In the breeding seasons 2001 to 2003, the Avifauna of a study area of about 80 km in the Selenge Aymag was studied. The area is characterized by loose groves of elms (Ulmus pumila) and pine trees (Pinus sylvestris), and a chain of barchan dunes which separate the Orkhon valley from the up to 70m higher situated forest steppe. Steppe species (Stipa spp.) dominate in the south; the northern steppe part is characterized by Caragana bushes (Caragana microphylla, locally C. stenophylla). Between Orkhon Gol and the eastern dunes, dry steppe areas alternate with moist places along former river courses and riverine plains. Pine woods and burnt areas form the southern edge of the study area. Breeding birds were primarily identified during territory mapping. For several species all nests in the area were registered, e.g. for raptors, crows, Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops) and other troglodytes. Data was complemented by captures with standardized net catches in the Salix -stands in 2002–2003. In the period 2000–2003, 250 bird species were recorded in the study area and its surroundings. Of these, 145 species probably hatch there. Detailed information on distribution, abundance, and breeding ecology is available for 111 breeding species. Altogether, about 70,000 individual position records were taken during three years of fieldwork.


The modern desalination process for saving water is membrane capacitive deionization in which voltage is applied between two opposite-charged carbon electrodes. An ion exchange membrane is set beside each electrode, and a spacer is placed between them to carry the treated water. The current study shows water conservation along with the reduction in chemical treatment costs in cooling towers with seawater in circulation. Chemical savings of approximately 80 % might be achieved by monitoring the cooling tower's water usage and comparing it to a situation without MCDI. Furthermore, 24% water reductions, as well as 44% saving in terms of wastewater, are possible. MCDI in range 0.15& 0.25 kWh/m3 of generated LSW for cooling tower inlet water. Due to the absorption of calcium and chloride ions, the chances of scaling and corrosion decrease significantly which helps in water and chemical savings.


Context. Heat load forecasting is an important part of district heating optimization. In particular, energy companies aim at minimizing peak boiler usage, optimizing combined heat and power generat ...


A remarkable enhancement effect of the resonance light scattering signal(RLS)is observed when nuclear fast red,Cu(Ⅱ)and pyritinol hydrochloride exit together in a weak acid medium.On the basis of that,a new analytical method for pyritinol hydrochloric is developed by resonance light scattering technique.Under the optimal conditions,the maximum scattering peak of the system is located at 364 nm.The enhanced intensity of RLS is proportional to the concentrations of pyritinol hydrochloride in the range of 0.5~11.5 μg ·mL-1,the limit of detection is 1.5×10-2 μg ·mL-1.The method is applied to the determination of pyritinol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical.The results are compared with those obtained by pharmacopoeia method,and t-test shows there is no significant difference between the methods.


Little quantitative information on the development and behaviour of chicks and young is available for many species, despite the crucial importance of such data and the sensitivity of this stage in a bird's life. For Eagle Owls Bubo bubo, despite the large amount of scientific literature on this species, much basic information is lacking. This study provides a photographic and morphometric guide for age estimation of nestlings and fledglings, as well as data on the call behaviour of young, and patterns of movements during the post-fledging dependence period. The most remarkable event in chick development is the rapid increase in mass, and size gain, during the first 30 and 40‐45 days, respectively. Because after this time morphometric differences become less evident, young-feather development is more useful for ageing. Patterns of chick call behaviour showed that the time spent calling increased with age and, from 110 days of age, chick vocalizations were usually uniformly distributed through the whole night and most synchronized at sunset and sunrise (the maximum recorded number of vocalizations per chick and per night was 1106 calls). During the post-fledging dependence period, radiotagged Owls moved widely, up to 1500 m from the nest after the age of 80‐90 days. During such movements, the mean distance among siblings increased with age, from 168 m on average for juveniles less than 100 days old, to 489 m for those older than 100 days. Definitive dispersal started when young were about 150‐160 days old. Information on chick call behaviour and movements is crucial for unbiased census and nest checking, as well as for the definition of young post-fledging areas. Knowledge of the latter is very important in terms of conservation and management (especially for those species that move largely around their nest before dispersal) owing to the high mortality that can occur during this period.


The aesthetic education is an important component of modern quality-oriented education,and also plays a vital role in producing high-quality medical talents,Therefore,medical colleges and universities should have a good understanding of aesthetic education,place a high value on it in practice,and create a good aesthetic education environment in teaching.


Prior research has proposed technical solutions to use peer-to-peer (P2P) content delivery to serve Internet video, showing that it can reduce costs to content providers. Yet, such methods have not become widespread except for a few niche instances. An important challenge is incentivization: what tangible benefits does P2P content delivery offer users who bring resources to the table? In this paper, we ask whether monetary incentives can help attract peers in P2P content delivery systems. We commissioned a professional survey of people around theUnited States to answer several relevant questions. We found that 51% of the 876 respondents--substantially larger than our expectations--answered "yes" to whether they would participate for suitable financial incentives. Encouraged by the results of the survey, we propose Gringotts, a system to structure incentives and securely incorporate P2P delivery into content delivery systems. Gringotts provides a novel Proof of Delivery mechanism that allows content providers to verify correct delivery of their files, and shows how to use cryptocurrency to pay peers while guarding against liars and Sybil attacks.


The dominant species of rotifers in 14 urban lakes of Guangdong Province were tropical and subtropical species.The abundance of metazoan zooplankton was significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentration(r = 0.426,P 0.01),among it the rotifer abundance was significantly correlated with chlorophyll a concentration(r = 0.534,P 0.01) but the cladoceran abundance had no positive correlation with chlorophyll a.Fishes were found in every urban lake,the abundance of cladoceran and copepods were lower and the rotifer abundance was on the absolute predominance in those urban lakes that feed fish specially.But the relative abundance of cladoceran and copepods were more higher when there had macrophyte in lake.The metazoan zooplankton abundance had a significant positive correlation with concentrations of TN(r = 0.286,P 0.05),CODMn(r = 0.289,P 0.05),SS(r = 0.404,P 0.01) but had negative correlation with transparence and pH.Metazoan zooplankton distribution appears to broadly related to lake trophic.


The development of a machine's motivating factor is the focus of current scientific study on human-machine social interaction. These motives provide the machine important reasons to accomplish its objectives. Intrinsic motives create feelings in a person during any human-to-human social encounter, allowing that person to control and re-generate their conduct in accordance with the ongoing social exchange. "Theory of Mind" is a psychology term that refers to a person's capacity to comprehend an adversary's perspective and alter his or her behaviour accordingly. Such motivating robots are needed in the current human-machine social interaction because they may adjust their behaviour to maximise the value of their responses by observing the ambient emotions of the other person. This impression is optimistic for the machine's embodied learning for its "Theory of Mind"-based social interaction. For a computer to create contextually based learning, the suggested study defines a conceptual cognitive model for the machine. By taking into account the emotions of the interactive human and using a recurrent tapping delay line neural network, the machine is able to control its own internal mental states.


This study investigates the effect of different content polyester (UPR),
coconut shell (CS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and compaction pressure in UPR-CSTiO2
composite. The composite mixture with different composition was mixed and
then cold compressed with 200, 300, 400 and 500 MPa. The result showed that the
composite with 40 wt% of CS fiber with no addition of TiO2 has good flexural
properties due to the ability of reinforcement (CS) support the loading on composite
and the lighter compared to the other composites. UPR-CS-TiO2 composite density
increased with TiO2 content due to higher agglomeration and void content between
CS fiber and TiO2 particles. The composite with 20 wt% CS and TiO2 exhibit
thickness swelling, water uptake and moisture content reduction. In the most
composite composition modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE)
increased with compaction pressure while thickness swelling, water absorption and
moisture content decreased.


We provide sufficient conditions for a monotone function with a finite set of outcomes to be cyclically monotone. Using these conditions, we show that any monotone function defined on the domain of gross substitutes is cyclically monotone. The result also extends to the domain of generalized gross substitutes and complements.


Background: In developing countries, where work is being increasingly mechanised, a number of work processes have been developed that treat workers as tools in production, putting their health and lives at risk. Hence the current study was done to identify the morbidity pattern among stainless steel industry workers and to determine the relationship between morbidities and other associated factors related to work. Study Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in a small scale stainless steel industry of Tamil Nadu. 143 industrial workers were selected by using universal sampling method. Workers with experience of not less than 1 year were automatically included in the study and those with pre-existing illness before joining the industry were excluded. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from study participants. Results: It was estimated that nearly 15.4% of employees had work experience of more than a year and 84.6% had experience of more than 2 years. Overall prevalence of morbidity pattern in employees as per this study was 95.1%. Most common morbidity among workers was myalgia (50.3%) and second commonest was mechanical injuries (49%). The association between nature of work and morbidity suggested that 59% employees working in powdering, polishing section had history of mechanical injuries and 38.2% of employees in powdering, polishing section developed hearing loss. Among the employees not using PPE, 15.2% of them developed bronchial asthma, 29.3% had hearing loss, 21.2% had skin manifestation and 42.4% had mechanical injuries, these associations were found to be statistically significant. © 2020 Published by Innovative Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)


In this paper, we outline an architecture for supporting real time autonomous vision in small devices. Our vision processor performs data reduction at the point of image capture, using re-configurable hardware devices to extract and describe image features. By implementing our design on FPGAs, the vision processor can support highly parallel vision processing structures as well as more traditional pipelined or sequential algorithms. Because the processor hardware can be reconfigured, it becomes a flexible prototyping tool. The resulting platform is well suited for research in reactive robot control based on vision, as well as research into biomorphic vision structures.


