Particle physics aims to understand the universe around us. The Standard Model of particle physics describes the basic structure of matter and forces, to the extent we have been able to probe thus far. However, it leaves some big questions unanswered. Some are within the Standard Model itself, such as why there are so many fundamental particles and why they have different masses. In other cases, the Standard Model simply fails to explain some phenomena, such as the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe, the existence of dark matter and dark energy, and the mechanism that reconciles gravity with quantum mechanics. These gaps lead us to conclude that the universe must contain new and unexplored elements of Nature. Most of particle and nuclear physics is directed towards discovering and understanding these new laws of physics. These questions are best pursued with a variety of approaches, rather than with a single experiment or technique. Particle physics uses three basic approaches, often characterized as exploration along the cosmic, energy, and intensity frontiers. Each employs different tools and techniques, but they ultimately address the same fundamental questions. This allows a multi-pronged approach where attacking basic questions from different angles furthers knowledge and providesmore » deeper answers, so that the whole is more than a sum of the parts. A coherent picture or underlying theoretical model can more easily emerge, to be proven correct or not. The intensity frontier explores fundamental physics with intense sources and ultra-sensitive, sometimes massive detectors. It encompasses searches for extremely rare processes and for tiny deviations from Standard Model expectations. Intensity frontier experiments use precision measurements to probe quantum effects. They typically investigate very large energy scales, even higher than the kinematic reach of high energy particle accelerators. The science addresses basic questions, such as: Are there new sources of CP violation? Is there CP violation in the leptonic sector? Are neutrinos their own antiparticles? Do the forces unify? Is there a weakly coupled hidden sector that is related to dark matter? Do new symmetries exist at very high energy scales? To identify the most compelling science opportunities in this area, the workshop Fundamental Physics at the Intensity Frontier was held in December 2011, sponsored by the Office of High Energy Physics in the US Department of Energy Office of Science. Participants investigated the most promising experiments to exploit these opportunities and described the knowledge that can be gained from such a program. The workshop generated much interest in the community, as witnessed by the large and energetic participation by a broad spectrum of scientists. This document chronicles the activities of the workshop, with contributions by more than 450 authors. The workshop organized the intensity frontier science program along six topics that formed the basis for working groups: experiments that probe (i) heavy quarks, (ii) charged leptons, (iii) neutrinos, (iv) proton decay, (v) light, weakly interacting particles, and (vi) nucleons, nuclei, and atoms. The conveners for each working group included an experimenter and a theorist working in the field and an observer from the community at large. The working groups began their efforts well in advance of the workshop, holding regular meetings and soliciting written contributions. Specific avenues of exploration were identified by each working group. Experiments that study rare strange, charm, and bottom meson decays provide a broad program of measurements that are sensitive to new interactions. Charged leptons, particularly muons and taus, provide a precise probe for new physics because the Standard Model predictions for their properties are very accurate. Research at the intensity frontier can reveal CP violation in the lepton sector, and elucidate whether neutrinos are their own antiparticles. A very weakly coupled hidden-sector that may comprise the dark matter in the universe could be discovered. The search for proton decay can probe the unification of the forces with unprecedented reach and test sacrosanct symmetries to very high scales. Detecting an electric dipole moment for the neutron, or neutral atoms, could establish a clear signal for new physics, while limits on such a measurement would place severe constraints on many new theories. This workshop marked the first instance where discussion of these diverse programs was held under one roof. As a result, it was realized that this broad effort has many connections; a large degree of synergy exists between the different areas and they address similar questions. Results from one area were found to be pertinent to experiments in another domain.« less


The purpose of this study was to use a fixed reference to study movement (displacement) of the cervical internal os from the second to the third trimester in singletons and twins. The rationale was to gain insight into anatomic changes associated with cervical shortening.


Typically in mainstream society, studies in metaphysics and medical sociology, disability is constructed as anti-productive, unthinkable and unintelligible. The dominant discourse in late modernity has been normalisation and more recently social inclusion. In the former, emphasis is on morphing or to spunk up impairment. Whilst the latter, although promulgating diversity, actually induces ambivalent performances that enforce the health - not/health division hence leaving an ableist ethos intact. This paper takes the view long recognised in the phenomenological tradition that alternate embodiments result in markedly different forms of human ontology (Campbell, 2009; Scully, 2009; Vehmas & Makela, 2009). Contra the proposition that disabled people are the same as the 'abled', this paper points to a (trans)difference and suggests a way out of confines of recuperative liberal intolerance is to figure the disabled body conceptually, as anti-social and ableistnormativity as (non)compulsory. I propose the disabled body is counter-intuitive and negotiates 'negative' ways of knowing or dis-identification (Halberstam, 2008; Munoz, 2007). A consideration of the efficacy of disability antisociality occurs through an appraisal of the anti-social thesis of queer theory (Bersani, 1996, 1999; Edelman, 2004) and contemporariness (Agamben, 2009). As an exemplar for analysis, I consider crip anti-heroes - those figures who actively attempt to invert ableist culture in order to refigure disability imaginations.


Introduction:Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disease among children and adolescents in Iran. Awareness of obesity risk factors in childhood and adolescence and their control is one of the most important public health problems. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between obesity, physical activity, food habits and television viewing among students in Yazd . Methods: In this study, 334 students who aged between 12 to14 years old were selected by cluster sampling. Considering age and gender, underweight, normal weight, over weight and obesity were defined as BMI<5 th percentile ,5 <BMI<84.9 th percentile , 85 <BMI<84.9 and BMI ≥95th percentile respectively. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure dietary habits, fined the time that spent on television viewing and playing computer games; and "Fels Paq For Children questionnaire" was used to measure the physical activity in students. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 software, Chi-square and multiple logistic regressions. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17.7% and 21%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in boys (p = 0.006) and students whose mothers had higher education (p = 0.02). The results of logistic regression model showed that consumption fruit once and less than one in week increased the risk of overweight and obesity by 20.07 and14.76 times, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between increase hours of computer games and obesity. There was no relationship between consumption of fast food, soft drinks, cakes, biscuits, chips, puffs and watching TV with obesity and overweight.


This is the second volume of a two-volume set that records the distinguished collection of late-nineteenth- and early-twentiety-century American sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The book presents nearly two hundred works by seventy sculptors. The sculptors include Paul Wayland Bartlett, Frances Grimes, Adolph Alexander Weinman, Bessie Potter Vannoh, James Earle Fraser, Gaston Lachaise, Max Weber, Elie Nadelman, Jose de Creeft, Paul Manship, and John Henry Bradley Storrs. A biography of each of the sculptors summarises the artist's life, and catalogue entries discuss each of the objects treated in this volume in terms of its subject and creation, its place in the artist's oeuvre, other extant versions of the work, and its complete exhibition history after it entered the Metropolitan's collection. The biographies and catalogue entries incorporate the very latest scholarship as well as the wealth of archival material at the Museum to present a brief but thorough and up-to-date documentation of each artist and work.


For this electric motor, more pairs than 2 of poles are used to constitute closed radial magnetic circuit. In each pair of poles, one pole is tile-shaped Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet with same radius of curvature for its concave and convex curved surfaces and another is soft magnetic material. Corresponding gaps of this motor are ununiform and the polar arc coefficients of said two poles may not be same . This invention is suitable for both AC synchronous motor and DC motor.


The interactive kinetic chemistry of oxidized sulfur and other trace gases has been examined in computations for the suburban New Jersey troposphere. The results of several calculations studying alternate chemical pathways for sulfoxy compounds suggest that ozone concentrations are not greatly sensitive to the chemistry of SO2 and its products. The latter are, however, shown to be slight inhibitors to ozone production, under both normal and reduced levels of reactive hydrocarbons. The computed minimum generation rate of sulfate aerosol is ∼1 µg/m³ day, largely through sulfuric acid deposition on aerosols.


The present study looks into different possibilities for tribological optimization of the piston/bore system in heavy duty diesel engines. Both component rig tests and numerical simulations are used to understand the roles of surface specifications, ring pack, and lubricant in the piston/bore tribology. Run-in dynamics, friction, wear and combustion chamber sealing are considered. The performance of cylinder liners produced using a conventional plateau honing technology and a novel mechanochemical surface finishing process ANS Triboconditioning® is compared and the importance of in-design "pairing" of low-viscosity motor oils with the ring pack and the cylinder bore characteristics in order to achieve maximum improvement in fuel economy without sacrificing the endurance highlighted. A special emphasis is made on studying morphological changes in the cylinder bore surface during the honing, run-in and Triboconditioning® processes. It is demonstrated that the Triboconditioning® treatment, while in certain aspects resembling the run-in process, provides a greater effect depth and results in a beneficial tribological performance profile. In particular, the Triboconditioning® treatment of cylinder liners allows significant reduction in top ring wear when low viscosity motor oil is used for improved energy efficiency.


The resistance behavior of crimped connections in cables headed with crimped terminal lugs, used for rise temperature tests in the framework of the validation of electrical equipment, has been investigated. Analysis has been performed on test cables of two sections (240 mm2 and 185 mm2), available at the High Voltage and High Power Laboratory of the National Metrological Research Institute (INRIM). The resistance values showed a higher variability in larger section cables. The difference between the minimum and maximum value of the crimped resistance among the 240 mm2 cables was of about one order, going from 9.6 µΩ to 82.8 µΩ. The 185 mm2 cables, having better flexibility for their smaller section and less frequent use, and having been submitted to fewer tests, showed lower resistance variability with a variation between the maximum and minimum value of five times. The particular interest of the work is an analysis of the reliability of the crimping technique in the framework of the test activity, specifically relating to the validation of electrical devices such as circuit-breakers, switches, disconnectors, fuse-combination units and bus bar trunking systems.


