The conventional method for rehabilitation of cracked concrete or asphalt pavements is the installation of new asphalt layers. But a new overlay does not make the cracks disappear; they are still present in the old asphalt layers. Because bituminous bound materials are unable to withstand the high tensile stresses that result from external forces like traffic and temperature variations, these cracks rapidly propagate into the new asphalt overlay. This phenomenon, known as reflective cracking, is one of the major problems associated with the use of asphaltic overlays. In order to tackle the problem of reflective cracking and to therefore prolong the service life of a pavement, a reinforcement grid made of high modulus polyester has proven to be a very effective solution. Geosynthetics as asphalt reinforcement have consistently shown outstanding results in addressing the issue of crack initiation and propagation, eliminating the damage caused by water intrusion that ultimately leads to the failure of the pavement structure. The increased pavement life achieved by the use of this technology not only prevents excessive disruption to traffic flow and local business, but it also demonstrates strong environmental and economic benefits. Through basic theory and practical experiences this paper will demonstrate the success and extended pavement life that can be achieved in both highway and airfield applications. Special attention is given to a comparison of Embodied Carbon Dioxide for different rehabilitation methods showing the sustainability of using polyester asphalt reinforcement to extend pavement life. Figure 1. One of the first attempts to use a geogrid in asphalt pavement at the early 1970s 3 BASICS: REFLECTIVE CRACKING AND ASPHALT REINFORCEMENT It is well known that cracks appear due to external forces, such as traffic loads and temperature variations. The temperature influence leads to the binder content in the asphalt becoming brittle; cracking starts at the top of a pavement and propagates down (top-down cracking). On the other hand, high stresses at the bottom of a pavement, from external dynamic loads, such as, traffic, lead to cracks that propagate from the bottom to the top of a pavement (bottom-up cracking). A conventional rehabilitation of a cracked pavement involves milling off the existing top layer and installing a new asphalt course, but cracks are still present in the existing (old) asphalt layers. As a result of stress concentrations at the crack tips caused by external forces from traffic and natural temperature variations, the cracks will propagate rapidly to the top of the rehabilitated pavement. Deteriorated concrete pavements are typically rehabilitated by installing new asphalt layers over the old concrete slabs. Temperature variations lead to a rapid crack propagation especially at the expansion joints to the top of the new asphalt overlay. In order to delay the propagation of cracks into the new asphalt layers an asphalt reinforcement comprised of high tenacity polyester can be installed. The reinforcement increases the resistance of the overlay to high tensile stresses and distributes them over a larger area, thereby reducing the peak shear stresses at the edges of the cracks in the existing old pavement. The reinforcement also provides a normal load to the crack surfaces, thereby increasing the aggregate interlock (shear resistance) between both crack surfaces and thus increasing the resistance to reflective cracking. High modulus polyester (PET) is a flexible raw material with a maximum tensile strain less than 12%. The coefficients of thermal expansion of polyester and asphalt (bitumen) are very similar. This leads to very small internal stresses between the PET fibers and the surrounding asphalt (similar to reinforced concrete). For this reason Polyester does not act as an extrinsic material in the asphalt package, however at this point it should be mentioned that the aim of a PET-grid as asphalt reinforcement is not to reinforce asphalt in such a way as one reinforces concrete. The installation of a PET-grid as asphalt reinforcement improves the flexibility of the structure and avoids peak-loads over a cracked existing layer into the overlay and through this mechanism reflective cracking is delayed. As found by De Bondt (De Bondt 1999) the bonding of the material to the surrounding asphalt plays a critical role in the performance of an asphalt reinforcement. If the reinforcement is not able to sufficiently adopt the high strains from the peak of a crack, the reinforcement cannot be effective. In his research, de Bondt determined an equivalent "bond stiffness" in reinforcement pull-out tests on asphalt cores taken from a trial road section. The equivalent bond stiffness of a bituminous coated PET-grid was found to be, by far, the best of all the commercial products investigated. Furthermore, asphalt reinforcement must resist as much damage as possible from the stresses and strains applied during installation and overlaying / compaction of the asphalt. Very high forces can also be applied to the individual strands of the reinforcement by aggregate movement in the hot blacktop during compaction. 4 PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES 4.1 Municipal Road Rosenstrasse, Ochtrup (Germany) The following project shall give an example of the successful use of asphalt reinforcement in roads. The project is located in the Northwest German town of Ochtrup. The road is a highly trafficked road. The majority of vehicles are trucks, because the road is one of the main connections to the nearby border of the Netherlands. Before rehabilitation, the road exhibited severe alligator cracking, longitudinal and transverse cracking in large scale. The original design called for milling, approximately 50 mm of the surface followed by installation of a new 50 mm asphalt surface course. Due to the problematic condition of the existing base, the expected lifetime of the new surface was only 2 years (Figure 2). The more durable (but also much more expensive) solution would have been to remove the cracked binder and base course. An alternative to this solution was the installation of a Polyester Geogrid as asphalt reinforcement over the cracked binder course, where the thickness of the new wearing course would remain 50 mm. Therefore, the economical advantage had to be proven by a longer lifetime, which should be the main goal in most of these applications. The layers would have the same thickness, therefore the economical advantage results from the longer lifetime of the surface over the old cracked area. After milling off the 50 mm surface course the asphalt reinforcement grid was installed, and covered again with a 50 mm 0/11 AC asphalt layer. The whole project was finished in the summer of 1996. Figure 2. Surface after milling 4.1.1 Project update: June 2002 Six years after the repairs were carried out, the District's Chief Executive was asked for a condition report on the "Rosenstrasse". In his answer, he commented as follows: "I'm happy to inform you that the repairs have fully stood the test of time. The use of the asphalt reinforcement system under the 0/11 asphalt layer has meant that, to this day, no cracks have appeared in the asphalt-concrete surface. This method was chosen at the time to avoid the necessity of the additional work required for the binder and base course." 4.1.2 Project update: September 2009; Assessment by TÜV Rheinland The TÜV Rheinland is a leader in independent assessment services. In 2009, the TÜV Rheinland was commissioned to document the cracking and assess the condition of "Rosenstrasse" along the portion of the road that was repaired in 1996. The appraisal compared the current condition with the condition that existed before repairs were carried out. This comparison allowed conclusions to be drawn about the effectiveness of the asphalt reinforcement system for delaying the occurrence of cracks propagated from the lower asphalt layers. On August 24th 2009, a visual inspection was done in accordance with Working Paper No. 9 (by the German FGSV; Research Association for Transportation in Germany). The TÜV used the image documentation of the construction measures used in May 1996 as the basis for its assessment. The District's Chief Executive responsible at that time provided additional necessary information. 4.1.3 Result After 13 years of use, the cracking condition value (ZWRIS) for the section of the road repaired with the Polyester grid in 1996 was determined to be excellent. The visual inspection of the road surface revealed almost no damage with the exception of two areas. The damage in these areas, however, was due to subsequent repair work on the drainage system. A few lateral cracks were discovered at one point on the outer edge of the road. Small cracks along the road surface were also found at a few other points on the outer edges (Figure 3). The photos documenting the condition of the site in 1996 (Figure 4) show that the distance between the reinforcement system and the road edge was always around 150 300 mm. TÜV Rheinland also confirmed: "The entire remaining road area is free of cracks." Figure 3. Lateral crack at the edge Figure 4. Fitted reinforcement (detail) The condition assessment by TÜV Rheinland revealed that the "Rosenstrasse" in the city of Ochtrup has, in spite of constant heavy traffic, remained in good condition to this day. The deployment of the asphalt reinforcement system to effect repairs has completely stood the test of time. This measure has shown that a Polyester asphalt reinforcement can App: 15cm


CARRUTHERS, SARAH ANN. The Construct Validity of a Standardized Behavior Report Card. (Under the direction of Dr. Scott Stage.) The purpose of this study was to serve as a pilot study to assess the convergent validity and discriminant validity of a standardized Behavior Report Card (BRC). Correlations between school personnel ratings of students with problem behaviors on the BRC and the hypothesized related composite scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2) fell into the moderate range. Results from Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) revealed significant differences in BASC-2 scores between students rated at different levels on the BRC items. Results from this study provide preliminary evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the items on this BRC. Limitations, future directions for research, and implications for practice are discussed. © Copyright 2016 by Sarah Ann Carruthers


We have fabricated 2.7 m long conical antenna range that is used in the characterization of UWB antenna in the time domain. The transfer function of the system was measured to be within 3 dB of the expected value, in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 18 GHz.


