Enhancement of heat and exergy transfers in double pipe exchangers with conical tubes is investigated. Different fluid combinations are selected. The momentum and energy equations for both fluids are solved mathematically and numerically. Both solutions are well matched. A parametric study including the effect of the thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and the tube to pipe diameters ratios is conducted. Different performance indicators are computed including the second-law efficiency. Large enhancement factors are obtained when the fluid of smaller thermal conductivity is placed in the annulus. For this case, heat and exergy transfers' enhancement factors may increase to 2.0 and 2.38 folds, respectively. Under same input power, the convergent tube increases heat and exergy transfers above those for conventional exchanger when thermal entry-regions are insignificant. However, the divergent tube does that when entry-regions are substantial. Finally, using conical tubes to enhance heat and exergy transfers inside double pipe exchangers are recommended.


Multisets (also called bags) are an interesting data structure for parallelly implemented functional programming languages, since they do not force an unneeded restriction of the data flow and allow to exploit as. much parallelism as possible. Most operations on multisets can be understood as special cases of the so-called Gamma scheme [BL90]. In the present paper, we investigate efficient implementations of several instances of this Gamma scheme on MIMDmachines,


The finite difference time-pomain (FDID) method and the transmission line matrix (TLM) method are the two best known time-domain numerical techniques for modelling electromagnetic fields. Both algorithms provide time-domain as well as frequencydomain data. The latter is obtained from a Fourier transfonn of the time-domain impulse response. To achieve accurate frequency-domain data, some applications require long time iterations before a Fourier transfonn can be applied. This can be a problem when the computation time becomes excessive. In this case frequency-domain methods may be more suitable. Within the framework of the finite difference metbod one can always choose between the frequency-domain finite difference (FD) method and its time-domain (FDTD) counterpart without leaving the framework of the finite difference method. In the TLM method this was not possible until recently. In {16] a frequency-domain TLM (FDTLM) algorithm was introduced based on the time-domain TLM symmetrical condensed node. The new approach operates entirely in the frequency~domain eliminating the time iterative algorithm of the TLM method and establishing a duality between the time-and frequency-domain TLM method. In this thesis the concept of the FDTLM method is further developed. While the first approach for the FDTLM was based on the time-domain symmetrical condensed. node (SCN), it is shown in this thesis that the FDTLM nodes can be derived directly in the frequency-domain. A set of new 3D condensed nodes are established and their accuracy compared to other numerical techniques. Subsequently the nodes are applied to cylindrical coordinates. Based on the symmetry properties of the characteristic admittance SCN, a novel decoupling procedure is introduced which makes it possible to represent the 12X12 node scattering matrix by two 6X6 scattering matrices. This step l'educes the matrix size significantly and leads to a significantly faster algorithm. Finnlly, the concept of th~ intrinsic scattering matrix is discussed for the case of 2D and 3D discontinuites. Based on a novel S-parameter extraction technique, S-parameters for a variety of planar, rectangular and circular waveguide discontinuities a.re computed and where possibl,e compared with data from other numerical techniques and/or measurements to verify the accuracy of this new approac,h. In most cases ve1.-y good agreement was found.


For degenerate stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions with Hurst parameter $H>1/2$, the derivative formulas are established by using Malliavin calculus and coupling method, respectively. Furthermore, we find some relation between these two approaches. As applications, the (log) Harnack inequalities and the hyperbounded property are presented.


PBX-9404 and Composition B-3 were desensitized by subjecting them to shocks in the pressure range 10 to 24 kbar. Results show that the collapse of voids, and thus the activation of hot spots by shock waves, takes time and may require more than 5 ..mu..s. This time is, in a way, a counterpart of the induction time for shock initiation of a homogeneous explosive. Gittings' data are adduced to extend the results to 100 kbar and to show that at high pressures desensitization occurs in a very brief time window. When the voids have been collapsed, the relatively homogeneous explosive is resistant to detonation through an Arrhenius type of reaction because of the lower shock temperature resulting from double shocking. This conclusion is supported by experiments on single crystals of HMX and by shock temperature calculations. The time required for desensitization of PBX-9404 is related to pressure by the expression p/sup 2.2/tau = 1150. 21 references, 5 figures, 5 tables.


The present invention relates to novel mid-ball silica, its production method, and an aqueous solution relates to a denitrification / desulfurization process of a liquid fuel, more specifically, mixing a specific surfactant, and a silicon precursor in the aqueous solvent, a catalyst, the two or using the same. a first step for preparing a; A second step of aging the aqueous solution at a low temperature; And the hydrolyzing silicon precursor solution was filtered to method for manufacturing a mid-ball silica particles and a third step of drying and calcining the resulting particles, thereby the mid ball silica particles, and a liquid fossil the mid ball silica particles prepared in accordance with relates to nitrogen compounds or sulfur compounds in the fuel is contacted with a liquid fossil fuel to a method for removing nitrogen compounds or sulfur compounds in the liquid fossil fuel, comprising the step of adsorption to the middle ball silica particles. Medium silica balls, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds


Abstract The present work tries to analyse the relationships between different auto- insurance guarantees through the application of the copula theory. The analysis of the data allows to shed light on the dependency relationships existing between the risk of insurance policies through various statistical functions. The results show how important are the effects derived from the analysis on the segmentation of customers and on the ways of pricing. Keywords: Copula theory, empirical copula, statistical distributions, insurance, vehicles.


The light confinement inside hollow-core (HC) fibers filled with noble gases constitutes an efficient route to study interesting soliton-plasma dynamics [1]. More recently, plasma-induced soliton splitting at the self-compression point was observed in a gas-filled fiber in the near-IR [2]. However, the role of the plasma is so far not investigated in the mid-IR. This range is interesting because the photon energy is much lower, and thereby the plasma formation dynamics will be different, and because the mid-IR is currently being explored for generating few-cycle pulses and for supercontinuum generation. Here we investigate the soliton-plasma dynamics in a mid-IR pumped Xe-filled HC silica fiber based on the so-called anti-resonant (AR) effect. We find a novel soliton dynamics scenario where multiple soliton self-compression stages are observed.


This resource presents biographies of American women in the performing arts from the 19th century onwards. There are 150 entries profiling film, stage and TV actresses; dancers; musicians; opera stars; and performance artists. Each entry emphasizes the woman's contributions as an artist.


This volume devotes five essays to the work of Bernard Shaw. The remaining ten essays are concerned with scholarly interests that range from Shavian contemporaries to twentieth-century writers. Additional subjects include a biography and bibliography of Stanley Weintraub, whose broad scholarly enthusiasms are indicated in this collection.


Spectrum sensing is a crucial issue in cognitive radio networks for primary user detection. Cooperative sensing based on energy detection in the cognitive radio network with multiple antennas base-station is considered in this letter. To improve the sensing performance, we investigate hybrid fusion of the observed energies from the base-station and decisions (1bit, hard information) from different cognitive radio (CR) users around the base-station. Further, we present an optimized scheme where the global detection probability can be maximized according to the Neyman-Pearson criterion. Finally the impact of the change of parameters (Signal to Noise Ratio and number of CR users) in the optimized scheme is analyzed. Numerical simulations and extensive analysis confirm that hybrid fusion base on the optimized scheme is a good choice, also, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and number of CR users does not have influence on the optimized scheme


There is a form of treatment that is so effective that it is the standard against which all other medical therapies are judged. It is non-invasive, virtually risk free, inexpensive and widely available. It is, of course, placebo. What is the placebo effect? Defining the placebo effect is rather like describing time, one may readily tell the time or measure time, but try to describe time and you have a problem. In a similar way, the placebo effect can be measured but not adequately explained. The phrase 'mind over matter' has become unfashionable, but science has only shifted the problem of definition to a different level by explaining the effect in terms of brain chemistry. What triggers the effect remains a mystery, but the impact it has on healing is real indeed. Placebo has variously been shown to be effective in reducing pain, accelerating healing and even prolonging life in incurable disease. The placebo effect appears to be dependent on a function of the mind, because placebo fails to work on the unconscious patient. Its effectvaries between patients, with the therapist, the method by which it is applied and the patient's perceived power of the placebo itself. To some degree, the placebo effect may be an inescapable part of all treatment responses. It is impossible to assess whether a medical treatment is effective or possibly detrimental, without knowledge of the natural course of the disease and the placebo effect. The medical literature is littered with the skeletons of discarded therapies that were shown to provide no improvement over placebo alone' and sometimes even to have had a detrimental effect.2 A noteworthy example was a double blind, randomised trial of a treatment of cardiac arrh~thmia,~ a potent risk factor for stroke and sudden death. Two antiarrhythmic drugs were compared for effectiveness and relative freedom from adverse reactions. At the same time, patients receiving these drugs were compared against patients randomly assigned for no treatment other than placebo. The two drugs provided a similar high effectiveness in reversing the arrhythmia but unexpectedly, the mortality among patients in both drug groups was significantly greater than in the placebo group in which the heart arrhythmias were largely unaffected. This is an example of the very successful treatment of a recognised sign of disease, without providing positive benefit to its real outcome and, in fact, causing harm. The placebo effect most likely contributes to the outcome of all medical contacts and it is probably impossible to eliminate its effect. Even a decision not to treat may have a placebo component, because the patient may take reassurance from the physician deciding treatment is not necessary with the presumption that nature is expected to provide a cure. The observed effectiveness of most alternative medicine treatments is probably due in the greater part, if not entirely, to placebo. Unfortunately, there are very few gold-standard placebo controlled trials of alternative medicine treatments designed to demonstrate that they have a value beyond placebo. The adequately designed trials that have been carried out rarely demonstrate these regimes to have a clear or significant advantage over placebo alone. A useful source of information about the trials that have assessed alternative medicine is available on the internet at the Quackwatch On the positive side, these treatments only rarely cause direct injury or retard healing and are often capable of delivering a powerful placebo effect. The responsible use of placebo in conventional medical practice is encouraged as adjunctive to other treatments, but with the caution that the best way to use placebo is not yet deter~nined.~ Optometry is rightly exploring new fields of therapy in visual dysfunctions and non-visual dysfunctions possibly associated with the visual process. These areas include sports vision, eye movement dysfunction, behavioural and learning difficulties, myopia development and treatment of chronic headache. In the pursuit of these innovative therapies, we must guard against being lulled into dependence on success that is due to placebo rather than real biological remediation. Such a course could lead to neglect of research to find truly beneficial treatment alternatives. In addition, we should take care that we evaluate the underlying condition and not simplyjudge treatment


A brief account is given of the experimental data and the laboratory findings relative to the use of compound bone flaps of clavicle on a pedicle of sternomastoid muscle for restoration of mandibular defects. The clinical data on this method in 18 consecutive patients are presented and discussed.


