Our patient was a young male with a large solitary liver abscess. Amoebic liver abscess would have been the expected clinical diagnosis with this presentation. However amoebic serology was negative and the cultures from the abscess cavity repeatedly grew Candida albicans without any sign of bacterial growth, thus leading us to the diagnosis of a Candidial liver abscess. The gastrointestinal tract appears to be the probable source of the Candida infection in this patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second instance of a fungal liver abscess reported in an immunocompetent host. In an earlier report Candida glabrata liver abscess was discovered in a 64-year-old female, but that patient had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and had received multiple antibiotics as well as short duration steroid therapy. In contrast our patient did not have any long standing illness and had never been on any immunosuppressant medication. Most hepatic fungal abscesses occur in patients with hematological malignancies and are caused by Candida albicans. Marcus et al, observed that 19 of 20 fungal abscesses in cancer patients were caused by Candida albicans. Fifteen of them had hematologic malignancies. The patient responded to fluconazole. The current IDSA clinical practice guidelines on the management of candidiasis also recommend fluconazole as the initial therapy for invasive candidiasis caused by C. albicans in non-neutropenic adults. The fact that the patient was immunocompetent may have some bearing on the unusual clinical presentation and excellent response to treatment that was seen in this patient. Our report suggests that it will be prudent to exclude fungal infections in case the bacterial cultures are sterile from a pyogenic abscess as attempts to treat can be quite rewarding.


V-β molecular sieves through isomorphous replacement of Si by V in zeolite β were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal procedure. The synthesis conditions were as follows: the molar chemical composition of the mixture: 60SiO_ 2-xV_ 2O_ 5-y(TEA)_ 2O-zH_ 2O-wNH_ 4F ( 1≤x≤6, y≥16, 500≤z≤800, w≥5 ), reaction temperature 413 K, reaction time 12 d. The synthesized samples are characterized by XRD, IR, UV-Vis, TG, DTA and SEM. The results confirm that V-β molecular sieves contain a β phase of good species, and show the presence of V iron in the framework position. In the system the catalytic behavior of V-β molecular sieves in the hydroxylation of phenol with H_ 2O_ 2 as the oxidant was also investigated.


The dynamic control of reservoir limited water level during flood seasons is in fact a kind of risk regulation.Based on the analysis of uncertainties of short term hydrologic forecast,it is put forward that the evaluation indices for flood forecast accuracy levels should be transformed into the stochastic values of incident flood hydrograph.The transform and evaluation of errors of hydrologic forecast with different forecast accuracy levels and different expected forecasting periods are analyzed by use of the stochastic differential equations for flood routing of reservoirs.A mathematical model of risk rate for the dynamic control of reservoir limited water level is established so as to quantitatively estimate the impact of the increase of limited water level on the safety of dam and downstream protection area.The results of the adopted examples show that the increase of reservoir limited water level must cause the rising of the flood risk rate of the reservoir and the downstream river.By improving the flood forecasting accuracy and extending the forecasting period,we can lower the risk rising value caused by the increase of the limited water level.


Dynamic positioning control tests were carried out for a semi-submersible two-lower-hull type platform model in the simulated environment for offshore current, wind and wave in a ship model basin. Prior to the control tests, hydrodynamic characteistics of the platform and the propulsion systems were measured and computer simulations were made to obtain the basis for the design of the dynamic positioning control system. The results of over-all control tests indicate that the dynamic positioning control is duly practicable at the two-lower-hull type semi-submersible platform. Offshore platforms, floating or semi-submerged, usually encounter all kinds of drifting forces due to current, wind and wave. To keep the platform at the desired position and heading, the anchor-chain/wire system has been known as one of the most reliable means at relatively shallow sea area. However, position holding capacity of the anchor-chain/wire system becomes inadequate when the depth of the sea approaches the order of deeper continental shelves. In order to be able to operate the platform in such deep sea area, therefore, position holding device other than the anchor-chain/wire system will be called for. To keep the position against drifting forces by use of the closed-loop control of hydrodynamic propulsion devices ("dynamic positioning system") has been regarded as one of the most effective means to solve the problem. The feasibility of this kind of positioning control has already been verified for drilling ships by use of the systems based on digital or analog computer control methods. In the present paper, fundamental study is made on the applicability of such system to the positioning of a large-size semi-submersible two-lower-hull type platform.


The author presents an overview of the DARPA integrated image understanding benchmark and of the Image Understanding Architecture (IUA). The performance of the architecture on various portions of the benchmark is discussed. A discussion of lessons that have been learned as a result of the experience, both in terms of the design of the architecture and of the benchmark, is included. With regard to the IUA itself, the results indicate outstanding performance on lower-level tasks, especially with the 8-b intensity data. Floating-point performance, while good, could be improved with additional hardware support. In terms of the benchmark, it is found that solving even a task as simple as this can present serious difficulties.<<ETX>>


Emmanuel Afrane Gyasi On adaptive intelligent welding: technique feasibility in weld quality assurance for advanced steels Lappeenranta 2018 100 pages Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 805 Diss. Lappeenranta University of Technology ISBN 978-952-335-251-3, ISBN 978-952-335-252-0 (PDF), ISSN-L 1456-4491, ISSN 1456-4491 The welding industry has a need to utilize lightweight steels in welded applications while maintaining acceptable weld quality. This goal can be achieved through effective quality assurance, efficient weld parameter decision-making systems, and careful choice of steel grades. Consequently, there is a need for: i) knowledge enabling manufacturers to select appropriate lightweight material to meet the requirement for reduced structural weight and attain cost reduction in welding manufacturing; and ii) new ways to assure weld quality in real-time, ideally with welding systems that are self-adjusting and able to eliminate welding flaws during welding. Concurrent with this evolution towards lighter structures, the next phase in modern manufacturing, Industry 4.0, is also driving welding industries to digitization of manufacturing using advanced welding technologies. The Industry 4.0 concept aims to harness emerging digital technologies for enhanced quality, connectivity, productivity, and environmental and economic gain via improved reliability in manufacturing and production. Greater integration of evolving technologies in automation, digitization and artificial intelligence (AI) are required in welding manufacturing to realize a sustainable future industry. The objectives of this thesis are to provide an overview of weld integrity aspects of advanced steels, that is, high strength steels (HSS) and ultra high strength steels (UHSS), and through experimental study to explore the applicability of adaptive intelligent robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of UHSS for structural applications. Additionally, the study aims to utilize the findings from experimental work in the design of a new weld quality assurance model based on adaptive intelligence. This aspect is grounded on the concept of Industry 4.0 and the "big data" involved in systems integration processes (automation, robotics, sensory, monitoring and artificial intelligent systems). The thesis is an article-based study comprising the outcome of five research articles. Research methods used include both review of previous work and experimental study. Review of the weldability of HSS and UHSS showed that these steels have high susceptibility to heat affected zone (HAZ) softening when they are welded at elevated temperatures and with imprecisely controlled heat input. Additionally, a risk of cold cracking and a propensity to weld integrity problems arises when the steels are welded with filler materials having high hydrogen content and varying strength. The experimental studies indicated the feasibility of effectively welding these steels with accurately modelled and controlled welding heat conditions. The welding of direct-quenched UHSS S960QC material in fillet joint configurations in different welding positions with an adaptive intelligence welding system demonstrated the possibility of real-time process monitoring, process outcome prediction, and control of welding parameters and variables in robot welding with the aim of achieving desired weld quality. The behaviour of welding parameter control and adaptation and their effects correlate with the consequential changes in the macrostructure, mechanical properties and microstructure of the weldments. A new weld quality assurance model based on adaptive intelligence systems is examined and presented with detailed steps. The model aims to assist welding companies, large and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in their decision-making, and to contribute to efforts to integrate and advance the implementation of adaptive welding systems in manufacturing and production networks. The new weld quality assurance model facilitates digitization of weld quality and quality assurance processes to improve weld quality, eliminate or reduce already at the commissioning stage weldments with defects, maintain a digital history of the welding operation for optimization and development purposes, reduce rework, trace weld defects digitally and in real-time, and define and approve welding procedure specification (WPS) in digital formats. In addition to the fundamental aim of weld quality assurance, additional benefits for welding companies include opportunities to network with other robot cells in other companies and firms and synchronize adaptive welding systems on a global level for common welding production throughput.


It is important to analyze mechanical relationship between lunar wheel and lunar soil for studying passing ability of regolith in lunar soil. Mechanical relationship between lunar wheel and regolith could be reflected by these parameters such as sinkage, drawbar pull, driving torque, motion resistance and slip when the lunar wheel moves. Thus, it is necessary to analyze these parameters of lunar wheel by soil bin test. The test results show that, the four parameters increase with slip and loading, except motion resistance of the test wheel which is under 70N at the speed of 25mm/s. The variations of the four parameters are not significantly influenced by velocity. The variations of the four parameters are significantly influenced by loading.


Due to the lack of pixel level structural matching data, thermal infrared grayscale images are more difficult to color than visible and near-infrared grayscale images. Therefore, this paper proposes a unsupervised learning method based on CycleGAN. On the basis of CycleGAN, a pre trained edge monitor is introduced to calculate the edge feature map before and after image transformation, and the edge similarity loss function is calculated as the basis for optimizing the neural network parameters. The experimental results show that the proposed method effectively reduces the loss of effective edge information during the coloring process and suppresses the generation of abnormal edge information during the coloring process.


ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: The aim of this study was to eva lu a te pa rents' know led ge on pe di at ric first aid prac ti ces. Ma te ri al and Met hods: The sur vey co hort com pri sed 631 pa rents who pre sen ted to the An ka ra Uni ver sity Fa culty of Me di ci ne, De part ment of P e di at ric Emer gency Me di ci ne. Pa rents we re as ked to fill out a qu es ti on na i re re gar ding the ir know led ge on stings and bi tes, burns and scalds, eye in ju ri es, frac tu res and spra ins, fe ver, he ad in ju ri es, fa in ting, po i so ning, den tal emer gen ci es, no seb le eds, se i zu res and skin wo unds. The sur vey qu es ti ons we re pre pa red from first aid ins truc ti ons pub lis hed on a pos ter dis tri bu ted by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2000. Re sults: A to tal of 631 pa rents we re sur ve yed. The ir me an age was 30.6 (ran ge 18-51 ye ars), 62% of them we re fe ma les, 68% had a pri mary or se con dary school edu ca ti o nal le vel, and 32% held hig her edu ca ti on deg re es. The we a kest are as of know led ge we re how to tre at a child in a si tu a ti on in vol ving no seb le ed, fa in ting and po i so ning with ca us tic and cor ro si ve subs tan ces. Only 27 (4.3%) had re ce i ved pre vi o us for mal tra i ning in first aid; the re ma i ning 604 (95.7%) had not un der ta ken such a tra i ning. Tho se who had ta ken a co ur se in first aid at le ast on ce wit hin fi ve ye ars ac hi e ved sig ni fi cantly bet ter re sults. A statistical to com pa ri son bet we en gro ups who had re ce i ved pre vi o us for mal tra i ning in first aid and who had not revealed that test z va lu e was -6.165 and p va lu e was signi fi cant (p< 0.001). Know led ge of spe ci fic gu i de li nes ran ged from 23.6 to 95.4%. There was no correlation between know led ge and age, gen der or edu ca ti on of pa rents. Conc lu si on: First aid know led ge and par ti ci pa ti on in first aid co ur ses in Tur key is low-in suf fi ci ent or lac king in ge ne ral. Pub lic edu ca ti on and first aid co ur ses sho uld be ma de ava i lab le in or der to im pro ve first aid edu ca ti on among adult lay per sons.


Two subgraphs $A,B$ of a graph $G$ are anticomplete if they are vertex-disjoint and there are no edges joining them. Is it true that if $G$ is a graph with bounded clique number, and sufficiently large chromatic number, then it has two anticomplete subgraphs, both with large chromatic number? This is a question raised by El-Zahar and Erd\H{o}s in 1986, and remains open. If so, then at least there should be two anticomplete subgraphs both with large minimum degree, and that is one of our results. We prove two variants of this. First, a strengthening: we can ask for one of the two subgraphs to have large chromatic number: that is, for all $t, c\ge 1$ there exists $d\ge 1$ such that if $G$ has chromatic number at least $d$, and does not contain the complete graph $K_t$ as a subgraph, then there are anticomplete subgraphs $A,B$, where $A$ has minimum degree at least $c$ and $B$ has chromatic number at least $c$. Second, we look at what happens if we replace the hypothesis that $G$ has sufficiently large chromatic number with the hypothesis that $G$ has sufficently large minimum degree. This, together with excluding $K_t$, is {\em not} enough to guarantee two anticomplete subgraphs both with large minimum degree; but it works if instead of xcluding $K_t$ we exclude the complete bipartite graph $K_{t,t}$. More exactly: for all $t, c\ge 1$ there exists $d\ge 1$ such that if $G$ has minimum degree at least $d$, and does not contain the complete bipartite graph $K_{t,t}$ as a subgraph, then there are two anticomplete subgraphs both with minimum degree at least $c$.


The late  19th century  witnessed an explosion of interest in canoeing as sport, recreation, and leisure in Canada, the United States, and Britain. One of the enduring legacies of the "canoe boom" was the American Canoe Association (aca ), a transnational organization established in 1880 to "unite all amateur canoeists for the purpose of pleasure, health, or exploration." Annual meetings were central to realizing this mission. For two weeks in August, hundreds of enthusiasts from Canada and the United States came together to camp out, socialize, and race canoes. The encampments would not have occurred – or at the very least they would have looked drastically different – without the carpenters, cooks, servers, performers, and general labourers the organization hired to do the heavy work of construction, maintenance, and service. In spite of their importance, these workers exist, at best, on the margins of the official accounts of the meets; in most cases, they are altogether ignored. Recovery of this labouring past is difficult, and admittedly fragmentary. However, it is critical to the history of labour and of sport.


We calculate the proton-proton densities of {sup 3}He and {sup 4}He using ground-state wave functions obtained from the Faddeev and Faddeev-Yakubovsky methods, respectively. The experimental {sup 3}He proton-proton momentum space density is extracted from the electric-charge form-factor data and the longitudinal Coulomb sum rule. We use this as a testing ground for coordinate space Faddeev wave functions based on different realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions, such as the Bonn, Paris, Argonne, Urbana, and SSC-C potentials. We find that the Paris potential reproduces the proton-proton density best, although it does not have sufficient repulsion to reproduce the first minimum. Upon Fourier transformation into coordinate space, we find that the proton-proton density data are not consistent with any of the realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions. With the Faddeev-Yakubovsky amplitudes for the {sup 4}He{sub g.s.} wave function and the SSC-C potential, the calculated proton-proton density is consistent with the data, which is, however, of poor quality. Recent ({ital e},{ital e}{prime}) data will help to provide the required refinements.


The results of a computational study examining the effects of non-harmonic active-twist control on blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise for the Apache Active Twist Rotor are presented. Rotor aeroelastic behavior was modeled using the Comprehensive Analytical Model of Rotorcraft Aerodynamics and Dynamics code and the rotor noise was predicted using the acoustics code PSU-WOPWOP. The application of non-harmonic active-twist inputs to the main rotor blade system comprised three parameters: azimuthal location to start actuation, azimuthal duration of actuation, and magnitude of actuation. The acoustic analysis was conducted for a single low-speed flight condition of advance ratio mu=0.14 and shaft angle-of-attack, a(sub s)=+6deg. BVI noise levels were predicted on a flat plane of observers located 1.1 rotor diameters beneath the rotor. The results indicate significant reductions of up to 10dB in BVI noise using a starting azimuthal location for actuation of 90?, an azimuthal duration of actuation of 90deg, and an actuation magnitude of +1.5 ft-lb.


This paper presents a variety of techniques and technologies aimed at the transformation of crystallographic data into information and knowledge.


We study the scattering interaction of electromagnetic pulses of short duration with targets of either simple or complex geometrical shape using an impulse radar system. The targets of complex shape are plastic scale models of two aircraft with metallized surface. For comparison we also use a target of simple shape, in this case a metal sphere, for which we display the various signature representations, both theoretically predicted and evaluated from measured data. The form-function in the backscattering direction is determined from measured data when the targets are illuminated at a few different aspects. We extend the signature representations of targets to the combined time-frequency domain by computing and displaying pseudo-Wigner distributions of the recorded transient responses. We demonstrate that the time-frequency signature as given by the pseudo-Wigner distribution can extract and exhibit informative features in the frequency band of the incident pulse in agreement with the general time-development of resonance features. It follows that a time-frequency signature will improve the target-recognition capability ordinarily furnished by the standard form-function or radar cross-section of the considered targets.


In-situ measurement of local orientation and strain Has Been carried out for a copperpolycrystals under a uniaxial loading using a synchrotron x-ray microdiffraction method at the Advanced Light Source. The heterogeneities of deformation-induced microstructure within single grains were observed. There were differences in the selection of simultaneously acting slip systems among neighboring volume elements within a grain.


The findings are presented of ethnomusicological research in several Eskimo communities of northwestern Alaska where traditional music is still popular. In some of these communities, particularly at Point Hope, musical ceremonialism is considerable. There are three main classes of songs in use: game songs, songs-within-stories and dance songs. Song styles and dance styles differ from those of the Eskimo communities of southwestern Alaska, reflecting not only the ceremonialism formerly associated with whaling in the north, but also language differences.


In the 1980s Mikhail Gromov introduced a notion of abstract hyperbolic spaces, which have thereafter been studied and developed by many authors. This theory is a good way to understand the important connections between graphs and Potential Theory on Riemannian manifolds (see e.g. [4, 9, 11, 22, 23, 24, 39]). Initially, the research was mainly centered on hyperbolic group theory, but lately researchers have shown an increasing interest in more direct studies of spaces endowed with metrics used in geometric function theory. One of the primary questions is naturally whether a metric space (X, d) is hyperbolic in the sense of Gromov or not. The most classical examples are metric trees, the classical Poincaré hyperbolic metric developed in the unit disk and, more generally, simply connected complete Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature K ≤ −k2 < 0. However, it is not easy to determine whether a given space is Gromov hyperbolic or not. In recent years several investigators have been interested in showing that metrics used in geometric function theory are Gromov hyperbolic. For instance, the Klein-Hilbert metric (see [7, 25]) is Gromov hyperbolic (under particular conditions on the domain of definition); the Gehring-Osgood j-metric (see [17]) is Gromov hyperbolic; and the Vuorinen j-metric (see [17]) is not Gromov hyperbolic except in the punctured space. Also, in [26] the hyperbolicity of the conformal modulus metric μ and the related so-called Ferrand metric λ∗, is studied. The Gromov hyperbolicity of the quasihyperbolic metric has also recently been a topic of interest. In [8], Bonk, Heinonen and Koskela found necessary and sufficient conditions for when a planar domain D endowed with the quasihyperbolic metric is Gromov hyperbolic. This was extended by Balogh and Buckley, [5]: they found two different necessary and sufficient conditions which work in Euclidean spaces of all dimensions and also in metric spaces under some conditions. Since the Poincaré metric is also the metric giving rise to what is commonly known as the hyperbolic metric when speaking about open domains in the complex plane or in Riemann surfaces, it could be expected that there is a connection between the notions of hyperbolicity. For simply connected subdomains Ω of the complex plane, it follows directly from the Riemann mapping theorem that the metric space (Ω, hΩ) is in fact Gromov hyperbolic. However, as soon as simple connectedness is omitted, there is no immediate answer to whether the space Ω is hyperbolic or not. The question has lately been studied in [3, 18, 20, 19, 21, 27], [29]–[38] and [40]. In the current paper our main aim is to study the Gromov hyperbolicity of Denjoy domains (i.e., plane domains Ω with ∂Ω ⊂ R) with the Poincaré metric. This kind of surfaces are becoming more and more important in geometric function theory, since, on the one hand, they are a very general type of Riemann surfaces, and, on the other hand, they are more manageable due to symmetry. For instance, Garnett and Jones have proved in [12] the Corona Theorem for Denjoy domains, and Alvarez, Pestana and Rodŕıguez in