Since their introduction in the early 1980s, therapeutic Botulinum neurotoxin type A preparations have found an increasing number of clinical uses in a large variety of neuromuscular disorders and dermatological conditions. These treatments exploit the ability of the toxin to prevent neurotransmitter release from mainly cholinergic motor neurons, thereby resulting in a weakened contractile response. The use of therapeutic preparations of accurate potency in the clinical environment is crucial for correct patient treatment. Currently, the potency of a preparation is determined by using the LD50 assay. However, operational and ethical concerns associated with this assay have prompted the development of alternative assays that could potentially become replacements. Several different ex vivo musclenerve preparations have been used to study botulinum intoxification, including isolated muscle preparations of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and phrenic nerve-hemidiaphram. These are models on which potential alternative assays may be based, however, incomplete evaluations of their quantitative performance and robustness have hindered their use as replacement test methods. Recently, Ipsen (Wrexham, UK) in collaboration with RegenTec (Nottingham, UK) have developed the use of isolated rat intercostal rib sections in an alternative ex vivo neuromuscular junction assay (the "Intercostal NMJ Assay"). This alternative assay addresses ethical and operational constraints of a live animal assay. Here, we demonstrate that the six individual rat intercostal nerve-muscle preparations isolated from a single animal's rib cage provide a valuable source of highly similar preparations for an ex vivo neurotoxicity assay. A high degree of structural similarity was observed in terms of the anatomy of sections, as highlighted by the patterns of innervating neuromuscular junctions identified by acetylcholinesterase staining. Similarly, the physiological nature of the intercostal muscle sections was determined by their level of succinic dehydrogenase activity. Again, no significant differences were observed between sections. In summary, our results confirm that independent intercostal nerve-muscle preparations are anatomically and physiologically similar in nature supporting their use in an ex vivo alternative potency test such as the Intercostal NMJ Assay. Ethical and Legal Statement: All animal work was conducted in accordance with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. ICCVAM/NICEATM/ECVAM Workshop Poster Session Abstracts November 13-14, 2006 7 Endo-ELISA Bioassay of Live Botulinum Neurotoxins Bal Ram Singh, Paul Lindo, and Shuowei Cai Botulinum Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth; and BBTech, Inc., Dartmouth, MA 02747 We have developed antibodies against purified and complex forms of botulinum neurotoxins which can detect the toxin below 50 pg/ml concentration in a sandwich format, without any additional amplification. However, this approach only provides detection of the toxin without any distinction of denatured or live toxin state. To address this issue, we have designed an approach in which the toxin is captured on a microtiter plate by either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies raised against the heavy chain of the type A botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A). The captured toxin is subsequently incubated with BoNT/A neuronal substrate, SNAP-25-GST fusion protein or Histagged SNAP-25, and its cleavage is followed by subsequent determination of the cleaved product either by anti-SNAP-25 IgG directly or after capturing the product with anti-GST antibodies. In both cases the results suggested that antibody captured BoNT/A was functional and its endopeptidase activity was monitored in the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (referred to as Endo-ELISA bioassay). The results showed that BoNT/A bound to anti-heavy chain monoclonal/polyclonal antibody cleaved the SNAP-25 in a time dependent manner, and significant cleavage occurred within the first 20 min. After 60 min incubation about 70% SNAP-25 was cleaved. This set of experiments establish the following points relevant to the use of this approach for designing non-animal based bioassay of botulinum neurotoxins. Anti-BoNT/A heavy chain IgG was able to capture the toxin on the microplate wells, the captured BoNT/A was enzymatically active, and the enzyme activity was strong enough to show significant SNAP-25 cleavage within the first 20 min of reaction. The Endo-ELISA bioassay was found to be effective for purified as well as native BoNT/A complex, and it worked in a variety of matrices, such as milk, wine, and honey. ICCVAM/NICEATM/ECVAM Workshop Poster Session Abstracts November 13-14, 2006 8 Development of High Affinity Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A and a Sensitive Immunoassay with Detection Near that of the Mouse Bioassay Larry H Stanker and Paul Merrill USDA Agriculture Research Service 800 Buchanan St. Albany, CA 94710 Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause severe and potentially fatal neuroparalytic disease and are considered the most toxic biological agents known. BoNT is synthesized as a single 150 kDa precursor protein, which is cleaved to form two subunit polypeptides, linked by a single disulfide bond. The 'gold standard' for BoNT detection is the mouse bioassay. While the assay it is time consuming (up to 4 days) and lacks specificity, it has a limit of detection in the low picogram range. Most BoNT immunoassays reported appear to have much less sensitive than the mouse bioassay. In this study we describe the development of high affinity monoclonal antibodies (Mab). These are IgG1 and IgG2b subclass MAb's with kappa light chains. They specifically bind BoNT serotype A and have measured Kd values in the low pM range. Western blot analysis demonstrated that four of the Mabs specifically bind the 100 kDa heavy-chain subunit, in while one of the antibodies specifically binds the 50Kda light-chain. Using a simple sandwich immunoassay format with a heavy-chain specific Mab for capture, a directly labeled anti light-chain Mab for detection and a luminescent substrate, detection of BoNT type A in the low picogram range was observed. Further characterization of these MAb and their application to rapid immunoassay formats will be discussed. ICCVAM/NICEATM/ECVAM Workshop Poster Session Abstracts November 13-14, 2006 9 QUANTIFICATION OF THE ACTIVITY CAUSING FLACCID PARALYSIS OF BOTULINUM NEUROTOXIN BY MEASURING THE COMPOUND MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL (CMAP) Yasushi Torii, Motohide Takahashi, Setsuji Ishida, Takashi Sakamoto, Tetsuhiro Harakawa, Akihiro Ginnaga, Shunji Kozaki, Ryuji Kaji (Kaketsuken, Japan, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan, University of Tokushima, Japan and Osaka Prefecture University, Japan) Purpose Quantitative determination of botulinum toxin usually depends on the LD50 method after mouse intraperitoneal injection. The index of this method is the lethal activity of the toxin, and the method requires a number of mice. As the method of direct determination of flaccid paralysis after administration of the toxin, the method for testing quality of toxin by determining compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was examined. Materials and methods Type A botulinum toxin (S or LL) solution was diluted serially so as to obtain 9 graded doses. Each dose in 0.1 ml was injected into left hind gastrocnemius muscle of a group of 5 anesthetized mice (SD strain). By use of stimulatory and recording electrodes inserted in the gastrocnemius muscle near the lumbar vertebra, the maximum CMAP amplitude of the injected muscle was determined by electromyography. Results and discussions CMAP amplitude was on the decrease toward the fourth day after administration of the toxin, and then recovered gradually. Statistical analysis was made on the data of the 1st , the 2nd, the 4th, the 7th and the 14th day of administration. For example, dose response was found on each dose, and a linear relation was observed between 0.01 and 30 mouse ip LD50/body on the 1st day (and between 0.01 and 1.0 mouse ip LD50/body on the 4th day), indicating the possibility of the use of CMAP method for quantitation of botulinum toxin. All studies were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Japanese Society of Pharmacology on experimental animals and with approval of the Animal Ethics Committee of our institute. ICCVAM/NICEATM/ECVAM Workshop Poster Session Abstracts November 13-14, 2006 10 Assays to Detect Active Botulinum Neurotoxin Jing Xu, Jun Hang, Jia-Hai Lee, Peixuan Zhu, Pete Amstutz, and Cha-Mei Tang Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854 Daniel Shelton US Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705 Mark Poli and Victor Rivera U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 Clifford C. Shone Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG Wiltshire, United Kingdom Active Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype A cleaves SNAP-25 peptide at a specific location. Detection of the cleaved SNAP-25 provides information on the activity and serotype of the toxin. The assays are based on the use of antibody specific to SNAP-25 cleaved by BoNT serotype A developed by Dr. Shone of Health Protection Agency. A proof-of-principle enzymatic activity assay is demonstrated. The detection platform is the Integrating Waveguide Biosensor, which uses capillary tube waveguides to detect low level fluorescence signals. In the test, BoNT samples are incubated with a proprietary form of the SNAP-25 substrate, and the enzymatic reaction product is detected by fluorescent immunoassay inside the capillary waveguide. Excitation light impinges on the waveguide at a 90o angle. The emitted fluorescence signal is gathered efficiently by the waveguide and exits at one end through a set of lenses and optical filters to an optical detecto


Basedonanewmethod forthesolution oftheradiated fields ofthestepped-index Luneburg lens antennas, thefarfield pattern aswell asthegain ofastepped-index Luneburg lens antenna maybeobtained invarious situations. Examining these results, theanswers to sameproblems related tomanufacturing Luneburg lens maybeobtained. Fortheniore, needed information forfeed design also canbeobtained.


Twitter is a famous social networking service and has received attention recently. Twitter user have increased rapidly, and many users exchange information. When the East Japan great earthquake disaster occurred on March 11, 2011, many people could obtain important information from social networking service. Although twitter also played the important role a false rumor diffusion was pointed out. So, in this talk, I would like to focus on the false rumor diffusion phenomena, and introduce about our multi agent information diffusion model based on SIR model. And I would like to discuss about more rapid correction-tweet diffusion methodology.