Three impurities of pramipexole dihydrochloride were synthesized, and the possible generation mechanisms and the preparation methods of some impurities were reviewed. The desired configuration at C7 of 3 was built by a Mitsunobu reaction.


Ensemble learning is through disturbing training data to generate strong generalization ability. Researchers have proposed a variety of methods to achieve this goal,but how to achieve the best generalization ability by disturbing training data has not been thorough study. In this paper,we give a novel method called cross-grouping to disturb training data,and achieve different degrees of the disturbance of training data by varying cross-factor. Based on this method,we can achieve stronger generalization ability when the ensemble size is small. Experiment shows that with an appropriate choice of cross-factor,the generalization ability of CG-Bagging is stronger than that of Bagging and Boosting,and slightly better than that of Decorate and Random Forests.


Purpose
The development of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia is one of the national economic development priorities. SMEs have given benefits for society, especially in creating a fair income distribution and supporting economic growth. This paper aims to examine and analyze the impact of social capital and knowledge sharing on the sustainability strategy and performance of SME and to formulate policies about SMEs in the future.

Design/methodology/approach
This research was carried out in Riau Province, which is the closest province to Malaysia and Singapore. The authors collected data from 56 SMEs in trading and craft industries by using the purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed using partial least square technique.

Findings
The result of data analysis shows that social capital and knowledge sharing significantly affect the sustainability strategy of SMEs. Furthermore, sustainability strategy and knowledge sharing affects SME performance significantly, whereas social capital does not affect its performance.

Originality/value
A participatory approach (partial least square) was used, the location of the research was Riau Province, Indonesia and the participants in this study are the perpetrators of the micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises. This method and location have not been considered in earlier studies.


Recently, effects of disorder on low-dimensional quantum magnets have been investigated extensively in theoretical studies. Especially, non-magnetic impurity effects on spin-gapped Heisenberg antiferromagnets [1] have aroused much interest in relation to the impurityinduced antiferromagnetic long-range order observed experimentally in real materials [2]. It has been established by the recent numerical simulations [3,4] that in two dimensions or higher, there are two classes of disorder, which affect spin-gapped states in essentially different ways. The site dilution and the bond dilution are representatives of each class. The former induces localized moments around the impurity sites. There exist strong correlations between such effective spins retaining the staggeredness with respect to the original lattice, and therefore the antiferromagnetic long-range order emerges by an infinitesimal concentration of dilution. In the bond-dilution case, on the other hand, localized moments are always induced in pairs and they reform a singlet by the antiferromagnetic interactions through the twoor three-dimensional shortest paths as long as the concentration of bond dilution is smaller than a finite critical value. In one-dimensional systems, since quantum fluctuations are much stronger than in the higher-dimensional cases, novel quantum critical phenomena are observed under disorder in the magnitude of coupling constants (bond randomness). Theoretically, the decimation renormalization group (RG) approaches have achieved great success to predict rich physics, such as the random-singlet (RS) phase, especially for the S = 1 2 chains [5,6]. Recently, this technique has been extended to the higher-spin cases [7–10], where the main debate is on the robustness of the S = 1 Haldane phase [11] in the presence of disorder. A number of numerical studies have also been done [12–15] in order to established the quantitative phase diagrams. However, this problem has not been made clear enough yet. One of the main difficulty in numerical simulations of random quantum systems is the extremely wide energy scale to be taken into account. Another difficulty is the lack of appropriate physical quantity to discuss the randomness-driven criticality effectively. In this report, we present the results of our recent large-scale quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) studies on the ground-state properties of the bond-alternating Haldane chain with bond randomness [16]. In order to overcome the difficulties mentioned above, we introduce two novel numerical techniques, i.e. the ground-state loop algorithm [17] and the twist order parameter [18], in the present QMC simulation. After introducing our model in Sec. 2, in the succeeding sections we give brief overviews on the techniques we use in our simulation. In Sec. 5, our QMC results are presented and the phase diagrams are compared to those by the previous studies. We give a summary and discussions on the present results in the final section.


The UV decomposition of chloromethyl formate and vinyl formate has been studied in low-temperature noble gas matrices at wavelengths between 200 and 260 nm. Two distinct channels in cage photolysis were observed: (i) ClH/sub 2/COCHO ..-->.. ClH/sub 2/COH + CO; H/sub 2/CCHOCHO ..-->.. H/sub 2/CCHOH + CO. (ii) ClH/sub 2/COCHO ..-->.. H/sub 2/CO + HCl + CO; H/sub 2/CCHOCHO ..-->.. CH/sub 3/CHO + CO. There is a well-established wavelength dependence influencing the product ratios in these photochemical processes. Decomposition due to irradiation at wavelengths near 250 nm prefers channel i, where the formic acid esters decompose to the corresponding alcoholic species, chloromethanol (a new compound), and vinyl alcohol. On the other hand, at shorter wavelengths, channel ii dominates. Neither chloromethanol nor vinyl alcohol were observed to decompose at wavelengths above 200 nm. The photoprocesses of vinyl formate were also studied in NO-doped Ar matrices as well as in solid Xe in order to get information concerning the mechanisms of photochemical decomposition of formic acid esters. The assignment of the vibrational spectra is based on ab inito calculations performed at the Hartree-Fock 6-31G** level for chloromethanol and at the MP2/6-31G** level for vinyl alcohol. A detailed vibrational analysis is given formore » chloromethanol, chloromethanol-O-d, and vinyl alcohol.« less


The present paper deals with the anisotropic composite plates experiencing postbuckling. The plates have a symmetric lay-up and obey the geometrically non-linear von Karman law. A point-wise relation between the lamination parameters of the stiffest composite plates in postbuckling is derived and analyzed. It is shown that in the considered case not all lamination parameters are independent on each other (one of them is a linearly dependent one). The remaining linearly independent seven components of the lamination parameter vector are some non-linear functions of six parameters describing point-wisely the 2D principal strains and the principal curvatures. The analysis leads to a conclusion that the optimization w.r.t. the lamination parameters only is not sufficient for obtaining an optimal plate lay-up.


The present thesis studies modeling subjectivity and interpretations in games. That is, we study in a formal way roles of subjectivity and interpretations of agents (decision makers) in interactive decision making. There are mainly three issues we address. The first one is "modeling subjective formulations of games." We, throughout the thesis, adopt hypergame theory (Bennett (1977)), a game theoretical framework which allows agents to perceive games subjectively. We first argue that several topics on theoretical foundations of hypergames remain a matter of further study. In particular, we discuss two topics in the thesis. One is on rational behaviors of agents in hierarchical hypergames, a type of hypergames that allows an agent to have a "hierarchy of perceptions" such as an agent's view about another agent's view and so on. In Chapter 3, we propose a new solution concept called subjective rationalizability and examine its properties. An action of an agent is said to be subjectively rationalizable when the agent thinks it can be a best response to the other's choices, each of which the agent thinks each agent thinks is a best response to the other's choices, and so on. Although the concept would appear impractical as it is because we need an infinite sequence of best responses to calculate it, we, in order to make the concept applicable for hypergame analysis, then prove that it is equivalent to rationalizability in the standard game theory under a condition called inside common knowledge. The other topic is on a relationship between hypergames and another model of games with incomplete information, Bayesian games (Harsanyi (1967)). In Chapter 4, we compare the two independently developed models. We first show that any hypergames can naturally be reformulated in terms of Bayesian games in an unified way called Bayesian representation of hypergames, and then prove that some equilibrium concepts defined for hypergames provide us with the same implications as equilibria for Bayesian games. For instance, a hyper Nash equilibrium in a simple hypergame always consists of such actions that the actual type of each agent, types of the agents to which the objective probability 1 is assigned, take in a Bayesian Nash equilibrium in the corresponding Bayesian game, and vice versa. Based on the results, we discuss carefully how each model should be used according to the analyzer's purpose. Next, the second issue is "modeling revisions of subjective views." When our interest is in situations in which a game is played repeatedly, not only analyzing what outcome would be obtained but also studying how an outcome of the game may encourage an agent to learn the situation would be important for understanding stationary states in such situations. In a repeated hypergame, a new framework we propose in Chapter 5, agents interact repetitively, and may update each subjective view according to an outcome of the game at each period, while their choices are supposed to be subject to each subjective view at the current period. A game at each period is assumed to be described as a simple hypergame. The framework will be applied to a certain class of hypergames called systems of holding back, where the agents believe they themselves do the best from each agent's point of view but misperceptions prevent achievements of Pareto-optimal stationary state from an objective point of view. We examine how differences of behavioral ways of agents may work in such situations, and show that apparently irrational behavior can lead to the betterment of such situations while if the agents always choose rational actions, i.e., Nash actions, in light of their own perceptions,


A connection of two metal elements (27, 28), of which at least one of the two elements, a covering layer (27, 28) of a composite material (12) having a heat-sensitive core (21) is, is prepared in that in a welding operation or a soldering process the material is melted such that between the heat-sensitive core (21) and the molten weld area (30) has a non-melted layer (32, 37, 54) remains. In this non-molten layer may be a partial area (32) of the metal elements (27, 28) act itself and / or by additional elements (37).


In early summer of 1972, we discovered an anomalous brightness in the spectrum of Io near the sodium D-lines. This effect is revealed to be time-varying emission by free sodium atoms on Io.


