Digital signal processing (DSP) applications commonly depend on multiplication and inner product operations in varying precisions. Creating application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for these operations can be too expensive or too time consuming while off-the-shelf programmable DSP chips may have insufficient performance. As an alternative solution for application-specific designs, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) offer hardware reconfigurability with the ease of software programming. This paper explores variable precision multiplication and inner product computations with the Xilinx XC4010 FPGA. We present a modular approach that is easily tailored to any precision.


In recent years providing potable water for humans has become a major problem, especially in rural and remote regions. In the last few decades, methods of providing potable water using solar radiation have proved that there are methods without negative impacts. Solar is a solution and attractive alternative to still non-potable water without adverse consequences on ecosystems. Researchers have presented the results of their investigations in journals, using experimental, numerical, and analytical forms through the study of solar still performance in native climatic conditions. This paper undertakes an extensive review of recent modeling processes in solar stills and the thermal models proposed and derived for different types of solar stills and the modifications recommended to enhance efficiency and performance. During the selection of appropriate geometry and belonging components, this evaluation demonstrates that numerous designs and characteristics are useful in terms of productivity and efficiency. According to the reviewed results, the definition of concentration ratio is a fundamental concept for evaluating the evaporative heat transfer coefficient in relation to the convective heat transfer coefficient. Employing phase change materials, the results reveal that a large mass of PCM produces less solar still productivity, whereas increasing the PCM to water mass ratio from 10 to 100 reduces productivity by up to 30%. Using a parabolic concentrator, results show that productivity can be increased by 56 and 38.5% in the winter and summer, respectively.


Objective:To explore the validity of instructional methods of the asthma patient using the Meter Dosage Inhaler(MDI).Method: We picked 104 asthma patients who came to our outpatient clinic from January,2004 to November,2007 and divided them into three groups named as A,B and C at randomly.Group A only read the instruction for use by themselves,Group A doctor explained the using method to group B,but explained and demonstrated simultaneously to group C.After that,all of the Subjects were required to use the MDI immediately.Result: Group C did a better job in using the MDI significantly than the other two groups(P0.005).Conclusion: It is a better way that the doctor explain and demonstrate simultaneously when teaching the patient how to use MDI.


JAAKKO PIHLAJASALO: Improvement of satellite orbit prediction accuracy and quality with deep learning and spectral analysis Tampere University of Technology Master of Science thesis, 47 pages, 0 Appendix pages October 2017 Master's Degree Programme in Science and Engineering Major: Mathematics Examiner: Ph.D. Helena Leppäkoski, Ph.D. Simo Ali-Löytty and Prof. Robert Piché


The aim of this action research is improving students' reading comprehension skills, using local conditions based teaching materials. The comprehension in this research means understanding of the main ideas, facts, opinions, comparisons, and the opposition. Types of data in this research used is the learning process data and student learning outcomes data. Data collected by observation techniques, the study documents, and test. Key instrument of this research is the researcher himself, by making use of supporting instruments in the form of guidelines for observation, document analysis, and test items. Validity test of the data carried by persistent observation, triangulation, and peer review. Data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques of interactive models and simple quantitative analysis. Action research conducted in two cycles. The results of this research is reading instruction using  local conditions based reading materialscan: (a) (1) increasing students' schemata about reading, (2) improving the readiness of self and mental students to understand the content of reading, and (3) increasing the curiosity to the contents of reaing materials; (b) can lead students to determine the purpose of reading; (c). improving student proficiency suggests that information gained from reading and discussion group; and (d) improving students' speaking skills through brainstorming and improving students' writing skills through written information obtained from literature. Kata Kunci : pembelajaran, keterampilan membaca, bahan ajar berbasis lokal, sekolah dasar


Veneer horizontal consolidation machine new technology mainly adopts machine vision of some control detection method based on machine vision I tried to the detection device used in the production process of veneer joining together. The basic principle of this new technology is in veneer test, using image sensors to collect veneer size and defect status, again through the system of image sensor OCR size, shape, veneer characteristics, pixel parameters, such as calculated by measuring, discriminate veneer appearance of the manifestation of the specimen of veneer characteristics of processing judgments and will test results signal to PLC control system, by the system control device of crack and holes etc do not accord with the requirement of veneer for cutting, finally complete joining together.


In this paper the relation of surface roughness of bearing surfaces to allowable film thickness is studied quantitatively with a simple Michell pad apparatus. The pads used were faced with white metal and ran against mild steel collars. The lubricants studied were water, soap solution, paraffin, and light oil. There was little difference in the frictional behaviour of any of the lubricants, except that the aqueous lubricants would not run with very finely finished steel surfaces. The onset of metal to metal contact was detected by an increase in the frictional drag, and also by the change in electrical conductivity between the pad and collar—an extremely sensitive method.The paper shows that there is, at any rate for this system, a quantitative relation between the total surface roughness of the rubbing surfaces and the calculated oil film thickness both at the initial metal to metal contact and seizure. Initial contact occurs when the outlet film thickness, calculated from normal hydrodynamic theory, fal...


Electronic properties of certain compound semiconductors make them most suitable for future CMOS in the nanometer regime. The most suitable compound of semiconductors has to be chosen for RF/high-speed applications. This work discusses the feasibility of the base material and also proposing a high-k dielectric material for the gate insulator. These types of high-k dielectric materials provide higher controllability over applied gate voltage. The simulation result verifies that the La2O3 layer oxide in the Double-Gate (DG) MOSFET provides higher controllability of the transistor at the subthreshold region. The measured values of doping density at 8 nm source/drain characteristic length with a peak channel doping concentration of 2×1018 cm−3 show that the n-type DG MOSFET is more submissive than the conventional MOSFET.


Over the past decade, many resources have been allocated by both private and public sectors to nutrition information programs. Some of the commonly known public nutrition information or promotion programs include the Recommended Daily Allowances, Food Pyramid, the Surgeon General's Report on Diet and Health, the Five-a-Day for Better Health, and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Other sources of nutritional information include the WIC, SHARE, and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Programs. Moreover, due to the Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), food manufacturers are now required to use nutrition labels to inform and remind consumers of the product's nutrition profiles. Consumers also receive nutritional information from newspaper or magazine articles, advertisements, in-store displays, formal or informal extension courses, and medical or health professionals. Although more Americans are now aware of the importance of good diet or nutrition due to public and private nutrition information programs, it is becoming increasingly clear that nutrition knowledge does not directly predict dietary behavior as those with more knowledge do not necessarily change their behavior (Putler and Frazao 1994; Sapp 1991; Shepherd and Towler 1992). This may be why intervention programs aimed at increasing nutrition knowledge or awareness such as supermarket point-of-purchase programs seem to have limited impact (Rodgers et al. 1994). Therefore, increasing an individual's level of knowledge does not necessarily change attitudes and does not necessarily result in the desired effect on food choices. In contrast to nutrition knowledge, perceptions about attributes of foods, such as importance of nutrition, appear to be good predictors of dietary behavior (Shepherd and Towler 1992; Tuorila 1987; Tuorila and Pangborn 1988). Therefore, consumer information programs aimed at promoting more healthful consumption behaviors may be less effective when consumers do not consider nutrition as a salient attribute of food. The success of consumer information programs depends partly on whether consumers perceive nutrition to be important enough to actively acquire and process the information which in turn can lead to desired attitude and behavior changes (Lin 1995). Hence, a person's perceived importance of nutrition when shopping for food may affect the effectiveness of nutrition labels and other nutrition information programs. An individual's sociodemographic characteristics can influence the perceived importance of various food attributes (i.e., nutrition) (Weirenga 1983). However, scant information in the literature is available concerning the relationships of sociodemographic factors to the importance of food attributes (Lin 1995; Schutz, Judge, and Gentry 1986). To fill this void, this article examines the relationship of sociodemographic factors to a household's main meal planner's perception of the importance of nutrition in food shopping. No known study has been conducted on this topic. Knowledge of the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and perceived importance of an attribute like nutrition is useful in the design and implementation of nutrition information programs. For instance, because the perception of a household's main meal planner about nutrition may affect the health of household members including elderly and children, it is important to identify the meal planners who may need a greater appreciation for nutrition to improve the health of all members of the household. In addition, the findings of this study could also be used as a guide to target government nutrition information and food marketing programs toward specific subgroups. Sociodemographic factors can be used to tailor health interventions and marketing campaigns to specific population subgroups. Lin (1995) suggested that targeted consumer information programs are more efficient than generic programs in improving the general health of the nation. …


Hypermedia is an intensive integration of multimedia data and anchor links. The presence of multimedia data appends the temporal and spatial characteristics to the system and the anchors signify navigability in hypermedia applications. In this way the analysis and design methods for hypermedia applications would be involved with elaborating the presentation and navigation structures. In this paper we present extensions for the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to delineate the presentation and navigation process for the hypermedia scenarios. The strength of the approach is in using the UML extensions and adaptability with existing public standards to specify the hypermedia applications.


A pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of Exendin-4 having the amino acid sequence HGEGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG PSSGAPPPS in an amount from 0.001 mg to 1 mg suitable for a 70 kg; a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer; agent pharmaceutically acceptable isotonicity; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.


Forest of Kolhida, being places to concentrations endemic and relic, are subjected to overweening recreation load, bring about degrade on soil cover, deterioration water-physical characteristic of ground, sewer factor increase at rainstorm and reduction to intensities of the absorbing the precipitation, activations mechanical and rainstorm erosions of ground. It is determined that possible importance recreation density is 0,8 man/ga.For the first time in Kyrgyzstan was employed mathematic-statistics method of forest inventory with pre-stratifi-cation by juniper forest inventory. Goals and regulations for make up pre-stratification. A results and analyses of processing pre-stratification make up for the two regions of Kyrgyzstan.


