Psychotherapeutic methods are proliferating, and a professional eclecticism which incorporates them is also on the rise. In an attempt to filter out the active ingredients in psychotherapy from its inert stylistic embellishments, professionals in the field have been examining the ways psychotherapy is conducted and the results it produces. The consensus of what the latest methods of process research has revealed belies the postulates of most traditional training in psychotherapy. It is the feeling of alliance between the therapist and the patient, as perceived by the patient, not the therapist, that is nwst predictive of good therapeutic outcome (Horvath and Greenberg, 1993; Luborsky, 1994). Disregarding the important variable of individual therapist differences, this single factor is more important than the therapist's theoretical orientation, his or her training, personal analysis, or the length of time that the patient attends therapy. Is there some sense of alliance perceived by those who comprise the placebo groups often used in psychotherapy outcome studies? Might this account for the significant benefits attributed to the placebo effect? What is revealed if we observe the therapeutic alliance outside of the confines of therapy? Healing alliance is naturally sought after by distressed individuals. Dr Frank Reissman, Director of the National Self help Clearing House in New York, has pointed out that the benefit accrued to an individual through being understood is a powerful dimension of self-help mutual aid, because of the potential for experiential understanding. Many people benefit from self-help groups or other kindred spirits who rise to the occasion of their needs. learning from the time-honoured placebo


We report a patient with trigeminal neuralgia associated with neurovascular conflict. Small size fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity at the intrapontine trigeminal root entry zone (REZ) was seen, in the absence of arguments in favor of an ischemic or primary demyelinating process. The suspected cause of the hyperintensity was a process, a demyelination secondary to vascular compression.We propose to analyze larger numbers of patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia to look for these small, easily overlooked, REZ hyperintensities. A 53-year-old woman presented, without cardiovascular risk factors, and an 8-year history (with progressive symptom onset on the age of 45) of rightsided trigeminal neuralgia (TNA). Clinical examination showed no (ie, neither at symptom onset nor during follow-up) sensory trigeminal disturbances. One year after symptom onset (age 46 years), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a small 1.3 × 3 mm zone of antero-lateral FLAIR hyperintensity at the right-sided intrapontine trigeminal REZ without other brain abnormalities except for a suspected neurovascular conflict between the trigeminal nerve (TN) and the superior cerebellar artery branches. Surgery, 1 year later, confirmed that the neurovascular conflict and microvascular decompression led to partial pain relief. FLAIR hyperintensity was stable on MRI at age 53 years and no other signal abnormalities appeared (Figure). Diffusion-tensor imaging showed decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right-sided intrapontine REZ and TN (ie, FA values 30% lower than on the left side) without clear changes in mean diffusivity (Figure). Informed consent was given by the patient. The most frequent cause of TNA is a mechanical irritation of the TN originating from neurovascular compression at the nerve's REZ. Intrapontine lesions (eg, infarction, multiple sclerosis-related demyelinating lesions) involving central trigeminal pathways have been reported in some cases of TNA. In patients with intrapontine lesions, sensory trigeminal disturbances are more frequent. In multiple sclerosis, linearly shaped intrapontine lesions are sometimes described. The absence of clinical and radiological evolution after 8 years of follow-up made a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis unlikely in our patient. In case of infarction, symptom onset is often acute and lesions From the Department of Neurology, CHU Nîmes, Hôpital Caremeau, Nîmes, France (D. Renard, A. Le Floch, and C. Aerts); Medical Imaging Group (MIG) Nîmes, Department of Radiology, CHU Nîmes, Hôpital Caremeau, Nîmes, France (C. Freitag and F. Pereira).


The effects of posttransplant prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) were investigated in renal transplant recipients at high immunological risk. Thirty‐eight deceased‐donor kidney transplant recipients with previous positive complement‐dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch (n = 30), and/or donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies (n = 14) were recruited. IVIg (2 g/kg) was administrated on days 0, 21, 42 and 63 with quadruple immunosuppression. Biopsy‐proven acute cellular and humoral rejection rates at month 12 were 18% and 10%, respectively. Glomerulitis was observed in 31% and 60% of patients at months 3 and 12, respectively, while allograft glomerulopathy rose from 3% at month 3 to 28% at 12 months. Interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy increased from 18% at day 0 to 51% and 72% at months 3 and 12 (p < 0.0001). GFR was 50 ± 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 48 ± 17 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 3 and 12 months. PRA decreased significantly after IVIg (class I: from 18 ± 27% to 5 ± 12%, p < 0.01; class II: from 25 ± 30% to 7 ± 16%, p < 0.001). Patient and graft survival were 97% and 95%, respectively and no graft was lost due to rejection (mean follow‐up 25 months). In conclusion, prophylactic IVIg in high‐immunological risk patients is associated with good one‐year outcomes, with adequate GFR and a profound decrease in PRA level, but a significant increase in allograft nephropathy.


I am pleased to welcome the publication of The Organization of the Islamic Conference which I am sure will enrich the publication of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (IOC).


Patients with type 2 diabetes have a three-fold increased risk of developing vascular disease with death in 75% due to a vascular complication. Large prospective studies have demonstrated the benefits of treating patients with type 2 diabetes to strict targets regarding blood pressure (BP), lipids and glucose. Using both American Diabetes Association and Joint British Societies / Guidelines we assessed the effectiveness of this 'treat-to-target' policy in diabetic patients attending secondary care. Of 321 patient notes analysed 54-87% were within target for total cholesterol, 80-84% for LDL cholesterol, 77% for HDL cholesterol, 51% for triglycerides, 44-61% for systolic BP, 62% for diastolic BP and 30-44% for HbA1C. In the secondary care setting we are performing well for lipids, less well for BP and poorly for HbA1C.


Clinical and experimental studies proved the usefulness of three-dimensional sonographic diagnosis by means of a newly constructed transducer providing for a coordinated sequence of cuts, and hence initial trials investigated its application in sonographic diagnosis of the infant hip. Differences were found in the three-dimensional anatomic image between normal and dysplastic hips. It is no longer necessary to draw any lines or to perform any calculations of angles as required in "conventional" hip sonography. In contrast to conventional hip sonography, the use of a sector transducer is meaningful with this method, since the drawbacks of the sector transducer stated by Graf, do not apply. Clinical studies will have to confirm the possible use of this new method in diagnosis disturbances in infant hip maturation.


The effective development of groundwater resource is essential for a country like India. Artificial recharge is the planned, human activity of augmenting the amount of groundwater available through works designed to increase the natural replenishment or percolation of surface waters into the groundwater aquifers, resulting in a corresponding increase in the amount of groundwater available for abstraction. India receives good amount of average annual rainfall about 114 cm but most of it's part waste through runoff. The imbalance between rainfall and recharge has caused serious shortage of water for drinking, agriculture and industrial purposes. The over exploitation of groundwater due to increasing population is an additional cause of water crisis that resulting in reduction in per capita availability of water in the country. Thus the planning for effective development of groundwater is essential through artificial recharge. Objective of the paper is to identification of artificial recharge zones by arresting runoff through suitable sites to restore groundwater conditions using statistical technique. The water table variation follows a pattern similar to rainfall variation with time delay. The rainfall and its relationship with recharge is a very important process in a shallow aquifer system. Understanding of this process is of critical importance to management of groundwater resource in any terrain. Groundwater system in a top weathered regolith in a balastic terrain forms shallow aquifer is often classified into shallow water table category. In the present study an effort has been made to understand the suitable recharge zone with relation to rainfall and water level by using statistical analysis. Daily time series data of rainfall and borehole water level data are cross correlated to investigate variations in groundwater level response time during the months of monsoon. This measurement facilitate to demarcate favorable areas for Artificial Recharge.


On the new European Higher Education Area the students exercise their academic and professional competences. From the formative approach, the learning develops the  acquisition  of  basic  competences such  as  team  work,  the  creative  and entrepreneur capacity or communicate and  relationship  capacity.  This  paper studies in the learning and assessment of competences in Social Sciences university students through instruments mediational that allow theirs to reflect on the skills needed to profession. The sample includes 273 university students belonging to the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Pablo Olavide University of Seville. Through a group task based on problem-based learning (PBL), they used the team notebook to mediate for regulation of team and the rubric in the end presentation task.  The  group  interaction  self-report  (GIS) was use for evaluate basic competences acquired in the task by students. The results show a great disposition of the students to participate in research teams exercising professional  competences  through  the mediational instruments. In open tasks the mediational  instruments  allow  students to manage their relationships and acquire competencies  that  are  fundamental  to profession.