The Small Modular Dual Fluid Reactor (SMDFR) is a novel molten salt reactor based on the dual fluid reactor concept, which employs molten salt as fuel and liquid lead/lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) as coolant. A unique design of this reactor is the distribution zone, which locates under the core and joins the core region with the inlet pipes of molten salt and coolant. Since the distribution zone has a major influence on the heat removal capacity in the core region, the thermal hydraulics characteristics of the distribution zone have to be investigated. This paper focuses on the thermal hydraulics analysis of the distribution zone, which is conducted by the numerical simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics with the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) module and the Heat Transfer module. The energy loss and heat exchange in the distribution zone are also quantitatively analyzed. The velocity and temperature distributions of both molten salt and coolant at the outlet of the distribution zone, as inlet of the core region, are produced. It can be observed that the outlet velocity profiles are proportional in magnitude to the inlet velocity ones with a similar shape. In addition, the results show that the heat transfer in the center region is enhanced due to the velocity distribution, which could compensate the power peak and flatten the temperature distribution for a higher power density.


We report on what we believe is the first demonstration of an ytterbium-doped fiber laser pumped by an Yb:YAG thin-disk laser at 1030 nm [1]. This fiber laser essentially acts as an efficient brilliance converter suitable for all applications requiring a near-diffraction limited kilowatt-class solid-state laser source. Since it can be realized in a compact set-up without much supply, the fiber laser can be positioned close to the application at the end of long-distance fiber-optic beam-delivery cables, which solves the problem of non-linear effects usually occurring with high-brightness radiation in passive fibers. For a new customized fiber, which will be available soon, an efficiency of 85 % is predicted by reliable simulations and validated by experiments.


2,2‐Dimethyl‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)propanol was synthesized and the corresponding enantiomers were isolated by chiral HPLC. These enantiomers gave diastereoisomeric carbamates by reaction with (S)‐(−)‐1‐phenylethyliso‐cyanate, which were studied by NMR. The comparison of NMR data and molecular mechanics calculations allowed us to determine the absolute configuration of corresponding alcohols. Finally, x‐ray results were in agreement with the absolute configuration proposed from the NMR spectra. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The business of fighting corruption in Kenya dates back to the colonial period and has continued through successive governments. However, no significant progress has been made over the decades. Instead, corruption has continued to permeate every sector of Kenya's economy, sometimes in an industrial scale. This is despite continued implementation of diverse strategies as contained in Kenya's anti-corruption laws, which include a new and reformist Constitution with an avalanche of far reaching changes in Kenya's constitutional architecture governing the fight against corruption.

There is a contemporary national debate as to whether or not Kenya can legally and effectively undertake lifestyle audits on its state and public officers as a strategy in the efforts to curb runaway corruption especially in the public sector. Lifestyle audits are premised on the belief that an individual's quality of life and level of affluence are greatly informed by their financial capacity or wealth. Any indication of incongruity between an individual's income and lifestyle could therefore call for investigations and possible recovery of the proceeds of corruption. This paper explores the viability of lifestyle audits as a strategy for combating and preventing corruption in Kenya, and the efficacy of the existing anti-corruption regime in facilitating effective lifestyle audits.

Conscious that sound laws on their own cannot be a panacea for corruption, the paper further makes various general recommendations on how lifestyle audits could be effectively deployed in the context of Kenya's political, economic, social and cultural environment. The paper primarily relied on data obtained through study, review and analysis of law and available information and literature on the use of lifestyle audits as a strategy to combat and prevent corruption, focusing mainly on Kenya.


Tribological materials and coatings are typical composite materials of heterogeneous structure: hard particles in a relatively soft matrix. For the modelling of wear of homogeneous bulk materials the models of plastic deformation and brittle fracture are developed. To use the model for wear calculation, the following parameters characterizing materials were found necessary: parameters of hardness distribution, shear energy density, characterizing material removal at plastic deformation, fracture toughness characterization of the brittle fracture mechanism and fracture probability parameter. The above mentioned materials characteristics were found, wear rates were calculated and experimentally determined. The comparison of wear rates of coating demonstrated that the used mathematical models for describing erosion wear are adequate. The calculated values of the wear rates of the given metal-matrix composite material differed from the experimental results of erosion wear tests at high impact angles about 3 – 4 times.


Francisella tularensis was first isolated in 1912 by McCoy and Chapin. It was included in a new genus named Francisella in 1947 in honor of Edward Francis and its name was changed to F. tularensis.1,2 F. tularensis has been included in biological weapon programs due to its characteristics such as low infective dose, high virulence, and high mortality rate.1,3 Tularemia was first diagnosed in 1936 in Turkey and intensive research was done related to this new disease and the agent.4


The theory presented in the preceidng paper (Part I) for the molecular dimensions, ‹s2›oI and ‹s2›I, of polypeptides in the helix–coil transition region is applied here to determine the intrinsic viscosity [η]I, (the [η] in the transition region) as a function of the helical content fH which varies with the cooperativity parameter (eq I-16). Using the Kurata–Yamakawa theory, the linear expansion factor αs was converted to the hydrodynamic expansion factor αη Thus, with αηI, (the αη in the transition region) and ‹s2›oI (eq I-10), the [η]I's of polypeptides in the helix–coil transition region were calculated (eq 3), and compared with experimental results for various kinds of polypeptide–solvent systems with good agreement (Figures 3 and 4).


According to Guo,Moruo's early mind poetic structure,a new concept the study of modern mind poetics has been put forwarded On the basis of the above point,this paper analyzes Guo,Moruo's poetics discourse and its intrinsic relationship by the demonstration of emotion as a core The paper also deals with the existing problems that might easily arouse different opinions in his early poetics.


As a part of the significant history and culture in a nation, ethnic art has its own advantages and characteristics meeting contemporary social and cultural demands, for example, its frameless style, its popularity in folks, and its differentiations from other any other arts. First of all, the traditional frame of place and region does not exist anymore, thus the time and space are better released comparing the past. Secondly, as long as it is populace loved, or meets the masses' aesthetic sense, the ethnic art would have caused widespread concern and got the public participation greatly enhanced. Lastly, in terms of the recognition of art, to a certain extent, the ethnic art represents the national consciousness, which is more valuable to a nation with a long history and culture heritage, especially facing to the severe situation of cultural homogeneity today. The regeneration of ethnic art, which presents exuberant kinetic production by closely integrating with modernity, is an important contribution for the promotion of the nation's cultural output of the traditional national art.


The growing demand for real-time streaming video on portable devices has increased the importance of multimedia multicast in mobile wireless networks. A defining characteristic of such multicast networks is its heterogeneity in both the channel states and the MIMO capabilities of its clients. However, current wireless multicast schemes adapt poorly to such heterogeneity. We introduce Procrustes, a multimedia multicast scheme that is built upon a novel PHY-layer rateless code. Unlike bit-level rateless codes (such as Raptor [14] codes), Procrustes clients automatically adjust the PSNR of the received multicast video stream to match both the instantaneous channel state and the number of active receive antennas. We demonstrate the performance of Procrustes in a simulated environment.


The development of environmental indices for the analysis of environmental change needs tools that can evaluate interactions between, and cumulative impacts on, many resources at a time. The approach proposed in the article attempts to link the pressure-state-impact-response framework of indicators to the integrated environmental model, based on the method of response function (MRF). The proposed approach is illustrated with the example of Soil Carbon Persistence Index (SCPI). 1 Environmental indices and integrated modelling: theory


Background: The rising costs of health care in the United States are unsustainable and gaps in physician knowledge of how to provide care at a lower cost remains a contributing factor. It has been suggested that learning about health care costs should be incorporated into existing, already overburdened medical school curricula. Objective: To increase the discussion of health care costs among first and second year medical students, we added a component of health care cost education to an existing problem/case-based learning (PBL/CBL) program without adding curricular time. Design: A total of 98 medical students participated in this study throughout the first 2 years of their educational program. Students were charged with researching and discussing health care cost topics as part of their weekly PBL/CBL case conferences. Faculty facilitators tracked each student's participation in discussions of health care cost topics as well as how often students initiated new conversations about health care cost topics during their case conferences. Results: 100% of students engaged in conversations about health care cost topics throughout their first and second year PBL/CBL program. In addition, students increasingly initiated new conversations about health care cost topics as they progressed through their courses from the first to the second year (R2 = 0.887, P < .01). Conclusions: Sensitizing medical students early during their educational program to incorporate health care cost topics into their PBL/CBL case conferences proved an effective means for having them engage in conversations related to health care costs. These results offer a new, time-efficient option for incorporating health care cost topics for schools with PBL/CBL programs.


