Under this grant, the University of Hawaii has acquired instrumentation to relate remotely sensed lidar backscatter signals to both in situ measurements and to satellite derived radiances. These instruments include a turn key pulsed Nd:YAG and Ti-sapphire tunable laser transmitter and 12` lidar scanner, that are now part of SOEST scanning lidar system. The in situ characterization instrumentation package includes forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP), GPS receiver, and a portable satellite receiving station that would be deployed with lidar and in situ measurements to extend the range of observations and put these in broader context. These instruments are currently being used for studying coastal marine aerosols as a function of meteorological conditions on the island of Oahu.


Chronic nicotine administration increases the density of brain α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which may contribute to nicotine addiction by exacerbating withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation. Varenicline, a smoking cessation drug, also increases these receptors in rodent brain. The maintenance of this increase by varenicline as well as nicotine replacement may contribute to the high rate of relapse during the first year after smoking cessation. Recently, we found that sazetidine‐A (saz‐A), a potent partial agonist that desensitizes α4β2* nAChRs, does not increase the density of these receptors in brain at doses that decrease nicotine self‐administration, increase attention in rats, and produce anxiolytic effects in mice. Here, we investigated whether chronic saz‐A and varenicline maintain the density of nAChRs after their up‐regulation by nicotine. In addition, we examined the effects of these drugs on a measure of anxiety in mice and weight gain in rats. After increasing nAChRs in the rodent brain with chronic nicotine, replacing nicotine with chronic varenicline maintained the increased nAChR binding, as well as the α4β2 subunit proteins measured by western blots. In contrast, replacing nicotine treatments with chronic saz‐A resulted in the return of the density of nAChRs to the levels seen in saline controls. Nicotine, saz‐A and varenicline each demonstrated anxiolytic effects in mice, but only saz‐A and nicotine attenuated the gain of weight over a 6‐week period in rats. These findings suggest that apart from its modest anxiolytic and weight control effects, saz‐A, or drugs like it, may be useful in achieving long‐term abstinence from smoking.


Objective To clarify the calcium ion and calcium ionic channel taken part in pathophysiological processes in patients with severe infection by researching the relations of severity level of infection,erythrocyte membrane Ca pump and concentration of intra,extra cellular calcium ion. Methods The total calcium concentration was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry,the free calcium concentration in erythrocyte cytoplasm was estimated by calcium fluorescent Fara 2 indicator.the activity of erythrocyte membrane Ca pump was estimated by(Ca 2+ Mg 2+ ) ATPase activity measurement,the total calcium concentration of serum was estimated by methylthymoblue colorimetry. Results In 35 severe infected cases,the concentration of total calcium,free calcium, serum calcium and the membrane Ca pump activity were varietied obviously at the stage of fastigium and recovery.The severity level of infection offers negative correlation to the calcium concentration of serum and the activity of erythrocyte membrane-Ca pump,positive correlation to the free calcium concentration in erythrocyte cytoplasm. Conclusion When infected,calcium moves into intra cell from extra cell which results in the disorder of cell function,the damage to cells even death.


In February 2009 the Greater Wellington Regional Transport Committee endorsed the Wellington Regional Rail Plan (RRP), thus providing a pathway for the long term development of the region's rail network. The production of the RRP was a requirement associated with the $500m five year 'Medium Term Improvement Programme' investment package for the Wellington suburban rail network. The package, designed to deliver greater service reliability and network capacity, was announced by the Crown and Greater Wellington Regional Council in July 2007. The RRP was developed by Greater Wellington Regional Council in collaboration with primary rail stakeholders; with specialist economic and technical inputs being provided by John Bolland (John Bolland Consulting Ltd) and Alan Burford (AECOM) respectively. This paper provides a specific overview relating to the framework and process methodology adopted to produce the long term rail development plan that will deliver 'a better rail experience' for the people of the Greater Wellington region and New Zealand.


The frequency reference oscillator is a pivotal block in modern radio transceivers. Currently, modern transceivers rely on off-chip low frequency (≪100MHz) quartz crystal reference oscillators [1]. Silicon micromechanical oscillators are suitable alternative to quartz crystal oscillators due to their small form-factor, higher frequency, and integration potential with ICs [2]–[4]. In multi-gigahertz applications, large up-conversion ratio of synthesizers limits the performance of RF front-end. In addition, OFDM-based 3G/4G standards with stringent error vector magnitude (EVM) specification [5] demand a low phase-noise floor that for low frequency resonating tanks is only possible by reducing the 3-dB bandwidth (BW) of the low pass filter in the PLL. The small BW increases the size of filter and hence, complicates the integration of the synthesizer in a single chip. However, recent advances in micromachining technology have made the realization of post-CMOS-compatible UHF micromechanical oscillators possible [3], [4].


1. Lobanoff M, Stonecipher K, Tooma T, Wexler S, Potvin R. Clinical outcomes after topography-guided LASIK: comparing results based on a new topography analysis algorithm with those based on manifest refraction. J Cataract Refract Surg 2020;46:814–819 2. Wallerstein A, Gauvin M, Qi SR, Bashour M, Cohen M. Primary topography-guided LASIK: treating manifest refractive astigmatism versus topography-measured anterior corneal astigmatism. J Refract Surg 2019;35:15–23 3. Wallerstein A, Gauvin M, Qi SR, Cohen M. Effect of the vectorial difference between manifest refractive astigmatism and anterior corneal astigmatism on topography-guided LASIK outcomes. J Refract Surg 2020;36:449–458


Taking cue from B.D. Chatopadhyaya's seminal study on boundary markers to understand the spatial characteristics of rural settlements, a study on the boundary representations of copper-plate charters issued by three dynasties of Assam was undertaken. A close reading of the charters indicates that there was a significant variation in the pattern of delineating the boundaries. While limited boundary specifications could be seen in the copperplates of the Varmans, the Śālasthambhas initially set a pattern of describing eight boundaries of their donated lands by categorically mentioning the number eight but gradually this was overlooked. The Pālas of Kāmarūpa, on the other hand, were inclined to give much more detailed boundary specifications in their charters. These boundary denominations may be seen as an attempt by the state at gradually organising the donated lands in such a way that there remained no chance for encroachment of any other plot by the donee. The essay would also highlight the dominance of different types of water bodies in the physical landscape of Kāmarūpa thereby adhering to the consistent trend of regarding surface sources of water as landmarks isolating one rural space from another. An idea of the composition of the rural society could also be gleaned from the boundary representations of these charters. The elaborate markers help us to somewhat reconstruct the landscape of the rural settlements described in the charters and show how the boundary markers of the area can indicate a wide social cross section of people inhabiting a particular space.


We present a new 3D dynamic imaging technique, Micro Fourier Transform Profilometry (μFTP), which can capture 3D surfaces of transient, time evolving events at up to 10,000 fps. We demonstrate μFTP's broad utility by imaging several transient scenes, for example, balloon's explosion triggered by a flying dart.


Introduction The congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias (CDA) are a rare group of inherited haemolytic anaemias characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and dyserythropoiesis. Due to the rarity of this disorder (and in Africa where haemoglobinopathies are the commonest cause of congenital haemolytic anaemias), the diagnosis can be missed. We report a six year old girl with recurrent anaemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly and history of multiple transfusions who was diagnosed with CDA. Case Report A six year old girl presented to the paediatric clinic with a two year history of passing coke-coloured urine, recurrent anaemia requiring regular three-monthly transfusions and persistent jaundice. She was not a known sickle cell anaemia or thalassaemia patient. History of prenatal period, birth and delivery were normal (birth weight 3.5kg/ 7.7lbs). There was no history of neonatal jaundice or family history of similar illness. At presentation, she was acutely ill-looking, conscious but weak. She was afebrile, severely pale, icteric, tachypneic and in respiratory distress (respiratory rate of 52 cycles/minute). She was small for age; weight 15kg / 33.1lbs (below the 3rd percentile), height 104cm (below the 3rd percentile) with frontal bossing and gnathopathy. The liver was 6cm below the right costal margin and tender, with splenomegaly- 5cm below the costal margin. There was no lymphadenopathy. Her chest was clear, heart rate 140 beats/minute, and blood pressure of 100/50mmHg with presence of a haemic murmur. A preliminary clinical diagnosis of recurrent severe haemolytic anaemia in heart failure secondary to haemoglobinopathy was made. Full blood count showed severe anaemia with haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of 5.1g/dL, normal red cell indices, white cell count- 13.6 X 109/L, platelets- 191 X 109/L and reticulocyte count- 1.3%. The Hb genotype was AA, direct and indirect antiglobulin test were negative. Liver functions tests showed normal enzyme and protein values; but high total bilirubin (104mmol/L) and unconjugated bilirubin- 17.4umol/L. Serum uric acid was normal. HIV, hepatitis B and C were negative. Urinalysis was positive for blood, urobilinogen, bilirubin, with a pH of 8.0. Urine microscopy showed granular, epithelial and red blood cell casts. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase assay- 12.5 μ/Hb. She was admitted, placed on oxygen, transfused and discharged on the third day in stable condition. However she was brought back to the hospital about 3 months later for similar symptoms. Urgent Hb concentration was 6.0g/dL. Peripheral blood film revealed anisopoikilocytosis, some macrocytes, tear drop cells, polychromasia, basophilic stippling, fragmented red cells and presence of nucleated red cells (12/100 white cells)- a few of which were multinucleated (Fig 1). HPLC showed low HbA (74.1%), severely increased HbF (23.8%) and HbA2 (2.1%). Bone marrow (BM) aspiration showed a hypercellular marrow, erythroid hyperplasia (myeloid/erythroid ratio 1:2), dyserythropoiesis with erythroid multinuclearity in >10% of late erythroid precursors and significant karyorrhexis. Myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis were essentially normal (Fig 2). Serum ferritin was elevated (2,658ng/ml). In the absence of availability of electron microscopy or molecular studies, a diagnosis of CDA type II was made based on clinical, laboratory and characteristic bone marrow findings. She was transfused, placed on iron chelation therapy, her parents counseled on treatment options and she is being followed up. Discussion The CDAs are classically grouped into 3 types based on bone marrow morphology. Type I has erythroblasts joined by an internuclear bridge. Type II erythroblasts have multinuclearity of late erythroblasts while type III has gigantoblasts (erythroblasts with ≥8 nuclei). Inheritance is autosomal recessive and diagnosis is usually in childhood or early adult life. Common clinical findings are anaemia, jaundice and splenomegaly; however these are seen in other more common inherited haemolytic anaemias. BM examination is the gold standard for diagnosis. Patients with CDA usually have high serum ferritin that may require iron chelation therapy. CDA although rare must be considered in a child who has recurrent anaemia in whom other causes have been excluded. BM examination remains a key diagnostic tool in identification of the CDAs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