The COVID-19 pandemic offers the opportunity for theological meditation on several themes: life, death, illness, loneliness, fear, human relations, suffering, and social responsibility This article addresses these themes only briefly, aiming not to build a systematic theological reflection but to share honest thoughts and concerns Perhaps in our postmodern times we need, not so much theological certainties, but a theology that accompanies human life Life and death are the only certainties, regardless of our worldview, perceptions, and theological convictions The current global crisis has illuminated our shortcomings, failures, and disbeliefs on different levels As Christians, we are united today also around our weakness, grief, and the loss of "normality " We are challenged, together with the rest of humanity Could this be a God-given opportunity for renewal in our theology and church life? © 2020 World Council of Churches


Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a priority area identified by the Government of Sudan and development partners. This paper is part of a study in Sudan using the available documents covering relevant fields pertaining to AMR and interviews with key informants from World Health Organization office Sudan, Federal Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment and Ministry of General Education. Documents were obtained from relevant websites for policies, strategies, guidelines, reports, and plans as well relevant international and government agencies in Khartoum. The study was guided by the World Health Organization's five strategic objectives of Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. This paper focuses on the third objective on reducing the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures. The findings reveal, among others, weak collaboration among the relevant sectors to play their role in infection control and poor adherence to existing guidelines especially at health facilities in addition to scarcity of resources in terms of soap, water and other means to safeguard against infection. The study revealed that training workshops, regulatory measures, education and raising the awareness of the public play a complementary role in reducing infections. In conclusion, there is a need for strong collaboration between different ministries to deal with the problem of AMR under the concept of 'one health'. Similarly, establishing regulatory measures enhancing compliance with the existing guidelines and the development of a roadmap to establish a national AMR surveillance system in Sudan and setting up laboratory-based nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is essential in order to establish a robust system to tackle the problem of AMR in the country.


The possibility of second harmonic generation (SHG) has been analysed for a system of two planar waveguides separated by a barrier. The system has been modelled for ion implanted planar waveguides in quartz. For this system the phase-matching condition can be met for the mode conversions TE y0 M TE2 y2 and TE y0M TE 2 y3. The efficiencies of SHG for the double structure are evaluated by calculating the normalized spatial coupling between the fundamental and harmonic field distributions. We show that the two parallel waveguide system increases the phase-matching possibilities, and depending on the dimensions of the system, it is possible to obtain at least 40% more SH power compared with that from a single well phase match. The influence on the nonlinear response of the barrier is discussed; since in principle, a double well structure with an active barrier could increase the SH power by 400% relative to the single well example.


This study extracted flavonoids from Pine nut coat,which are waste from the pine nut deep-processing.Using ultrasonic wave pretreatment,single factor test and orthogonal experiment design methods L9(34) were applied to analyze the effects of ethanol concentration,extraction time,extraction temperature,solid-liquid ratio,extraction times on extraction rate of total flavonoids.The optimal conditions are as follows: alcohol contraction 50 %,extraction time 2 h,extraction temperature 70 ℃,solid-liquid ratio 1:20(g/mL),extraction 2 times,the maximum extraction rate was 3.23 %.


Abstract The driving force for self-organization are the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. We consider some theoretical models which qualitatively explain anomalous properties of these systems.


Here I give an account of alarm calls recorded during behavioural observations on Cape Rockjumpers (CRJs) and the potential predators observed nearby. I found CRJs did not produce alarm calls in the presence of Boomslang (a previously known predator of CRJ nestlings), whereas they did produce alarm calls in the presence of Rock Kestrels, which was unexpected as previous literature suggested Rock Kestrels do not prey upon CRJ. However, during field observations I witnessed a Rock Kestrel attack an adult CRJ, suggesting that Rock Kestrels may opportunistically prey upon CRJs. Further studies on site- and temporal-specificity in CRJs may lead to additional understanding of the flexibility of alarm calling in group-living species.


Abstract. One liter of strongly Australia antigen positive plasma was subjected to a modified Cohn fractionation and samples from the various steps of the process were assayed quantitatively for Australia antigen. More than 85% of the original quantity of Australia antigen was recovered from fraction IV. Intermediate amounts, about 2%, were found in fraction III and in the washing fluids after the fibrinogen wash. The final fibrinogen product had no detectable Australia antigen. About 1 % of the antigen was recovered from the albumin. γ‐Globulin before treatment with DEAE‐Sephadex had a low content, about 0.1% of the original amount of antigen, whereas DEAE‐Sephadex treated material (final gammaglobulin) was free of demonstrable Au‐antigen.


Sumber Gempong Rice Field Tourism is a tourist destination that has great natural potential and is located in Ketapanrame Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency. In the development, management and development of tourism is carried out jointly as managers and investors. Even though it was only inaugurated in December 2021, this tour is capable of becoming the largest producer of the Mutiara Welirang Village-Owned Enterprise. This is inseparable from the development carried out by the management. The purpose of this study was to determine the development of the Sumber Gempong Rice Field Tourism object carried out by a business entity owned by Mutiara Welirang Village. This study uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques were carried out through the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the development of tourist objects carried out by the Mutiara Welirang Village-Owned Enterprise has been carried out quite well and according to existing theory, but further improvement and development is needed on the indicators of facilities, accessibility and brand image. There needs to be more development related to the addition of facilities and means of ease of access and increased security so that tourism can adapt to current trends in order to achieve the goal of tourism development, namely to attract visitors.


China state - owned economic monopoly industry reform is initiated and private capital begins to enter the industry. But it is difficult to break the monopoly. The traditional situation of the monopoly should be broken by reforming. In competitive industry, the reorganization of state - owned assets is being processed but is difficult and should continue in order to seek reasonable distribution of state - owned capital. State-owned enterprise system reform has three points such as big state-owned enterprise shareholder reform, completeness of company management structure and approaches for enterprises to run society. As for state- owned assets supervision management system reform, central and provincial state - owned assets supervision management departments have been established. "State -owned Capital Management Companies" mode between China State - owned Assets Committee and enterprises is processed. "Investing role" of state-owned capital needs to be rationalized. We should not only establish and complete state-owned assets supervision management system of industrial and commercial enterprises but also establish and complete supervision management system of state - owned financial assets, non - business assets and natural resources assets.


ABSTRACT Purpose: Common knowledge seem to suggest that international studies (IS) programs are at the forefront of helping their students better understand the world beyond United States borders. The purpose of this study is to test the proposition that IS students have a greater global awareness than other college students. Method: Hanvey's (1976) five dimensions of global perspective were operationalized into 45 specific questions. A questionnaire consisting of these questions and a few demographics were circulated among students of 10 universities in the United States. A statistical method of Differences-in-Differences was used to compare the global perspective of IS students with other college students. Results: Controlling for different initial levels of awareness between freshmen/sophomore of IS students and students of two control groups, the findings do not support the hypothesis that IS programs have enhanced the global awareness of their students. The findings suggest that increases in global awareness of senior IS students are due to their initial predisposition and the process of maturation rather than their course of study. Comments: The null findings of this study suggest a scholarly and professional discussion on the future direction of IS programs is needed.


We prove that if two finite metacyclic groups have isomorphic rational group algebras, then they are isomorphic. This contributes to understand where is the line separating positive and negative solutions to the Isomorphism Problem for group algebras.


In this paper,a 2.4GHz fully-integrated CMOS power amplifier is designed and fabricated using 0.18μm RF CMOS technology.The return path problem of inductors is analyzed and integer-turn inductor with a novel layout is used to solve this problem in the design.Measured results show that this power amplifier achieves a gain of 16dB with a 1dB compression point of 20.5dBm,while the peak Psat and PAE are 21.2dBm and 20.4%,respectively.


I. INTRODUCTION The study of extrasolar giant planets (EGPs*) and brown dwarfs via reflex stellar motion, broad–band photometry, and spectroscopy has finally come into its own. Doppler spectroscopy alone has revealed about 15 objects in the giant planet/brown dwarf regime, including was a milestone since Gl229 B displays methane spectral features and low surface fluxes that are unique to objects with effective temperatures (in this case, T eff ∼950 K) below those at the solar–metallicity main sequence edge (∼1750 K, Burrows et al. 1993). In addition, the almost complete absence of spectral signatures of metal oxides and hydrides (such as TiO, VO, FeH, and CaH) is in keeping with theoretical predictions that these species are depleted in the atmospheres of all but the youngest (hence, hottest) substellar objects and are sequestered in condensed form below the photosphere (Lunine et al. 1989; Marley et al. 1996). The wide range in mass and period, as well as the proximity of many of the


442 Neurology India | Jul-Aug 2013 | Vol 61 | Issue 4 be a therapeutic goal since no recurrence of the tumor was found in the short‐term.[6] Good prognosis was almost associated with well‐circumscribed tumors, which permit total resection of tumor in all astroblastomas. This case was a low‐grade astroblastoma. Complete resection was possible in this patient because of the relatively clear border between the tumor and adjacent brain tissue. So, we advised patient regular follow‐up without adjuvant radiation. No recurrence was noted until the last follow‐up of 5 months and the long‐time of follow‐up was still in progress.


