Objective: To study the risk factors and foetal outcome of pre-eclampsia in a tertiary level hospital.
Materials and methods: A total 40 consecutive patients of pre-eclampsia (PE) were included in this study between April 2009 to March 2010. Patients whose B.P. was ³140/90 mm of Hg and proteinuria detected by dipstick test were included in this study. Detailed discussion about the study was done with the patient and then written informed consent was taken from them. Detailed history about patient profile, risk factors and foetal outcome in terms of birth weight, maturity and IUGR(intrauterine growth retardation) etc were recorded in predesigned data collection sheet. Data was expressed in terms of frequenies and percentages.
Results: Most of the patients were in the age group of 20-30 years (52.5%) and 60% were primi gravida . Most of the patient (60%) developed pre-eclampsia at 37 weeks of gestation. Regarding risk factors 30% patients were obese, previous history of pre-eclampsia (PE) in 7.5% cases, pregnancy with diabetes was found in 5% cases and multiple pregnancy in 2.5% cases. Caesarean section was done in 72.5% cases and vaginal delivery occurred in 25% cases. Birth weight 2.5-3 kg found in 40% cases. 37.5% babies were premature, IUGR in 7.5%, intrauterine death in 5% and neonatal death was observed in 2% cases.
Conclusion: Primi gravida are more prone to develop pre-eclampsia. Obesity, previous history of pre-eclampsia, multiple pregnancy and pregnancy with diabetes mellitus increase the risk of pre-eclampsia. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), intrauterine death (IUD), neonatal death are important foetal complications.
Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2019; Vol. 34(1): 3-7


The purpose of this study was to elucidate the change in self concept of patients with breast cancer, and nursing intervention focused on this change. The interview method and participant observation were used to assess the self concept and its change in 8 patients during hospitalization and 3 months after discharge. The data were analyzed by an original method based on qualitative data analysis of ethno-nursing. The results indicated the change in self concept of participants meant they were shaken by their experience; they felt they and other patients with breast cancer influence each other; they wanted to defend themselves against others; they not only wanted to live for other people but for themselves as well as from now on; and they thought they could live by themselves as they were. These results suggest that the patients with breast cancer may struggle to regain their self respect and form a new sense of values while they are in a condition of low self-esteem. Key strategies used by the nurse to support patients include: facilitating decision-making by patients, their self respect, personal relationships, and acceptance of reality.


This study investigated the effect of type and length of exposure to a prototypic skill and experience in discriminating correct from incorrect performance on proficiency in detecting errors. Subjects were 24 physical education majors. Experimental groups received one or three exposures to prototypic skilled performances of the volleyball serve, spike, and block through either a visual or audio-visual mode. Practice in discrimination was provided through the use of skill checklists applied in the reciprocal style of teaching. Proficiency in detection of error was assessed by subjects' ability to recognize errors in performance by occurrence and identification. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 analysis with repeated measures on the last three factors to investigate the effects of treatment type, number of exposures, skill type, and practice. A Pearson correlation was computed to determine if a relationship existed between knowledge of performance and ability to detect error. Only the visual mode and one exposure to prototypic skilled presentations produced superior detection of error, although performance on the spike was inferior to that on serve and block. Practice in discriminating between correct and incorrect performance had a significant effect on all groups. The Pearson correlation between knowledge of performance and detection of error was –.71.


An analysis of news coverage on directives from the Brazilian Ministry of Education concerning racism in the children's book Cacadas de Pedrinho (Little Pete Goes Hunting) by Monteiro Lobato (1882-1948) reveals numerous media attacks against a purported "leftwing politically correct patrol". Such media coverage also denied or glossed over the racism in Lobato's literary work and life. The current article differs from the dominant stance in the Brazilian mainstream media by exposing the blatantly racist content of various passages in Lobato's books, the need and justification for political correctness in contemporary democratic societies, and the inappropriateness of the dominant media position and the Ministry of Education's recommendations on the use of this book in classrooms.


This research aims to know a better concept comprehension between using 3D animation learning media with 2D on Impuls and Momentum learning and describe the concept comprehension on both treatments. The research method used is quantitative and descriptive. The research data was obtained through multiple choice test with the certainty of response index (CRI) answer sheet. The research design used was Pretest-Posttest Equivalent Group Design with a sample of two experimental classes selected at random. The results using Mann Whitney U-test showed a significance value of 0.009. This shows that the students' concept comprehension using 3D animation learning media is higher than using 2D animated learning media. The concept comprehension of students who understand the concept of the class using 3D animation media that is 41.99%, while the class that uses 2D animation media is 34.38%. For the misconception level in the classroom that uses 3D animation media that is 41.02%, while the class that uses 2D animation media is 43.95%.


By employing the mode decomposition method to study the relative mode evolution characteristics during the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) process, a numerical model of the core-pumped Raman effect in few-mode fibers has been proposed, which provides an accurate tool to reveal the underlying physical mechanism of SRS-induced mode distortion. Mode distortion induced by the SRS effect in large-mode area passive fibers has been investigated numerically. It reveals that the few-mode SRS effect can result in an irreversible power transfer from the signal fundamental mode (FM) to signal high order modes (HOMs), which is a static phenomenon, different from the SRS-induced transverse mode instability. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the numerical results coincide with the experimental phenomenon. Simulation results also illustrate that the inter-mode wave-mixing effect among the signal FM and signal HOMs plays a key role in the signal power transfer. With the help of the numerical model, mitigation strategy by designing and using the Raman-gain-tailored fiber has also been proposed, which shows a clear advantage in suppressing SRS-induced mode distortion.


Here we show how a recently-introduced method from algebraic topology, namely proximal planar vortex 1-cycles, might be helpful in detecting hidden features of the shapes and holes in images, therefore contributing to the solution of both cold and fresh forensic cases. In particular, we test the efficacy of this technique by assessing one of the most puzzling cases of recent history, i.e., Aldo Moro's death. Terrorists of the Red Brigades claimed that they killed Moro when he was placed inside the trunk of a car,shooting him with a barrage of bullets. We demonstrate, based on the analysis of the photographs taken during the autoptic procedure, that the terrorist's account does not hold true. Our results, showing different series of shots, point towards a three-step execution, with the first phasestaking place outside the car. In conclusion, the novel forensic analysis method introduced in this paper permits the evaluation of a collection of vortex cycles/nerves equipped with a connectedness proximity, which makes it possible to assess unexpected spatial clusters in photographs.


BACKGROUND: Internet has become a popular first-hand source of information for preventive, promotive, and curatives services. Online health information seekers face a big challenge with unregulated flow of information from Internet. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To assess the utilization of online health information of smartphone users and to study the various determinants of utilization of online health information of smartphone users of an urban area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 216 adult smartphone users residing in an urban area of Thiruporur, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Through a systematic random sampling method, the participants were selected. Pretested semi-structured schedule was used after getting informed consent through face to face interview method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 version software. RESULTS: Utilization of online health information was 86.2% among smartphone users of an urban area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Nearly 12% of the online health information seekers self-medicated with the information they obtained online and about 60% of the online health information seekers did not validate the health information they obtained online with any of the health care providers. CONCLUSION: Even though, online health information empowers the population, there is some major negative effect like self-medication. This study found that the utilization of online health information was three fourth percentages among smartphone users and only a few of the participant's accessed expertise information sources like government websites for health information. Thus needs definite regulation in the form of appropriate legislation to control the unregulated inflow of health information.


Blade repair is often economically more attractive than the replacement of damaged blades by spare parts. Such regenerated turbine blades, however, can introduce non-uniform flow conditions which lead to additional forced response excitation of blades. A forced response excitation due to a typical geometric variation, introduced through current repair methods applied in an upstream stage, is investigated using a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model previously experimentally validated in a five-stage axial turbine. In this study, geometrical variations are applied to the stator vane of the fourth stage of the five-stage axial turbine. The reference configuration, without variations, is compared with experimental data. The focus of the analysis is the determination of the aerodynamic excitation in a multi-stage setup. For both configurations, with and without variations, the stage loading coefficient of the last turbine stage remains constant. In contrast, the aerodynamic work acting on the last rotor blade increases by a factor of 4 dependent on the operating point. The vibration amplitude of the downstream blade is determined using a unidirectional fluid-structure interaction approach. The impact of the variations on the vibration amplitude decreases by a factor of 10 with increasing number of blade rows between the modified vane row and the analyzed blade row. However, the geometric variations induce vibration amplitudes 4 times higher than the reference case. Based on the methodology used, a linear correlation between the excitation of the blade by the aerodynamic work and the vibration amplitude is shown to exist. NOMENCLATURE c absolute velocity cp pressure coefficient D damping ratio f frequency F force h enthalpy i inner ṁ mass flow rate n normal vector to blade surface o outer p pressure p̃ pressure fluctuation P power r radius rpm rotor speed T temperature T period of time u circumferential velocity u mode displacement Waero aerodynamic work α yaw angle γ pitch angle λ stagger angle ψ stage loading coefficient Indices dyn dynamic in turbine inlet local local max maximum out turbine outlet stat static tot total u circumferential 1 stage inlet 2 stage outlet Abbreviations BPF blade passing frequency CFD computational fluid dynamics CRC collaborative research center EO engine order FSI fluid-structure interaction LE leading edge MP measuring plane OP operating point PS pressure side SS suction side T E trailing edge INTRODUCTION The overhaul process of jet engines, also referred to as regeneration, represents 8% of the operating costs of an airplane [1] and is therefore of great interest. The main cost factor at the overhaul is caused by the blades, which are responsible for approximately 50% of the cost. This cost is mainly incurred by the replacement of worn blades from the high-pressure turbine, because they are one of the most highly loaded parts and therefore subject to substantial wear. For this reason the collaborative research center (CRC) 871 "Regeneration of Complex Capital Good" aims to develop the scientific basis for the overhaul of jet engines. The main objective is to save as many of the worn components as possible [2]. International Journal of Gas Turbine, Propulsion and Power Systems October 2017, Volume 9, Number 3 Copyright © 2017 Gas Turbine Society of Japan Manuscript Received on January 30, 2017 Review Completed on August 9, 2017


This paper proposes an optimal power setting method for voltage-source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) system, which enables the VSC-HVDC system to dynamically select its optimal injected power to reduce the overall loading of the hybrid ac/dc systems. Based on the voltage angle controller, the gain parameter $K$ is taken as the decision variable and the severity index is taken as the objective function for optimization of different N-1 contingencies and different load scenarios. The setting value of HVDC injected power is adjusted dynamically through the gain $K$ in the proposed control algorithm if there is a change in the load flow due to a contingency or a change in demand. The simulation has been carried out in a modified IEEE 39-bus system, which is a hybrid ac/dc system built in MATLAB. Simulation analysis and evaluation are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrate the good performance of the strategy in alleviating the overall overload.