A Japanese woman with cutaneous histoplasmosis is presented. The patient developed cutaneous lesions consisting of grouped and confluent papules on several parts of the body after settling in Santa Cruz City, Bolivia. The histoplasmin test was positive. Histological sections of the skin showed a few intracellular yeast forms of the organism in the dermis. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from biopsy specimens of the skin. The morphological characters of the fungus were described in detail. There was no focus of infection in the lung or other internal organs.


Visceral hypersensitivity plays a major role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome, as shown by balloon distension studies. 5‐HT3 receptors on afferent nerves may modulate visceral sensitivity and be the target of new treatments for irritable bowel syndrome.


We use three sequential [open quotes]water-sediment transport[close quotes] numerical models to evaluate changes in fluvial sediment outputs for two near-future contrasting climate-change scenarios (warmer summers or warmer and moister winters) for the eastern Canadian Arctic. Our integrated model generates values for deposition into a fiord basin. The effects of climate warming are imposed on 200-yr fluctuations in relative sea level (base level) that in turn have a long-term forcing associated with late Quaternary glacial unloading. Thus some areas are submerging (around the periphery of the former ice sheet) and others are emerging (inland at the heads of fiords). Small, short-term changes in sea level may involve meltwater supply to the world ocean from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and sea water expansion with a warming ocean. Alternatively, large ice sheets may also thicken over the short term (200 yr), thereby withdrawing water from the global hydrological cycle. Both climate scenarios result in an increased sediment flux over the next 200 yr. However, warmer summers will have the largest impact by (1) causing ice caps to melt, (2) inducing more expansive and turbid river plumes, (3) increasing progradation of the coastline into the sea, (4) raising relative sea level,more » and by (5) increasing the number and size of turbidity currents generated off river mouths. Warmer and moister winters that may lead to deviations from these impacts include (1) growth of ice caps, (2) fall of relative sea level, (3) stability of coastlines as increased sediment delivery keeps pace with changes in regional relative sea level, and (4) fewer basin turbidity currents, as more of the bedload is trapped on top of sandur surfaces. 55 refs., 11 figs., 2 tabs.« less


All areas of our information society depend on communication networks as a basic infrastructure. Emerging applications raise the need for dynamic changes of the required networking resources, for example, to react to social events or to shifts of demands over time. Providing the required flexibility to react to those changes and being cost efficient at the same time has recently become a huge challenge in research. With Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Virtualization and Network Function Virtualization, three concepts for network softwareization have emerged in the networking research, which claim to increase flexibility in networking. However, a deeper understanding of the flexibility vs. cost trade-off is missing so far in networking research. This talk focuses on the challenges of flexible networking, proposes a definition for a flexibility measure, which allows to quantitatively compare different network designs, and will highlight selected solution concepts. Presented research topics include the placement of network functions and the dynamic placement of controllers as well as SDN network virtualization based on a new network hypervisor concept.


political history&dquo; (p. v). Mr. Mehrotra is concerned with tracing The Emergence of the Indian National Congress, the first session of which convened in Bombay in 1885. What emerges from Mr. Mehrotra's study may best be termed a linear-and whiginterpretation of history. Mr. Mehrotra begins his work by focusing on the formation in Calcutta in 1838 of the Landholders' Society, &dquo;the first notable attempt at organizing a political association on western lines in India&dquo; (p. 14). What follows and fills the pages of this book are studies of organizations which may, in Mr. Mehrotra's mind, be termed &dquo;political&dquo; or &dquo;nationalistic,&dquo; the implication being that all led inexorably and inevitably to the formation of the Indian National Congress. It is that implication which should have been proved; instead, it remains an assertation which has yet to be substantiated. Mr. Mehrotra's study is filled with vague and often misleading terminology. Terms such as &dquo;politics&dquo; and &dquo;political associations&dquo; are used throughout but Mr. Mehrotra makes no attempt to define such


Abstract. Best possible upper and lower bounds are given for the logarithmic and identric mean values in terms of the generalized centroidal mean.


The radiation from a charged particle uniformly moving along the axis of cylindrical waveguide filled with semi-infinite layered dielectric that weakly absorbs the radiation is investigated. Expressions have been derived for calculation of the spectral distribution of total energy of radiation passing through the transverse section of waveguide far from the layered material during the whole time of particle travel. The results of numerical calculations for emission of Cherenkov radiation (CR) in the layered material consisting of dielectric plates alternated with vacuum gaps are given. It was shown that in some special cases CR generated in each dielectric plate is found in the neighbouring plate together with the particle that generates there the new CR. As a result, in the zone of CR formation there constantly occurs the superposition of CR pulses emitted by the particle earlier. The interference of this kind may be followed either by the suppression, or the amplification of CR. The values of the parameters of problem under which the amplification (self-amplification) of CR at a separate waveguide mode have been determined. This radiation may prove to be many times as strong as CR in the waveguide filled with semi-infinite solid dielectric without vacuum gaps.


The utility model discloses a controlled fragment with fight portion shell function, fight portion shell include powder column, toper protection casing and be located the sealing member of powder column afterbody, the controlled fragment of a cylindricality is established to the powder column overcoat, horizontal and the vertical equidistance of controlled fragment internal and external surface is opened there is branch separating groove, the middle solid structure that is, the controlled fragment divide into a plurality of spacer bodies by minute separating groove with it, just the spacer body both ends are streamlined. The utility model has the advantages that, it has effectively increased the stress of powder column to the controlled fragment, has reduced the speed loss of spacer body flight in -process, reachs the kinetic energy grow of impact point, and is strong to the penetration capacity of target, has increased the validity of spacer body.


A one-dimensional model system of the Gunn-effect device is considered. It consists of an n + - n - n + GaAs sandwich structure where the high- n + contact layers on both ends are linearly graded to the uniformly distributed low- n bulk region and a half-wave sinusoidal doping notch is incorporated near the cathode. Using the finite differece method, spatio-temporal evolution of the system subject to the dc and the rf-alternating fields is computed with the amplitudes and the frequency being taken as the control parameters. Current oscillations associated with the cyclic traveling high-electric-field domain are shown to materialize over a range of the control parameters. In particular, the current oscillations become chaotic at specially chosen values of these bias parameters.


This paper extends a recently proposed adaptive regulation algorithm to the general case where a non–zero bounded reference signal is allowed. The desired control objectives are asymptotically satisfied in the sense that the estimated plant together with the adaptive controller yield a characteristic polynomial arbitrarily close to the desired one. Furthermore, in the case of a zero reference signal, the regulation objective is asymptotically achieved.


The first line is targeting a room-temperature quantum optics lab on a III-V semiconductor chip. As a first step we demonstrate efficient photon pair generation in an AlGaAs Braggreflection waveguide. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion creates photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths [1]. The various phase-matching solutions present in our device can be used to create time-bin or polarization entanglement [2]. In combination with whispering-gallery-mode lasers this approach can to lead to a fully integrated photon pair source with the pump laser, active and passive optical devices all on a single semiconductor chip.


The article reviews discourse on "New Soviet Woman" afterwards of the October Revolution, which can be characterized as hybrid. The article discusses the following issues: what it was officially expected from the "New Soviet Woman"; the contradictions towards those expectations and unacceptability even from party members - both in Georgian and Russian contexts; how the "New Soviet Woman" was represented in Russian and Georgian soviet silent films.


In this paper, we derive an exact expression for the power correlation between the inter-carrier interference (ICI) and the carrier signal and show that the correlation is non-negligible for normal Doppler spread values. However, the correlation tends to vanish as Doppler spread approaches infinity. Then, the symbol error rates (SERs) for M-QAM OFDM systems over frequency-selective Ricean fading channels based on both the correlated and the uncorrelated ICI models are given for comparison


A diastereoselective three-component Passerini reaction (P-3CR) of chiral 2,3-epoxy aldehydes with tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) under benzoic acid conditions to afford densely substituted products in moderate to good yields and diastereomeric excess is reported.