Objective
To analyse the anterior segment parameters of phakic eyes and aphakic eyes after silicone oil tamponade.

Methods
The data of 55 eyes of 55 cases with silicone oil tamponade and follow up≥3 months from Sep. 2017 to Dec. 2017 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. There were 35 phakic eyes and 20 aphakic eyes. The anterior segment parameters of all eyes were measured before and after surgery with ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Results
The angle opening distance (AOD500), trabecular-iris angle (θ1), trabecular ciliary process distance (TCPD) and iris-ciliary process distance (ICPD) of the phakic eyes after surgery were lower than those before surgery (P<0.05). The iris-lens contact distance (ILCD) and the angle between iris inner surface and anterior surface of lens (θ2) were increased after surgery compared with those before surgery (P<0.05). AOD500 and θ1 in aphakic eyes increased after surgery (P<0.05). ICPD in aphakic eyes decreased after surgery (P<0.05).

Conclusion
After silicone oil tamponade, the parameters related to the degree of opening of the ocular angle in phakic eyes are less than those before operation, while those of aphakic eyes increase. The pupillary block and iris distention in phakic eyes increase after silicone oil tamponade. The distance between iris and ciliary body of phakic eyes and aphakic eyes are shorter and the angle between sclera and ciliary body are smaller than those before surgery.

Key words:
Silicone oil tamponade; Anterior segment; Phakic eyes; Aphakic eyes


(160) Comnplications of Chicken-pox. DEMME (Wien. med. Blatter, Nos. 3 and 4, 1892) discusses the complications of varicella observed by him in Berne during 1890. He relates two cases in which there were very marked prodromata; in one case there was for three days high temperature, somnolence, anorexia, nausea, and, finally, a convulsive seizure; in the other there was severe blood-stained diarrhcea, accompanied by vomiting and fever. After these symptoms had lasted eighteen hours a copious eruption of varicella appeared, and the symptoms disappeared so quickly that in two hours and a-half the temperature was normal, and in twelve hours more the child was practically convalescent. He met with two cases in which the eruptive period was unusually prolonged; in both the successive crops of pocks which appeared at intervals of three or four days were accompanied by a scarlatiniform erythema, and in both nephritis occurred as sequela. He met with two cases in which the rash became gangrenous; one, a boy, aged 24 years, died; the other, also a boy, aged 2 years and 2 months, recovered. The treatment in the successful case consisted of careful feeding and the application of tincture of iodine to the gangrenous spots, previously cleaned with the following modification of Lugol's solution: pure iodine 1 part, iodide of potassium 10 parts, distilled water 500 parte; finally, the part was packed with iodoform gauze. The bacteriological examination of these cases did not yield trustworthy results, and nothing was observed in either case to throw any light on the cause of the occurrence of gangrene. Demme also met with two examples of ulceration of the varicellar pocks, an event which he considers to be rare. In one case there seemed to be little room to doubt that the ulcerative process was tuberculous, the infection having taken place through the mother, who was in an advanced stage of pulmonary phthisis. The treatment adopted in this case, which was successful, consisted in a daily warm bath containing about 7grains of corrosive sublimate, painting of the ulcers with iodoform dissolved in ether and subsequent packing with iodoform gauze, and the internal administration of syrup of the iodide of iron.


The enthalpy-direction factor diagram is proposed for energy and exergy analysis of chemical process systems. Focusing on the exchange of energy between the energy-donating processes and the energy-accepting ones, this diagram makes it possible to analyze systematically the effect of the distributed parameters of the process. Various kinds of exergy annihilation caused by heat exchange, reaction, and so forth are obtained as the area on it. It is compared to the structured energy-exergy flow diagram (SPEED). The latter focusses on the transformation of exergy among the processes and is developed to analyze hierarchical structure of the process system on the lumped-parameter basis. It is shown that the latter diagram is appropriate for exergy integration tasks to compose the skeleton of the hierarchical system structure and the former is suitable for energy integratio tasks to polish it up.


In two replication studies we examined response bias and dependencies in voluntary decisions. We trained a linear classifier to predict "spontaneous decisions" and in the second study "hidden intentions" from responses in preceding trials and achieved comparable prediction accuracies as reported for multivariate pattern classification based on voxel activities in frontopolar cortex. We discuss implications of our findings and suggest ways to improve classification analyses of fMRI BOLD signals that may help to reduce effects of response dependencies between trials.


The Three Agricultural Problems is the fundamental problems related to China's reform,opening up and modernization construction.The rural education plays a basic,pilot and whole role in the new socialist rural areas construction.The restrictive factors in the current rural education are introduced,and the countermeasures are put forward.


The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is ideally suited to detect redox-inactive ions by their ion transfer. Such electroanalysis, based on the Nernst-Donnan equation, has been predominantly carried out by amperometry, cyclic or differential pulse voltammetry. Here, we introduce a new electroanalytical method based on AC voltammetry with inherent advantages over traditional approaches such as avoidance of positive feedback iR compensation, a major issue for liquid|liquid electrochemical cells containing resistive organic media and interfacial areas in the cm2 and mm2 range. A theo-retical background outlining the generation of the analytical signal is provided and based on extracting the component that depends on the Warburg impedance from the total impedance. The quantitative detection of a series of model redox-inactive tetraalkylammonium cations is demonstrated, with evidence provided of the transient adsorption of these cations at the in-terface during the course of ion transfer. As ion transfer is diffusion limited, by changing the voltage excitation frequency during AC voltammetry, the intensity of the Faradaic response can be enhanced at low frequencies (1 Hz) or made to disap-pear completely at higher frequencies (99 Hz). The latter produces an AC voltammogram equivalent to a "blank" measure-ment in the absence of analyte and is ideal for background subtraction. Major opportunities therefore exist for the sensitive detection of ionic analyte when a "blank" measurement in the absence of analyte is impossible. This approach is particularly useful to deconvolute signals related to reversible electrochemical reactions from those due to irreversible processes, which do not give AC signals.


Purpose: Cancer survivors in their adolescent and young adult (AYA) years are an understudied population, possibly in part because of the high effort required to recruit them into research studies. The aim of this paper is to describe the specific recruitment strategies used in four studies recruiting AYA-aged female cancer survivors and to identify the highest yielding approaches. We also discuss challenges and recommendations. Methods: We recruited AYA-aged female cancer survivors for two studies conducted locally and two conducted nationally. Recruitment strategies included outreach and referral via: healthcare providers and clinics; social media and the internet; community and word of mouth; and a national fertility information hotline. We calculated the yield of each recruitment approach for the local and national studies by comparing the number that participated to the number of potential participants. Results: We recruited a total of 534 participants into four research studies. Seventy-one percent ...


Neoclassical economics maintains the assumption of a rational decision maker maximizing his utility subject to a budget constraint. Behavioral economics seeks to explain behavior more accurately by using non-standard utility functions, either by introducing non-standard elements of payoffs or non-standard functional forms, or by positing bounded rationality on the part of the decision maker, so that utility may not be maximizes. Each of the papers in this dissertation fills one of these categories. The Good News-Bad News Effect'' supposes that beliefs, or self- image, enter into an individual's utility function directly, and therefore affect the reaction to and acquisition of new information. Staying Ahead and Getting Even'' maintains a utility function that is solely a function of monetary rewards, but finds evidence of behavior that is inconsistent with maximization of expected utility of total wealth. Finally, Hypobolic Discounting and Willingness-to-Wait'' shows individuals responding on a choice task using a heuristic that generates choices intransitives, and is therefore incompatible with maximization of any utility function


This paper presents the results of the population forecasts for countries that in 2003 had over 10 million inhabitants, divided into three groups according to GDP per capita levels in 2001: developed countries, countries in transition and developing countries. The latter includes two sub-groups: those of the medium and low level. Reference is made to certain volumes of population and the behavior of the population growth rate, fertility and migration. In developing countries, emphasis is placed on population volumes and the heterogeneity of fertility, migration and mortality levels. On the basis of this review, the author doubts that the goals for stabilizing the population between 2050 and 2060 will be met and stresses the need to link demographic spheres to the economic, social and financial spheres.


For far too long an end-user's interaction with an application using cryptography has been ignored. Cryptography needs to be simplified and evolve such that users do not need to know they are even using it. While the required user-input must remain minimal the difficulties related to securing communication must be resolved automatically. Ubiquitous encrypted communication will not occur until these issues are resolved and it becomes transparent for the end-user. We look at existing solutions to determine the desired requirements for a general-purpose cryptography solution.


Traditional particle filter algorithm requires a number of particle samples for the accuracy of tracking with high computational complexity, which does not satisfy the real-time requirements. In addition, the target is easily to lose under the occlusion condition when the particle tracing algorithm is applied. A target tracking algorithm of anti-blocking particle filter is proposed in this paper. On the basis of clustering, a target probability density estimation method is proposed to describe the target model, and the target can be tracked with less particles. Kalman filter is chosen to determine the target location when the target is blocked seriously. Experiments show that when the algorithm is employed the robustness and tracking accuracy are much better and the real-time requirement is met.