In order to overcome shortcomings of triangulation based meshing tools a new type of mesh generation tool has been developed. At first, the significant geometric shape of the bathymetry is approximated by free form surfaces using the input information from measurements, digital surface models and maps. Different editor tools take advantage of the specific structure of sounding data, such as cross sections, longitudinal profiles or scattered data. Based on these approximating surfaces, which are connected C1 continuously, any mesh with user specified criteria can easily be generated. These quadrilateral or triangle meshes may be equidistant, regular or unstructured due to different refinement criteria. The advantage of this new mesh generation tool is demonstrated within a project to simulate and to predict the amount of cohesive sediment movement in the estuary of the tidal Weser River. In this realistic example two different criteria for mesh refinement are applied: At first, all elements are refined due to the depth of the element nodes. In addition, the user specifies refinement areas with special importance of the numerical results. The effort to generate the mesh, the quality of the mesh and the results of the numerical simulation are evaluated.


Geomantic theory is a natural science integrating geophysics, hydrogeology, astrology, meteorology, environmental landscape science, architecture, ecology, and human life information science. Its purpose is to carefully examine and understand the natural environment, to use and transform the nature, to create a good living environment, to win the best time, place, and people, to achieve the perfect realm of the unity of nature and man. In today's rapid economic development and social progress, how to effectively combine architectural geomantic omen with contemporary architectural design is the concrete embodiment of modern geomantic omen culture keeping pace with The Times, and is also an important subject faced by Chinese traditional culture to benefit contemporary people and promote economic development. This paper combines Chinese geomantic omen with modern architecture and discusses the site selection of modern architecture under the guidance of geomantic omen based on the current ecological environment construction. This paper studies the site selection of ecological buildings under the guidance of geomantic omen, which provides a new idea for the application of ancient geomantic omen in the future site selection of buildings. To treat Chinese geomantic culture correctly, Chinese architecture, as the carrier of Chinese culture, should inherit critically, explore its scientific essence, and use the past for the present or use it with a little modification. This paper attempts to learn from the traditional Chinese geomantic concepts, such as wind, air, sunshine, water, and so on, and apply them to the current ecological building site selection. According to the natural environment analysis, starting from the current actual environment, applying ancient geomantic in modern construction site, adjust measures to local conditions, such as mountain gives a new meaning, while retaining the maximum illumination area, environment, plant more traditional geomantic meaning, create more appropriate, good living environment, also accord with the demand of the national ecological construction. In this paper, the attitude of advancing with The Times to look at geomancy, let geomancy theory towards the direction of the development of the real society, which is the contemporary people to study geomancy, promote geomancy theory, use geomantic omen for the benefit of modern architecture of the main task.


Objective: To examine the incidence of recurrence and progression in patients with stage T1, grade-3 carcinoma of the bladder treated with endovesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) after complete transurethral resection. Material and Methods: From May 1995 to June 2002, 937 patients with superficial bladder cancer underwent transurethral resection. 46 patients (4.9%) had T1G3 tumors. All patients received endovesical BCG therapy 2–3 weeks after transurethral resection, given in 6 sessions as weekly instillations of 120 ml Pasteur strain BCG in 50 ml saline. Success was defined by normal cytology and cystoscopy, and normal bladder biopsies. Recurrent tumors were resected and a second or third cycle of therapy was given according to pathological status. Progressive tumors were managed by radical cystectomy, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy depending on the nature of the tumor or clinical status of the patient. Results: During follow-up 60.7% of the patients (28 of 46) remained tumor free after only 1 BCG cycle and 73.9% (34 of 46) after the third BCG cycle, and the bladder was preserved in all. Muscle-invasive progression was noted in 10 (21.7%) patients at the end of the BCG cycles. Radical cystectomy was done in 10 patients. The tumor-free survival rate of all patients including those who underwent cystectomy is 84.8% (39 of 46) with a median follow-up of 61 (range 39–118) months. Conclusion: Adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG after complete transurethral resection of the bladder tumor represents a highly effective treatment for bladder preservation in stage pT1, grade-3 carcinoma of the bladder. pT1G3 tumors with early high-grade recurrence after failed immunotherapy should be regarded as candidates for early radical cystectomy.


Hinge provided safety device for automatic equipment and machines, comprising: - a fixed element (4) which determines to a fixed part of a machine or plant may be anchored (S), and a first axis (X); - at least one movable element (2) which can be anchored to a protection panel or door (P) of the machine or system; To connect the hinge means (7), the fixed element (4) and the at least one movable element (2) about a second axis (W) rotatably -; - at least one fixed electrical contact (6 ') positioned within the fixed element (4) is mounted and at least one movable electric contact (6) along the first axis (X), the opening and closing of a relevant circuit (5) for supply to the machine or system to effect; - means (8) for converting the rotary motion (w) of the at least one movable element (2) into a translational movement (x) of the movable contact (6) ...


Many eukaryotic proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that intersperse globular folded domains, in contrast with bacterial proteins which are typically highly globular1, 2. Recent years have seen great progress in identifying biological functions associated with these elusive protein sequence: in specific cases, they mediate liquid liquid phase separation3, perform molecular recognition4, or act as sensors to changes in the environment5. Nevertheless, only a small number of IDRs have annotated functions6 despite their presence in 64% of yeast proteins,7 stimulating some to question what 'general purpose' they may serve8, 9. Here, by interrogating the refoldability of two fungal proteomes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurosporra crassa), we show that IDRs render their host proteins more refoldable from the denatured state, allowing them to cohere more closely to Anfinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis10, 11. The data provide an exceptionally clear picture of which biophysical and topological characteristics enable refoldability. Moreover, we find that almost all yeast proteins that partition into stress granules during heat shock are refoldable, a finding that holds for other condensates such as P-bodies and the nucleolus. Finally, we find that the Hsp104 unfoldase12 is the principal actor in mediating disassembly of heat stress granules and that the efficiency with which condensed proteins are returned to the soluble phase is also well explained by refoldability. Hence, these studies establish spontaneous refoldability as an adaptive trait that endows proteins with the capacity to reform their native soluble structures following their extraction from condensates. Altogether, our results provide an intuitive model for the function of IDRs in many multidomain proteins and clarifies their relationship to the phenomenon of biomolecular condensation.


Models of critical micelle concentration (CMC) using two separate methods, the linear free energy relationship of Abraham and a modified polar surface area approach, are reported. Individual models are developed for anionic, non-ionic and structurally diverse molecules, the last including many commercially important drugs such as analgesics, anaesthetics and antibiotics. Statistical analysis demonstrates the predictive accuracy of both methods, with R2 values around 0.90 throughout. A further model for the simultaneous calculation of CMC for anionic and non-ionic surfactants was developed, giving reasonable correlations of observed vs calculated CMC. Both methods show similar patterns in regression coefficients; the most significant factor affecting a molecule's CMC is its size, with larger surfactants giving lower CMC. Strong H-bond acidic surfactants form micelles at lower concentrations, and increasing the H-bond basicity of a surfactant acts to raise the CMC. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The detailed electron microscopic study of Campos et al 1 in theArchivesshows destruction of keratocytes in rabbit and monkey corneas after mechanical removal of the epithelium. They advise that some of the information presented in the article may be patented by the University of Southern California. I hope it is not the finding of the dead keratocytes. I suggest that removal of the epithelium the way it was done may not be as important as the trauma to remove it. Therefore, another control should have been done: a cornea traumatized as the test cornea, but without removing the epithelium. My comment is based on the fact that over 30 years ago investigators knew that mechanical trauma to the cornea could cause stroma and endothelial cell damage or destruction. Virginia Weimar, PhD, a fine investigator at Columbia University in New York, NY, had made these observations in the early


The growth and recovery of TTS in normal observers following exposure to octave‐band noise is shown to follow the same course as that after broad‐band noise: both are linear in log time. Rate of growth varies with frequency of exposure band and test frequency, being greatest at 4 kc following exposure to 2400–4800 cps or 1200–2400 cps, less at lower test frequencies and octave bands. The time for total recovery apparently is a function of the initial TTS. The results support present damage‐risk criteria for continuous noise, which (1) suggest ear protection when octave‐band levels exceed 85 db SPL and (2) require it in levels above 95 db SPL.


Excerpt To the Editor:I found your editorial in the August issue of the ANNALSone of great interest. As one whose work has been in the field of medical oncology and as a man committed not only to s...


Artificial night-time light (NTL), emitted by various on-ground human activities, becomes further intensive in many regions worldwide. Its adverse effects on humans' and ecosystems' health crucially depend on the light spectrum, making the remote discrimination between different lamps a highly important task. However, such studies remain extremely limited, and none of them exploits freely available satellite imagery. In the analysis, the possibility to remotely assess the relative contribution of different lamp types into outdoor lighting is tested. For this sake, the radiometrically calibrated ISS RGB image is used. Spatial resolution of the image is ~20 meters, implying that each pixel may represent a mixture of different lamp types. Unmixing analysis to the detailed spectral signatures of the corresponding in situ measurements is performed, with 'pure' lamps' signatures as the endmembers. Afterward, statistical models to reproduce the results of unmixing based on the broad-band RGB image from the ISS are run. The built models predict well (with R2 reaching ~0.87) the contribution of high-pressure sodium (HPS) and metal-halide (MH) lamps, the most spread in the study area (Haifa, Israel). The restored map for HPS allocation demonstrates high concordance with the network of municipal roads, while that for MH shows notable coincidence with the industrial facilities and the airport.


What makes people feel happy, engaged and challenged at work? We conducted an in situ study of Facebook and face-to-face interactions examining how they influence people's mood in the workplace. Thirty-two participants in an organization were each observed for five days in their natural work environment using automated data capture and experience sampling. Our results show that online and offline social interactions are associated with different moods, suggesting that they serve different purposes at work. Face-to-face interactions are associated with a positive mood throughout the day whereas Facebook use and engagement in work contribute to a positive feeling at the end of the day. Email use is associated with negative affect and along with multitasking, is associated with a feeling of engagement and challenge throughout the day. Our findings provide initial evidence of how online and offline interactions affect workplace mood, and could inform practices to improve employee morale.