The Moderate Deviations Principle (MDP) is well-understood for sums of independent random variables, worse understood for stationary random sequences, and scantily understood for random fields. Here it is established for splittable random fields integrated against test functions.


ethods: Driving and demographic data for 4528 teens (weighted 10.5 million) aged 16–19 years were obtained from the 2001 National Household Transportation Survey (NHTS). County-level sprawl was measured using an index developed by Ewing et al. The association between daily miles driven by teens and sprawl, controlling for demographic characteristics, was modeled using ordinal logistic regression. The predicted probability of driving 20 miles in counties with varying degrees of sprawl also was calculated.


Reasonable fertilization and intercropping could build up soil microorganisms and therefore benefit crop growth and pest control.A field plot experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of three N application rates(N0-0 kg hm-2,N-225 kg hm-2 and N3/2-337.5 kg hm-2) on crop yields and the rhizosphere pathogens of fababean fusarium wilt at different growth stages in wheat-faba bean intercropping.The results showed that the intercropping significantly increased the biomass and yield of faba bean,and the yield increased as N(23.9%)N3/2(5.53%)N0(5.04%).The rhizosphere fungal quantities under intercropping management were significantly higher than sole cropping,and N treatment(the conventional level of N) showed the best effect.The intercropping significantly inhibited the numbers of fusarium,which being lowest at the conventional level of nitrogen(N) and 43.0%,70.87% and 76.80%,respectively.The proportions of fusarium to fungi were significantly higher in sole cropping than the intercropping;furthermore,the proportions of fusarium to fungi varied over growth stages under the intercropping,and gradually increased across the growth stages in sole cropping system.


the early 1960s a woman student at a distinguished university in Massachusetts fell sick in her boyfriend's apartment and stayed there overnight instead of returning to her dormitory; she was subject to disciplinary procedures even though she had slept in a separate bed. About the same time a young Stanford woman was summarily dismissed when the dean of women discovered that she had had sexual relations with a married man. Sometime later there was much publicity about a Barnard student who had shared an apartment with her boyfriend while officially occupying a dormitory room. She too was punished for her offense. All three cases are from the most liberal institutions in the nation. Everywhere penalties for sexual improprieties were severe; even legitimate pregnancies were considered embarrassing if the women continued to attend classes. A vast ar-


Water governance deals with the steering, organisation and guidance of water resources management. Alongside encouraging technical solutions, effective water governance addresses organisational, legal, financial, socioeconomic and political issues. This paper applies governance matrix, which was tailored to the local context of Palestine. Setting of the matrix dimensions and related evaluation criteria, the questions and indicators were identified based on sectorial gaps using authors' knowledge and experiences in the sector and the review of available documents and reports. The matrix includes 13 dimensions: levels and scales, actors and networks, organisations and organisational capacity, problem perspectives and goal ambitions, water quality, strategies and instruments, rules enforcement, responsibilities and resources, technology systems, funding, infrastructure, political status, and social status. Findings indicate that the two most supportive dimensions, or the least in need of improvement, were water quality and responsibilities and resources, and the two most restrictive dimensions were political status and social status.


In this thesis we study an implementation of auctions in assignment markets. First we lay the basis for understanding auctions of a single object with private valuations, both at first price and at second price. As a main result, we find the revenue equivalence principle concerning certain types of auction. We focus on multi-object auctions and their classes. Then, taking as a reference Shapley and Shubik (1971) [16], we explain the assignment market and its associated assignment game. We also present in detail the core and its lattice structure, as well as the buyers and the sellers optima. Finally, we put the two issues together through the writing of Demange, Gale and Sotomayor (1986) [4] the article Multi-Item Auctions. To find the buyers-optimal core allocation we present two mechanisms. We only need the information about the valuations and the minimum price at which the seller is willing to give up the item.


The invention relates to an amplifier stage comprising at least one module presenting a first transistor (T1) whose base forms an input terminal and a means to maintain a substantially constant current in the collector-emitter path of the first transistor (T1). Said means is comprised of a first current source (A1) connected to the collector of the transistor (T1). A feed-back circuit has a direct voltage source (V3) arranged to maintain substantially constant the potential of the collector of the transistor (T1). It presents a path for the main current between a terminal (S'1) of the stage and the emitter of the transistor (T1). The value of said main current is a function of the voltage (V3) and of the potential (VCT2) of the collector of the transistor (T1); this potential remains substantially constant.


There is a long-standing debate in the literature of stratified flows over topography concerning the correct dimensionless number to refer to as a Froude number. Common definitions using external quantities of the flow include $U/(ND)$ , $U/(Nh_{0})$ , and $Uk/N$ , where $U$ and $N$ are, respectively, scales for the background velocity and buoyancy frequency, $D$ is the depth, and $h_{0}$ and $k^{-1}$ are, respectively, height and width scales of the topography. It is also possible to define an internal Froude number $Fr_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}=u_{0}/\sqrt{g^{\prime }\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ , where $u_{0}$ , $g^{\prime }$ , and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ are, respectively, the characteristic velocity, reduced gravity, and vertical length scale of the perturbation above the topography. For the case of hydrostatic lee waves in a deep ocean, both $U/(ND)$ and $Uk/N$ are insignificantly small, rendering the dimensionless number $Nh_{0}/U$ the only relevant dynamical parameter. However, although it appears to be an inverse Froude number, such an interpretation is incorrect. By non-dimensionalizing the stratified Euler equations describing the flow of an infinitely deep fluid over topography, we show that $Nh_{0}/U$ is in fact the square of the internal Froude number because it can identically be written in terms of the inner variables, $Fr_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}^{2}=Nh_{0}/U=u_{0}^{2}/(g^{\prime }\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF})$ . Our scaling also identifies $Nh_{0}/U$ as the ratio of the vertical velocity scale within the lee wave to the group velocity of the lee wave, which we term the vertical Froude number, $Fr_{vert}=Nh_{0}/U=w_{0}/c_{g}$ . To encapsulate such behaviour, we suggest referring to $Nh_{0}/U$ as the lee-wave Froude number, $Fr_{lee}$ .


The process of type II second-harmonic generation has been investigated theoretically. It is found that, unlike in the process of type I second-harmonic generation, phase matching is not necessary for a significant shift of the pump wave phase to be produced. The simple inequality of the intensities of interacting waves suffices for this effect to occur.


This paper offers a user-centric consolidation and comparison of the full range of government and commercial solar electric propulsion (SEP) options available in the near term for primary propulsion on deep-space science missions of the class commonly proposed to NASA's Discovery program. Unlike previous papers, this work does not emphasize feasibility from a mission analysis perspective. Rather, it emphasizes requirements uniquely imposed by competitively reviewed, cost-capped mission proposals, for which system-level flight heritage can trump sheer performance and mission capture. It describes criteria that mission architects and review boards can use to select and evaluate SEP systems; provides descriptions of the viable government and commercial electric propulsion (EP) system options; describes the modifications needed to adapt commercial EP systems to deep space; discusses appropriate methods for costing commercial-based EP systems; and describes a set of standard system margins appropriate for SEP mission concepts. It concludes that the SEP systems best suited for Discovery missions have solid system flight heritage that can meet the requirements for deep space with minimal modifications. Commercially developed SEP systems offer significant heritage potential and, in many cases, the required changes for deep space application introduce comparatively low technical-risk and cost-risk.


Welcome to NOSSDAV 2004, the 14th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video. The workshop is sponsored by ACM SIGMM, with support from Microsoft Research, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and Science Foundation Ireland, with secondary support by IBM Research, and is being held in cooperation with ACM SIGCOMM and ACM SIGMOBILE. We are delighted to have you join us in beautiful Kinsale, County Cork, Ireland. We'd like to say a few words about the program, how it was put together, and the many people who helped make it happen.NOSSDAV 2004 features a 2-day technical program featuring 24 technical papers, a keynote talk titled "Beyond Content Delivery: Applications to the Edge" by Bill Weihl, CTO of Akamai, and a panel moderated by Hui Zhang of Carnegie Mellon University. The technical papers span a wide range of topics, both traditional ones such as streaming, overlay networking, and congestion control & scheduling as well as emerging topics such as wireless multimedia and networked games. We do hope that you will find this rich and varied program stimulating.This year we received a total of 95 submissions from all over the world, a 75% increase over the number from last year. We employed a multi-phase reviewing process where each paper was reviewed initially by two PC members followed by additional reviews and PC discussion of papers where the decision wasn't clear. In the end, we selected 24 papers for presentation (yielding a selective 25% acceptance rate), based both on their technical contribution and potential for sparking discussion at the workshop.