Gypsum can be used as a source for calcium (Ca) and sulphurum (S) for plants, as well as an acid, that is, a natural soil conditioner. Aiming to determine the influence of gypsum on the development of Eucalyptus urograndis in Brazil, an experiment was conducted at two locations in Paraná State. Experiments were conducted with rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 Mg ha-1 to verify the method of broadcast planting in a randomized block design with four repetitions. Diameter and height of plants were measured every six months and volume was determined after 36 months. There was a difference in Eucalyptus growth between the two areas, possibly related to differences in planting season and climate. Gypsum did not influence on the dendrometric growth of Eucalyptus trees. The lack of a response to gypsum, as a source of Ca, S and soil conditioner, was discussed based on soil type, Eucalyptus tolerance to soil acidity, and climatic conditions in the period evaluated.


A study was conducted to appraise the effect of different stocking densities on three male morphotypes named blue claw (BC), orange claw (OC) and small male (SM) at harvest in all-male culture and assess the growth performance of BC, OC and SM in each isolated culture. Trials involving three stocking densities of all-male prawn viz., 20, 30 and 40 juvenile m − 2 were carried out in replicates. After 4 months of culture, BC, OC and SM were sorted from all tanks and restocked at 5 m − 2 in treatments BC, OC and SM respectively for 80 days. A difference in prawn density was significant ( P < 0.05) affect adversely on morphotypes. The highest survival rate combined with good yields performance was from 20 juvenile m − 2 stocking density with 21% BC, 62.5% OC and 16.5% SM respectively. In isolation culture, the average specific growth rate of the SM population (1.22) was significantly higher than that of the OC (1.01) and the BC (0.43) population. The survival rate of the SM population was 100% while others were 72%. Absolute weight of prawn was significantly greater in the OC male (23.87 g) than the SM (19.57 g) and the BC male (6.31 g). Impacts of isolated culture on population structure were much more pronounced in the SM population than others. B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).


The aircraft high voltage DC (HVDC) power supply system having a starter/generator double function is getting a lot of attention recently. The cage type induction machine has more advantages such as simplicity, robustness, low cost and easy maintenance. The modern developed power electronic technology makes the cage type induction generator (CIG) suitable to be used in aircraft HVDC power systems. This paper presents a configuration of the HVDC generation system, which is composed of a CIG and a 3 phase power electronic converter, and makes researches on its control technology. Because the electromagnetic torque is a key physical parameter in the process of converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy in a generator, the direct torque control (DTC) strategy can be applied to the proposed system and makes it have fast dynamic performance. The principle of the DTC strategy for the proposed system is introduced. The elementary simulation and experiment results of this system are also presented.


This thesis describes the analysis of the labor market in the region of Vysocina from the year 1991 until 2001 and the influence of migration to the labor market in this same region. The theoretic part theorizes on the labor market in the Czech Republic, then with the mobility of people in comparable situations in particular regions of the Czech Republic. The practical part is intent on the labor market and the migration for labor in Vysocina. The aim of this thesis is to find out the influence of migration to the labor market.


To investigate the official competence structure,the estimation index system of official competence was established.Analysis of statistics was carried out and used through stepwise model.The results show that there are remarkable positive correlation existence and the competence framework which determine the performance of officials on different posts are different.In practice,the human resources management of official should take into account the requests and characteristics of the units,departments and posts.


This paper presents some existence and uniqueness theorems of the fixed point for ordered contractive mapping in Banach lattices. Moreover, we prove the existence of a unique
solution for first-order ordinary differential equations with initial value conditions by using the theoretical results with no need for using the condition of a lower solution or an upper solution.


Abstract: In our present E8 broken symmetry epoch we are limited to 248 particles and antiparticles; this limit has been reached seemingly without including any natural SUSY particles. However, 8-fold composite particles indicative of life have been included. This report also contains correction of an error.


The poor are the most vulnerable class to risks and shocks and yet are also the least likely to be insured. In this essay, I explore the relationship between insurance and poverty reduction using a nationally representative household panel data from the Philippines. I find that the main pathway through which insurance coverage diminishes vulnerability to poverty is by aiding already non-poor households from falling into poverty in the face of shocks. In contrast, insurance coverage is insignificant in aiding escape from poverty among already poor households. However, a difference-in-difference (DID) analysis that exploit the occurrence of super-typhoon Reming in 2006 in the Bicol region of the Philippines suggest that insurance coverage enabled poor households to escape from poverty in the face of a natural disaster. Hence, while insurance may not be a magic cure to fundamental roots of poverty, it remains a critical tool in diminishing the exposure to poverty of the most vulnerable sectors of Philippine society.


Many functions in libraries and APIs have the notion of optional parameters, which can be mapped onto optional properties of an object representing those parameters. The fact that properties are optional opens up the possibility for APIs and libraries to design a complex "dependency logic" between properties: for example, some properties may be mutually exclusive, some properties may depend on others, etc. Existing type systems are not strong enough to express such dependency logic, which can lead to the creation of invalid objects and accidental usage of absent properties. In this paper we propose TypeScriptIPC: a variant of TypeScript with a novel type system that enables programmers to express complex presence constraints on properties. We prove that it is sound with respect to enforcing complex dependency logic defined by the programmer when an object is created, modified or accessed.


This study aimed to determine the direct effect between customer perceived value (CPV), trust towards satisfaction on customer of sharia banks in Jambi province. The development of Sharia banking in Jambi is quite slow compared to other provinces in Sumatra Island. This research was conducted in Jambi Province. The design of this study used a quantitative method with a survey approach to obtain primary data, namely by distributing questionnaires to 140 customers in six Sharia commercial banks in Jambi province by using purposive sampling method in determining the sample. Determination of the minimum sample size in this study refers to the statement of Hair et al. Then the quantitative data was processed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) with SmartPLS 3 software. The findings of this study found that an exogenous latent variable Customer Perceived Value affects customer trust and satisfaction. This research was expected to make practical contributions to the management of Sharia banks and related parties as information to determine the marketing strategy of Sharia bank products in Jambi province, in effort to increase customer satisfaction of sharia banks in Jambi province


Chidou 3 is a conventional variety,which was selected by cross choose breeding with female parent of public hybridization 9210-11 and male parent of Chidou 1 in Chifeng Academy of Agriclutural and Animal Husbandry Sciences.It was registered by Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Varieties Committee in May,2011(Mongolia trial bean 3).Chidou 3 is a mid-mature variety,it was showed high yield,stable yield and multi-resistance at all production experiment levels in 2008~2010.It is adapted planting in Chifeng City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Tongliao City where the tempreture was higher than 10℃,and accumulated temperature is higher than 2700℃.


There is a rotary printing machine proposed with a forme cylinder and an employee to this forme cylinder inking unit, the inking unit having a film roll and at least one further roller having drum roller, said drum roller serving along a transport of ink extending from the film roll to the forme cylinder transport path has a maximum of five nip points, wherein the inking system comprises a plurality of juxtaposed inking zones in the axial direction of the film roll, wherein a lateral surface of the film roller having formed by grooves regular structure, wherein at least partially bordered by grooves, each part of the circumferential surface of the film roller forming surfaces in their sum with respect to the assumed form a closed envelope mantle surface of the film roller has a contact area ratio of at most 10%, wherein the shell surface of the film roll at a supporting ratio in the range between more than 0% and not more than 1% of a material having a hardness of at least 500 HV10, and at a supporting ratio in the range of more than 1% to more than 5% of a material having a hardness in the range of more than 100 HV10 and less than 500 HV10 and at a supporting ratio in the range of more than 5% is formed up to 10% of a material having a hardness of at least 30 HV10 to 100 HV10.


For vaginal reconstructive surgery, the vaginal defect sometimes cannot be closed with primary intention due to poor tissue quality or loss of the vaginal wall. To cover the defect, plastic surgeons may be consulted with regard to a tissue advancement flap, a very complex procedure, and urologists may not feel familiar with it or comfortable with carrying it out. The rotational labial and inferior pudendal artery based inner thigh flap, devised by Professor Shlomo Raz, is a simple and useful procedure which urologists can perform with a short learning curve. Therefore, this article aims to demonstrate the surgical technique involved in this flap which can be widely used as an adjunct to any vaginal reconstructive procedures.


We present and evaluate a snoopy cache memory protocol, the Single Cache Copy Data Coherence (SCCDC), for multiprocessors that allows only a single cache to hold a given share-d data at any time. The simulations presented here indicate that despite its simplicity, the scheme has the potential for good performance comparable with more complex snoopy cache schemes. We have also shown in related work [8] that the existence of only a single copy of data in cache allows efficient access control to shared data by minimizing the overh-ead caused by critical sections. Thus, with low implementation cost, and the efficient support for important operating system functions, the SCCDC scheme appears attractive for multi-user, multi-thread environments where the actual shared rate is modest, and mostly caused by synchronization mechanisms.


In this paper, the circular polarized 5.8 GHz patch antenna has successfully designed and simulated. This paper presented a design where both of the opposite edges of the rectangular patch of the antenna are truncated using micro strip feeding technique. Both simulations of the proposed antennas had been analyzed. The objectives of this paper has been achieved which is to design and simulate the circular polarized antenna with operating frequency of 5.8 GHz. From the results, the proposed antennas with different feeding technique that radiate at a constant frequency showed some distinct value towards the size of the antenna and the characteristic of its radiation. The results indicate that the antenna that uses micro strip feed line technique yields 2.337 dB directive gain, return loss and axial ratio at -14.042 dB and 3.193 dB respectivel. Meanwhile, the directivity values for the antennas is 5.31 dBi. It can be conclude that the designed 5.8 GHz antenna is ideal for point to pint communication antenna due to its performances.