Based on a sample of 288 people from enterprises and MBA classes, this paper examines the effects of career plateau on the employee's job satisfaction, organizational commitment and quit intention. The paper also examines the individual and organizational causes of career plateau. The results shows that the two dimensions of career plateau both significantly influence employees work attitudes, and job tenure and career path significantly affectes the career plateau.


Objective To understand the different coping styles in patients with type 2 diabetes symptoms of psychological reaction.Methods Using the symptom checklist(SCL-90) and medical response rating scale,investigating 200 patients with type 2 diabetes,compared with the national norm,to obtain the relationship between derived factors of self-rating scale and coping styles.Results Psychological symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes were higher than the domestic norm total score(P 0.01);their psychological symptoms existed objectively,comparing the results with the domestic norm,somatization,depression,anxiety,hostility,terrorism were higher than the national norm(P 0.05);coping style avoidance was higher than the national norm(P 0.01),with statistical significance;of which compulsion,anxiety,hostility,psychoticism was positively related to avoidance,somatization had significantly positive correlation with submission.Conclusion Psychological symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes is an objective existence,therefore psychological nursing should be reinforced to promote patient's quality of life.


"The demographic situation of [the] Ukrainian SSR in the thirties is [analyzed]...based on 1926 National Census and 1937 National Census.... It was attempted to determine as precisely as possible the demographic losses caused by collectivization of Ukrainian agriculture. Dispossession of wealthy peasants, deportation and famine resulted in [the] death of several million persons.... The author discusses the political, national and social consequences of this great demographic catastrophe." (EXCERPT)


The primary thesis of this position paper is that process programming is analogous to programming in an key respect not previously emphasized: that it will proceed more effectively if preceded by a set of activities to determine the requirements, architecture, and design of the process.


The new era of the Post-Washington Consensus (PWC), promoted under the auspices of International Financial Institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, centres on the need to develop sound financial regulation and strong regulatory institutions, especially in the realm of banking and finance in post-financial crisis developing countries. This article uses an examination of the Turkish banking sector experience with the PWC in the aftermath of the 2001 financial crisis to show its considerable strengths and weaknesses. The authors argue that the emergent regulatory state in the bank-based financial system has a narrow focus on strengthening prudential regulation, whilst ignoring the increased 'financialization' of the Turkish economy. They identify the positive features of the new era of the PWC in terms of prudential regulation, which has become much more robust in its ability to withstand external shocks. At the same time, however, the article highlights some of the limitations of the new era which resemble the limitations of the PWC. These include the distributional impact of the regulatory reforms within the banking sector, and notably the emergence of foreign banks as the major beneficiaries of this process; weaknesses in promoting productive bank intermediation that finance the real economy and economic growth, leading to poverty reduction via growth of employment whilst stimulating financialization within the economy; and finally, the exclusive focus on prudential regulation, whilst ignoring regulatory costs, consumer protection and competition regulation.


Background: Rotenone, a chemical compound produced naturally by leguminous plants, has conventionally been used as a pesticide by blocking the uptake of oxygen by body cells. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on oxidative damage, inflammation, and neurotoxicity in male mice treated by rotenone. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups. Group (I) served as control that received Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO); Group (II) mice treated with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.3 times per week); Group (III) mice received rotenone/L-dopa (25 mg/kg, P.O. daily); Group (IV) and Group (V) mice were treated with rotenone/spirulina (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O. daily) respectively for two weeks. Results: Rotenone-treated mice indicated impaired motor coordination and activity in wire hanging, wood walking, open field, and stair tests. Furthermore, rotenone treatment caused elevation in striatal levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β), and caspase 3 and decrement in Bcl-2; dopamine and Glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, severe neuronal degeneration, striatal DNA fragmentation, and increased striatal 8-OHdG levels and MTH1 expression in the rotenone group. Additionally, spirulina treatment prevented rotenone-induced motor deficits striatal DNA fragmentation and demonstrated good restoration of the substantial neurons with reservation of the typical dark appearance. Besides, rotenone-induced biochemical changes were ameliorated by spirulina treatment as dopamine, Bcl-2, and GSH levels were increased, and striatal MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase 3 levels were decreased. Conclusion: Natural products like spirulina could reverse rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in male mice due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.


This study concerns an Aboriginal group from Perth and the towns of Western Australia who call themselves Nyungars. Nyungar was originally the word meaning 'man' or 'person' in the dialects of the Aboriginal language once spoken in the south-west of Western Australia. Nowadays, the first language of Nyungar people is English. In pre-colonial times, the Nyungar people's lands were limited to the south-west corner of the State as shown on the map. With the onset of colonisation, however, many Nyungar were forced from their lands. The Swan River Colony was established in 1829 when it is estimated that there were around 6000 Nyungar people living in that region of the colony. By 1901, three years after the Western Australian Colonial Government had assumed control of Aboriginal affairs, this number had dropped to an estimated 1500. Despite this devastating reduction of the Nyungar population, and the accompanying dispossession of their lands, the government had not enacted any policy which effectively broke the association of the Nyungar peoples with their lands.


We report for the first time a system that exhibits two regions in the pressure-temperature phase diagram where dynamic anomalies are present. Using molecular dynamics simulations, thermodynamic, dynamic and structural properties of rigid dimeric particles interacting with a core-softened shoulder-like intermolecular potential were investigated. The competition between the two length scales present in the core-softened potential and the third scale imposed by the dimeric character of the potential leads to a richer phase-diagram when compared to the monomeric system. The dimeric system exhibit two regions in the pressure-temperature phase-diagram where the diffusion and density are anomalous. A structural anomaly region was also found, englobing the double ranged thermodynamic and dynamic anomalies.


Forelli in [1] has described the isometries of Hp(U) into Hp(U) for p≠2, 0 < p < ∞. We shall extend his methods to characterize the isometries of Hp(Un) onto Hp(Un). The notation we shall use can be found in Rudin [3]. Let II represent a permutation that induces a map on functions of n complex variables by Clearly II is an isometry of Hp(Un) onto Hp(Un).


True, but the Manchester United and England star has recently been making as many headlines for his positive contributions off the pitch as on it.

Pretty much, yes. Not content with forcing ministers into two separate U turns over offering free school meals to children from low income families outside term time, the striker's latest goal is to improve child literacy …


The limitations of the Fair and 'Wells osmoscope instrument are discussed in relation to the physiology and the biophysics of oilaction and the specific and general cases of the Weber-Fechner law. A simple dilution procedure having linear response characteristics and not subject to the range limitation of the Fair and Wells osmoscope is presented, and the results obtained from each technique are compared. Recent advances in physical and physico-chemical techniques for evaluation of specific compounds in gas and vapor mixtures have caused them to be considered as methods of choice for the objective analysis of odors. Of the several techniques in development, those utilizing gas chromatography, infrared densitometry and visual light microdensitometry are discussed and their advantages and limitations considered. Included in these discussions is the evaluation of two new techniques to aid in the determination of the chemical nature of odor producing gases and vapors. One of these is designed to determine the approximate molecular weight of gases in the human breath, while the other is applicable to clinical


(...) objectives were to ascertain relationships and genotypic variability among single-leaf photosynthesis, thylakoid activity, and productivity during high-temperature stress at vegetative and reproductive stages. Ten genotypes from major world wheat-producing regions were grown under moderate (22/17 °C day/night) and high (32/27 °C day/night) temperatures for 2 wk as seedlings or from anthesis to maturity. Net photosynthesis, chlorophyll variable fluorescence (Fv), and productivity were measured at both stages (....)