This is a report of an exploratory in-depth study of the social-psychological processes of untreated recovery. Data for the study comes from focused interviews with a sample of 201 ex-addicts (half untreated, half treated) located by means of the snowball referral method. Findings indicate that personal motivations to stop using opiates usually arise out of the lifestyle, police activities and environment of illicit opiate use—out of the "changes" addicts experience trying to maintain expensive habits. Individuals respond differently to such changes. Some sink into profound despair and act when they are forced to. Others weigh the consequence of future opiate use and make rational decisions to change, while still others just drift into something else because their commitment to opiate use and the lifestyle was only tenuous. Once addicts decide to quit, they must leave the scene, break all ties with opiate users and create new interests, new social networks, new social identities. Some persons do this by their own efforts while others use existing institutions. Six patterns of recovery were discerned and it was concluded that the "maturing out" concept is not sufficient to describe all the different variations. In addition to maturation, we found that some addicts become converts to religious, social or communal causes, some retire (give up the drug but maintain the lifestyle). Others use opiates in certain situations and change when the situation changes and some move on to other drugs (usually alcohol).


16 FreeBSD Journal • November/December 2020 If you have ever been unlucky enough to fall victim to a FreeBSD kernel panic, you would be well-justified in asking just how those sloppy kernel programmers test their code. The kernel is the backbone of the entire system and changes to it should of course have been meticulously tested before users can boot up the latest and greatest build. In our defense, however, kernel programmers work in a harsh, inhospitable environment. The FreeBSD kernel is written in C, a programming language infamous for its subtle pitfalls and lack of amenities. The kernel also has to deal with several adversaries: first, it executes and provides services to all sorts of software, some of which may have malicious goals; second, it interacts with the computer's hardware and all of its associated warts, convoluted designs and outright bugs. Many kernel developers have spent sleepless nights debugging memory corruption that ultimately was the result of buggy device firmware that overwrites system memory when prodded a certain way. Finally, like any modern OS kernel, FreeBSD's makes use of all of the CPUs available in the computer, and kernel developers have to grapple with all of the intrinsic complexity of writing efficient, scalable and correct software for multi-core systems. In short, it's a tricky problem. FreeBSD's developers put a great deal of effort into shipping stable, well-tested releases. It is worth thinking for a while about how one might test, say, a change to an existing system call, or a new system call. System calls are in a sense the front-end of the kernel: they provide the low-level abstractions used by all programs, and the invocation of a single system call may cause the kernel to execute thousands of lines of code on the invoker's behalf. A developer adding a new system call will certainly write some test programs to verify that it behaves according to its specification, but generally it is not possible to exhaustively test all possible inputs to a lone system call. Furthermore, test programs cannot prove the absence of a bug; even if the system call produced a correct result, a bug may have corrupted a piece of kernel memory in a way that is not detectable for a long time after the fact. System calls may also interact with each other: a multi-threaded program will often execute multiple system calls simultaneously, each updating some kernel state, so our hypothetical kernel developer must think carefully about the synchronization of these calls and how the hundreds of existing system calls might interact with the one in question. These kinds of problems are not specific to kernel programming and we have many conceptual and technological tools that let us attack the stark complexity of writing bug-free kernel code, and deliver stable FreeBSD releases with confidence. Over the past several years a new such tool, syzkaller, has been extraordinarily successful at finding severe bugs in all major operating systems, including FreeBSD. BY MARK JOHNSTON 1 of 12


Thanks to new technologies, learning measurement and evaluation processes are also changing. New tools used for students' self-directed or self-directed learning processes in particular have led to the emergence of different evaluation goals. Developments in the field of information processing, and in particular asynchronous (asynchronous) education based on the Internet, have increased the need for reconsideration of known educational methods and related applications by eliminating the problems of mutual interaction of non-formal educational methods, revealing a significant change in the field of education. There are also learning evaluations within these applications. Learning assessments, which are carried out in the traditional sense, are gaining a new dimension thanks to advances in information technologies. The best example of this can be given by a web-based evaluation. It is an important educational feature to know to what extent students have achieved the goals set as a result of learning-teaching activities. Because the development of the curriculum and the orientation of students are directly related to the recognition of their achievements. Conducting measurement and evaluation activities in this regard in the traditional way is both time-consuming and not always reliable and valid. Computer technology has the potential to provide important facilities to teachers and educators in the field of measurement and evaluation. Since evaluation is a decision-making process, the measurement results are compared with a criterion in the evaluation. With this method, it is checked whether the measurement result meets the condition determined by the criterion and functional data and findings are reached as a result. Key Words: Education, Student, Measurement and Evaluation, Classical Approach, Modern Approach


A Bio-Medical Division was established in 1963 at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The four main divisions of the LRL Bio-Medical program are (Ref. 1): 1) prediction of the possible impact of release of radiation and radionuclides upon the biosphere - in particular upon man from any type of nuclear event; 2) documentation of the life history of radio-nuclides produced in the event; 3) determination of any effects of the radionuclides upon man; 4) development of countermeasures to minimize any possible radiation burden to man. These studies deal mainly with internal emitters and consider possibilities of slow delivery of low total doses of radiation.


Abstract : A number of physical models used to describe the recovery of transient radiation induced loss in optical fibers were evaluated and found unacceptable for various reasons. Based on an approximation to some of these models, the analytic expression L = a/(1 + b(t to the nth power)) where L = loss, time = time after pulse, and a, b, and n are constants, was formulated and found to give very good fits to transient radiation effects data obtained at RADC.