Numerical simulations of the slow-mode switch-off shock with a time-dependent, implicit hybrid plasma simulation code in a bounded domain produce more than one type of internal structure for the same physical parameters, depending on the downstream boundary conditions. Time-steady switch-off slow shocks with large-amplitude trailing waves are obtained with downstream boundaries that either allow incoming ion cyclotron waves or set the magnetic field component transverse to the shock normal equal to zero. Time-steady switch-off slow shocks with no trailing waves are obtained with downstream boundaries that set the electric field according to E[sub d]= [minus]u[sub d]xB[sub d] (u[sub d] and B[sub d] are the downstream plasma fluid velocity and the downstream magnetic field, respectively, and are obtained for given upstream conditions by solving the Rankine-Hugoniot relations); for example, the electric field is set to zero for simulations performed in the rest frame of the downstream plasma. Both switch-off slow shocks with and without trailing waves satisfy the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions. Shocks with trailing wave trains are stable to changes in the downstream boundary conditions. Although both shocks with and without the trailing wave trains are linearly stable with respect to changes in the upstream magnetic field, only shocks with no trailingmore » wave trains are nonlinearly stable. These results may explain observations of slow shocks in the magnetotail in which the expected trailing wave train is absent.« less


Absorption capacity refers to a series of affairs and organizational processes in which the organization pays to business, Simulation, and knowledge extraction so that develop dynamic capabilities within the organization. These capabilities would increase the organizational ability for achieving and maintaining competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is review of the role of absorption capacity (including individual, group and organizational) on the organizational performance. All managers of manufacturing and services companies of the Industrial Town in Ilam city were selected as the statistical population in that 165 managers were selected as sample. Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis were used which results indicated that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between absorption capacity and organizational performance (P > 0.01). The results of stepwise regression showed that knowledge absorptive capacity in managers has meaningfully the ability to prediction the organizational performance (P > 0.01) from the results obtained of this study can be stated that there is a relationship between knowledge absorption capacity and organizational performance in managers of manufacturing and services companies of the Industrial Town in Ilam city. so we can increase organizational performance of the companies by performing some measures about knowledge absorption capacity.


This study proposes a new algorithm termed rain cell identification and tracking (RCIT) to identify and track rain cells from high resolution weather radar data. Previous algorithms have limitations when tracking non-consequent rain cells owing to their use of maximum correlation coefficient methods and their lack of an alternative way to handle the variation stages of rain cells during their life cycles. To address these deficiencies, various methods are implemented in the new algorithm. These include the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method for motion estimation and the rain cell matching rule to obtain the stage changes of rain cells. High resolution (5 min and 1 km) radar data from three rainy days over the German federal state North Rhine Westphalia (NRW) are used in this study. The performance of the identification module for the new algorithm is accessed by two object-oriented verification methods: structure–amplitude–location (SAL) and geometric index, while the performance of the tracking module is compared with TREC and SCOUT tracking algorithms and evaluated by the contingency table verification approach. Results suggest that the performance of the new algorithm is better than reference tracking method. Application of the RCIT algorithm to the selected cases shows that the inner structure of rainfall events in the experimental region present extreme value distributions, with most rainfall events having a short duration with less intensity. The new algorithm can effectively capture the stage changes of rain cells during their life cycles. The proposed algorithm can serve as the basis for further hydro-meteorological applications such as spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall events and short-term flood forecasting.


During development, progenitors that are committed to differentiate into oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are generated within discrete regions of the neuroepithelium. More specifically, within the developing spinal cord and hindbrain ventrally located progenitor cells that are characterized by the expression of the transcription factor olig2 give temporally rise to first motor neurons and then oligodendrocyte progenitors. The regulation of this temporal neuron‐glial switch has been found complex and little is known about the extrinsic factors regulating it. Our studies described here identified a zebrafish ortholog to mammalian atx, which displays evolutionarily conserved expression pattern characteristics. Most interestingly, atx was found to be expressed by cells of the cephalic floor plate during a time period when ventrally‐derived oligodendrocyte progenitors arise in the developing hindbrain of the zebrafish. Knock‐down of atx expression resulted in a delay and/or inhibition of the timely appearance of oligodendrocyte progenitors and subsequent developmental stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage. This effect of atx knock‐down was not accompanied by changes in the number of olig2‐positive progenitor cells, the overall morphology of the axonal network or the number of somatic abducens motor neurons. Thus, our studies identified Atx as an extrinsic factor that is likely secreted by cells from the floor plate and that is involved in regulating specifically the progression of olig2‐positive progenitor cells into lineage committed oligodendrocyte progenitors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


In this paper, instead of introducing the scattering volume, we include the model of transmitting and receiving antennas in an explicit form. We consider these antennas as Gaussian (Gaussian attenuation across the antenna aperture). Such an approach works well with the description of scattering in the Fresnel approximation, in which we keep the quadratic terms in the phase expansion. The longitudinal scale of the scattering volume is determined by the electromagnetic pulse envelope, which we also assume to be Gaussian.


NE OF THE MOST familiar conclusions of political socialization a studies has been that younger children perceive political au~~-~ thority in an idealized, personalized way. Beginning with the admittedly tranquil epoch of the fifties (see Greenstein 1960, and Hess and Easton 1960, for the initial reports) and proceeding through less consensual eras (e.g., see Greenstein 1975; Dennis and Webster 1975), independent investigators have concluded that the younger the children, the more likely they are to see political authority in its most altruistic light. Yet although the phenomenon has been noted many times, scholars have been less able to identify its origins. In the first studies (e.g., Greenstein 1960; Hess and Easton 1960; Easton and Hess 1962), two alternate explanations were initially advanced for this early idealization of authority, one motivational in nature, the other drawing upon social-learning theory. The motivational theories include unconsciously analogizing from the relationship children have with their fathers (Greenstein 1965: 46 ff.) or projecting positive qualities


On the question classification of intelligent answering system in special fields,sentence similarity is calculated based on weighted LSA,questions are classified according to KNN algorithm classifier.The KNN method and reformed KNN method are compared.The experiments show that the weighted KNN method is better than KNN method and the classification precision reaches 90.8%.


Many legislative recruitment scholars seek to explain why women, visible minorities and other social groups are underrepresented in the world's legislatures. Researchers in this area often use a supply and demand metaphor to frame their work, but cannot agree whether underrepresentation is mainly a supply- or demand-side problem. With an eye to moving this debate forward, this article offers a new approach to operationalizing supply and demand and shows how reverse-flow diagnostic testing, supply-first analysis and an improved testing regime can pinpoint when and why underrepresentation begins to occur in any political system. The new diagnostic approach is applied to data from a provincial election in British Columbia, Canada. The article uses the new diagnostic and BC case to demonstrate how underrepresentation in any political system is attributable to demand-side discrimination by gatekeepers and not an undersupply of political aspirants from any particular social group.


This news article reports about the fertility rise in the US as based on the data gathered from 4 million recorded US births in 2000 contained in "Births: Final Data for 2000" the latest of Center for Disease Controls annual compilation of births.


Novel nanosheet-assembled Bi_(12) Si O_(20)microcubes were prepared via a facile hydrothermal synthesis approach. The phase and morphology of the product were characterized by X-ray diffraction,energy dispersive spectrometry,selected area electron diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectrometry,high resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results indicated that as-prepared Bi_(12) Si O_(20)sample was assembled by many nanosheets. Some influencing factors including reaction time,temperature and the presence of additives( e.g.,polyacrylamide,sodium citrate and sodium hydroxide) were revealed to play crucial roles in the generation of Bi_(12) Si O_(20)nanoarchitecture. Moreover,the photocatalytic experiments indicated that the as-prepared Bi_(12) Si O_(20)product exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities and the degradation rate of Rh B could reach to 97.5% under the irradiation of UV-Vis light.


BACKGROUND
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and shivering are common general anesthesia complications. Hence, this study evaluates the effect of dexmedetomidine, given as a premedication, on PONV and shivering in patients with opium use who underwent elective supratentorial brain tumor surgeries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In a randomized clinical trial, 100 opium user patients who were candidates for elective supra-tentorial brain tumor surgery under general anesthesia were studied in two groups of 50 patients. The intervention group received dexmedetomidine (within 10 minutes infusion) 30 minutes before the anesthesia induction. Group placebo that received normal saline as a group. PONV and shivering rates were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS
Both groups did not differ in hemodynamic parameters during operation, including pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and anesthesia duration. In the dexmedetomidine group, patients suffered less from PONV and shivering rather than controls, and these differences were both significant (P=0.001 and P=0.027, respectively).

CONCLUSION
Dexmedetomidine administration before major surgeries might reduce post-operative nausea and vomiting and the occurrence of shivering, particularly in opium-addicted patients.


In the psychotherapeutic treatment of migrants from family-oriented societies, cultural identity and the role of the family are very significant. The different biographies mean that the family-oriented ideas of the first generation differ from those of the second and third generations in the strength of the cultural identity which they feel and the bonds which they have with traditional values. In addition to the effects of generation and cultural conflicts, any psychotherapeutic treatment of these groups is made more difficult by two further aspects: namely, language barriers and the different way of understanding illness and coping with it. The systemic perspective with a systematic involvement of the family in the treatment and use of family-oriented and cultural resources, including a full consideration of ethical aspects, are vital for an adequate therapy.


With rapid growth of private capital these years, passion of financial investment was agitated effectively, lots of private capital has already been invested to banking, insurance, security and lending industry. Many private enterprisers are attracted by the excellent development future of Chinese finance, and expect to share the profit from financial reform. However some other people put their aims on getting more money by unlawful means through financial resource controlling. Whatever the objects are, it is doubtless that such passion will influence Chinese finance reform extremely, which also bring severe challenges to finance supervisor department.