The article deals with the Early, and the beginning of the Middle La Tène Periods (LT A–C1/ C2) evidence from the mountainous regions of Slovakia, i.e. from the Slovakian part of the Western Carpathians, with regard to the preceding Late Hallstatt cultural tradition in this territory. Four horizons of cultural-historical development are defined; these are based on analysis of material culture and settlement development: 1. Ha D-LT A/B1; 2. LT A–B2a/b; 3. LT B2b–C1; 4. LT C1–C1/C2. These horizons cannot however be considered as entirely sequential, as they partially overlap. They reflect the informative value of the sources available at the individual sites and/or regions and the cultural tradition in which they originated rather than to represent an overarching chronological scheme for the entire area under study. At given time, the territory under investigation was divided into three cultural-geographical zones: a. core mountainous region marked by the occurrence of typical local pottery and other local material culture types with relatively little by way of La Tène elements during the Early and Middle La Tène Periods; b. a north-western buffer zone with few pottery finds but with early (LT A–B2a/b) elements of La Tène culture; and c. a southern buffer zone with a conspicuous increase in the number of sites with La Tène elements (including pottery) especially from late LT C1 onwards. Comparisons between the cultural-historical development of the territory of the Western Carpathians of Slovakia from Late Hallstatt to early Middle La Tène Period demonstrated similar dynamics to those apparent in other Alpine cultures and/or in nortward situated contact zones between La Tène culture and other European Iron Age populations.


Abstract : Net Assessment is at once an aid in solving national security problems and a sympton of the complexity of the times. While Net Assessment in its scientific analytical sense is not new, its acceptance as a legitimate model for deciding national security issues is. Net Assessment is an offspring of the nuclear weapon and the limited war philosophy which flows from it. In the second sense, it is an indication of the balancing and qualifying which are motivated by the avoidance of total war, that public opinion enters the Net Assessment environment.


In the present study, administration of the extract of herbal formulation MEE and MAE at a dose of 2000mg/kg P.O produced a significant reduction in blood glucose level .The anti oxidant activity of herbal formulation is found with a significant growth of CAT and SOD levels compared with normal control and alloxan induced diabetic control animals. Because of presence of free radical scavenging activity of the secondary metabolites in the herbal formulation, MEE and MAE showed significant decrease in levels of SGOT, SGPT, and ALP. In herbal formulation mainly the MEE and MAE showed significant decrease in Cretinine, Urea, Cholesterol and significant increase in HDL-Cholesterol level.


The assessed high electromechanical performances of dielectric elastomer actuators are encouraging the study of possible future applications of such devices for active prosthetic or orthotic systems for humans. Although the high electric fields currently needed for their driving prevent today a short-term use in endo- prostheses, their adoption for eso-prostheses or orthoses can be considered more realistic. Exoskeletons for improving muscular performance in specific tasks or for rehabilitation are examples of possible fields of investigation. Beyond a necessary technological development towards materials and devices capable of improved performances at reduced fields, the study of such applications requires even the identification of suitable strategies of activation and control. In particular, actuators to be used for such applications may take advantage from the possibility of being activated by electrophysiological signals. This would permit advantageous body's controls of the artificial system. In this context, this work presents activities carried on towards such a goal. In particular, activations of silicone-made dielectric elastomer actuators by means of different types of electrophysiological signals, opportunely elaborated, are presented and discussed.


In the winter of 2010, I conducted a four-week media workshop entitled Undressing Pop Culture for a select group of first year Women's Studies students. This workshop critically examined depictions of women's agency and empowerment as illustrated through postfeminist media representations. The variety of media explored over the duration of the workshop included magazine advertisements, tween products, music videos, and sports images. A combined theoretical approach, drawing on feminist critiques of postfeminism, as well as aspects of critical media literacy, was used as a means for conducting the workshop. Critical analysis of postfeminist media representations occurred through documentary viewing, group discussion, and activities. Using these resources, a media literacy toolkit was developed for intended use as a teaching resource in introductory Women's Studies classes at Memorial University of Newfoundland.


Objectives The purpose of this study is to understand the structural relationship between self-determination, learning flow, and innovative behavior of office worker graduate students , and to find out the mediating effect of positive psychological capital in the structural relationship. Methods The subjects of the study are 197 male and female office workers who are enrolled in D University, Y University's special graduate school, or general graduate school. Self-determination, learning flow, innovative behavior, and positive psychological capital scales were used as research tools. The collected survey results were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 and Smart PLS 4.0 statistical programs. Results First, The self-determination of office worker graduate students, a significant impact on positive psychological capital and learning flow, but it was not significant impact on innovative behavior. Second, It was found that the positive psychological capital of office worker graduate students had a positive (+) effect on learning flow and innovative behavior. Third, Self-determination has an indirect effect on learning flow and innovative behavior through positive psychological capital. Fourth, In the relationship between self-determination and innovative behavior, positive psychological capital was found to have a complete mediation. Conclusions Through the research results, the partial mediation of positive psychological capital was confirmed in the relationship between self-determination, learning flow, and innovative behavior of office worker graduate students. also, positive psychological capital has a complete mediational effect on learning flows. This study is meaningful in that it has prepared basic data for interventions and solutions necessary for office worker graduate students' learning counseling and job competency development.


The Internet has made it possible to incorporate adult mentors in the classroom in ways that it would have been difficult or impossible to do previously. As we move forward with such projects, it is important for us to consider what these adults contribute to the learning process. Palaver Tree Online is an online community that supports kids interviewing elders to build up a shared database of oral history. In this paper, we give a brief overview of two case studies of kids in Palaver Tree. In addition, we propose a new role for adults in aiding students having difficulty.


Objective: To study the hypoglycemic action in diabetic rats by soluble polysaccharides (A), protein components with molecular weights above 60 ku (B),3-60 ku(C) ,and below 3 ku(D) of some pumpkin seeds,arginine(E)and pumpkin seed oil(F). Methods: Ten rats were selected randomly as control ,while the other 150 rats were injected with alloxan 170 mg/kg to induce diabetes.The diabetic rats were divided into 15 groups:the model,A(1000,500 mg/kg),B(300,150 mg/kg),C(300,150 mg/kg),D(300,150 mg/kg),E(100,50 mg/kg),F(300,150 mg/kg),Gilbenclamide(20 mg/kg).The above components were given intragastrically for 10 d and then blood samples were taken to determine serum glucose and insulin, and also to test the glucose tolerance. Results: It was indicated in diabetic rat that the blood insulin level was obviously increased by the soluble polysaccharides , the protein components with molecular weight over 60 ku and below 3 ku after 4 d germination. The blood glucose tolerance was improved by seed oil, protein components with molecular weights 3-60 ku and arginine. Conclusion: The protein components with molecular weights about 3-60 ku have the best hypoglycemic action, in terms of improving the blood glucose tolerance and decreasing the blood glucose level of diabetic rats.


Environment-friendly dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes has been critically reviewed. Major developments are in terms of innovations in dyes and dyeing processes for high dye bath exhaustion and fixation with a view to reduce the total quantity of colour in the effluent. The use of bifunctional reactive dyes having high exhaustion and fixation properties, use of low-salt reactive dyes, machinery developments for dyeing at low liquor ratio, pad troughs with reduced volumes, replacement of urea with dicyandiamide, econtrol process, etc are some of the approaches for ecofriendly colouration of cotton with reactive dyes. The uses of environment-friendly reducing systems for dyeing of cotton with vat and sulphur dyes are also briefly discussed.


We consider plane-fronted, monochromatic gravitational waves on a Minkowski background, in a conformally invariant theory of general relativity. By this we mean waves of the form: g{sup {mu}{nu}}={eta}{sup {mu}{nu}}+{epsilon}{sup {mu}{nu}}F(k{center_dot}x), where {epsilon}{sup {mu}{nu}} is a constant polarization tensor, and k{sub {mu}} is a lightlike vector. We also assume the coordinate gauge condition |g|{sup -1/4}{partial_derivative}{sub {tau}}(|g|{sup 1/4}g{sup {sigma}{tau}})=0 which is the conformal analog of the harmonic gauge condition g{sup {mu}{nu}}{Gamma}{sub {mu}{nu}}{sup {sigma}}=-|g|{sup -1/2}{partial_derivative}{sub {tau}}(|g|{sup 1/2}g{sup {sigma}{tau}})=0, where det{open_square}[g{sub {mu}{nu}}]{identical_to}g. Requiring additionally the conformal gauge condition g=-1 surprisingly implies that the waves are both transverse and traceless. Although the ansatz for the metric is eminently reasonable when considering perturbative gravitational waves, we show that the metric is reducible to the metric of Minkowski space-time via a sequence of coordinate transformations which respect the gauge conditions, without any perturbative approximation that {epsilon}{sup {mu}{nu}} be small. This implies that we have, in fact, exact plane-wave solutions; however, they are simply coordinate/conformal artifacts. As a consequence, they carry no energy. Our result does not imply that conformal gravity does not have gravitational wave phenomena. A different, more generalized ansatz for the deviation, taking into account the fourth-order nature of the field equation, which has themore » form g{sup {mu}{nu}}={eta}{sup {mu}{nu}}+B{sup {mu}{nu}}(n{center_dot}x)G(k{center_dot}x), indeed yields waves which carry energy and momentum [P. D. Mannheim, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 43, 703 (2010)]. It is just surprising that transverse, traceless, plane-fronted gravitational waves, those that would be used in any standard, perturbative, quantum analysis of the theory, simply do not exist.« less