CARRYING YOUR BRIDE across the threshold is still very romantic-and no penalty is imposed even though the reason for the ritual has long since disappeared. But in economic life action based on outmoded theory does not go unpunished. We are engulfed in a knowledge explosion which is both cause and consequence of economic, social and technological changes taking place at an unprecedented rate. Those who would prosper in this turbulent environment cannot rely on economic folk-wisdom. "In the conditions of modern life, the rule is absolute . . wrote Alfred North Whitehead ". . . there will be no appeal from the judgment which will be pronounced on the uneducated." The absurd but widely held belief that common stocks should yield more than bonds is a dinosaur idea which will impair the successful management of wealth by those who continue to believe it. For some years now, the Dow-Jones Industrials' yield has been below that of high grade bonds. This has caused much cluckclucking by traditionalist commentators. Sociologists report an incident of a man arrested at a riot who expostulated, "You can't arrest me! I have to follow that mob, I'm their leader." Unfortunately, our tuttutting analysts haven't yet realized that if they want to be leaders of investment thought, they had better-it this case-follow the crowd. Nothing is so impotent as an idea whose time has gone. What is this idea whose time has gone? It is the dividend! The objective conditions which gave rise to the idea of the dividend have gone, but the idea itself lingers on. Three basic economic conditions of long ago gave firm support to the significance of the substantial and regular dividend payment. These three conditions were: the absence of income taxes; the virtual absence of financial reporting or disclosure; and the more static nature of the general economy which was then prevalent. Today when a company pays out a dollar in dividends, it automatically requires its shareholders to part with substantial sums-depending on the bracket of the recipient and the state in which he lives-to federal and state governments. At a time when there were no income taxes at all, this heavy penalty on the distribution of corporate wealth in the form of dividends did not exist. It was not, therefore, then a reason against the declaration of dividends. But times have changed. The securities legislation of the early Roosevelt years brought a substantial increase in the scope and regularity of reports on the financial position of major corporations. Partly as a result of the economic crises out of which that legislation grew, and the law itself, a climate of opinion has grown rapidly since that time which has resulted in even those corporations not directly covered by the securities laws making adequate disclosures of their operating results. But 20, 40 or 100 years earlier, virtually nothing was disclosed. The individual who bought a share of stock might well find that one of the few indices-and even here there were pitfalls-of the performance of the corporation was the amount and regularity of dividend payments. Dividends then could serve, for lack of anything much better, as a criterion for judging the value of a stock and the underlying performance of the issuing company. Again, as in the case of income taxes, major changes which have taken place in legal requirements and the general mores of the investment community and the corresponding stockholder expectations, have rendered the dividend as an index of company performance a clumsy and antiquated tool. There are far better methods available for the appraisal of corporate performance and prospects. Today we have an impressive amount of economic growth behind us, and all of us are aware that a substantial amount of additional capital is required for our important corporations to maintain their share of market in a continually expanding economy. The greatest portion of these funds are contributed right now through the reinvestment of earnings. To the extent that a dollar retained in the business as will be seen is a more effective method of financing expansion, that extra efficiency constitutes an argument against the declaration of an increased dividend. Why is a dollar of retained earnings a more effective Joseph Morse is Vice President, Finance, of the Sun Chemical Corporation. He is a frequent lecturer on finance for the American Management Association. Mr. Morse studied both at the Columbia School of Business and the Columbia School of Law where he was named a Kent Scholar.


Epoxy based film adhesives were developed that contained nano-sized alumina particles of different size and shape. These nano-scale materials were incorporated at 5 and 10 weight percent into an adhesive formulation that was filmed on polyester random mat scrim. Films were applied to composite substrates for fracture testing and aluminum substrates for lap shear and peel testing. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the surfaces of both the aluminum and composite specimens. Results from the bonded aluminum samples showed that in almost all cases the additives increased the peel and shear strength of the adhesives. Composite samples yielded results that were less clear, but still demonstrated that nano-scale additives can increase the fracture toughness of a thermosetting adhesive.


River City Tile Company has experienced a successful first three years in business and shows potential for even more growth. An area of focus that has been identified by the owners and staff to expedite this growth is a marketing campaign. The overarching objective of the marketing campaign is to increase monthly sales. Through a careful analysis of the current state of the company's external communications, and a review of current research, and audience demographics, a marketing strategy has been developed to be carried out immediately. This plan outlines the audience segments we have discovered, their needs and concerns, and appropriate messaging. Two specific tactics are outlined for initial implementation of River City Tile Company's external communication strategy, with recommendations for future focuses.


The most significant requirement for joining in the Economic and Monetary Union (the EMU) for member states is to hand over economic sovereignty. For the UK, one of the three non-euro EU countries with a strong historical tradition of independence, this delegation of sovereignty seems to be a most demanding price to fulfill its EMU commitment. This paper aims to analyze and assess how the UK's economic sovereignty would be lost and how its state governance would be affected by the EMU membership within the context of globalization. As the UK is one of the world's most open economies and Europe's premier financial center, which further implies its high vulnerability to changes of the world economy and finance, the emerging trend of contemporary globalization and its impact on state governance need to be reviewed first. Within such a context, the role of the EMU as a promoter of economic sovereignty of member states will be argued. This paper will then turn to the case of the UK to discuss how its economic sovereignty will be circumscribed within the EMU by evaluating four indicators. It concludes that, as European economies becomes more homogeneous, and policy convergences


Statistical inference is needed in ecology because the natural world is variable. Ernest Rutherford, one of the world's greatest scientists, is supposed to have said "If your experiment needs statistics, you ought to have done a better experiment." Such a quote applies to deterministic systems or easily replicated experiments. In contrast, ecology faces variable data and replication constrained by ethics, costs and logistics.


To investigate the potential value of uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 19–24 weeks' gestation, in combination with maternal characteristics and medical history and fetal biometry in the prediction of delivery of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates in the absence of pre‐eclampsia (PE) and to examine the potential value of such assessment in deciding whether the third‐trimester scan should be performed at 32 and/or 36 weeks' gestation.


Rolling stock critical system failures require condition based maintenance (CBM) policy to optimise maintenance tasks and hence improve reliability and availability of service operation. In this paper, the implementation of CBM analysis for Class 158 Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU) train door system is presented. The condition monitoring of the door system information collected falls into the category of partially observable systems. Condition monitoring trial results of the doors is presented to show specific signs of door deterioration and repeating failures. A stochastic signal pulse model is proposed that could utilize CBM information to schedule optimum cost effective maintenance strategy.


Environmental Reservoirs and Sources

Airborne Transmission

Infectious Dose

Airborne Bacterial Pathogens

Prevention and Control Measures

Keywords:

actinomycetes, airborne;
airborne bacterial pathogens;
bioaerosols;
infectious bacteria, airborne


This paper reports the characterization of InGaP/GaAs 8-doped single HBT (8SHBT's) with an InGaP passivation layer. Ledge thickness of passivation-layer on device performance are investigated. We obtain a current gain and a collector current of 340 (300) and 50 (42) rnA at a base current of 200 flA for a 8-SHBT with a 50nm-thick (O-nm-thick) InGaP passivation layer, respectively. Comparisons between passivated and unpassivated devices with small emitter size are also included. It is found that a passivated 8-SHBT with an optimized InGaP layer shows few degradation in current gains as used emitter size is scaled.


'A stitch in time saves nine', is a well know proverb, which is true in ones' individual life and as well as in the life of an organization. The survival and hence the success of an organization depends on the right decisions taken well in time. The organizations around the globe are starving hard to manage huge amount of data stored in their data repositories and hence are finding ways and means to explore data to enhance the quality of decisions through better decision support systems. OLAP based tools for used for decision making in the organization irrespective of their size and operations, but as the size of data bases is increasing at an alarming rate, these tools have become insufficient. The tools and techniques of data mining can prove to be boon for organizations to discover patterns and relationships hidden in data and hence they can improve the quality of data analysis resulting in better decisions. This paper throws light on the concept that how data mining methods can be integrated with the decision support systems to enhance the quality of decisions.


The abundant stratigraphic sections in the Hudson Bay Lowland expose deposits of three to four glaciations beneath deposits of the last interglacial (Sangamon?) Missinaibi beds. Both physical stratigraphic relationships and aminostratigraphic data suggest that two or more glacial events postdate the Missinaibi and that Hudson Bay may have been ice free at least once during the time traditionally assigned to the Wisconsinan. Tills of the southwestern Hudson Bay James Bay Lowlands likely were deposited by a glacier flowing from Labrador-Nouveau Quebec, except for the upper till or upper part of the youngest till in the north part of the Lowland, which may have been deposited by ice from a Keewatin dispersal centre. Although deposits of multiple glaciations are present in the District of Keewatin and northern Manitoba, their age and relationship to deposits in the Hudson Bay Lowland are obscure at present.


The present invention discloses a high-cold roadbed frozen soil heat insulation construction method comprising the following steps: (1) according to whole-line frozen soil exploration data, a whole-line frozen soil roadbed is divided into three sections, namely, a less-ice and much-ice frozen soil area, a rich-ice and full-ice frozen soil area and a soil-containing ice layer road section, (2) the less-ice and much-ice frozen soil area is constructed, (3) the rich-ice and full-ice frozen soil area is constructed, and (4) the soil-containing ice layer road section is constructed. By control of the key technology, the problem of discharge of water in the slope toe of a roadbed with large ground lateral slope, and a frozen layer on the top of a cutting slope can be well solved, water sources can be effectively led away from the roadbed bottom to ensure the permafrost roadbed and the cutting slope are not eroded by overground water, permafrost region roadbed frost heaving and thaw collapse damage can be effectively prevented, permafrost region roadbed and road construction is normalized and standardized, the mechanistic organization is reasonable, and by sectional parallel operation and in-section assembly line operation, work efficiency is improved, construction quality is ensured, and the benefits are more prominent.


A clean and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives using aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate using cobalt doped strontium hexaferrite under microwave irradiation conditions. This process offers an easy and efficient synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives with high yields. The advantages of this protocol are operational simplicity, its greenness with respect to mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, maximum yields of products, simple workup and an environmentally benign nature. The cobalt doped strontium hexaferrite catalyst was synthesized by the solution combustion method. The prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TG/DTA analysis. Furthermore, the catalyst could be reused up to four cycled without significant loss in activity. The synthesized compounds were confirmed using FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopic data and melting points compared with reported values.


Ten-week-old pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. 'Bell Boy') were grown at 5 different root-zone temperatures (RZT) (12°, 18°, 24°, 30°, or 36° ± 2°C) for a period of 8 weeks. Maximum shoot dry weight and leaf area were measured at 24° and 30° RZT. Leaf area ratio (LAR) was not significantly affected by RZT treatments. Fruit weight was maximum at 30° RZT, but earliness was delayed at high RZT. Nitrogen, P, and K content of shoots were increased, but Mg and Ca concentrations were reduced at high RZT. Plant photosynthesis was the highest at 36° RZT. Increasing RZT improved both greenhouse or outdoor pepper production.