Data is transferred between two software programs. Electronic data maintained by server software is read with browser software. A document is formed from the electronic data. The data consists of a group of objects. The document is presented on the screen of a data processing device with the browser software. In addition, the electronic data is transferred between the objects of the document read by the browser software and a server software as a background run performed by a script based software language on the browser software.


Aim:  To examine the effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms on longitudinal changes in the quality of life (QOL) of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).


We develop strategies for adaptively refining discrete-ordinates angular quadrature sets in particle transport calculations. Our intent is for quadrature sets to adapt locally in position and direction so that they resolve angular variations in the angular flux by efficient placement of quadrature points. We describe our strategies and our initial algorithms for implementing those strategies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these simple algorithms on test problems that present significant challenges to angular discretizations. We study various results from these test problems in considerable detail. We conclude that our approach is promising and merits continued development.


VRMI is a virtual reality three-dimensional network programming language.It can construct a virtual scene and achieve the user interaction with the virtual scenes,it also can solve lots of experimental teaching questiones.This article focused on visualization design optimization of virtual experiment teaching,and gave a typical application case.Though this virtual experiment technology can not completely replace the actual experimental operations,it has a spatial and temporal randomness,interactive teaching,characteristics of the authenticity of the learning environment.In all,it can really meet the needs of education and teaching.


A chemostat model with delayed response in growth and impulsive diffusion and input on nutrients is considered. Using the discrete dynamical system determined by the stroboscopic map, we obtain a microorganism-extinction periodic solution. Further, it is globally attractive. The permanent condition of the investigated system is also obtained by the theory on impulsive delay differential equation. Finally, numerical analysis is inserted to illustrate dynamical behaviors of the chemostat system. Our results reveal that the impulsive input amount of nutrients plays an important role on the outcome of the chemostat. Our results provide strategy basis for biochemical reaction management.


With the help of an implicit particle-in-cell code, we have shown in a previous paper that the electron-cyclotron drift instability was able to induce anomalous conductivity as well as anomalous heating. As such it can be a major actor among the mechanisms involved in the operation of Hall thrusters. However, experimental results show that the nature of wall material has a significant effect on the behavior of the thruster. The purpose of this paper is to study the plasma-wall interaction in the case where the plasma is heated self-consistently by electrostatic fluctuations induced by the electron-cyclotron drift instability.


For current solar cell technique, low conversion efficiency is the main limiting factor. A large portion of energy loss during solar cell operation could be attributed to optical loss, namely reflection loss of the incoming light. To reduce the reflection loss, surface texturing and antireflection coatings are most commonly used strategies. We report a novel hierarchical structure of integrating ZnO nanowire arrays on Si micropyramids as an effective anti-reflection layer for improving the energy conversion efficiency. This structure displays a broadband reflection suppression in the 300–1200 nm range, with an average weighted reflectance of 3.2%, much lower than the previously reported 6.6% reflectance of tapered ZnO nanostructures on planar surfaces. Sunrays 1.3 simulation was employed for optimizing and a better understanding of the effect of hierarchical structure in reflectance suppression. In addition, the surface modification enables a self cleaning property that will prevent the blocking of light by dust particles on solar panels.


Being a form of the usufructuary right of traditional civil law, Iusemphyteuticum has been gradually annihilated, suggested by its evolutionary process both in the East and in the West. On the surface, it resembles the current rural contracted management rights of land in our country; but, in fact, there are many differences between them. So the rural contracted mangement rights of land can not be changed into law relating to rights over things in our country.


In order to promote molecular genetic improvement of rice grain shape traits to assist breeding research,recombinant inbred lines(RILs)derived from a cross between Longdao 5of Japonicaand Erjiunan of indica were used to map QTL controlling grain shape traits.Based on the Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping(ICIM),a total of 7QTLs were detected including 3QTLs control for grain width and 4QTLs control for grain thickness,which were distributed on chromosomes 2,3,5,11and 12.4major QTLs included 1QTL qGW5afor grain width and 3QTLs qGT2a,qGT11aand qGT12afor grain thickness.But it detected no one to control grain length.Further analysis showed that 3QTL for grain width could explain 28.44%of phenotypic variance respectively and the contribution of single QTL was between 6.61%~13.81%.4QTLs for grain thickness could explain 17.53%of phenotypic variance respectively and the contribution of single QTL was between 7.32%~15.30%.


This report describes a general methodology for environmental risk analysis. Five biologically and socially relevant endpoints for environmental risk analysis are described: (1) reductions in fish populations, (2) development of algal populations that detract from water use, (3) reductions in timber field or undesirable changes in forest composition, (4) reductions in agricultural production, and (5) reductions in wildlife populations. Five methods of risk analysis are described. The quotient method involves direct comparison of estimated environmental concentrations to standard toxicological benchmarks (e.g., LC50's). In analysis of extrapolation error, expected effects of contaminants on organisms in the field are estimated, with appropriate error bounds, from observed effects on laboratory test organisms. Fault tree analysis can be used to elucidate causal linkages between pollutants and endpoints. The analytic hierarchy method uses expert opinion to rank the relative environmental risks of different stresses. Ecosystem uncertainty analysis uses Monte Carlo simulation and ecosystem models to extrapolate from laboratory toxicological data to estimate risks to populations and ecosystems. The five methods differ substantially with respect to data requirements, level of organization addressed, and potential uses. Comparative advantages and disadvantages cannot be determined until experience is gained.


Objective To explore the application of nonpalpable breast lesion operation and in breast cancer early diagnosis and treatment of clinical application.Methods 216 cases of breast nonpalpable lesions were determined by X-ray examination,wire localization was used to locate and excisional was used to biopsy,to determine the pathological lesions.Results 216 cases of nonpalpable breast lesions,precancerous lesions of breast cancer were 44 cases(20.37%),15 cases of breast carcinoma in situ(45.45%),12 cases of stageⅠ breast cancer(36.35%),3 cases of stage Ⅱ breast cancer(9.10%).The breast cancer cases were given breast conserving operation,simple mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy for treatment,after a median follow-up of 76 months,1 patient occured pulmonary metastasis after 15 months,and was still alive for 119 months after the operation;1 patient had bone metastasis after 12 months with the treatment still.Conclusion mammography guide positioning has lesion resection with less injury,high reliability,and can improve the early diagnosis of breast cancer,reduce the mortality rate,which has certain clinical application value.


The performance history is described of an unsuccessful Texas panhandle waterflood project. Factors contributing to the failure of this project are discussed. Recognition of these factors should prove beneficial in designing future Panhandle floods. Many attempts have been made in past years to waterflood the Permian dolomites in the Panhandle field, with wide variation in results. An unfavorable mobility ratio and poor permeability distribution are common factors in these projects. Other factors, such as poor well completions, directional channeling, fractures, low oil saturations at flood initiation, and association with gas and water bearing intervals, contribute to the wide range of results obtained.


Objective The paper was to study measles epidemiological in 2005 in Pinggu district and to monitor the running status surveillance system.Results In 2005,a total of 52 suspected measles cases were reported in the province,of which 5 were clinically diagnosed,40 were laboratory identified and 7 were excluded by ELISA test,so measles cases were 45.The cases distributed in 10 villages and towns,accounting for 58.82% of the total villages and towns.the villages and towns that reported more measles cases by Pinggu.There are some more measles cases definitely do not have or incomplete have measles immune history,furthermore some measles cases undre the orininally immune age.Conclusions We shoud to strength Analysis of Measles Epidemiology about babies under 8 months old.A catch-up mass immunization campaign was suggested to implement in the young and middle age people.We suggest to put more effort to setological diagnosis,increased the rate of correct diagnosis on a disease of measle.


When I was a hospital chaplain some years ago, I met a Jewish man who had a particular problem with prayer. He was upset that he could no longer pray the words of the Lord's Prayer (his term). It very much surprised me that he wanted to pray that prayer or that he would call it that. The prayer itself is based on Jewish prayers, and it makes no assertions about the lordship of Christ. Christians make those assertions by calling Jesus "the Lord" and giving him possession of the prayer, but he was teaching the disciples how to pray in a very Jewish way. Despite this, I was initially unsure how to proceed respectfully. In conversation with the man, I asked him about what praying "Abba" and "Our Father" meant to him. As he shared about his relationship with his daughters and how he had become estranged from them, he realized that his prayer to God the Father was blocked because of his own difficulties being a father to his daughters during his illness. There were trespasses he could not forgive on their part, and on his own, and so asking God to "forgive [him his] trespasses, as [he] forgave others" was impossible. Jesus's role in the prayer was the role of any child of God, addressing God his Father and asking for the help only God can provide. It was Jewish monotheism without the trinitarian relationship I would have naturally assumed gave Jesus the authority to teach others how to address God. For this man, Jesus had the authority of a rabbi helping others to access their own relationship with God. In this interfaith pastoral encounter, the Jewish man had opened up to me a deeper reading of this familiar text. Though the man was Jewish, he was using the prayer Jesus taught his disciples in the form that Christians derive from our Scripture. His spirit reached out for a resource that, though entirely in accord


Objective:To investigate the expression of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) gene and protein in prostate cancer.Method:Expression of PSMA gene and protein were assayed by semiquantitive RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry method in 52 cases of prostate cancer and 35 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues.Result:①The positive rates of PSMA gene in the tissues of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia were 84.6% and 68.6% respectively.Althought there was no significant difference between the two groups,the semiquantitive results showed that the expression level of PSMA gene in prostate cancer was significantly higher than in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues.②The positive expression rate of PSMA protein was significantly higher in prostate cancer tissue (94.2%) than that of in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues (65.7%).Conclusion:The expression levels of PSMA gene and protein were higher in prostate cancer tissues than those of benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues,suggesting that PSMA may be a potential marker for prostate cancer.