The condition of land subsidence in Pekalongan has worsened the area that prone to coastal inundation during high tide. Monitoring land subsidence in Pekalongan becomes vital to mitigate the other possible land subsidence occurrence area and the possible hazard caused by land subsidence. This study used Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets from the Sentinel-1 radar satellite between 2017 and 2020 and processed using Improved Combined Scatterers Interferometry with Optimized Point Scatterers (ICOPS) with the integration of convolutional neural network (CNN) as the optimization algorithm and Optimized Hot Spot Analysis (OHSA) as the statistical clusterization method to identify significance measurement point between each data. The comparison of the time-series Interferometry SAR (InSAR) result with the GPS measurements shows a good correlation. Furthermore, this study uncovered a significant correlation between land subsidence, geological landforms, and land use within the study area.


In this paper, we study constrained optimization of real functions in quaternion matrix variables. We consider a lower rank quaternion decomposition model arising from the color image inpaiting problem as a prototype problem. We introduce R-product and R-linear independence, and establish the first order necessary optimality condition for the above constrained optimization problem. Then we present a method for calculating the partial derivatives of real functions in quaternion matrix variables, and establish the second order necessary optimality condition and the second order sufficient optimality condition.


Increasing interest in developing reliable and reproducible models to study angiogenesis has emerged due to the large development of ocular neovascularization treatments.This review provides a summary of the principal ocular animal models for angiogenesis study.Models of anterior segment neovascularization include the corneal micropocket assay,used to study the influence of specific molecules/proteins in angiogenesis and corneal chemical or suture induced injury,which mimic more closely the complex nature of the human disease.Angiogenesis models of the posterior segment include the well known laser-induced injury of the choroid/Bruch's membrane as well as the oxygen induced retinopathy and models of injections of proangiogenic/inflammatory molecules.In addition,knockout or knock-in transgenic mice provide powerful tools in studying the role of specific proteins in angiogenesis.

Key words:
angiogenesis;  animal models;  basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) ;  vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)


The aim of this paper is to describe the synthesis and characterization of new members of straight-chained sulfanyl derivatives of arylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones. 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)-3-chloronaphthalene-1,4-dione ( 3a ) and 2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)-3-chloronaphthalene-1,4-dione ( 3b ) compounds which prepared by means of nucleophilic substitution reactions between 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 1 ) and arylamines containing trifluoro group at meta and para positions ( 2a, 2b ) were used as building blocks for straight-chained sulfanyl arylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones. The structures of all the novel compounds ( 5a-f ) were established by spectroscopic evidence including IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and MS data.


I Two novel placement metllods for E − beam testing pads are pr ( , posed to improve the placement ratio in multilevel ・ wiring LSIs . In the first method , which is for the case where upper . level wires Qbstruct the p 且acement of testing pads , stepped vias are introduced in testing pads so that し esting pads ls . This has been applied to layout design data of gate − array LSIs containing from 20 to 390 − k gates , Resuits of evaluation than 99 . 6 % . In 亡 he second method , which is for the case where all the top − level wires are used for power supply , an is made ill the power − supply wires so thut a testing − pad 匸 o be p [aced may not short − circuit the wires . As a result of evaluation using actual design layout 、 resistive increase due to the openings in tlle wires was found to be so small that the method can practical [ y be used for test pad placement . These propQsed methods


It was investigated experimentally whether the sound decreasing effects of sound absorbing material structures on the sinusoidally vibrating rigid surface are obtained or not. In the experiment, the one-dimensional acoustic tube was used and its one end is excited by the sound absorbing material structure and the other end is closed by glass wool. The experiments showed that almost 70% sound pressure decreasing effect is obtained at the maximum in the frequency range of 1∼3 kHz for the hard porous or fiber aluminum sound absorbing materials with the back air space made by using honeycomb structures. And it is observed that the frequency dependency of this decreasing effects is qualitatively and almost quantitatively coincident with the square root of reflectivity of the stationary absorbing material structure. But, for the urethane foam, this tendency could not be observed. It is supposed to be the flexible vibrational characteristics of urethane foam.


IT is estimated that the steel industry expended approximately 35 million dollars in 1931 for the purchase and installation of new apparatus, the maintenance of old equipment, and in the purchase or generation of electric power.


The paper discusses the need for research on public procurement of information systems and IS consulting services, due to the magnitude of such procurements and to the complexity of procuring information systems and consulting services and of procurement in public sector in general. It gives a brief overview of some of the previous research on procurement and identifies a research gap. This gap is suggested filled with applying dialectics as analytical lens, and agency theory and stakeholder management theory on a limited amount of case studies, to identify challenges or dilemmas in public procurement of IS and IS consulting services, and what strategies may be applied to deal with these dilemmas.


On June 27, 1959, before 50,000 excited onlookers, 30 tons of dynamite blew two holes through the largest steel-celled coffer dam ever built. The structure had held back the raging current of the St. Lawrence River for the last five years. Its breach began the flooding of 38,000 acres of land to initiate power production and open navigation on the St. Lawrence Seaway. The explosion marked the end of a century-long struggle to construct the largest power and navigation project in the world-the St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project-often referred to as the eighth wonder of the world.Even though a number of authors (e.g., Willoughby) documented the lengthy bi-national political debate regarding the merit and funding of the Seaway and power dam, the efforts of the men who completed the work have been ignored. My journey to gain recognition for, and preserve the experiences of, the construction workers behind the St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project resulted in the publication of The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project: An Oral History of the Greatest Construction Show on Earth and thrust me into unknown territory.Throughout this process, I grappled with my role as a scholar and came to my own conclusions about successful interviewing techniques, sharing authority, and the differences between academia and the public sphere highlighted by the process of storytelling. Prior to this effort, like many academic historians, I concerned myself less with presenting quality narrative presentations for the public and more with publishing articles in scholarly journals. Instead of using oral history as a valuable source to find new interpretations of a well-known event, I combed through archival collections in search of innovative materials to support my thesis statement or put a new twist on a long-supported argument. Now I am committed to continuing to conduct research by collecting the often subjective interpretations from participants in historical events and making their voices heard by sharing my findings in public forums. As Michael Frisch notes, "We must listen and we must share responsibility for historical explication and judgment. We must use our skills, our resources and our privileges to insure that others hear what is being said by those who are articulate, but not always attended to" (Frisch 22).In this essay, I begin by explaining my choice of autoethnography as a methodology then tell my own story of how I became known as the "Seaway Historian" and the transformative impact this experience had on my future research projects and my life. I provide a brief description of the St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project, share my motivation for documenting and memorializing the lives of the men involved, and conclude with the lessons I learned about becoming a professional listener and neophyte storyteller. As Alessandro Portelli states, "Oral history is basically the process of creating relationships between narrators and narratees. The historian must work on both the factual and the narrative planes, and become personally responsible for telling their stories" (Portelli, Order 15).Discovering AutoethnographyCarol Ellis, Tony E. Adams, and Arthur P. Bochner describe autoethnography as combining autobiography-in which an author writes about his or her life-and ethnography-a study of a shared experience to help others understand the culture. "When researchers write ethnographies," they write, "they search to produce aesthetic and evocative thick descriptions of personal and interpersonal experiences and describe how the interactivity of the interview itself produced meaning and emotional dynamics" (Ellis, Adams, and Bochner 12). Thus, with respect to oral history, the methodology is an approach to research and writing that requires oral historians to explore their personal experiences while conducting research.I derived my methodology and organization for this paper from Ellis et al.'s synopsis of reflexive dyadic interviews. …


A spacecraft is subjected to dynamic and static loads during launch. These loads are deterministic and of random nature and cannot be tested under the real conditions due to cost considerations. Th ...


Applications of ZalarTM rotation and field emission Auger analysis in various magnetic hard disc problems will be presented. These applications include thin layer structure characterization, low concentration contaminant (0.1 - 0.5 atomic percent) detection at deeper interfaces (greater than 1000 angstroms), and small particle (approximately 1000 angstroms) contaminant identification.


Objective In this study we evaluated the influence of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract (AO) on the alleviation of testicular damage induced by cisplatin in rats. Methods The study groups included the control group, AO-administered group, cisplatin-administered group, and three groups administered with cisplatin and AO (different concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). On the 14th day we removed the testes of the rats, and the testicular organ parameters were measured. Moreover, through the malondialdehyde concentration we assessed the oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the testes and ran a histopathological analysis. Results The results demonstrated that cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and severe testicular damage on the AO-administered group showed no harm compared with the control group. AO- treatment in cisplatin-received rats led to the reduction of oxidative stress, enhancement of SOD activity, and prevention of testicular damage. The lowest testis damage was attributed to the group which received 400 mg/kg of AO compared to 100 and 200 mg/kg. Conclusions Overall, the Cis+/AO+400 group had the best antioxidant effect. The findings could lead to changes in cancer care guidelines that incorporate phytochemicals, making cancer therapies safer.


A guide for locating primary sources and research materials about the U.S. civil rights movement. Access the meeting minutes, business records, and other documents created by civil rights organizations as well as some of the groups that opposed the movement.


In recent years,studies committed to the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) pathogenesis suggest that potential somatic genetic alterations, and epigenetic events might contribute to MPN development, influence the MPN disease phenotype, progression, and promote transformation. The most relevant mutations identified so far can be broadly classified into two main groups. Mutations associated with dysregulated JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway, including mutations in JAK2, CALR, MPL, CBL, LNK, SOCS. Mutations in several epigenetic modifiers, including mutations in TET2, ASXL1, IDH1/2, DNMT3A, EZH2 and so on. In this paper, the abnormal clones and clonal evolution of MPN were reviewed.