From 22 to 25 May 1989, preliminary observations on the spring di et of Canada Geese Branta canadensis interior were made at a Cree subsistence hunting camp on the northeast coast of James Bay, Quebec. The stomach contents of six geese were examined. The seeds of sedges (Carex spp, and Eleocharis spp.) were found in aIl six, and two had consumed large quantities of overwintered berries (Mountain Cranberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Black Crowberry Empetrum nigrum). Examination of coast al marsh feeding sites provided evidence of grubbing by geese, possibly in search of bulbs of Arrow-grass Triglochin palustris and Water-parsnip Sium suave. Our brief study indicates sorne important differences in the spring diets of Canada Geese on the northeast and west coasts of James Bay, and these should be investigated more thoroughly. Introduction The object of this study was to improve our understanding of the food requirements of Canada Geese on the northeast coast of James Bay in order to enhance the Cree's capability to construct and manage goose ponds. Knowledge of the types of plants and habitats most important to Canada Geese will also be useful in developing effective strategies for protecting and managing wetland habitats in the area. This report summarizes the results of the analysis of the stomach contents of geese examined and aescribes our observations at the feeding sites. Based on this information, as weIl as a review of the Iiterature, we present a hypothetical spring diet for Canada Geese on the east coast of James Bay. We also make recommendations for further research.· We thank the Cree hunters who welcomed us to their camp, aIlowed us to examine their geese, and wiIIingly shared their knowledge with us. We would also Iike to thank Onil Faucher (JBEC) for his encouragement and administrative support, Guy Bourassa for bis help in the laboratory, and Léo-Guy de Repentigny (CWS), Richard Lalumière (G. Shooner & Assoc.), and Norman Dignard (Quebec herbarium, Quebec Department of Energy and Resources) for identifying plants. Studyarea The study was carried out on the east coast of James Bay at approximately 54° 17' N latitude (Fig. 1). This sector is ICWS, Ste-Foy, Quebec, 2 James Bay Energy Corporation, Montreal, Quebec. 3Eeyou Corporation, Chisasibi, Quebec. ! ~:~.;...~/ characterized by the presence of man . nds anej...islets and by a coastIine interrupted by many co '.lI9!.héhlts. The plant coyer forms a complex mosaic of habitats: sait marshes at the ends_-.9f bays, rocky coasts and islets fringed with vegetation, expanses of shrub, heathland with or without rocky outcrops and ponds, Eelgrass Zoslerq marina beds, and, inland from the coast, coniferous forest (Lalumière et al. 1989). At the time of our study, the Eelgrass beds and the lower portions of sorne salt marshes were still covered with ice, and there was still snow in sorne parts of the forest and shrub borders. Methods We examined seven Canada Geese shot by subsistence hunters. The geese were weighed to the nearest 50 g using a spring scale, and the length of the culmen (bill) was measured to within 0.1 mm using a vernier caliper. The age and sex of each specimen were determined by c10acal examination, and the age was verified by plumage characteristics (Hanson 1967). We removed the esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard from each goose using the method described by Carnpredon et al. (1982), modified in order not to render the other parts of the bird unusable by the hunters and their familles. ]n a few cases, tbis modification caused the esophagus to tear, but the Iittle food contained in the esophagus was retrieved. The digestive tracts and their contents were placed in plas· tic bags and preserved in 100/0 alcohoI. 0 In the laboratory, the digestive tracts were opened and the food items extracted and sorted; the contents of the esophagus and proventriculus· were analyzed together, separately from those of the gizzard. Each food item was identified, counted, oven-dried for 24 48 h, then weighed on an electronic scale to the nearest 0.01 g. We visited several coastal feeding sites to examine evidence of goose feeding and to collect plapt material for reference. ResuUs and discussion The age, sex, and measurements of the seven Canada Geese are shown in Table 1. The weights and culmen measurements confirm that the geese were ail of the race Branla canadensis interior, which nests in Ungava, around James Bay, and in the Hudson Bay lowlands (Hanson L962; Bellrose 1980). With the exception of one female less than one year old, ail were adults. The four adult females had well-developed ovaries, indicating that egg laying was immi· nent. The ovary.of the juvenile female was undeveloped, which is normal for a Canada Goose of that age. One of the geese contained no identifiable food material. The other six contained identifiable vegetable matter in the giz:zard, and one of them also had a little food in the provenCanada A member of the Conservation and Protection family ••• Environment Canada Environnement Canada Canadian Wildlife Service canadien Service de la faune Figure 1 Location of the hunting camp visited in May 1989


In this paper, a delayed Nicholson's blowflies model with a linear harvesting term is investigated. By transforming the model into an equivalent integral equation, and applying a fixed point theorem inc ones, we establish a sufficient condition which ensure the existence of positive almost periodic solutions for the Nicholson's blowflies model. The results of this paper are completely new and complement those of the previous studies. The approach is new.


Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis (POVT) is an uncommon but serious complication. Clinically it is a difficultly diagnosed entity, must be thought of as differential diagnosis in cases of postpartum acute abdomen. POVT may cause serious complications like sepsis, pulmonary embolism, thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and renal veins, and may cause death. It is often clinically indistinguishable from other causes of post partum acute pain. Most of the cases present as right loin and right iliac fossa pain, within initial 10 days of the puerperal period. This report presents a case of left ovarian vein thrombosis complicated by renal vein thrombosis presenting as left ureteric colic. The imaging findings illustrate the difficulty in clinical and radiological diagnosis of post-partum ovarian vein thrombosis, and thus highlight the need to include it as one of the differential diagnosis in such cases of post partum acute abdomen. Anti-coagulants and intravenous antibiotics remain the mainstay of treatment. Non-invasive investigations help in accurate diagnosis of POVT and a surgery can be avoided.


Background: Oximetry catheters immediately reflect changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation (Sv¯O2). We have used the Baxter 2‐SAT system to register changes in Sv¯O2 during early mobilizations after cardiac surgery. To assess catheter reliability, readings were compared to blood gases.


Carrying salt on one's back was a work in southwest minority areas, which was prevailing in inaccessible mountainous areas. This career reduced the inconvenience without water transport on the one hand, and solved the survival issue of poor people on the other hand. Carrying salt on back arose in Shizhu area for its special location and played an important role in the history of salt transport. With the rise of salt transport, the emergence and organization of poters had its own rules. Conflict arising between salt businesspersons and poters reflected the interest distribution. As an independent group, the poters had contributed to the economic development in the specific period. Because of the special nature, salt poters formed a unique profession culture. It not only shaped the poters' mind and character, but also triggered the cultural adjustment of regional economic structures.


Summary and Conclusions 1. Manure from cows of the Guernsey, Holstein and Jersey breeds during various physiological states has been, dried at 45° C. and assayed biologically for its content of male (androgenie) hormone. 2. It was observed that sexually mature non-pregnant heifers excrete male hormone at a level comparable to those of mature cows. 3. During the first two-thirds of pregnancy, no tendency for a rise in androgen excretion was observed. There was evidence of a preparturient rise in androgens. 4. With the advance of lactation, no change in androgen excretion was noted except when associated with the approach of the subsequent parturition. 5. Dried cow manure from the Guernsey and Holstein breeds appeared comparable in biological activity; the Jersey cows appeared to excrete slightly more male hormone. 6. It is suggested that the preparturient rise in androgen may be related to the marked rise in estrogen at the same time. 7. It is possible that androgens as well as estrogens play roles in the stimulation of the secretion of the lactogenic hormone by the pituitary at the time of parturition.


Co-design as a tactic of exploring and shaping possible futures would benefit from contributions of unwitting participants. That is, researchers gather information from them while performing some activities without participants being explicitly aware of it. We propose a platform that supports co-designers in capturing unwitting user-generated contributions and use them in the co-design of meaningful user experience for digitally augmented cultural heritage exhibitions. We report on a use case for ideating futures for cultural heritage and discuss the tradeoffs of involving unwitting participants in exploratory design as well as lessons learnt on the integration of users contributions into co-design processes.


Solomon, I think it is, who is credited with having said " There is nothing new under the sun." Whether this be true or not, we are daily forced to look at old things from new points; and in this paper I am endeavoring to view " veterinary dentistry" from a different point of view from the one which, it seems to me, most of us view it. We have regarded it too much, I fear, as some thing that needs no special attention from us as veterinary prac titioners beyond the point of " fixing a horse's mouth " when called upon to do so by coachman or trainer, and solely because they ask us to do so, not, as in other operations, because we de cide it is the thing to be done after examination of the subject. The cause, I think, for the suggestion to operate upon the teeth, usually emanating from the source mentioned instead of (as it should be) from the practitioner, is that we do not pay a suffi cient amount of attention to the horse's mouth. The result of this inattention on our part has made this particular branch of veter inary surgery a prey to empiricism and a menace to our practice laws in States where they exist. Having thus tried to establish what seems to me a fair justification for introducing this topic, and engaging your interest, I will say, from Solomon's view point, that I am not attempting to teach the members of this Asso ciation anything new, but simply wish to review with you, briefly, an old subject, which impresses me with greater importance as I look into it more closely, with the hope of provoking a discussion and learning something therefrom. Leaving aside the structure


In this study, Lu et al. investigated the repertoire of TBX2 (the antisenescence T-box family transcription repressor) target genes, its cooperating partners, and how TBX2 promotes proliferation and senescence bypass. Using melanoma as a model, they show that TBX2 lies downstream from PI3K signaling and that TBX2 binds and is required for expression of E2F1, a key antisenescence cell cycle regulator.


The third formula is written in the disordered tantalite form A1~O32 used by Nickel (I963a) in his description of wodginite. The microlite phase (AaB207) shows a deficiency of site A cations. This has been noted by several workers studying the pyrochloremicrolite series and ascribed to the leaching of Na and Ca ions (van der Veen, 1963). Borodin and Nazarenko 0957) related the deficiencies in a number of pyrochlores to the degree of hydration. On this evidence and Simpson's (I929) observations, the name calciotantalite should be finally discarded.