We have characterized the pharmacological antagonism, i.e., neutral antagonism or inverse agonism, displayed by a number of a-blockers at two a1-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes, a1aand a1b-AR. Constitutively activating mutations were introduced into the a1a-AR at the position homologous to A293 of the a1b-AR where activating mutations were previously described. Twenty-four a-blockers differing in their chemical structures were initially tested for their effect on the agonistindependent inositol phosphate response mediated by the constitutively active A271E and A293E mutants expressed in COS-7 cells. A selected number of drugs also were tested for their effect on the small, but measurable spontaneous activity of the wild-type a1aand a1b-AR expressed in COS-7 cells. The results of our study demonstrate that a large number of structurally different a-blockers display profound negative efficacy at both the a1aand a1b-AR subtypes. For other drugs, the negative efficacy varied at the different constitutively active mutants. The most striking difference concerns a group of N-arylpiperazines, including 8-[2-[4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4,5] decane-7,9-dione (REC 15/3039), REC 15/2739, and REC 15/3011, which are inverse agonists with profound negative efficacy at the wild-type a1b-AR, but not at the a1a-AR. Adrenergic receptors (ARs) mediate the functional effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine by coupling to several of the major signaling pathways modulated by guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins). The AR family includes nine different gene products: three b (b1, b2, b3), three a2 (a2A, a2B, a2C), and three a1 (a1a, a1b, a1d) receptor subtypes. Like all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), the ARs share seven hydrophobic regions that form a transmembrane a-helical bundle and are connected by alternating intracellular and extracellular hydrophilic loops. Mutational analysis of the ARs has revealed that the a-helical bundle contributes to form the ligand binding site of the receptor, whereas amino acid sequences of the intracellular regions appear to mediate the interaction of the receptor with G proteins as well as with different signaling and regulatory proteins (Wess, 1997). Both selective and nonselective antagonists for different AR subtypes are widely used in a variety of pathological conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and prostate hypertrophy as well as in mental diseases such as depression. Several studies have demonstrated that b-blockers can behave either as neutral antagonists or inverse agonists at the wild-type b2-AR or at a constitutively active b2-AR mutant (Samama et al., 1993b; Chidiac et al., 1994). However, inverse agonism at other AR subtypes has been less extensively investigated. It has been previously reported that a small range of a-blockers could inhibit the agonist-independent phospholipase C as well as phospholipase D responses mediated by constitutively active mutants of the a1b-AR (Lee et al., 1997). A recent study demonstrated that some a-blockers can inhibit the spontaneous activity of the a1d-AR subtype (Garcı́a-Sáinz and Torres-Padilla, 1999). The main aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacological antagonism, i.e., neutral antagonism or inverse agonism, displayed by a number of a-blockers at two a1-AR subtypes, a1aand a1b-AR. To achieve this goal, constitutively activating mutations were first introduced into the a1a-AR at the position homologous to A293 of the a1b-AR where activating mutations were previously described (Kjelsberg et al., 1992). Several ligands were then screened for their effect on the agonist-independent activity of both the wild-type a1aand a1b-ARs and their constitutively active mutants. Our study provides a number of findings that might represent a solid basis to further elucidate the activation process of the a1aand a1b-AR subtypes, and the mechanism This work was supported by the Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique (Grant 31-51043.97) and by the European Community (Grant BMH4-CT97-2152). ABBREVIATIONS: AR, adrenergic receptor; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; [I]HEAT, [I]iodo-2-[b-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-aminomethyl]tetralone; IP, inositol phosphate; CAM, constitutively active mutant; R, inactive; R*, active. 0026-895X/99/050858-09$3.00/0 Copyright © The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY, 56:858–866 (1999). 858 at A PE T Jornals on O cber 3, 2017 m oharm .aspeurnals.org D ow nladed from of action of drugs acting at these receptors as well as their structure-activity relationships. Experimental Procedures Mutagenesis and Transfections. The cDNA encoding human a1a-AR (Schwinn et al. 1995; cDNA was a kind gift from Dr. J.P. Hieble, SmithKline Beecham, Van Nuys, CA) or hamster a1b-AR (Cotecchia et al., 1992) were mutated by polymerase chain reactionmediated mutagenesis technique with Taq DNA polymerase. The mutated DNA fragments obtained were digested with the appropriate enzymes and cloned into the expression vector pRK-5 containing the wild-type a1aor a1b-AR cDNA. Recombinant clones were isolated and sequenced. COS-7 cells grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and gentamicin (100 mg/ml) were transfected with the diethylaminoethyl-dextran method. The transfected DNA ranged between 0.5 and 3 mg/10 cells. Ligand Binding. Membranes derived from cells expressing the a1a-AR subtypes and their mutants were prepared as previously described (Cotecchia et al., 1992). The binding was performed at 25°C in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NCl, and 5 mM EDTA. For saturation binding experiments of [I]iodo-2-[b-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-aminomethyl]tetralone ([I]HEAT), the radioligand concentration ranged from 12 to 400 pM (150-ml assay volume) and prazosin (10 M) was used to determine nonspecific binding. For saturation binding experiments of [H]prazosin, the radioligand concentration ranged from 25 to 4400 pM (300-ml assay volume) and phentolamine (10 M) was used to determine nonspecific binding. In competition-binding experiments, the final concentrations of [I]HEAT and [H]prazosin were 80 and 400 pM, respectively. In some competition-binding experiments, the concentration of [I]HEAT was 10 pM (500-ml assay volume). Results of ligand binding experiments were analyzed with Prism 2.0 (GraphPAD Software, San Diego, CA). Inositol Phosphate (IP) Measurement. Transfected COS-7 cells (0.15 3 10) seeded in 12-well plates were labeled for 15 to 18 h with myo-[H]inositol (New England Nuclear, Boston, MA) at 5 mCi/ml in inositol-free DMEM supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum. Cells were preincubated for 10 min in PBS containing 20 mM LiCl and then treated for 45 to 100 min with different ligands. Total IPs were extracted and separated as previously described (Cotecchia et al., 1992). Molecular Modeling of Ligands. The protonated structures of the ligands considered in this study were fully optimized by means of semiempirical molecular orbital calculations (AM1) (Dewar et al., 1985) with the MOPAC 6.0 (QCPE 455) program. QUANTA molecular modeling package (release 96; Molecular Simulation Inc., Waltham, MA) was used for building and analyzing the molecular structures. Statistical Analysis. Statistical analysis was perfomed as indicated in the figure legends with Prism 2.0 (GraphPAD Software). Materials. COS-7 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). DMEM, gentamicin, fetal bovine serum, and restriction enzymes were purchased from Life Technologies, Inc. (Grand Island, NY). Taq polymerase was obtained from Roche Laboratories (RotKruez, Switzerland). [I]HEAT, [H]prazosin, and [H]inositol were obtained from New England Nuclear. (2)-Epinephrine and corynanthine were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). 5-Methylurapidil, prazosin, WB 4101, phentolamine, spiperone, S-(1)-niguldipine were obtained from Research Biochemicals Inc. (Natick, MA). (1)-Cyclazosin and (2)-cyclazosin were a gift from Dr. D. Giardinà (University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy). Indoramin and AH11110A were a gift from Dr. J.P. Hieble, (SmithKline Beecham), and BE 2254 was a gift from Dr. D. Hoyer (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland). BMY 7378, WAY 100635, SNAP 5089, RS-17053, alfuzosin, terazosin, tamsulosin, REC 15/ 2739, REC 15/3039 (8-[2-[4-(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl-ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane-7,9-dione), REC 15/2869, REC 15/ 3011, and REC 15/2615 were obtained from Recordati (Milano, Italy). Results and Discussion Activating Mutations of a1aand a1b-AR Subtypes. One strategy to identify inverse agonists is to enhance the basal activity of GPCR by introducing activating mutations and to screen drugs for their ability to inhibit the agonistindependent activity of the constitutively active receptor mutants (CAM). We have previously reported that in the a1b-AR mutations of A293 at the C-terminal end of its 3i loop with any amino acid enhanced the constitutive activity of the receptor, and was highest when alanine was substituted with lysine or glutamic acid (Kjelsberg et al., 1992). To identify inverse agonists at both the a1aand a1b-AR subtypes, we constructed CAMs of the a1a-AR by mutating A271 (homologous to A293 of the a1b-AR) to lysine or glutamic acid. As shown in Fig. 1, mutations of either A271 or A293 markedly enhanced the basal activty of a1aand a1b-ARs, respectively, resulting in increased agonist-independent accumulation of IPs. Saturation binding analysis of [I]HEAT or [H]prazosin indicated that the expression levels of the wild-type and CAM receptors were good, ranging between 1.7 and 4.3 pmol/mg protein (Table 1). Our findings support the notion previously suggested for other GPCRs (Wess, 1997) that the C-terminal end of the 3i loop plays a crucial role in the conform


A notion of a particular integrability is introduced when two operators commute on a subspace of the space where they act. Particular integrals for one-dimensional (quasi)-exactly-solvable Schrödinger operators and Calogero–Sutherland Hamiltonians for all roots are found. In the classical case some special trajectories for which the corresponding particular constants of motion appear are indicated. Particular integrability manifests the existence of super-integrable substructures in an integrable system.


A process for coding speech signals to be transmitted by an emitter over a limited transmission capacity (BBR) channel to a receiver with speech coder and channel coder is characterized in that the speech coder and the channel coder have each two different modes. In the first mode, the speech signal is coded by the speech coder with a lower bit rate (B1) than in a second mode (B0), in the first mode the bit rate difference (B0-B1) with respect to the bit rate (B0) of the second mode is made available for the channel coder, and this additional bit rate difference is used by the channel coder for transmitting supplementary redundance information. An improved quality of speech transmission is thus obtained, useful for example for mobile radiotelephones.


A previously healthy 3-year-old African American male presented to the emergency room with fever, vomiting, and diarrhea for 5 days. Mother reports that the child had daily fevers as high as 39°C. Fevers were not associated with chills or rigors. Four days prior to admission, he developed 4 to 5 episodes of nonbloody, nonbilious emesis as well as 2 to 3 episodes of nonmucoid diarrhea. He was seen by his primary care physician and diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis. The fevers and vomiting persisted, and the child developed a nonpruritic rash on the chest that spread to involve the trunk and extremities. This prompted the mother to bring him to the emergency room for further evaluation. Past medical history, surgical history, and family history were noncontributory. He did not attend day care and the family denied any history of travel or animal exposures. His immunizations were up to date for his age. Physical examination revealed a pale, ill-appearing child with a temperature of 38.9°C, heart rate of 150 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute, blood pressure of 66/40 mm Hg, and normal oxygen saturation. His mucous membranes were erythematous, dry, and cracked. He had bilateral conjunctival injection and a diffuse, erythematous, macular rash that involved his trunk and extremities. His abdomen was soft but distended without hepatosplenomegaly. He had a delayed capillary refill. The remainder of his examination was normal. Due to tachycardia and hypotension, the child was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. He was started on epinephrine and broad-spectrum antibiotics. The patient's differential diagnosis at that time included septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS). Laboratory evaluation revealed a white blood cell count of 18 900 cells/μL with 43% neutrophils, 47% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes, and 4% eosinophils. His hemoglobin was 8.9 gm/dL and platelets were 480 000 cell/mm3. The C-reactive protein (CRP) was 187 mg/L, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 73 mm/h. His albumin was 2.6 g/ dL, alanine aminotransferase was 62 U/L, and aspartate aminotransferase was 78 U/L. His total bilirubin was 0.3 mg/dL. Urinalysis showed the presence of 12 white blood cells/high-power field. Blood and urine cultures were negative. Chest X-ray was negative for infiltrates. With the history of fevers for more than 5 days and the appearance of 3 compatible clinical criteria for Kawasaki disease (KD; rash, erythematous mucous membranes, and bulbar conjunctivitis), an echocardiogram was obtained. The echocardiogram showed the presence of diffusely dilated proximal coronary arteries confirming the diagnosis of KD and KDSS.


Power Electronics BasicsPower Electronics HandbookPower ElectronicsPower ElectronicsFundamentals of Power ElectronicsPower ElectronicsTransformers and Inductors for Power ElectronicsPower ElectronicsPower ElectronicsPattern Recognition and Machine IntelligenceElectric Power SystemsPower ElectronicsPrinciples of Power ElectronicsPower ElectronicsElectrical Machines and DrivesSwitching Power ConvertersPower ElectronicsTransformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Third EditionSwitching Power Supplies A to ZProtection of Electronic Circuits from OvervoltagesPower ElectronicsFundamentals of Power ElectronicsPower Electronics : Devices and CircuitsPower Semiconductor Controlled DrivesPower Converter CircuitsHigh-Power Converters and AC DrivesPower Electronics for Renewable and Distributed Energy SystemsArtificial Intelligent Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric VehiclesSwitching Power Supply DesignRecent Developments on Power InvertersPower ElectronicsDC-DC Converter HandbookPOWER ELECTRONICS: ESSENTIALS & APPLICATIONS (With CD )Power ElectronicsPower Semiconductor CircuitsGaN Transistors for Efficient Power ConversionSimulation of Power Electronic CircuitsPower ElectronicsHVDC and FACTS ControllersPower electronics


We discuss two conditions needed for correct computation of 2νββ nuclear matrix-elements within the realistic shell-model framework. An algorithm in which intermediate states are treated based on Whitehead's moment method is inspected, by taking examples of the double GT+ transitions 36Ar → 36S, 54Fe → 54Cr and 58Ni → 58Fe. This algorithm yields rapid convergence on the 2νββ matrix-elements, even when neither relevant GT+ nor GT strength distribution is convergent. A significant role of the shell structure is pointed out, which makes the 2νββ matrix-elements highly dominated by the lowlying intermediate states. Experimental information of the low-lying GT strengths is strongly desired. Half-lives of T 2ν 1/2(EC/EC; 36Ar → 36S) = 1.7 × 1029yr, T 2ν 1/2(EC/EC; 54Fe → 54Cr) = 1.5 × 1027yr, T 2ν 1/2(EC/EC; 58Ni → 58Fe) = 6.1 × 1024yr and T 2ν 1/2(β +/EC; 58Ni → 58Fe) = 8.6×1025yr are obtained from the present realistic shell-model calculation of the nuclear matrix-elements.