High speed interconnection of workstations: concepts, problems and experiences (B. Heinrichs, T. Meuser, O. Spaniol). High performance architecture issues (D.A. Nicole). Issues in object-oriented distributed systems (S. Krakowiak). Distributed Algorithms. What is a deadlock? (Y.C. Tay). A distributed algorithm for resource management (J. Ezpeleta, S. Haddad). Getting cooperative environment by coordinating services through a network (P. Bergougnoux, F. Barrere, P. Vidal). A distributed consensus protocol with a coordinator (F. Guerra, S. Arevalo, A. Alvarez, J. Miranda). Using global state properties to attain mutual exclusion in distributed systems (J. Vila-Carbo). Programming communicating distributed reactive automata: the weak synchronous paradigm (E Boniol, M. Adelantado). Parallel implementations of two algorithms for solving linear programming problems (G.L. Reijns, R.M. Wiegers, G.-J. Boesschen Hospers). Performance Evaluation. Analysis of the quality of service in a MAN environment (M. Conti An approximate analysis of DQDB networks with the bandwith balancing mechanism (Y. Matsumoto). LAN distributed fault-tolerance (J. Miro-Julia). A statistical study of the factors that affect the performance of a class of parallel programs on a MIMD computer (R. Candlin, J. Phillips). A multiprocessor parallel disk system evaluation (J. Carretero, F. Perez, P. de Miguel, F. Garcfa, L. Alonso). A decomposition approximation method for closed queueing networks with fork / join subnetworks (B. Baynat, Y. Dallery). Petri Nets. Modelling and analysis of deterministic concurrent systems with bulk services and arrivals (E. Teruel, J.M. Colom, M. Silva). A protocol specification language with a high-level petri net semantics (B. Zouari, S. Haddad, M. Taghelit). Interconnect. A performance comparison between the Fieldbus protocol standards PROFIBUS and FIP (M. Ettl, U. Klehmet). Analysis of a class of polling protocols for Fieldbus networks (P. Raja, G. Noubir, L. Ruiz, J. Hemandez, M. Riese, J.D. Decotignie). A theory to increase the effective redundancy in Wormhole networks (J. Duato). Distributed Operating Systems. A systematic approach to load distribution strategies for distributed systems (C. Jacqmot, E. Milgrom). A cooperative algorithm for load balancing in interconnected transputer network (H. Guyennet, F. Spies). Uniform co-scheduling, using, object-oriented design techniques (N. Islam, R. Campbell). Distributed access to persistent objects (S.B. Lim, L. Xiao, R. Campbell). Parallel Simulation. Distributed simulation: a simulation system for the discrete event systems (B. Dado, P. Menhart, J. Safarik). Towards the distributed implementation of discrete event simulation languages (J. Miguel, M. Grafia). Design Methods. Enhancing structured analysis by timed statecharts for real-time and concurrency specification (M. von der Beeck). Heuristics driven real time software design. (Part contents).


A wavelet-based technique for blind deconvolution and denoising of ultrasound scans is introduced. The target application is near-field ultrasound imaging for non-destructive testing. Existing blind deconvolution techniques for ultrasound such as cepstrum-based methods and the work of Adam and Michailovich – based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) shrinkage of the log-spectrum – estimate the pulse by exploiting the pulse log-spectrum smoothness relative to the material reflectivity function. In the proposed technique, the log-spectrum is localised with respect to time as the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) log-scalogram to deal with the non-stationarity of the near-field ultrasound signals in both the pulse estimation and deconvolution. The pulse is estimated in the wavelet domain via DWT shrinkage of the log-scalogram and is deconvolved by wavelet-domain Wiener filtering. Extensions of the proposed technique include: using separate CWT domains for estimation and deconvolution, as inspired by the WienerChop denoising method; and training the algorithm parameters on a subset of scans.


Highlight An integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis of the nitrogen-deprivation response in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum uncovered remobilization of internal nitrogen-containing resources, and remodelling of carbon and lipid structures.


Fortnightly experimental purse-seine hauls at fish aggregation devices (FADs) and open water control sites, over a 2-year period in oceanic waters o. the eastern coast of Majorca revealed that carangid, coryphaenid, serranid, balistid and centrolophid fishes caught there were mostly planktivores. Most of the species had a high food intake. The dominance of neustonic and holoplanktonic epipelagic prey could indicate a direct link between FADs, invertebrates (biofouling) and fish. Polyprion and Schedophilus were more generalist predators than the more specialized Naucrates and Trachurus spp. There was low variation in feeding intake and the types of prey categories important for each species. Naucrates, Coryphaena and Schedophilus characterized the autumn community under FADs, while Trachurus, Seriola and Balistes were present throughout the summer. There was little diet overlap among the species suggesting only limited competition for the food resources among Trachurus spp, Naucrates and Seriola, and among Seriola and Coryphaena.


This article examines the role of Islam in Turkish politics and society since February 1997. That month can be regarded as a turning point, as the Turkish military introduced a more hard-line approach towards Islamic organisations, which in their view endanger the secular basis of the Turkish Republic. In this new approach many Islamic institutions were closed down and their leaders prosecuted. The article explores the impact of the new policies on the Islamic parties (the Welfare Party and its successor, the Virtue Party) and on the Nurcu movement led by Fethullah Gülen. Next, the mainstream forms of islam, which are loyal to Republican values, are discussed. The author concludes that the hard-line approach seems to succeed in causing a decline in political Islam, but at a high price: the continued dominance of the state in religious life. over


The lung may be the site of organ-specific and non-organ-specific immunopathologic changes. These alterations are operational at two defensive locations, the bronchovascular "barrier" and the alveolovascular "barrier." The subepithelial bronchovascular barrier concentrates plasma proteins and fibrogen in asthma and similar disorders. The alveolovascular barrier is the site of localization of autoantibody directed against alveolar basement membrane in patients with Goodpasture's syndrome and in experimental pneumotoxic alveolitis. Immunopathogenic mechanisms may operate in a variety of pulmonary diseases. Further investigation is encouraged.


A filtering system for deep fat fryers includes first and second stage filters and a low pressure pump having a bypass device for restricting the pressure to a given maximum value. Hot cooking oil is continuously passed through a first stage filter, wherein particles above 100 microns in size are removed, after which the cooking oil is passed through a second stage filter wherein particles above seven one-hundredths of a micron in size are removed. The media in the second stage filter comprises thin, fibrous paper material presenting interlocking fibers between layers in a multilayer roll, with the hot cooking oil being pumped axially through such roll.


Dear Editor, Thin eyebrows may affect confidence level. There is currently no standard treatment for thinning eyebrows. However, minoxidil lotion 2–5% has been used with or without intralesional injections of steroid for alopecia areata of eyebrows. Topical minoxidil has a favorable safety profile except for some reports of contact dermatitis. Bimatoprost solution 0.03% (Lumigan; Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) is a prostamide, a synthetic prostaglandin structure analog, used to treat glaucoma. It was rebranded and approved for inadequate eyelashes (Latisse; Allergan). 3,5 Prostaglandin receptors are present in the dermal papilla and the outer root sheath of the hair follicle and thus may be involved in the development and growth of the hair follicle. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy and side-effects of bimatoprost 0.03% or minoxidil 3% to enhance eyebrows. To our knowledge, there has been no previous report of randomized, double-blind study of bimatoprost in enhancement of eyebrows. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mae Fah Luang University. Exclusion criteria included severe seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia areata, history of trichotillomania, eye diseases, thyroid diseases, and minoxidil or finasteride treatment during the past 6 months. Thirty patients were randomly assigned treatment with bimatoprost on an eyebrow and minoxidil on the contralateral side once daily at night for 16 weeks. Follow-up visits were scheduled every 4 weeks. The primary end-point for efficacy assessment was the change in hair diameter at the end of 16 weeks from baseline. The secondary end-point was the score judged from global photographs by a doctor blinded to the treatment. Three landmarks for hair diameter measurement by video dermoscopy were the vertical lines drawn up from the medial canthus, mid-pupil and lateral canthus. Eyebrow hairs were measured within 1-cm diameter circular areas. Eyebrows were also photographed for global photographic assessment. At week 16, a physician conducted clinical assessments using a 7-point scale: greatly decreased ()3), moderately decreased ()2), slightly decreased ()1), no change (0), slightly increased (+1), moderately increased (+2) and greatly increased (+3). Patient satisfaction was surveyed by self-assessment questionnaires using five ranges in percentage of improvement: from the greatest (80–100%) to the least (0–20%). Detailed history and physical examination for evidence of side-effects such as contact dermatitis was performed to assess treatment safety. Twenty-seven of 30 enrolled patients completed the study. Three patients dropped out due to travel difficulty after the first follow up. The majority of the subjects were female (19 ⁄ 27, 70.37%). The average age was 33.15 years (range, 20–52). At week 16, the result showed significant increase in hair diameter from baseline in both minoxidil and bimatoprost groups (Table 1). However, a paired Student's t-test revealed no statistical differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). Global photographic assessment was performed after 16 weeks. In the minoxidil group, the eyebrow hair of 51.85% of patients (14 ⁄ 27) was judged to be slightly increased. In the bimatoprost group, the eyebrow hair of 59.26% of patients (16 ⁄ 27) was judged to be slightly increased. The Wilcoxon rank sum test revealed no statistical differences between the two groups (P = 0.782). At week 16, patient satisfaction was assessed by questionnaires. In the minoxidil group, 44.44% (12 ⁄ 27) reported much improvement. In the bimatoprost group, 40.74% (11 of 27) reported moderate improvement. The Wilcoxon rank sum test revealed no statistical differences between the two groups (P = 0.268). For safety assessment, seven of the 27 patients (25.93%) had contact dermatitis due to minoxidil. Three of the 27 (11.11%) patients developed contact dermatitis to bimatoprost. These incidences of contact dermatitis were minor and did not preclude patients from continuing the study. Our study shows that bimatoprost is equally efficacious as minoxidil in enhancement of eyebrows (Fig. 1). However,


SUMMARY Substation automation (SA) based on digital devices is today a well accepted technology, but an ongoing evolution is foreseen also for the next decade. To find both the predictable steps and sound visions, the important factors influencing this evolution are identified in this paper. First, the developments in power systems are listed. The high influence of the increasing share of decentralized power generation is addressed. This trend results in the smart grid concept based on ICT (information & communication technology) where SA is an important part already today. The market deregulation and re-regulation has to respond on changes in the power system and on the commercial and environmental constraints. The influence on this regulations both on the utilities and consumers are considered. The slower but important technology trends in the switchyard, as controlled by SA, are discussed. The SA technology shows ongoing development driven by technology and new requirements. The standard IEC 61850 both documents and drives the changes of SA in the next decade. The results screening all the relevant factors, the predictable steps and sound visions for substation automation in the next decade are summarized.