Although significant advances have been achieved in the range and performance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in recent years, the rate of uptake of these vehicles is relatively slow, meaning that they will not become a significant component of national vehicle fleets for some time to come. This slow adoption can be attributed in part (price is of course a major factor) to misunderstandings, misinformation, and an absence of experience with such vehicles. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a virtual electric vehicle – effectively a game-like application on a smartphone – which mimics an individual's real use of a conventional fossil fuel powered vehicle with the equivalent experience in a BEV. The smartphone "knows" when it is in the user's conventional car, and keeps track of its travels, simulating the battery charging and usage of the virtual BEV in real time, and reporting situations such as driving range exceeded. It also provides summaries of running costs, and for long term users, indicates the need for battery replacement. In this way, it enables a user to gain some experience of what it would be like to use a BEV on a daily basis. A preliminary evaluation of the virtual BEV concept has shown excellent results, with a significant increase in positive attitudes to BEVs after only one week's use of the smartphone app.


A study of the influence of different gas nature on the efficiency of water purification from rod-shaped bacteria of the Bacillus cereus type is presented. The action of oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert argon and helium were used. The investigated water was model microbial water obtained on the basis of deaerated distilled water with the introduction of a pure culture of bacteria in the amount of 7 · 104 CFU/cm3. The total duration of the process was 2 hours at a reaction medium with temperature of 288 ± 1 K. The change in the number of microorganisms from the duration of gas bubbling is shown, depending on its nature. The degrees of destroyed microorganisms were calculated after each sampling of water (Dd), which was taken after each 30 min of the process. Studying the influence of different modes of water treatment, the largest number of destroyed bacterial cells was studied in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide (Dd = 91.0 %), and the smallest - in an atmosphere of oxygen (Dd = 34.73%). A two-stage process of number of microorganisms change was detected in the oxygen atmosphere: an increase in the first stage during 1800 s and a subsequent decrease in the second stage. After CO2 bubbling with a rate of 0.2 cm3/s through an aqueous medium with a volume of 75 cm3, the microbial count decreased by two orders of magnitude, which is apparently due to an increase in the acidity of the test medium. Having found a high efficiency of CO2 on the process of bacterial cells destruction, this gas should be used in water treatment processes, as well as in combination with other reagents or physical methods of water treatment to enhance the destructive effect on micro-objects.


The purpose of this study was to describe domains of family conflict and to examine variations in these domains by adolescent pubertal status, gender, and status as a family member. Sixty-three intact family triads completed an instrument designed to assess pubertal status and the Issues Checklist. Principal Factor Analysis with Varimax rotation resulted in the retention of seven factors accounting for 78.52 percent of the variance. Separate Stepwise Regression analyses were conducted for each factor (using factor scores) with adolescent pubertal status, gender, and status as a family member as predictors. Persistent Concerns and Appearance Issues were more disruptive in families with daughters than sons. Room Care and School Issues varied among family members. Leisure and Time Management Issues varied by adolescent pubertal status. Only Household Issues were unrelated to any of the predictor variables. In summary, the affective climate of the family can be characterized by a variety of conflictual domains, the intensity of which are related to adolescent pubertal status, gender, the role as a family member.


Introduction View from the Road: Underground Railroad Chapter 1: Memphis View from the Road: Hispanic Influences Chapter 2: Houston View from the Road: Cowboy Church Chapter 3: Colorado Springs View from the Road: Signs from the Road Chapter 4: San Francisco View from the Road: Hare Krishnas Chapter 5: Salt Lake City View from the Road: Our Lady of Peace Shrine Chapter 6: Central Nebraska View from the Road: Raised Religious Chapter 7: Detroit View from the Road: Monastery of the Transfiguration Chapter 8: Brooklyn View from the Road: The Amish Conclusion: Central Pennsylvania


This works aims at providing an accurate and complete symbolic model of the MOS transistor useful for the early stages of design. The main idea is to extend the simple formalism of drift transport to include both diffusion and velocity-limited transport. This new concept is supported by a charge-based model, in which we substitute a virtual charge for the inversion charge density. The virtual charge is just the real inversion charge plus the pinch-off charge minus the saturation charge. A direct consequence of the definition of the virtual charge is strong inversion-like representation of currents, charges as well as small-signal parameters.


Objective: There have been very few comparative studies which dealt with the differences in recognition of emotion between Korean and Japanese. The present study aimed at identifying the differences in the recognition of facial expressions of anger between Korean and Japanese. Methods: Study 1 aimed at determining the typical Japanese and Korean faces which will be utilized as the stimulus faces in later studies. Fifty Korean and 50 Japanese undergraduate students were asked to identify the "most typical" Korean or Japanese face from pictures of 30 women printed on the questionnaire. In Study 2, two photographs of the face selected as most typical Korean or Japanese were morphed from normal to strong anger on 100 steps. Then, in order to validate the scalability of the morphed photographs, ten photographs were chosen at the interval of ten steps and participants were asked to rank them according to the strength of anger. In Study 3, Korean and Japanese participants are shown the standard emotional photographs for three seconds and then watched the morphing from emotionless to anger expression. They are asked to push the specified key at the point where they felt the emotion at the same level as the standard photograph. Results: In Study 1, 23 (46%) participants for Japanese faces and 35 (70%) participants for Korean faces selected one specific face as most typical face respectively. The other two faces selected as the second most typical were far less typical as the first (16% and 10%), we decides to use these two as stimulus photographs. In Study 2, it was revealed that twenty Korean and Japanese participants could accurately rank the ten photographs from normal to strong angry one.


This chapter focuses on Joachim of Fiore, Giovanni's alleged companion and inspirator. After a brief introduction to Joachim's life and works, this chapter explains the controversies that Joachim's prophecies and theological views provoked. The chapter also explores the centuries-long and failed attempts made by Joachim's followers to have him officially canonized. In the seventeenth century, the case for Joachim's sanctity received several boosts, including the important endorsement of the Jesuit Daniel Papebroch, one of the leaders of the Bollandists. The chapter explores all the political, intellectual, and theological reasons for this novel enthusiasm, which Carlo hoped would have benefited Giovanni's case as well. Analyzing the joint cases of Joachim and Giovanni provides a unique lens through which we can appreciate the politics of sanctity in connection with questions of historical authenticity and theological orthodoxy.


ABSTRACT This paper explains how Social Return on Investment (SROI) can improve public project management in local government. The authors provide a step-by-step account of SROI implementation in an Indonesian city. The case study is a community-based sewerage treatment facility. By using participatory SROI, project management was substantially improved through better project prioritization, performance measurement and project accountability.


Decolourisation of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Geotrichum sp. CCMI 1019 was studied using stirred tank reactors (STR) and two types of bubble columns (porous plate (PP) bubble column and aeration tube (AT) bubble column). For the bubble columns, the kLa increased with the gas fractional hold-up (εG) and the aeration rate. A linear relationship between εG and superficial gas velocity was obtained for all reactors. At same aeration rates, the PP bubble columns showed higher kLa and hold-up values than the AT bubble column. In the STRs, large and dense aggregates were formed which adhered to surfaces whereas bubble columns gave smaller and less compact pellets. Manganese peroxidase and laccase were detected in the extracellular media in all reactors. However, laccase was only detected after the onset of decolourisation, suggesting that additional enzymes may be involved. Mn peroxidase activity was detected (about 46 U/ml) in both the STRs and AT bubble columns but higher values (110 U/ml) were obtained with the PP bubble columns. Out of the three reactor systems studied, the AT bubble columns gave the most favourable results for Reactive Black 5 decolourisation. Rapid and complete colour removal was obtained throughout the visible spectrum. Bubble columns are simple in design as well as operation and may be useful for the bioremediation of textile wastewater.


Over the past twenty years,negotiations on investment protection and promotion between both sides of the Taiwan Strait can be divided into four stages,i.e.,from exchanging topics of discussion in the NPC and CPPCC sessions,shelving the ready-to-start programs in the NPC and CPPCC sessions,re-launching the programs by private businesses,to gaining substantive progress.The Cross-strait Agreement on Investment Protection and Promotion not only followed the general practice of international investment and promotion treaties but also considered such factors as the unique features of cross-strait relations,the reasonable concerns of investors on both sides and the enforceability of the agreement.It is an example of institutional innovation with cross-strait characteristics on the following specific provisions,i.e.,the scope of application,treatment of investment,personal safety and dispute settlement.It is still too early to forecast the economic effect of this agreement on the promotion of mutual investment across the Strait in the short run,but it will definitely prove contributory to securing the accomplishment of the legalization of cross-strait mutual investment relations and avoiding new investment barriers.Therefore,it is a necessary legal step made to facilitate mutual investment across the Strait.


Quality of care for stroke patients is often measured by appropriate administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and is influenced by


Since thorotrast has been found useful as a contrast medium, it is of considerable interest to find out how thorium and its products are distributed in the body and to what extent these radioactive elements are eliminated. The danger from the continued exposure of the tissues to the emitted alpha, beta, and gamma rays makes such information still more important. It is well known that thorotrast is absorbed rapidly by the reticulo-endothelial system and deposited for the most part in the liver and spleen. Previous studies by other investigators have contributed much information and have proved that the thorium remains long in these tissues. Pohle and Ritchie (1) report that the roentgen ray shadows cast by livers of rabbits, in which thorotrast was deposited, decreased slightly after considerable periods of time. Rigler (2) states that in man there is a noticeable decrease in the density of livers containing thorotrast after intervals of several years. This may be due to a redistribution of the thorium, as...