The disclosed is a use of resonance, the wireless power transmitter to transmit power to the wireless power receiver to the wireless power wireless repeater. The wireless power transmitter includes a power supply unit for outputting an alternating current having a predetermined frequency, for receiving the transmitting coil to generate an alternating current time-varying magnetic field, and means for transmitting the power from the receiving coil to be transmitted transmitting resonant coil unit, wherein the transmitting coil and the transmitting coil resonant coupling, wherein, in the frequency and the resonance frequency of the transmission resonant coil unit from the alternating current power supply unit outputted by the wireless power transmitter while controlling to determine the resonance frequency of the power transmission.


the eight years from 1890 to 1898 the total enrolment of pupils in the secondary schools of the United States had increased 86 per cent. The highest rate of increase in any one subject was in Latin, an increase of 174 per cent. In the same period, the percentage of increase in Greek was 94. Even in the Western and Southern States, the influence of this Classical revival was strikingly shown. In 1898 in California the number studying Greek was three times as great as in 1895, in Wisconsin about four times as great as in 1893; and in Mississippi in 1898, Greek was taught in thirty-five schools, where four years previously it had been taught in two schools only. Turning to Scotland they saw a different picture. Outside the large towns the study of Classics was on the decline. In the country schools Greek was dropping out of the school curriculum. While the standard of teaching was being raised in the schools which retained Greek, the area within which Greek was taught was narrowing. In Scotland as a whole there was a serious risk of the wider literary culture which Classics implied being displaced by forms of instruction more directly remunerative. The Classical Association might not be able to check the progress of this mischief, but they should at least discuss its causes, and so far as a remedy depended on greater efficiency and improved methods of teaching, this remedy they should seek to apply. Then again in the remote country parts Classical Teachers often worked under depressing conditions, with few pupils and these a dwindling number. I t would give new heart to these scattered teachers to meet fellow-workers in their own department, to exchange ideas, and to carry away with them the sense that they were backed up by active and intelligent sympathy outside. After some [discussion it was resolved that the name of the Society be " The Classical Association of Scotland." The objects of the Association were denned as being to bring together for practical conference all persons interested in Classical study and education ; to promote communication and comparison of views between Universities and Schools ; to discuss subjects and methods of teaching and examination, and any other questions of interest that may from time to time arise. It was resolved to hold two meetings annually, one in spring and one in autumn, and that these be held in the four university towns in rotation. The following were elected officers:—President, Prof. G. G. Ramsay ; Vice-president, Prof. Butcher ; Secretary, William Coutts, Watson's College, Edinburgh ; Treasurer, William Lobban, Girls' High School, Glasgow ; Committee, the following :—Dr. John Marshall, rector Royal High School, Edinburgh ; Rev. Dr. W. A. Heard, headmaster, Fettes , College, Edinburgh ;|Professors Burnet and Harrower ; John Clark, High School, Dundee ; James Clark, rector, Dumfries Academy ; Hugh Manners, rector, Airdrie Academy ; H. F. Moiland Simpson, rector, Grammar School, Aberdeen ; James Stirling, rector, Grammar School, Paisley ; Edwin Temple, rector, Academy, Glasgow. Already over 100 members, including teachers of English, French, and German, have joined the Association. Intending members are asked to communicate with the Secretary.


Singularities (poles in particular) often occur in solutions of partial differential equations. In this paper we consider the Burgers hierarchy family of equations. We prove that this family enjoys poles decomposition property. This property may provide rational solutions with movable poles. We find the motion of these poles as dynamical systems for the first and second level of the hierarchy.


Objective: To identify the frequency and reasons of operations cancellation in 25 Makkah region hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of the rate of surgery cancellation in 25 hospitals of Makkah region was performed in this study. The data of scheduled surgeries from 15 different surgical specialties was collected from January to December 2013. Frequency and reasons of cancellation of elective surgical cases in different specialty were studied with a view to recommend suggestions for improvement. Data was analyzed on SPSS -16. Results: There are 120 operating rooms (OR) in 25 Makkah region hospitals and during the year 2013, a total of 16,211 surgery cases were listed, and 1,238 (7.6%) cases were canceled. Contribution to total cancellation was highest in orthopedic 33.8% followed by general surgery 27.5%, obstetrics 7.7% and ENT 5.2%. According to category, 42.81% rate of cancellation was patient related, 20.03% facility related, 9.45% due to improper work-up, 1.45% associated with anesthesia, 7.19% related to surgeons, and 18.90% other/and not recorded reasons. Conclusions: Present study found 7.6% cancelation rate in Makkah region hospitals and three most common causes for cancellations were patients related, facility related and improper work-up.


This paper proposes a passive bistatic radar (PBR) configuration using digital broadcasting as an illuminator for micro-Doppler effect experiments. First, the problems caused by a typical PBR usage scenario are introduced and the corresponding signal processing techniques are presented. Then, passive radar demonstrator and the experiments are described. Last, typical experimental results are illustrated and analyzed, which indicates the potential of PBR systems to detect target's micro-Doppler signature and measure their characteristic parameters.


With the the full completion of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area in 2010,the opportunities and advantages for Guangxi to cooperate with ASEAN in agriculture will be further highlighted,and the timing and conditions for promoting agriculture transnational business faced to the ASEAN-oriented are maturing.This paper proposes the countermeasures and suggestions for Guangxi agricultural multinational operations.such as carry out special research on ASEAN environmental conditions of agricultural investment,plan to construct Guangxi agricultural production bases in ASEAN countries,strengthen to construct agricultural products market system in ASEAN,and actively cultivate the ASEAN-oriented agricultural multinational enterprises,develop personnel who are good at engaging in agriculture cross-border operations,establish and improve the agricultural policy system for multinational operations.


Abstract A solubilized preparation of cat myocardium, which contains adenylate cyclase, has been shown to specifically bind biologically active 125I-glucagon. 125I-glucagon binding was observed over the concentration range 1 x 10-7 to 1 x 10-5 m. Unlabeled glucagon displaced 125I-glucagon over a similar concentration range. The binding specificity of this preparation was also shown by the fact that parathyroid hormone did not bind to cardiac receptor sites in this preparation nor did it displace 125I-glucagon from its binding site. The binding of 125I-glucagon at 37 or 25° is linear for approximately 30 min until maximum binding is reached. In contrast, the activation of adenylate cyclase is maximal within 5 min, indicating the presence of additional glucagon binding sites over and above those required for activation of the enzyme. The binding material was stable at 4° for 4 days and indefinitely when stored in liquid nitrogen. Boiling the binding material for 15 min or incubating it with 1 n HCl for 15 min destroyed most of its glucagon-binding ability. Optimal binding was observed over a broad pH range from 3.6 to 8.5, with a decline above pH 9.0. Preincubation of the binding material with trypsin decreased binding about twothirds. Phospholipases A and C, DNase, RNase, neuraminidase, urea (1 m), GTP, and ATP were without effect on the binding. Solubilized myocardial adenylate cyclase has been shown to have a molecular weight of about 100,000 to 200,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the crude solubilized preparation incubated with 125I-glucagon suggested a molecular weight for the binding fraction of approximately 26,000. Chromatography of the 125I-glucagon-receptor complex on either Sephadex G-100 or Bio-Gel P-30 produced a dissociation of the receptor from catalytic adenylate cyclase activity, which apparently represents a larger molecular weight component (g 100,000). The 125I-glucagon-receptor complex eluted from the gels at an elution volume consistent with the salt peak. However, this eluate was shown by hydrodynamic flow electrophoresis to be neither free glucagon or iodine. Moreover, when it was subjected to electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the complex had a molecular weight of about 26,000, identical with what was obtained with the crude material. It appeared, therefore, that the complex of glucagon to its receptor had a strong positive charge which resulted in adsorption of the complex to the gel. Following neutralization of the charge-gel interaction by Sephadex and Bio-Gel chromatography of the 125I-glucagon-receptor complex in 0.01 or 0.025 n NaOH, the binding fraction eluted in a more appropriate location for its apparent size. The property of adsorption to Sephadex G-100 and Bio-Gel P-30 may prove useful in purification of the glucagon receptor site.


The purpose of this article is to describe within a multi-faceted psychodynamic approach the effect of race in an African American patient population. The patients discussed herein are primarily middle class and were seen in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. I utilize Pine's (1990) recent clinical synthesis describing the four psychologies currently used in psychanalytic theory construction and treatment.


Traditional models of surgical education have been based on the apprenticeship model. However, in recent years work patterns have changed significantly1 and a competency-based approach to trainee assessment has been developed with the introduction of workplace-based assessments (WBAs) and online portfolios. The Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme (ISCP) began development in 2002 and has become a central component of surgical trainee assessment since its introduction in 2007.


Wearables are a fast evolving field and consists among other things of electronic parts as well as smart textiles such as conductive or light emitting yarns.The common approach of creating a smart textile sensor is using a piece of conductive or piezo resistive fabric and sew or iron it onto an existing garment, or process the fabric during manufacturing. In this work we develop a novel process that uses a commercially available 3D printer with an electrical conductive and flexible plastic, to print the sensor directly onto the textile and eliminate the sewing process or the use of prefabricated clothing.This paper covers not only the tweaking and printing process of the sensor, but also the test definition and execution to evaluate and characterise the sensor. The novelty of this paper is the imparting of the sensors behaviour, and the way how the properties are measured. The further planned application of this sensor is, e.g., the measurement of the breath rate without an extra pulse belt.