The study reviews the circumstances under which fiction was published in Romania under the 50 years of communism – censorship, writers' associations, publishing houses – and illustrates them with Norman Manea's essays in his volume On Clowns: the Dictator and the Artist.


Multivalent polymer chains exhibit excellent prospect in biomedical applications by serving as therapeutic agents. Using three-dimensional (3D) Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate adsorption behaviors of multivalent polymer chains to a surface with receptors. Multivalent polymer chains display superselective adsorption. Furthermore, the range of density of surface receptors at which a multivalent polymer chain displays a superselective behavior, narrows down for chains with higher density of ligands. Meanwhile, the optimal density of surface receptors where the highest superselectivity is achieved, decreases with increasing the density of ligands. Then, the conformational properties of bound multivalent chains are studied systematically. Interestingly, we find that the equilibrium radius of gyration Rg and its horizontal component have a maximum as a function of the density of surface receptors. The scaling exponents of Rg with the length of chain suggest that with increasing the density of surf...


Crew Module Fairing (CMF) for Pad Abort Test (PAT) of Crew Escape System (CES) is configured and designed with the objective of flight qualifying necessary features like external aerodynamic shape, thermal protection system, along with Escape Motors (namely Low-altitude Escape Motor (LEM) and Highaltitude Escape Motor (HEM)), with interfaces simulated as in actual flight. For improving the aerodynamic stability of the vehicle, four grid fins are attached at the aft end of CMF. Interfaces for mounting LEM, HEM, grid fins along with its deployment mechanisms and Crew Module through CM–CES attachment have been provided on CMF. The design was supported by rigorous analysis, both 2D as well as 3D, of different sub-assemblies and interface joints for the respective critical load cases. To meet the challenges of launch requirements and schedule, the feasibility of combining tests of varying nature has been explored. By meticulous planning of the test scheme, set-up, load cases and instrumentation, and through a judicious combination of test and analysis, structural qualification of CMF could be achieved meeting the mission schedule. CMF has been successfully flown in PAT, as evident from radar monitoring. Post-flight analysis of strain data indicates the integrity and good health of CMF during the entire phase of the mission.


The primary purpose of this study is to gather and organize facts that will be beneficial to those who have the responsibility of directing the affairs of the community in the interest of public education. Superintendents of schools and boards of education will secure a better solution to their problems by studying the laws and the interpretations of law given by the courts. This study has been made in order that this information might be made more available to the interest of school people.


In this Master Thesis an Enterprise Architecture Decision Makinganalysis is proposed within the field of Enterprise Architecture. A case study at acompany within the financial sector has been conducted for validation of theproposed analysis. Firstly, the Enterprise Architecture Analysis Tool (EAAT), whichhas been developed by the Industrial Information and Control Systems (ICS)department of KTH, is described. This tool has been used during the whole CaseStudy in order to create present and possible future state models for measuringService Availability. These models, which are based on a Metamodel, make possiblethe analysis of the Service Availability. Finally, some future research suggestions in thecontext of decision-making in Enterprise Architecture with EAAT are given.


Hill expression and Stone expression are common formula of rolling force prediction for the cold rolled.Comparing the results calculated and the measured ones obtains the scope of application,for exact choice of the two expressios.That is,Stone expression should be seleeted as μlc′ hm1.1,and Hill expression showuld be selected as μlc′ hm1.1.


The present study is conducted in view to appraise the ecology of Spiti River in the high altitude cold desert of Spiti valley, which is one of the fragile Himalayan Ecosystem. The diversity of planktonic, macrobenthic fauna along with physico-chemical parameters has been worked out. During monsoon season maximum density, diversity of planktons and diversity of benthic fauna was recorded. The maxima of wealth of biological parameters during monsoon in spiti valley are disparate from the low and midhills, where highest is noticed during the winter or summer. Simpson's diversity index was applied for calculation of species richness and species diversity.


From July 1987 through March 1988 an array of proportional wire modules was operated as a muon detector at a depth of 2090 meters water equivalent in the Soudan mine in northern Minnesota. A spatial angular resolution of 1.2{degree} was achieved for muon tracking. A clean sample of 1.02{times}10{sup 5} muon trajectories recorded underground is used to search for an excess flux of muons from the direction of Cygnus X-3. For muons within the phase interval (0.6, 0.9) of the source's 4.8-h period, 90%-C.L. upper limits for fluxes arriving within 3{degree} and 1.5{degree} half-angle cones centered on the Cygnus X-3 direction are 8.5{times}10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1} and 3.1{times}10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}, respectively.


Speech-language rehabilitation is being provided throughout the entire life cycle to improve the communication skills of the subjects from newborns to old age. These speech-language rehabilitation services are provided by speech-language rehabilitation companies and are provided in various programs such as speech-language develPurpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a policy design and model that could increase the proportion of speech-language rehabilitation and expand participatory services by analyzing community social service investment projects by subject and identifying the proportion of service provision by speech-language rehabilitation.


Thank you for downloading an introduction to husserl s phenomenology. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this an introduction to husserl s phenomenology, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious virus inside their computer. an introduction to husserl s phenomenology is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the an introduction to husserl s phenomenology is universally compatible with any devices to read.


Background : Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non invasive imaging examinations, which are used to evaluate the tractus billiaris, pancreatic ducts and gall bladder. In the last decade, one way to lower the scan time is with the method of parallel imaging. Parallel imaging has a basic function is the reduction of the time of the scan, as well as maintain the contrast of the image without the need for a system of higher performance gradients. Reduction of scan time in parallel imaging has some benefits. First, it is very useful for sequences that depends on the scanning time is short as a single breath hold. Second, the overall inspection time can be reduced, especially in patients with complaints of pain are great at certain positions such as pain when lying down, in patients of children or in cases of civil defence emergency. Breath hold itself has the purpose to avoid the image of the blur of movement organs. When breathing there is movement of the thoracic and abdominal organs in the cavum. However, the characteristics of each person has different breath hold. When the patient's breath hold insufficient at the time scanning takes place then the resulting image results become less than optimal and may cause artifacts in the picture. The scanning time on the MRCP examination sequences long enough to cause patients to press the emergency buzzer, this caused the patient to feel less comfortable at the time of the examination to take place, and the resulting examination in repeated from the beginning. Therefore researchers wanted to apply the technique of parallel imaging in examination of MRCP on T2 Coronal because of parallel imaging has benefits that are very useful for sequences that depends on the scanning time is short like a breath hold. Methods : This type of research is research experiments. This research was conducted on MRI 1.5 Tesla in Hospitals Tarakan from Jakarta and carried out in 8 volunteers. The results of the performed image ROI value to get SNR, ROI was performed on the area of the right hepatic duct, left hepatic duct, gall bladder, common bile duct and cystic duct so the obtained average value for signal compared to the ROI on background (standard deviation noise). Data analysis was done by using different test with a test of T-test to tell the difference between the use of SENSE against SNR. Results : The results of the calculation of the value of the average SNR of image sequence, MRCP Sequences TSE T2 Coronal without the SENSE on the anatomy of the right hepatic ductus 54.49; left hepatic ductus 55.54; gall bladder 91.07; the common bile duct 68.94 and cystic duct 60.46. While the value of SNR in image sequence, MRCP Sequences TSE T2 Coronal TSE that use the SENSE on the anatomy of the right hepatic duct 45.77; left duct heatic 46.88; gall bladder 77.87; the common bile duct 60.72 and cystic duct 50.58 Scan time difference that is the average value of the scan time on Coronal T2 TSE piece sequences without SENSE for 1 minute 32 seconds while in the Coronal T2 TSE piece sequences using SENSE during 49 seconds or reduced by 46.7% compared with sequences TSE standards without SENSE on examination MRCP T2 Coronal. Conclusion : Based on the results of the study explains that there is a difference between the use of SENSE against SNR in the T2 Coronal TSE sequence in MRCP examination with the highest level of the overall significance of the p-value < 0.05. On the use of SENSE decline SNR but scan time becomes shorter 46,7% compared with no use of SENSE


Animated Pedagogical Agent (APA) is getting more attention and being implemented in various instructional applications regardless of learning disciplines. APA helps improve user learning experience and thus enhances and increases the effectiveness of the courseware. Studies also showed that learner's emotion have a tremendous effect in one's cognitive process. This paper discusses the pilot study for the implementation of a courseware with APA that adapts to learner's emotions. The APA in the courseware was tested for its effectiveness on the target group using the pre-test and post-test approach. The results showed that adapting the preferred emotion into the APA in a courseware has a better effect in learning as compared to an APA without the emotion.


OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of interaction of diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on the risks of cardiovascular (CV) events. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS By using two representative national cohorts, we determined the age- and sex-specific incidences and 20-year risks of incident CV events, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and congestive heart failure (CHF), stratified by the presence of diabetes, de novo diabetes after ESRD, or ESRD. Individuals were excluded if age <18 years or if previous CV events or malignancies were present before enrollment. Cox proportional hazards models were also constructed with adjustments for competing risk of mortality. RESULTS A total 648,851 non-ESRD individuals and 71,397 ESRD patients, including 53,342 and 34,754 diabetic patients, respectively, were followed up during 1998–2009. A monotonic risk pattern of CV-related incidences was noted with the presence of diabetes, ESRD, or both, respectively, after stratification by age and sex. De novo diabetes showed similar increased risks for CV incidences, especially AMI and stroke. There is a multiplicatively synergistic effect of diabetes and ESRD for CV-related risks, especially for AMI and stroke, of which the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were 5.24 (95% CI 4.83–5.68) and 2.43 (2.32–2.55), respectively, in comparison with people without diabetes or ESRD; de novo diabetes after ESRD had similar effects with aHRs of 4.12 (3.49–4.87) and 1.75 (1.57–1.95), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes and ESRD synergistically increase risks of CV events. Proactive screening and control for diabetes in patients with ESRD should be built into our daily practice.