Research based on combination of high frequency data with Auto-regressive Conditional Duration(ACD) Model shows that ACD model can successfully describe the intensity of bargaining arrival.New development directions of ACD model are discussed based on the results.


Enabling reinforcement learning (RL) agents to leverage a knowledge base while learning from experience promises to advance RL in knowledge intensive domains. However, it has proven difficult to leverage knowledge that is not manually tailored to the environment. We propose to use the subclass relationships present in open-source knowledge graphs to abstract away from specific objects. We develop a residual policy gradient method that is able to integrate knowledge across different abstraction levels in the class hierarchy. Our method results in improved sample efficiency and generalisation to unseen objects in commonsense games, but we also investigate failure modes, such as excessive noise in the extracted class knowledge or environments with little class structure.


We describe an approach that we have explored for low-power synthesis and optimization of image, video, and digital signal processing (DSP) applications. In particular, we consider the systematic exploitation of data parallelism across the operations of an application dataflow graph when synthesizing a dedicated hardware implementation. Data parallelism occurs commonly in DSP applications, and provides flexible opportunities to increase throughput or lower power consumption. Exploiting this parallelism in a dedicated hardware implementation comes at the expense of increased resource requirements, which must be balanced carefully when applying the technique in a design tool. We propose a high level synthesis algorithm to determine the data parallelism factor for each computation, and, based on the area and performance trade-off curve, design an efficient hardware representation of the dataflow graph. For performance estimation, our approach uses a cyclostatic dataflow intermediate representation of the hardware structure under synthesis. We then apply an automatic hardware generation framework to build the actual circuit.


Numerous researches have shown the possibility to enhance indoor natural ventilation in buildings by using inclined solar chimneys, although most of them usually include determining an optimum tilt for the absorber, considering an inclination angle between maximum solar irradiation and best stack height. This paper resumes the investigation of a possibility to optimize solar irradiation on the absorber plane and also guarantee a considerable stack height, by using a chimney extension, which would be responsible to maintain a minimum height for the system, independently from the absorber inclination. Results of a building simulation were compared with outputs from an experimental test cell for calibration. Theoretical analyses were developed, aiming to evaluate the proposed system's performance. Results testify a significant airflow enhancement, demonstrating its viability to use as a natural ventilation strategy in a Brazilian low latitude location.


Filippo Strozzi's motives for building his great Florentine palace were described by his son Lorenzo in a well-known passage. Greedier for fame than possessions, interested in and well informed about building and not knowing a better means 'of preserving his memory,' Filippo resolved to construct 'in the midst of his other Strozzi [relatives]' a building 'which should bring renown to himself and all his [kinsmen] in Italy and abroad.' That Filippo's building activities caused an agreeable stir in Florence is common knowledge, but it is pleasant now to learn from the copious correspondence of the Strozzi family that the project did quickly bring him a wider renown—at the Estensi court in Ferrara, where the joys and advantages of monumental building were as well understood as anywhere in Renaissance Italy.


Favorable topographic gradients and channel bed aggradation are often cited as primers for river channel avulsion. Sylhet Basin in Bangladesh subsides relatively rapidly and presents a topographically favorable channel course for the Brahmaputra River. Holocene occupations of this region remained routed along the basin's western margin, depositing tens of meters of amalgamated channel sands but leaving the central basin under‐filled. The localized backwater effect from a seasonal lake that forms in Sylhet Basin, referred to as a "hydraulic barrier," has been proposed as a mechanism for keeping the channel pinned to the western margin. Using a 1‐D channel profile model and a 2‐D depth‐averaged hydrodynamic model, we test the preferred flow path between two possible channel courses under a range of physical conditions. Results show that the hydraulic barrier interpretation is implausible unless water depths are increased beyond the physical dimensions of Sylhet Basin. Reducing topographic slope along the two pathways does not sufficiently enhance the local backwater to steer the channel to the basin center. Only the introduction of a scoured antecedent channel along the western margin induces a strong preference for bypass of the central basin. These results corroborate field evidence that Holocene outburst floods scoured a paleochannel that became the preferred course for the Brahmaputra within Sylhet Basin in the mid to late Holocene. We conclude that modification of basin topography by large, infrequent flood events can exert a persistent influence on channel steering that is comparable to previously documented effects of monsoon variability and tectonic deformation.


Background: Early clinical exposure (ECE) is a teaching–learning methodology which promotes the acquaintance of dental students to patients during their initial 1st year of learning. It comprehends in a socioclinical perspective which supplements learning of correlation of health and disease as well as the role of the clinician. Materials and Methods: Study population includes a Cohort of 96 students of 1st year of Bachelor of Dental Sciences (I BDS). From I BDS, 48 students (Group A = interventional group) were selected as cases and 48 as controls (Group B = control group) by simple random sampling. Group A students were exposed to a module of ECE prepared in a clinical/hospital setting. Group B students were exposed to didactic learning of the selected content of syllabus. After intervention, the students' understanding of the topic for both Group A and B was evaluated by a prepared questionnaire (posttest). The effectiveness of this adjunct learning tool ECE was calculated using the absolute learning gain (ALG), relative learning gain (RLG), and normalized gain. Results: The significantly enhanced posttest score was observed in Group A (7.72 ± 1.42) as compared to Group B (4.08 ± 0.64). The ALG, RLG, and normalized gain were higher with ECE as an adjunct learning tool as compared to didactic learning. On analysis of the perceptions after feedback, it was observed that overall, 92.05% of the students strongly agreed that the ECE was a very appreciable, practically oriented teaching–learning tool and validated the better learning experience. Conclusion: ECE could be a better and effective adjunct teaching–learning tool in the dental discipline.


Over many decades, researchers from a diverse number of disciplines have developed theoretical and methodological approaches to the systematic study of small groups, in particular the construct of group cohesion. A considerable amount of empirical and conceptual work has been published on group cohesion but controversy still remains as to its definition and measurement due to the diverse range of theoretical and methodological perspectives generated from research conducted within disciplinary silos. The research reported in this thesis adopts a multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional approach to investigate group cohesion. The integration of insights derived from three different perspectives (functional, social network and temporal) as well as multiple construct dimensions (task vs. social cohesion and individual vs. group variables) has the potential to enhance the understanding of group cohesion, more so than past investigations of the construct limited by the boundaries of particular disciplines. The longitudinal investigation increase knowledge of influential drivers of change in group cohesion but in combining traditional survey research with social network analysis, the research also enables a greater understanding of the connection between the cognitive, behavioural and structural elements of cohesiveness in small groups. The research addresses three major areas of cohesion research: • perceptions versus behaviour related to task and social cohesion; • network structure (the longitudinal evolution of network structure); and • network dynamics (mechanisms that lead to tie formation). In particular the following research questions were addressed: RQ1: To what extent do group member perceptions of task and social cohesion change over time? RQ2: To what extent do group members' task and social networks change over time, which in turn affects task and social cohesion? RQ3: What generative mechanisms drive change in both task and social networks that reflect the field of forces affecting task and social cohesion over time? To address research question one, the first study utilised a survey design to identify and compare multi-dimensional levels of group cohesion over five points in time. The second study addressed research question two by longitudinally investigating group members' task and social networks using various social network measures of group cohesion. To address research question three, the research used actor-orientated longitudinal network analysis to determine the generative mechanisms driving change in cohesion within both task and social networks. Two analytical programs were used for analysing change in both separate and joint networks over time. The modelling tools included endogenous and exogenous effects to identify the generative mechanisms driving change in the networks. The stochastic modelling occurs in two stages: firstly, structural modelling of both networks separately over time, and secondly, joint modelling of multivariate networks over time. Both approaches are based on exponential random graph models. The results in Study 1 determined a significant change in perceptions of group cohesion over time. The measures for individual attraction to the group due to both task and social aspects and group integration based on social attraction exhibited significant change over time while the group integration based on task attraction did not. The changes that occurred were varied in direction for each of the variables. The change in perceptions of cohesion from Study 1 was contradicted by the changes identified in cohesive network behaviour in Study 2. For example, participants indicated a decrease in perceptions of cohesion in the traditional survey method in time three, yet network data showed cohesive behaviour was at its peak, indicating a difference between how group members perceived levels of cohesion and their cohesive behaviour over time. In Study 3, social network analysis was used to examine the statistical models for both longitudinal univariate and multivariate network structures and the influence of attributes on tie formation. Separately, the social network analysis over time found the reciprocity estimate significant and positive, which indicates that people tend to interact with one another at a social level and the interaction, tends to be mutual. Similar findings were found for the task network, except the changes were less frequent. When both networks are analysed jointly, the analysis suggest that decisions by individuals to form ties in task and social networks are interconnected. This connection demonstrates the cohesive strength of the network, also known as multiplexity. In addition, attributes such as tenure, gender and position also proved to be significant influences on the separate and joint networks. The research demonstrates new contributions to theory, methods and practice not only by combining three small group research disciplines but also through longitudinal multivariate network analysis. The combination of a traditional survey approach and network analysis to measure and model multi-dimensional group cohesion over time is unique. Even though one group of 30 people was used in this analysis, the current research stands as a pilot for this type of approach. The prospect of future expansion of this work into evaluating multiple levels of cohesion with multiple types of groups is promising.