Nano sized materials are plays vital role in biological and pharmaceutical applications. Especially, metal oxide nanoparticles are known to possess antibacterial properties. TiO2, a wellknown p-type semiconductor and it has high photo reactivity, broad-spectrum antibiosis and chemical stability. These properties have been applied in removing bacteria and harmful organic materials from water and air. In order to enhance the antimicrobial activity of TiO2, prepared a new ternary nano composite, TiO2-Fe2O3-rGOby hydrothermal method. These nanoparticles and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antibacterial effect of these obtained nanoparticles and nano composites was examined on Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Escherichia coli (MTCC 118), and Staphylococcusaureus(MTCC 96), Klebsiellapneumoniae(MTCC 2405). Based on this study, we may conclude that the synthesized nanocomposites were found to be effective against


Li14(PON3)2O is prepared by solid state reaction of 1:6 molar mixtures of PO(NH2)3 and LiNH2 (evacuated silica tube, 550 °C, 24 h).


Reaction of AgBF4 with isonicotinic acid (NC5H4CO2H-4) led to the formation of an unusual polymeric structure consisting of Ag3 triangles linked together by two isonicotinate ligands: this co-ordination polymer, containing both bridged and unbridged short Ag· · ·Ag contacts has been characterised crystallographically.


Aims: Several lines of evidence indicate that axon guidance genes are involved not only in neural development but also in cancer development. ROBO1 and ROBO2, crucial regulators of axon guidance, are considered potential tumour suppressor genes. The aim of this study was to explore whether ROBO1 and ROBO2 genes are somatically mutated and expressionally altered in gastric (GC) and colorectal cancers (CRC). Methods: In a public database, we observed that both ROBO1 and ROBO2 had mononucleotide repeats in their coding exons that could be mutation targets in cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI). We analysed mutations of these repeats in 77 GC and 88 CRC either with high MSI (MSI-H) or low MSI/microsatellite stability (MSI-L/MSS) by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. We analysed ROBO1 and ROBO2 expressions in GC and CRC by immunohistochemistry as well. Results: Overall, we found five ROBO1 and five ROBO2 frameshift mutations in the repeats. They were detected exclusively in the cancers with MSI-H (10/70, 14.2%), but not in MSI-L/MSS (0/95, 0%) (p = 0.018). In the immunohistochemistry, loss of ROBO2 expression was identified in 22 (29%) and 17 (19%) of GC and CRC, respectively, while increased expression of ROBO2 was found in 15 (20%) and 22 (25%) of GC and CRC, respectively. There were co-occurrences of mutation and loss of expression in both ROBO1 (4/5, 80% mutated cases, p < 0.001) and ROBO2 (5/5, 100% mutated cases, p < 0.05) genes. Conclusion: This is the first report of ROBO1 and ROBO2 frameshift mutations in GC and CRC. Frameshift mutations of ROBO1 and ROBO2 genes and alteration of ROBO2 expression in GC and CRC suggest that both genes might play roles in the pathogenesis of GC and CRC.


A conventional single-channel analyzer is described. The analyzer embodies a delay circuit that sends out a pulse 4 to 10 microseconds after the analyzer pulse. The delay circuit operates on a pulse taken from the input of the analyzer. This pulse is buffered with a cathode follower which sends it to trigger a delay generator. The trigger level is set to accept very small pulses. The output of the delay generator is sent to a flip-flop (bistable) circuit. If the analyzer circuit had been triggered by this same input pulse, then it would have switched the flipflop circuit from the O'' position to the I'' position. In only this case can the output of the delay generator switch the flip-flop circuit. It switches it back to the O'' position. This polarity of switching (flopping) produces a delayed output pulse in a pulse shaping circuit that follows the flipflop. Thus, an output pulse is produced only when the analyzer also produces a pulse. This output pulse has a fixed delay (variable from 4 to 10 microseconds) that is reasonably independent of the size of the input pulse and the analyzer level. This delayed pulse is available from a separate output. Themore » analyzer proper can be used in either the single-channel'' or the discriminator'' mode. In the latest version of the analyzer, its level can be varied in steps of 1 volt in the range of 5 to 100 volts. The window width is also variable in discrete steps. These are 0, 0.5,« less


People are the main responsible for the creation of new products and services because they have the knowledge and the ideas; they are the key for the action and development of the organizations. Nowadays the principal factor of differential between organizations is the investment in their intellectual capital, that is, in the members of the organizations that can come from the most varied areas of the world. In the life of an organization employees have to live with each other; from these relations emerge different types of conflicts caused by opposite goals or ideas and caused by different cultures and personalities. The conflict is a problem if isn't identified or treated in the right time can progress and reach to an harmful landing to the organization. So the organizations should be in charge of having a good conflict management capacity and the leader should analyze the best approach to solving the organization conflicts. The Municipal Firefighters of Viana do Castelo were the organization selected for this case study. In the first place we discussed the concept of organization, the human behavior in the organization and the causes that influenced this behavior. Next, in a more detailed way, we studied the conflict from its concept, sources that originate it, classification, dimension and the evolution until its management. In order to find out what is happening in the daily life of this organization we have done a survey related to the literature review. This survey was answered by a sample composed of 40 elements of the organization. The main conclusion reached with this study demonstrates that conflicts are more personal than organizational.


Microglia are commonly referred to as the brain`s macrophages, which leads to confusion due to the presence of several other macrophage populations in the central nervous system. The morphological, molecular and ontological differences between these cells are subtle. They need to be clearly defined in the light of the new evidence suggesting that microglia originate not in the bone marrow, but from yolk sac, or, possibly, pericyte progenitors. Recent paradigm shift redefines the specific roles of microglia during brain development, health and disease. Microglia have emerged as key players in important events such as neurogenesis, programmed cell death, elimination of synapses and remodeling of neural circuits. These novel discoveries imply a need for a better morphological and molecular differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte populations and their subtypes in the brain. This may improve our knowledge of their specific contributions and possible pharmacological manipulation in brain health and disease.


This paper aims to discuss aspects of the novels of formation (Bildungsromane) from the analysis of Jose Mauro de Vasconcelos's autobiographical works (1920-1984): Doidao (1963), My orange tree (1968) and Let's warm the sun (1974). We seek as theoretical allies some commentators of the interdisciplinary theme that is based on Philosophy and Literature, such as Barbara Freitag, Cristina Pinto and Wilma Patricia Maas. The three works of Vasconcelos can be considered novels of formation from the perspective that the concepts are in constant movement, making that new characteristics integrate to the format of the Bildungsromane of the 21st century.


Baba Nyonya food is a wonderful combination of Malay and Chinese cuisine with influences from Indonesia, Thailand, India, Holland, Portugal and England. Nyonya food presents the unique identity which combined culture and heritage, adapting ingredients and recipes. The purpose of this study is to find out awareness among Culinary Art students in the Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam about Baba Nyonya food, and to identify the uniqueness of Baba Nyonya's food. In this study, resource based theory has been exploited for developing conceptual research framework. Data collected using self–administered questionnaire among 110 respondents involving students of Culinary Arts through convenience sampling method. The data analysis has been conducted using frequency, descriptive statistic as well as Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS16). Results clarified that the culinary art students are aware about the uniqueness of Baba Nyonya food and the average ratio of students who know is overwhelming. The study concluded that the establishment of awareness among students about Baba Nyonya food is crucial related to the fact that Baba Nyonya food has been gradually forgotten.


Introduction: Anxiety and depression are common and serious disorder that they have main affects in self-regulation and somatization. This study was done to analyze relation and prediction between anxiety/depression with dimensions of self-regulation and somatization. Methods: The study was done using four questionnaires such as: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) and Physical Symptoms (PHQ-15). Study was conducted in 500 employees in five biggest offices. Investigation used all data collected analyzed by SPSS-21 software. Results: In particular, there is significant differences between evaluating and somatization with anxiety by positive correlation. Meanwhile, anxiety accounted for 4.01% of the variance in implementing (p<0.05), 4% of the variance evaluating (p<0.05) and 4.04% variance somatization (p<0.05). There is significantly differences between evaluating with depression by positive correlation (p<0.05). In addition, implementing, assessing, and somatization had a correlation with depression (p<0.05). Depression accounted for 4.81% variance of the implementing (p<0.05), 4.79% of the variance evaluating (p<0.05) and 4.86% of the variance somatization (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings are consistent with a relationship between anxiety in self-regulation and somatization involved in both self-regulation and somatization as well as altered in clinically manifest Declaration of Interest: None.


AIM:To investigate the genesis of arrhythmias and changes of density of β-AR,AC activity and cAMP level of myocardia in a stressed goat mode and to clarify the pathway of sympathetic signals across myocardial membrane.METHODS:Fifteen adult male goats were randomly divided into control,stress and metoprolol groups.Twenty four hour noise and flash light stimulation were used to establish the acute stress model and 24 h Holter monitoring was performed.Subsequently,animals were anesthetized and killed by bloodletting through the aorta,and myocardial tissues were kept for preparing membrane samples.β-AR density,AC activity and cAMP level were measured by radioligand binding assay and radioimmunoassay.RESULTS:Obvious stress responses occurred in stress and metoprolol groups.β-AR density increased similarly(P0.05,P0.01) in both groups and were higher than in control group(P0.05,P0.01).No significant difference was observed in KD values among the three groups.AC activity and cAMP level in stress group were higher than in control and metoprolol groups(P0.05,P0.01),and these indices in metoprolol group were also higher than in control group(P0.05).CONCLUSION:Our study shows that intact β-AR-AC-cAMP pathway-mediated biological reactions result from sympathetic activation,and metoprolol may inhibit the signal transmitting pathway and partially block adverse effects of sympathetic activation.