Introduction: Gingival recession (GR) presents a major concern for patients, especially when associated with tooth sensitivity or esthetic concerns.Case Presentation: This report describes a modified technique for the treatment of isolated, severe GR combining a full-thickness/split-thickness coronally positioned flap with a subepithelial connective tissue graft. After treatment of severe GR of the maxillary right and left canines (5 and 6 mm, respectively), there was almost complete coverage of both canines and an increase in keratinized gingiva.Conclusion: A promising technique is presented, yielding 84% to 100% of defect coverage and gingival tissue enhancement on single teeth.


Digital data collected from each element of a L-shaped wide-aperture HF radar aperture can be examined offline with various beamforming and direction finding algorithms to assess statistical characteristics of received signals. This paper examines data on radio sources propagating to the HF radar via refraction off the ionosphere. The variations of the spatial properties of radio sources are examined over several time intervals to establish the spatial dynamics of the radio sources due to their propagation path. Impact of those variations on spatial filtering and potential 2-D array architectures is discussed.


Modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through the perichondral approach (M‐TAPA) was recently reported to provide broad analgesia with only a single injection of local anesthetics (LA) on each side. However, the effectiveness of M‐TAPA in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is not often reported. We retrospectively evaluated the analgesic efficacy of M‐TAPA in patients who underwent LC and compared it with conventional LA infiltration (LAI) by calculating the propensity score. The primary outcome was the frequency of analgesic use after surgery. Although there was no difference in the frequency of analgesic use within 48 hours (P = .063), there was significantly less analgesic use 24–48 hours after surgery in the TAPA group (P = .02). Intraoperative remifentanil administration also significantly decreased in the TAPA group (P < .001). We found that pre‐incisional M‐TAPA may have an advantage over LAI with respect to analgesia on postoperative day 1.


Background: Corona-virus disease pandemic affected the health-care delivery at all institutions worldwide. Analysis of institutional data regarding management of surgical paediatric patients would reflect the impact and challenges which this pandemic brought by affecting the only functioning Paediatric surgery center in a poor province of a developing country. Objective was assessment of the impact of the COVID pandemic on the paediatric surgical services of a tertiary care center.Methods: Retrospective data of all patients operated at the only functioning tertiary center in Bihar with pediatric surgical services during the COVID-related lockdown period were collected and compared to the immediate pre-lockdown period and after the lockdown period. The impact of following the guidelines for surgery during this period was studied.Results: Both the number (0.8 cases/day) and types of patients operated in the lockdown period varied from the pre-lockdown period (3.62 cases/day). Elective cases were most significantly affected; neonatal, traumatic and malignancy cases could not be deferred and were therefore managed during the lockdown. Although the number of surgeries increased in unlock-down period (2.07 cases/day) and reached to a peak of 2.99 cases/day in the normal period between two phases of the pandemic; this increase was short-lived as the second phase of the pandemic again severely impacted the surgical care (1.38 cases/day).Conclusions: Corona pandemic severely impacted both the number and types of patients operated. Strict adherence to the protocol delayed emergency treatment and increased the cost of definitive management.


This paper develops a unified theory for establishing the local and q-superlinear convergence of quasi-Newton methods from the convex class when part of the Hessian matrix is known. One first proves the bounded deterioration principle due to Dennis (and popularized by Broyden, Dennis, and More) for the appropriate modifications of all update formulas in the convex Broyden class. Using standard conditions on the quasi-Newton updates, one then deduces local and q-superlinear convergence. Particular cases of these methods are the SQP augmented scale BFGS and DFP secant methods for constrained optimization problems introduced by Tapia and a generalization of the Al-Baali and Fletcher modification of the structured secant method considered by Dennis, Gay, and Welsch for the nonlinear least-squares problem. In all cases, bounded deterioration is proved for the approximate Hessian, not for its inverse.


The purpose of this research is to improve students' career maturity and interest information via services career choice . This study used an experimental research design approach non- equivalent control group design (pre - test - post-test are not equivalent). Research subjects in this study are 38 students 19 students were divided into experimental group and 19 control group students . Technique of data collection is done by questionnaire instrument, interview, evaluation of understanding test, and career interest inventory. The validation of the instrumen is done by three stages, namely validitas construct test, validity test, and reliability test. Empirical research results is analyzed by t-test through Statsitics SPSS 16 . Career maturity experimental group increased by 14.68 points or 12.11% after the treatment is given in the form of interest and information services career choice. Shown from , the mean before getting treatment at 106.53 , while the post-test mean score of 121.21 . This is reinforced by the acquisition value of t greater than the t table at the significance level of 5 % , i.e. 7.289 > 1.734 . It can be concluded that the interest and service information effectively to improve the career maturity of second grade of state senoir high school (SMA N) 1 Sukoharjo 2014/2015 accademic year. Recomendation for counselors and the others eksperimentor to make this result to help student to improve theier carier maturation.


Less interested in its heist than its characters' psyches, "Odds Against Tomorrow" was a favourite of Jean-Pierre Melville - and Paul Tickell


Echolocating bats and dolphins differ in signals, sound emission, and reception pathways, and important aspects of the acoustic medium. They do, however, receive broadcasts and echoes through similar parallel bandpass filters in the cochlea, which impose integration-times of several hundred microseconds. Echoes consisting of several overlapping reflections from target glints (insect body-parts, fish swim bladders) interfere upon reception to form complex echoes with spectral interference patterns that characterize the target's shape. Bats transform these patterns into images that depict the glints themselves along the range axis, a process called Spectrogram Correlation and Transformation (SCAT). Experiments with dolphins suggest two different scales for recognizing shape from echo spectra—macro- vs micro-power spectral features for ST (MaPS for short glint separations of 80 µs). We tested this finding in big brown bats trained to distinguish between 2-glint echoes wit...


The influence of air damping on the mechanical response of MEMS devices is investigated in this paper, using capacitive RF-MEMS switches with perforated parallel-plate electrodes as test vehicles. A twofold approach is used to analyse the damping coefficient as a function of ambient pressure. First, the up-state damping coefficient is extracted from resonance frequency measurements. Next, the position-dependent damping coefficient is extracted from closing-time measurements on the RF-MEMS switches. With these measurements, a Simulink model is adjusted to correctly simulate the closing time and trajectory of the switch.


The efficient movement of users and goods is the primary purpose of the surface transportation system. Roadway traffic crashes have devastating impacts on quality of life of the users as well as health of the system. While researchers are utilizing advanced computing and communication tools to reduce number of crashes on the roadways, there is still an absence of appropriate method to evaluate the safety performances of these advanced technologies in the planning stage. Development of crash modification factors (CMFs) is a standard method to evaluate the safety effect of proposed countermeasures. Though, the current practices of developing CMFs are not efficient and cost-effective in case of addressing impacts of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) countermeasures. This study demonstrated a proof of concept of simulation-based framework for determining CMFs for ITS countermeasures. The proposed framework includes the application of traffic microsimulation model and Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) developed by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The integration of these two models is suggested to estimate CMFs efficiently. However, the calibration of traffic microsimulation model and SSAM model is essential to portrait the real-world scenarios. A case study for estimating CMFs of ITS countermeasures was conducted to validate the proposed simulation-based approach. Four ITS countermeasures were considered: ramp metering, variable speed limit, junction control, and dynamic lane assignment. They were coded in traffic microsimulation environment and vehicle trajectory files were generated to import into SSAM model. After analyzing these trajectory files in SSAM tool, it was found that all proposed ITS countermeasures, except variable speed limit assignment, could reduce the number of crashes at crash prone locations.


The article describes the basic pedagogical principles for the development and creation of electronic textbooks for institutions of general secondary education, presented in the works of UNESCO scientists. The article clarifies the essence of this concept. The basic approaches to their classification are revealed, namely by functions (classical model, didactic model, digital platform model) and degree of interactivity (e-textbooks, b-textbooks, and-textbooks). The main factors that influence the quality of the textbook are described, including purpose, users, efficiency, standard, organizational system. The article also studies the criteria for evaluating the quality of e-textbooks (focus, concentration, support, interest) as well as the corresponding principles that specify these criteria (focus - accessibility, reduction, object and background, repetition, adjacency; support - scientific, genetic principle, multimedia and multimodality, interconnection, connectedness; interest - personalization, interactivity, reality). The essence and purpose of an e-textbook is clarified with the works of UNESCO scientists concerning the benefits of using e-books during the lesson (presentation of teaching material in different types and forms, improving the assessment of students' educational achievements, automatization of feedback, management of educational process, activity of the educational process, deepening understanding) and certain limitations (lack of computer support for schools; preparation and development of a lesson with interactive learning tools takes away the pain lack of computer literacy for teachers and students), as well as arguments for electronic textbooks for students, teachers, and parents. New opportunities offered by electronic textbooks in the learning process (providing logical lesson design; clarity of visual and graphic elements; increasing students' motivation and interest) have been identified. Prospects for using the experience of UNESCO scientists in the development of national electronic textbooks are formulated.