In this paper we relate primitive linear series on a smooth plane curve C with the following properties of zero-dimensional subschemes X of the projective plane: 1) Cayley-Bacharach "at degree a " 2) the absence of non assigned base pointson C for the linear system of curves of degree a through X . This allows us to construct examples of primitive series on C .


Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of corticosteroids on the increase in airway microvascular permeability (MVP) and airway resistance induced by N‐formylmethionine leucyl‐phenylalanine in the rabbit.


Iris is an advantageous feature of biometric authentication that can be measured without contact and low possibility of damage and change. Conventional iris authentication systems, however, require approach to measurement devices or stationary of users due to necessity of the iris image with sufficient resolution, which reduces time efficiency of the authentication. In this paper, we propose a dynamic iris authentication system using high-speed gaze and focus control by high-speed image processing. We control high-speed rotational mirrors and liquid-based variable focus lens by triangulation with a wide-angle camera. We also control the liquid lens with additive modulation of sine wave to get the most focused iris image. We have experimentally evaluated the sufficient focus measure around eyes of static and dynamic users, and confirmed successful iris authentication.


The properties of permanent, laser induced refractive index gratings in rare‐earth doped glasses have been characterized in a variety of materials including lithium borates, lead and magnesium silicates, lead borate‐germanates and lead germanates. This work is combined with the previous results obtained on phosphate and silicate glasses to develop an understanding of the effects of glass composition (both network former and modifier ions) on the ability of a material to produce gratings with high scattering efficiencies. The grating efficiencies and the writing/erasing dynamics were studied, and the two‐level‐system‐model developed previously was employed to explain the results. The results show the importance of having flexible glass networks with low polarizing power of the network former ions, and a high content of nonbridging oxygen ions. In addition, it is important to have light, highly polarizable modifier ions with weak chemical bond strengths to the oxygen ions. This type of glass combined with r...


Microfluidics engages with the manipulation of small amounts of liquids inside of technical systems. Often microfluidic structures need a high number of microfluidic valves to create complex systems for different applications. We suggest a phase change valve system and show its scalability to an array of 12  49 = 588 valves.


In order to study the legal consequence of operating outside business scope by company,this paper first analyses the nature of company' s business scope and points out that it is the company's particular civil right capacity.Then,this paper studies the evolution of relevant laws with historical method.Finally,combining with legal theory of contract force and obeying the thought of distinction between private and public laws,this paper concludes that the force of contract outside business scope should be judged from the contract itself.The theory of non-relevance can be proved true by solving real problems.


This paper presents a new adaptive leakage canceler based on a direct leaky coupling method for an RF front-end circuit of an ultrahigh-frequency radio-frequency identication (UHF RFID) reader. For better receiver sensitivity, the leakage signal from a transmitter (TX) to a receiver (RX) should be suppressed. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed TX leakage canceler has a much simpler circuit configuration due to the direct leaky coupling circuit (LCC) and the phase shifter on the RX path. The LCC includes a variable resistor, a variable capacitor, and an inductor, which allow us to control the magnitude and the phase of the coupled TX signal. The phase shifter that is located on the RX path even before the low-noise amplifier controls the phase of the TX leakage signal. For the worldwide RFID bands that spans from 840 to 960 MHz, the canceler must be adaptively controlled by using a microcontroller and control circuits. For the experimental verification, an RF front-end circuit with the proposed adaptive TX leakage canceler was designed and implemented for the UHF RFID reader. The implemented RF front-end block occupies only 54 ×54 mm2, except for the control block. From 840 to 960 MHz, the adaptively controlled RF front-end circuit exhibited significant cancelation characteristics for the TX-RX leakage signals. This results in more than twice longer reading distances for the commercial RFID tags compared with the cases without the adaptive canceler.


RAY, D. (2014). Wenlock sequence and event stratigraphy: a review of the Midland Platform. Proceedings of the Shropshire Geological Society, 18, 1–10. Correlation of the Silurian across the Midlands has been established for nearly two centuries but the basis is considered somewhat simplistic in the context of current understanding of sealevel change at this time. Consideration of new methods of correlation are presented in the context of Wenlock sediments in the vicinity of the Midland Platform.


Alignment can be defined as the ability to adjust to the behavior of others. This is relevant in research on virtual humans because it would allow them to behave more believably in human-computer interaction and would facilitate their communication with the human interactant. One aspect that can be considered important is emotional alignment, which can be understood as sharing the same feelings with the others. This relates to the definition of empathy as an affective reaction to the other's emotion [4]. A fundamental mechanism of empathy is mimicry, the process of simulating another's facial expressions, voice and posture, that triggers an afferent feedback eliciting the same feelings in oneself as that of the others [4]. Beside our virtual human Max [6] we are developing the virtual human Emma, whose face replicates 25 actions units —the core elements of the Facial Coding System [2]— enabling about 3000 facial nuances related to pleasurearousal-dominance values [3]. Based on the study by Grammer et al. [3] and inspired by the concepts used to implement the imitation algorithms as in [1] and [5], we will describe how our virtual human Emma constitutes a testbed for realising emotional alignment through mimicry.


An apparatus for intermediating a plurality of network operators and one or more developers is provided. The apparatus includes an obtaining unit for obtaining a requirement about a computer program required by each network operator; an integration unit for integrating mutually-related requirements among the obtained requirements into one requirement; a generation unit for generating information about the necessity for development of a computer program implementing the integrated requirement; and a presentation unit for presenting the one or more developers with the integrated requirement and the information about the necessity.


Increased body mass index (BMI) is directly correlated with risk of sleep disorders, reduced sleep duration and poor quality of sleep.7 However, there is a close link between obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) along with risk of sleep disturbance.8‒11 Other studies reported an association between risk of NAFLD and short sleep duration & poor quality of sleep.12,13 In the other hand, sleep disruption was reported as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis and development of the NAFLD.14,15


The European Parliament in Strasbourg voted on 14 February 2001 to adopt the draft EU Directive on copyright in the information society, with overall minor modifications. This is almost the final stage before the Directive officially becomes European law. Parliament's second reading opinion has now been forwarded to the European Commission and the Council of Ministers. If the Commission and the Council agree with Parliament's amendments, the Directive could become official as early as 2001.


Taiwan is a mountainous and alpine island which has more than 70% of its land area occupied by hills and mountains. Every summer, Taiwan is frequently hit by typhoons which bring along heavy rains. As a result, slope failures are a common occurrence. Using historical landslide data and statistical analysis, this study developed a program to compute the short-term and the long-term rainfall indices that can be used in the slope monitoring to provide early warnings of landslides. The program was tested on a past landslide at Houshanyue, and the results indicated a strong cause-effect relationship between Typhoon Sinlaku and the slope failure in September of 2008. Since the program was verified with good predictability and virtually no false alerts, it is believed that the program can have wider applicability in the future offering the possibility to be integrated into a more comprehensive disaster warning system to suit the needs of a wide range of rainfall-induced disasters.


Resonant photon scattering from /sup 206,207,208/Pb and /sup 209/Bi has been measured from 4 MeV to the neutron thresholds using enriched targets, Ge(Li) detectors and bremsstrahlung beams with end-point energies of 7.0, 7.5, 7.6, 8.0, 8.5, and 10.4 MeV. Energies and values of gGAMMA/sub 0/ /sup 2//GAMMA were obtained for many levels not observed in previous photon experiments. Spins of levels in /sup 206/Pb and /sup 208/Pb were determined from the angular distributions, and ground-state branching ratios were obtained from self-absorption measurements for seven transitions in /sup 208/Pb. The results are compared with earlier spectroscopic studies and with lower resolution average cross-section measurements. The spectra of /sup 207/Pb and /sup 209/Bi are discussed in terms of the excitations of the /sup 208/Pb core.


The plasma Interaction Test performed on two space station solar array panels is addressed. This includes a discussion of the test requirements, test plan, experimental set-up, and test results. It was found that parasitic current collection was insignificant (0.3 percent of the solar array delivered power). The measured arcing threshold ranged from -210 to -457 V with respect to the plasma potential. Furthermore, the dynamic response of the panels showed the panel time constant to range between 1 and 5 microsec, and the panel capacitance to be between .01 and .02 microF.


This article seeks to explore to what extent the interaction between the Gramscian concepts of "political" and "civil" society (that consists the basis of Gramsci's conceptualization of hegemony) are important to establish a security environment and, consequently, could be understood as an instrument of conflict prevention and/or resolution. In spite of this, the socio-economic re-arrangement imposed by the US intervention led to a complete lack of Iraqis societal autonomy and representation. Therefore, it is argued that the starting point to reach a reasonable level of "peace" is necessary first to bear in mind the quest of hegemonic projects within societies, and thus re-organizes its representativeness.