The highland Maya of pre-contact times possessed a polytheistic religion involving the worship of many dieties with differing characteristics. These gods were often represented in the form of idols. Despite Spanish attempts to eradicate this religion, idolatry symbolic of the earlier belief system survived well into the 19th century and even later. The town council and the cofradia provided the contexts within which aboriginal beliefs and practices persisted in modified forms. Unlike technologies and subsistence systems, belief systems because they involve emotions, explain the universe, and provide a sense of social identity often remain sufficiently flexible to accommodate to external pressures and to survive despite these.


Indium depth profiles were obtained for various energies and tilt angles to provide precise dual Pearson parameter data set. Dual Pearson model can reproduce an In profile with channeling tail. The obtained data set is available with commercial TCAD tools.


For a sparse linear system Ax = b, preconditioners of the form C = D + L+ U , where D is the block diagonal part of A (or incomplete factorization approximation of its blocks), and L and U are block strictly lower and upper triangular matrices composed of low-ranks approximations of the respective blocks of A, are examined. C is applied directly, by solving Cz = w, or partially, by applying one step of BSSOR to Cz = w. Use of low-rank approximations of o -diagonal blocks is common in dense systems, but apparently has not been considered for sparse systems. This paper examines ways of de ning the o -diagonal blocks and provides a detailed analysis for systems occuring in solving Laplace equation on a uniform mesh. Methods of applying C as a parallel preconditioner are proposed and analyzed, their cost being compared to that of applying a Jacobi preconditioner D. Testing results are presented, comparing the use of low-rank approximations with Jacobi and block SSOR preconditioning.


For sonography students and residents, ultrasound physics can be intimating and seemingly remote from their clinical responsibilities. This is primarily because of the difficulty in translating textbook physics concepts into their clinical practice. Although this may be a challenge in any discipline, in ultrasound physics it is compounded by the fact that what is seen, or measured, on the scanner is not always consistent with what is expected based on basic principles. The confusion between expectation and observation is usually artifact or results from a particularly clever implementation of technology. Demystifying the physics not only helps the student develop an intuition on how the scanner creates an image; it also gives them a greater appreciation of imaging as a science. This course is designed to assist physicists in teaching ultrasound physics concepts to nonphysics personnel (residents, sonographers, graduate students, etc.). Several demonstrations and exercises are reviewed which emphasize the clinical implications of various scan parameter settings, including: power, gain, dynamic range, time-gain compensation, field-of-view, displayed depth, postprocessing, zoom (magnification). The effect of these parameters on resolution (axial and lateral), frame rate, depth of penetration, blood flow velocity, and overall image appearance are discussed where appropriate. Doppler ultrasound physics measurements are introduced and briefly discussed. Introductory physics concepts are provided along with sample data and images. Additionally, an explanation of possible discrepancies between measured and "theoretical" results are presented. Although the target audience of this session is physicists who have teaching responsibilities, the material provides an excellent review, with examples, of the effect of various scan parameters on image appearance. Additionally, the experiments and demonstrations reviewed in this course illustrate many important relationships between ultrasound imager scan parameters and image or measurement quality. Anyone with an interest in clinical ultrasound imaging would benefit from this session.


Assume a existing control system needs a new sensor or actuator due to deterioration or unsatisfactory performance for other reasons. If such a new device can be implemented in a completely automated fashion it will be a very powerful tool. This is exactly the vision for the research project "Plug and Play Process Control" P3C. The first step is to get the device on the network. The next is to decide on if it is useful and if yes for what. Method to answer these questions are discussed and developed in this paper. The results are adaptive methods to estimate a correlation based "awareness". These methods are successfully applied to a simulation experiment where control performance is improved. An estimate of the stochastic part of a system given the deterministic part is a necessary part of the above methods. In this paper, a prediction error method (PEM) with analytical gradient is developed for this problem.


In the last decades, the incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer in high-income countries have decreased due to the implementation of organized screening programs and recent advancements in diagnosis and prognosis (1). Potential candidates for surgical resection are women with locoregional tumors. Given the excellent 5-year survival rates for early-stage cervical cancer, surpassing 90%, and that up to 40% of these patients are of reproductive age, the need for fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) is mandatory (2). In the literature, many approaches are described, but in the last decade, the debate has been focused on radical and more conservative surgical approaches.


Abstract Electron microscope studies on root nodules of some leguminous plants. — From this study of ultrathin sections of root nodules of Pea, Bean and Kidney-bean plants, it has been possible to recognize the infrastructural changes which occur during the development of the root nodules, both in the special cells (containing Rhizobia) and in the intermediary cells (free of Rhizobia). With regard to the symbiotic bacteria it has been possible to ascertain that their penetration into root nodules occurs by means of an infection's thread (delimited by its own wall), which contains numerous Rhizobia dipped in an abundant mucilage, with which they, at the beginning, are released into the host plant's cells. The Rhizobia appear enveloped by three membranes, namely a thin citoplasmic membrane, a cell wall, and a « membrane envelope », this last looking at the beginning rather detached from bacterial cell, by the presence of mucillaginous substances which afterward become less and less reduced. The membrane env...


TPS262 Background: Postoperative RT plus cisplatin has emerged as standard treatment for high risk, resected SCCHN patients. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a poor prognostic factor and important therapeutic target. The EGFR-specific antibody, panitumumab, has promising chemo- and radiosensitizing properties in phase I experience in SCCHN. We incorporated panitumumab into postoperative RT and cisplatin. Methods: Patients are treated 3-7 weeks after surgical resection without gross residual tumor of pathologic stage III or IVa SCCHN of the oral cavity, larynx, or hypopharynx. We excluded a) T3N0 larynx and b) any T1N1, if there were no high risk pathologic features ( 2 positive lymph nodes). Patients received no other prior therapy for SCCHN and have ECOG performance status of 0-1. Treatment consists of standard RT (60-66 Gy with daily fractions in 6-7 weeks) concurrent with weekly panitumumab 2.5 mg/kg IV and week...


The present paper describes the quantum mechanics study regarding a tertiary-alkyl methyl ether synthesis mechanism. As octane number boosters, ethers such as TAME (2-methoxy-2-methylbutane) represent a solution for increasing the amount of oxygen in gasolines and for decreasing their isoamylenes content, for more environmentally-friendly fuels. The quantum mechanics modeling targeted the elucidation of the isoamylenes methoxylation mechanism, defining the transition states involved in the reaction of 2-methyl2-butene (2M2B) with methanol, using benzenesulfonic acid to simulate cation-exchange resins catalytic involvement.


The current research studies the hampering of communication among members of a working team in the framework of the application of the project method in training future teachers, through recording the views of students of the Department of Primary Education of Democritus University of Thrace. The anonymous written questionnaire, completed by future teachers that worked in teams during ten programmed weekly meetings, served as a research tool. The results show clearly that the students – during the implementation of the project that they undertook – mentioned that the negative communicational behaviors which took place in the framework of the team member meetings, as well as the conversations among them, disorientated the members from the team goals and disorganized them, without, however, causing problems in team coherence and without negatively influencing their interpersonal relationships. The factors that hampered communication among cooperating members were reported to be the disposition of members as well as the lack of information, while it was stressed that irony, ridiculing and criticism of the other can also lead to hampering of the communication process.


This article explores the ubiquitous uses of the term well-being in social work codes, values, and literature. It reviews international concepts of well-being as well as those within social work to consider a deeper exploration of the meanings of well-being. Dimensions of well-being that resonate with social work values include eliminating poverty; promoting social inclusion and eliminating oppression; eliminating all forms of violence in society; increasing investments in health, education, and social supports; and the protection and restoration of environmental resources and the biosphere. Frameworks for incorporating concepts of well-being in social work practice, research, and teaching are proposed.


We give a criterion to determine the existence of the nontrivial integral solutions of the Fermat equation $x^3+y^3=kz^3$ over $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{d})$ by constructing a relationship with the points on the elliptic curve $y^2=x^3-432d^3k^2$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ for $k\in\mathbb{N}$.