We hypothesize that sharing a birthday is sufficient to create a unit relationship. Two studies demonstrated that individuals cooperated more in a prisoners dilemma game when their (fictitious) opponent shared their birthday. They also reacted more negatively to betrayal and were less sensitive to relative gains for self versus other. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Objective
To investigate the risk factors related with the recurrence of multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC).

Methods
The data of 126 patients undergoing surgery from Jan. 2001 to Jun. 2011 proved to be multifocal PTMC by pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic multifactor regression analysis was used to analyze the clinicopathological factors that may influence the recurrence of PTMC.

Results
The median age of the 126 patients was 46 years(ranging from 15 to 78 years old). The recurrence rate was 14.3%(18/126)and the overall survival rate was 98.4% with the medium follow-up of 75 months(ranging from 24 to 150 months). Multivariate analysis showed that extra-thyoidal extension, neck lymph node metastasis and non-total(or near total)thyroidectomy were the independent risk factors for the recurrence of multifocal PTMC(P=0.008, 0.027, 0.022 respectively).

Conclusions
Extension beyond the thyroid and metastatic neck lymph node predict a high risk of recurrence. Total or near total thyroidectomy can reduce the risk of recurrence.

Key words:
Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma; Multifocal; Recurrence; Multivariate analysis


Title: Sustainability Reporting by Swedish Family Firms – A Panel Data Analysis Course: Master's Thesis, 30.0 C Institution: Department of Business Studies, Uppsala University Date of submission: 2019-05-29 Authors: Husanboy Ahunov and Andreas Eriksson Supervisor: Jan Lindvall Introduction Sustainability reporting is becoming more and more important for businesses all around the world. Extant empirical literature investigating the relationship between family status and sustainability reporting provides inconclusive results. No previous studies investigated this association in the Swedish setting. Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how family control and influence affects sustainability reporting behavior of Swedish listed firms. Theoretical framework – Sustainability disclosures are considered as an effective means for companies to communicate with their stakeholders. Family firms are more concerned about their internal and external stakeholders in order to protect family's socioemotional endowments. Methodology design – We use panel data on Swedish listed firms over the period of 20082015. We analyze data with random-effects ordered probit regression for panel data. Empirical findings When we treat all family firms as homogenous, there are no statistically significant differences in the levels of reports of family and non-family firms. However, when we take into account internal contexts of family firms, we find that a family member(s) in top management or a family CEO make family firms more transparent about their sustainability performance. Conclusion – We document that presence of a family top manager(s) or of a family CEO is associated with higher level of details of sustainability reports. Family top managers are more likely to be concerned about internal and external stakeholders to preserve the family's SEW.


Renewable energy has been in the spotlight of most jurisdictions around the world. Among the sources of renewable energy, solar energy is one of the most commonly adopted in small to medium-scale installations, such as those in residential and commercial applications. With recent technical interconnection requirements for smart inverters standardized since 2016, there is an expectation that hosting capacity will be expanded. With the anticipated proliferation of solar generators, it has become imperative to understand their impact so that accommodating measures, if required, can be employed. Researchers and utility engineers have devoted efforts in understanding all facets in integrating these resources. This paper presents measurements and performance and conformance analysis of a commercial scale solar inverter. Currently, this inverter is in operation in the soon-to-be-completed microgrid laboratory constructed by a Canadian electrical utility. This research suggests that, despite their power electronics topologies and sophisticated switching control, these inverters are expected to have very small negative impact on the distribution system voltage supply characteristics.


To improve the accuracy of wind power prediction, a short-term wind power prediction model based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) optimized least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is proposed. In the model, the variational modal decomposition is used to decompose the wind power sequence into multiple eigenmode components with limited bandwidth. The improved salp swarm algorithm is employed to tune the regularization parameter and kernel parameter in LSSVM. The proposed wind power prediction strategy using mean one-hour historical wind power data collected from a wind farm located in zhejiang, China. Compared with other prediction models illustrate the better prediction performance of VMD-ISSA-LSSVM.


The essay analyzes on the use of GPS and GSM in the system of vehicle monitoring which has been proved to be effective and also gained good economic effects.The position of the vehicle can be clearly shown and orientated on the electronic map in the monitoring center by using GPS.While the controlling and directing work of all kinds of moving vehicles can be done through GSM wireless mechanics of communication and component GIS.


The focus of monetary policy has shifted markedly over the past 15 years away from attempts to fine tune the economy towards the longer-run goal of attaining price stability and creating the necessary conditions for sustainable economic growth. In an attempt to minimise the costs of such a transition, central banks have become more independent and monetary policy more transparent, changes intended to increase the credibility of monetary policy and to reduce short-run sacrifice ratios. However, concerns have been expressed that an environment of price stability and independent central banks may instead lead to higher sacrifice ratios and, perhaps, even higher rates of structural unemployment, because of the increased importance of nominal and real rigidities at low rates of inflation.


Objective To reduce the incident of depression for patients with MHD by integrated psychological nursing care .Method A total of 50 patients with MHD were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group(interfered with integrated psychological nursing care )and the control group(not interfered with integrated psychological nursing care). Both of them were evaluated by SF-36 and self evaluation of depression. Results The incidence of depression in the experimental group was 8.14% that was lower than that in the control group(P0.05).The outcomes in the experimental group were much better than that in the control group according to life quality questionnaire and SF-36. Conclusion We have got good results that the integrated psychological nursing care can reduce the incidence of depression for patients with MHD , which is able to improve life quality of the patients with MHD.


The objective of this article consists to identify which determinants of financial development can cause financial instability and if these determinants depend on the economic development degree of the country. Based on a sample of 56 countries, including 22 developed countries and 32 emerging countries over the period of 1960-2014, we test the role of the financial development measured by financial intermediation, financial market capitalization and financial liberalization, on the occurrence of financial instability. Using a dynamic panel techniques, GMM SYSTEM estimator, our results show that financial intermediation increase financial instability in advanced and emerging countries. However, financial liberalization decrease financial instability in developed economies, and increase it in emerging ones, depending on the degree of financial innovation. Additionally, the quality of regulation plays an important role in stabilizing emerging countries. These results have important implications for financial regulation policies.


We demonstrate a novel dynamic BOTDA sensor based, for the first time to our knowledge, on the use of the Brillouin phase-shift instead of the conventional Brillouin gain. This provides the advantage of measurements that are largely immune to variations in fiber attenuation or changes in pump pulse power. Furthermore, the optical detection deployed can lead to an enhanced precision or measurement time and to the broadening of the measurement range. Proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate 1.66 kHz measurement rate with 1-m resolution over a 160-m sensing fiber length.


The goal of this research was to attempt to evaluate the enzymatic aqueous extraction (EAE) of Mango seed oil compared with standard hexan method. Physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of extracted oil were investigated. So the solvent is safe and does not offer the danger of a lightning strike, the EAE is preferable to solvent extraction procedures. Viscozyme L, Celluclast 1.5 L, Nutrase 0.8L, and Alcalase 2.4l FG enzymes were assayed. The oil extraction yield was improved by using ternary enzyme mixes, although it was still considerably (p0.05) lower than that achieved with hexane . Furthermore, The most common types of enzymes employed for EAE are cellulases, proteases, and pectinases. In comparison to those extracted with hexane, oils extracted using (65:25:10 % from Alcalase : Neutrase : Viscozyme) showed a larger buildup of induction time, indicating improved oxidative stability. As a result, we may visualize future industrialization of EAE techniques and promote them as clean technology using this method. The quantity and quality of the extracted mango seed oils compared to hexane extraction for the above-said variables have


The invention discloses a Cr-Ni alloy electroplating liquid and an electroplating method. The Cr-Ni alloy electroplating liquid includes chromium chloride hexahydrate with the content of 90-120 g/L, nickel sulfate hexahydrate with the content of 25-50 g/L, ammonium bromide with the content of 50-70 g/L, citric acid with the content of 130-140 g/L, oxalic acid with the content of 35-50 g/L, an emulgator with the content of 0.3-0.5 g/L and the balance of solvent, wherein the solvent is a mixed liquid consisting of DMAC and water with the volume ratio of (0.9-1.2):1. According to the Cr-Ni alloy electroplating liquid provided by the invention, the mixed liquid consisting of DMAC and water is used as the solvent of the electroplating liquid, and citric acid and oxalic acid are used as a compound coordination agent, and are also used as a buffer agent for substituting boric acid, so that the formula is simplified, hardness and corrosion resistance of the coating are improved, and the scattering performance and deep plating performance of the electroplating liquid are improved.


It is important to use an accurate energy load model for an accurate feasibility study applying a cogeneration system to buildings. The present study is to develop the model of hourly energy load variation and weighting factor of relational variables for hotels. The daily consumption data for year of electricity and fuel for several hotels was collected, the hourly energy data for year was measured directly, and the model of hourly energy load variation was achieved from those data. Also many variables and those weighting factor related to the energy load model was analysed.