The data warehouses are considered modern ancient techniques, since the early days for the relational databases, the idea of the keeping a historical data for reference when it needed has been originated, and the idea was primitive to create archives for the historical data to save these data, despite of the usage of a special techniques for the recovery of these data from the different storage modes. This research applied of structured databases for a trading company operating across the continents, has a set of branches each one has its own stores and showrooms, and the company branch's group of sections with specific activities, such as stores management, showrooms management, accounting management, contracts and other departments. It also assumes that the company center exported software to manage databases for all branches to ensure the safety performance, standardization of processors and prevent the possible errors and bottlenecks problems. Also the research provides this methods the best requirements have been used for the applied of the data warehouse (DW), the information that managed by such an applied must be with high accuracy. It must be emphasized to ensure compatibility information and hedge its security, in schemes domain, been applied to a comparison between the two schemes (Star and Snowflake Schemas) with the concepts of multidimensional database. It turns out that Star Schema is better than Snowflake Schema in (Query complexity, Query performance, Foreign Key Joins),And finally it has been concluded that Star Schema center fact and change, while Snowflake Schema center fact and not change.


Objective To evaluate the risk factors causing nosocomial infection in patients with diabetes mellitus and provide evidence for the control of nosocomial infection. Methods Analysis was made for 607 cases with diabetes mellitus. Results Sixty-seven patients (11.04%) developed nosocomial infection, the most common infection site was respiratory tract, which accounting for 55.22%, the patients' age 60, history of disease more than 5 years, hospitalization period 4 weeks, patients with complication and traumatic teatment were factors for the increase of nosocomial infection. Conclusion In order to reduce the rate of nosocomial infection in patients with diabetes mellitus, it is very important to control the risk factors and respiratory tract infection.


It is shown that, in certain cases, the measured value of the Righi-Leduc coefficient and thermal resistivity might be significantly different from that which would be obtained in the absence of the phonon contribution to the thermal current. Of particular interest is the possibility of measuring the lattice conductivity in pure uncompensated metals even though it might be three orders of magnitude smaller than the electronic thermal conductivity.


The gas pinhole is the most common defect of aluminum and aluminum alloys fusion weld,which root is there is hydrogen in the molten weld pool.This paper expounds the formation mechanism of the gas pinhole in argon arc weld,and puts forward some measures for preventing the gas pinholes.


1. In the blood of an animal injected with a dose of the fixed virus of rabies, the number of leucocytes decreases after injection of the virus, then begins to increase with the first symptoms of the disease and still increases in the paralytic stage. Just before death the number of leucocytes has reached twice or more that before injection.In the acute course of the disease (2 days), however, it has shown a tendency to decrease in number.2. The number of lymphocytes, which gradually increase after injection, begins to decrease just before the appearance of symptoms, and then falls to one-seventh of the normal number.3. The number of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes decreases gradually after injection, begins to increase with the first symptoms and in paralytic stage, and just before death it runs up even to twice the normal number.4. The large mononuclears and intermediate forms show a tendency to increase gradually in number after the appearance ofthe symptoms and at last reach twice the normal number, 5. No remarkable change could be found in the eosinophilic and basophilic leucocytes, though a slight decrease in the number could be traced.6. The myelocyte and metamyelocyte count has shown an increase in the paralytic stage.7. Any abnormal types of erythrocytes could not be found, but sometimes something like the Howell Jolly's corpuscles could be seen.8. In the blood of the control animal, injected with a dose of emulsion made from the normal brain, no change but a slight lymphocyte gain took place.9. With regard to the distribution of the rabies virus in various organs of the infected body, it has been found that the brain, spinal cord and nervous plexus are always virulent, and the aqueous humor and submaxirally glands in all cases contain the virus. Adrenals, pancreas, liver, and lymphatic glands are sometimes virulent but the blood, spleens, lungs, kidneys, lachrymal glands, muscles, and bone marrow are quite free from the virus.10. From the fact that no blood forming organs are always virulent and that there has been observed a remarkable change in the leucocyte count, I agree the opinion of Koyano and am inclined to assume that the change in the blood is due to a stimulant which might be produced by the action of rabies toxin.I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. N, Nitta for his helpful suggestions, and Mr. S. Kondo for his kind leading and Mr. Y. Fukuyama for his perpetual assistance in this work.


A typical head-up display (HUD) system incorporates a video camera for recording the HUD symbology and the scene outside the cockpit. When using a HUD video camera (HVC) with a zero-power holographic combiner, the brightness of the HUD symbology seen by the camera changes significantly as a function of vertical field angle because the holographic combiner's reflectance characteristics are angularly sensitive and optimized for the pilot's eye position. A holographic combiner design is presented that overcomes this problem while simultaneously maintaining high reflectance of the phosphor's light to the pilot and high visual transmittance. The combiner contains an additional holographic layer tuned to the blue emission of the P53 phosphor as viewed from the HVC, taking advantage of the HVC's high sensitivity in the blue. The reflectance of the additional hologram is tapered to achieve minimum brightness variation at the HVC. The response of the additional hologram as viewed by the pilot shifts towards the ultra-violet and is thus nearly invisible. Theoretical and measured performance of the combiner are presented.


This paper summarizes our findings on the effects of protons and neutral salt ions on intermolecular interactions and the self-organization of nucleotide systems in aqueous media, both at monomer and polymer levels. To gain quantitative information about these processes, methods were developed to determine the thermodynamic parameters of monomer association from the data obtained by various experimental techniques (NMR, UV spectroscopy, and spin labeling) and to estimate the individual contributions of base stacking and H-bonding in ordered structures of polynucleotides and their complexes. The main results obtained using these methods are as follows. (i) A difference was discovered in the effects of positive and negative charges on the stacking interaction between ionized and neutral molecules of nucleic heterocycles. Protonation strongly decreases the heterocycle ability to form ordered stacks whereas deprotonation slightly affects stacking. (ii) Base–phosphate interaction, which has not yet really been investigated, was studied. This interaction, along with base stacking, governs nucleotide association in water media. It appears upon protonation of the base moiety and increases with decreasing ionic strength. (iii) Base stacking was found to become stronger under the action of salt anions stabilizing the water structure and it became weaker under the action of destabilizing salt anions, both in monomer and polymer systems, which is indicative of an indirect mechanism of the anionic effects. It is essential that small salt ion additives acting by such a "distance" mechanism can affect the formation of ordered structures in nucleotide systems as strong as the direct interaction of the bases with protons. (iv) The results obtained suggest that an increase in solvent entropy upon the self-organization of nucleotide systems in aqueous media may be an important factor promoting these processes. (v) As follows from our data, specific weakening or strengthening of intermolecular interactions by protons and salt ions at small, physiological-range changes in pH or solvent salt composition seems to be an effective regulatory mechanism for the functioning of nucleotide systems.


4-Benzyl-2-hydroxy-1, 4-oxazin-3-one could be synthesized from glyoxylic acid and N-benzylethanolamine. The effect of reaction condition on yield were researched by orthogonal experiment, the optimum condition were as follows: mole ratio of glyoxylic acid to N-benzylethanolamine 2:1, reaction time 26 h, THF 35 mL, temperature 65 ℃. Under these conditions, the product yield was 62%. And to further study influence of the temperature and molar ratio on the reaction yield.


A multivariableslidingcontroller is designedfora nonlinear boiler-turbine system. Toeliminate chattering in sliding mode control, a boundary layer around the switch surface is used. By means of redefining the system outputs, the internal dynamic subsystem is eliminated and the whole stability is achieved. Simulation results show that the designed controller has good abilities in tracking and robustness.


Title of Thesis: A BRAVE SPACE FOR COMMUNITY: BOLSTERING K-12 THEATRE EDUCATION FOR DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND INCLUSION Degree Candidate: Tylor S. Loest Degree and Year: Master of Arts in Arts Administration, 2019 Major Paper Directed by: Gregory Lucas Welsh Center for Graduate and Professional Studies Goucher College Changes in and enhanced access to K-12 theatre education can create greater long-term diversity, equity, and inclusion in American theatre. Recent data on theatre participation demonstrates audience participants to be primarily white, older, and highly educated. This group of participants is aging and decreasing their attendance. This paper explores how twentieth-century suburban growth, racial discrimination, and widening income inequality led to a system of Opportunity Hoarding. This opportunity for early arts-access, created predominantly for white Americans, aided their lifelong participation. As America shifts to a majority-minority in 2045, classrooms will begin to become more racially and ethnically diverse beginning around 2020. The second part of this paper examines how practices of the twentieth century created a diversity gap in the classroom, failing to reflect today's students and communities. This gap hinders students from fully embracing lifelong participation in theatre. Findings of this paper demonstrate how professional theatres and community arts and cultural organizations, through a social justice lens for community engagement, can aid schools in eliminating bias within K-12 theatre education to build future participants. To combat widening income inequality, these arts and cultural leaders can work with students and communities to meet their needs in gaining access to live theatre. Finally, with public schools focused on standardized tests and the charge to fill science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers by 2020, access to K-12 theatre education must be redefined to restore its place among core areas of study. The creation of a brave space for community building in schools for K-12 theatre education can aid in increasing test scores, developing social-emotional skills, re-engage civil discourse, and move STEM to STEAM. These changes can result in enhanced access to K-12 theatre education. This early exposure to theatre will build a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive American theatre. A BRAVE SPACE FOR COMMUNITY: BOLSTERING K-12 THEATRE EDUCTION FOR DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND INCLUSION


The present invention provides an LED light source comprising a LED lens and the LED lens. The LED lens has a center curved face of the incidence surface (1) and bottom (2), the side surface of the exit surface (3), in addition comprising a first upper curved surface (4) and the second upper curved surface (5), further, It said first upper curved surface (4) comprises a scattering microstructure (6) provided in the curved surface (5) on the second, a bright circular pattern at the location the LED light intensity distribution of the scattering microstructures (6) position and corresponds, by the light rays forming the bright ring pattern emitted scattered emitted through the first upper curved surface (4) the second upper curved surface (5), the LED light-emitting chips rays without changing the main direction of travel of, since it is possible to lightly scattering emit light at a position that forms a bright annular fringe ones thereof, whereas decreases intensities of light at the position of the bright ring pattern of said LED light source, strengthen the light intensity at the position of the dark ring pattern of said LED light source It is possible to improve the uniformity of light intensity distribution of the LED light source.