We present the development of an endoscopic ultrafast laser scalpel with improved miniaturized optics as a follow-up to our previous studies. We previously determined that the nonlinear susceptibility of ZnS crystal lenses at high pulse energies can limit the maximum energy reaching the tissue surface. Here, we improve the nonlinear properties of miniaturized optics using CaF2 in lieu of ZnS as a lens material to mitigate the problem of three-photon absorption at the high energies needed for rapid tissue ablation. We built and tested a miniaturized objective consisting of a CaF2 crystal lens pair to focus ultrashort laser pulses delivered through a large air core Kagome fiber to a 3.4 μm diffraction limited spot and scan the beam with a piezo-tube across a 100×100 μm^2 field of view (FOV). Negligible three-photon absorption and high transmission through the probe (>50%) allows for delivery of fluences >8.0 J/cm^2. The entire opto-mechanical system, enclosed within a 5-mm hypodermic tubing, can remove tissue at material removal rates (MRR) >0.5 mm^3/min in excised soft (porcine vocal folds) and hard (bovine rib bone) tissue samples. We found that MRRs could be increased by the optimized combination of piezo- and translation scanning parameters, providing clinically relevant tissue removal speeds. Further, we present the first ultrafast tissue ablation experiments in a live animal model (hamster cheek pouch) using a handheld surgical probe. Towards clinical acceptance, we designed an injection-molded enclosure to seal the 5-mm diameter opto-mechanical assembly and constituent wires into a sterilization-ready ergonomic handheld stylus tool.


Mobile elevating work platform (MEWP) is a large-scale engineering machinery equipment that transports workers and tools to the designated height for operation. As the key supporting component of MEWP, the bracket simultaneously needs to meet the performances of high stiffness and strength. Furthermore, the mechanical performance of the bracket can be significantly influenced by its cross-sectional shape. However, the optimal cross-sectional shape of bracket is not easily to obtain owing to the lacking of lightweight design method. Thus, a lightweight design method of MEWP bracket based on multi-level optimization is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the multi-case topology optimization model of MEWP bracket is constructed by using the compromise programming method, and the optimal section configuration of MEWP bracket is obtained based on Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP). Secondly, the parameterization of the cross-sectional shape of bracket is realized using the mesh deformation technology, and the multi-case optimization mathematical model of the MEWP bracket is established. Then, the cross-sectional shape and gauge of the bracket are optimized using multi-level optimization method. The optimized results show that weight reduction mass is 11.66 kg and the ratio is 52.4% under the premise that the stiffness of the bracket does not decrease. Furthermore, the weight of MEWP bracket optimized by the multi-level optimization method reduced by 1.27 kg compared with single gauge optimization method. Finally, a physical prototype is developed according to the optimization results.


Indoor localization has been receiving great interest and 2D localization system based on infrared LED-based wiimote camera is also well-developed. Although 3D positioning techniques based on infrared LED detection have been proposed and validated, it is not yet matured for general indoor localization due to its insufficient sensing zone an d specific layout attitude , which may not always be satisfied. In this work, based on our previous research, we propose a layout to extend the sensing region to cover the entire indoor space by deploying many wiimote 3D pairs and make sure at least the object can be detected by at least two wiimote pairs during motion. However, this also implies that the original optimal deployed attitude cannot be maintained. As a result, to deal with this problem, a variable-angle dual wiimote 3D system is developed and corresponding localization performance and sensitivity analysis is carried out for clarifying the above concern. From sensitivity analysis result, deployment of wiimote cameras requires higher accuracy in orientation when angles between coordinates of both cameras are 90 degree , and tolerance in position error decreases when angles between both cameras is further from 90 degree . Furthermore, the scheme is also applied to robot arm attitude determination, and shows the high possibility for this system developing into an effective external sensor for robot arm controlling. It is expected that this wiimote 3D localization system to have a great potential on inexpensive and precise general indoor localization system.


We investigated the temperature dependence (10–180 K) of the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum of self‐organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown under different conditions. The temperature dependence of the PL intensity is determined by two thermally activated processes: (i) quenching due to the escape of carriers from the quantum dots and (ii) carrier transfer between dots via wetting layer states. The existence of different dot families is confirmed by the deconvolution of the spectra in gaussian components with full width half maxima of 20–30 meV. The transfer of excitation is responsible for the sigmoidal temperature dependence of the peak energies of undeconvoluted PL bands.


(57) [summary] hydration of the mucous membranes, discloses a method for stimulating in a subject requiring such treatment. The method to a mucosal surface of a subject, purinergic receptor agonists such as uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP), dinucleotide, cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP ), or their therapeutically useful analogs and derivatives, comprising administering an amount effective to stimulate secretion of mucin made. Method of manufacturing those pharmaceutical formulations and the same is also disclosed. The method of administering the same thing: liquid, gel, via the cream, or topical administration as part of a contact lens or selective release film; or nasal drops or sprays, inhalation by nebulizer or other device, oral type (liquid or pill), injections, will include systemic administration via dropping or suppository mold during surgery. Method for facilitating expectoration of sputum to detect signs of cellular abnormalities of pulmonary disorders are also disclosed.


In order to develop better non-dairy cream,taking hydrogenated palm oil as main raw material,the optimum formula of universal non-dairy cream was studied by orthogonal test method.The results showed that when the production of non-dairy cream,the fitting proportion of hydrogenated palm oil and water was 30∶47;emulsifier was blend of monoglyceride 0.5% and calcium stearyl lactylate 0.4%;thickener was blend of sodium caseinate 0.8% and β-cyclodextrine 2.0%;HPMC400 was 0.8%~1.2%;temperature was 60~70℃ in production,temperature of stability test was 20~40℃.


The various potential of children can be limited by language delay or language impairments. However, there are many instances where parents are unaware of the child's condition and do not obtain appropriate treatment as a result. Additionally, experts collecting children's utterance to establish norms of language tests and evaluating children's language development level takes a significant amount of time and work. To address these issues, dependable automated screening tools are required. In this paper, we used pretrained LM to assist experts in quickly and objectively screening the language development level of children. Here, evaluating the language development level is to ensure that the child has the appropriate language abilities for his or her age, which is the same as the child's age. To do this, we analyzed the utterances of children according to age. Based on these findings, we use the standard deviations of the pretrained LM's probability as a score for children to screen their language development level. The experiment results showed very strong correlations between our proposed method and the Korean language test REVT (REVT-R, REVT-E), with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.9888 and 0.9892, respectively.


Several isomorphism classes of graph coverings of a graph G have been enumerated by many authors. An enumeration of the isomorphism classes of n-fold coverings of a graph G was done by Kwak and Lee [Canad. J. Math., XLII (1990), pp. 747--761] and independently by Hofmeister [Discrete Math., 98 (1991), pp. 437--444]. An enumeration of the isomorphism classes of connected n-fold coverings of a graph G was recently done by Kwak and Lee [J. Graph Theory, 23 (1996), pp. 105--109]. But the enumeration of the isomorphism classes of regular coverings of a graph G has been done for only a few cases. In fact, the isomorphism classes of ${\cal A}$-coverings of G were enumerated when ${\cal A}$ is the cyclic group $\BZ_n$, the dihedral group $\BD_n$ (n: odd), and the direct sum of $m$ copies of $\BZ_p$. (See [Discrete Math., 143 (1995), pp. 87--97], [J. Graph Theory, 15 (1993), pp. 621--627], and [Discrete Math., 148 (1996), pp. 85--105]).
In this paper, we discuss a method to enumerate the isomorphism classes of connected ${\cal A}$-coverings of a graph G for any finite group ${\cal A}$ and derive some formulas for enumerating the isomorphism classes of regular n-fold coverings for any natural number n. In particular, we calculate the number of the isomorphism classes of ${\cal A}$-coverings of G when ${\cal A}$ is a finite abelian group or the dihedral group $\BD_n$. Our method gives partial answers to the open problems 1 and 2 in [Discrete Math., 148 (1996), pp. 85--105] and also gives a formula to calculate the number of the subgroups of a given index of any finitely generated free abelian group.


Introduction Noise is an unavoidable obstacle in communication systems, especially in hands-free communication where the background noise level is high due to the distance of the speaker from the microphone. In such systems the inclusion of speech enhancement becomes mandatory, provided that it does not introduce any additional distortions to the speech and the background noise. Especially now, different issues in widebandspeech enhancement are addressed. A good noise estimation combined with a suitable spectral subtraction rule plays a key role in obtaining a good subjective quality and intelligibility of the enhanced speech. In this paper the noise estimation method [1, 2] is considered, which already for telephoneband noisy speech shows degradation in performance when the background noise spectrum has a narrowband character (for, e.g., in cars where the noise has low-pass behavior). This effect becomes stronger for wideband noisy speech and hence leads to stronger degradation of the enhanced speech. With a modified noise estimation method an improvement in performance is observed for both narrowband and wideband background noise.


To further characterise the thin variant of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) of the cervix defined by the World Health Organization as full‐thickness HSILs with nine or fewer cell layers.


When a combined longitudinal and transverse disturbance, diverging from a localized source, strikes a plane boundary between two solid elastic media, several systems of head waves and second‐order boundary waves are generated, each associated with grazing incidence of one or the other of the reflected or refracted waves. Associated with grazing incidence of P1P_2, the refracted P‐wave, is the head wave system comprising P1P2P1 (the "refracted wave" of seismic prospectors), and P1P2S1 (a transverse head wave) in the upper medium, and P1P2S_2 (a transverse head wave) in the lower medium. There is no boundary wave in the lower medium. These three waves, with the second‐order term of P1þ_2 (the first‐order term is zero on the boundary) satisfy conditions of continuity of stress and displacement at the boundary. Moreover, the energy of the three head waves is derived completely from the second‐order component of P1P_2, which possesses a component of energy flow normal to the boundary. The amplitudes of P1P2P1,...


