the
spectral and angular effects.
In this work, practical characterisation method to measure the spectral response (SR) curve of PV
modules have been developed based on the polychromatic method. Improvement of the method have
been achieved through the development of new measurement setup and detail evaluation of the
polychromatic fitting algorithm. Set of coloured plate with unique transmission profiles supplemented
with a smaller number of optical bandwidth filters used in the measurement setup resulted in high
throughput irradiance (the lowest is measured at 150 W/m2). High uniformity of the throughput
irradiance over the measurement plane contribute to low uncertainty in the measurement of short-circuit
current where the highest estimated uncertainty lays within the uncertainty margin for the STC
measurement, at 2.5%. Measurement of optical/electrical of device under test with associated
uncertainty are combined with the fitting algorithm through the Monte-carlo simulation method. The
uncertainty in the final determination of SR characteristic gave the value of 7%, with about ±10%
agreement between the SR curves obtained through the polychromatic method to the conventional
monochromatic method.
The measurement of angular response developed in this method employed the indoor measurement
setup with the additional turn table attachment. The evaluation of divergent light of the non-ideal light
source and the accuracy in angle adjustment of the turn table have been quantified and incorporated
into the angular response measurement as uncertainties. Partial illumination method are applied for a
reliable extraction of operating current in the measurement of PV modules with the uncertainty
estimated at 1%. 4% variation in the measurement of angular dependency of various PV devices at
high tilt angle have been realised which translate to about 1.5% difference in the simulated annual
energy performance. The application of the same simulator in the development of spectral and angular
response measurement in this work creates the potential for the angle-dependent spectral response
characterisation on module scale. This have been realised through a simulation.
Low uncertainty in energy yield is important as this indicate the risk in the investment of PV project.
Detail evaluation with accuracy and uncertainty analysis of the works to be described will further
improve the uncertainty in the measurement of spectral and angular response of PV modules, hence
better accuracy in the assessment of energy yield can be achieved.


Editorial method Acknowledgments Preface Chapter one: Saving souls in chinatown: church and community Chapter two: Accounting for diversity -a comparison of case studies Chapter three: Cultural histories and christian traditions Chapter four: Text and performing ethnicity Chapter five: Separateness of church - Counter-culture christianity and the model minority Chapter six: Discourse public and private-performing gender Chapter seven: conclusion Notes Bibliography Index


Context. Cosmic voids are observed in the distribution of galaxies and, to some extent, in the dark matter distribution. If these distributions have fractal geometry, it must be reflected in the geometry of voids; in particular, we expect scaling sizes of voids. However, this scaling is not well demonstrated in galaxy surveys yet. Aims. Our objective is to understand the geometry of cosmic voids and its relation to the geometry of the galaxy and dark-matter distributions. We examine the consequences of a fractal structure of matter and, in particular, the hypothesis of scali ng of voids. We intend to distinguish monofractal voids from multifractal voids, regarding their scaling properties. We plan to analyse voids in the distributions of mass concentrations (halos) in a multifra ctal and their relation to galaxy voids. Methods. We begin with a statistical analysis of point distributions based on the void probability function and correlation functions. An analytical treatment is possible if we assume that voids are spherical. Therefore, we devise a simple spherical void fi nder. For continuous mass distributions, we employ the methods of fractal geometry. These methods provide analytical predictions, which we confirm with numerical simulations. Smoothed mass distribu tions are suitable for the method of excursion sets. Results. Voids are very nonlinear and non-perturbative structures. If the matter distribution has fractal geometry, voids refle ct it, but not always directly: scaling sizes of voids imply fractal ge ometry, but fractal voids may have a complicated geometry and may not have scaling sizes. Proper multifractal voids are of this ty pe. A natural multifractal biasing model implies that the voids in the galaxy distribution inherit the same complicated geometry. Conclusions. Current galaxy surveys as well as cosmological N-body simulations indicate that cosmic voids are proper multifractal voids. This implies the presence in the voids of galaxies or, at least, small dark matter halos.


The distribution of states upon the removal of applied magnetic field in an array of 7.5×7.5μm2 permalloy square elements, as observed by transmission electron microscopy in Lorentz mode, shows a predominance of two states: the vortex state and the seven-domain state. The distributional dependence of these two states on the rate of change of the reversal field is established. Micromagnetic simulations suggest that vortex nucleation and the subsequent domain-wall propagation are the two primary mechanisms for magnetization reversal. The kinetics of the two pathways is examined in a manner that conforms to the observed distribution of states.