An important challenge facing the hardwood sawmilling industry in Australia is to manage the expanding eucalypt plantation resource to produce high quality standards required for appearance grade products. Plantation-grown logs tend to be smaller than those previously derived from native forest, they suffer increased drying degrade and hence decreased grade recovery. Since wood properties are normally under moderate to high genetic control and have high natural variability, genetic improvement through selection and breeding is one way of improving the wood quality of eucalypt plantations. Assessments of genetic variation in wood properties are difficult and expensive to carry out. As a consequence, the inclusion of wood quality traits in eucalypt breeding programs has to date been limited.


Abstract : The report presents a cursory review of shock absorbing systems used by the United States in guided missile silos.


In a fast-changing world, there is an increasingly felt need to bring what we teach and how we teach it into the 21st Century. Learning@Europe is an attempt in this direction: a shared online virtual world where students from different European countries meet to play and learn about European history. Chat-based discussions of study material, research homework to prepare in collaboration with remote peers on online forums, team games and a cultural competition are the main ingredients of this innovative experience, already tested by over 6000 high-school students and teachers from 18 European countries. This paper focuses on a particular Learning@Europe activity – chat-based cultural discussions about history – and analyzes the elements that are essential to its success. Basing on evaluation data and our 3-years experience, we describe strategies deal with the different elements to be taken into account: Technology; Content; Interaction Design; and – most important of all – Social Behavior.


This paper discusses the multimodal analysis of Energen advertising. Print media advertisements and electronic media advertisements are texts that have a complex meaning. The complexity of meaning occurs because to convey messages in advertisements, not only language elements are used but also nonverbal language elements and other visual means. Therefore, to understand the complexity of meaning, it is necessary to do a multimodal analysis in the advertisement. The multimodal analysis discussed in this paper uses the theory of functional systemic linguistics (LSF). The multimodal analysis model was developed from a combination of multimodal theory (Anstey & Bull, 2010), and multimodal analysis by Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996-2006). From the analysis of Energen's advertisements, it is found that Energen's advertisements have a multimodal semiotic system which includes linguistic, visual, audio, gestural, and spatial elements.
Keywords: multimodal, advertising


The effect of overseas investment in domestic ICT sub-industries on the increase in exports and imports was analyzed based on country panel data of 22 countries during the period 2000-2021. In estimating the panel model including the year effect and the fixed effect, the problem of endogeneity due to the reverse causal effect of imports and exports on the overseas investment and the problem of non-stationarity clearly present in the time series of exports and imports are considered. Estimation results show that overseas investment in the component manufacturing sector, which accounts for the largest share of Korea's exports and trade balance, centered on semiconductors, has a negative impact on ICT export increase and a positive effect on ICT import increase, and, thus, negatively affects the trade balance. These results could be interpreted as forming an export base through overseas investment in the component manufacturing sector. In contrast, overseas investment in the software sector, centered on system integration services for overseas subsidiaries, had a positive effect only on the increase in exports. On the other hand, foreign investment in the final goods manufacturing industry or telecommunication broadcasting service industry did not have a statistically significant effect on trade.


With the advent of modern medical technology, the availability of hematological and serum biochemical data to the veterinary practitioner has become commonplace. One unfortunate side effect of this convenience is that some clinicians might tend to focus their attention on one or two abnormal laboratory abnormalities and forget to interpret the test results within the entire clinical context of the patient. The following information provides an overview of the interpretation of clinicopathological abnormalities as they apply to various clinical situations.


The invention relates to an electronic assembly (100) and their preparation. One embodiment provides a carrier (11) and a plurality of contact elements (12, 13). The carrier (11) defining a first plane (14). On the carrier (11), a power semiconductor chip (15) is mounted. Of an electrically insulating material a body (16) is formed, which covers the power semiconductor chip (15). The body (16) defines a to the first plane (14) parallel second plane (17) and extending from the first plane (14) to the second plane (17) extending side surfaces. in a to the first plane (14) orthogonal direction of at least one of the plurality of contact elements (12) has a cross section that is longer than 60% of the distance between the first plane (14) and the second plane (17).


Purpose – Establishing timely national product design standards is an important cooperative activity capable of capturing economic benefits from having the national product design standard adopted for global commerce. The purpose of this paper is to undertake an exploratory analysis of five global economic powers' – Canada, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the USA – national standards strategy (NSS), comparing them for commonality in institutional standards setting policy approaches, i.e. there should be a general "convergence" in specific NSS policy initiatives among similar, economically developed countries.Design/methodology/approach – The five national standards strategies are evaluated for distinctive policy initiatives, with common policy initiatives combined, resulting in 18 distinctive policy initiatives found among the surveyed population. Each national standard strategy is then compared to the 18 policy initiatives, with commonality recorded.Findings – Contrary to any preconception that economies con...


Last year saw the successful launch of a truly pioneering organization in Asia. We have organized two well-attended international conferences, published a journal, enjoyed modest recognition from governments and educational institutions, and seen our membership rolls expand at a gratifying rate to over 1,000 strong. At present, Asia TEFL stands at a unique position in educational and even world history. The global influence of Asia is growing in every way, politically, economically and culturally at unprecedented rates. Activities between Asian countries are also increasing, both in terms of economic interdependence and cultural exchanges.


Stresses and stiffnesses of band adhesive box section beams subjected to torsional loads have been studied analytically. The influences of pitches and width and thickness of the adhesives on the stress distributions and the torsional rigidities were investigated analytically and numerically. Maximum shear stress in the adhcsives occurs at an intersection of the adhered boundary and the inner edge of flange, and it decreases with increase in the width and thickness of the adhesives. The analytical results were consistent with the results of finite element methods.


NA61/SHINE is a fixed-target experiment at CERN SPS which studies strongly interacting matter. The search for experimental signatures of the critical point is performed via a comprehensive two-dimensional scan of the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter by changing beam momenta (13A - 150A GeV/c) and the size of colliding systems (p+p, p+Pb, Be+Be, Ar+Sc, Xe+La, Pb+Pb). Recent NA61/SHINE results on the search for critical behavior search in two-particle correlations, multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations, femtoscopy studies and intermittency analysis were presented.


Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is an eye disease of well-defined characteristics. The viral nature of this condition had been suspected for a long time from epidemiological studies and from inoculation experiments. Claims of possible isolation of causative viruses have been made by several investigators, but until recently there has been little agreement between the results obtained in different laboratories, and the etiological importance of the reported agents has not been fully established.1 In 1955, Jawetz et al.2isolated a new adenovirus, Type 8, from a case of EKC. In May, 1956, Mitsui3reported the subsequent isolation of a strain of adenovirus Type 8 from a case of EKC in Kumamoto, Japan. Chang4isolated a strain of Type 8, as well as several other adenovirus types, from cases of conjunctivitis in children in Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, Mitsui5isolated five strains of Type 8 virus from an epidemic


An agent is autonomous only if she governs her life in accord with her values. If our values had not been shaped by our society's culture, and by the values of our family and friends, we might not have had any values at all. Hence, living in a society seems to be a precondition of autonomous agency. This is ironic, for a person's values can be so influenced by the culture of her society that it can seem doubtful that a life governed by them could qualify as self-governed, no matter what else might be the case. The solution to this little puzzle is to recognize that the socialization of a child creates an agent capable of autonomy. A child does not autonomously choose her values, but this does not undermine her autonomy. An adult who does not exercise control over changes in her values, however, might be less than fully autonomous. PRESENTATION: This paper is a gift for Wlodek Rabinowicz, one of the world's most charming and delightful philosophers, in celebration of his sixtieth birthday.


A method to control infection when using a light-emitting diode (LED) curing unit (LCU) is to wrap it in a transparent plastic barrier (cling wrap). The influence of a plastic-wrapped LCU and curing distance variances on diametral tensile strength of composite resin was evaluated. A total of 60 disc-shaped specimens were formed and cured using plastic-wrapped and unwrapped LCUs. The specimens were divided into six groups with curing distances of 0.5 to 5 mm. The diametral compression test was done using a universal testing machine. A statistically significant difference was found between the wrapped and unwrapped groups. Therefore, the use of a plastic-wrapped LCU influences the diametral tensile strength of composite resin.


Recent developments based on relativistic hydrodynamic models in high energy heavy ion collisions are discussed. I focus especially on how hydrodynamics works at RHIC energies and how one can use the most of it in analyses of jet quenching and thermal electromagnetic radiations. I also comment on improvement of initial conditions and viscosity in hydrodynamic models.