The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) conducts maritime surveillance operations in order to deter non-state threats such as terrorism or illegal fishing. RAAF aircraft search various areas of ocean in order to classify as many ships as possible in the shortest possible time. This resembles the traditional Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) but with many interesting variations – the "cities" (ships) are moving, time windows and precedence constraints are present, a total route length limit is enforced and the position of ships is usually only discovered as the route is flown. While the TSP itself is well-studied, these variations are not, particularly when grouped together as is the case with maritime surveillance.


A Solar Powered Immersive Heavy Metal & Nitrate Filter for Bodies of Water Water pollution has been one of the most dangerous environmental risks resulting in negative health outcomes worldwide, especially amongst underrepresented communities. Although there are interventions to reduce pollutants from entering waterways, there ar en't solutions to remove pollution when the damage is already done. The purpose of this project is to create a device that would extract harmful pollutants from bodies of water using an immersive two-step filtration system. It's been reported that more tha n 600,000 children in the U.S alone are born with mercury blood levels at high measurements linked to low IQs and birth defects (Ocean Health Index 2018). Nitrate contamination has been increasing exponentially, in three states, 60% of the communities have elevated levels. Excessive nitrate compounds have been linked to carcinogens that evoke cancer risk and respiratory problems. According to the data collected from the test strips, the mercury decreased by 100%. The test strips indicated that, before filtering the ocean water, the water was contaminated by 0.005pm. According to the test strip, the maximum US EPA contaminant level is 0.002.The percentage of the nitrate was calculated by using the test strip. The maximum nitrate level on the chart is 160 ppm. Before testing the ocean it was 20 out of 160 ppm-which is also over the limit for the rules and regulation of nitrate contamination. After filtering the ocean water, it decreased to 5.0ppm. This means, the nitrate was initially 12.5% and decreased to 3.125%, therefore, the percent decrease is 9.375%.


In order to eliminate harmonic pollution and improve power factor of the rectifier,the control strategy of three phase voltage source PWM rectifier is researched because it has the characteristic such as steady output voltage,unity power factor and so on.The SVPWM control technology is introduced and applied to the design of three-phase aviation voltage source rectifier(VSR) in this paper.The design of AC voltage modulation circuit and DC output voltage circuit and the corresponding software are finished.The experiment results show that the phase of input current is identical with its input voltage,and the rectifier realizes unity power factor by adopting the SVPWM current control technology.


This invention relates to a method and apparatus for flexibly controlling prepaid telecommunications charges. A scratch card recharge arrangement is used to prepay for future telecommunications calls. A flexible arrangement is provided to translate between the face value of a scratch card and the amount of telecommunications charges authorized for that scratch card. Advantageously, different vendors of scratch cards may provide different amounts of service for a scratch card with a given face value.


The introduction has a brief statement, sufficient for the purpose of this paper, which describes in general terms the notion of probability logic on which the paper is based. Contributions made in the eighteenth century by Leibniz, Jacob Bernoulli and Lambert, and in the nineteenth century by Bolzano, De Morgan, Boole, Peirce and MacColl are critically examined from a contemporary point of view. Historicity is maintained by liberal quotations from the original sources accompanied by interpretive explanation. Concluding the paper is a summary.


To verify the stiffness, the natural vibration and the reliability of the continuous casting machine in the configuration of dynamic soft reduction. Firstly, the three-dimensional model of the segment frame was established and the finite element simulation of the structure was carried out. Then, the deviation of the roll gap in the working process of the caster was measured by analog loading test. The results show that the stiffness of the segment frame of the continuous casting machine meets the requirements. Using dynamic soft reduction can improve the centerline segregation of casting slab in the process of continuous casting, which is of important practical significance in the production practice.


Student engagement has been widely hailed as the solution to all that ails higher education but there is little agreement on the meaning or ambit of the term. Similarly, literature concerning 'non-traditional' students is characterised by a multiplicity of meanings and assumptions, seldom spelled out, ascribed to the term, which is nonetheless imbued with analytical and predictive significance. This paper uses data from early stages of the research to illustrate the importance of conceptual clarity in a study of engaging nontraditional students, illuminated through the lens of the Marxian notion of 'chaotic conceptions'. The paper examines the ideological work being done in disguising interests and inequities through the use of chaotic conceptions and uses the examples of students who define themselves as 'non-traditional' in their own study contexts to illustrate the problems of deploying such chaotic conceptions for purposes beyond description. Introduction Research needs to have conceptual clarity if it is to be useful and usable. There is a need for consistency in the use of terminology to allow meaningful discussion and debate between studies of phenomena observed. Also, researchers and other readers (and users) of research need to understand without ambiguity what is included, or excluded, by concepts that are deployed and what their explanatory weight can reasonably be expected to be. A study undertaken in Scotland to explore the engagement of 'nontraditional' students at university and the effects of this engagement on bs_bs_banner Higher Education Quarterly, 0951-5224 DOI: 10.1111/hequ.12071 Volume 69, No. 3, July 2015, pp 295–310 © 2015 The Author. Higher Education Quarterly published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Background The world incidence of vertebral fractures is quite high. Vertebralfractures often cause neurological deficits due to spinal cord injury. So far therehas been no research, particularly in Indonesia, which examined the correlationbetween level of vertebral fractures and its neurological deficit.Method The research design is analytical observational cross-sectional design.Research sample is patients with fractured vertebrae in Surgery InpatientInstallation Dr. Soetomo Surabaya Hospital starts from January 2010 to December2010. Researchers find link between the level of vertebral fracture with the degreeof neurological deficits in patients with vertebral fractures in the Surgery InpatientInstallation Dr. Soetomo Surabaya Hospital starts from January 2010 to December2010.Results There are 105 cases of vertebral fractures in the Surgery InpatientInstallation Dr. Soetomo Surabaya Hospital in 2010, most of the cases arethoracolumbal vertebral fractures by 34 cases (32.38%), the largest degree ofneurological deficit in the region of the cervical spine fracture was Frankel A asmany as 10 cases (45.45%), thoracal region was Frankel A as many as 11 cases(57.89%), thoracolumbal region is Frankel E as many as 23 cases (67.64%),lumbar region is the Frankel E as many as 21 cases (70%), most of the vertebralfractures happened on man of 83 cases (79.04%) and the age group is 30-39 years(25.71%) with a mean age of 40.09 years old.Conclusion It can be concluded that there is a significant difference between thelevel of vertebral fractures with degree of neurological deficit (p-value = 0.046)and there is a weak correlation between the level of vertebral fractures with degreeof neurological deficit (Pearson correlation +0.269).


A system and method for tracking and locating an RFID tag, comprising: wherein the at least one steerable phased array antenna controlled by the at least one steerable phased-array antenna using beam transmitted through the beam steering unit and the controller associated therewith direction, the label can be located and three-dimensional projects associated with the real time.


Hypercholesterolaemia is a pivotal risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and is treated with many effective lipid‐lowering agents. Statins are often used alone or in combination with ezetimibe. Combination therapy is more effective because of its complementary approach, which has major benefits for patients with unmanageable lipid levels. Extensive application of combination therapy has resulted in an increased incidence of side‐effects, which has raised our concern.


The paper compares the impact of two type of clock models onto the stability of the estimates and its time offset prediction error. The two types of clock models are the classical three state model and one which is extended by additional Markov states. The extension has got the capability to model Flicker noise which is dominant for averaging times longer than 1 day for different clock types, eg. Cesium clock. The performance of both models is compared by simulating a typical laboratory assemble consisting of two Active Hydrogen Masers (AHM) and three Cesium clocks. In particular, the prediction performance to time intervals up to two weeks is addressed since this is of relevance for UTC applications.


Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an inverse imaging technique used to reconstruct resistive distributions. Some EIT inverse methods, such as the Gauss-Newton method, use the finite element method in the forward problem to solve for the Jacobian matrix. The authors detail methods to improve the solution time in the forward problem and accurate Jacobian calculation. The first suggestion is to keep the same node grounded for all projection angles by floating the current source. Details of an optimised Jacobian formation are also presented including full exploitation by sparse vector methods. The application of EIT to interface pressure distribution measurements makes use of a pressure sensitive resistive mat that can be cut to any shape or size. This flexibility can be taken advantage of and a square or rectangular domain comprising square bilinear elements is chosen. The sparse matrix nested dissection node renumbering algorithm then gives further speed advantages and also enables best optimisation with sparse vector techniques.