Abstract This work extends the dynamic programming approach to calculation of an elastic metric between two curves to finding paths in pairs of graph drawings that are closest under this metric. The new algorithm effectively solves this problem when all paths between two given nodes in one of these graphs have the same length. It is then applied to the problem of pattern recognition constrained by a superpixel segmentation. Segmentations of test images, obtained without statistical modeling given two shape endpoints, have good accuracy.


A laboratory laser beam method for drying barley grains is presented and the corresponding energy transfer is analyzed. Barley grains were illuminated from one side during a period of 60 seconds with 100 mW 650 nm and 200 mW 650 nm collimated laser beams. The intensity of laser radiation within the illuminated area was 12.74 Wsm for a 100 mW laser and 25.48 Wsm for a 200 mW laser. Barley grain samples with moisture contents of 18 %, 20 % and 25 % were used for analysis. The results obtained show differences in the energy consumption between grains with different initial moisture contents. Compared to convective hot air drying, the energy savings of 51 % were achieved using a 100 mW laser on the grain samples with a moisture content of 25% under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the energy savings were found to depend on the grain wet basis and decrease with the decreasing moisture content.


Quaternary coastal-terrestrial deposits from Aupouri and Karikari Peninsulas, northern North Island (New Zealand), and from Sapelo Island, Georgia (USA), reveal sedimentary structures produced by plant roots that provided habitats suitable for root-sucking, deposit-feeding, burrowing, brooding and other terrestrial invertebrate activities. The structures are typically large ( 2 m in length, with widths from a few to >45 cm), and consist of white sand-filled tubes that are circular to subcircular in cross-section, and cylindrical to downwardly tapering in longitudinal view. Dark brown (humic and ferruginous) haloes demarcate the white sand fill. These structures open upwards, often connecting into overlying palaeosols, and are inferred to reflect the root architecture of several large forest trees that are morphologically comparable with those of some modern conifers, e.g. kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in Sapelo Island. The white sand cores of these structures are a passive fill originating from a podzolised horizon, and/or from drifting aeolian sands. The root structures were temporarily open to the Quaternary surface and represent cavities remaining after tree death and/or toppling. The yellowish host sands are frequently mottled by trace fossils, as are boundaries between outer dark brown haloes and inner white sand fill to the root structures. Many of these traces are small, of simple form, and cannot readily be ascribed to any ichnotaxon. Meniscate burrows (Taenidium) that have been identified from both localities were probably produced by cicada nymphs. The moist and sheltered tree root-protected environment persisted for some time after tree death and was a desirable microhabitat for a number of invertebrates. Around the margins of these root casts, trace fossils and tiering fabrics may cross one another irregularly, develop oblique to primary bedding surfaces, or can even be inverted. Such stratigraphically disjunct relationships could be misleading in structural and palaeoenvironmental assessment of older or tectonically deformed strata that include palaeosols. These observations add an additional dimension to reconstructions of ancient forest cover and terrestrial continental environments.


in young children. Such infections. can be suspected from the clinical presentation, when an acute febrile illnes in an infant between the ages of six months and two years is accompanied by, or is shortly followed by, a rather characteristic skin lesion most often appearing on the cheek. The affected area varies in size, is indurated and erythematous, with a faint but distinct violaceous discoloration IPerceptible within the lesion. The borders are poorly circumscribed and fade into the surrounding normal tissue, unlike classical erysipelas with its raised edges. When the cheek is affected, the buccal mucosa may be inflamed also. As a rule, blood cultures and aspirates from the lesion 45 are positive for H. influenzae. '