Von-Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-disease is an inherited cancer syndrome characterized by a variety of benign and malignant tumors, which develop upon mutation of the second allele of the VHL-tumor suppressor gene. The VHL-protein (pVHL) regulates hypoxia-induced transcription factors (Hif) and by this plays a central role for metabolic cellular adaptations to hypoxic conditions. VHL/Hif regulation plays a well-established role in the development and function of immune cells and already VHL-haploinsufficiency can alter gene expression patterns. In contrast, little is known about primary immune cell functions in VHL-patients. In this study, we analyzed the functional capacity of CD40-stimulated B-cells to act as antigen-presenting cells. We confirmed mono-allelic VHL-gene mutations in B-cells from thirteen VHL-patients and found that their response to CD40-stimulation was significantly reduced. On a functional level this translated to an impaired ability to act as antigen presenting cells leading to impaired T-cell responses in vitro. Taken together, we demonstrate that VHL-haploinsufficiency deregulates B-cell functions following CD40-activation as a new aspect of VHL-syndrome. (The study was registered in the German Clinical Trial Registry (www.drks.de); ID: DRKS00012413).S. Theurich: B. Research Grant (principal investigator, collaborator or consultant and pending grants as well as grants already received); Modest; Verein VHL (von Hippel-Lindau) betroffener Familien e.V.. H.J. Becker: None. K. Wennhold: None. H. Schlösser: None. F. Marbach: None. M. Garcia-Marquez: None. A. Shimabukuro-Vornhagen: None. J. Schreml: None. M. von Bergwelt-Baildon: None.


Stratification and mixing of the water column is an important dynamic process in the estuary, which plays a significant role in the estuarine circulation, mass transport and energy exchange. Based on the multi-station synchronous observation data from 26 February to 6 March in 2011 during dry season in the North Channel of the Changjiang Estuary, the Richardson number, the Simpson number and the potential energy anomaly of water were calculated to analyze the tidal variation of the mixing and stratification processes. The roles of the depth-mean straining, longitudinal advection, non-mean straining and tidal stirring in the processes of mixing and stratification of the water column were analyzed by calculating the contribution terms of the time-derivative of potential energy anomaly. The results show that the mixing and stratification of the water column in the North Channel have significant spatiotemporal variation. Stability of the stratification gradually decreases from neap tide to spring tide. In the reaches of salt wedge migration, permanent stratification develops during neap and mean tide, with stability increasing on the flood and decreasing on the ebb, which is dominated by longitudinal advection. During spring tide, periodic stratification develops, with development of stratification on the flood and its breakdown on the ebb, which is dominated by longitudinal advection and tidal stirring. In the main reaches of saltwater intrusion, permanent stratification develops during neap tide, with stability increasing on the ebb and decreasing on the flood, which is dominated by depth-mean tidal straining. During mean and spring tide, periodic stratification occurs, with development of stratification on the ebb and its breakdown on the flood, which is controlled by depth-mean tidal straining and assisted by tidal stirring. In the North Channel, tidal advection is the main stratifying agent in the salt wedge migration reaches, and tidal straining is the main stratifying agent in the main reaches of saltwater intrusion.


An experiment was conducted to study the effect of 2 housing systems and seasonal variations on physiological responses and haematological parameters of buffaloes. Twelve buffaloes were selected and randomly divided into 2 equal groups. Animals of group A were housed in shade with net and animals of group B in shade without net. The experiment was conducted for 2 seasons i.e. monsoon and winter. The physiological responses were recorded weekly. Blood samples were aseptically collected fortnightly and were analyzed for hematological studies. All the parameters of physiological responses viz. respiration rate, rectal temperature, heart rate, and pulse rate were non significantly higher in group B as compared to group A in monsoon and winter seasons. Highly significant increase in mean values of Hb, TEC, TLC and PCV was observed in group A than the group B values in monsoon and winter seasons. Significantly higher values of lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed in group A during monsoon and non-significantly lower values in group B during winter season. Eosinophils and monocytes were non significantly higher in group B during monsoon and winter season as compared to group A. The temperature humidity index (THI) showed significantly lower in group A as compared to group B in both the seasons.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the solution of the buckling and resonance stability problems in inelastic beams and wooden plane trusses, taking into account geometric and material defects.Design/methodology/approachTwo sources of non-linearity are analyzed, namely the geometrical non-linearity due to geometrical imperfections and material non-linearity due to material defects. The load-bearing capacity is obtained by the rheological-dynamical analogy (RDA). The RDA inelastic theory is used in conjunction with the damage mechanics to analyze the softening behavior with the scalar damage variable for stiffness reduction. Based on the assumed damages in the wooden truss, the corresponding external masses are calculated in order to obtain the corresponding fundamental frequencies, which are compared with the measured ones.FindingsRDA theory uses rheology and dynamics to determine the structures' response, those results in the post-buckling branch can then be compared by fracture mechanics. The RDA method uses the measured P and S wave velocities, as well as fundamental frequencies to find material properties at the limit point. The verification examples confirmed that the RDA theory is more suitable than other non-linear theories, as those proved to be overly complex in terms of their application to the real structures with geometrical and material defects.Originality/valueThe paper presents a novel method of solving the buckling and resonance stability problems in inelastic beams and wooden plane trusses with initial defects. The method is efficient as it provides explanations highlighting that an inelastic beam made of ductile material can break in any stage from brittle to extremely ductile, depending on the value of initial imperfections. The characterization of the internal friction and structural damping via the damping ratio is original and effective.


Tofu is a high-protein soy-based food ingredient that is widely consumed in Indonesia. Tofu producers in Delta Pawan Subdistrict are dominated by small and medium-sized entrepreneurs whose hygiene and sanitation aspects in production activities are very under-taken. This study aims to determine the presence of Coliform and Salmonella Sp bacteria on tofu produced in Delta Pawan sub-district, Ketapang, West Kalimantan and compare with SNI01-3142-1998. The method used to detect the presence of Coliform bacteria in this study uses the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, which consists of estimator and confirmatory tests using Lactosa Broth (LB) media for the Brilliant Green Lactose Broth (BGLB) assay test for confirmation . Whereas to detect the amount of Salmonella Sp using the method of Total Plate Count (TPC) with selective media Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA). The results of Coliform analysis in both industries found Coliform MPN values of more than 2400 AMP / g samples, which indicated that they did not meet the standards set by SNI. While the results of the analysis of Salmonella Sp obtained positive results, so the two industries did not meet food safety standards.


Electrical facilities for metropolitan rapid transit is a important facilities for supply power to metropolitan rapid transit, and can cause enormous economic loss and social problem if fault occurs. Because of various social accident, interesting and necessity of preventive disaster diagnosis system increased gradually and we became carrying out a research project for a design of condition monitoring system for electrical facilities of metropolitan rapid transit finally. In this paper, system construction and design result of condition monitoring system for mold transformer which accomplished through research project are presented


Liu and Chung have proposed a secure user authentication mechanism for wireless healthcare sensor networks for granting legal participants access to the patient data, including blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature in 2016[Computers and Electrical Engineering]. Nevertheless, we have found two obvious security problems in the login and access stages. Aside from pointing out the weakness, we have provided proper suggestions for repairing the problem.


Nonwovens made of fiber of various thickness are prepared through the method of spunlace.The apparent structure,pore size distribution and porosity are analyzed,furthermore,filtration performance of the spulanced nonwovens is discussed.The results show that porosity of the spulanced nonwovens is increased and the filtration performance is improved because of the pore structure of differential linear density,however,the effect on pore size distribution is unobvious.Moreover,the air permeability is positively correlated with the porosity while the filtration efficiency is negatively correlated with the average pore size.


A two-dimensional ridge produces a system of lee waves parallel to it, in a suitable airstream. Synthesizing an isolated hill by superposition of ridges inclined at various angles but intersecting in a point, and representing this by an integral, the interference pattern of the lee-wave systems of the component ridges has been computed. An isolated hill produces a lee-wave pattern very similar to that produced by a ship moving across the surface of deep water. It is confined within a wedge-shaped region, the corner of the wedge being vertical and through the hill top. The half-angle of the wedge depends upon the airstream characteristics but is typically about 15°. The waves decrease in amplitude downstream like x−½. If an oval hill lies across the airstream an appreciale lee-wave system will be produced but it is greatly reduced in amplitude if the major axis of the hill is turned through 30° or more from the normal to the airstream. The discussion is restricted, on account of its complexity, to airstreams composed of only two layers, in each of which the parameter l is independent of height.