Introduction: According to the guidelines of The European Association of Urology, the following are considered as first choice drugs in the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs): fosfomycin trometamol, pivmecillinam and nitrofurantoin. Cotrimoxazole and/or trimethoprim can be considered as drugs of first choice in areas with known E. coli resistance rates of <20%. The aim of the present study was to determine the drug of first choice for the empirical treatment of UTIs in primary health care in our community and to determine the treatment cost differences. Results: Out of 500 medical records of women older than 18 years reviewed in two units of family medicine, 115 (23%) had at least one uncomplicated urinary tract infection in the period January 2010 to May 2013. Empirical treatment for them was chosen based on the official guide (3/7), physician's own experience (2/7) or a recommendation of a colleague (2/7). UTIs were most commonly treated during 7.3 days with ciprofloxacin (46/115), which is not officially recommended as a first-line drug. This is also longer than the recommended three day course. The annual cost for ciprofloxacin was 2.5 times higher compared to the nitrofurantoin officially recommended as the first choice drug and 3.5 times higher compared to cotrimoxazole which is the second most commonly prescribed drug. Conclusion: It is necessary to increase awareness of the importance of following therapeutic guides, as well as the availability of therapeutic guides in primary medical practice. Key words: Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections, women, empirical treatment, therapeutic guide


In the field of building acoustics, an efficient solution of the linear elasticity equations for vibroacoustic
problems is of interest. The focus of this work is on the structural part, with plate vibration
problems in particular. The linear elasticity equations in the stress-velocity formulation are
solved in the time-domain for the three-dimensional plate problem. The numerical solution is
obtained through the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method, which has the potential to be
highly parallelizable and thereby computationally very efficient. Numerical aspects of applying
the discontinuous Galerkin method to this problem are discussed, especially on the force excitation
and the boundary conditions of the plate problem. The accuracy of applying the discontinuous
Galerkin solution is presented by comparing its results to results from analytical solutions.
Several scenarios of plate variations with different boundary conditions are simulated to demonstrate
the capabilities of the method.


Understanding the mechanisms of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors is important for clinicians from the perspective of the possibility of forming more effective options for the second and subsequent treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. The prospects of treatment strategies for patients with non-small cell lung cancer featuring the acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, not associated with the Т790М mutation, are quite vast from a scientific point of view, but in routine clinical practice they are not yet available in full. This article describes the current understanding of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors not associated with the mutation of T790M, the evolution of views concerning the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, progressing in the course of the treatment by this group of drugs. The possibilities of effective use of targeted therapy and various combinations of antitumor agents in such cases are also considered. Taking into account the diversity of unresolved issues and directions of further scientific research, we should not forget about the available research results and the ability to use the described options in routine clinical practice in a proper way.


The purpose of thisostudyowasotodeterminepthe effectpof compensation, work discipline andowork environmentlon the performancekof Hotelpemployees Sahid Jaya Solo.
This typedofyresearch is quantitativeuresearchy. The populationrin this studycincludeskall employees of the SahidyJayatSolopHotel, totalingi88 peoplef. The samplinghtechniquecused is purposivegsampling technique,mso the number ofisamplesyin thishstudy amounted to 50 people .gThe model usedtis Multiple LineareRegressioni .Based onkthe F test,bthe valuepof Fcount> Ftable means thatrcompensation, work discipline andj work environment on the performance of HotelbemployeeshSahid Jaya Solo.
Basedion thewresult of the t testxconcludedlthat compensation has a positivekand significant effectkon the performance of hotel employees Sahid Jaya Solo, work discipline has a positive andbsignificant effect on thejperformasnce of hotel employees Sahid Jaya Solo and thegwork environment hasja positive and significantzeffect on the performancehof hotel employeesdSahid Jaya Solo. Based onfthejcoefficient of determination,sthe value ofhAdjusted R square is 0,791 or79,1%., whichbmeans thatgcompensation,dwork discipline and work environmentt on the performance of Hoteldemployees Sahid Jaya Solo.
Keywordc: compensation,cwork discipline, work environment, employee


In response to the world-wide concern on the conservation of forest and soil resources in the tropics, an experiment was conducted in northeast Thailand to study various ecological aspects of shifting cultivation in monsoon tropical Asia. The present study deals with the soil changes during the cropping phase of the experimental shifting cultivation. The experimental site was located on a hilly land at the elevation of 800 m under the tropical savanna climate. The vegetation was a semi-deciduous seasonal forest with about 330 ton/ha of aboveground biomass. The soil is derived from Mesozoic sandstones and shales with a pronounced reddish coloration. Field as well as laboratory characterization revealed that the major soil group in the experimental plots was a Lithic Ustropept, with a few scattered spots of Ultic Haplustalfs and Typic Troporthents. Effect of burning of felled trees on the soil profile was very conspicuous in reburn piles, but generally negligible in other areas. A comparison between the soi...


Procedure of an economic and political situation current through the situation at the world oil market forecasting is offered in the article. The compact mathematical model of cycling market fluctuations is the basis of the technique. The model allows splitting changes in market conditions caused by the economic and political reasons. This makes it possible to present the dynamics ofthe situation as the sum of two components, which are economically and politically induced. The model provides a forecast ofthe market economic components. These components forecast are made on the basis of world energy, economic and political situation scenarios. Retrospective analysis of relationship of economic conditions and political processes and how market conditions affect the economic and political situation in the world in the past helps scenarios development. The results of techniques using for time and characters of next world crisis are presented in the article.


Lillian, hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), exhibited reduced cutting by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) and is adapted to the Canadian prairies. Lillian produced significantly more grain yield than AC Abbey and Neepawa and its grain yield and protein concentration were similar to AC Barrie. It matured significantly earlier than Superb and Laura, and had improved resistance to leaf rust and leaf spotting diseases compared to AC Abbey. Lillian is eligible for all grades of the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, grain yield and protein, resistance wheat stem sawfly, leaf and stem rust


In this paper we experimentally study the relationship between resource utilization in the wireless LAN and the quality of VoIP calls transmitted over the wireless medium. Specifically we evaluate how its overall capacity is shared between three basic MAC bandwidth components (load, access, and free) as the number of VoIP calls increases and how it influences transmission impairments (delay, loss, and jitter) and thus call quality. Resource utilization (under the MAC bandwidth components framework) is calculated by a WLAN probe application that passively "sniffs" packets at the L2/MAC layer of the wireless medium and analyses their headers and temporal characteristics. The quality of VoIP calls is predicted using an extended version of the ITU-T E-model, which estimates user satisfaction from time varying transmission impairments. Through experimentation with various codecs and packetization schemes we found that as the load (number of calls) reaches the available capacity level, packet delays and jitter increase dramatically resulting in the call quality becoming degraded. We show how these MAC bandwidth components maybe used to assess the VoIP call quality on 802.11 WLANs


Spatial point pattern analysis methods @A Population Perspective-Statistical Ecology , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston ~1998!; Statistics for Spatial Data, Wiley-Interscience Publications, New York ~1993!; Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns, 2nd ed., Arnold Publishers, London ~2003!; Spatial Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, New York ~1981!# were used to characterize the spatial patterns of pitting sites on AISI 316 stainless steel. Populations of artificial pitting sites were generated ~e.g., clustered, anti-clustered, random, or periodic ! to test the ability of the selected spatial statistics methods to characterize these patterns. Experimental pitting patterns on AISI 316 stainless steel analyzed by the same methods indicated that interactions occur between micrometer scale pits over multiple micrometer distances. Spatial statistics results indicated that positive ~e.g., clustering of pit sites! occur between pitting sites when they are grown potentiodynamically. Processes associated with the acid/halide pitting mechanism have been shown to promote interactions between pit sites that give rise to such spatial patterns @J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, B233 ~2004!; Paper presented at The Electrochemical Society Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, Oct 20-25, 2002; Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 3 ,2 71~2000!; J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, B163 ~2002!; Science, 305, 1133 ~2004!#. Positive interactions were eliminated by stirring, indicating that local acid/halide accumulation was the source of positive interactions.


*For Correspondence: Pharmaceutics department, Ashokrao Mane College of Pharmacy, Peth-Vadgaon. TalHatkanangale, Dist-Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, 416111. ABSTRACT Oral route for administration of the drug is the most convenient route, but oral route for administration has certain disadvantages because of inability to localize the drug at sites of absorption such as gastrointestinal tract. Mucoadhesive microspheres are one of the novel drug delivery systems which can cause localization of the drug at site of absorption. Bioadhesion is a phenomenon in which two materials are held together which each other biologically by interfacial forces. Mucoadhesion is very useful phenomenon because it can improve bioavailability as well as increase patient compliance. A microsphere was prepared by non-aqueous emulsification solvent evaporation method by using different polymers such as carbopol 974-P, HPMC K100M .Particle size of all microspheres was in the range suitable for administration by GI route. Also the mucoadhesion properties of all microspheres were good. Carbopol has higher mucoadhesion, swelling property as well as higher entrapment efficiency as compared to HPMC. Whereas HPMC containing batches show higher drug release as compared to carbopol.


This paper aims at highlighting a grid of career management skills which can help university students respond effectively to the complexity of labor market and career development, namely, career adaptability, perceived career self-efficacy beliefs and career resilience. Given that little is known so far regarding the degree to which higher education students possess and develop such skills, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate: (a) students' perceived level of the above mentioned skills, (b) the relationships that may exist among them, and (c) possible differences in skill levels between working and non-working students. Results demonstrated relatively high scores in all skills, strong positive relationships among them as well as significant differences at scores as to students' work status. Implications for training, career counseling interventions and further research are provided. Keywords: Higher Education; career management skills; career adaptability; perceived career self-efficacy; career resilience


In Canada yellow birch populates a geographic range that extends from the Manitoba-Ontario border through southern Ontario and Quebec and eastwards throughout the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland.