The beach site is located in the utmost northeastern part of the Nevskaya Bay. A boulder dam is built on the western side, which, however, fails to protect the beach from the effects of waves that cause longshore sediment transport. The planned construction of transverse beach–retaining structures outlines in the "Water Sports Base in Primorsky District" initiative, mightchange the current situation.   This study objective is to predict the evolution of the coastal contour resulting from the planned construction in the next few decades.   A natural analogue of such an artificial structure could be a pocket beach located between two natural promontories. The sediment equilibrium at this study location includes three main components: volumes of erosion, accumulation and bypassing. The results include the computed wave patterns and the movement of sediment along the shoreline. The lateral sediment transport diminishes notably over time, driven by the alteration of the shoreline contour and the reduction in the angle between the wave equilibrium and the coastal resultant. The erosion and accumulation volumes increase over time, but their rates slow down. The shoreline displacement becomes more prominent over time; however, the rates of erosion differ from accumulation. The shoreline is moving particularly fast in the first years after construction, and then the process slows down gradually. The introduction of artificial beach protection structures in the 300th Anniversary Park of St. Petersburg will considerably reduce both the pace of beach erosion and the affected area. However, the erosion process will not be completely halted.


Based upon introduction of the conception of com posite pile foundation several important concepts and design parameters are pres ented. The calculation methods of bearing capacity and settlement of compos ite pile foundation are also summarized as well as the limitations of them.


This paper presents the modulation effects on the differential mode (DM) conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) for a three-phase inverter. The evaluation is to adopt a newly developed frequency-domain DM EMI prediction method with accurate noise source and parasitic path identification. Three different modulation schemes are studied and different DM noise sources expressions in frequency domain are derived. The parasitic components are identified using finite element analysis method (FEM). The calculated DM EMI results are compared with experimental data. It is indicated that the modulation schemes have significant impacts on EMI performance not only in switching frequency and its associated harmonics, but also in higher frequency regions.


Our lives are dependent on materials and/or technology, which unfortunately come with a tremendously huge luggage of "dirt". That is its production involves the usage of chemicals, which could be hazardous (i.e. volatile organic solvents) towards both human beings and the environment [1]. A memorandum of understanding was signed by different nations to address the issue of hazards they are faced with and this gave birth to what is known as "Green Chemistry". This green chemistry has been addressed through outreach initiatives, research, implementation and education. In terms of research, Green Chemistry has been practiced in several industries such as in solvents, catalysis, polymers, renewables, analytical methods development, design of safer chemicals and the development of synthetic methods. Therefore, to ensure a cleaner future, chemists went back to the drawing board to Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposite Using Green Solvents


Stocks of finfish exploited around the South Orkney Islands (Subarea 48.2) suffered substantial declines from split-year 1977/78 to 1989/90. The biomass of several species of finfish has been monitored through scientific bottom trawl surveys within the 500 m isobath of the South Orkney Islands, most recently by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1985, Spain in 1991 and the USA in 1999. From these surveys, estimates of total stock biomass were computed for the eight species of finfish which were most abundant in catches. Biomass levels and size composition from the March 1999 trawl survey were compared to previous surveys conducted in February 1985 and January to February 1991. Species examined were Gobionotothen gibberifrons, Lepidonotothen sqtlarnifrons, Pseudochaenichfhys georgianus, Charnpsocephalus gunnari, Chae~zocephalus aceratus, Chionodraco rastrospinosus, Notothenia rossii and Lepidonotothen larseni. Despite substantial variability in point estimates, biomass levels of most species appear to be unchanged or may have declined slightly since 1991. The stock of C. gzinnari is currently extremely low, while there appear to be strong signs of recovery for N . rossii. However, overall levels of biomass indicate very little potential for commercial exploitation at this time.


Background and Objectives: The dismal outcome of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)
highlights the necessity of identifying new biomarkers and pathogenesis for this aggressive sarcoma.
Therefore, it is necessary to detect the aberrations of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway and investigate its
biological role in MPNST.
Methods: Genetic aberrations of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 were detected by next generation sequencing
(NGS) in 10 MPNST samples. Protein expression of TBX2, CHK2, p53, Ki-67 and cyclin D1 were assessed
by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 63 MPNST samples.
Results: Our present data demonstrated that there were gene mutations of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 in MPNST
samples. TBX2 expression was correlated with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage,
recurrence and metastasis. Correlation analysis found that TBX2 was positively correlated with CHK2
(p=0.045) and CHK2 was positively correlated with p53 (p=0.006). Furthermore, both CHK2 and p53 were
positively correlated with Ki-67 (p<0.05), which is related to tumor differentiation, metastasis and
prognosis. As for survival analyses, patients with high TBX2, CHK2 and p53 expression exhibited shorter
disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively (p<0.05) and TBX2 and CHK2 were
independent prognostic factors for MPNST patients (p<0.05).
Conclusion: There are genetic aberrations of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 signaling pathway in MPNST, which
might promote the progression of MPNST by increasing Ki-67 expression. Thus, TBX2 and CHK2 might
be useful markers for MPNST.


Abstract. Coagulase‐negative staphylococci are frequently isolated from the milk of women with signs of puerperal mastitis. In order to evaluate the pathogenicity of these bacteria, strains of S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus isolated from cases of mastitis in nursing women were inoculated into the mammary glands of lactating mice. Although clinical signs of mastitis were absent, by histological examination, mastitis was demonstrated in 78‐93% of the glands. Abscesses were found in a few cases only. The inoculated bacteria were re‐isolated in 41‐61 % of the cases, and when inoculated in numbers of 102 to 104 c.f.u. the bacteria multiplied above input levels in several cases. It is concluded that coagulase‐negative staphylococci isolated from the milk of women with puerperal mastitis can produce mastitis in mice and should be considered as a possible etiologic agent of mastitis in nursing women.


Legged locomotion is very effective in extreme ground conditions, but bad with high speed. Wheeled locomotion is good in high speed but bad on natural terrain. We introduce a way to combine legged and wheeled locomotion to gain effective natural terrain mobility. The mode of locomotion is called rolking (rolling-walking). In addition to effective mobility rolking mode makes it also possible to measure the shapes and unevenness of the ground only by touching it with the wheel.


According to the characters of water saving irrigation ,the paper discussed the necessity of the application of decision support systems to this kind of irrigation. The status ,problems and future strategy of the application in China were also summarily analyzed.


This study sought to better understand the relationship between affluence and elevated risk for psychosocial distress among adolescent girls. In-depth qualitative interviews at two time points with three cohorts of girls (sixth-, eighth-, and 10th grade; T1 n = 57, T2 n = 58) from two independent girls schools Grades 6 to 12, along with their parents, and their teachers were conducted. Through narrative thematic analysis, four overarching sources of significant stress were identified: (a) pervasive experiences of pressures to perform, (b) narrow constructions of success, (c) peer competition, and (d) misalignments in expectations between some girls and their parents. These pressures were even more heightened among the older girls. Although all of the girls reported experiencing these stressors, those girls who reported a more other-oriented sense of purpose also reported stronger connections with peers and seemed better able to manage the pressures.


The potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in monitoring soil and vegetation parameters is being evaluated worldwide through extensive investigations. A significant experiment performed on this subject was the Multi-sensor Airborne Campaign (MAC 91), carried out during the northern summer of 1991 on several sites in Europe, based on the NASA/JPL polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR). The site of Montespertoli (Italy) was imaged three times during this campaign. Calibrated polarimetric data collected over the agricultural area of this site have been analysed and critical analysis of the information contained in linear and circular co-polar and cross-polar data has also been carried out.<<ETX>>


The present paper is the concluding part of a study of the reproductive system of Eciton queens and considers especially the activity of the individual ovariole during the period between ovulations. It is restricted to gross anatomical details, for other persons are conducting cytological investigations on the component cells present in the ovary, including the development of the o6cyte nucleus. It had once been suspected that an examination of the ovariole and its contents might reveal abrupt and distinctive observable changes in relation to the reproductive cycle. If found, these stages could provide a calendar whereby minutely exact intervals in statary and nomadic phases of the colony could be determined by visible evidence in the queen alone. A most cursory inspection of the freshly prepared slides of the ovary


Multicomponent dendrite growth is theoretically predicted to optimize solidification cracking susceptibility during ternary Ni-Cr-Al nickel-based single-crystal superalloy weld pool solidification. The distribution of dendrite trunk spacing along the weld pool solidification interface is clearly symmetrical about the weld pool centerline in beneficial (001)/[100] welding configuration. The distribution of dendrite trunk spacing along the weld pool solidification interface is crystallography-dependent asymmetrical from bottom to top surface of the weld pool in detrimental (001)/[110] welding configuration. The smaller heat input is used, the finer dendrite trunk spacing is kinetically promoted by less solute enrichment and narrower constitutional undercooling ahead of solid/liquid interface with mitigation of metallurgical contributing factors for solidification cracking and vice versa. Vulnerable [100] dendrite growth region is predominantly suppressed and epitaxial [001] dendrite growth region is favored to spontaneously facilitate single-crystal columnar dendrite growth and reduce microstructure anomalies with further reduction of heat input. Optimum low heat input (both lower laser power and higher welding speed) with (001)/[100] welding configuration is the most favorable one to avoid nucleation and growth of stray grain formation, minimize both dendrite trunk spacing and solidification cracking susceptibility potential, improve resistance to solidification cracking, and ameliorate weldability and weld integrity through microstructure modification instead of inappropriate high heat input (both higher laser power and slower welding speed) with (001)/[110] welding configuration. The dendrite trunk spacing in the [100] dendrite growth region on the right side of the weld pool is considerably coarser and grows faster than that within the [010] dendrite growth region of the left side in the (001)/[110] welding configuration to deteriorate weldability, although the welding conditions are the same on the either side. Furthermore, the alternative mechanism of crystallography-dependent solidification cracking as consequence of asymmetrical microstructure development and diffusion-controlled dendrite growth of γ phase is therefore proposed. The theoretical predictions are comparable with experiment results. The reliable model is also useful for welding conditions optimization for crack-free laser processing.