At present,the commercial TD-SCDMA network using B-band frequency of inadequate resources and limited uplink code channel is difficult to meet the need for massive traffic,the radio parameter's adjustment is one of the convenient and low costing methods among emergency telecommunications treatment.With Boao Forum for Asia 2009 as an example of emergency telecommunications,introduce how to adjust the parameters in order to divert traffic,improve network utilization and enhance the user's client perceptions.In short,this application may provide a certain reference value in a similar emergency telecommunications.


The aim of this brief chapter will be to link the survey of GMAs presented in Chapters 9 and 10 to the color management systems reviewed in Chapter 4 by focusing on what GMAs are applicable and/or most suited to each case. Closed-loop, sRGB, ICC and WCS color management approaches will be looked at in turn and references will be made to relevant work on either integrating or analyzing gamut mapping in color management. Note that it is highly recommended that this chapter be read after Chapters 4, 9 and 10, as it makes extensive references to them and builds on their contents.


Abstract Aryl allyl sulfones, analogous to propynyl sulfones, undergo facile SO2 elimination under electron impact. However, the 2-butenyl-1,4-diaryl sulfones, analogous to the 2-butynyl-1,4-diaryl sulfones exhibit propensities of remote group interaction and extrusion of the C4H6 moiety separating the sulfone functions. Where such remote group interaction is structurally prevented, as in the 4-[(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]-2H-1-benzopyrans, SO2 extrusion is a major fragmentation pathway.


In today's competitive environment which has highly uncertainty with rapid technological development, "open innovation" has gradually become the dominant model of enterprise technological innovation, and the business model which matches with open innovation has certainly important influence on successful implementation of the open innovation. This article has combined the business model based on the value chain with the open innovation and putted forward the business model of Yunnan equipment manufacturing industry and the corresponding countermeasures of its construction in open innovation environment. In order to provide reference for improving technological innovation capability of Yunnan equipment manufacturing industry.


PROGRAMME 7 October 2016 – WORKSHOP (9:00-17:00) Presentations As part of the work led by the UIC Digital Platform launched at the end of November 2015, UIC has planned a series of dedicated…


Abstract Talking about the ethics of participating in politics in the life of a nation and a country, we have to admit that nowadays many among the political elite tends to be politicking with ethical dereliction of outstanding statesmanship. An awful lot of the fact that their politicking done without rationality, emotions and putting forward the interests of the group, and does not give priority to the interests of a nation. Politics is not a purely pragmatic nature of case, which concerns only a goal and how to achieve those goals, that can be handled with rationality. Looks more like a political ethics demand that a destination that is selected must be justified by common sense that can be tested, and how to achieve them must be defined can be tested with the moral criteria. Honesty in politics is very important in the efforts to improve the situation of the nation is full of falsehoods. High low moral integrity of a person in politics to determine high low integrity of the personality and the quality of the politicking politicians. With still having our politicians are unscrupulous, allowing us to hope for improvement of politics and morality that are dilapidated. Keywords: ethics, politics, honesty


The influence of the mother tongue on the learning of other languages is a widely researched phenomenon. The operation of transfer is today a commonly acknowledged feature in second language acquisition. In the Maltese context, this field of inquiry addresses, among other issues, the learning of English by native Maltese speakers. In this paper, I describe briefly my recent research in the field, and propose a number of views and insights into how negative transfer operates in L2 acquisition in formal schooling at secondary level in Malta. 4 Journal of Maltese Education Research Vol:2 No.1 2004 © Publications Committee, Faculty of Education, 2004 of a second language is bound to have an effect on one's first language, for example, through code-switching and attrition, that is, the replacement of native language features by L2 features. Transfer is not an entirely negative influence on learners' L2 acquisition. Odlin's definition underlines the ambivalent nature of the phenomenon: Transfer is the influence resulting from similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously (and sometimes imperfectly) acquired. (1989: 27) When the languages in play share linguistic features – such as an alphabetical system, particular grammatical categories, and rhetorical conventions – there is the likelihood of positive transfer, that is, the successful carrying of features of language from the learners' L1 into their L2, as would be evident in their language output. In addition, positive transfer may also occur in the fields of metalanguage and paralanguage (Ellis, 1994:29). If there are similarities in the terms we use to describe the first language and the target language, the transfer of such technical terms will facilitate the understanding of the way the L2 works. Positive transfer may also occur in terms of skills related to language learning (such as reading strategies) and the way we use language (such as in turn-taking). It is thus highly probable that Maltese language learners use their knowledge of L1, and the experience of learning it, in order to learn their second and other languages.


A study was done to develop and evaluate a program designed to improve the academic and personal achievement of Hispanic American high school students. The study posited that the causes of Hispanic American students' belief that they could not achieve were: (1) dysfunctional learned behaviors; and (2) acculturation difficulties. Using findings on dysfunctional families, a 16-session biweekly small group module was developed to address students' learned behavior and acculturation difficulties. Themes of acculturation, personal growth, academic success, and professional development were included along with an achievement strategy. Nine of 11 volunteer students finished the program. Results were measured using pretests and posttests, attitudinal surveys, student journals, homework assignments, and a final student written report. Three students experienced a slight overall positive difference in attitude, and six students experienced negative changes. The negative variation was interpreted to mean that the program made the students aware of their own problems. In addition, students did not show the expected positive cognitive improvement in their grades on tests administered during the program. Appendixes contain the Family Drinking Survey, the Recovery Potential Survey, the short essay test sample, and a form for entering students' results. Included are 7 tables, 1 figure, and 121 references. (JB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Slaying the Childhood Dragons: Empowering Hispanic ESOL High School Students for Achievement Through Small Group Acculturation Modules


This study was conducted to investigate the effect of CA(4% and 7.5% ) storage on the quality characteristics and chilling injury in 'Nanko' prunus mume fruits at 1, 5, and . CA storage reduced production of and significantly. Hue values of fruit skin were significantly higher in fruits stored at and than . Weight loss was much lower in fruits stored under CA storage. Soluble solids content (SSC) titratable acids (TA), and firmness were maintained and electrolyte leakage was lower in fruits stored under CA storage. Ratios of chilling injury and decay were increased faster at and than . The chilling injury was suppressed in fruits of CA storage compared with control fruits during cold storage. These results indicate that CA storage at of prunus mume fruits extended the storage life up to 30 days without quality deterioration. effectively.


In recent years, collaborative software development has gradually become an emerging software development model. However, with the continuous development of crowdsourcing platforms, the problem of information overload has become increasingly serious, and it has become crucial to recommend suitable developers for tasks. Traditional recommendation methods face two major challenges: first, the text features of tasks and developers are highly concise and contain a large number of entities; second, tasks are one-time and explicit interactive data is sparse. To solve these challenges, this paper proposes a developer recommendation algorithm based on multi-relationship knowledge enhancement. We identify entities and contextual entities from text features and link the relationship between tasks and developers from a knowledge perspective. In addition, we treat developers' participation in registering, submitting, and winning tasks as different preferences, and assign different weights to each relationship. Finally, we enhance developers' feature representation using multi-relationship neighborhood aggregation. We conducted extensive experiments on a real Topcoder dataset, and the results show that our method is significantly better than the other four comparison methods in accuracy and MRR.


The goal of this study is to investigate definitions and measurement operations in use for the data accuracy dimension of data quality so that this knowledge can be used to serve as a foundation for a precise definition of data accuracy and a justification for its measure. A multidisciplinary scientific literature review was conducted to collect definitions and measurement operations of data accuracy. These definitions and measurement operations were analysed and coded by a content analysis. It was found that there is a reasonable consensus that data accuracy, for both a single data item and multiple data items, is related to one specific notion, namely the magnitude of an error. This study adds to the knowledge base by identifying a notion of data accuracy that is considerably well-agreed upon, such that it can serve as a foundation for a precise definition of and a justification for a measure of data accuracy.


Welcome to the inaugural issue of Evolution Letters. The purpose of this editorial is to explain the journal's scope, main features and policies. Before that though, I will give a brief history of how the journal came into being.


DOI: 10.1111/jocs.12466 In the article entitled ''Surgical Correction of an Aortico-Left Ventricular Tunnel Originating from the Left Aortic Sinus with a Left Coronary Artery Anomaly'' published in Journal of Cardiac Surgery 2015;30:108–110, the wrong corresponding author was provided and the correct details are as follows. Address for correspondence: Tao Liang, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Asia Heart Hospital, No. 753 Jinghan Road, Hankou District, Wuhan 430022, P.R. China. Fax: þ86-027-65796888; e-mail: email@example.com


Mechanical circulatory support is the most rapidly evolving strategy in heart failure management. The growing number of patients who need better results than medical therapy can offer, the limited pool of donors for cardiac transplantation, and several technological breakthroughs have all made the option of implanting a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as destination therapy more important. In this review, we outline the indications and decision making process of considering a patient for a destination therapy LVAD, as well as outcomes, complications, and issues related to management of patients on currently approved devices. The future direction of the field will be determined by progress in technology and by further improvement in size, durability, pump dynamics, and most importantly, by solving the problem of supplying energy to the pump without a percutaneous driveline.