ABSTRACT This work shows that diffuse reflectance measurements, using fiber optical devices, can give rapid quantitative results for application with spot tests determination where little sample manipulation is a desirable feature. The experiments were performed with a Hewlett Packard diode array spectrophotometer HP8452A and a Labsphere RSA-HP-84 reflectance accessory. The quantitative reflectance measurements of different complexes such as Fe (III) with thiocyanate, Cr (VI) with diphenylcarbazide and Ni (II) with dimethylglyoxime could be obtained by forming the complexes on filter paper. Calibration curves were obtained for each metal by plotting the optical density of the reflectance signal (AR) vs. the log of the mol/dm3 concentration, from 1.5 × 103 to 3.6 × 102mol/dm3 for Fe (III), from 8.00 × 10−5 to 2.00 × 103 mol/dm3 for Cr (VI) and from 1.00 × 103 to 8.00 × 102 mol dm3 for Ni (II), with correlation coefficients of 0.9986 for Fe (III), 0.9878 for Cr (VI) and 0.9892 for Ni (II). The results obtai...


It costs high to recycle and treat the waste water from the mineral processing,so it is important to directly recycle part of the waste water before it enters treatment station,which can reduce the treatment cost and negative impact on environment.Through research on the waste water from various sections of flotation process,the way of staged recycling is adopted to fully recover part of the waste water in order to reduce the waste water to be treated and lower the treatment cost without influencing the concentrate ecovery rate.By this way,remarkable economic profits and environmental benefits can be obtained.


Methods to impose a voltage or a current in massive conductors in dual magnetodynamic potential formulations (A‐φ and T‐KI‐Ω) are presented. In the A‐φ formulation, a supply voltage can be naturally imposed at the terminals of a conductor, but not a supply current. An equation must be added. This is the opposite for the T‐KI‐Ω formulation. In the paper all methods are described and compared on the basis of an example.


Language is part of national culture, which ingrains (embeds) values system and life style of the people in which it is applied. Retrospect to human history, we once has the most important and the most ancient civilizations----Egypt, ancient Babylon, India and China. As time went by, the other three ancient civilizations have faded away; only Chinese civilization remained and maintained continuous development. The mystery lies in Chinese characters---the carrier and transmitter of language and human thoughts. As regards Chinese characters, the most important contribution will be conferred upon the oracles---the earliest Chinese characters which have been carved on animal bones and tortoise shells as early as in the Shang Dynasty. Thanks to great powerful life of Chinese characters, Chinese civilization has the opportunity to remain longevity. Though oracles have evolved with time later on, the essence and cream of Chinese characters carrying the footprint of life and mentality of people in China still can be ―smelled‖. Adopting hermeneutic approach and based on large quantities of literature review, interviewing with concerning experts, this paper is attempting to dig out the secrets of how ancient Chinese people have managed knowledge under the real contexts of their life.


To estimate the prevalence and incidence of hyperprolactinaemia. Hyperprolactinaemia is a common problem in endocrine practice, but its epidemiology has not been accurately established.


In the last decade fascinating advanced techniques in lymphatic imaging, new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents created by the development of nano-technologies, as well as gene reported technologies have been developed providing us with new tools to interrogate the function of the lymphatic system. For someone like me, who was born locating and cannulating lymphatic capillaries stained with patent blue in the foot of patients, the novelty in lymphatic diagnostics seems unbelievable. Doppler ultrasound for artery and veins permits blood flow imaging depending upon scattering of flowing erythrocytes, while the acellular lymph escapes clinical interrogation using ultrasound. So different imaging strategies have been developed in the challenging field of the lymphatic system. Indirect MR lymphangiography can be performed by injection of gadolinium-based contrast dye into the dermal and subcutaneous spaces. For instance indirect MR lymphangiography in the upper and lower extremities of lymphedema patients has excellent resolution and more detailed lymphatic routes visualization as compared to routine lymphoscintigraphy.1-4 Moreover, the recent introduction of 3D isotropic fatsuppressed T1weighted FSE (VISTA [volumetric isotropic turbo spin-echo acquisition]; Philips Medical Systems) maybe determined a paradigm shift with change of the current gold standard for imaging lymphedema5,6 (Figure 1). Fat suppression also permits to overcome the low quality imaging related to the non-homogenous tissue density of the co-existing chronic fibrousedema, or with indurative lipodermatosclerosis when phlebo-lymphedema occurs (Figure 1). We know that the current gold standard, lymphoscintigraphy, provides routinely information to assess the lymphatic function and anatomy in humans, although with low spatial and temporal resolution respect to the above described innovative MR techniques. Lymphoscintigraphy involves the intradermal administration of radio colloid. Imaging is obtained after hours by the means of the gamma camera. This technique permits to assess the lymphatic function by measuring the time from the injection in distant digits and the appearance of the radionuclide tracer in the major lymph nodes, such as inguinal or iliac.7-9 Fluorescence micro-lymphangiography (FML) is a fluorescence technique widely used in animal models of disease, but with scarce usage in humans. Owing to the limited penetration depth of light at visible wavelengths and tissue scattering, only the initial capillaries within the first 100 to 150 microns of tissue depth can be visualized in humans.10 To improve the use of fluorescence techniques in the human being, NIR fluorescence (NIRF) has been developed. The latter creates the lymphatic imaging, also termed ICG lymphography, through an emerging non-microscopic imaging technology that collects tissue-scattered light to assess conducting and collecting lymphatic vessels at greater penetration depths, but with lower resolution than the initial lymphatic imaged with FML.11 In clinical practice could be useful to assess subclinical lymphedema before chronic worsening. Unlike other lymphatic imaging approaches, NIRF lymphatic images can be collected rapidly with millisecond acquisitions,12 allowing for the non-invasive interrogation of function and the quantitative assessment of the lymph-pump frequency and apparent velocity in the collecting and conducting the lymph. The rapid development and the rapid acquisition of clinical information with the new techniques above described rapidly will change our clinical assessment of lymphedema and related disorders. However, the discrepancy between the advancement of costs and technologies in diagnostics rages against the empiricism of treatment still based on the principles of compression therapy.


Wedge filters have been used in deep roentgen therapy for at least eighteen years. Their advantages in the treatment of certain types of lesion are well appreciated. Yet even in Great Britain, where the method originated and has largely been developed, it cannot be said that wedge techniques are widely used; in many other countries they appear to be almost unknown. Such apparent neglect of a proved therapeutic tool obviously warrants some explanation, and this neglect presumably derives from the difficulties associated with the use of wedge filters.


Extranodal natural killer/ T‐cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare malignant tumor. This study aimed to develop a predictive nomogram and a web‐based survival rate calculator for dynamically predicting the survival of patients with sinonasal ENKTL (SN‐ENKTL).


Abstract The NCAR global circulation model has been used to simulate global atmospheric conditions using boundary conditions representing those of the present day and those of the Wurm/Wisconsin glacial maximum at about 20,000 years ago, for January and July cases. The mean zonal wind strength in the July ice age case in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere was comparable with present winter conditions. Also in the ice age cases, the upper westerlies were not apparently displaced south of the Laurentide ice sheet. The Icelandic and Aleutian lows in January were displaced 10° southward, the Siberian high remained unchanged from the control situation, and a new low center was found over eastern Europe and the European USSR. In July high pressure developed over most of Asia. Maps of cyclone frequency in a 30-day period showed the influence of major ice sheets and sea ice in displacing zones of cyclone activity southward in January. Frequent cyclones occurred over central North America and there wa...


Transmission line detection is the basic task of using UAVs for transmission line inspection and other related tasks. However, the detection results based on traditional methods are vulnerable to noise, and the results may not meet the requirements. The deep learning method based on segmentation may cause a lack of vector information and cannot be applied to subsequent high-level tasks, such as distance estimation, location, and so on. In this paper, the characteristics of transmission lines in UAV images are summarized and utilized, and a lightweight powerline detection network is proposed. In addition, due to the reason that powerlines often run through the whole image and are sparse compared to the background, the FPN structure with Hough transform and the neck structure with multi-scale output are introduced. The former can make better use of edge information in a deep neural network as well as reduce the training time. The latter can reduce the error caused by the imbalance between positive and negative samples, make it easier to detect the lines running through the whole image, and finally improve the network performance. This paper also constructs a powerline detection dataset. While the net this paper proposes can achieve real-time detection, the f-score of the detection dataset reaches 85.6%. This method improves the effect of the powerline extraction task and lays the groundwork for subsequent possible high-level tasks.


Based on the ecological footprint method and theory,ecological footprint(EF) per capita and ecological capacity(EC) per capita of Honghu City,Hubei Province from 2000 to 2007 are calculated to evaluate the ecological sustainable development of the city.In the meantime,the water footprint of the city is analyzed by using water footprint approach.The results show that EF per capita of Honghu City exhibited an ascending trend from 2000 to 2007,from 1.4508 hm2 in 2000 to 2.0223 hm2 in 2007,increasing nearly forty percent.Among the structural components,the ecological footprints of energy and farm gave the greatest contributions to the per capita ecological footprint of Honghu City.The change in EC during 2000 and 2007 was not significant and showed a little descending trend.Honghu City was always in ecological deficit(ED) during the eight years,ED increased gradually with the continuous increase of the per capita EF and the ED in 2007 was 1.3731 hm2 per capita,which resulted in the unsustainable development.The results indicate that the human load that has already stayed beyond the regional ecological capacity and the regional natural ecosystem is under great pressure of human activities.The water footprint didn't change much during this time and that in 2007 was 1399m3 per capita,which was higher than the mean level of China.It means that Honghu City belongs to the domestic rich-water city.