Key words:
Myeloproliferative neoplasms; Abnormal clones; Clonal evolution


INTRODUCTION : A society can be healthy and progressive only when individuals living in
it are taken care, right from the time of birth. Hence healthcare of the children
should be actually started well before the child appears as an individual in the
world i.e., when it is a zygote in the mother's womb. According to Bala
vaagadam, "Sobai noi" is originated from the day of fertilization, which can be
prevented by high nutritious diet.
Karisalai karpa Chooranam is the drug of choice for the study, which
contains iron and proteins.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES :
Sobai is one of the major nutritional disorders of children. It is more
common in the developing tropical countries like India, in which people of
different socio-economic status are found. The downtrodden poor growing
children are most vulnerable to it. It is a disease mainly due to lack of
awareness of the nutritional quality of common foods. If the necessary steps
have been taken to literate the people about nutrition the incidence of sobai
would have been reduced.
OBJECTIVES : To collect the literary evidences regarding the disease "Sobai".
* To have a clinical trial on sobai affected children with the selected
medicines viz. Karisalai Karpa Chooranam.
* To evaluate the disease sobai clinically by careful examination on
etiology, clinical features, treatment, prognosis etc.,
* To have a complete study of the disease sobai under the heading of
Mukkutram, Udal Kattugal, Envagai Thervugal etc.,
* To study the extent of correlation of sobai as explained in the siddha
literatures with "Nutritional dropsy" in modern literatures.
* To utilize the possible diagnostic measures in the confirmation of the
diagnosis of the disease.
* To analyse the trial medicine Bio-chemically and pharmacologically
for complete evaluatoin of the medicine.
* To make an awareness among the parents about the prevention of the
disease in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS : 20 cases of sobai were treated in the In-patient
department of P.G. IV Kuzhanthai Maruthuvam, Government Siddha Medical
College Hospital, palayamkottai
Present study covered cases of male and female children of age group
between 3 – 12 years. All the cases were carefully and thoroughly examined
before admission. Severe and complicated cases were excluded. Opinion of
profesor and lecturer was obtained and detailed history was recorded in the
proforma of case sheet, attached in Annexure IV
A complete history of patient was taken. Name, age, sex, socioeconomic
status and hereditary factors of the patient were noted.
Patients who took the sand, mud, ash and sour taste foods were also
commonly affected with this disease. Hence the personal habits were enquired
and noted.
Past history of the patient from infancy, especially concerned with this
disease was taken.
History of breast feeding, antenatal, natal and postnatal history were
taken.
Weight, height, head circumference and mid-arm circumference
according to the age of the patients were noted.
Siddha diagnosis was made with the help of Mukkutram, Envagai
thervugal and Ezhu Udal Kattugal.
RESULTS : twenty patients were selected.15 were male children and
5were female children. The percentage was more (90%) in the age group of 7 – 11 years and the
remaining (10%) were between 3 – 6 years. Out of twenty cases 80% of the cases belonged to Hindu, 15% of cases
belonged to Christian and 5% of cases belonged to Muslim.
As only the children under the age of ten were selected for this study,
100% comes under Vatha kaalam.
The maximum incidence was found in Koothir kaalam (50%) and
Elavenil kaalam(40%). 10% 0f cases were in Pinpani kaalam.
70% of cases belonged to Marutha Nilam and 30% of cases were Neithal
Nilam.
Oedema in both legs, pallor of conjunctiva, Loss of appetite, Skin
changes and oliguria were present in all cases. Angular stomatitis present in
35% of cases. Abdominal distension and Diarrhoea were seen in 35% of cases.
Hair changes, and Fever were seen in 25% of cases. Facial puffiness, Mental
Irritation and vomitting were seen in cases of 20%,5% and 10% respectively.
35% of cases were vegetarian. Even though 65% of cases belonged to
mixed diet, they took only low nutritional non-vegetarian diet.
Saaram, Senneer and Oon were affected in 100% of cases. Enbu was
affected in 50% of cases.
In Vatham Abanan, Viyanan, Samanan and Kirukaran were affected in
100% of cases. Uthanan was affected in 15% of cases.
In pitham Analam and Ranjagam were affected in 100% of cases.
Prasagam was affected in 75% of cases.
In Kabam kilethagam was affected in 100% of cases.
Naa, Niram, Vizhi and Moothiram were affected in 100% of cases.
Sparisam was affected in 30% of cases and Malam was affected in 35% of
cases.
CONCLUSION :
20 sobai cases were admitted for study in P.G. IV, In-patient ward
Kuzhanthai Maruthuvam, Department of G.S.M.C hospital, palayamkottai. The
clinical features, haematological investigations like serum protein, albumin,
globulin ratio and Haemoglobin level of all cases showed that these cases were
purely sobai.
The author decided to take a trial medicine that should contain any form
of Iron and Protein. The ingredients in one of the trial medicine Karisalai
karpa Chooranam contains, Vellai Karisalai, Manjal Karisalai, Vallarai, Neeli,
Cheruppadai, Kuppaimeni, Kottai Karanthai,; in Pogar Subthakandam-7000.
So the author selects "Karisalai karpa Chooranam" as a trial medicine.
Bio-chemical analysis also proves that this medicine contains ferrous
Iron starch and amino acid. Pharmacological action showed that the
medicines had significant diuretic action.
Clinically the trial drug had 60% of good result.


Abs Changing motivational patterns in a FL classroom environment have prompted teachers to utilise as many inventive ideas and tools as possible. This paper points out that importance and significance of employing literature when teaching English to university students. Literature is mainly characterised with regard to its relevance, emphasising the fact that contemporary and modern literary tests serve the methodological purpose most profoundly. However, the use of fairy-tales strongly supports the argumentation of the L2 motivational self system, thus resulting in several aspects of literary genres. This paper aims to highlight one of the most significant motivational theories underlining the validity and merits of applying literature, especially fairy-tales in order to enhance and improve students' attitudes and motivation when learning a language.tract text


Article history: Received: 26th Mar. 2021 Accepted: 2nd June 2021 This study aimed to measure the dose exposed by the fetus during three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment techniques in pregnant patients who had to undergo radiotherapy due to breast cancer with thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) and compare these measurements with treatment planning system (TPS). 2.5 mmthick computed tomography (CT) images of Alderson Rando phantom device were taken for measurements. Heart, ipsilateral lung, contralateral lung and contralateral breast were defined as critical organs at risk (OARs) and planned tumor volume (PTV) as target volume. In TPS (Eclipse, version 15.1), using 3D-CRT and IMRT treatment methods, the criterion that 95% of the PTV volume should receive more than 95% of the predicted dose was taken into consideration. OAR has been preserved as much as possible in the used techniques. In order to compare the TPS and TLD readings in PTV, 60 TLDs were placed in the target volume in the Rando phantom. Twenty-four TLDs were placed in the 30th and 31st sections of the phantom, which is likely to be in the volumetric size of the first trimester of pregnancy which is also located 25.84 cm from the lower limit of the PTV. Six MV were used in seven different treatment techniques and the measurements were repeated 5 times for each technique and averaged. The differences between the average TPS and TLD readings for PTV were 1.34%, 0.86%, 1.04%, 0.64%, 0.48%, 0.84% and 0.73% for 3D-CRT, 5 MSS-IMRT, 5 SW-IMRT, 7 MSS-IMRT, 7 SW-IMRT, 9 MSS-IMRT and 9 SW-IMRT, respectively. Fetal doses for all treatment techniques in TPS were found as 0.00 cGy. However, in TLD measurements fetal doses were found as, 3.36 ± 0.19 cGy, 9.32 ± 0.91 cGy 10.29 ± 1.19 cGy, 12.35 ± 1.42 cGy, 12.99 ± 1.46 cGy, 13.18 ± 1.53 cGy and 16.10 ± 2.04 cGy for 3D-CRT, 5 MSS-IMRT, 5 SW-IMRT, 7 MSS-IMRT, 7 SW-IMRT, 9 MSS-IMRT and 9 SW-IMRT, respectively. In 3D-CRT treatment technique the fetus received the lowest dose. In addition, for plans made using the IMRT method, it is seen that the MSS-IMRT technique provides better fetal protection compared to the SW-IMRT technique. The 3D-CRT should be the first priority for a pregnant patient who has to undergo left breast RT, but if the desired dose-volume histogram (DVH) cannot be obtained with 3D-CRT, 5 MSS-IMRT technique may be preferred.


INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer among women, registering a relative percentage variation of more than 80% in just over two decades: The standardized mortality rate by age per 100, 000 women, increased from 5. 77 in 1979 to 9. 74 in 2000 (Ministry of Health, 2002). Considering the concept of oncoplastic surgery, mastectomy techniques using periareolar incision and preservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) have been carried out, increasing the degree of satisfaction of women affected by breast cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was studied 48 pieces of mastectomy for female patients, suffering from breast cancer, with a mean age of 52. 69 years ranging between 34 and 75 years who underwent surgery at Cancer Hospital of Paraiba - Napoleon Laureano Foundation. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of breast cancer, mastectomy as surgical treatment employed, and NAC- free infiltration and other lesions diagnosed by clinical and radiological examination. Exclusion criteria were Paget s disease, status post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and macroscopic changes of neoplastic involvement of the NAC. Histological sections of the NAC were made at intervals of 2 mm from the distal portion of the nipple and extending to a depth of 2cm tissue retroareolar. The correlation of histological type with neoplastic involvement of the NAC was performed using multivariate discriminant analysis, where the samples were separated by dimensionless axes in two groups (with and without neoplastic invasion of NAC) and the minimum values ??were estimated for variable histologic type. RESULTS: Among the 48 samples studied, the neoplastic invasion of the NAC was present in 7 cases, with a frequency of 14.58%. Among the 7 patients with neoplastic invasion of the CAM, 6 were found in histologic type infiltrating ductal carcinoma associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (IDC + DCIS) (85. 7%) and 1 case of pure invasive ductal carcinoma (14. 3%).
DISCUSSION: The combination of IDC with DCIS appears to be associated with neoplastic involvement of the NAC. The findings of this study corroborate Morimoto et al (1985), who evaluated 141 mastectomy specimens, relating the extension of tumor into the NAC with tumor size, histological type and tumor-nipple distance. They found invasion in 31% (44 cases) and it was observed that this invasion was more frequent when there was extensive intraductal component (82%).
CONCLUSION: The association of IDC with DCIS showed a higher possibility of neoplastic involvement of the NAC, which is an important predictor of neoplastic invasion of NAC in patients with breast cancer.