Chronic, nonbloody diarrhea may represent a diagnostic challenge in patients with inconclusive findings after standard clinical work-up [1]. In this setting, smallbowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) has high sensitivity and a favorable clinical impact in assessing the presence of small-bowel mucosal lesions in patients with suspected Crohn's disease and no obstructive symptoms [1–3]. Very recently, the CapsoCam SV-1 (CapsoVision, Inc. Saratoga, California, USA) has been introduced as a new standard in SBCE. The system allows lateral panoramic 360° viewing with wire-free technology, longlasting battery life, and 12–20 frames per second captured by four highresolution cameras located on the capsule sides and facing the four quadrants of the digestive wall [4,5]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published report on the use of this new technique in patients with suspected small-bowel Crohn's disease. Here, the case of a 51year-old woman with a 2-year history of chronic, nonbloody diarrhea is presented. Physical examination was unremarkable and laboratory parameters were within the reference ranges, with the exception


This study was conducted to investigate the effects of consumption of exposed ration with microwaves radiation on histopathology of liver and kidney of pregnancy, and the role of ginger Zingiber officinale in curing these effects. 100 Mus musculus pregnant mouse used at age (10-14) weeks and weight (25±2) gm., were divided into 10 groups: control group and nine experimental groups, 10 mice \ group. Ginger used in form of aqueous extract with concentration (1000mg\kg) body weight. The period of treatment was 18 days starting from the 1st day until 18th day of pregnancy which is the dissecting day. The organs fixed in 10% formalin, cut as 5μ and stained with Ehrlich's Haematoxylin & Eosin. Microscopic examination of liver and kidney showed presence of histopathological changes and these increased with the increasing of duration of the exposure. In liver there were vacular degeneration, coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes and congestion of central veins with infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells, particularly lymphocytes. While in kidney there is shrinkage in glomerular tuft, degeneration and swelling of epithelial cells lining the renal tubules with congestion of blood vessels in addition to the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Groups which were treated with ginger extract showed efficient effect in reducing histopathological effects of the ration exposed to microwave in all periods of time that has been used in liver and kidney. Keywords— Microwaves, pregnancy's liver and kidney, ginger, Zingiber officinale.


In this paper a general and unified treatment of the DQE is exposed, both in the space-domain and in the frequency-domain. The meaning of the DQE as quantum efficiency appears to be of paramount importance for a correct interpretation of the physical parameters involved in its formulation and measurement. The treatment in the frequency-domain turns out to be a direct extension of that in the space-domain. An operational procedure is introduced to consider the effect of the filtering of the detector in the spacedomain.


This article examines the disrespectful, abusive and violent maternity care that many South African people face.It identifies this conduct as a human rights violation and argues that intentional abusive maternity care should be labelled as obstetric violence, a specific form of gender-based violence, and that it should be criminalised. This approach reflects a nascent global trend to act against obstetric violence, and draws inspiration from statutory crimes introduced in Venezuela and Mexico. Building on the Latin American experience, the article proposes how the current legal conception of obstetric violence should be further developed to suit the unique position of pregnant people in South Africa.


Vascular malformations (VM) can be classified into high-flow arteriovenous malformations and/or fistulas (AVM) and low-flow venous or lymphatic malformations. In general, VMs are congenital anomalies, usually caused by an arrest of normal vascular development and failure of resorption of the embryologic primitive vascular elements. VMs can present in any anatomic location, tissue or organ; the most common anatomic locations being the pelvis, extremities (flexor muscles of the forearm and the quadriceps muscle) and the intracranial circulation. Overall prevalence of VMs is estimated to be 1.5% of the general population. Multiple classifications for vascular abnormalities have been established, but the classification of Mulliken and Glowacki is the most frequently used system [1, 2]. Treatment and prognosis of VMs are based on the type, subtype and architecture of the lesions. A potential difficulty of making differential diagnoses for the lesions relying only on the above system is that diagnoses may often be incorrect, resulting in turn in inappropriate treatment. Precise imaging evaluation is needed for treatment of the lesions, not only to evaluate the extent of lesions but also to confirm the suspected diagnoses.


A novel strategy for the synthesis of policyclic trifluoromethyl arenes has been devised. It involves a DBU-promoted tandem cycloaromatization reaction of dicyanoalkenes and fluorinated conjugated sulfinyl imines. This unprecedented transformation is a metal-free and air-tolerant process that takes place from readily available starting materials under mild reaction conditions.


The author reports on what brought him as a CUNY faculty member to the position that he holds on Open Access as a new paradigm for scholarly publication and dissemination of information, knowledge and creations. He relates his experiences in bringing this topic to the attention of his CUNY colleagues and his understanding of what may happen in the future at CUNY as a response to the open access model. He will also relate his current efforts related to the archiving of the academic creations of faculty and of governance materials. He presents his views on tenure and promotion review related to open access and how this has been discussed by CUNY administrators and faculty and briefly touch on intellectual property issues related to open access.


When C. C. Lauritsen came to Caltech in 1926, the stage was set for 40 years of enthusiastic and prodigious research in nuclear physics


The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) encourage K-12 teachers to facilitate science and engineering instruction that is three-dimensional in nature, motivating students to develop knowledge building practices. The dimensions are based on crosscutting concepts, disciplinary core ideas, and science and engineering practices (SEPs). This study focuses on the eight SEPs, which were developed for students to use science inquiry and engineering design to solve meaningful problems. These practices move beyond traditional science instruction and into engineering, which involves content that teachers were not asked to cover prior to the implementation of the NGSS. Because of this, teachers have begun to seek out support in free, online curricular materials to meet the demands of the NGSS, despite budget restrictions or support from administration. This means that we must hold high standards to the curriculum that is provided online to teachers. In this study, the research team examined 40 lesson activities from a website that provides teachers with over one thousand free activities. This website was chosen because it is NSF-funded, a collaborative effort from several well-respected universities, and a top hit when searching for "K-12 Engineering Activities" on Google. It is also one of the only sites that provides complete units, as opposed to stand-alone activities, at no cost. A search was conducted within the website to limit the focus of this research, which included looking at complete units under "Science and Technology" that cover the Engineering Design Standards for grades 3-5. All lesson activities were coded by two of the researchers, using a codebook that was developed with the "practices matrix" in the NGSS. The codebook included themes and subthemes from the matrix with examples of each code. Intercoder agreement statistics were calculated using MAXQDA software and averaged a correlation of 97.3%. The findings indicate an emphasis on the following SEPs: (1) planning and carrying out investigations (2) developing and using models and (3) analyzing and interpreting data. For planning and carrying out investigations, the coded segments encouraged students to make observations to be used later for analysis. A few segments related to making predictions but none that asked students to plan an investigation or evaluate data collection methods. Another common practice that appeared in engineering-specific units was developing and using models. For this practice, students were asked to build and test prototypes. Students were not asked to develop a design plan, optimize a solution, or refine ideas based on the performance of a prototype. Instead, students would use teacher-directed models to test solutions and communicate design features. The practices with little to no coded segments (1) asking questions and defining problems (2) constructing explanations and designing solutions and (3) engaging in argument from evidence are critical to the success of these standards. Implications of this research should encourage curriculum developers to re-evaluate the ways in which curricula are aligned to the practices listed in the NGSS. Additionally, websites and curricular resources need to specifically identify the claim that their resources are "NGSS-aligned." Introduction As of 2017, nineteen states have adopted the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) [1] with the main goal being to improve science instruction and encourage student interest in science and technology fields. The NGSS focus on three strands of science learning, (1) disciplinary core ideas, (2) science and engineering practices, and (3) cross cutting concepts. The standards are aimed to focus on big ideas that blend with practices and cross-cutting concepts in order to allow students the opportunity to explore and engage with these ideas in a meaningful and applied way. Students should emerge from the K-12 progression as practitioners of an "effective method of inquiry" [2]. With this in mind, science education is moving toward giving students an experiential learning opportunity rather than just relying on memorization from textbooks. Although theoretically beneficial, the NGSS represent a conceptual shift from science instruction to interdisciplinary knowledge, particularly that of engineering. The National Research Council [3] reports that, "[f]or science teachers to embrace their role as teachers of science communication and of practices of acquiring, evaluating, and integrating information from multiple sources and multiple forms of presentation, their preparation as teachers will need to be strong in these areas" [4]. Unfortunately, these standards did not provide reformed professional development or curriculum with it leaving many teachers relying on curriculum kits and memorization techniques [5]. Although memorization skills translate well on standardized tests, the deeper learning experiences the NGSS seek to achieve is missed when teachers are not supported with the proper resources. This presents a pedagogical problem since the NGSS rely heavily on teacher knowledge of science and engineering practices and demand a restructure of teaching style [6]. Elementary teachers tend to be well-versed in general knowledge domains rather than focused specifically on science which means a heavier reliance on textbook resources and professional development opportunities [5], [7]. This is compounded by the fact that most elementary teachers are only required to have taken a single science methods course [3]. Therefore, elementary teachers are not well-prepared to teach science specific curriculum [8]. Teacher quality is a vital part of student achievement since there is a positive correlation between a teacher's subject and educational knowledge and their students' achievement level [9]. Moving past memorizing facts would require deeper content knowledge provided either by professional development or degrees and certification in the discipline focusing on content-specific knowledge and skills [10]. For example, instructors with an expertise and training in a science laboratory would utilize lab technique and examples to create deeper learning experiences that encompass the NGSS rather than textbook memorization [9]. Additionally, the NGSS science and engineering practices (SEPs) include both familiar and foreign practices even for teachers who already use scientific inquiry [11]. As explicitly stated in the standards, the SEPs are not teaching methods. Instead they are student expected practices that should be modeled and evoked by their teachers [3]. Since teachers in the NGSSadopted states may be less able to rely on their science and engineering knowledge, current lessons, and teaching practices, they may seek additional online NGSS-aligned curriculum. This leads to a need to ensure a high-standard of quality for online NGSS-aligned curricula. Our study focuses on one of the NGSS strands, SEPs. We use vocabulary from NGSS Appendix F [3] to quantify how often SEPs are implemented in a popular online NGSS-aligned curriculum.