Ocean acoustic channel is a complicated channel with variational time-space-frequency parameter.The accuracy of channel estimation directly influence the performance of the whole system.The basic method of underwater acoustic channel estimation is analysed,and the algorithm of channel estimation based on DFT,the interpolation algorithm of DCT are introduced.In the end,the performance of the two channel estimation methods through the simulated channel model is simulated.The channel estimation algorithm based on DCT can effectively restrain the problem of signal spectral leakage,thereby improve the system's performance when the time delay of underwater acoustic channel is not the integer multiples of channel sampling interval,so the algorithm fits the time-varying channel better.The simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm is superior to the channel estimation algorithm based on DFT on the part of improving the system performance.


The induction and loss of tolerance to native and depolymerized fractions of levan, a thymus-independent antigen, have been studied in (DBA/1×CBA-T6T6)F1 mice by a direct plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay. Tolerance following 1 mg native levan began to break by 80 days, whereas mice remained specifically unresponsive 150 days after 10 mg. Effects attributable to long persistence of antigen have been demonstrated. The following main features of levan tolerance were established by transfer of spleen cells to 900 R-irradiated recipients: (1) the induction period is very short—less than 24 hours. (2) No detectable immunity accompanies or precedes induction. (3) The fall in immunogenicity with reduction in molecular weight (mol. wt) of levan is not accompanied by loss of tolerogenicity. An effectively tolerogenic, non-immunogenic fraction (mol. wt<10,000) was found. (4) There is no rapid loss of tolerance following cell transfer (reactivity is only regained after 50 days), arguing against the existence of tolerant cells in this model.

As these results and those from corresponding investigations with SIII and HGG all show major dissimilarities, it is considered imprudent to base generalizations concerning the nature of B cell tolerance on studies with only one type of antigen. Whether or not two different kinds of specific unresponsiveness might be implicated with these cells is discussed.


In this paper, we study the convergence of an interior subgradient and proximal methods for a DC (difference of convex functions) constrained minimization problem.


AN ASSESSMENT tool widely used to evaluate the risk of patients developing pressure sores is unreliable, with a nurse's professional judgement a more accurate guide, nurse researchers have found.


A guide to the music resources available in the Killam Memorial Library. Information about the vinyl record collection in the Killam Memorial Library


With an increasing number of complex circuits being integrated into SoCs, their testing requirements have become equally complex. While there are well established test strategies for digital circuits, the testing of analogue circuits is quite expensive and challenging. A commonly encountered analogue circuit is the analog to digital converter (ADC), and in this paper we will discuss the conventional method of testing ADCs, as well as the various built-in self-test schemes that can be used for their testing.


The life history of 'Mesodina cyanophracta' Lower is described and illustrated. The early stages of 'M. cyanophracta' and 'M. halyzia' (Hewitson) are compared.


White, aminized cotton fabric was prepared by dry-curing slowly in a vacuum oven. By carefully controlling loss of moisture during the dry-cure step, aminization of cotton fabric by aqueous 2-amino-ethylsulfuric acid-NaOH yields a white, partially aminoethylated cellulose. Yellowing during the aminization reaction on the whole has been related to curing beyond the dry point after aminoethylation ceases. The presence of atmospheric oxygen during the cure does not account for yellowing.


The title complex, [Cu2(C22H16N4O4S2)2(NH3)4]·2H2O, is a centrosymmetric dimer. The two copper ions are bridged by two 4,5-dicyano-N,N′-bis(p-tolylsulfonyl)-o-phenylenediamine ligands; the Cu⋯Cu distance is 8.749 (1) A. Each copper ion is in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, defined by two N atoms from one ligand, two N atoms from two coordinated ammonia molecules and one CN from the other ligand apically. The hydrogen-bonding network leads to a layered structure.


1 It is wonderful for me to have the opportunity of paying tribute to Kenneth Arrow, who is not only one of the greatest economists of our time, but also one of the finest thinkers of our era. That itself makes the occasion very special for me, but on top of that, it is marvellous that I have the company of Eric Maskin, with whom I used to teach a much enjoyable joint course on social choice theory at Harvard, until he deserted us for the Institute for Advanced Study. And it is very pleasing for me to have Joe Stiglitz as the participating chair of the meeting (having known Joe for many years, I could assure the audience that there was no danger of Joe being an aloof chair), and it is very good to know that Akeel Bilgrami's intellectual vision is behind the planning of this event. I am in admirable company, and I begin by expressing my appreciation of that, but most especially by thanking Ken Arrow himself, for making us all think in new lines, and personally for me, for being such a major influence on my own intellectual life. I shall be particularly concerned in this lecture with Arrow's path-breaking "impossibility theorem," for which Arrow managed to find, in line with his sunny temperament, a rather cheerful name: "General Possibility Theorem." This result, and with it the formulation of the demands of mathematical social choice theory, were real watersheds in the history of welfare economics as well as of voting theory and collective choice. The informational foundation of modern social choice theory relates to the basic democratic conviction that social judgments and public decisions must depend, in some


Staehelin-Burckhardt, 1 in 1909, first described the unusual finding of a gastric-lined cyst in the mediastinum. Since that time, many similar cases have been recorded in the literature. In only one instance, however, has this medical oddity been reported to involve the thoracic vertebrae. Mixter and Clifford 2 described such a patient in 1929. The following case, the second to be reported, is presented to emphasize this unusual area of involvement. It also represents a curable condition which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lytic lesions in the thoracic spine. Report of Case A 42-month-old white boy was admitted to a military hospital with the chief complaint of severe episodic pain in the right hemithorax. It was located in the anterolateral chest at approximately the nipple level and had been intermittently present during the preceding 18 months. The pain appeared to come on without relationship to meals, exercise,


The article considers the essential content of the "human capital" category. The role of human capital in the formation of the global knowledge economy of Ukraine is determined, the state of human capital in Ukraine is analyzed according to the human capital index, recommendations are given regarding the improvement of the level of formation and use of human capital and its components as a factor in the innovative development of the national economy.


Quality Assessment in Universities as an organized process is relatively new in Europe (about 30 years old). As many other aspects in education, it is centrally controlled, either by a state agency, or by an independent agency. In the US on the other hand, the top institutions themselves understand the need to organize the evaluation process, mainly at the Institution level. Lately, some international comparisons have generated an interest in the media and the public in general. I will discuss my experiences from the early developments of quality assessment at a European level and the corresponding ones in some of the top US institutions, like Berkeley and Stanford. I will point out the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches and I will present my thoughts as to which way is best for a country without a tradition in quality assessment like Greece.


The aim of Quantum Fisher Cosmology is to use the quantum Fisher information about pure de Sitter states to derive model independent observational consequences of the existence of a primordial phase of the Universe of de Sitter accelerated expansion. These quantum features are encoded in a scale dependent quantum cosmological tilt that defines what we can call the de Sitter universality class. The experimental predictions are: i) A phase transition from red into blue tilt at a scale order k= 1 Mpc-1 that naturally solves the cosmological trans-Planckian problem, ii) A spectral index for curvature fluctuations at CMB scales k= 0.05 Mpc-1 equal to 0.0328, iii) A tilt running at scale k=0.002 Mpc-1 equal to -0.0019, iv) An enhancement of the amplitude of CMB peaks for extremely high multipoles (l > 105) that can provide a natural mechanism for primordial black hole formation as a source of dark matter, v) A lack of power at scales of 8 Mpc with respect to the CMB scale that can explain the σ_8 tension.


OBJECTIVES: To identify the adverse events and classify the observed event and its management
Incidence of adverse event after vaccination and type of reaction for different adverse event.
Some question, is there in knowledge about the immunization in parents.
METHODS : It was a prospective, observational study that included patients of either sex, under the
age of five in the pediatric wards of a tertiary care hospital. Study patients were followed
throughout their outpatient department. Whenever an adverse event was detected, all the required
data were collected and analyzed. Data was analyzed for incidence and after classifying the
WHO guidelines.
RESULTS: Of the 183 children population collected data and enrolled in the study.A total of 33
adverse events was identified from 33 children. The incidence of adverse event was 18%. Female
patients experienced majority (58%) of adverse events. The drug most commonly implicated in
adverse event to prescribed paracetamol syrup. Among the adverse events reported, 18% of
adverse events were mild. Out of 183 parents, 77% (n=140) of parents are saying yes, vaccines
are important and 18% (n=33) of parents said don't know, only 5% (n=10) of parents said it was
not important.
CONCLUSIONS: Among the pediatric population, infants, female gender and those receiving a medication
are at risk of developing adverse event. Parents are had good knowledge regarding
immunization. Constant monitoring is required to address the safety issue of the pediatric
population, especially in infants. So most of the infant, pediatric vaccines are safety.


With urban ecological belt as an example,this paper discusses the planning methods of urbanecological zone based on ecological security.It pointsout that protection of ecological capacity and border-line of urban extension are important contents of ur-ban ecological zone planning and significant for real-izing the target of urban ecological security.With eco-logical belt in northwest Hangzhou as an example,this paper develops the technical route and popula-tion model of ecological belt planning based on bal-ance of ecological capacity By quantitive evaluationof ecological capacity and ecological sensitivity analysis,it analyzes the methods and contents of ecological belt planning from the aspects of population,land and control guideline and so on.


In the article, the methodology of financial contagion is applied to the poultry industry. The infection rate of poultry and egg markets during the 2022 grain crisis was assessed. Through the use of special econometric tests, dif- ferent degrees of susceptibility of these markets to infection from grain crops were shown. An analysis of the infection dy- namics showed that the egg market is more resistant to the food crisis than the poultry meat market.


This is a PentaChart on reactor power for large displacement autonomous underwater vehicles. Currently AUVs use batteries or combinations of batteries and fuel cells for power. Battery/fuel cell technology is limited by duration. Batteries and cell fuels are a good match for some missions, but other missions could benefit greatly by a longer duration. The goal is the following: to design nuclear systems to power an AUV and meet design constraints including non-proliferation issues, power level, size constraints, and power conversion limitations. The action plan is to continue development of a range of systems for terrestrial systems and focus on a system for Titan Moon as alternative to Pu-238 for NASA.