Introduction: Serratia marcescens is a serious death-causing factor especially for premature and low birth weighted neonates, and has become an important cause of nosocomial infection over the last years. It is a motile, non-sporulating gram-negative bacillus classified in the family enterobacteriacea. This group of bacteria affect on immune system mainly in newborns.  In this report, we describe the course of the outbreak we had experienced and the measures taken to control it. Materials & Methods: All of the medical records and other associated variables of patients suffered from serratia marcescens infection were studied. .  Also certain procedures including cell cultures of medical equipments, water supply, sanitation of medical personels and patients, were done to find sources of the outbreak in neonatal ward (Kermanshah – Iran).  Results: 565 hospitalized patients from September 2000 till March 2001 was studied.33 patients showed positive infection results with Serration Marcescens and confirmed using blood culture (68.8%), in cerebro-spinal fluid culture (23.2%) and both methods (6.8). 13 out of 33 (39.4%) patients have died. Finally it was found that the source of infection could derive from hospital water supply since after taking preventive steps such as controlling consumed water no cases were found with Serration marcescens. Conclusion: This study showed that outbreak of serratia marcescens would lead to serious in the newborn infants.  Marcessence infection in newborn wards is difficult to manage and may temporarily need closure of units to new admissions and care should be exercised to control the spread. Awareness of the danger for the presence of this organism in a newborn unit and controlling its spread will be necessary to prevent life threatening infection in the high risk newborn in the future


The present invention is concerned with an element for the sonic and vibratory absorption, comprising a ledge having ribs of flexible material longitudinally extending along the top and bottom sides, with the top-side ribs over the bottom-side ribs being arranged in staggered relationship. According to the invention, such an element is improved in that provided between respectively two ribs of approximately trapezoidal cross-section is another rib equally of approximately trapezoidal cross-section of an inferior height, which continues to extend through the central area of the element upwardly and downwardly, respectively, in the respective rib of greater height, and that at least on one longitudinal side of the element a stop is provided extending over the entire length of the element.


Accurate methods are required for analysis of microPET dopamine (DA) receptor or transporter images of unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat models of Parkinson's disease. Heavily lesioned striata and the cerebellum do not appear distinctly in PET images when presynaptic tracers such as [11C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) are used, and are difficult targets on which to place reliably regions of interest (ROIs) without additional guidance. Registration of a brain atlas to DA receptor/transporter images significantly improves reproducibility and reliability of ROI-based analyses, as measured by discrepancy between calculated binding potentials (BP) of repeated scans of the same animal, and correlation with autoradiographic binding measurements with the same tracer (DTBZ). Averaging over 3 or 5 axial planes to generate time activity curves gives equivalent reproducibility and reliability. Scan-to-scan coregistration with automated image registration (AIR) can be successful with appropriate masking. Coregistered image analysis produces statistically equivalent results to separately placing ROIs on images that are being directly compared, though coregistered images require only one set of ROIs to be placed, reducing analysis effort.


Aimed at both novice and veteran anglers, this text gives information about the fishing opportunities in Wisconsin - 100 miles of spring creeks, the nocturnal Hex hatch, and big salmonids in the Great Lakes tributaries. Emphasis is given to the importance of environmental preservation.


A feasibility study was conducted to determine if land application of saline wastewater from a natural gas processing plant was a viable, cost-effective disposal option. The feasibility study included a complete assessment of the local geological hydrologic setting, characterization of the soil series at the proposed site and through analysis of the local water budget inclusive of the proposed irrigation schedule. It was determined that the sandy soils and the depth to water at the site (18 m) along with the significantly negative water budget (-1.07 m) were well suited to wastewater irrigation. The primary constituents of concern in the wastewater included inorganic constituents (salts). Initially, the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in wastewater was 6,400 mg/l; however, by segregating wastewater streams it was possible to lower the TDS to 1,400 mg/l. Suitability of the site to accept the 1,400 mg/l TDS wastewater was evaluated using computer simulation models. Geochemical speciation was evaluated with the aid of the WATEQF computer program. Modeling of the irrigation/disposal process was achieved through the use of finite element, saturated/unsaturated, soil moisture flow/contaminant transport mode, entitled SUMATRA1.


A buried-channel depletion MOS transistor has an implanted neutral conducting channel between the source and drain due to which the device works in a variety of modes such as accumulation, accumulation-depletion, depletion, inversion-depletion, inversion, etc., and presents a more complex structure than an enhancement-mode device. For precise circuit simulation, accurate and on-line extraction of model parameters has assumed significant importance. It is found that representing the implanted buried channel by an equivalent box with average doping and junction depth gives a convenient trade-off between simplicity in modeling and accuracy in device characterization. The present work proposes a method of deriving the necessary model parameters through the measurement of a single device parameter, namely drain conductance under different operating conditions. The on-line measurements carried on a boron-implanted relatively long buried-channel MOSFET have been used to predict the best box for the profile and give other model parameters necessary for circuit simulation. It is shown that the method is most insensitive to measurement conditions compared to other techniques.


An analytic formulation is obtained that relates mapped time-lapsed seismic amplitudes and time-delays directly to the sum of reservoir pressure and saturation changes weighted by the principal groups of controlling parameters from the petroelastic model. Application to data from the North Sea and West Africa provides insight into how the petroelastic model controls the seismic response and the relative interplay between pressure and saturation changes for each reservoir type. These data, together with published literature examples, allow the identification of regions in the reservoir where the saturation-driven 4D signature dominates over the pressure-driven, or vice-versa. These observations are used to determine a simple constraint on the relative magnitude of the controlling groups of petroelastic model parameters. It is concluded that the evaluation of 4D seismic as saturation- or pressure-dominated is a key measurement for our understanding of the in situ petroelastic model.


Abstract The focus of this study is to investigate the sintering mechanism of polyethylene. Experiments were conducted to observe the high temperature sintering behaviors of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). It was found that the sintering of polyethylene follows Frenke's model and is basically a Newtonian viscous flow. The sintering rate decreases as the viscosity of the resin increases. By increasing the temperature, one can shorten the time needed to complete the coalescence process. Experimental investigation will provide an improved understanding of the sintering of semi-crystalline polymers.


A uniformization of a binary relation is a function that is contained in the relation and has the same domain as the relation. The synthesis problem asks for effective uniformization for classes of relations and functions that can be implemented in a specific way.
We consider the synthesis problem for automatic relations over finite words (also called regular or synchronized rational relations) by functions implemented by specific classes of sequential transducers.
It is known that the problem "Given an automatic relation, does it have a uniformization by a subsequential transducer?" is decidable in the two variants where the uniformization can either be implemented by an arbitrary subsequential transducer or it has to be implemented by a synchronous transducer. We introduce a new variant of this problem in which the allowed input/output behavior of the subsequential transducer is specified by a set of synchronizations and prove decidability for a specific class of synchronizations.


Poor physical properties resulting from low interfacial interactions between hydrophilic biopolymers and hydrophobic thermoplastic matrices have been one of the biggest obstacles in preparing quality biomass materials. This study concentrates on the effects of nano-TiO2 on the properties and structure of starch/poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) composites. The molecular and crystal structures of the composites were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that an interpenetrating network structure formed by adding nano-TiO2 into starch/PCL composites. The DSC and XRD analysis indicated that the crystallinity degree and the crystallization rate of the composites reduced, whereas the crystal form and crystal size were unchanged. The results also showed that the mechanical properties and water resistance of the composites were improved significantly with the addition of nano-TiO2, whereas their transparency decreased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4129–4136, 2013


A focus of the author's attention in this article is the Register of Penalties of misdemeanor perpetrators which figures as a novelty in the Misdemeanor Law. In the introduction, the records of the perpetrators of criminal acts, economic offenses and misdemeanors will be generally discussed. Thereupon, the Law stipulations on the entry, deletion, and providing of the data contained in the Register of Penalties will be presented. The main aim of the article is reflected in the author's endeavors to show that the legislator did not pay much attention to the regulation of the Register keeping, which consequently will cause substantial problems in practice giving that the Law is to some extent contradictory and incomplete. The author, furthermore, seeks to detect the ratio of the introduction of the Register of Penalties and the consequences to be borne by a person inscribed in this Register.


Research on oral consumption of alcohol on rat Wistar was done to examine level of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rat serum. The research design was true randomized experimental post test only control group design. This research was conducted in two stages: first, eight rats were treated with 5% alcohol continuously for 1 week and as control aquadest was given to eight rats. The second stage was determination of ALDH levels. Wistar rat serum were taken after 6 hours and 24 hours of 5% alcohol consumption. The levels of ALDH increase by 117.15% after 6 hours of 5% alcohol consumption, while after 24 hours the levels of ALDH increase by 108.14%. ALDH levels in serum rat Wistar can be used as early biomarker of acute alcohol consumption.


Abstract The findings from this study illustrate how a recently developed industrial hygiene laboratory can be evaluated in its performance in assessing the precision of asbestos fiber counting data. Further, the results demonstrate how one such laboratory, the Seoul National University – School of Public Health (SNU – SPH) Industrial Hygiene (IH) laboratory, has done in comparison to other laboratories. Interlaboratory variation of asbestos fiber counting in a group of Korean and international laboratories participating in the Asbestos Fiber Regular Informal Counting Arrangement (AFRICA) Scheme and the performance of the SNU-SPH IH laboratory in the American Industrial Hygiene Association–Proficiency Analytical Testing (AIHA–PAT) Program were evaluated. Intracounter variation was significant for two out of three counters studied. The overall intracounter variations for the three counters ranged from 0.23 to 0.31, being the lowest for the most experienced person. Large variation was determined for samples...