Two-phase flow through a T-junction has been studied by numerous researchers so far. The dividing characteristics of the gas and liquid phases at the T-junction are very complicated due to a lot of related variables. The prediction models have been suggested by using experimental data for a specific condition or working fluid. But, they showed the application limitation for the most of the other conditions or fluids. Since most of them are applicable for their own experimental range, the generalized model for the wide range of conditions and fluids is needed. Even though it's not available now, some of the models developed for air-water flow at a T-junction might be applicable for the part of refrigerants with some modifications. Especially, for the two-phase flow of refrigerants at the T-junction, very few studies have been performed. Further experimental study is required to be performed for the wide range of test conditions and fluids to predict properly the two-phase flow distribution and phase separation through the T-junction.


An ultrasound system constructs an image by a series of sound waves produced by its transducer elements from different tissues at different depths of the body. Normal B (Brightness) mode Ultrasonography displays an image at grey scales from bright to black according to the tissue characters and nature of sound wave transmission. M(Motion) mode produced a wavy line taking B-mode waves which is applicable in moving structure like heart.Doppler sonography is a special technique to evaluate blood flow through a blood vessel using Doppler shift equation. Color Doppler uses for direction and speed of blood flow, where as, power Doppler can detect even a very low flow state of a blood vessel. Combined uses of B-mode and color denotes either Duplex or Triplex sonography according to numbe of images used. KYAMC Journal Vol. 3, No.-2, January 2013, Page 301-305 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i2.15172


It takes 4 years for introduction and trial of mangrove Sonneratia carseolaris Engl. at the seashore in Shantou, Guangdong. The results show that the area of introduction is respectively about 4°04′ N, 2°22′ N and 1°07′ N more northern than its origin, Zhangjiang and Shenzhen. At the same time, we have set up a whole set of introduction with successful technical processes and protective processes. We accomplished introduction with 200hm~2. So far, It has been the most northern one of this plant introduced in our country. The forests are growing normally. On the fit condition, its average height growth can reach 1.80m~2.70m after planted one year ago. It will be 6 or 7 years earlier than the indigenous species for realizing protective function. After planted two years ago, the Sonneratia carseolaris Engl. flowers and bears seeds twice every year and regenerates normally. The forests can be seedling nursery by artifice. Moreover, Both of its biological characteristic, such as resistance, and its economics quality will keep nearly as the same as its origin's.


where a is a constant. He investigated nonlinear dispersion and compact structures [3], nonanalytic solitary waves [2], and a class of nonlinear dispersive-dissipative interactions [4]. In [5, 6], general solutions to the K(n, n) equation were studied. In [7], the nonlinear equation K(m, n) was studied for all possible values of m and n. Tian and Yin investigated shock-peakon and shock-compacton solutions for K(m, n) equation by variational iteration method in [8]. The K(m, n) equation with generalized evolution and time-dependent damping and dispersion was investigated and the 1-soliton solution was obtained in [9]. Biswas considered the following K(m, n) equation with generalized evolution term:


Introduction: Recently published work demonstrates remarkable similarities between outcrops of opaline silica observed by the Spirit rover adjacent to the "Home Plate" feature in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater and hot spring deposits, known as silica sinter, at El Tatio in Chile [1]. Originally suggested to be the result of fumarolic acid-sulfate leaching [2], the Home Plate silica outcrops display morphologic, textural, and mineralogic features analogous to those of sinter deposits at El Tatio, but not recognized in fumarolic settings. Evidence for silica sinter deposits on Mars is important given the known capacity of such rocks to capture and preserve microbes, making them ideal targets in the search for ancient life on Mars [3]. Observations: Spirit encountered discontinuous stratiform outcrops predominantly composed of opaline silica (opal-A; amorphous SiO2!nH2O) in nodular masses, some with mm-scale digitate structures. This style of occurrence is comparable to silica sinter deposits at El Tatio, where high elevation (~4300 m), low precipitation conditions at the edge of the Atacama Desert provide relatively Mars-like conditions compared to Yellowstone National Park and other wellknown hot spring settings on Earth (Fig. 1).


Various parties have expressed serious concerns regarding the effect of environmental taxes on innovation. The argument is that innovation and investment in emission-abatement technology frequently require capital for investment. Pollution taxes siphon working capital from firms, and new investment becomes more difficult and/or more costly if it is necessary to borrow the capital from banks. In recent years, voluntary agreements have gained increased popularity and have become a central instrument in several countries' environmental policies, the Netherlands perhaps being the most notable example. A core rationale behind voluntary agreements is that they permit collective targets to be set for the entire sector, allowing for a different pace of realization of energy-efficiency improvements among the various individual companies within a sector. This provides the flexibility for firms to set their own goals in a cost-effective manner and to use their own resources to innovate and effect changes in the manner which suits them best. It has been claimed that voluntary agreements provide an improved climate for innovation. How voluntary agreements rate with regard to innovation incentives relative to environmental taxes depends on several factors, in particular the specific design of the agreement and whether the agreements are renegotiated after the market penetration of new technology. The author claims that, whatever advantages voluntary agreements have over the traditional regulatory approach, which makes mandatory particular forms of behavior or specific technological approaches, it is difficult to see that agreements would provide better incentives for innovation. Incentives for innovation may be particularly poor if the regulator requests renegotiation of the agreement with the arrival of new technology that substantially changes marginal conditions. It is proposed that if the authorities for various reasons nevertheless choose to use voluntary agreements as instruments, the agreements should be designed to be incentive-based.


A remarkably well-preserved Manichaean silk painting, most likely from the era of the Yuan dynasty, has been identified recently in the collection of a renowned Japanese art museum, the Yamato Bunkakan. In contrast to the relatively large amount but rather fragmentary condition of the artistic remains from East Central Asia, the southern Chinese phase of Manichaeism is documented today by a significantly smaller artistic corpus of exceptionally well-preserved representational works of art, dating from between the 12th and 14th centuries. Three of them are discussed: the Yamato Bunkakan painting is the focus of this chapter, while the other two (the Seiun-ji painting and the statue in Fujian) serve as comparative examples. Beyond the basic clues for its Manichaean identification, the scenes of the Yamato Bunkakan painting include the depictions of three pictorial subjects known to us already from the East Central Asian phase of Manichaean art. Keywords: central Asian roots; Chinese Manichaean silk painting; Japan; Yamato Bunkakan


This is an historical examination of the debate in the USA over labour relations and the resulting expansion of the government agencies that provided the basis for the system. In the final months of the US Commission on Industrial Relations in 1915, economist John R. Commons sent a memorandum recommending the creation of a permanent council for administering labour relations. Commons felt that, after years of labour unrest, the USA teetered on the brink of a "civil war" regarding labour relations, and that the gravity of the situation warranted its priority over banking, trusts and railroads. He urged that the USA expand its administrative government along European lines and apply administrative law to American labour relations. The author argues that the public organizations involved in the formation of labour relations policy functioned to stabilize industrial relations within the emerging corporate capitalist system - although often at the expense of important business interests. This study also examines the activities of two other social scientists, E. Dana Durand and Jeremiah W. Jenks, in addition to Commons. Each made significant contributions in the national discussion of labour relations during the Progressive Era, a critical time in American industrial growth.


The aim of the thesis is to find out is the AUDIT test useful. The aim is also to investigate is the AUDIT test utilized on a national and international level. Finnish people's alcohol consumption level wants to be investigated. The central question in the study are: How is the used AUDIT test used on a national level, How is the AUDIT test used on a international level and Is the AUDIT test beneficial in the healthand social sector? This thesis is a literature study. The nine scientific articles that where included in the study where written from the year 1998-2015. In the study it was concluded that the AUDIT test is used nationally and internationally pretty extensively. Although it was also concluded that it would be beneficial to utilize the AUDIT test more than it is in use today. It was also concluded that Finnish people are one of the countries with a vast consumption of alcohol. The AUDIT test is a useful tool in the healthand social sector.


This thesis deals with the topic of teaching note-taking for the purposes of consecutive interpreting. Note-taking is a widely discussed topic among the theoreticians of interpreting and they advocate different approaches to it. Due to this discrepancy, there are also various opinions on teaching it. The first part of this thesis introduces note-taking as such and the main approaches to it represented by Rozan, Matyssek, and Seleskovitch. The second part describes four methods of teaching and practicing note-taking and evaluates them based on criteria formulated according to conclusions of Andres's empirical study of note-taking.


AbstractThis article have a purpose to introduce media form of handout multimedi's base and describe how to make handour multimedia's base use 3D Pageflip Professional with a look at the end of that can be accessed through the computer and android. In design for handout multimedi's base use 3D Pageflip Professional need a handout in PDF format as background of making a handout multimedi's base. In application 3D Pageflip Professional can load a media as complement such as picture, animation, flash, video, audio, etc, so it would be more attractive at the time reading this handout. The result of the project that you develop, publish with 3DP format that can be read with 3D Paageflip Reader that can istalled in OS android.Keywords: Multimedia Base Handout, 3D Pageflip Professional, 3D Pageflip Reader Android.
AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan media pembelajaran berupa handout berbasis multimedia dan menggambarkan cara membuat handout berbasis multimedia menggunakan 3D Pageflip Professional dengan tampilan akhir yang dapat diakses melalui komputer dan android. Dalam merancang handout berbasis multimedia menggunakan 3D Pageflip Professional membutuhkan handout dalam format PDF sebagai dasar pembuatan handout berbasis multimedia. Pada aplikasi 3D Pageflip Professional dapat memuat media sebagai pelengkap seperti gambar, animasi, flash, video, audio, dll, sehingga akan lebih menarik pada saat membaca handout ini. Hasil dari project yang anda buat, publish dengan format 3DP agar dapat dibaca dengan 3D Pageflip Reader yang bisa diinstall dalam OS android.Kata-kata kunci: Handout Multimedia, 3D Pageflip Professional, 3D Pageflip Reader Android.