Part 1 of the paper emphasizes the relationship between modern lighting design and contemporary practice in architecture and decoration, due to the use of new constructionalmethods and materials. Various forms oflighting are described briefly, and instances are given, leading up to the more recent influence that lighting by electricity is bringing to bear on modern architectural form. Part 2 deals with the characteristics of modern electric light sources and of the materials used in modern lighting, particularly diffusing glass of various kinds. The visual factors entering into lighting problems are then discussed, with particular reference toglare and its avoidance. The necessity for adequate contrasts, the proper utilization of shadows, and the importance of colour in lighting, are dealt with in the concludingparagraphs of the paper.


Many devices have been proposed for energy saving (by heating water) from the waste heat of car engines, some dating as far back as the early 1900's. However, so what this heated water could be used for remains an open question. In this paper, a new proposal is presented to answer this question. This is an onboard car and on-ground systems, for heating water to be used for the benefit of the community, as this hot water would be applied to meet the heating demand in buildings. Concerns about the added mass on the car, costs, and benefits and the user interface were discussed, and a universal system that could satisfy all of these criteria was developed.


Modern methods for testing, modeling, and analyzing the dynamics of mechanical structures are given. Modes of vibration are shown to be the link between a model developed using finite‐element methods and a transfer‐function model, the elements of which can be measured in the laboratory. Testing techniques are reviewed with emphasis on the transfer function method.


To compare outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) suboptimally controlled with basal insulin who initiated treatment with iGlarLixi or premixed insulin.


An implementation of the chirp transform algorithm for performing a real-time Fourier transform is described. The implementation is based upon an acousto-optic (AO) convolver with a large time-bandwidth product. An instantaneous bandwidth of about 80 MHz was measured for the A0 Fourier transform with a dynamic range in excess of 60 dB for a cw time-gated waveform. Sidelobe errors of less than 0.8 dB were measured for uniformlyweighted pulses, with a corresponding phase error of less than 5". The adaptability of this acoustooptic implementation is demonstrated by the ease with which both the sidelobe weighting function and the time rate of the transform can be varied.


This action research examined how fostering student autonomy, competence, and relatedness as described in Self-determination Theory (SDT) improved the Montessori kindergarten student's motivation to choose work from the math curriculum? By increasing the kindergarten student's knowledge of the Montessori math curriculum sequence, an attempt was made to increase their autonomy, competence and relatedness as it pertains to choosing math work. The data collection consisted of a student survey and questionaire that was administered before and after the introduction of the action research interventions. Teacher observations were also helpful when determining if students were choosing math works at a higher rate. This research found that introducing kindergarten students to the sequence of Montessori math work improved their knowledge of and attitude towards the Montessori math curiculum. SDT AND MONTESSORI KINDERGARTEN MATH 4 As a Montessori guide, I take notes on the interactions I have with my students during the work period. In my notes I found that I spent a good deal of my time directing kindergarten-aged children to check their weekly work contracts for appropriate work choices. The teacher and kindergarten student fill out the kindergarten contract together and the expectation is that the student will finish their contract in a week. The contracts include works from the language, math, art, geography, and science areas of the room. The Kindergarten contract is seen as a link between the children's house classrooms and lower elementary. Weekly work plans are used in the lower elementary classes to track the student's progress. The kindergarten contract is seen as a precursor to the practice of using work plans. The kindergarten students react positively to their contracts at the beginning of the year. Maybe they see this as proof of their maturity and as a prize for being the oldest students in the room. By mid-year, it becomes harder to engage the kindergarten students in their contract work. It becomes the job of the teacher to ask the kindergarten students to do something from their contract. Perhaps they do not understand the work on the contract or have not been given a lesson. Either way, it is clear that the students are not intrinsically motivated to do the contract work and do not self-choose to complete their contracts in a timely fashion. The school where I am employed as a primary Montessori guide for 3 to 6 yearolds has one toddler class, four primary or Children's House classes, two lower elementary classes, and one upper elementary class. The student enrollment at this time is approximately 113 students. Medicine and higher education are the primary industries SDT AND MONTESSORI KINDERGARTEN MATH 5 in the town where The Montessori Cottage is located. The cost to attend The Montessori Cottage is approximately $10,540 for one school year. Twenty five percent of families receive some form of financial assistance. As a member of a teaching team in a primary classroom, I share classroom responsibilities with three other teachers. We have between 18 and 24 students on average. The teaching team consists of three Montessori early childhood teachers and one assistant. The assistant and one Montessori trained teacher leave at 1:15 p.m. and I arrive to teach between 1:15 and 3:00 p.m. The lead Montessori teacher stays the entire day. The four primary classes are called the Red Room, the Blue Room, the Yellow Room, and the Green Room. The Red Room is the classroom in which we teach, and the location where the action research problem formation took place. The reason why the kindergarten students are not self-motivated to choose works from their contracts became the seed of the action research question. To improve kindergarten student motivation across the entire Montessori curriculum seemed too large a task for this research, so the math area of the curriculum was chosen as the focus. Because of the quantitative nature of math, it is supposed that data on successful completion of math works would be easier to gather. A search of the literature on human motivation found several theories of motivation that have been researched over the last several decades. It is necessary that any theory of motivation used is in alignment with Dr. Maria Montessori's (1964, 1967) research on human development. A theoretical framework mentioned often in research devoted to human motivation is Optimal Experience Theory (OES) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). Optimal experience, or flow, is a term used to describe the feeling of losing oneself in the activity SDT AND MONTESSORI KINDERGARTEN MATH 6 in which you are engaged. Time, effort, and self-consciousness drop away and optimal experience takes over. People who experience flow in an activity report a strong sense of well-being and this feedback encourages them to experience flow again. Each flow state changes the participant and can only be achieved again by the incremental improvements of knowledge and ability. If ability is much greater than the experience requires the participant may be bored by the activity, and if ability is far less than what is required by the activity then anxiety is produced, and flow is not achieved. Experiences must have the right amount of challenge relative to a participant's skills to induce deep concentration. In these instances flow is achieved. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) proposes that the flow experience is so rewarding that it intrinsically motivates people to engage in activities that provide an optimal experience or flow. This correlates directly with Dr. Montessori's writings on normalization in which she describes how a child's experience of deep concentration on a work changes them and produces expressions of joy, discipline, and sympathy (Montessori, 1967). It is the responsibility of the Montessori teacher to present work that provides a challenge while using the student's previous experiences and knowledge which leads to deep concentration, or flow. Self-determination theory (SDT) (Ryan & Deci, 2000) builds upon the research of Optimal Experience Theories and proposes that autonomy, competence and relatedness are three innate psychological necessities that when fulfilled boost intrinsic motivation and the sense of well-being in humans (Ryan & Deci, 2000). SDT uses the term autonomy for the feeling people have that their behavior is self-determined and has an internal locus of causality. Competence is bolstered by events external to the person that SDT AND MONTESSORI KINDERGARTEN MATH 7 provide feedback, rewards, contextual support, and experiences of efficacy. These events then amplify feelings of competence and intrinsic motivation. Relatedness becomes significant after you leave the stage of infancy and become a member of a society. A sense of being connected or belonging with others, or relatedness, can instill intrinsic motivation for some actions (Ryan & Deci, 2000). School and work are social situations where the rules already exist and are naturally external to your motivation. Relatedness, feelings of competence, and experiences of autonomy can be helpful when trying to internalize or integrate these external regulations and extrinsic motivations. Do theories of motivation like OET and SDT fit into the pedagogy of Dr. Montessori? Lillard (2007) divides Montessori education into eight principles: 1. Movement is integral to learning. 2. Choice and having control of one's life leads to feelings of happiness and improved learning. 3. Having an interest in the subject improves learning. 4. Extrinsic rewards and punishments negatively impacts learning. 5. Collaboration and learning with and from peers improves learning. 6. Providing a context for what is being learned enhances meaning for the learner and improves outcomes. 7. Adults can have positive or negative effects on the learning environment. 8. Beauty and order in the classroom environment greatly benefits the student (p.29). SDT AND MONTESSORI KINDERGARTEN MATH 8 In this list, we see that competence can be enhanced by the ordered environment, contextual learning and self-correcting materials; autonomy is derived from choice, positive adult attitudes to self-directedness, and the uninterrupted work cycle; and relatedness are fostered by positive adult interactions, mixed age groupings, multiple years in the same class, and collaboration with peers. It is clear that Montessori teachers can use Montessori teaching practices in the context of current theoretical frameworks of motivation. The research discussed in this review has shown ways in which Montessori methodologies are in alignment with recent theories of what motivates humans. Montessori teachers must prepare themselves, and the classroom to provide opportunities in education for autonomy, interest/context, mastery/competence, and relatedness. The teacher has to be an active participant in preparing a caring environment that responds to the student's interest without rewards or punishment while the student achieves autonomy and competence. This is an ongoing cycle that requires continuous observation, assessment, and implementation on the part of the teacher. The question this research will ask is in what ways will improvements in student autonomy, competence, and relatedness as described in Self-determination Theory (SDT) motivate Montessori kindergarten students to choose and complete work from the math curriculum? Description of Research Process The first step in the collection of data was discussing the action research theme with the head of school at The Montessori Cottage. Consent was given by the head of school for the research on motivation among kindergarten students in the Red Room. The head of school asked that I submit a document to her detailing the extent of the SDT AND MONTESSORI KINDERGARTEN MATH 9 research. I submitted an Action Research Approval Form to her, and she approved the research. To increase democrati


In many methods to measure the Modulation Transfer Function( MTF ) of an optical system, a pinhole or a slit is used as a test target. In such methods, the light flux that is diverging from a test target must illuminate the full aperture of the test lens evenly. In practice, however, it is rare to satisfy this condition especially for a measurement of an optical system of high numerical aperture. And the insufficient illumination causes some amount of error on the measured MTF values. This paper describes a method for estimating the error of MTF values that are caused by the difference of illumination condition.