Intellectual Property (IP) is the creation of human intellect and an asset to be bought, sold, mortgaged, licensed, exchanged or gratuitously given away like any other form of property. The creator of the IP seeks exclusive right and property to be used by others only after owner consent. Geographical Indication is an emerging trend in intellectual property. Geographical indications (GIs) of goods are basically industrial property referred to a country or a place situated in the country or place of origin of product. Every region has its identity through qualities of certain goods or commodities attributable to geographical locations and reputable as produce of certain region. The present paper takes an overview and analysis of the current scenario of geographical indications in India registered till July 2011.


In this paper, we focus on the alternating direction method, which is one of the most effective methods for solving structured variational inequalities(VI). In fact, we propose a proximal parallel alternating direction method which only needs to solve two strongly monotone sub-VI problems at each iteration. Convergence of the new method is proved under mild assumptions. We also present some preliminary numerical results, which indicate that the new method is quite efficient. Keywords—structured variational inequalities, proximal point method, global convergence


Due to its robustness, genetic tractability, and industrial relevance, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected as study model of the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway. This pathway houses a wide diversity of economically important metabolites ranging from polymer precursors to pain-management drugs, whose productions have been highly sought-after in biotechnological research. However, tight regulations at the transcriptional, translational, and allosteric levels surround the aromatic amino acid pathway, protecting the microbial factories (e.g. S. cerevisiae) from unnecessary energy expenditures. By making use of computational metabolic engineering tools such as Flux Balance Analysis and Metabolic Flux Analysis, together with fast and reliable synthetic biology techniques, the flux into the aromatic amino acid pathway was exploited. Initially, the flux distribution in the central carbon metabolism was studied through C-metabolic flux analysis and carbon tracing experiments. Important insights regarding the partition between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway were obtained and correlated with the production of aromatic amino acid derivatives. For the first time, the pentafunctional enzyme, ARO1, composing the core of the shikimic acid pathway was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis to reveal its active domains. This resulted in the development of new variants with disrupted activities specifically designed for increasing production of the two target molecules, namely, muconic acid and shikimic acid. Further analysis with OptForce simulations revealed that overexpressing the ribose-5phosphate ketol-isomerase gene, RKI1, can enhance carbon funneling into the aromatic amino acid pathway. A multilevel engineering strategy was established to explore novel transcriptional regulators that tightly control the carbon flux into the pathway. Deleting the


Recently, the joint source-channel coding schemes based on analog mappings have gained prominence. Their simplicity and low delay compared to other coding strategies make them more suitable for real-time applications. In this work, we propose a novel joint source-channel coding scheme, based also on analog mappings, for a point-to-point communication channel with side information at the receiver (also known as Wyner-Ziv scenario).


coming to take him away, and occasional violence of behaviour. Iodide of potassium and bromide of potassium with ammonia were administered, and it was found that the application of an ice bag for a few minutes during the violent paroxysms at once controlled his violence, and generally resulted in a quiet sleep. On April 25th, after apparently progressing more satisfactorily with regard to his strength, he had five well defined epileptic attacks, lasting for three or more minutes, with the same characteristics as the former attacks, with intervals of about twenty minutes between them; but it was noticed that immediately after these attacks he looked about him and tried to see things, although he could not describe anything that he might have seen, as he was still incoherent. After this, with the exception of occasional attacks of violence, the patient went on gradually gaining strength, until on June ith he recognised me when I came into the room, and very shortly afterwards the delusions were cleared away, and some power of coherent thought was gradually established. The return of sight was most curious to watch. Everything seen was out of proportion; for instance, a large screen appeared to him like a small picture, the ceiling seemed to be within reach of his hand, and colour blindness was present for some days after this period. He was able to sit up a little on June 23rd, and went on making a good recovery until July 3Ist, when attempting to do a little business quite against my advice, an epileptic attack occurred lasting for ten or twelve minutes, having the same characteriatics as those previously described. State One Y-ear after the Accident.-He is cheerful, and has gained strength, and completely regained his memory with regard to things which occurred before the accident; but the accident itself and the subsequent events of three months and a half are buried in oblivion. The sight has returned perfectly, and he will soon be able to return to business. There is no confusion of ideas or headache, and, in fact, the brain functions are now perfect. In this case there were evidently two entirely separate lesions, one involving the left motor area as indicated by the Jacksonian epilepsy, the attack commencing in the right hand and the conjugate deviation of the head and eyes to the right. These convulsions were evidently due in the first place to the cerebritis surrounding the effused blood, and possibly to a depressed and splintered inner table of the parietal bone on the left side. Had the state of the patient allowed, I should certainly have trephined at this point, but taking into consideration the probable state of the base of the skull and the general condition of the patient, I shrank from exposing him to the additional shock that this operation would cause him, whilst not disregarding the mechanical effects of the trephining upon the grave bone lesions at the base of the skull. The fracture of the base probably involved the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, as shown by the haemorrhage from the nose, which could not be explained otherwise as there was no sign of direct violence in this region, and the oozing of a thin sanious fluid occurring during the first week after the accident. Thus the ultimate danger of infection by sepsis was prominent. The left orbital plate was probably fractured by a fissure extending diagonally across the base through the sphenoidal fissure on the right side, involving the sixth nerve and ophthalmic vein. My reason for saying this is the presence of the internal strabismus, which, though less, is still present. The total blindness is most difficult to explain, taking into consideration the lapse of time before sight was re-established. It was probably due to the pressure of extravasated blood at the base, involving both optic nerves or the optic chiasma, or both optic tracts, more likelylthe nerves. The light reflex arc from the retina, vid the optic nerve, tract, and geniculate bodies and third nerves was at first present and disappeared later ; this renders the supposition of progressive haemorrhagic pressure more likely. The haemorrhage into the left orbit would account for the ptosis by pressure. I may add that it was the opinion of an eminent expert who, having heard of the case, wrote to me more than once that in all probability there was division of the optic nerves, and I feared that this was the case in consequence of the lapse of time which occurred before the recovery of sight. I cannot complete these notes without thanking my assistant, Mr. Gilbert Kempe, and also the nurses from the Salisbury Nurses' Home, for the invaluable assistance they afforded me. which so much contributed to the happy termination of a most anxious case.


Were the time given me far longer than it is, it would be impossible to treat the subject of &dquo;The Important Elements in Modem Land Conflicts,&dquo; even in the merest outline, since in reality it covers the whole scope of the art and science of war. The important elements, you may say, are those which are the most important to success; but in war all elements are essential, none can safely be neglected and those which to the casual observer may seem the most


Identification of power market operation state is of importance to hedging market risk. Based on Dr. Dyliacco's research, the paper presents a new series of key index to identify the operation state of power market by a brief survey of the determining method of power market state. The decision tree method is applied in order to deal with the large quantity and complexity of index. Furthermore, the algorithm based on the information entropy is used to learn from a set of typical examples and thus to form the decision tree to identify the unknown state. The numeric analysis is carried out based on the data of California electricity market of 2000. The results show that the proposed methods can provide with the reasonable results in accord with reality and prove the effectiveness of the methods in market state identification and pre-warning.


Many empirical studies have been done to investigate whethere growth is influenced by international trade. But despite the great effort that has been devoted to studying the issue, there is little persuasive evidence concerning the effect of trade on growth. The main subject of our paper is to summarize the main findings based on empirical research that have been done to investigate the relationship between the trade and economic growth by using data for 208 regions and countries in OLS regression analysis. Our results from empirical investigation show: 1) the ratio of trade volume (sum of exports and imports at current prices-current openness or sum of exports plus sum of imports) to GDP as a proxy of trade openness has positive effect on economic growth, 2) black market premium as a proxy for imbalance in macroeconomic policies has negative effect, 3) in the presence of macroeconomic policies, trade has statistically and economic significant positive influence on growth, and 4) in an institutional environment trade lacks influencing growth, the coefficient on institutions is positive and statistically significant.


The article explores Karen Barad's theoretical framework, agential realism, to seek out theoretical perspectives that can be used as analytical approaches to empirical data. By selecting two pieces of data we aim to illustrate the analytical possibilities offered by this approach. The first piece of data stipulates an opening of 'WHAT OF' of the activities in a world of computer games: WHAT OF the myriad of real and virtual voices, sentiments and actions and their interconnections and meaning for gendered subjectification? The second piece is guided by 'WHAT IF' thinking: WHAT would we be able to see IF we brought insights from quantum physics, i.e. spacetimemattering, to the conception of thinking subjects. The examples show that agential realism offers a theoretical framework that allows access to a much wider set of enacting forces to be considered in the analysis. By reading agential realism diffractively with two different empirical examples and two different research ambitions, our attention is drawn to specificities of what the engagements may enact consequently.


Although divorce rates historically have been low for persons in their fifties and older, recent cohorts of midlife and older adults are divorcing at unprecedented levels, a phenomenon referred to as gray divorce. Older men are less likely than older women to become widowed, reflecting both men's tendency to marry slightly younger women and men's elevated morality risk. Following marital dissolution, men are more likely than women to remarry, reflecting the larger pool of eligible partners and men's greater desire and need for a spouse. Growing numbers of divorced and widowed older adults are eschewing remarriage for living apart together arrangements, as a way to preserve financial, residential, and personal autonomy. Divorce and widowhood have far-reaching deleterious effects on the physical, emotional, and financial well-being of older adults. Understanding these patterns may help to inform policies and practices to enhance the well-being of older adults.