Researchers have become very interested in socially aversive personality traits in recent years as reflected by the considerable number of publications concerning the Dark Triad of personality (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy). The goal of the present article is to suggest that researchers broaden their view of potentially dark personality features. We provide overviews of two dark personality features that have been largely neglected by psychologists (i.e., spitefulness and greed) and point to the darker aspects of two personality features that have been studied extensively (i.e., perfectionism and dependency). We conclude the article by advocating that researchers consider a broader conceptualization of dark personality features that extends beyond the antagonistic and externalizing features captured by the Dark Triad traits.


The amounts of bacteriochlorophyll a in a Rhodobacter capsulatus mutant strain which lacks the light-harvesting I and reaction center complexes were measured in cultures grown with different light intensities. Light intensity regulation of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis was found, manifested as differences in the amounts of a light harvesting complex II-like absorption peak in vivo, and the amount of organic solvent-extracted bacteriochlorophyll a, in comparisons between low and high light-grown cells. This light regulation was also evaluated by use of puc::lacZ fusions, which indicated that control is exerted independently of puc gene transcription or translation. We suggest that this light regulation might operate at the level of the enzymatic activity of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes.


Galaxamide (1), a rare cyclic pentapeptide, was isolated from the marine algae Galaxaura filamentosa. A preliminary bioassay of Galaxamide showed remarkable in vitro antiproliferative activities against GRC-1 and HepG2 cell lines. The first total synthesis of the cyclic peptide was achieved for further biological evaluation.


The international recession, the volatile and competitive environment, the commercialization and saturation, have led businesses to adopt new methods of attracting and servicing customers. At the same time, because of their lower purchasing power, customers have become more skeptical and demanding, so just a good product is not always enough. Creating positive experiences and being emotionally connected with the customer, is the key to maintain satisfied and loyal customers. The concept of customer experience management (CEM) is very important for the development and sustainability of the companies, as it leads to loyal and dedicated customers.


The volatile oil from pine needles of Larix gmelini(Rupr.)Rupr.were extracted by steam distillation method according to chinese pharmacopoeia and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) as well as heuristic evolving latent projection(HELP) method.The HELP method along with the two-dimensional data obtained from GC-MS can conduct the purity examination and resolution of overlapping peaks to get pure chromatogram and mass spectrum.The relative contents of each component in the volatile oil was obtained by normalization of peak areas.A total of 110 components were separated and 70 of them were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed,representing 93.09% of the total volatile oil.The main chemical components are monoterpenes,sesquiterpenes and diterpens,representing 31.92%,53.29% and 6.91% of the total volatile oil respectively.


This paper analyzes the rhetoric of futurity at work in a number of texts dealing with the "posthuman future of humanity." It follows these texts in an attempt to historicize such a future in relation to human history. But it also identifies an overwhelming temporal contradiction at the heart of their discourse: that the posthuman is already with us even as it remains to come. If so, is posthuman identity to be interpreted as a mere phase in the history of human subjectivity? Does posthumanity come about in response to ethical and epistemological challenges inherited from the experience of human subjects? Or is it rather an altogether new paradigm that renders the very use of words like "subjectivity," "history," and "experience" anachronistic? Drawing on Hegel, Derrida, and especially Beckett, I argue that an experience of the impossible informs the moment of posthuman self-reflection; and consequently, that the challenge of theorizing a point of contact between human and posthuman being (or human and posthuman history) calls for a new, ad hoc interpretation of the concept of "impossibility."


The electrostatic charging of the Shuttle Orbiter during the operation of the Solar Array Module Plasma Interaction Experiment (SAMPLE) has been modeled using the NASCAP/LEO computer code. The SAMPIE experiment, scheduled to be flown in the shuttle payload bay in 1993, consists of an array of various solar cells representing the present technologies. The objectives of the experiment are to investigate the arcing and current collection characteristics of these cells when biased to high potentials in a low Earth orbit (LEO) plasma. NASCAP/LEO (NASA Charging Analyzer Program/_Low _Earth Qrbit) is a 3-D code designed to simulate the electrostatic charging of a spacecraft exposed to a plasma at low earth orbit or ground test conditions. At its most extreme configuration, with the largest array segment of the SAMPLE experiment biased +600 V with respect to the Orbiter and facing the ram direction, the computer simulations predict that the Orbiter's potential will be approximately -20 V with respect to the plasma.


One of the Islamic Shari'a is zakat, in addition to the value of the charity of zakat, it also serves as an economic boost for the poor. The obligation of zakat can be understood implicitly from the Qur'an and Hadith but the methods and criteria of zakat are not fully explained, this is where the different assumptions that lead to different practices and criteria are established, one of which is banknotes where some say obligatory and some not . This research is focused on zakat on banknotes, and the reasons that require paper money zakat according to the study of syᾱfi'ῑyahi fiqh. To obtain accurate data in this study, the authors conducted a literature review by using qualitative research methods. The data collection techniques were carried out by library studies, namely selecting and analyzing relevant literature and were seen as supporting material that discussed the problem of zakat money. From the results of this study, the authors find that banknotes is said to be obligatory, some said it is not mandatory. Opinions that say must give a reason, if the current position of banknotes in lieu of dirhams and dinars in the past then the wisdom that exists in dirhams and dinars is also on paper money that is valid in the present and when viewed in terms of the value of paper money This is instead of the value of gold and silver, which means that banknotes owned by someone instead of gold and silver are only in the form of the paper money must be zakat. Opinions that say they are not obliged to give reasons do not come up arguments that require currencies other than dirhams and dinars to be zakati, the lessons in gold and silver are not in currencies other than gold and silver. And currencies other than gold and silver have nothing in common with dirhams and dinars which can be explained to the obligatory zakat.


This paper aims to conduct a study on the determination of stress states in a more precise double bottom structure of a 55000 tdw chemical tank, in order to ensure optimal safety and efficiency in operation and methods of using the resistance of structures. This study was performed entirely in FEMAP/NX Nastran. FEMAP/NX Nastran is a simulation software program, with the help of which models can be created to analyze the finite elements of the complex system and display solution results. FEMAP/NX Nastran can model a component, assemblies or systems and determine the behavioral response for a particular operating environment [1]. In order to carry out this study, 3 cases of static positioning of the ship were required: on still water, on sagging and hogging.


Polar codes are a new error correction code family that should be benchmarked and evaluated in comparison to LDPC and turbo-codes. Indeed, recent advances in the 5G digital communication standard recommended the use of polar codes in EMBB control channels. However, in many cases, the implementation of efficient FEC hardware decoders is challenging. Specialised knowledge is required to enable and facilitate testing, rapid design iterations, and fast prototyping. In this article, a model-based design methodology to generate efficient hardware SC polar code decoders is presented. With HLS design process and tools, we demonstrate how FPGA system designers can quickly develop complex hardware systems with good performances. The favourable impact of design space exploration is underlined on achievable performances when a relevant computation model is used. The flexibility of the abstraction layers is evaluated. Hardware decoder generation efficiency is assessed and compared to competing approaches. It is shown that the fine-tuning of computation parallelism, bit length, pruning level, and working frequency help to design high-throughput decoders with moderate hardware complexities. Decoding throughputs higher than 300 Mbps are achieved on an Xilinx Virtex-7 device and on an Altera Stratix IV device.


This chapter develops the value in possessing a right to redress. Such rights are valuable in part because they can lead to an important type of justice between the parties, but this is not their only benefit. They may deter future wrongdoing, or they may communicate something about the dignity of a wronged plaintiff. This chapter outlines a particular kind of value that a right to redress advances in addition to these others; it provides a right holder with distinctive forms of authorship (both of her life's narrative writ large and also more narrowly at the level of her specific choices). Rights of redress may also provide a type of private authorship that is distinctively valuable.


Most of the obelisks at Alisum (Tigray, Ethiopia) are lying in pieces on the ground, as the Aksumite obelisk
now in Rome had been before its removal to Italy. Preliminary inspection of the alignment of the ~larious
fallen members makes it possible to identify a prevailing orientation. The historical tradition is very vague as
regards the toppling of the obelisks (or stelae). Reference is made to Yodit or Gudit, a Jewish queen of the
South. who supposedly had the pngnn stelae knocked down in the 10th century A.D.: to Irnam Ah~nedib n
Ibrahim a1 Ghazi a1 gi-in?. Amir of Harar. who supposedly ordered thein to be felled by cannon fire: and to
earthquakes. Analysis carried out on a nuruber of highly significant cases makes it possible to assert that some
of the great obelisks at Aksum collapsed as a result of earthquakes. At the same time, inadequate systems of
anchorage and the mediocre mechanical qualities of the soil were certainly conducive to collapse through both
natural causes (earthquakes and erosion of foundations) and deliberate demolition.