We have identified an intracellular form of the a subunit of the acetylcholine receptor that binds abungarotoxin with high affinity. Unlike the mature receptor complex, an a2(3y8 pentamer that migrates as a 9S species in velocity sedimentation analysis, the intracellular species moves as a 5S component. The kinetics of appearance of a subunit in the 5S component and the mature receptor complex indicate that the intracellular 5S component is a precursor ofthe mature receptor. The precursor species differs from 9S receptor in two critical features: (i) the precursor a subunit is not associated with .8 subunit and (i) a-bungarotoxin binding to the precursor a subunit is not inhibited by the cholinergic ligands decamethonium or d-tubocurarine. The properties of the precursor suggest that the acquisition of the ligand binding site by a subunit occurs at a distinct stage in the posttranslational development of functional acetylcholine receptor. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel that serves as the neurotransmitter receptor at vertebrate neuromuscular synapses and at the synapses in the electric organs of electric fish. The functional complex is composed offour homologous transmembrane glycoproteins arranged in a pentamer (a2fByo') (1, 2). The binding site for cholinergic effectors is believed to reside primarily on the a subunits. Evidence for this conclusion is drawn from affinitylabeling experiments in which analogs of acetylcholine, such as bromoacetylcholine and 4-(-N-maleimidophenyl)trimethylammonium, have been used to covalently modify receptor (3). Each of these reagents has been shown to label only the a subunits. Labeling requires prior reduction with dithiothreitol, implying the presence of a disulfide bond in or near the binding site (3). Recently, cysteine-192 and -193 have been identified as the residues with which MBTA reacts (4). Furthermore, results derived from site-directed mutagenesis of the a subunit support the assignment of a critical role for cysteine-128, -142, -192, and -193 in the development of the ligand binding sites (5). Receptor also demonstrates high-affinity binding of the polypeptide a neurotoxins such as a-bungarotoxin (toxin). Since in mature receptor, toxin competes for binding with both cholinergic agonists (e.g., carbamylcholine chloride and decamethonium bromide) and antagonists (e.g., curare) (1-3), the binding sites for toxin also reside primarily on the a subunits. In addition, several laboratories have shown that purified a subunit binds toxin and that the binding can be in competition with that by cholinergic effectors or can be blocked by pretreatment with MBTA (6-9). During the formation of mature, functional receptor, the newly synthesized subunit polypeptides undergo a variety of modifications. These include cleavage of the signal peptides, N-glycosylation, intrachain disulfide bond formation, and fatty acylation (10). Previous studies in the mouse muscle cell line BC3H-1 have demonstrated that newly synthesized a subunit cannot bind toxin with high affinity. In BC3H-1, 15-30 min elapse between synthesis of a subunit and its ability to bind toxin. Also, a subunit synthesized in cell-free translation systems never acquires toxin binding, even when the systems are supplemented with dog pancreas microsomes (11, 12). These considerations have led to the conclusion that newly synthesized a subunit must undergo conformational and/or covalent modification in order to bind toxin (13). In experiments reported here, we have examined the development of both the small molecule (agonist/antagonist) and toxin binding sites on a subunit in primary cultures of embryonic rat myotubes. We have found a precursor a subunit in these cultures that is metabolically stable relative to that found in BC3H-1. The longer half-life of the precursor in the rat cells has enabled direct observation ofthe precursor pool and study of its ligand binding properties. The results provide evidence for a previously undefined step in the posttranslational development of the a subunit. The findings have bearing on attempts to express receptor cDNAs in heterologous cell lines and attempts to reconstitute functional receptor in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth and Labeling of Rat Skeletal Muscle Cultures. Skeletal muscle cells were dissociated from the forelimbs of 20-day embryonic rats and cultured as described (14). For pulse-chase labeling, the growth medium was removed and the cell layer was rinsed twice with methionine-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). Labeling medium (0.5 ml of methionine-free DMEM containing 5% dialyzed newborn calf serum, 20 ,uM L-methionine, and 250 ,uCi of L-[355]methionine; 1 Ci = 37 GBq) was added, and the cells were incubated at 360C for 30 min. The labeling medium was removed and replaced with chase medium (conditioned growth medium containing 2 mM L-methionine) for various lengths oftime. The chase medium was removed, and the cell layer was rinsed three times in phosphate-buffered saline at 40C. The cells were scraped from the plate and collected by centrifugation. Finally, the cell pellet was quick-frozen and stored at -70'C until used. For labeling of receptors with "25I-labeled toxin, abungarotoxin was purified from the venom of Bungarous multicinctus (Miami Serpentarium, Miami, FL) and iodinated by the iodine monochloride method as described (15). The specific activity for the diiodinated toxin was 7.5 x 1017 cpm/mol. Glycerol Gradient Fractionation. Cell pellets were extracted in 200 u1 of phosphate-buffered saline containing 1% Triton X-100, 5 mm EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride for 5 min at 0C. The extract Abbreviation: mAb, monoclonal antibody. 498 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 499 was cleared by centrifugation at 13,000 x g for 2 min. The supernatant was applied to a 5-20% linear glycerol gradient in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, and 5 mM EGTA, with a volume of 3.8 ml. The glycerol gradients were centrifuged in a Beckman SW 60 rotor for 14 hr at 40,000 rpm (Cw2t = 9 X 1011). After centrifugation was complete, the tubes were punctured, and 20-drop (0.22 ml) fractions were collected. Sedimentation coefficients were assigned by comparison to standard proteins run on separate glycerol gradients. Immunoprecipitation. Immunoprecipitation of receptor subunits and toxin-binding proteins from the glycerol gradient fractions was conducted by using toxin antiserum (15) or the monoclonal antibodies mAb61 (a-specific) (16) and mAbl48 (,pspecific) (17) as described (13). The immunoprecipitates were collected by centrifugation in an Eppendorf model 5413 Microfuge for 5 min. The pellets were washed three times in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and 0.5 M sucrose. The final pellets were resuspended in 20 Aul of electrophoresis sample buffer and heated to 100'C for 3 min. The specificity of immunoprecipitation with toxin-antitoxin has been reported (15). When immunoprecipitations were performed with extracts from cells labeled for 1 hr with [35S]methionine, four specific components, distinct by peptide mapping with approximate Mrs of 42,000, 46,000, 48,000, and 60,000, were observed (15). A few bands, corresponding to the most abundant contractile proteins were nonspecifically precipitated. The Mr 42,000 and Mr 46,000 subunits were designated a and p subunits on the basis of their reactivity with subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies (13). The cDNA for a subunit from BC3H-1 cells has been isolated (18-20) and sequenced (19, 20), confirming its identification. The subunits of Mrs 48,000 and 60,000 were arbitrarily designated y and 8, respectively. The specificities of the monoclonal antibodies mAb61 (a-specific) and mAbl48 (,pspecific) have been established by peptide map comparison of their precipitated components with the corresponding subunits precipitated by toxinantitoxin (ref. 21; J.P.M., unpublished data). When 35S_ labeling was performed under conditions that did not permit subunit assembly [labeling periods c 10 min (13, 15) or labeling tunicamycin-treated cells (21)], only the predicted single-subunit species was precipitated by each antibody. However, upon longer labeling in the absence of inhibitors, coimmunoprecipitation of a subunit with anti-p-subunit mAb and p subunit with anti-a-subunit mAb was observed (13). The latter observation has formed the basis of our assay for subunit assembly. The f3, y, and 8 subunits are particularly sensitive to endoproteolytic nicking during the course of extraction and immunoprecipitation (13, 21, 22). Thus, we usually did not observe discrete bands corresponding to 'y and 8 subunits in our routine experiments, although the multimeric structure of the receptor remains intact even after extensive subunit nicking (22). That precipitations were quantitative was tested in two ways. First, the amount of receptor, labeled with 125I-labeled bungarotoxin (1251-bungarotoxin), precipitated with each antibody was determined. Both mAb61 and toxin-antitoxin precipitated >80% of the 1251-bungarotoxin-labeled receptor. mAbl48 precipitated 50-75% under the conditions used, presumably because ofproteolytic destruction ofthe epitope. Second, the relative amounts of [35S]methionine-labeled a subunit from cells labeled for 24 hr were compared. As was found for the 125i-bungarotoxin-labeling experiment, toxinantitoxin and mAb61 precipitated equal amounts of a subunits, whereas mAbl48 precipitated only 50-75% of the 24-hr [35S]methionine-labeled a subunit. RESULTS A number of laboratories have reported molecular forms of '25I-a-bungarotoxin-binding proteins that are smaller in size than the 9S pentameric acetyl


THE ROLE OF TEACHER-STUDENT INTERACTION IN THE PROCESS OF READING ENGAGEMENT OF EFL ADOLESCENT STUDENTS CAROLINE DE ARAÚJO PUPO HAGEMEYER UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA 2005 Supervising Professor: Dr. Lêda Maria Braga Tomitch The purpose of this work is to analyze EFL teachers' practice in order to examine how it is related to students' reading motivation. These teachers' practice is discussed in terms of pedagogical procedures and feedback given to students. Three teachers and sixty seven students from both public and private schools in Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil, participated in the study. The data were collected through a questionnaire applied to the three EFL teachers, video recording of the classes of these teachers and a questionnaire administered to the students who attended the observed classes. The results demonstrated that motivation is a multi-dimensional construct. Although it is not possible to identify all of its components and the relationship between them (Dörnyei, 2001), some factors that might influence students' reading motivation could be recognized, namely: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, fear of failure, scaffolding, social interaction and type of texts and tasks. The results have shown that the teachers adopted different procedures to engage students in the reading process. Even though these procedures have generated motivation, some of them failed to maintain the students' interest along the class. Moreover, the negative feedback provided by the teachers had a detrimental effect on students' motivation. However, the rapport developed by the teachers was found to be crucial for the establishment of a pleasant classroom atmosphere, which is seen as a precondition in any attempt to generate motivation. Number of pages: 119 Number of words: 30.422


Cloud Storage is currently one of the most widely used applications of cloud. As usage of cloud is increasing, critical and personal data is also being outsourced making it important to maintain confidentiality and integrity of this data. A basic way of protecting data is encrypting it before outsourcing, but the retrieval of required files from the encrypted cloud becomes a problem which requires searching over the encrypted data. Various schemes have been proposed to deal with this issue of searching over encrypted cloud data, however none of the existent schemes provide optimum user search experience resembling plaintext search. In this paper we propose Privacy Preserving Synonym Based Fuzzy Multi-Keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data, a scheme which enhances user search experience to a paramount by providing both fuzzy and synonym based multi-keyword ranked search, thereby taking encrypted search experience closer to free text search engines. The scheme additionally improves upon index generation time and search time in comparison to existing schemes by utilizing a binary tree based dynamic index. Experimental results portray the effectiveness of this proposed scheme as it reduces the search time, i.e. the time for finding the desired documents, by 90% along with minimizing overhead of updating index when new files need to be uploaded (index generation time) as compared to the existing efficient indexing schemes in literature for a similar dataset. Optimization of search time together with index generation time has not been achieved to this extent before.