Background and Purpose: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that is released on injury triggers inflammation. This study aims to elucidate the effects of salidroside on diabetes-induced liver inflammation.

Experimental Approach: The levels of glucose, inflammatory cytokines and hepatic functional parameters in serum and liver of type 2 diabetic db/db mice were examined. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blot tests were performed to determine the mechanisms underlying the action. Palmitic acid (PA) or HMGB1–stimulated was adopted as an in vitro cell model.

Key Results: Salidroside treatment improved glucose tolerance, lipid profiles while decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines. It also reduced the levels of serum biochemical markers. In addition, salidroside inhibited HMGB1 signaling pathway in db/db mice. In the salidroside treatment significantly inhibited PA or HMGB1 induced inflammatory signaling pathway, too. HMGB1 inhibitors and HMGB1 knockdown both hindered PA-induced HMGB1 signaling pathway, showing the same effect as salidroside.

Conclusion: Salidroside treatment significantly alleviates insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hepatic inflammation in db/db mice, and also showed beneficial to PA-stimulated. Salidroside proves to control hyperglycemia and hepatic inflammation via inhibiting HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB and HMGB1/TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathways.

Funding Statement: This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81400800).

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

Ethics Approval Statement: All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with animal ethics of Zhengzhou University.


: The essential role in credit risk modeling is Loss Given Default (LGD) estimation. LGD is treated as a random variable with bimodal 9 distribution. For LGD estimation advanced statistical models such as beta 10 regression can be applied. Unfortunately, the parametric methods require 11 amendments of the "inflation" type that lead to mixed modeling approach. Contrary to classical statistical methods based on probability distribution, the families of classifiers such as gradient boosting or random forests operate with 14 information and allow for more flexible model adjustment. The problem encountered is comparison of obtained results. The aim of the paper is to present and compare results of LGD modeling using statistical methods and data mining approach. Calculations were done on real life data sourced from 18 one of Polish large banks.


This paper is about the role of Planck's constant, $\hbar$, in the geometric quantization of Poisson manifolds using symplectic groupoids. In order to construct a strict deformation quantization of a given Poisson manifold, one can use all possible rescalings of the Poisson structure, which can be combined into a single "Heisenberg-Poisson" manifold. The new coordinate on this manifold is identified with $\hbar$. I present an explicit construction for a symplectic groupoid integrating a Heisenberg-Poisson manifold and discuss its geometric quantization. I show that in cases where $\hbar$ cannot take arbitrary values, this is enforced by Bohr-Sommerfeld conditions in geometric quantization.
A Heisenberg-Poisson manifold is defined by linearly rescaling the Poisson structure, so I also discuss nonlinear variations and give an example of quantization of a nonintegrable Poisson manifold using a presymplectic groupoid.
In appendices, I construct symplectic groupoids integrating a more general class of Heisenberg-Poisson manifolds constructed from Jacobi manifolds and discuss the parabolic tangent groupoid.


A process for realizing a device for moving a sample was taken for molecular biology of (1), the apparatus comprising a support body having a first portion a (2a) of at least (2), the molecular so as to form the collecting portion which is flocked will be taken at a certain sample collecting part of the biology for the amount (3) (3), the support body by flocking the first (2) a portion of the plurality of fibers arranged is attached to (2a) (6) at least, the process, at least comprising a step of pre-processing the plurality of fibers (6) using a surfactant, surfactant agent wherein the step of pre-processing the plurality of fibers (6) using the body of the fiber (6) and / or by flocking after applying the fibers to the support body (2) by flocking ( attached to 2) It is performed before and / or the surfactant is added to the fibers (6) during the production of the fiber (6), process. .FIELD 1


The paper has investigated the influence of Mg-based master alloy on the microstructure and property of the die cast alloy Mg-8Zn-5Al-0.25Mn.The result indicates that the microstructure are made of α-Mg phase,Φ phase(Al_2Mg_5Zn_2),τ phase(Mg_(32)(AlZn)_(49)).The Mg-based master alloy can decrease the size of the grain.When 1.7% added,the tenacity will come to a max-digit about two times as the tenacity of ZA85.The more the Mg-based Master alloy added,the bigger digit the hardness can achieve.When 7% master alloy added the hardness will come to 86.37HB.


Thermally tunable fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been widely used in optical communication systems for wavelength tuning and dispersion compensation. To simulate the FBG thermal tuning process, a mathematical thermal tuning model has been developed, a stored heat energy Bragg wavelength mathematical relationship has been defined and the thermal tuning response time calculated.


This study examined the influence of different human milk fortifiers on biomarkers of gastrointestinal immaturity and inflammation in preterm infants.


peutic fidelity in MM bone disease. CCX721, administered either prophylactically or therapeutically, reduced tumor burden in their model, as demonstrated by a reduction in a monoclonal immunoglobulin biomarker and by green fluorescent protein–tagged cell imaging. Interestingly, the reduction of tumor burden was not due to a direct cytotoxic effect on MM cells, as CCX721 had no effect on the viability of cultured mouse and human MM cell lines, no effect on subcutaneously implanted plasmacytomas and no effect on splenic MM cells in their mice. The effect of CCX721 on MM tumor burden is therefore entirely dependent on the bone marrow microenvironment. Within this environment, the authors demonstrate a marked reduction of osteoclasts and this translates into a reduction in the number osteolytic bone lesions. To suggest potential clinical efficacy in humans, they note that nanomolar concentrations of CCX721 were sufficient to effectively inhibit osteoclastogenesis from normal human mononuclear precursors. These results represent a clear improvement over those seen with other CCL3/MIP-1 inhibitors and use a molecule that is orally bioavailable and whose parent compound is already in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases. While CCR1 inhibition may seem like an excellent idea in mouse models of diseases, human clinical trials have not been so successful. In the inflammatory diseases, 3 trials of 3 separate CCR1 inhibitors did not show much therapeutic benefit, possibly because of chemokine family cross-talk or low levels of CCR1 inhibition.7 In MM, Dairaghi and colleagues have shown that exclusive, but profound, CCR1 inhibition is enough to achieve clinical efficacy in their model, suggesting that any chemokine redundancy may not matter. Their work paves the way for human clinical trials of their compound, or its parent, in treating MM bone disease. However, given recent reports that the standard-of-care bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, not only reduces skeletal-related events but also may contribute to improving overall survival in MM, the clinical bar has been set very high.9 Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The author declares no competing financial interests. ■


Progressive, well-managed, responsible companies are primed to become prevention partners with the medical community. The business community needs the medical community to integrate wellness into the workplace. However, the medical community also needs the business community. Payers compensate medical providers for diagnostic and treatment care. Employers' health promotion programs emphasize behavioral change, which is undercompensated in the medical community but pays off in the business community. A business-medical partnership opens a new path to achieving a greater balance between prevention and treatment of disease. Wellness is the common goal


'archive pleasure' and 'physical, emotional and intellectual encounters' and many writers acknowledge the role of archives in relation to people's identity, memory and sense of place and their power to change lives.1 More research into the effect archives have had on users at a personal and emotional level might generate novel perceptions and provide valuable additional evidence when making the case for our services. There seems little doubt to this reviewer that the experiences and emotions that archives offer to people can be just as profound as any derived from works of art or other objects and activities.


Tracking control for multiple-integrator systems is regarded as a fundamental problem associated with nonlinear dynamic systems in the physical and mathematical sciences, with many applications in engineering fields. In this paper, we adopt the Zhang neural network method to solve this nonlinear dynamic problem. In addition, in order to adapt to the requirements of real-world hardware implementations with higher-order precision for this problem, the multiple-order derivatives in the Zhang neural network method are estimated using backward finite-divided difference formulas with quadratic-order precision, thus producing time delays. As such, we name the proposed method the Zhang neural network method with time delay. Moreover, we present five theorems to describe the convergence property of the Zhang neural network method without time delay and the quadratic-order error pattern of the Zhang neural network method with time delay derived from the backward finite-divided difference formulas with quadratic-order precision, which specifically demonstrate the effect of the time delay. Finally, tracking controllers with quadratic-order precision for multiple-integrator systems are constructed using the Zhang neural network method with time delay, and two numerical experiments are presented to substantiate the theoretical results for the Zhang neural network methods with and without time delay.


Measurements of the proton magnetic resonance absorption in solid solutions of t‐butyl chloride in carbon tetrachloride are reported for temperatures above −195°C. The results confirm, in general, the phase diagram established previously by thermal and dielectric measurements. In addition, information is obtained on the CH3 group and molecular motions in the various phases. Rotation of the CH3 groups at −195°C depends on the composition. In solutions between 34.9 and 70.6 mole percent t‐butyl chloride there is effective rotation of the CH3 groups about their C3 axes whereas in pure t‐butyl chloride the CH3 groups are fixed at this temperature. For some compositions two separate phases are formed at low temperatures and the observed absorption agrees with that predicted from the properties and relative proportions of the protons in the two phases. Somewhat anomalous results were obtained for the more dilute solutions. For all compositions at temperatures above −150°C the resonance line narrows to about the...