Inhibition of oestrogen synthesis and the action of oestrogens on target cells has been shown to be effective in the treatment of oestrogen-responsive mammary tumours. In non-pregnant premenopausal women, oestrogen synthesis mainly occurs in the ovaries and, to a lesser extent, in other organs and tissues. In postmenopausal women, however, oestrogen synthesis is largely due to peripheral tissue adrenal androgen aromatisation. Consequently, aromatase inhibitors may play an important role in the hormonal therapy of oestrogen receptor-positive postmenopausal patients. Aminoglutethimide (AG) was the first aromatase inhibitor to be used in clinical practice, generally as a second-line treatment of advanced breast cancer, with a response rate of 30070 (16). However, as this drug has been shown to inhibit not only aromatase, but also a number of other enzymes involved in adrenal steroidogenesis, glucocorticoid supplementation is often needed when AG is used at standard doses of 500-1,000 mg/day. Furthermore, patients receivingAG-induction therapy have experienced a wide range of side-effects, including skin rash, fever and lethargy, that have precluded treatment continuation in 8-15% of patients. The substantial degree of AG-associated toxicity led to the development of research efforts aimed at deriving an inhibitor, which would be more specific and not have any significant clinical side-effects (4, 14). It has been shown that, amongst a number of other promising substances, formestane (4-hydroxyandrostenedione) effectively suppresses aromatase enzyme activity and, consequently, serum oestrogen levels. Formestane is a "suicide" steroid derivative, which is practically irremovable from the aromatase enzyme binding sites. It has been demonstrated that formestane is more powerful than AG in inhibiting aromatase activity in laboratory tests, and the inhibition of peripheral aromatization in postmenopausal breast cancer patients has been confirmed by Reed (25). Formestane was developed for clinical use in the form of an intramuscular injection, which provides a drug depot that determines an apparent drug half-life of approximately 5-6 days (11). The first aspect to be investigated was the determination of the minimum effective dose. Single intramuscular injection of formestane 500 mg suppressed serum oestradiol (E2) and oestrone (Ei) levels to about 50% of their baselinevalues within 24 hours, and the reduced levels were maintained for 7 days (7). The endocrine effects of bi-weekly p.o. and i.m, formestane doses 250 and 500 mg were compared in 40 postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer (10). The maximally effective E2 suppression was achievedat p.o. dose of 250 mg/day and at an i.m. dose of 500 mg every 2 weeks. In patients receiving 250 mg i.m., E2 suppression was similar to that obtained with 500 mg, but it returned to baseline values immediately before the subsequent injection. No significant effects on plasma LH, FSH, DHEAS, TSH or SHBG levels were detected. On the basis of these data, which suggested that formestane could be a potentially useful drug in clinical practice, a number of Phase II studies were performed involving postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer (3,8, 15, 17,23,26). Various intramuscular and oral doses of formestane were used, with an overall response rate of 24%-39%, until its clinical efficacy and low incidence of local side-effects led to 250 mg i.m, every 2 weeks being selected as the preferred dose and route. In our experience, objective responses were obtained in 19 out of 66 patients (29%) with similar response rate in soft tissue (33%) and viscera (30%), whereas response in bone was 18%. The fact that formestane undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver to form the inactiveglicuronidemeans that no satisfactory oral formulation has yet been found.


ABSTRACT Several hitherto unreported penta-coordinate tri(α-naphthyl)- antimony(V) haloimides, haloamines, halocarboxylates and dioximates of the general formulas (α-C10H7)3SbLX and (α-C10H7)3SbL2 (where L=amides, amines, carboxylates and oximes; X=halogens) have been prepared by the metathesis reaction of (α-C10H7)3SbX2 with the appropriate metals salts of the organic ligands. The amide derivatives were also obtained by the addition of N-halo amides to tri(α-naphthyl)-antimony(V). The newly synthesised compounds have been characterised by conventional methods. A tentative trigonal bipyramidal structure is suggested for these compounds. The failure to replace the second halogen atom in (α-C10H7)3SbXL may be attributed to steric hindrance offered by the naphthyl groups bound to antimony as well as the bulky nature of the organic ligand.


The utility model discloses an indoor mosquito breeding device and relates to an experimental breeding device. The indoor mosquito feeding device consists of a breeding box and a feeding box. Each of the breeding box and the feeding box consists of a square box body. Each vertical surface of the square box body is covered by a wire net. An ovipositor and a potted plant are arranged in the breeding box. A small animal breeding cage is arranged in the feeding box. The tops of the breeding box and the feeding box are communicated with each other through a passage. A switch valve plate is arranged on the passage. The indoor mosquito breeding device has the advantages that the structural design is reasonable, the application effect is good, the cost is low, the observation is facilitated, the data acquisition and the obtaining of accurate data information in the experimental process are facilitated, the original method of catching mosquitoes for experiments is changed, the working efficiency is improved and the time is greatly saved.


During 1991 the Contraceptive Social Marketing Project in Pakistan both designated low-income couples in urban areas as its target group and doubled the price of its condom brand (Sathi) in an effort to achieve program sustainability. Earlier studies had indicated that Sathi served as an introduction to modern contraception for substantial numbers of low-income couples. The present study investigated the impact of this price increase at four different levels of the condom distribution chain: national regional retailer and user. The price increase led to substantial reductions in cross-border Sathi sales. There was a clear interaction between city size and changes in consumer demand for Sathi after the price increase; retailers in large cities reported little or no decline while those in small cities--where low-income consumers reside--experienced a 46% decline in sales as a result of lower consumer demand. On the user level the price increase was associated with a 56% decline in use. These findings indicate that reducing subsidies for family planning has a disproportionate impact on poor families and undermines the social goal of projects targeting the poor. Donors need to be aware of the trade-off between the goal of cost recovery and promotion of contraceptive use. In countries such as Pakistan it is probably unrealistic for a family planning program to recover a substantial portion of contraceptive costs from users. Preferable would be a cross-subsidization program that designs appropriately priced products for different segments of the population.


Environmental problems associated with the growing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the high demand for energy are a pressing concern. Therefore, the design of new materials for carbon dioxide storage has received increasing research attention. In this work, we report the synthesis of three new Schiff bases containing a trimethoprim unit and the investigation of their application as adsorbents for carbon dioxide capture. The reaction of trimethoprim and aromatic aldehydes in acid medium gave the corresponding Schiff bases in 83%–87% yields. The Schiff bases exhibited surface areas ranging from 4.15 to 20.33 m2/g, pore volumes of 0.0036–0.0086 cm3/g, and average pore diameters of 6.64–1.4 nm. An excellent carbon dioxide uptake (27–46 wt%) was achieved at high temperature and pressure (313 K and 40 bar, respectively) using the Schiff bases. The 3-hydroxyphenyl-substituted Schiff base, which exhibited a meta-arrangement, provided the highest carbon dioxide uptake (46 wt%) due to its higher surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter compared with the other two derivatives with a para-arrangement.


Insecticidal synthetic amides related to a novel lead compound, (2E, 4E)-N-isobutyl-6-phenyl-hexa-2, 4-dienamide, and to some natural isobutylamides are up to four times as effective for both knockdown and kill against houseflies with the super-kdr mechanism of resistance (which operates against DDT and pyrethroids) than against the S-strain. This selectivity in the response to N-alkylamides demonstrates that the non-metabolic resistance mechanism, super-kdr, is vulnerable to and might be combated effectively with N-alkylamides.


Mutually related explicit algebraic‐polynomial expressions of the orthogonalization coefficients are proposed for the biorthogonal [polynomial (Bargmann–Moshinsky), stretched, antistretched, quasistretched, and their dual] bases of the two parametric (mixed tensor and covariant) irreducible representations (irreps) of SU(n) restricted to SO(n), as well as for the projected (Smirnov–Tolstoy) and dual bases of the five‐dimensional quasispin. The orthogonalization coefficients of the essentially simplified Gram–Schmidt process are expressed, up to explicitly given elementary factors, in terms of the numerator and denominator polynomials, represented as compositions of the generalized hypergeometric coefficients <3F2(...)‖μ≳ and <1F0(...)‖ν≳ and equivalent in the diagonal (denominator) and boundary cases to the Aλ(cabde) functions of Biedenharn and Louck. The distribution of zeros and the symmetry properties of the introduced polynomials are crucial for the conjectured solutions.


One of the most important issues of Islamic thought is knowledge. Islamic philosophers and theologians tried to define knowledge in the historical process and spoke out many definitions in this respect. 'Adud al-Dīn al-Ījī (d. 756/1355), in his al-Mawâkif deals with some of these definitions in his and he preferred one of them and criticized the others. Sayyid Şherīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413) explained the definition of al-Ījī as a commentator, although he did not agree with Ici. One of the important names of Ottoman thought Khatībzāde Muhy al-dīn Mehmed (d. 901/1496) criticized both the definition of al-Ījī and the statements made by al-Jurjānī about this definition in his treatise, which became famous with the name of Risāle fī ta'rīfi'l-'ilm. These criticisms are mostly realized within the terms of classical definition theory. In addition, while criticizing both Ici and Curcâni, Khatībzāde also takes into account the views they defended in their other works. During the article, other sources referred to by Khatībzāde are also referred to, thus showing the status of the views that caused Khatībzāde's criticism in the original sources. Finally, this study also aims to draw attention to the liveliness of the discussions in that period, with the example of Hatibzâde.


The economy hotels are mushrooming throughout the country and the developing momentum is amazing.Having gotten better development in big cites, it is springing up widely in small and medium cities now..Because of various factors such as maladaptation,,the development is not so smooth and suffers some setbacks, A series of the phenomen have occurred, such as the chaotic competitions and vicious pricing. since there are original local medium and low starred hotels,with the entering of various big chain brand hotels into the markets, the competitions among economy hotels are becoming more vigorous,how to remain invincible in the new market,.that is an important problem the economy hotels have to solve in the process of development.This paper took the development of the economy hotels in Changde City for Example,it analyzed the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats to the the development of the economy hotels in Changde City.with SWOT method and put forward countermeasures.