Departing from the metaphor already present in the title of the film, Linha de passe, by Walter Salles and Daniela Thomas (2008), searches for the representation of the relations between football and the cultural, political and sociological means. This feature film simultaneously shows the dramas and challenges of the life routine experienced by Cleuza, a domestic maid, and her four children: Denis, Dinho, Dario and Reginaldo, who share space in a very humble place in the metropolis of Sao Paulo. Through the theoretical and critical contributions by several authors, such as Anatol Rosenfeld, Maurice Blanchot, Hilario Franco Junior, Vsevolod Pudovkin, among others, we propose a brief filmic study of Linha de passe.
Keywords: Brazilian cinema; Linha de passe; football; everyday life; Walter Salles and Daniela Thomas.


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We analyze polarized Compton scattering which provides information on the spin-structure of the nucleon. For scattering processes with photon energies up to 100 MeV the spin-structure dependence can be encoded into four independent parameters-the so-called spin-polarizabilities $\gamma_i, i=1...4$ of the nucleon, which we calculate within the framework of the "small scale expansion" in SU(2) baryon chiral perturbation theory. Specific application is made to "forward" and "backward" spin- polarizabilities.


Characterization of Symbiotic Interactions Between Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts Huy Huynh Nhat Nguyen Master of Science Graduate Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto 2015 Pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal of cancers, is characterized by extensive fibrotic stroma. It is unknown whether this extensive stroma promotes or prevents tumor growth. In this thesis project, I attempted to elucidate the interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and fibroblasts, a major cell type in the stroma, using an in vitro co-culture model. I co-cultured CFPAC-1 pancreatic cancer cells and Hs 343.T fibroblasts, sorted them by flow cytometry, measured their gene expression, and inferred molecular intercellular interactions due to co-culture. Analysis revealed abundant changes in the gene expression in fibroblasts that were co-cultured with pancreatic cancer cells. These involve pathways such as ECM, TGF-β, Ras/PDGFR, HIF-1-α, Notch, and Rho GTPases. I also identified many factors produced by cancer cells that can potentially induce the expression changes observed in co-cultured fibroblasts. This study offers a simplified approach to begin dissecting the complexity of PDAC stroma. ii Acknowledgements This thesis project has been a remarkable scientific experience. It would not be possible without the generous and strong support of many individuals. I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Dr. Thomas Hudson, for his guidance and for affording me the privileged opportunity to study and conduct this research project. I'm deeply grateful for the incredible amount of support and devotion that he put into training me and helping me carry out the project. His passion and drive in scientific research have been an inspiration to me. His wisdom and sense of humor encouraged me to foster fun perspectives in doing science. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Lincoln Stein, Dr. Laurie Ailles and Dr. Jason Moffat, for their guidance. I appreciate the time and effort that they put into our meetings and for reviewing the thesis. Their input and feedback to my project have been invaluable. Their insights encouraged me to push further and think critically. I am very fortunate to have been in the very supportive and nurturing lab of Dr. Hudson at the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR). I would like to thank all past and present members in Dr. Hudson's lab for providing vital inputs to my studies, and fun times inside and outside the lab. I would like to thank especially Hassan Zaidi, Vanya Peltekova, Faiyaz Notta, and Aamer Qazi for teaching me many experimental techniques and biology. I would also like to thank Mathieu Lemire for statistical advice, and to thank Lyndsey Hodgson and Michele Helm for various critical supports along the way. Additionally, I would like to thank several other individuals at OICR. I thank Irina Kalatskaya in Dr. Lincoln Stein's group for introducing me to network and pathway analyses. I thank Brigitte Theriault, Craig Strathdee, Ratheesh Subramaniam and Manuel Chan in the Drug Discovery team for their generous sharing of equipment, reagents and knowledge, and I thank Linda Liao and Nicola Lyttle in the Transformative Pathology Program for showing me how to use the microscope. Finally, I would like to thank Merav and Etan for their love and support. iii Table of


The culture of trees is a social cultural phenomenon with trees as its carrier. The form of tree culture includes the form of religion, society, folk and aesthetics. We should promote the interaction between trees and culture to carry out the coexistence and mutual glory.


In this paper an alternative approach to non-linear predictive control is presented. It is based on iterative linearisation of the model response so that the same closed loop responses as in the pure non-linear approach are obtained but with reduced computation times and more efficient optimisation tools. The method is applied to a high purity distillation column and some results are presented showing the behaviour of the proposed algorithm.


Monitoring the effects of air pollutants on vegetation is very important to assess their possible damage to natural vegetation and crop plants. In this sense, ambient air quality monitoring was carried out during 2006-2008 at five sampling sites of Bhadravathi town. The concentration of suspended particulate matter was higher (41.02-236.56 μg/m) than the concentration of nitrogen oxides (4.15-19.69 μg/m) and sulfur dioxide (1.90-13.23 μg/m). Four tree species (Polyalthia longifoia, Mangifera indica, Pongamia pinnata and Acacia auriculiformis) were selected to determine the effect of air pollution; the tested trees showed variation in biochemical parameters between sampling sites. The reduction in the range of ascorbic acid (1.80-4.99 mg/g of tissue), pH (5.2-6.5), relative water content (49-79%) and total chlorophyll content (1.39-2.77 mg/g of tissue) in tested trees at sampling sites versus trees at control site was significant. The variation among the biochemical parameters in the leaves of tested trees was directly attributed to the air pollution at Bhadravathi town. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


The soot emissions from diesel engines are much higher in transient operation than during steady state operation. In this thesis, a method for estimating the soot mass flow emission in transient drive cycles is presented. The proposed method uses stationary emission maps in combination with step responses. Bandpass filters are used to filter the engine torque/power to provide transient detection and quantification. The final estimation method combines the stationary emission map and the bandpass filtered signals with correction parameters determined by the step responses. Good results were obtained for the World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC). Black box modeling was also conducted for the soot mass flow emission. The fitted models take two inputs: injected fuel mass per cycle and equivalence ratio. Linear models as well as nonlinear models were identified with the best results obtained for a nonlinear (Wiener) model. The best model had a fit of 95 % in accumulated soot mass emitted as a function of integrated power in the WHTC cycle. The system identification was performed using data from the first half of a WHTC cycle and validation was conducted using the whole cycle. (Less)


Speech topics include: Leadership in Space; Space Exploration: Real and Acceptable Reasons; Why Explore Space?; Space Exploration: Filling up the Canvas; Continuing the Voyage: The Spirit of Endeavour; Incorporating Space into Our Economic Sphere of Influence; The Role of Space Exploration in the Global Economy; Partnership in Space Activities; International Space Cooperation; National Strategy and the Civil Space Program; What the Hubble Space Telescope Teaches Us about Ourselves; The Rocket Team; NASA's Direction; Science and NASA; Science Priorities and Program Management; NASA and the Commercial Space Industry; NASA and the Business of Space; American Competitiveness: NASA's Role & Everyone's Responsibility; Space Exploration: A Frontier for American Collaboration; The Next Generation of Engineers; System Engineering and the "Two Cultures" of Engineering; Generalship of Engineering; NASA and Engineering Integrity; The Constellation Architecture; Then and Now: Fifty Years in Space; The Reality of Tomorrow; and Human Space Exploration: The Next 50 Years.


This paper describes development and ground testing of an unpowered mechanism intended to control deployment of a rollable spacecraft boom. The mechanism constrains the boom to a single deployment ...


Computer science and technology is widely-used and its importance has been gradually realized,especially in agricultural engineering.It is a necessary method for engineering research and design.The article mainly introduce the structures and function of the computer Monitoring and controlling system for environment of Agricultural Facilities.The system uses sensor technology automatic measurement technology,communicationtechnology and microcomputer technology to realize intelligent management of greenhouse.


TSV (Through-silicon Via) is applied to 3D integrated circuits, which meets the demands of high speed and low power consumption. However, high density of TSV implementation exacerbates crosstalk noise which will reduce the transmission reliability. Due to temporal and spatial locality of signal transmission, some signal TSVs can be used for shielding. In this paper, we propose a crosstalk avoidance scheme based on re-layout of signal TSV. Two parameters, crosstalk index and unshielded index, are proposed in this paper to describe the shielding effect of signal TSV re-layout. Both of the indexes are optimized by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). We implemented our scheme based on SPEC2006 trace-driven simulation. Result shows that the number of transmission patterns that cause worst crosstalk decreases by 28.8%. And transmission time is reduced by 14.8%. Compared with other algorithms, our work achieves the same or even better results without redundancy TSVs.