Optimizing the allocation of preschool education resources and improving the efficiency of resource allocation is of great strategic significance for the universal and inclusive development of preschool education and the realization of "education for young children". In recent years, the shift from high-speed development to high-quality development of the social economy has significantly improved the balanced development level of China's preschool education industry. However, preschool education remains the weakest link in China's education system and the most unfavorable aspect of educational resource allocation. Problems such as shortage of preschool education resources, insufficient investment, uneven regional development, imbalanced supply and demand structure, low resource allocation efficiency, and "difficult to enter, expensive to enter" are still prominent. How to optimize resource allocation and improve resource utilization efficiency in the limited resources of preschool education is the key to achieving balanced, fair, coordinated, and high-quality development of preschool education. The county preschool education resource allocation level evaluation is MAGDM problems. Recently, the TODIM and TOPSIS technique was employed to cope with MAGDM issues. The interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy sets (IVPFSs) are employed as a tool for characterizing uncertain information during the county preschool education resource allocation level evaluation. In this manuscript, the interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy TODIM-TOPSIS (IVPF-TODIM-TOPSIS) technique is built to solve the MAGDM under IVPFSs. Finally, a numerical case study for county preschool education resource allocation level evaluation is given to validate the proposed technique. The main contribution of this paper is managed: (1) the TODIM and TOPSIS technique was extended to IVPFSs; (2) Information Entropy is employed to manage the weight values under IVPFSs. (3) the IVPF-TODIM-TOPSIS technique is founded to manage the MAGDM under IVPFSs; (4) Algorithm analysis for county preschool education resource allocation level evaluation and comparison analysis are constructed based on one numerical example to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the IVPF-TODIM-TOPSIS technique.


Objective To investigate and compare the effects of off-flap epi-polis laser in-situ keratomileusis(Epi-LASIK)and photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)on corneal pathology in rabbits.Methods About 32 rabbits of 34 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly chosen in the experiment.Off-flap Epi-LASIK was performed on right eyes of 32 rabbits(group A)and PRK on the left eyes(group B).The other 2 rabbits(4 eyes without operation)were treated as control group(group C).Corneal specimen were collected at postoperative 4 hours,1 day,3 days,5 days,7 days,14 days,1 month and 3 months.HE staining was used to observe amount changes of anterior corneal stromal cells;Immunohistochemical staining was used to measure amounts of Ki-67 and α-SMA positive cells at corneal central areas and PCNA positive cells at corneal remotion limbus.At the same time,transmission electron microscope was used to observed changes of corneal ultrastructures.Results The number of anterior corneal stromal cells was(88.00±5.38)at each 400 time light microscope in normal corneas;The number of anterior corneal stromal cells in group B was lower than that in group A at each postoperative time point,and there were significant differences(all P0.01).The number of PCNA positive cells was(15.94±3.02)at each 400 time light microscope in basal layer of normal corneal epithelial cells.The numbers of PCNA positive cells in group A were lower than those in group B at postoperative 1 day,3 days,5 days,7 days and 14 days(all P0.05 or P0.01).Ki-67 was hardly found in hypothallus of normal retinas;Ki-67 positive cells in group A were lower than those in group B at postoperative 4 hours,1 day,3 days,5 days,7 days and 14 days,and statistical differences were found(all P0.01).α-SMA was hardly found in normal retinas;The numbers of α-SMA positive cells in group A were less than those in group B at postoperative 5 days,7 days,14 days,1 month,3 months,and significant difference were found(all P0.01).Transmission electron microscope showed that the conjunction of cells in group A was more compacted within 7 days after operation,and the collagen fibers arranged more regularly at postoperative 3 months.Conclusion Compared with the PRK,the off-flap Epi-LASIK has the lower injury of corneal epithelium,proliferation response of corneal epithelial cells and corneal stromal cells,and the lower potentiality of the transformation to the myofibroblast,therefore,incidence of haze is lowest.


The traditional plant improvement methods consisted of pure line selection, cross breeding, heterosis breeding, polyploid breeding, mutation breeding, etc. Biotechnology is divided into gene splicing, monoclonal antibodies, protein engineering, agricultural research, and microbiological engineering. Of these, high plants deal with agricultural research, and the importent part of which is tissue culture and cell culture, Tissue, culture and cell culture are again divided into embryo culture, test tube fertilization, anther and pollen culture, somatic hybridization, transformation, recombination, recombinant DNA molecule, hybrid plasmid, etc. For these haploid production, protoplast culture, protoplast fusion, selection and propagation, ect., the technical settlement is needed.