The profitability and social welfare of horizontal merger is studied based on generalized Stackelberg oligopoly markets,the result shows that a leader and a follower always have an incentive to merge,but leaders rarely do.When the differences between the constant marginal costs of production of leaders and that of followers are significant,two followers always have an incentive to merge.As far as social welfare is concerned,any of the profitable mergers is at the cost of deterioration of social welfare.


Background: Giant cell tumor, excluding its prototype in bone, is usually a benign but local aggressive neoplasm originating from tendon sheath or soft tissue. Malignant behavior is uncommon. Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS) usually originates from the membrane of tendon sheath, bursa, and joints. Materials and Methods: All the cases of GCTTS received in Pathology Department within the duration of 5-year are reviewed for a macroscopic and microscopic picture in detail. The clinical finding regarding age, gender, tumor location, presentation and size, clinical features, and treatment modality were collected from the medical record. Result: Of the soft tissue lesion, GCTTS were seen in 15 cases and reviewed in detail. The most common age for GCTTS was ranged from 20 to 40 years. The index finger was the most common site for giant cell tumors. On macroscopy, most of the tumors were mainly well-circumscribed, encapsulated. Microscopy shows mononuclear infiltration, macrophages, and osteoclasts such as giant cells and collagen strands. Recurrence was seen in two cases only. Conclusion: Giant cell tumors are weather non-neoplastic or neoplastic are still controversial and need further study. A definite pre-operative diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology in collaboration with radiological findings will help in proper treatment planning. All the histopathological slides must carefully look for satellite nodule, cell types, and mitotic activity to avoid recurrence.


Relationships between sequential convergences and topologies, pretopologies and pseudotopologies are investigated. A study of appropriate GALOIS connections and of fundamental properties of elementary filters constitutes a base for those investigations. Characterizations of pseudotopological, pretopological and topological inducibility are provided, in particular the theorem of Kantorovich/Vulih/Pinsker, Kisynski and Dolcher is recovered.


Summary Avocado is a fruit high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a high mineral content. However, no reports are available on how valuable avocado fruit could be as a source of anti-oxidants, depending upon their stage of maturity. Such a feature might become an important marketing tool in future. To evaluate the presence of anti-oxidant systems throughout avocado fruit development, various tissues were analysed for both their total and specific anti-oxidant compositions.Total anti-oxidant levels were found to be higher in the exocarp and in seed tissues than in the mesocarp, a possible reason for the susceptibility of avocado to post-harvest mesocarp disorders. While seed tissues contained predominantly ascorbic acid (AsA) and total phenolics (TP), the anti-oxidant composition of the mesocarp was characterised by the presence of the C7 sugar, D-mannoheptulose. Among the anti-oxidant enzymes assayed, peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) were present in higher concentrations than superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mesocarp tissue. The low concentration of anti-oxidants in the mesocarp could be a major reason for the susceptibility of avocado fruit to physiological disorders.


The emperors of Southern Dynasties,who were very fond of literature,acted as leaders of many literary groups which consisted of many rising literati of humble origin.They not only wrote a lot of good poems,short stories and rhythmical prose,but also made a great contribution to literary criticism.They promoted the rapid development of Southern Dynasties literature.What they have achieved constitutes an important part of Chinese ancient literature.


thoroughly researched account of the law with sufficient background material for the significance of the legal rules to be clear. To a mental health professional, the clear structure of the text, the absence of legalistic jargon and the sympathetic handling of the subject matter should make this an invaluable guide. Despite the comprehensive nature of the Act, problems still remain. Sometimes the problems stem from ambiguity in the legislation, for example the application of the 'three month rule' under which medication cannot be administered for more than three months without either the consent of the patient or a second opinion. Sometimes they relate to matters outside the legislation, for example the application of the common law principle that information given in confidence should not be disclosed. How does this square with the view adopted by the American courts that information must be disclosed to those who may be assaulted by the patient? Similar problems apply in relation to searching a patient's person and property. It is in these grey areas of the law that ethics may play a leading role in forming opinions, directing action and ultimately, in formulating law. All are discussed in Gostin's text. On some issues, such as the type of treatment to be used, it is noted that guidance may be provided by a code of practice. On others such as the application of the three month rule, Gostin suggests a solution. On others still, such as the recently controversial issue of the sterilisation of the mentally handicapped, the author plays safe with an account of the existing case law up to 1985, the cut-off date for the text. But again, one has to emphasise that the value of the text lies not so much in specific guidance but rather in the understanding of the overall context that it provides. A practitioner would be in a much better position to make an ethical judgement having read the text. The text might not give the answer but it would at least give an accurate and understanding account of the question. This is an excellent book, a masterly account of both law and practice and one that will be widely consulted by lawyers and practitioners alike. The only disappointment is the one identified by the author, that the European Commission on Human Rights has failed to use its opportunity to interpret the basic freedoms as including that of a right to minimally adequate treatment. Perhaps that will form the cornerstone of some future piece of legislation. The absence of Larry Gostin's campaigning spirit from these shores unfortunately makes this less likely.


Active challenges to social withdrawal among young people have recently been implemented in Japan against the following background: 1) The number of cases of social withdrawal among young people has reportedly increased to some hundreds of thousands; and 2) As there are few clinical studies in the US and Europe, it is necessary to compile our own clinical experience to produce useful findings. The term "social withdrawal" is not a diagnosis, but means both a "phenom- enon" of social withdrawal and a "pathology" of introverted withdrawal. Patients with social withdrawal can be further classified into a "secondary withdrawal group" due to some psychiatric disorders and a "primary withdrawal group" characterized by withdrawal itself (Kinugasa, 1998). As a young patient with primary withdrawal rarely visits a psychiatrist for help, his or her family members should assist with


En route by train to solve the mystery of the missing racehorse Silver Blaze, Sherlock Holmes passes the time narrating "the essential facts of the case" to Dr. Watson. He does this not primarily for his friend's benefit but rather, surprisingly, for his own. "Nothing clears up a case so much as stating it to another person," he tells Watson (257)—a puzzling remark when we consider that Holmes is celebrated, not least by himself, for his powers of observation rather than for his powers of narration. Why would the detective need to state the facts aloud, especially to someone as pitifully unable to reproduce his method of reasoning as Watson? Holmes tells his companion that he "prefer[s] having a witness, if only as a check to my own memory" (192). Conan Doyle's famous detective, however, never forgets anything. And since what Watson remembers is of no consequence, the only person likely to deduce something from hearing the detective recite the facts is Holmes himself. No wonder Watson notes Holmes's tendency to talk "rather to himself . . . than to us" (60). If telling the story of the crime helps Holmes to solve it, this must be because narrating involves selecting certain facts and omitting others. Watson's typically self-denigrating response to hearing this story—"Though most of the facts were familiar to me, I had not sufficiently appreciated their relative importance, nor their connection to each other" (261)—could, in a sense, be applied to Holmes himself. The appearance Holmes gives of talking as if to himself anticipates the working method of an otherwise very different detective, Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe. Living in a world in which no one is to be trusted, Marlowe has no Dr. Watson to whom to tell


The paper deals with mathematical models of semiconductor converter with thyristor-reactor groups, used for three- and single-phase load voltage control. Results of study of dynamics and harmonic analysis of load currents under usage of such converter are shown


Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) is a recognized technique for analyzing how people operate within a specific task domain and with a specific toolset. In this paper we introduce an improved variant, Comparative CTA (C2TA) that allows the separation of effects due to basic human cognition from those due to the toolset. An example from weather forecasting is provided, including sample results and recommendations that would not have emerged from traditional CTA. Intro Weather forecasting is a complex process. The supporting information is multidimensional, distributed, and often uncertain. It includes both "raw" observations (e.g., current temperature, winds, pressure, clouds, precipitation, radar returns, satellite pictures, etc.) and analytic weather models, at varying scales predicting future conditions. How does the designer incorporate User-Centered Design and Human Centered Computing into this complex and specialized domain? How does the designer gain enough knowledge of the users' tasks and processes to provide useful assistance? And how does the designer disentangle the effects of task, training, teamwork arrangements, and basic human cognition from those of the design of the tools? The traditional way human factors engineers approach this problem is to perform a task analyses to determine how people operate in a specific domain on a specific task. Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) is a set of methods that takes into account the perception (i.e., vision), cognition (i.e., decision making), and motor actions (i.e., mouse movements) to accomplish a task. Running Head: Comparative Cognitive Task Analysis 3 In this paper, we build on traditional CTA methods by suggesting comparative cognitive task analysis can help solve the above problems. Comparative CTA (C2TA) is based on replication studies conducted in different environments. Because it derives data from more than one environment, C2TA provides insight into interface design that single site studies and single CTA methods cannot. There are many versions of task analysis ranging from time and motion study [1] to GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection rules) analysis [2] to Ecological Interface Design (EID) [3]. Each is best suited to a subset of design problems. For example, GOMS analysis is a keystroke-level process for describing human-computer interactions (e.g., mouse and keyboard interactions). EID focuses on how the operator interacts with indicators of physical functioning such as in a power plant or manufacturing control room. CTA is especially useful in situations where the task is heavily dependant on human interpretation and integration of dynamic and highly uncertain data [4]. Weather forecasters typically deal with large amounts of data over time and space. Additionally, the information they examine is uncertain on several dimensions (i.e., the predictive weather models that are run may be based on a small number of data points in some areas (like in the middle of the ocean), which necessitates interpolating from the current data, which may cause the final output to be more uncertain). The dependence on a meteorologist interpreting the weather models, the dynamic nature of weather, and the uncertainty in the weather models makes weather forecasting an excellent candidate for CTA. However, most of the data analyzed by CTA methods come from a single source (i.e., most CTA studies have been performed on a single system and/or a small group of people). While the single approach is adequate in many situations, it may not be as generalizable as it Running Head: Comparative Cognitive Task Analysis 4 could be. That is, any problems can typically be traced to the interaction between the person and the system. You may discover, for example, that a specific pointing device is not very effective on a particular system, but you do not know if that is a limitation of the pointing device or the way people think; you only know that the combination of people and pointing device on the task you are examining is not very effective. By examining radically different tools (i.e., different types of pointing devices on similar tasks, you can start to dissociate the effects of cognition and tool. For example, the pen, the typewriter, and the computer keyboard are all tools that can be used for writing a document. The writing process consists of planning, composing, editing, and production (writing / typing). The quantity and sequence of these processes is differentially supported by the three tools. For example, the computer supports longer compositions, however, the writer plans longer before editing with a pen [5]. This may be because editing with a pen includes crossing out, rewriting, cutting pages apart and taping them back together, arrows for inserts, etc. and then repeating the production process (re-writing) on clean paper. Editing on a typewriter uses similar cross out, cut, glue, and retype processes. With both of these tools, the re-write (production) process is effortful. However, writers using a computer edit more as they write and new versions do not require re-doing the physical production [6]. The data for the two analyses reported here were collected during two studies in two very different locations, a United States Navy (USN) Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC) center in California and a Royal Australian Navy (RAN) METOC facility. These studies employed the methods of both naturalistic field study and quasi-naturalistic observation in a laboratory field study. The studies were part of a project to provide improved tools for Navy Running Head: Comparative Cognitive Task Analysis 5 weather forecasting. Only by understanding current practices and forecasting tools could improvements be suggested that would make the process more efficient. The two studies allowed us to map the information usage of decision maker to information visualization tools and to compare the mappings of USN and RAN forecasters in order to distinguish between effects that are dictated by the tools and training of these specialists and those due to basic human cognition. In the remainder of this paper we will first briefly describe the data collection at the two sites. Then we will review the results of the C2TA and show how suggestions for the design or redesign of tools flow from the C2TA results. More detailed results from both studies can be found in [7, 8]. Two Studies USN (2000) The first of the two studies took place in San Diego, CA at a Naval meteorological and oceanographic location. This laboratory field study provided naval forecasters in a simulated METOC center with computer access to their usual forecasting tools. Most of the forecasting information came from numerous meteorological web sites including military, non-military government, and university sites. Three pairs, consisting of a forecaster and technician took part in the study. Each pair developed a forecast and prepared a forecast briefing for an air strike to take place 12 hours in the future on Whidbey Island, WA. All actions were video taped and the participants were requested to "talk aloud" so as to produce a verbal protocol. Running Head: Comparative Cognitive Task Analysis 6 RAN (2001) The second study was a naturalistic observation of RAN forecasters working at a Weather and Oceanography Centre at an airbase in eastern Australia. They too were forecasting for 12 hour (and 24 to 72 hour) air operations, prepared forecasts and forecast briefings, and used computer-based tools. As with the USN forecasters, most of the forecasting information came from numerous meteorological web sites. Also, like the USN forecasters, they were video taped and instructed to "talk aloud" to produce verbal protocols. By retaining the task (forecasting) and moving to another group of practitioners with different tools, training, and teamwork practices, we disentangle the effects due to human cognition versus effects due to the tools used. There-by replicating basic results, extending findings, and drawing conclusions about how to better support the common forecasting tasks for both groups. Results Information Usage Comparative CTA can tell two kinds of stories. Similarities in classes of information usage that are independent of the tools, training, and teamwork patterns imply basic processes of human cognition. In contrast, we can impute differences in information usage patterns as being due to the impact of differences in tools, training and teamwork. To find either, we must code the verbal protocols to capture the way the forecasters use information. To analyze these data we selected usage encodings that capture what the forecaster did with the information. In other Running Head: Comparative Cognitive Task Analysis 7 reports we have examined the format of the information (text, graph, animation, etc.) or the form of the information (qualitative or quantitative) [7, 8]. The major encoding categories are extracting information, comparing information from two or more visualizations, deriving information by combining what was available in the visualization with the forecaster's knowledge, and recording information. Extracting information occurs when a forecaster examines a visualization and extracts some sort of local or global features that are explicitly represented in the visualization. Comparing information occurs when a forecaster compares two or more different visualizations. Deriving information occurs when a forecaster goes beyond the information on the visualization and makes inferences or combines the displayed information with their background knowledge. Deriving implies that some of the information comes from the forecasters' general domain knowledge rather than the information about the specific conditions for the current forecast. Recording information occurs when the forecaster writes down or copies information for their weather prediction. Table 1 defines each and gives an example. Note that, in terms of exp


These days, the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) is broadly utilized as a part of the unsafe circumstance, however these networks are for the most part influenced by different sorts of attacks. In this paper, we plan a crosslayer based approach with a specific end goal to recognize different sorts of attacks and upgrade the security of the MANET. The proposed strategy is the joined execution of the Genetic-Search Algorithm (GSA) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm for feature subset selection. In the proposed technique cross layer mechanism is built in view of the packet delivery betwixt the MAC layer and the routing layer. At first, the datasets (features) are gathered from the each and every node of the MAC and routing layer. From 1 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 118 No. 24 2018 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/


UBVRI photometry for 16 LARVs is presented. Four (H Ari, S Car, RW Lib, and T Pie) and possibly six (H Hor and RS Lib) halo objects are included. Luminosities and resulting space motions are derived for most of these stars. Key words: variable stars - photometry - space motions


Low deadweight together with a higher potential payload capacity due to lightweight design can permit a considerable reduction in operating costs and energy consumption of commercial vehicles, dependent on the service conditions. These goals are, however, conflicting with the life expectancy of the vehicles. Lightweight design through material-reduction means an optimization of the deadweight of the vehicle by the use of conventional materials. The prerequisites for this concept are modern computational and experimental development procedures enabling the defined life expectancy of each component to be predicted. Lightweight design construction relies on the use of high strength steels, light alloys and fibre reinforced plastics for reducing the deadweight. The specific properties of these materials, e.g. strength and stiffness, call for a design satisfying the requirements of the material. Considerable deviations from conventional designs are possible.


In data modelling, product information has most often been handled separately from process information. The integration of product and process models in a unified data model could provide the means by which information could be shared across an enterprise throughout the system lifecycle from design through to production. Recently attempts have been made to integrate these two separate views of systems through identifying common data models. This paper relates description-driven systems to multi-layer architectures and reveals where existing design patterns facilitate the integration of product and process models and where patterns are missing or where existing patterns require enrichment for this integration. It reports on the construction of a so-called description-driven system which integrates Product Data Management (PDM) and Workflow Management (WfM) data models through a common meta-model. 'Description-driven systems' can be defined as systems in which the definition of a domain-specific configuration is captured in a computer-readable form. This definition can be interpreted by applications to achieve domain-specific goals. In a description-driven system definitions are separated and managed independently from instances. This allows the definitions to be specified and to evolve asynchronously from instantiations (and executions) of those definitions. Description-driven systems require computer-readable models both for definitions and for instances. These models are loosely coupled-coupling takes place when instances are created or when a definition, corresponding to existing instantiations, is modified. The coupling is loose since the lifecycle of each instantiation is independent from the lifecycle of its corresponding definition. One example of the use of description-driven systems is in a workflow management system (WfM [1]) where the business process model defines the instantiated workflows and the definitions are managed separately from the instantiations. WfM systems are often built on a multi-layer architecture [14]. In WfM systems the workflow instances (such as activities or tasks) correspond to the lowest level of system abstraction-the instance layer (see Figure 1). In order to instantiate the workflow objects a workflow scheme is required. This scheme describes the workflow instances and corresponds to the next layer of abstraction-the model layer. In order for the workflow scheme itself to be built, a further model is required to store the semantics for the generation of the workflow scheme. This model (i.e. a model describing another model) is the next layer of system abstraction-the meta-model layer (see Figure 1). The semantics required to adequately model application-specific information will, in most cases, be different. For example, the …


The petroleum industry both mining and crude oil processing has a high level of fire risk. This can be caused by the hydrocarbons from the content of mining products, crude oil content to the fuel which is contained in the area around processing. Where, if there is a fire in the surround area can cause a terrible explosion in the oil tank or pool fire. To identify the potential fires, a manual assessment method can be carried out by: making clusters and grouping of production activities, risk matrix table of industrial activities, field observations, identification of hazard materials, analyzes and actions in accordance with the standard operating procedures applied in the company. From the results of observations on the oil and gas industry in Sumatra – Operation Indonesia, generally the identification of potential fires is good, there are several factors that must be taken so the zero accidents in the oil industry can be fully satisfied.