The aim of this study is to examine the effect of leadership style and work environment to work motivation to improve employee performance. The approach used is quantitative parametric method of Structural Equation Model. The study object is the production employees of PT Suparma Tbk.
The results showed leadership style has positive but not significant  effect on work motivation; work environment has positive and significant effect on employee motivation; leadership style has  negative but not significant effect on employee performance; the working environment is not significant positive effect on employee performance; and motivation has positive and significant effect on employee performance. Work Motivation as intervening variable (Y),  is able to be explained by exogenous variables leadership style variable (X1) and Work environment (X2) by 55.4%, and the remaining 44.6% is explaiened by variables outside the models. Whereas endogenous variables, employee performance (Z) which is explained by the work motivation variable (Y), work environment (X1), and the style of leadership (X2) amounted to 94.1%, and the remaining 5.9% is explained by variables outside the model. With the calculation of sub-structural equation 1 is Y = 0,053X_1 + 1,065X_2 + 0,833, and the calculation of substructural equation 2 is Z = -0,193X_1 + 0,529X_2 + 0,723Y + 0.338.


Syndactyly is abnormal congenital or acquired webbing of the digits. Presented is a case report with the operative technique used for desyndactylization of webbed second and third toes, highlighting methods to facilitate anatomic correction of the deformity, adequate skin coverage, and tension-free closure. In this case, the syndactyly is congenital, simple, and complete and a full-thickness skin graft from the sinus tarsi of the ipsilateral foot is used.


Owing to the fact that ICT has got its distinctive helpful and harmful effects on the environment, this study scrutinizes and analyzes the convergence of ICT with environment with a great attention to that, and with a quantitative approach; in addition, with exploiting of Green Communication implications. In this article, following factors were taken into account as forceful elements: management and leadership, physical infrastructure resources, human resources, organizational processes and attention to beneficiaries, investment and financial benefits. Outcomes of the research verify the existence of correlations between mentioned factors and green ICT. Furthermore, organizations allocate a particular position to themselves, if they have a great consideration on environment in any aspects; moreover, they reach to the same goal with having belief on the following fact: "the way to the organizational sustainability passes from society stability and convergence with environment has to be their initial principle in order to have society sustainability." To Cite This Article: Mehdi Mehryar, Mohammad Fathian., Scrutinizing and analysis of convergence of the ICT with environment. Adv. Environ. Biol., x(x), x-x, 2014


Abstract
 The invasiveness of A. vulgaris is related to several factors. Its ability and readiness to colonize humanly-disturbed environments is of major importance. Proschwitz (1997) observed that 99% of Swedish records were from synanthropic habitats and only 1% from natural woodlands. With a proximity to humans, comes the possibility of passive dispersal through trade, particularly in living plants. The garden centre trade and horticulture are particularly implicated (Weidema, 2006). In Poland, there is evidence from studies of molecular diversity that A. vulgaris has originated from repeated, separate introductions from other parts of Europe (Soroka et al., 2007). The ability of A. vulgaris to utilize a great variety of food sources and types has been well-documented and must aid dispersal and colonization. Other than its country of origin (France), it is considered to be invasive across western and central Europe, from the Pyrenees to eastern Poland and from southern France to north Italy, Austria and Slovakia and within an isolated range in eastern Bulgaria.


Tour operators licensed to operate in protected areas are a potentially important vehicle for delivering messages to visitors about minimal impact behaviour, heritage values, conservation and protected area management. The underlying premise is that the messages delivered by a guide/operator may influence how visitors think, feel and behave in the short term (onsite) and possibly in the long term once they have returned home. This paper presents selected findings from a study funded by the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism examining the messages delivered and received in a sample of tour products offered in National Parks managed by Parks Victoria in Victoria, Australia, in the first half of 2001. Research methods included participant observation of tour products, a self-complete visitor survey and in-depth interviews with tour operators. Using Parks Victoria's management objectives as a framework, the paper analyses the types and frequency of messages imparted by guides and received by visitors.


Mucolipidosis (ML) II (I‐cell disease) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine:lysosomal enzyme N‐acetylglucosamine‐1‐phosphotransferase. MLII is an autosomal recessive disease with a carrier rate estimated at 1/39 in Saguenay–Lac‐Saint‐Jean (SLSJ) (Quebec, Canada), which is the highest frequency documented worldwide. To identify the causing mutation, we sequenced GNPTAB exons in 27 parents of 16 MLII‐deceased children from the SLSJ region as obligatory and potential carriers. We also performed a genealogical reconstruction for each parent to evaluate consanguinity levels and genetic contribution of ancestors. Our goal was to identify which parameters could explain the high MLII frequency observed in the SLSJ population. A single mutation (c.3503_3504delTC) was found in all obligatory carriers. In addition, 11 apparent polymorphisms were identified. The mutation was not detected in genomic DNA of 50 unrelated controls. Genealogical data show six founders (three couples) with a higher probability of having introduced the mutation in the population. The frequency of the mutation was increased as a consequence of this founder effect and of the resulting population structure. We suggest that c.3503_3504delTC is the allele causing MLII in the SLSJ population, and its high carrier rate is most likely explained by a founder effect.


Enoxaparin sodium was prepared from heparin sodium via salinization, esterification, depolymerization and purification. Major factors that affected the degree of esterification and 1,6-anhydro ring formation were studied to produce the title compound which met the European Pharmacopoeia standard.


Body shape transformation of flyingfish Parexocoetus mento mento was examined to relate its functional importance in flight evolution and ecology using morphometrics. With growth, snout elongation and head depth decreased relative to other anterior body proportions. Associated with the decrease in head depth were a decrease in eye diameter and shortening of postorbital length, resulting in a small head. The lengths of the trunk and caudal regions increased disproportionately relative to their depth, resulting in an overall elongated body shape. The distance from the last dorsal fin ray to the base of the first upper caudal fin ray increased at a greater rate than the distance from the last anal fin ray to the base of the first lower caudal fin ray, resulting in a ventrally inclined caudal fin. Ontogenetic changes in the shape of the head and body are considered to improve streamlin- ing, while the downward inclination of the tail acts to maximize the extended hypocaudal tail lobe, which remains in the water or close to the water's surface during those times when the body is out of the water.


Objective To study the effective of the risk management on intravenous infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs.Methods The risks of intravenous chemotherapy drugs was analyzed.The risk awareness of nurses was enhanced,the professional knowledge,learning and professionals kills training was also enhanced,the method of vein puncture was improved,and the inspections of chemotherapy patients was strengthened.The before and after implementation of risk management nursing errors,chemotherapy extravasation occurs,phlebitis,the number of cases of local tissue necrosis,and the care of chemotherapy patients satisfaction surveys was compared.Results After the implementation of risk management,nursing errors,chemotherapy extravasation,phlebitis,tissue necrosis were significantly increased than before the implementation of risk management was significantly reduced with statistically significant(P 0.05);after the implementation of risk management,and the care of chemotherapy patients satisfaction survey than the implementation of risk management was significantly increased with statistically significant(P 0.05).Conclusion The intravenous chemotherapy quality of care is improved with risk management,and improves patient satisfaction for the nursing care.


The constitution has explicitly guaranteed Indonesia to control its natural resources which are intended for the greatest prosperity of the people. considering the potential of natural resources in the marine sector is so great for the progress and welfare of the Indonesian nation in the future, so that a clear Roadmap is needed for Indonesia, both in the regulation and utilization of natural marine resources aimed at the welfare of the Indonesian people.


We studied auditory evoked potentials in 45 head-injured patients. All but three were comatose or stuporous at the time of study. Preservation of brainstem auditory or long-latency auditory evoked potentials predicted good outcome. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS), the clinical subtotal of the neurophysiologic coma scale (NPCS), and the NPCS had predictive accuracies of 71%, 82%, and 82%. Although there were 22 falsely pessimistic predictions with the GCS and 9% with the clinical subtotal of the NPCS, there were no falsely pessimistic predictions with the NPCS.


I draw a distinction between traditional literary interpretation, which makes assertions which suitably informed readers are expected to accept on the basis of a kind of intuition, and subversive interpretation, which aims to present a counterintuitive interpretation of a text which fits with the evidence. Traditional literary interpretation faces objections of being unscientific and undemocratic. Subversive interpretation may appear as a solution, but it is so difficult to successfully use this approach that it is questionable whether it solves the objection of being undemocratic.


Define the role of the clinical nurse leader. Warns of the perils of the job, notably being accountable for the actions of staff. Sets out the support required for CNLs to be effective.


The authors develop a simplified asymptotic model for studying nonlinear detonation waves in chemically reacting fluids which propagate with wave speed close to the acoustical sound speed. In this regime the fluid mechanical and chemical phenomena interact substantially with each other. The model provides simplified equations for describing this interaction. When the model is specialized to unidirectional combustion waves advancing into a region of uniform flow, the travelling waves of this model system moving with positive speed coincide with the travelling waves in a qualitative model for such effects introduced previously by the second author. Some interesting new combustion waves with partial burning are also analyzed. The two main assumptions in deriving the asymptotic model are weak nonlinearity and a sufficiently high activation energy for the chemical kinetics.


Abstract Advanced design aims to achieve the best possible performance subject to operational constraints. Such questions can be formulated as optimization problems. The advantages of using an explicit optimization formulation include clear articulation of performance trade-offs and the provision of a clear basis for quantitative comparison of different strategies. In this paper we will briefly review aspects of modern optimization. We will also show how these tools can be deployed in scheduling, estimation and control. We will illustrate the ideas by examples drawn from the mining, mineral and metal processing field.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the results of treatment of distal femoral fractures (DFF) fixed with locking plates and analysis of factors that influence the final outcome.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The patients were treated at the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Military Medical Institute in Warsaw, and the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 4th Military Research Hospital in Wroclaw. We analysed 39 patients with 42 fractures of the distal femur. Treatment results were analysed using the KOOS and KSS scales. Factors influencing the outcome were also investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA v. 10.