Group support systems have been found useful for idea generation on the path to knowledge creation. However, the ability of groups to converge on the most worthy ideas to translate into knowledge has been generally neglected in the research literature. This empirical research assesses and validates the effects of task and time structure on the ability of computer mediated groups using a group support system (GSS) to perform an idea convergence task. Convergence was examined through literature review of past research and theory, with a focus on information processing theory. Using a 2*2 factorial study, a set of 5 person groups were asked to converge upon the most worthy ideas for further consideration. Task structure and time structure were varied and a kappa measure of convergence and subjective measures were developed to substantiate convergence. Results indicate that task structure has an influence on convergence, and time structure influences satisfaction with convergence. It was also found that cognitive load correlates with the group convergence using the knowledge that was generated. Recommendations are made for the improvement of convergence activities towards knowledge creation support and management using a GSS.


This article reviews research examining technical features of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) in written expression. Twenty-eight technical reports and published articles are included in this review. Studies examining the development and technical adequacy of measures of written expression are summarized, beginning with research conducted at the Institute for Research on Learning Disabilities at the University of Minnesota and followed by extensions of this work. Differences in technical features of writing tasks, sample durations, and scoring procedures employed within and across elementary and secondary levels are highlighted. Gaps in research addressing the technical adequacy of CBM in written expression are identified, and implications for future research and practice are discussed.


ABSTRACT White blood cells recognition is developed to help the medical world in diagnosing deseases. In this paper, an artificial neural network algorithm, Fuzzy Learning Vector Quantization is used to recognize the white blood cells. A total of 198 images of white blood cell were used, and were divided into five classes, which are Basofil, Eosinofil, Limfosit, Monosit, and Neutrofil. Experiment was done in 11 types, which are Greyscale, Red, Green, Blue, Hue, Saturation, Value, RGB, HSV, RGB by Voting, and  HSV by Voting. Experiment was also done using different value of β and γ, the constant values to increase and decreasing the fuzziness of the reference vectors. In the first experiment the ratio of the training images and testing images were 3:2, and in the second experiment, the ratio were increased to 3:1.  Experiment using HSV by Voting has shown a better recognition rate among the others.


Assembly (1) comprising a power semiconductor module (2), with a capacitor device (3), a DC voltage rail (4) and with a connecting device (5), wherein the power semiconductor module (2) having first and second planar construction DC connecting conductors (20, 22) each having a contact portion (200, 220), wherein the DC voltage connection conductor (20, 22) at least in the area and close to the respective contact portions (200, 220) are arranged in the direction of their respective local normal vector closely adjacent to each other, said capacitor means (3) first and second planar capacitor formed connecting conductors (30, 32) each having a contact portion (300, 320), wherein the DC voltage rail (4) first and second rail sections (40, 42) each having a contact portion and wherein said connecting means (5) comprises a yoke (52) having a plunger (520) and an associated abutment (50), the respective contact portions (200, 220) of the DC voltage connection conductor (20, 22) (with the circuit-friendly associated contact portions 300, clamped 320) of the capacitor device (3), which are formed closely adjacent at least in the area and close to the respective contact portions in the direction of their respective local normal vector to each other, flat one above the other (in the normal direction between the plunger 520) and (the abutment 50) and thus positively are electrically conductively connected to one another and wherein the DC voltage busbar system (4) first and second rail sections (40, 42) which are formed closely adjacent to the region near the respective contact portions toward their respective local normal vector to each other, and their respective contact portions by means of the yoke (52) with the associated fastening sections ( 26, 28), which thus more contact portions (260, 280 form), the associated DC voltage connection conductor (20, 22) are force-locking and electrically conducting manner.


Abstract: The Automation in Cartography Study Group meets in Canberra and consists of computer scientists and representatives of Commonwealth Government Departments involved in the use of computers for mapping purposes. This is one of three papers presented to the Group by Mr. Williams to make computer scientists aware of some of the processes in map making, thereby assisting them in their study of automated systems of cartography. The other two papers were "Map Specifications" and "Relief Shading and Nomenclature".


Europe/European Union CIGDEM NAS and YONCA OZER, eds., Turkey and the European Union: Processes of Europeanisation, (London: Ashgate, 2012). Pp. 286. £65.00 cloth.Comprising twelve chapters that cover a large spectrum of the current situation in Turkey, this book attempts to consider the different issue areas and sites of Europeanization in Turkey, which is an ongoing process despite the slowing down of the accession negotiations. The first chapter by T. Borzel conceptualizes the variations in the transformative power of the EU in Central and Eastern European candidate Countries (CEEC), in Western Balkan candidate countries and in Turkey. The second and the third chapters by C. Nas and Y. Ozer, respectively, offer a broad perspective on Turkish identity and Europeanization through conditionality in Turkey. The remaining contributions focus on specific areas: constitutional transformation (B. Emrah Oder), minority rights (G. Yilmaz), Cyprus (A. Kaliber); on specific policy fields; social policy (D. Tsarouhas), environmental policy (R. izci), Turkish Foreign policy (O. Terzi), migration and asylum policies (C. Macmillan) or on social actors; civil society (S. Oner), feminism (S. Ucan Cubukcu).Most of the authors deal with the different models of EU external governance established by Schimmefennig and Sedelmeier concerning the CEECs: the externalincentives, social-learning and lesson-drawing models. The conditionality that has dominated scholars' works about the CEECs and Turkey's candidacies from 1999 to 2005 is at the core of the book. Most chapters analyze to what extent the main factors of the external-incentive model (the credibility of the EU conditionality, the cost and benefit calculation of the strategic actors whose interests are at stake, the opposition and veto of the other players) are operational to understand the transformation (or non-transformation) that occurred in the field they focus on. In that sense, the book provides a very interesting insight into the current efficiency of such a model. But one could regret that doing so limits most of the essays in the underlying assumptions of this model. Although different chapters shed light on other very interesting dimensions, the volume does not propose a new way of thinking about Europeanization in Turkey.Various chapters show that EU external incentives are important to understand the Turkish case. They explain how, in most instances, the credibility of accession conditionality was a crucial factor in reform, reinforced by the coming to power of the AKP. As C. Nas and Y. Ozer demonstrate, the EU has led to a transformation of the Turkish identity and to a phase of democratization. On the other hand, the decrease in credibility lias slowed the process of alignment on the EU acquis communautaire or has reoriented the policies. The essays show, however, that the effects of rising or declining credibility can be complex. In the area of foreign policy, for example, C. Nas argues that Turkey's identity is being Europeanized in a quite contradictory way. The EU candidacy process lias helped Turkey transform its international standing by becoming a more assertive international player that aims to influence the normative dimension of international politics, particularly in the regions sunounding it, above all the Middle East. O. Terzi adds that Turkish foreign policy has become more dominant in the Middle East in the absence of a strong European perspective. Yet the AKP's leaders often remark about the convergence of their policies towards the West and the Middle East or the Muslim world. D. Tsarouhas demonstrates that the effects of conditionality are related to the strength of the EU policy itself: with respect to EU social policy, the limited Europeanization in Turkey is explained with references to weakly developed EU social policy and the weakness of the soft-coordination approach. This also has been pointed out in the case of the CEEC's enlargement. …


Confirmation of rural land right is the basic guarantee to promote the land circulation steadily.With the deepening of rural land circulation,violations occur in practice has become an important bottleneck to restrict the healthy,orderly development of the rural economy in recent years.Aiming at the difficulties of rural land right confirmation and circulation,the article puts forward the corresponding solutions from the right confirmation basis,transfer behavior regulation,financing channels,using land behavior regulation and the reform of the household registration system,which is helpful to build rural property right system and to realize the scale effect of rural land transfer.


In Altmetrics, tweets are considered as important potential indicators of immediate social impact of scholarly articles. However, it is still unclear to what extent Twitter captures the actual scholarly impact. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the people who cite the articles and the content of the tweets with attitude towards the articles comprehensively. In this paper, we combine different indicators to identify opinion leaders in the spread of the articles, and use sentimental analysis to quantify the sentimental polarity of tweets. Altmetrics should highlight the positive role of scientific research results to the public, which is more valuable than simple numbers. Introduction The altmetrics indicators (news stories, blog posts, tweets, facebook posts, etc.) have a very rapid response and feedback to the latest hotspots, which precisely complement the time lag issue of traditional citation-based indicators. The multiple indicators and data sources can improve the fairness of academic impact evaluation and reflect the quality and influence of academic literature in multiple dimensions. Altmetrics are one of the most popular research topics in scientometric research recently. Lutz Bornmann (2014) investigated the usefulness of altmetrics for measuring the broader impact of research, and the results indicated that Facebook and Twitter might provide an indication of which papers are of interest to a broader circle of readers. Wouters and Costas (2012) discussed the features, advantages and disadvantages, and applicability of altmetrics. The current research on altmetrics focuses more on the application in assessing impact, the significance of altmertrics research, and the relationship between altmetrics indicators and traditional citation indicators. Since correlation analyses with traditional citations do not really reveal the meaning of altmetrics, people are rethinking about the role of altmetrics. What do altmetrics replace? What is the essential meaning of altmetrics? Bornmann (2016) has called for altmetrics content analysis mainly for tweets and blogs containing content information. At present, the content analysis is still in the initial stage. Twitter is one of the most important sources of altmetric data (Bornmann 2014; Bornmann and Haunschild 2016) and the number of tweets is taken into account when computing the score. There are still some issues about the use of tweets for measuring the social impact of articles. For example, it is still unclear to what extent Twitter captures actual research impact (Friedrich et al. 2015). Some articles are highly discussed, but their qualities are not 1 This work was supported by grant from the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71704019), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 2016T90224), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.