Density functional theory studies comparing the energetics of [4+2] Diels−Alder-like cyclizations of the iminoborane (F3C)3C−B⋮N−(t-Bu) with substituted cis-2-R-1,3-butadienes (R = CH3, NH2, CF3) predict that some reactions will display regiospecificity derived from the transition state barrier heights. When R is an electronically near-neutral group (CH3), the models predict no preference, and so no regiospecificity. When R is an electron-donating group (NH2), the models predict a strong preference for the 5-R-1-bora-2-azacyclohexa-1,4-diene product; that is, the R group favors proximity to the boron atom. When R is an electron-withdrawing group (CF3), the models predict a preference for the 4-R-1-bora-2-azacyclohexa-1,4-diene product, with the R group in proximity to the nitrogen atom. NBO charges provide an explanation for the specificity, in that the atomic charges within the transition state structures match properly for the orientations indicated. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) coefficients of the ...


A remarkable medical achievement was quietly reported in the New England Journal of Medicine on 9 December 1982. Ley and his co-workers (1982) treated 3 patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia and 2 patients with homozygous sickle cell disease with a single drug, 5 azacytidine. For the duration of the regimens they successfully and favourably altered the molecular constitution of the haemoglobin species in these 5 patients. This response to a single therapeutic agent is noteworthy because sickle cell disease and betathalassaemia have distinctly disparate molecular mechanisms. In the course of their treatments, these workers activated the operon for the gammaglobin of haemoglobin F, a genome prominently active during the second trimester of intrauterine life but markedly muted thereafter. The epoch of gene-switching for the therapeutic management of genetic diseases has arrived. Before we can appreciate the magnificence of this therapeutic advance and its clinical thrust, an understanding of the genetic control of the biosynthesis of the haemoglobin molecule during intrauterine life is essential. A single haemoglobin molecule is composed of about 10000 atoms arranged in 2 sets of dyads, 2 alpha-globin chains and 2 beta-globin chains. These sets are in a quaternery structure such that each globin chain has in its hydrophobic 'pocket' a haem group, each of which will stoichiometrically and reversibly bind one molecule of oxygen. Thus, each tetramer of haemoglobin, when fully loaded with oxygen, undergoing a conformational change, will transport 8 atoms of oxygen. This oxygen transport must begin early in intrauterine life. Furthermore, the embryonic and fetal haemoglobins must successfully compete for oxygen with maternal haemoglobin A. This condition is achieved 'by the developing embryo through the synthesis of a variety of haemoglobins, all of which have a higher affinity for molecular oxygen than does the maternal tetramer of haemoglobin A. This functional advantage is mediated by haemoglobins structurally analogous in part to haemoglobins of fish, recapitulating our phylogeny, and in part due to the reduced ability of such haemoglobins to bind 2, 3 DPG. These features shift the allosteric equilibrium between the two principal sterostructures of haemoglobin to the 'left' or 'R' conformation which binds and transports oxygen, in contrast to the 'T' conformation which is the oxygen-free form of haemoglobin. In the first trimester of intrauterine life there is a bewildering array of globin chains, synthesized in a synchronized fashion, designated as alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon, and zeta (Figure 1). In order for haemoglobin to function as a vehicle for the transport and release of oxygen, it must be composed of 2 dissimilar dyads, i.e., alpha2 beta2= haemoglobin A. A homozygous tetramer of haemoglobin such as haemoglobin Bart's, i.e. gamma4, acquires the 'R' molecular conformation and avidly binds oxygen, never to release it. In the first trimester the zeta-globin is the analogue of the alpha-globin and both coexist for a time almost simultaneously. But unlike the zeta-globin, the alpha-globin persists throughout life. Similarly the epsilonand gamma-globins are analogous to the beta-globin. The latter


Upgrading yourself is the only way of staying ahead. To upgrade is to make improvement in something or exchange it for better version. There may be up gradation of skills, knowledge or system. Ayurveda is a science of life with a holistic approach to health and personalised medicine. It is one of the oldest medical systems, which comprises thousands of medical concepts and hypothesis. Ayurveda has ability to treat many chronic diseases such as Cancer, Diabetes, Arthritis and Asthma. So for upgrading this ancient and precious system of medicine there must be full-fledged inclusion of technology that allows computers and machines to function in an intelligent manner. This computer or machine based intelligence is called as Artificial intelligence. It is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. We all know that technology has great potential in reducing overloads from human shoulders, storage capability, saving costs and lots more. But its functionality in Ayurveda, for some people, might be indigestive. That's because Ayurveda regarded as something primitive and obsolete in compare to AI (Artificial Intelligence), which came in to the view a few years back and is regarded as revolutionary and futuristic. By adopting and adapting this digital world in the field of Ayurveda we can create a revolutionary change.


The mechanisms underlying operational tolerance after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in humans are poorly understood. We studied two independent cohorts of patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from human leukocyte antigen–identical siblings. Primary tolerance was associated with long-lasting reshaping of the recipients' immune system compared to their healthy donors with an increased proportion of regulatory T cell subsets and decreased T cell activation, proliferation, and migration. Transcriptomics profiles also identified a role for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis in the regulation of immune cell functions. We then compared individuals with operational tolerance and nontolerant recipients at the phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic level. We observed alterations centered on CD38+-activated T and B cells in nontolerant patients. In tolerant patients, cell subsets with regulatory functions were prominent. RNA sequencing analyses highlighted modifications in the tolerant patients' transcriptomic profiles, particularly with overexpression of the ectoenzyme NT5E (encoding CD73), which could counterbalance CD38 enzymatic functions by producing adenosine. Further, metabolomic analyses suggested a central role of androgens in establishing operational tolerance. These data were confirmed using an integrative approach to evaluating the immune landscape associated with operational tolerance. Thus, balance between a CD38-activated immune state and CD73-related production of adenosine may be a key regulator of operational tolerance. Description Multiomics analysis reveals how the immune system is reshaped during operational tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Understanding operational tolerance Operational tolerance describes a spontaneous lack of alloreactivity to donor cells or tissue in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs. Although operational tolerance has been observed in solid organ transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the features underlying operational tolerance are not clear. Here, Dubouchet et al. characterized the transcriptional, immunological, and metabolomic features of operational tolerance in two cohorts of individuals who received HSCT from an HLA-matched sibling donor. The authors found that operational tolerance was distinguished by expression of immunosuppressive markers, including CD73, as well as androgens. Together, these findings shed light on potential drivers of operational tolerance.


This research has focussed on the identification of the relevant processes behind the long-term fine sediment dynamics. Three main influences were considered: the tide, wind waves and biological stabilization/destabilization. The study was performed by means of computational modelling, within the process-based model, Delft3D. By modelling several different scenarios, the separate influences of the tide, wind waves and biology were investigated. The results showed that the tidal asymmetry, entering the basin from the sea, was the main contributor to the import of fine sediments. In general, the tide promoted a large import towards the intertidal areas below the MSL line, and only a very small import towards higher elevations, due to the limited transport capacity of the tidal currents in these areas. Waves were the main contributor to the export-flux of fine sediments by the model, by increasing the bed shear stress in the intertidal areas and causing a relatively larger distribution of sediment towards the deeper areas. Waves were also the main contributor to the high suspended sediment concentrations inside the modelled basin, causing a substantial increase in the basin-average SPM concentrations. In case of a combined influence of waves and biology, particularly the interaction between the seasonal variations appeared to be of importance, which further enhanced the export flux from the modelled basin during late autumn and early winter. With respect to the distribution of sediment, the biological influences caused a landward shift in the deposition and the sediment was distributed much more evenly than if no biological effects were included in the model.


The increasing popularity of renewable energy resources has promoted the construction of offshore wind farms, particularly in the German Bight. While the wind farm layout consists of an array of large turbines, the interrelation of wind turbine wakes with the remaining array is of substantial interest. The downstream spatial evolution of turbulent wakes is very complex and depends on manifold parameters such as wind speed, wind direction and ambient atmospheric stability conditions. Besides the wake properties of single turbines, the interrelation of adjacent wind farms is a major subject of interest. To complement and validate existing numerical models, corresponding observations with high spatial resolution are needed. Over the past four decades, spaceborne remote sensing of sea surface winds with microwave sensors has developed into a mature technology. It is now playing an important role in Earth Observation (EO) due to the capability to measure with high spatial coverage and almost unaffected by weather conditions. Hence, the observations are commonly used for the improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP). While scatterometers yield only coarse-resolution data, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has proven to measure local wind related sea surface roughness with both, high resolution and wide coverage. On the other hand, earth-bound remote sensing techniques have evolved significantly. Especially Doppler LiDAR has become an important tool for offshore wind energy related research in the last years. Ground-based LiDAR windscanners enable to measure vertical wind profiles or horizontal planar scans of the radial wind speed within a range of several kilometres. While both methods have been successfully validated against meteorological models and in-situ point measurements, we present a direct comparison of platform based LiDAR measurements and high resolution 2D sea surface wind fields derived from spaceborne SAR. The analysis is further supported by a comparison with data from the numerical meteorological model COSMO-DE run by the German Weather Service (DWD). Our contribution will contain a comparison of a series of simultaneous wind field observations around the offshore wind farms "alpha ventus" and "Riffgat" in the North Sea taken with TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1 and two scanning long range LiDAR systems. Both techniques are compared with a special focus on small scale variations in wind fields both, upstream and downstream from the wind facilities. Methods that have been developed to account for different measuring heights and scan duration of the two independent datasets will be presented and discussed regarding the applicability for turbulent atmospheric conditions predominant in the wake structures downstream of the wind turbines.
Our initial results indicate that high resolution SAR-based wind fields are well-suited to identify and quantify small scale wind variations and therefore represent a valuable complementary data source for numerical models of offshore wind farms and NWP in general.