RESULTS
Mean KOOS scores indicate a predominance of poor outcomes, while mean KSS scores indicate good outcomes. Treatment outcomes were significantly influenced by pain and limited mobility.

CONCLUSIONS
1. Subjective evaluation of treatment of fractures of the distal femur using the KOOS scale per form edworse than a clinical evaluation using the KSS. 2. Post-operative management should emphasise pain relief and restoration of the performance of the treated lower limb to ensure good mobility without crutches. 3. Despite the use of modern operational methods of fracture fixation, treatment of distal femur fractures is still a challenge.


This study investigated the quality characteristics of popped rice Doenjang prepared with different Bacillus strains (Bacillus subtilis KACC 15935, and Bacillus subtilis HJ18-9). The changes in the enzyme activity (protease, cellulase, and -amylase), amino-type nitrogen and ammonia-type nitrogen contents, and the reducing sugar were investigated during the fermentation period. Enzymes such as protease, cellulase, and a-amylase plays an important role in the changes in composition of nutrients, and in flavor and taste of popped rice Doenjang. Protease activities of the popped rice deonjang fermented with different Bacillus strains (control, B. subtilis KACC 15935, and B. subtilis HJ18-9) was in the range of 171.77-185.97 unit/g at the beginning of fermentation, and there were no significant differences among the samples. On the other hand, the protease activity in popped rice Doenjang fermented with B. subtilis HJ18-9 increased significantly up to at the end of fermentation (p, , , respectively (p


Pancreatic cancer is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract.Pain is the most common clinical symptom of pancreatic carcinoma which severely influences the life quality of the patients."Three-step analgesic ladder" is the basis of clinical pain treatment,but the effect is often not satisfactory.The nerve blocks,the significant supplementary means of three-step analgesic ladder,are called the fourth step for the treatment of patients with late-stage pancreatic carcinoma.Here is to make a review on the pain management of pancreatic carcinoma based on the nerve blocks with the related domestic and foreign literatures as references.


Race walking has grown over the past decade because it provides exercise without the high impact loads of running. In fact, race walking has been shown to result in decreased ground reaction forces. We predict these lower ground reaction forces will extend to knee joint loading as well, thus explaining the decrease rate of knee osteoarthritis in race walkers compared to runners. This is a secondary analysis of instrumented motion capture data collected from fifteen competitive race walkers as they ran and race walked over a force plate. A Visual3D to OpenSim pipeline was used to create muscle actuated forward dynamics simulations of race walking and running. The resulting muscle forces were subsequently used to actuate a discrete element knee model to calculate joint forces. The peak tibiofemoral joint contact load during race walking was 18% lower than the load during running. This load was distributed between the medial and lateral compartments such that the medial load was 27% lower and the lateral load 35% lower in race walking. This suggests race walking is a lower impact exercise safer for the joints. This may be advantageous for people who would like to exercise at a higher intensity that walking provides but have joint problems, e.g. those with osteoarthritis.


The analytical conditions of the Ca element in silicon steel including tracking depiction of the sparkle emission optical spectrometer,combustion curve,integral light source,integral time and argon flow rate are checked and tested by an ARL-3460 sparkle emission optical spectrometer and the optimal analytical conditions of Ca element in silicon steel determined and thus the production requirements satisfied.


A method to blend starches and polyethylene, and thus improve the environmental footprint, was investigated. Unlike traditional methods that utilize compatibilizers or rely on reactive extrusion to achieve the desired material compatibility, a high amylose starch, such as Gelose 80, was mixed with native starch, converted to thermoplastic starch, and compounded with Ecoflex and polyethylene. Films showed good integrity and were evaluated for mechanical properties, anaerobic biodegradability, and structure changes both before and after anaerobic sludge digestion. Mechanical properties were sufficient that these films might be utilized in a number of applications but were not recommended as a sustainable solution. Biodegradation was below the theoretical maximum, was not a linear function of the amount of biodegradable materials incorporated in the films, and was depressed further as the proportion of polyethylene increased due to an encapsulation effect. Structural evaluation showed the components of the blends remained as separate phases and the structure of the Gelose 80 was reminiscent of interphase material. Biodegradation yield appeared to be principally driven by connectivity of the starches within the films to the anaerobic sludge digestion environment. Recommendations for additional studies were given. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011


SiC fiber-reinforced silicon matrix (SiCf/SiC) composites are of significant interest for the aircraft engine. The thermal conductive behaviors of [0-90-0]s SiCf/SiC composites along in-plane and out-of-plane (thickness) directions were reported in this paper. The thermal conductivity of the SiCf/SiC composite was tested by using the steady-state measuring apparatus. Then, the thermal conductivity of the SiC matrix was predicted by finite element analysis (FEA). The representative volume element (RVE) models of SiCf/SiC composites were built, and FEA was used to investigate thermal conductive behaviors. It was found that the thermal conductivity along the fiber radial direction was greater than it was in the axial direction in the SiCf/SiC composite and that the thermal conductivity of the out-of-plane direction is lower than that of the in-plane one. The thermal conductivity of the SiCf/SiC composite in the in-plane direction at room temperature was 31.1 Wm−1K−1 and 28.5 Wm−1K−1, and the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction was 24.9 Wm−1K−1. The experimental thermal conductivity showed a good agreement with the thermal conductivity of FEA.


Sharing data while ensuring its security is a difficult task nowadays. Users submit files in a data sharing system that have been encrypted using an encryption key. Any system for large-scale data exchange has to have this quality in light of a user leaks crucial information, it won't be feasible for the system to maintain the information to be protected. For data owners, distributing their information via servers presents many difficulties. There are several approaches to fix these problems. These methods are crucial for managing keys shared by the data owner. In this study dependable source is used for user authentication of cloud data access. The key is first generated by the trusted authority using the SHA algorithm, and it is then sent to both the owner and the user. Second, the trusted authority module creates a sequence number using the MD-5 algorithm method after receiving an AES -encrypted file from the data owner. It stores a key in its database that is necessary for changing operations and for system identification. (CSP or Owner). a file was sent to the CSP module by this trusted authority for cloud storage. It is demonstrated that the produced key sets have a variety of useful characteristics that defend the privacy of the protection of communication channels from fraud attacks by the other nodes in the network.


Over the years, the traffic load increases and intersections become too small and inadequate, therefore
they need to be rearranged. Safety of road users also has a major role in the renovation of intersections. In this thesis I discussed a 3-way intersection of regional and local road in my hometown. The thesis presents a summary of my work which included an analysis of the existing situation that led to the appropriate solution. By analyzing the current situation I found certain problems with the intersection under consideration and based on that I determined guidelines for future problem solving. The existing situation was solved by rearranging the intersection, additional channeling and execution and setting of the roundabout. For both versions of the solutions I checked the traffic load and transparency and showed proper conduct of all participants in the ntersection. Solutions were further substantiated by detailed plans that have also been drawn up.


This paper reports some of the findings of a study of the Political Attitudes of Year 11 Victorian students undertaken in 1997. Some background to the study is outlined, with an emphasis on the concerns associated with the Civics Expert Group's Report, Whereas the People..., and subsequent government policy. The research context of the study was a paucity of detailed work on student political attitudes, and the conclusion of a substantial international study, whose instrumentation and findings were made available to the writer, a researcher at ACER. The methodology of the study and analyses undertaken are outlined. The student responses on the scales of Political Interest, Political Trust, Political Efficacy are reported and are considered in the light of the student responses on the Classroom Climate scale. Some interpretations of these scales, in combination, are offered, and some conclusions as to the implications for pedagogy in citizenship education in general, and the Discovering Democracy policy in particular, are considered


Using a 3+1D viscous hydrodynamic model of relativistic heavy ion collisions, we show that event-by-event fluctuation is essential in understanding the quark–gluon plasma produced in collisions at the RHIC and the LHC.


Initial guidelines are proposed for a Management Plan and Protection ( MTSP ) for the Historical Center of Mongui , Boyaca, with the intention of protecting and restoring the architectural heritage recapturing historic, symbolic and esthetic values that have been lost over time. Timely intervention will take place in one of the historic circuits, renewing its architectural heritage and highlighting essential elements of colonial architecture like the trace, block centers and traditions. This procedure complies with all parameters set for heritage conservation, thus following the general objective of the project.


Future spatial synthetic aperture radar image applications will need metric or submetric resolution that are called very high resolution in this paper. Very high resolution processing in spatial implies news signal processing and a new instrument and some of the hypothesis used today, often coming from airborne case, are no more available. The aim of this paper is to describe some processing used in a very high resolution spatial radar chain and to illustrate the performances and robustness of this chain.


Previous studies found that diabetics patients were less sensitive towards sweet taste compared to healthy subjects. However, studies examining taste sensitivity in healthy relatives of diabetics were still limited. Taste threshold and preference were reported to play a role in determining food intake and thus might play a role in the development of diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the differences in sweet taste threshold and preference between healthy relatives of diabetics compared to individuals without any family history of diabetes. Total sugar and added sugar intake of the subjects were also examined. Forty-seven individuals with family history of type 2 diabetes (W-FHD) and 66 individuals without family history of type 2 diabetes (WO-FHD) underwent sucrose threshold test using 3-Alternative Forced Choice method and sweet taste hedonic test using sugar-sweetened tea samples. Three days twenty-four-hours (24hours) diet recall interviews were also performed in order to determine total sugar intake including added sugar intake (g/day). Result showed that although W-FHD has slightly lower sucrose threshold compared to WO-FHD, this difference was not significant. Both groups rated tea with 8% sucrose as the most pleasant, with W-FHD gave a slightly higher hedonic score. Investigation to their sugar consumption habit showed that both groups had a higher than recommended total sugar intake, and no statistical significant difference was observed between the two groups. Added sugar intake was significantly lowest in W-FHD1 (subjects with first degree family history of diabetes) compared to the other groups, suggesting that having family history of diabetes, especially close relatives (first degree), might increase awareness about the risk of diabetes and hence promote lifestyle changes. Based on this study, it could be concluded that family history of diabetes was not related with differences in sensitivity and preference towards sweet taste. Furthermore, daily sugar intake between groups with and without diabetes relatives were also not significantly different though less amount of daily added sugar intake was observed in subjects with first degree family history of diabetes.