Received: 10 March 2019 Accepted: 1 June 2019 For effective removal of noises in seismic signals, this paper proposes an adaptive threshold denoising algorithm that integrates wavelet transform with entropy and inter-scale correlation (EIS) model. Firstly, noisy signals were decomposed by discrete wavelet transform, the highfrequency sub-bands on each scale were divided into equal subintervals, and the wavelet entropies of the subintervals were computed one by one. Secondly, the correlation coefficients of sampling points on each scale were calculated, and then compared with the high-frequency coefficients at corresponding positions. The comparison results, coupled with the wavelet entropies, were determine the noise variance of high-frequency sub-bands on each scale. Finally, the signals were reconstructed from the above results according to the new threshold function and the self-adaptive threshold rule. The experimental results show that our method outperformed several popular denoising approaches in terms of signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mean squared error (MSE).


Modern economic Textbooks do not pay to much attention to the question of Seigniorage. If it is treated it is in the vast majority approached from a theoretical rather an institutional perspective. Instead of highlighting institutional differences between different monetary systems, a theoretical framework of a monetary system is presented. This may not be a disadvantage for "theory oriented" textbooks. This depends, however, on institutional change. The theoretical framework should reflect or be built upon the current institutional realities. In modern macroeconomic textbooks written by mainstream as well of heterodox scholars the monetary system is today more and more represented as a credit system. This change has not yet influenced the treatments of Seigniorage. Lacking behind a theoretical treatment of the revenue from Seigniorage for a credit system is problematic. It seduces to carry over insights which – as will be shown here – might turn out to be false under different institutional circumstances. In this paper theoretical frameworks for the revenue from Seigniorage for different institutional settings will be developed. On this basis differences and similarities between the systems can be highlighted and assigning false properties can be avoided. The two main result are, first: the Chicago-rule in its classical form does not hold for a credit system, and second: the inflationary pressure of fiat systems cannot be carried over to other institutional settings. JEL Classifications: B00, B40, D50, E31 Draft handed in for: 15 FMM Conference, Berlin, October 28 29, 2011 1 Jens Reich, M.Sc. in Economics, M.A. in Political Theory, contact: Goethe-University Frankfurt, Grüneburgplatz 1, RuW, Fach 70, D-60629 Frankfurt, Phone: +49 69/798–34757, email: firstname.lastname@example.com Seigniorage is defined as the government's revenue from the creation of money, which is usually ensured by a monopoly. The next question then is, what is money and how is it supplied? Many definitions of money can be found in the literature. In modern textbooks money is defined by a record of characteristics, which is referred to as its functions. The most common functions are: means of exchange, store of value, unit of account, and means of deferred payments. Such definitions, as common as they may be, provide difficulties for the treatment of Seigniorage. "Money" issued by the government may fulfill all of these characteristics but it is almost never the only means for these functions. Looking at the subject from an institutional perspective makes it necessary to relate the theoretical characteristics to specific "objects" of reality. To be able to restrict the analysis to those "objects" which relate to the government's Seigniorage a further characteristic shall be added. Regarding the revenue from Seigniorage the analysis is restricted to that part of the money stock which is issued by the legal authorities. This part of the monetary stock will be referred to as currency including not only coins but all kinds of money issued by the government, independent of their physical material. Thus, despite the fact that the government may issue paper, gold coins or anything else, if it is issued by the local authority it will be referred to as currency. Thus all currency is money, but not all money is currency. Seigniorage can therefore be defined as the revenue from the provision of the national currency. There have been different definitions and terms in the literature to restrict the analysis in similar manners. Keynes uses the expression of legal-tender money (see Keynes 1923, p. 44). Seigniorage is usually distinguished into monetary, or gross Seigniorage (S), and fiscal Seigniorage (S), or net Seigniorage. Monetary Seigniorage is defined as the whole amount of Seigniorage generated. Fiscal Seigniorage is defined as the revenue after allowances for different sorts of cost from the provision of the currency have been made. The difference between the two depend (among other influences) on the costs generated by sustaining the monetary system, operational cost of the monetary authorities and gains or losses from foreign exchange trade. For a more detailed treatment of the institutional differences influencing the gap between gross and net Seigniorage see Klein and Neumann (1990) or Bofinger, Reischle, and Schächter (1996, p. 53 ff.). For a closed economy, with no direct lending to the government by the monetary authorities the difference between fiscal and monetary Seigniorage can roughly be reduced to the fixed operational cost of the monetary authorities (C). (1.1) S = S – C. Seigniorage is one of the oldest economic questions addressed. It can be found for example in the writings of Nicholas Oresme writing in the 14 century or in the dispute between the Saxon princes of the 16 century. Oresme argues especially against the debasement of coins which is as well at the 2 Knapp uses the expression "money things". core of the dispute between the Albertians and Ernestinians of the Saxon controversy (for an overview see Schefold 2004). The modern treatment of Seigniorage can at least be traced back to Keynes, who stated that: "A government can live for a long time, even the German government or the Russian government, by printing paper money. That is to say, it can by this means secure the command over real resources, resources just as real as those obtained by taxation. The method is condemned, but its efficacy, up to a point, must be admitted. A government can live by this means when it can live by no other. It is the form of taxation which the public find hardest to evade and even the weakest government can enforce, when it can enforce nothing else" (Keynes 1923, p. 37). Keynes assumes a institutional framework which shall here be referred to as a fiat currency. Such a fiat currency can be printed by the government at its free will and which is issued through government spending. Such a currency is therefore exogenously supplied to the economy. Treatments of Seigniorage based upon such a monetary system can be found in almost all publications on the topic. This includes the classical works on the subject such as Auernheimer (1974, p. 600), Bailey (1956, p. 102), Cagan (1956, p. 25 ff.), Calvo (1978, p. 506), Chamley (1985, p. 37), Fisher (1982, p. 301), Friedman (1948 and 1971, p. 846), Hawtrey (1930, p. 210 f.), Keynes (1923, p. 37), Klein and Neumann (1990, p. 209), Mankiw (1987, p. 327), McCallum (1983), and Niehans (1980, p. 141), as well as more recent publications on the topic such as Abel, Bernanke, and Croushore (2011, p. 598), Blanchard and Fisher (1989, p. 179 and p. 514), Bofinger, Reischle, and Schächter (1996, p. 48), Borchert (2003, p. 50), Cecchetti (2008, p. 474), Heijdra and Pleog (2002 p. 348 ff.), Issing (2011, p. 256), Jarchow (1993, p. 314), Ljungqvist, L. and T. J. Sargent (2004, p. 861, and p. 918), Romer (2001, p. 510), Tobin (1986, p. 11), Trehan and Walsh (1990, p. 98), Walsh (2003, p. 137), or Woodford (1995)). There are, of course, slight differences among these authors. Some new classical authors determine inflation via the public deficit, others determine the public deficit via the rate of interest. Some authors – for instance see Auernheimer (1974), Calvo (1978), Chamley (1985) and Woodford (1995) – work in continuous time frameworks while most authors prefer to model in discrete time. Abel, Bernanke, and Croushore (2011, p. 598) analyze the Seigniorage for a stationary economy and therefore suggest that Seigniorage is limited to inflationary gains. This is similar to the treatment of Friedman (1948) and Bailey (1956). Others, such as Burton and Lombra (2006), Cecchetti (2008), Fisher (1982), or Mishkin (2007) take a international perspective, arguing that using a foreign currency is expensive in terms of forgone Seigniorage revenue. Klein and Neumann (1990) highlight the institutional differences between countries and their impact on gap between monetary and fiscal Seigniorage. The theoretical core of the authors mentioned above is however 3 Further authors to incorporate here – Azpilcueta 1556, Ortiz 1558, Serra – Lessius 1572, Hornigk – Justi – James Steuarts – John Law – Smith 1776 – Ricardo 1824 – Mill – Marshall almost identical and there is no substantial difference to be found in their analysis, except for the limited scope of some works (e.g. restricting to a stationary economy). A second group of authors define Seigniorage for an exogenously supplied fiat currency as the opportunity cost, or avoided interest payments for the government. While the former approach focused on flows of currency, this definition focuses on the stock of currency. If the government finances expenditure by issuing non-interest bearing currency instead of issuing interest bearing bonds it avoids at least partly interest payments to the public. This reduces the financing cost of the government which can also be interpreted as Seigniorage. Such a definition can be found in the already mentioned Burton and Lombra (2006, p. 651) as well as in Bofinger, Reischle, and Schächter (1996, p. 48), Klein and Neumann (1990, p. 209), Mishkin (2007, p. 386), Phelps (1973, p. 68) or Riese (1986, p. 125). From a theoretical perspective these approaches are similar and can be related to each other and under some assumptions even become the same. Empirically, however, they lead to different estimates of Seigniorage. Their biggest similarity can be found in the institutional underpinnings. The authors of both approaches assume what has been labeled a fiat currency, even thou some do not explicitly refer to the institutional settings (but implicitly assume them). However, there are other monetary regimes possible, and some authors – even thou loosely – mention the existence or possibility of different institutional settings, such as the revenue from Seigniorage from issuing metal coins. However, none of these authors develops an analytical frame


We establish new results on the weak containment of quasi‐regular and Koopman representations of a second countable locally compact group G$G$ associated with nonsingular G$G$ ‐spaces. We deduce that any two boundary representations of a hyperbolic locally compact group are weakly equivalent. We also show that nonamenable hyperbolic locally compact groups with a cocompact amenable subgroup are characterized by the property that any two proper length functions are homothetic up to an additive constant. Combining those results with the work of Ł. Garncarek on the irreducibility of boundary representations of discrete hyperbolic groups, we deduce that a type I hyperbolic group with a cocompact lattice contains a cocompact amenable subgroup. Specializing to groups acting on trees, we answer a question of C. Houdayer and S. Raum.