A test on the shear lag effect of the long flanges and thin-walled box continuous girder of trapezoidal section high-strength concrete was studied in elastic stage. The deflection at mid-span and concrete strain distribution of the flanges in mid-supported and mid-span sections were studied. Considering the flexural stress distribution inhomogeneity along width and thickness of flanges,the formula on equivalent calculated coefficient of flange width was proposed. The experimental values of equivalent calculated coefficient of flange width in mid-supported and mid-span sections were given. The results show that the shear lag phenomena are confirmed in mid-supported and mid-span sections. Compared with the values in the code JTG D62—2004,the calculated values are safer.


Finding, understanding, and fixing bugs in software systems is challenging. Dynamic binary translation (DBT) systems provide a powerful facility for building program analysis and debugging tools. However, DBT abstractions are too low-level and provide limited contextual information to instrumentation tools, making it hard to implement such tools. In this theis, we introduce behavioral watchpoints, a new software-based watchpoint framework that simplifies the implementation of DBT-based program analysis and debugging tools. Behavioral watchpoints have two key features: 1) they provide contextual information at the instruction level which are directly available with watchpoints and 2) they enable specializing instruction-level instrumentation with individual data structures. We describe three applications that were easily developed using our watchpoint framework: detecting buffer overflows, detecting read-before-write and memory freeing bugs and detecting memory leaks. We implemented behavioral watchpoints using Granary, a DBT framework for instrumenting operating system kernels. We evaluated the overheads of watchpoints for analyzing and debugging operating system kernel modules and show that these overheads are reasonable.


Three-component stereoselective synthesis of a set of new tetra substituted isoxazolidines from 5-substi-tuted 2-methoxybenzaldehydes, N-phenylhydroxylamine and 1-(2-thienyl)-3-arylprop-2-en-1-ones has been achieved. The effect of microwave irradiation on the reaction under solvent-free conditions has also been investigated. The stereochemistry of the final products has been confirmed by NMR and single crystal X-ray analysis.


Objective To investigate the recent clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer.Methods 30 patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated in our hospital from November 2010 to July 2012 were selected.The treatment effect were compared and discussed.Results The total effective(CR+PR) was 24 cases in all 30 cases of the present study,the total effective rate was 80%.From the tumor size changes of point of view,the tumors of all patients were significantly reduced after treatment,and the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05).Conclusion The clinical effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer was safe and effective.


Formalin is 37% formaldehyde solution in water which used as corpse preservative and forbidden as food addition. Now, liquid smoke had been invented as food addition which claimed cheaper and more safety than formalin. It is guessed, there is formaldehyde content in liquid smoke. Formaldehyde assay in liquid smoke is carried out using visible spectrophotometric prior to formaldehyde isolation using distillation. This research's purpose to assay formaldehyde content and compare formaldehyde content from the two kind of liquid smoke. This research is categorized in analytical non-experimental. Formaldehyde as isolation result is reacted with chromotropic reagent then measured its reserve with visible spectrophotometer and the contents is calculated using curve equation standard which is y = 0.04901 x + 0.0518. Data then analyzed with Paired Samples T-test in confidence level 95%. The result show that average formaldehyde content in liquid smoke distilled twice with refining is (264.26 ± 4.75) μg/ml while in liquid smoke distilled once is (317.57 ± 1.26) μg/ml. From the T-test is find out the significant value 0.00 < 0.05, so it is concluded that there is significant meaning in average formaldehyde content from the two kind of liquid smoke.


An educational methodology is presented that introduces basic digital design concepts to first year design students. The methodology differentiates between four fields in design thinking namely Form, Function, Context, and Structure/Materiality and focuses on Structure/Materiality that is approached as an assemblage of components. Components are categorised in respect to their geometric and structural qualities with reference to the elements of `point', `line', `surface' and `volume'. Components are interconnected to corresponding design techniques that are used in order to compose complex forms and are outlined by a rule of composition. The primary technique of `point' structures is based on the notion of multiplicity and repetition. `Line' assemblages introduce to the concept of load bearing structures and they can effectively describe hierarchical associations. `Surface' elements are used to explain the results of transformational processes upon structural behaviour. `Volume' techniques refer to the notion of integration and directly affect the overall performance of the structure. For each one of these elements, the students are asked to work directly on physical assemblages with ready-made components which are chosen in respect to their structural characteristics and to describe explicitly the whole process in drawings and diagrams.


While detecting individual biological cells is essential in cytometry for counting cells and analyzing the cellular contents, miniaturized cell-detecting devices are desirable not only for on-site biomedical analysis but also for in situ monitoring of cell dynamics. To study the electrical detection mechanism, a micro sensing probe has been developed on silicon wafers using microfabrication technology. The device consists of an array of through-holes in diameter of 20, 60, and 100 /spl mu/m, with gating electrodes around the holes for cell sensing. An interfacing system including demodulation and signal processing circuitry is built to convert impedance change into electrical pulses. The pulse signals were acquired by a Lab View program for automatic pulse detection and analysis. The sensing mechanism has been tested on microbeads with high-frequency AC excitation and preliminary results indicate that the pulse amplitude distributions correlate with the size of beads. Further refinement on the sensor design and testing of the device for cell detection and analysis are expected.


This review aims to establish whether increased use of invasive procedures and the trend toward conservative management of major trauma has resulted in an increased incidence of haemobilia.


Diabetic gastroparesis is a complication that often occurs in long-standing diabetic patients and it is characterized by delayed gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathophysiology of gastroparesis is complex and poorly understood but substantial advances in knowledge about it ...


The one-step high-yield synthesis of 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene from 1,2-dibromobenzene using tert-butyllithium and trimethylsilyltriflate is reported. A mechanistic investigation shows that 1,2-dilithiobenzene is not an intermediate in this reaction; the coexistence of trimethylsilyltriflate and tert-butyllithium at very low temperatures allows a sequence of bromine-lithium exchange and subsequent derivatization reactions to operate.


This paper explored effect of Chinese investment and service trade on ECOWAS countries economic growth. The paper uses an amplified cumulative production function growth model. Granger causality and co-integration test were used in the empirical analysis, employing Augmented Dickey-Fulls (ADF) and stationary test, the variables proves to be integrated of the order one (1) at first difference. The granger method has been performed to test the hypothesis that causality is running from Chinese investment to ECOWAS countries economic growth while there is no causal relationship between Chinese FDI and bilateral service trade. The analysis is carried out using Ordinary Least Square method, on times series data covering the period 1979-2000.The focus shows ECOWAS countries-China bilateral trade enhance western African countries economic growth. Yet it should be a reinforcing of the policy priority for ECOWAS countries to make sure this tie and the upcoming Chinese Foreign investment will be profitable, in term of transfer and acquisition of advanced technology.


A kind of functional network method to solving functional equations is presented,and a functional network model for computation of an approximate real root of a class of functional equations is designed.The learning of parameters of the functional networks is carried out by the solving linear equations.Not only we obtain the exact roots of the functional equation,but also the approximate roots of the equation.Finally,the simulation results demonstrate that the identification method presented is more efficient and feasible in finding the roots of arbitrary functional equations.


Disclosed are a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor substrate including an active area with a plurality of device areas. The semiconductor device further comprises a first device arranged in a first device area. The first device comprises a first gate structure, a first gate spacer arranged on a side of the first gate structure, and a first source and drain feature. The semiconductor device further comprises a second device arranged in a second device area. The second device comprises a second gate structure, a second gate spacer arranged on a side of the second gate structure, and a second source and drain feature. The first/second source and drain features comprise a common source and drain feature and a common contact feature. The common contact feature is contact which is magnetically arranged. [Reference numerals] (102) Providing a substrate including a sacrifice contact plug and forming a spacer on the sidewall of the sacrifice contact plug;(104) Forming a first interlayer dielectrics layer (ILD) on the top of the sacrifice contact plug and patternizing the first interlayer dielectrics layer for removing the first interlayer dielectrics layer in an area between the sacrifice contact plugs without covering the top surface the substrate;(106) Forming a gate structure in an area between the sacrifice contact plugs;(108) Processing etch-back for the gate structure, depositing a hard mask on the top of the gate structured after the etch-back process, and removing excessive hard mask substances through a CMP process;(110) Removing the sacrifice contact plug but the spacer and etching a source and drain (S/D) area on a substrate in an area between the spacers;(112) Epitaxial-growing S/D features in the S/D area and forming a contact on the top of the S/D features;(114) Forming a second ILD layer on the substrate and electrically connecting the gate structure to the S/D features to each other using the contact by etching the second ILD layer without covering the top surface of the contact and the top surface of the top structure;(116) Finishing the manufacturing process


Introduction: Multiple learning tools have been used in education during the clinical years. Problem-based learning (PBL) is one of the learning strategies that has currently been introduced into curricula. The success of PBL in the preclinical years has been reported on globally. Objective: This study's aim was to assess the attitudes and knowledge of the students in their clinical year of PBL. Methods: The study was conducted among 387 clinical year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand. Self-administered questionnaires were used to determine the attitudes and knowledge that had resulted. Results: The overall response rate was 76.0%. Regarding the opinion of medical students toward PBL, the majority of them agree that PBL develops their communication skills (91.4%), skills necessary for working as a team (91.0%), competence in self-directed learning (91.4%), and enhances the information inquiry skills (89.0%). The majority of the students (76.8%) indicated that they appreciated PBL although it was time consuming (48.9%) and stressful (44.8%). Regarding the comprehension of PBL, 76.5% of the medical students had the misunderstanding that PBL requires knowledge obtained from conventional lectures. In comparison to other learning tools, the students have agreed that PBL is better than conventional lectures (41.8%) and report writing (62.8%). Conclusion: The results indicate that clinical students have positive attitudes toward PBL and that the curriculum should integrate PBL with other learning strategies.