Keywords:

aging and adult development;
gender;
health;
marriage


The ionization of internal groups in proteins can trigger conformational change. Despite this being the structural basis of most biological energy transduction, these processes are poorly understood. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments at ambient and high hydrostatic pressure were used to examine how the presence and ionization of Lys‐66, buried in the hydrophobic core of a stabilized variant of staphylococcal nuclease, affect conformation and dynamics. NMR spectroscopy at atmospheric pressure showed previously that the neutral Lys‐66 affects slow conformational fluctuations globally, whereas the effects of the charged form are localized to the region immediately surrounding position 66. Ab initio models from SAXS data suggest that when Lys‐66 is charged the protein expands, which is consistent with results from NMR spectroscopy. The application of moderate pressure (<2 kbar) at pH values where Lys‐66 is normally neutral at ambient pressure left most of the structure unperturbed but produced significant nonlinear changes in chemical shifts in the helix where Lys‐66 is located. Above 2 kbar pressure at these pH values the protein with Lys‐66 unfolded cooperatively adopting a relatively compact, albeit random structure according to Kratky analysis of the SAXS data. In contrast, at low pH and high pressure the unfolded state of the variant with Lys‐66 is more expanded than that of the reference protein. The combined global and local view of the structural reorganization triggered by ionization of the internal Lys‐66 reveals more detectable changes than were previously suggested by NMR spectroscopy at ambient pressure. Proteins 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Dialect stereotypes are widespread. Birmingham English is perceived as ugly, Parisian French as cultivated. In Switzerland, Bern and Thurgau Swiss German lie on opposite ends of the attractiveness spectrum. In the present study, we examined how Swiss German, French, and English listeners – the latter two being unfamiliar with the dialects – rated the phonetic aesthetics of these two Swiss German dialects. In a matched-guise design, listeners judged how pleasing stimuli read by a bidialectal speaker were. Results revealed that unfamiliar listeners did not show a preference while familiar listeners strongly preferred Bern Swiss German. The attractiveness of a dialect thus seems to be largely driven by the social attributes of its speakers and less so by its phonetic aesthetics. The realization of /r/ as apical or dorsal, however, strongly influenced preference judgments in familiar listeners


This text explores issues of race, ethnicity and identity in the multicultural and "post-modern" world, both in conventional political terms and as expressed in popular culture.


A novel hierarchical software architecture, based on power electronics building blocks (PEBB) concept, is proposed to build flexible, configurable and reusable power electronics system control software. Some important issues about software design are addressed. And as an example, a three-phase DC-AC inverter is implemented under this hierarchical architecture.


for an Invited Paper for the MAR08 Meeting of The American Physical Society Engaging undergradate students in interdisciplinary courses in nanotechnology FIONA GOODCHILD, University of California, Santa Barbara Two new courses at UCSB engage both undergraduate and graduate students in situated learning so that they can acquire the knowledge and skills they will need for future academic courses and career development. These courses are designed and taught by research faculty and education staff at the California Nanosystems Institute (CNSI) at UC Santa Barbara. The speaker, Dr. Goodchild, Education Director at CNSI, collaborated in the course design and is advisor on assessment and pedagogy for both courses. The first course, entitled INSCITES, is aimed at first and second year students who are interested in the impacts of science and technology in society. This general education course is team taught by three Graduate Teaching Scholars from across engineering, science and social sciences. They collaborate with lead faculty from Materials Science and History to design both the curriculum and instructional format for the 10 week course that is supported by the National Science Foundation. INSCITES was taught for the first time in Spring 2007 and feedback indicated that the course had convinced the undergraduate students that they would like to take further courses outside their majors. The second course, entitled the Practice of Science is open to all majors in science and engineering, especially those in second and third year who are interested in scientific research and related career opportunities. The course has been taught for the past 4 years as a two quarter course by two research faculty who focus on the nature of scientific discovery, the role of graduate researchers and faculty, the challenges of collaboration across disciplines and the mechanisms for funding research in academia and industry. In the first quarter each students is expected to identify a mentor and a research group in which they can pursue an individual research project, to be completed during the second quarter when the classes are designed to operate like research group meetings. Evaluation indicates that both courses attract students from underrepresented groups in science who value gaining a broader perspective about nanotechnology and the career opportunities that it offers to undergraduate students.


The invention discloses a preparation method for a high-purity gleditsia sinensis natural surfactant. The preparation method comprises the following steps: conducting ultrasonic-assisted extraction on gleditsia sinensis peel; adding a biological enzyme for enzymolysis, and then carrying out filtration to obtain a gleditsia sinensis extraction liquid; carrying out vacuum concentration at 50 DEG C to obtain thick paste, and then drying the thick paste to obtain a gleditsia sinensis total saponins extractive; purifying the gleditsia sinensis total saponins extractive to obtain the gleditsia sinensis natural surfactant. The preparation method has the advantages that the extraction rate and the purity of the gleditsia sinensis natural surfactant are improved; through the adoption of ultrasonic-assisted biological enzyme extraction, the content of total saponins in the obtained gleditsia sinensis total saponins extractive reaches 50-80%, and the aglycone purity reaches 80-95%; no toxic or harmful reagent is adopted in the preparation process; the obtained gleditsia sinensis natural surfactant can be used as an additive for drugs, cosmetics and commodities.


Transcutaneous delivery of therapeutic drugs has many advantages over the systemic administration for inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. However, the greatest challenge for transcutaneous delivery is methodology due to the tight junction of skin tissue. Here, we screened and identified transdermal delivery peptide (TDP) from human proteins which would be non-invasive and simple method to deliver various cargos such as chemicals, peptides, proteins, etc. TDP-EGFP recombinant protein was purified and exhibited significantly higher intracellular transduction efficacy compared with TAT-EGFP in Jurkat, HaCaT, NIH3T3 cell lines and also in primary cells including splenocytes and keratinocytes. TDP-TAMRA peptides were successfully delivered into the epidermis and dermis of the mouse ear and back skin. We also used TDP-VIVIT peptide to inhibit T cell activation and contact dermatitis in vivo. TDP-VIVIT significantly inhibited IL-2 secretion with reduction of CD69 and CD44 expression level of activated CD4 and CD8 T cells. Our results suggest TDP-VIVIT peptide could be a potential transdermal applicable therapeutic drug for inflammatory skin diseases.


Purpose: The aim of the present study is to assess central corneal edema and visual recovery after cataract surgery performed according to two technologies: conventional ultrasonic and liquefaction (Aqualase ® ). Methods: This is a prospective contralateral study in wich 20 patients with comparable preoperative conditions were submitted to cataract surgery were evaluated. Preoperative assessment involved complete ophthalmological examination and the study included patients with bilateral cataracts up to grade 2, according to the Lens Opacity Classification System II. The same cristaline fracture technique was used in all cases, and surgical procedures were performed by the same experienced surgeon, using two technologies: liquefaction or conventional phacoemulsification. Postoperative central corneal edema was measured by corneal optical pachymetry (Orbscan II ® ) on the 1 st , 3 rd


Proofs of different kind are presented of the existence of highly active bacteria producing IAA from tryptophan on plant surfaces and in plant homogenates.

Both homogenates and washing solutions of nonsterile pea plant parts are active in producing IAA from tryptophan. Activity is much enhanced by the addition of glucose or by preincubating the preparations; it is abolished by sterile filtration, by some bactericidic and bacteriostatic substances, by chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and albucid (penicillin being only partly effective). Preparations of sterile plants do not produce IAA from tryptophan within the detection limit of the Salkowski test. The bacteria are even present on seed surfaces, in the air, and in aceton or ammonium sulfate precipitations of homogenates.

Main products of the bacterial tryptophan conversion, as demonstrated by paper chromatography, are indolepyruvic acid, indoleacetic acid, indolecarboxaldehyde, and indolecarboxylic acid. In presence of glucose indolepyruvic acid is by far dominating.

Many hitherto known results about tryptophan conversion to IAA by higher plants are likely to be falsified by epiphytic bacteria.


Ignaz Moscheles(1794— 1870)and Moritz Moszkowski(1854—1925)composed many important Etudes and both of them are great pianists and piano teachers. The first purpose of this study is to compare the biographies and contributions to the classical music history of Moscheles and Moszkowski. Secondly,each piece of Moscheles'《24 Studien fur Pianoforte Op. 70》and Moszkowski's《15 Etudes de Virtuosite Pour Piano Op.72》is examined through 'content analysis'. The tool is called 'A list of the categories of piano etude playing techniques.' After investigating every piece in these two sets of Etudes, an overview of their value on piano pedagogy will be explained. In conclusion, the writer wishes to provide advices for related piano educators, academic musical researchers and sheet music publishers of Taiwan.


The five years up until the end of 2000 saw a period of rapid growth in the world economy, with OECD output increasing by 3¼ per cent a year, and overall world output rising by 3¾ per cent a year. Sustained strong growth of this nature is an unusual occurrence. Once capacity limits are reached, growth is bound to slow. This is particularly likely if full capacity output is attained simultaneously in a number of regions, much as we believe happened in North America and Europe in 2000, where growth was 5 per cent and 3¼ per cent respectively. We anticipate that growth will slow to 1.9 per cent in North America and to 2½ per cent in the European Union in 2001. World growth is expected to slow to under 3 per cent in 2001, with OECD growth declining to under 2¼ per cent, which would be the weakest seen since 1993. Although this cannot be regarded as a deeply worrying slowdown, there are significant risks associated with our projections.


This paper focuses on the interactive relationship between listening and speaking in communication process and analyzes the shortcoming of traditional teaching methods in this aspect.With regard to the students' lack of competence in their oral communication demonstrated in English learning process,the paper illustrates how to create a language environment combining listening and speaking so as to develop the students'synthesis capability of language.