4 of class I WSCP to visible light [1]. WSCP from Chenopodium album (C. album WSCP), belonging to class I WSCP, was extracted from leaves.The crystals were obtained using a reservoir solution containing 3.0 M KSCN and 26% PEG monomethyl ether 2,000. All of the experiments were performed in a dark room to avoid the photoconversion. X-ray data were collected at beamline BL-6A of the Photon factory (Tsukuba, Japan). The structure was determined at 2.0 Å by the MAD method with a reconstituted C. album WSCP with Chl containing Zn instead of Mg. C. album WSCP is a homotetramer assembled with crystallographic 222 symmetry. Each subunit consists of 147 residues and contains one Chl molecule. The Chl binding mode of classes I and II WSCP are completely different from eath other. As for class II WSCP, four Chl molecules reside at the subunits' interface and at the center of a tetramer, therefore the four Chl molecules interact intimately, whereas each Chl molecule of C. album WSCP is accommodated in the subunit, and isolated from each other. [1] Horigome, D., Satoh, H., Itoh, N., Mitsunaga, K., Oonishi, I., Nakagawa, A., and Uchida, A. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 6525-6531


Q/I characteristics of potassium from 12 samples of upland latosolic red soil and 1 sample of rice soil were studied. The results indicate that potassium releasing capacity and potassium supply capability of upland soil are all less than that of rice soil, and the former also has bad PBCK and low CEC. This is induced by low clay content, low organic matter content and other factors of upland soil. So if there is no potassium fertilization or if the potassium fertilization is unsuitable, the crops yield will decrease or potassium will be lost from soil. There is no significant difference in Q/I characteristics among upland soils developed from different parent rocks.


Purpose:Clinical target volumes (CTV) for patients with endometrial cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy are large and irregularly shaped. The frequent obesity endemic to this patient population makes precise treatment positioning often difficult to achieve. Without a six‐degree treatment couch, rotational errors cannot be directly corrected by patient shifts. This study investigates the dosimetric effects of these residual, uncorrected rotational errors. Methods: Fifteen patients, who underwent IMRT with daily kilo‐voltage cone beam CT(CBCT)image guidance, were included in this IRB approved study. A total of 374 daily CBCT were co‐registered with the corresponding planning CT and translational and rotational shifts were recorded. Clinically, rotational errors > 50 prompted patient repositioning, while those < 50 were ignored. For each fraction, the planning dose matrix was rotated to evaluate dosimetric effects of the ignored rotation. Subsequently, all rotated dose matrices were combined to obtain a cumulative dose distribution. Student's t‐test was used to estimate the 95% confidence interval of the percentage change of the dosimetric endpoints D99 and D95 of the CTV. Results:For each fraction, the D99 and D95 of the CTV varied from −8.7% to 3.3%, and −5.5% to 1.3%, respectively compared to the corresponding planning values. For the entire treatment course, the cumulative D99 and D95 of the CTV varied between −2.2% − 0.4% (95% CI‐2% − 1.6%), and −1.3% − 1.0% (95% CI ‐1% − 0.9%), respectively. Conclusions: Despite large target volumes and sharp dose gradients inherent in IMRT plans, the dosimetric effect of less than 50 of uncorrected rotational error is not clinically significant for the entire treatment course, despite variations in daily fractional doses of more than 5%. Our IGRT protocol and the planning margin for this group of patients are adequate.


The authors describe the novel use of cerebral perfusion computerized tomography studies to evaluate the effectiveness of internal carotid artery stent placement in a man with symptomatic transient ischemic attacks caused by tandem stenoses of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries.


Urgency surgeries are often performed in a stressful setting, out of hours and with critical patient involved. In this context, laparotomy closure can sometimes be deficient.
 Suture recommended by European Hernia Society is slowly absorbable monofilament continuous suture with a "small bites" technique. Barbed sutures appear as an alternative to conventional suture, frequently used in laparoscopic procedures due to its' intrinsic maintenance of traction.
 The aim of this study is to describe the results in terms of short and mid-term rate of incisional hernia after urgency midline laparotomy, according to the suture utilized.

 A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed including patients with urgency midline laparotomy during 2018. Group A was represented by patients with slowly absorbable monofilament continuous suture. Group B included patients with barbed suture laparotomy closure.
 Main variables were hernia rates one month and one year after surgery, diagnosed by physical exploration and/or imaging.

 A total of 68 of patients (36 on group A; 32 Group B) were included.
 On Group A, 13.9% (5) patients presented incisional hernia on the month follow-up, whereas none did on Group B. After a year, Group A only had 1 new case, but 12.5% of patients did herniate on group B; with no significantly relation with obesity neither underlying neoplasm.

 Midline laparotomy closure must be performed within quality standards, as "small bites" technique with the ratio at least 4/1. Barbed suture appears as a promising closure option, especially in emergency procedures, but needs further study.


Abstract The novel ionic complexes [(C6H5)4As]2 [(CH3)3PtX3](X = Cl− and Br−) and [(CH3)3Pt(bipy)L]+[B(C6H5)4]− (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, L = aliphatic and aromatic isocyanide) have been prepared. The structure of the complex ions has been inferred from Laser-Raman and infrared spectra in the solid state and 1H NMR in solution. These data are consistent with a facial configuration of the organometallic moiety. Trends in vibrational frequencies ν(Pt-C) and ν(Pt-X) indicate a "trans" influence sequence for the ligands, which in the case of (CH3)3PtX2- 3 is related with that found for (CH3)2AuX− 2 ions.


AUTOSAR is a common initiative of the automotive industry with the goal to standardize substantial aspects of the software development for automotive embedded systems by covering them in an integrated, rigorous approach. For this purpose, AUTOSAR defines a multitude of concepts such as a standardized software architecture for electronic control units, a software component technology and a development methodology. Many automotive applications which are realized in software are real-time applications, i.e., applications where certain timing requirements are imposed on the temporal execution in an embedded computer system. The AUTOSAR standard does not yet provide concepts in order to express application-specific timing requirements and to evaluate their degree of fulfillment. The goal of this thesis is to enable the description of application-specific timing requirements in AUTOSAR systems and to provide a means to evaluate their degree of fulfillment. In this thesis, timing requirements are mainly considered in the context of a specific yet important class of real-time applications: control applications. Compared to classic deadline-centric timing requirements of reactive applications, these impose specific timing requirements towards the execution in an embedded computer system. These stem from the discrete-time realization of continuous-time descriptions of dynamic processes. For example, the minimization of the latency between a sensor data acquisition and an output data actuation that is based upon the sensor data is such a timing requirement, or the maintenance of constant sensor data acquisition rates and output data actuation rates. The formal description of timing requirements of real-time applications is a specific challenge. Timing requirements such as those on reaction times or path latencies must be formulated with respect to input and output signals that stand in causal relation to each other, i.e., with respect to input and output signals for which there exists a continuous signal path in the embedded computer system. The description of the signal path is, however, the complex challenge: the employment of concepts for modularization and hierarchical composition used for the description of function and software architectures leads to a segmentation of signal paths such that there are currently no adequate means to describe signal paths. Consequently, applicationspecific timing requirements cannot be adequately described. A solution for the description of signal paths and the determination of timing properties is provided in this thesis. The introduced concepts allow the description of signal paths as chains of cause-and-effect on the basis of events and actions that need to be observed in a system. The event chains denote signal paths that can then be associated with timing requirements. A special concept for the hierarchical description of these chains of cause-and-effect allows the seamless integration with concepts for modularization as employed in component-based development approaches. From the hierarchical signal path specifications, an instrumentation of the source code of the embedded computer system can be automatically derived such instances of events and actions can be captured during simulationor monitoring experiments. Furthermore, new kinds of path analysis algorithms are introduced that allow the determination of effective instances of chains of cause-and-effect and signal paths on the basis event traces recorded from simulationor monitoring experiments. From the effective path instances determined by means of the path analysis algorithms, timing properties can be derived (e.g., reaction times, path delays). These can then visualized by means of a new type of diagram introduced in the thesis, the so-called Timing Oscilloscope Diagram, such that the degree of fulfillment of the timing requirements can be directly evaluated. The results of the work presented in this thesis not only provide the necessary concepts for a Timing Model for AUTOSAR, they are also important in a more general context: they offer an integrated approach firstly for an adequate description of application-specific timing requirements, especially those of control applications, based on descriptions of signal paths, and secondly for the determination and visualization of corresponding timing properties such that the degree of fulfillment of the latter can be evaluated. These results can be applied also in other domains that are currently not addressed by AUTOSAR such as the aerospace and automation domains where embedded real-time applications, especially control applications, can also be found. A Timing Model for Real-Time Control-Systems and its Application on Simulation and Monitoring of AUTOSAR Systems