We investigated the effect of different cooking methods on variation of heterocyclic amines in grass carp( Ctenopharyngodon idellus) surimi products and discussed their formation mechanism. With ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry,we detected the contents of 11 kinds of heterocyclic amines. Results reveal that types of heterocyclic amines and their formation rate were related with cooking methods. Only two kinds of heterocyclic amines were detected,with 1. 78 μg·kg- 1at the 60thminute by boiling method; nine kinds of heterocyclic amines were detected,with 75. 78 μg·kg- 1at the 30thminute by 200℃ baking method; nine kinds of heterocyclic amines were detected,with 115. 11 μg·kg- 1at the 8thminute by 200 ℃ frying method.At frying temperature of 100 ~ 200 ℃,the types and contents of heterocyclic amines increased significantly with increase of frying temperature and time.


with Clarissa in its earliest stages of composition, not only read for the sentiment but also wrote letters of their own in emulation of Richardson's pithy style. Given the current tendency of American university presses to favour publications with a strong market appeal, presses such as Peter Lang are performing a valuable service to our more specialized scholarly interests. Astrid Krake's "How art produces art": Samuel Richardson's "Clarissa" im Spiegel ihrer deutschen Übersetzungen (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2000), for instance, is a monograph that no serious discussion of the translations of Clarissa into French and German can afford to overlook.


This study aims to provide an initial analysis of how Indonesia in the post-truth era is becoming a world threat. Modern countries such as America and Britain can be ruined by post-truth storms, this is an alarm for the Indonesian people. The potential threats are of course different and in fact seen from the very diverse social situation of Indonesian people (ethnicity, religion, language, culture) the potential threats will be more dangerous if there is no good mitigation. Study literature the researchers use to provide a baseline analysis that occurs, to further deepen based on the current situation through the exploration of information from credible media. The pattern of hoax news dissemination through social media received by the people of Indonesia and the results of surveys from various survey institutions give a clear picture that Indonesia is also not immune to the post-truth tsunami. The main medium of post-truth is alternative media, and post-truth is constrained if media literacy and fact-checking become a culture of community communication.


A mobile communication terminal and an image transmission method using the terminal are provided to transmit an image formed by synthesizing particular characters with an image of a calling party to a called party during a video call, thus the calling and called parties can have a more intimate call. An image is prepared. A text image consisting of a character part and a background part with a particular color is prepared. The background part of the text image is filled with the image so that the character part of the text image is inserted into the image, in order to synthesize the text image with the image. The synthesized image is transmitted. When the text image is synthesized with the image, the text image and the image are matched together one to one according to each corresponding pixel to replace each pixel of the particular color's background part of the text image with pixels of the image to synthesize the text image with the image.


Paediatric Medulloblastoma, while rare, is a cancer that affects hundreds of children each year between the ages 0-14 years. Prognosis is typically poor and dependent on variant signalling pathways underlying pathogenesis of tumours. The following discussion will briefly describe four molecular pathways and tumour histology of paediatric medulloblastoma, as well as the methods to identify and treat each variant. *Correspondence to: Andrea LO Hebb, Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, E-mail: email@example.com Received: January 13, 2020; Accepted: January 23, 2020; Published: January 27, 2020 Introduction Medulloblastoma is a malignant, stage IV brain tumour which occurs more commonly in children than adults. Medulloblastoma is the most common form of high-grade embryonal neuroepithelial central nervous system (CNS) tumour in children and the leading cause of death in paediatric cancer patients [1,2]. The incidence of medulloblastoma has been estimated as 4.82 per 1,000,000 persons, with a male predominance and mean age of diagnosis at 5.8 years [1]. The 5-year and progression-free survival rates of children diagnosed with medulloblastoma between 1990 and 2009 has been reported as approximately 70% with children over the age of 14 having a greater survival rate [3,4]. Poor prognosis as indicated by a 5-year survival rate of approximately 13 % is associated with medulloblastoma recurrence. Genomic studies have identified 4 types of medulloblastoma, Wnt and Shh (Sonic Hedgehog), group 3 and group 4, each associated with different prognostic factors. Wnt and Shh were named after the signalling pathways underlying pathogenesis of tumours, while less is known of the biology of the generic group 3 and group 4. Metastases is rare in Wnt and Shh while frequent in group 3 and group 4 contributing to poor prognosis [5,6]. Tumour pathology and location Tumours with different histology arise from the brain matter near the posterior fossa, commonly affecting the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres, and metastasize through the CNS [5]. Five types of tumours found in children with medulloblastoma have been described. Classic type tumours are found in 70% of cases and are characterized by sheets of round cells with excess cytoplasm [5]. Desmoplastic tumours are composed of undifferentiated cells which form a casing of connective tissue around the neoplasm and originate from the cerebellar hemispheres as well as cells from the external granular layer [5]. Such tumours can also be nodular, forming aggregates of differentiated cells that can be either localized or metastatic [5]. Lastly, large cell and anaplastic tumours are frequently found together and have a mix of round cells with expanded nuclei and cells whose nuclei change shape [5]. Molecular subgroups The subgroups of medulloblastoma arise from faulty cell signalling pathways within neuroectodermal cells responsible for the formation of parts of the skull, brain, and surrounding structures [5,6]. The Wnt signalling pathway is vital for structural development in children as it triggers mitotic stem cell division and differentiation [5,6]. Normally within a cell, a β-catenin degradation complex composed of multiple proteins keeps intracellular β-catenin levels low [5,8]. When a Wnt protein binds to a Frizzled membrane receptor, it activates a Disheveled protein that inactivates the degradation complex, allowing β-catenin to enter the nucleus to trigger transcription [5,6-8]. Common mutations involve germline missense mutations of the Apc gene that codes for the protein adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) which is a part of the β-catenin degradation complex, as well as somatic mutations to the Ctnnb1 gene which produces stabilized β-catenin [5-7]. As a result, β-catenin cannot be broken down and keeps the pathway activated resulting in excess cell proliferation and tumours [5-7]. The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway also plays a role in the development of stem cells, the central nervous system, and other tissues [5,9]. The Shh protein must bind to a patched protein located on a brain cell to cause a shape change [5]. In response, a Smoothened (Smo) protein also located on the cell membrane is activated which in turn activates a Gli protein [5]. The Gli protein can then move into the nucleus where it triggers gene transcription and results in cell proliferation [5,9]. Additionally, SUFU proteins play a role in inhibiting Gli to turn off the pathway [5]. Somatic cell mutations are common on the Smo gene that encodes the Smo protein, as well as on the Ptch1 and Sufu genes that encode the Patched and SUFU proteins which makes them unable to inactivate Gli [5,8,9]. Furthermore, additional abnormalities have been observed which result in the amplification of Gli proteins [5,8]. As a result, the pathway stays activated and causes excess cell division and tumours [5]. Zinck MJ (2020) Mechanism of paediatric medulloblastoma Neuro Neurosurg, 2020 doi: 10.15761/NNS.1000127 Volume 3: 2-3 The cause for group 3 and group 4 subgroups are less clear and are thought to arise from interactions between multiple cell signalling pathways [5]. What is known pertains to the OTX2 gene which aids in brain development and is overexpressed in both groups [5]. Additionally, the Myc gene is mutated in group 3 and causes issues with many genes whose functions include promoting stem cell proliferation [11]. When mutated, the gene amplifies these pathways and results in the formation of tumours [5]. One of the few mechanisms identified in group 4 is that one X-chromosome is commonly missing, but the origin of the tumours is unknown [5].


Zeolite-promoted benzylation of alcohols with benzyl chloride has been investigated. By use of a series of cation-exchanged zeolites, which have the same crystalline structure but different acid and base properties, it is confirmed that the cooperative function of acid sites and base sites of zeolite is required for the effective benzylation of alcohols although both acid and base strengths are low. It is also found that alcohols show different reactivities in zeolite from those in solution depending on their molecular structures because the benzylation is promoted inside the narrow cavities of zeolite.


Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant innate‐like T lymphocyte population that are enriched in liver and mucosal tissues. They are restricted by MR1, which presents antigens derived from a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis, a pathway present in many microbial species, including commensals. Therefore, MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation must be tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate activation and immunopathology. Using an in vitro model of MR1‐mediated activation of primary human MAIT cells, we investigated the mechanisms by which it is regulated. Uptake of intact bacteria by antigen presenting cells (APCs) into acidified endolysosomal compartments was required for efficient MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation, while stimulation with soluble ligand was inefficient. Consistent with this, little MR1 was seen at the surface of human monocytic (THP1) and B‐cell lines. Activation with a TLR ligand increased the amount of MR1 at the surface of THP1 but not B‐cell lines, suggesting differential regulation in different cell types. APC activation and NF‐κB signaling were critical for MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation. In primary cells, however, prolonged TLR signaling led to downregulation of MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation. Overall, MR1‐mediated MAIT cell activation is a tightly regulated process, dependent on integration of innate signals by APCs.


In this article, a Photovoltaic (PV) array–integrated dual-boost dc-ac converter operating as an isolated single-phase microinverter is presented to track and export the power produced on the PV array to grid and load. The single-phase microinverter, which utilizes the cascaded connection of the dc-dc converter, rectifier, and an inverter, offers high boosting gain with low-duty ratio. However, the cascaded connection of the converters offers low conversion efficiency that is due to the usage of an increased number of power-switching devices. The proposed isolated dual-boost microinverter is designed to offer high Maximum Power Point Tracking efficiency, high conversion ratio, and high conversion efficiency with a reduced number of switches and passive elements. The design considerations and six different modes of the microinverter are presented. The simulated and experimental results are presented to investigate the proposed dual-boost dc-ac converter–operated microinverter.