High friction surfacing (HFS), bonded to a road surface at high risk locations, has beenshown to significantly reduce road fatalities and serious injuries, i.e., HFS saves lives. Calcinedbauxite is the preferred aggregate for use in HFS systems due to its unique ability to resistpolishing and abrasion by vehicle tires. Calcined bauxite is expensive, negatively impacts theenvironment due to mining, production and transporting processes and has come under supplypressures in recent years. This paper investigates the potential for blending natural aggregates withcalcined bauxite for use in HFS systems. The experiments involved subjecting HFS specimens tolaboratory simulated trafficking and testing for skid resistance, texture depth and mass loss. Thetesting was carried out in laboratories in Spain and Northern Ireland. The findings suggest thatthere is the potential to reduce the amount of calcined bauxite used in HFS systems by replacing apercentage of the calcined bauxite with high PSV natural sandstone or volcanic tuff aggregate. Theimpact of this research could reduce the risks associated with supply issues to the HFS industry,reduce environmental impact by using less calcined bauxite in HFS systems and reduce costsassociated with the aggregate component of HFS systems—enabling road authorities to installmore systems at high risk locations to further reduce fatalities and serious injuries on their roads


Evaluation of application technology in China is mainly under the supervision of ″appraisement of technological achievement (ATA)″ system that is sponsored and operated by sci-tech bureaus. This system was originated in planed economy era. As economy and sci-tech systems changed to market-oriented ones, it changed accordingly. But there still exist obstacles that prevent this system to be a really working tool. After exploring market-oriented and exchange nature of application technology, the author suggests that we should differentiate between 'financial aided' and 'independent developed' application technologies and evaluate them respectively.


THE British Computer Society (BCS) is the industry body for IT professionals and a Chartered Engineering Institution for Information Technology.The BCS is responsible for setting standards for the IT profession. It is also leading the change in public perception and appreciation of the economic and social importance of professionally managed IT projects and programmes.In these fast moving times, Information Communications Technology affects every part of our lives. As the pace of change gathers ever more momentum, and technology develops to the point where it controls both the most vital, and the most mundane, of our daily activities, the need for professional standards and controls is becoming more and more vital. That is why the British Computer Society (BCS) is determined to promote IT as the profession of the 21st century.The BCS is the leading professional body for the IT industry. With members in over 100 countries around the world, it is the professional and learned Society in the field of computers and information systems.It is, infact, a Chartered Institute for IT Professionals. It enables individuals, organisations and society to realise the potential of, and maximise the benefits from. Information Technology by:* setting and maintaining the highest professional standards for IT professionals,* initiating and informing debate on IT strategic issues with Government, Industry and Academia,* supporting and encouraging the advancement of knowledge in IT, and* supporting individuals in their career development.Perhaps more importantly, the BCS also leads the change in public perception and appreciation of the economic and socia importance of professionally managed IT projects and programmes. In this capacity, the Society advises, informs and persuades industry and government on successful IT implementation.European Computer Driving Licence®The BCS also manages and promotes the European Computer Driving Licence® in the UK. ECDL is the internationally recognised computer skills qualification that provides a tangible measure and certification of a computer user's competency. ECDL aims to raise the level of national computer literacy, to improve productivity at work, to reduce IT support costs, and to ensure that best practice and quality issues are understood and implemented. ECDL is the IT benchmark qualification for the NHS, the MoD and the Cabinet Office.Note: IAM Manager was one of the first to recognise the importance of this qualification. ECDL was featured in an article in May/June 2001.('The Fast Lane to IT Competence' by Ian Jones and Mary Ondrusz, pages 26/27).Training partnersAs with the IAM, the BCS works closely with accredited training providers, who run courses leading to both the ECDL and ISEB qualifications. Once accredited, providers are monitored to ensure that the high standards required by the BCS are maintained.BC5 qualifications are universally accepted and carefully tailored to meet the needs of IT practitioners at all stages of their careers, as well as catering for the more inexperienced, through the ECDL basic computing skills qualification.The qualifications are designed to be both accessible and relevant, covering all major areas of IT, including:* Information Communications Technology,* Project Management,* IT Service Management,* Software Testing,* Business Systems Development,* Programme and Project Support Office,* Consultancy Practice,* Information security,* Dynamic Systems Development Method,* Data Protection and Business, and* Management Skills.The BCS and Professional CompetenceThe essential requirement for professional competence, coupled with appropriate professional standards, lies at the heart of almost all the activities of the BCS and the services that it provides - activities and services that include:* accrediting individual professional competence and integrity through the award of its professional gualifications and those of the Engineering Council;* defining standards for professional conduct through codes of conduct and practice, and the associated disciplinary procedures;* advising the UK Government and its agencies on IT-related matters included in proposed legislation. …


Delphacids, are easily distinguished from the other families of Hemiptera by post tibial spurs, are harmful to many agricultural and cultural plants with their piercing-sucking mouthparts. Some of the species have economical importance for agricultural crops. Fifty seven species were reported from Turkey according to the literature. This study was carried out in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. Four delphacid species, Kelisia guttula, K. confusa, K. sabulicola and Ribautodelphax imitans were new records for the Delphacidae fauna of Turkey. Figures of genitalia, data on examined specimens and general distribution of species have been given.


This exciting conference was the first entirely devoted to the British exploitation film studio in France. Though the studio had existed since the mid-1940s (after a few productions in the mid-1930s), it gained notoriety in the mid-1950s with a series of readaptations of classic Gothic novels previously adapted for the theater in the 1920s and by Universal studios in the 1930s. Hammer Films is mostly famous for the films of Terence Fisher, who has gained the status of auteur with The Curse of...


Traditional obstetric practice relies upon history‐based assessment to screen for preeclampsia and guide preventative therapies but is hampered by low sensitivity, high false‐positive rates and low treatment rates. First‐trimester screening algorithms represent the most efficacious approach for risk prediction and could target early initiation of aspirin to well‐defined high‐risk populations. A large randomised controlled trial has demonstrated the clinical benefits of this approach, but widespread practice implementation has remained elusive.


: Now-a-days there are so many machines are available in market which can fill the viscous paste of any material in to various size components but these machine have major disadvantage that after the filling of paste into the component there is presence of air and which is totally undesirable. So as to avoid this we have developed a machine which is able to fill the viscous paste without allowing air to be in the component by using vacuumization before and after the filling of paste. It will increase the overall performance of the filled component. Also this machine can fill five small components at a time which will increase the rate of production and lead to profit to the organization.


The study used time series data from 1980 to 2018 and the Nonlinear ARDL approach to analyse the asymmetric impacts of fiscal policy on economic growth in Nigeria. The bounds test findings indicate...


Abstract Suppression tactics for the citrus stink bug pest, Biprorulus bibax Breddin, were developed and implemented during 1987–1992 in four lemon orchards in southern New South Wales, Australia. Tactics were based on introduction and conservation of natural enemies (principally egg parasitoids), physical or chemical treatment of overwintering populations and strategic low rate applications of a selective insecticide. Estimated adult populations of 10–35,000/1.5 ha and 70–90% fruit damage in untreated crops were reduced to <500/1.5 ha and <5%, respectively, following full implementation of the management programme. Integrated management of B. bibax removes the need for broad-spectrum insecticides to control this pest and lessens the risk of disruption to biological control of other citrus pests.


The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is conducting joint research with the Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on a new constellation satellite observation project called Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), the main satellite of which is planned for launch in 2008 by JAXA. This GPM project was proposed as a follow-up mission to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) by both the Japanese and American sides based on the unparalleled scientific success of TRMM. A major reason for TRMM's success was the use of the worlds first spaceborne rain radar, the Precipitation Radar (PR) system developed by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA, now JAXA) and CRL. Measurements from this instrument have ushered in many new scientific findings and have opened a new era of precipitation measuring from space. GPM is an ambitious project which will produce accurate and frequent global observations of precipitation (both rain and snow) made possible by replacing TRMM with a new core satellite carrying an advanced radar-radiometer system, and serving as the centerpiece for a constellation of some eight (8) additional satellites being provided through international cooperation. The core satellite is to be flown up to high latitudes (inclined some 65-70 degrees), and will carry a dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) that will be newly developed by JAXA and CRL, along with a large aperture, extended frequency-range passive microwave radiometer being provided by NASA. Each constellation satellite will also carry some type of multi-channel passive microwave radiometer whose rain estimates will be calibrated and referenced to those made by the core satellite, producing for the first time fully-global, continuous, and bias-free precipitation datasets. GPM data will be delivered in near-realtime, taking a major step toward the operational use of precipitation information for model initialization and data assimilation in a number of application areas such as hazardous weather forecasting, flood warning, fresh water resource assessment, and crop growth prediction. In addition, GPM data will complement the now-existing global temperature record, allowing for improved assessments of climate change, particularly those processes in which the global water cycle both forces and responds to climatic drifts in global temperature conditions.


: Given the presence of global warming, the economic impact of climate changes on output sales has been discussed in the literature, but rarely with empirical evidences. In this present study, a simple log-model was employed to identify the economic impacts of weather changes in manufacturing and service sectors in Korea. For this empirical exercise, weather variables including the CDD (cooling degree days) and HDD (heating degree days) were computed using the Korea's meteorological records covering the period 1970-2012. According to estimation results, 26.7% (144 over 539) and 27.9% (64 over 229) of the manufacturing and service sectors, respectively, are found to be weather-sensitive.