ABSTRACT Sexual and gender minorities (SGM) community practice efforts vary globally. In North Macedonia, we conducted a needs assessment with 71 SGM community members and 11 non-governmental organization (NGO) staff. We used narrative and thematic analysis to assess how participants described SGM social movements, community building, and community practice in the country. Findings showed that community engagement, capacity, and organizing could be strengthened. SGM and NGO narratives varied about ways to include the community in activism and social action and their relationship to one another. Theoretically informed community-engagement and practice can help build power, accountability, and trust.


This paper presents an approach to automated verification of digital television systems. Camera is used to capture the content on the TV screen. An algorithm was developed for detecting the TV screen content and comparing it with the expected content. The TV screen content is extracted in two steps. The first step is the TV screen edge detection, performed with Scharr edge detection and detection of long lines and TV screen rectangle. The second step is the extraction of the TV screen content between the detected edges and its scaling to the dimensions of the referent image. The images are compared using the normalized cross-correlation method. The test suite includes the random images, selected patterns and TV menus shown on the screen. The system is planned to be used as a part of the Black Box Testing system.


Capital investment by electricity utilities is being reconsidered as such investment has a major influence on financial margins and network reliability. Utility owners want to maximise financial margins whilst electricity regulators are very much concerned about tariffs to end users and network reliability. An approach to achieve optimal investment within requirements of regulatory authorities and expectations of shareholders is challenging and the subject of recent research and publications. Investment for network expansion, renewal and reliability needs to be analysed carefully to achieve the stated objective. Keyword Index – asset management, optimal capital investment, network expansion planning, electricity network renewal


Using low-temperature microphotoluminescence spectroscopy we have investigated the effect of a lateral electric field on quantum dot excitons trapped by monolayer width fluctuations in a narrow quantum well. We observe a redshift of the ground state and several excited states, when a lateral field is applied. This Stark shift is reduced when the dot is populated with several excitons that screen the electric field. The lines broaden increasingly at high fields, which is attributed to field-induced lateral tunneling out of the dot.


Economic Resilience of Bali Aga Community of Banjar Sub-district of Buleleng Regency. Bali aga community on economic activity shows that they have traditional knowledge, skills and technology in using resources to survive. Therefore, the economic activity based on togetherness and kinship in the midst of market dynamics that tend to be individualistic becomes important to be maintained, which is analyzed with the comparative descriptive approach, where the documents and interviews as data collection techniques. Any results obtained are the economic concept of Tri Hita Karana concept is achieved by inserting Hindu ethical values, such as Karma Yoga, Tri Kaya Parisuda, and Artha Sastra into production, distribution and consumption activities, through sustainable local institutional effectiveness.


A novel compact microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) using two cascaded strip-photonic-bandgap (PBG) structures on the ground plane is designed, simulated and demonstrated experimentally. The experimental results agree well with the simulation data, the response of this filter shows a greater than 25 dB attenuation at second and third harmonics. We found that due to the slow-wave effect, the center frequency of the BPF has been shifted to a lower frequency of about 15% corresponding to the original.


School-based telehealth programs have shown potential to address both educational and health needs of elementary students in North Carolina. A Cone Health prototype in areas of endemic poverty and low health literacy allowed for the creation of on-demand care that kept children in school, decreased early dismissals, and reduced the burden and cost of urgent health care on families.


Abstract : Several means for reducing SWATH primary structural weight were studied parametrically. This was to aid in broadening the structural data base for the NAVSEC SWATH Design Synthesis Model. The parameters studied included: transverse frame spacing, materials, intermediate lateral support, and use of longitudinal girders. Associated studies of bending moment, effective breath, and special plating effects were also conducted. It was found that accumulated weight savings can amount to 10-20% of the primary structure relative to that calculated by the SWATH Synthesis Model, that primary structural weight-estimating techniques should be dependent on the structural geometry, and that detailed structural studies should be made on a case basis as early as possible in a SWATH design. (Author)


Abstract. A Horned Screamer (Anhima cornuta) population was studied to examine its conservation status and habitat deterioration in the El Canclon Lagoon wetland (Manglares Churute Ecologic Reserve) at coastal Ecuador from February 2001 to January 2002. Weekly censuses were conducted along 100m transects around the lagoon perimeter in five survey areas, showing different degree of perturbation, during the dry and wet seasons. At least 68 screamers were observed in the lagoon. The abundance of screamers was lower (six-ten individuals) in more disturbed areas containing farms, agriculture fields and cattle ranching. Abundance was inversely associated with the presence of cattle and was not seasonally dependent during the dry and wet seasons. Screamers were significantly associated with vegetation coverage. Because the Horned Screamer strongly relies on the wetland vegetation, cattle overgrazing jeopardizes its habitat and survival in this Ramsar wetland. Best management practices and the establishment of buffer zones (i.e. 100m) are needed to mitigate the agriculture expansion and cattle ranching around the El Canclon lagoon in order to protect this threatened Anseriformes species in Ecuador.


Disclosed embodiments include systems for analyzing the breath of a patient for the presence of one or more analytes of interest. The systems may include an ion detection system for receiving a gas mixture in the layer comprising the analyte of interest, which has been exhaled by a patient, flowing the gas mixture and ionize molecules in the gas mixture. The molecules include at least one analyte of interest. The ion detection system is also able to detect the ionized analyte of interest.


An improved data transmission scheme that can be used for any chosen transmitting direction in free space is introduced. This scheme is obtained by analyzing the analytic form of the diffracted spectrum of a coherent broad band Gaussian spectrum incident on an adjustable tilting circular mirror. It is found that the transmitting angle and tilting angle are conjugate. The advantages of this method are that the transmission direction can be selected arbitrarily in advance and that it is easy to implement compared with other previous schemes which modulate some properties of the light source.


This research studies to build and develop the hydro turbine generator, generated electric energy, by hydrodynamics. We conducted the research at Kohhong, community in Nakhonsawan. The hydro turbine generator radial turbines 20 , 30 , and 40 cm. This research found radial turbine 20 cm which had more effective than other. The efficiency showed in percentage, 36.06 % (20 cm), 14.77 % (30 cm), 12.97 % (40 cm). Then Electricity energy, generated from hydro turbine generator, charged to battery (capacity about 12 Volt 5 Amp). Duration for battery charging abouts in 8 hours in turbine size 20, 10 hours in 30 cm and 40 cm. While the charging form alternating current used 5 hours, saved about 0.3 kWhr/time. The hydro turbine generator had average saving rate as 1,149.75 baht/year and payback period about 6.95 year.


Context: Dance, gymnastics, figure skating, and competitive cheerleading require a high degree of hip range of motion. Athletes who participate in these sports use their hips in a mechanically complex manner. Evidence Acquisition: A search of the entire PubMed database (through December 2013) and additional searches of the reference lists of pertinent articles. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Whether innate or acquired, dancers and gymnasts have some hypermobility that allows their hips to be placed in potentially impinging or unstable positions required for their given activity. Such extremes of motion can result in both intra-articular and extra-articular impingement as well as compensatory osseous and muscular pathology. In addition, dancers and gymnasts are susceptible to impingement-induced instability. Dancers with innate generalized hyperlaxity are at increased risk of injury because of their activities and may require longer recovery times to return to play. Both nonoperative and operative treatments (arthroscopic and open) have an important role in returning flexibility athletes to their preoperative levels of sport and dance. Conclusion: Because of the extreme hip motion required and the compensatory soft tissue laxity in dancers and gymnasts, these athletes may develop instability, impingement, or combinations of both. This frequently occurs in the setting of subtle pathoanatomy or in patients with normal bony anatomy. With appropriate surgical indications and the correct operative technique, the treating surgeon can anticipate high levels of return to play for the gymnast and dancer with hip pain.


AbstractDrainage of cold air down a small valley and associated near-surface wind maxima are examined from 20 stations with sonic anemometers at 1 m and from a 20-m tower that includes six sonic anemometers in the lowest 5 m, deployed in the Shallow Cold Pool Experiment (SCP). The small valley is about 270 m wide and 12 m deep with a downvalley slope of 2%–3%. The momentum budget indicates that the flow is driven by the buoyancy deficit of the flow and opposed primarily by the stress divergence while the remaining terms are estimated to be at least an order of magnitude smaller. This analysis also reveals major difficulties in quantifying such a budget due to uncertainties in the measurements, sensitivity to choice of averaging time, and sensitivity to measurement heights.Wind maxima occur as low as 0.5 m in the downvalley drainage flow—the lowest observational level. The downvalley cold air drainage and wind maxima are frequently disrupted by transient modes that sometimes lead to significant vertical mi...