Background: among the physical limitations caused by deformities of the feet in the child, the metatarsus varus is the most frequent disease. Objective: to evaluate the results of the modified Ghali technique in the treatment of the varus metatarsus of the child. Methods: a quasi-experimental study was performed with two observational moments, before and after the intervention, including 122 patients under the age of 15 who underwent surgery from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2014 at the Eduardo Agramonte Pina Hospital. Results: 122 children with 244 feet with congenital metatarsus varus were studied, the leading age was 5 to 9 years old with 68 patients (55,7%), in the comparison of the postoperative modification of the degree of clinical affection and radiographic examination of patients with metatarsal varus congenital in the static, the 122 children were corrected the deformity and in the dynamic a minimum remained with internal deviation when walking. The clinical evaluation was done in an objective and subjective way in the 244 operated feet. The following parameters were taken into account: aesthetic appearance of the foot, gait quality, complications, satisfaction of the result by the parents, radiology by means of the scaphoid metatarsal angle. A good outcome was obtained in the majority of patients, and complications were minimal. Conclusions: the results of the series were adequate and the follow-up was performed in the long term and should therefore be considered as a therapeutic probability in the treatment of varicella metatarsus varus. DeCS: FOOT DEFORMITIES, CONGENITAL; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; METATARSUS VARUS; CHILD; NON-RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC.


Background In Europe, health-care policies are determined at a national level and differ between countries. This analysis from a prospective, longitudinal, non-interventional study aimed to describe patterns in the clinical monitoring and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in five European countries. Methods Country-specific cohorts of adult patients with compensated CHB managed in clinics in Germany, France, Poland, Romania and Turkey were followed for up to 2 years between March 2008 and December 2010. Results A total of 1,267 patients were included. Baseline age and gender distribution were similar across countries for patients who were treated (n=567) and untreated (n=700) at baseline. Most treated patients were receiving monotherapy at baseline, most frequently with entecavir or tenofovir in Germany, France and Turkey, and with lamivudine in Poland and Romania. Use of pegylated interferon was more frequent in Poland and Romania than in other countries. In Romania monotherapy with entecavir increased after it became reimbursed in 2008. Hospitalizations during follow-up were more frequent in Romania (1.45 hospital days/patient-year) and Poland (1.81 days/patient-year) than in Turkey, France and Germany (0.00, 0.05 and 0.10 days/patient-year, respectively); clinic visits were more frequent in Poland (3.20 versus 0.30–1.78 visits/patient-year across other countries). Conclusions These results illustrate country-specific patterns in the management of CHB patients across Europe. Observed monitoring patterns, hospitalization rates and other health-care utilization may be related to cost and reimbursement issues; however, further study in individual countries would be required to con-firm these (post hoc) observations.


Trace element contents (Sr, Mg, Mn, and Fe) and the composition of oxygen and carbon isotopes show that late bur ial diagenesis did not play an important role in pelagic carbonate chemistry in the bulk carbonates recovered from Holes 638B, 638C, and 641C (except for anoxic pore-water diagenesis in Valanginian sediments). The evolution of these differ ent geochemical markers documents the importance and global extent of the Barremian ocean chemistry crisis. A recon struction of paleoceanographic and climatic conditions during the Early Cretaceous is proposed. Sea level rose eustatically from the early Hauterivian to early Albian, but a rapid down and up fluctuation occurred during the Barremian. Soluble supply from the continent decreased during the Valanginian-early Hauterivian while oceanic hydrothermal sup ply increased. The climate cooled slightly during the Hauterivian, rapidly warmed during the Barremian, and cooled again during the Aptian.


Architects hardle the large information and its
analysis, synthesis and evaluation fall heavily burden
 on the architects. Spatial synthesis in architecture
is the basic method to solve this problem. For this
 purpose, the circulation and relationship of
architectural inner space was changed to measurable
and numerical status. The CRAFT method, which is one
method of spatial synthesis, constructs optimum
arrangements in intial coded plan and minimizes the
circulation cost and relationships. For the case study,
 the OPD and D/T of 500 bed general hospital was
executed by CRAFT.


The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway plays a crucial role in non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), contributing to a number of highly relevant processes in tumor development and progression, including cell proliferation, regulation of apoptotic cell death and angiogenesis that leads to tumor growth and metastatic spread. Accordingly, tar geting EGFR has been intensely pursued, with the development of series of promising molecular inhibi- tors for use in clinical oncology. In recent years, tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the EGFR was discovered in patients with NSCLC and has given a dramatic clinical response to treatment with TK inhibitors (TKIs) such as gefitinib. However, molecular studies and clinical trials have demonstrated the occurrence of primary and/or secondary resistance to these drugs. A greater understanding of these mechanisms that lead to EGFR resistance may provide valuable insights to help design new strategies that will enhance the impact of this promising class of inhibitors for the treatment of patients with NSCLC. J Indon Med Assoc. 2011;61:493-7. Keywords: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), drug-resistance