Obtaining emergency intravenous access in a peripherally shut down patient can be challenging even for the most experienced clinician; however, it is paramount for the delivery of life saving drugs and fluids. Ultrasonography has been used for guided peripheral access but has shown no advantage being user-dependant.1 ,2

The authors use a simple technique which involves applying a tourniquet above the elbow and establishing intravenous access in the dorsum of the hand with a blue (22G) venflon. The tourniquet is left on and immediately 100 ml of normal saline is infused by compressing the …


Radiation grafting of acrylic acid (AA)/N- vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) binary mixture onto poly(ethyl- ene terephthalate) (PET) knittings was investigated by pre- irradiation technique. The influence of the grafting conditions, such as monomer composition, reaction tem- perature, and the effect of storage time with temperature after irradiation on the degree of grafting was determined. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis of the grafted knittings confirmed the existence of amide group of NVP in the knittings. The concentration of peroxides and effect of storage time on peroxide concentration were also deter- mined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl at different tem- peratures. There was an increase in surface roughness of grafted PET in comparison to virgin PET as determined by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron micros- copy. The grafted knittings were subsequently immobi- lized with collagen Type I which was further apt for the study of growth and morphology of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC). The immobilization of collagen on PET knittings has provided an excellent surface for the growth of hMSCs. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 116-126, 2010


In a series of field experiments in Ohio involving 193 parturient cows of the Holstein and Guernsey breeds, the prophylactic efficacy of selenium and vitamin E was tested under field conditions. Herds initially were chosen because of a chronic problem with retained placenta which could not be related to a known etiological factor. Each herd was divided into three groups. Group A received an injection of 50 mg of sodium selenite 40 days prepartum and 680 units of alpha tocopherol acetate followed by the same treatment 20 days prepartum. Group B received a single injection of 50 mg of sodium selenite 20 days prepartum, and 680 IU of vitamin E. Group C served as the control. Incidence of retained placenta was reduced from a mean of 51.2% in control cows to 8.8% for animals injected with selenium and vitamin E. No differences in efficacy were between Group A and B, and it appears that the single 20 day prepartum injection of 50 mg of sodium selenite and 680 IU of alpha tocopherol acetate is an effective prophylactic for prevention of retained placenta.


The cross-range scaling of inverse synthetic aperture radar image depends on both the radar wavelength and the rotating angle of the target relative to the radar line-of-sight. After compensating the translational motion, the second-order phase coefficients of the range echoes are a linear polynomial of the rotating angular velocity and range geometry. In this study, a novel method for estimating the rotating angular velocity of the targets with dominant scatters is proposed. The range cells where the amplitudes have smaller normalised variances are selected, and then frequency domain windowing is applied to extract echoes of dominant scatters. Based on the discrete polynomial-phase transform, the second-order phase coefficients of the strong scatter echoes are estimated, and thus the rotating angular velocity can be obtained through the least-square-error method. Simulated and real-data results have shown the effectiveness and robustness of this method.


An orientation distribution function based model is used for micromechanical modeling of the titanium-aluminum alloys, Ti-0 wt % Al and Ti-7 wt % Al, which are in demand for many aerospace applications. This probability descriptor based modeling approach is different than crystal plasticity finite element techniques since it computes the averaged material properties using upper bound averaging. A rate-independent single-crystal plasticity model is implemented to compute the effect of macroscopic strain on the polycrystal. An optimization problem is defined for calibrating the basal, prismatic, pyramidal slip system and twin parameters using the available tension and compression experimental data. The crystal plasticity parameters of Ti-7 wt % Al are not studied extensively in literature, and therefore the optimization results for the crystal plasticity model realization produce unique data, which will be beneficial to future studies in the field. The sensitivities of the slip and twin parameters to the design objectives are also investigated to identify the most critical slip system parameters. Using the optimum design parameters, the microstructural textures, during the tension test, are predicted by the crystal plasticity finite element simulations, and compared to the available experimental texture and scanning electron microscope—digital image correlation data.


Protein, isozymes and RAPD-PCR were conducted to assess the biochemical and molecular characterization for three subspecies of honey bee worker, Apis mellifera L. Low polymorphism percentages were recorded in different protein patterns ranging from 18 to 42%. Eighteen, five and four unique bands distinguished the Egyptian, the Italian and the Carniolan subspecies, respectively. The isozyme systems recorded low polymorphism percentages, except peroxidase (67%). High levels of polymorphism were observed in RAPD-PCR profiles. 28 unique bands were identified out of 39 polymorphic ones; fourteen in the Egyptian subspecies, six in the Italian subspecies and eight in the Carniolan subspecies. These unique bands were considered as molecular markers for these subspecies. The dendrogram separated the Egyptian subspecies from the other two subspecies with a highly genetic distance of 0.25. The Italian and Carniolan subspecies were grouped into one main cluster with a genetic distance of 0.01 between them.


A shim coil device (8,9) for installation and/or arrangement (1) within a local coil (6, 7) of a magnetic resonance device is provided. The shim coil device (8,9) includes at least one shim coil (11) formed by at least one conductor loop (12), and at least one compensation coil (13) formed by at least one conductor loop (14, 15, 24, 25). The at least one shim coil (11) and the at least one compensation coil (13) are arranged in a same coil plane (16). An overall arrangement of the at least one shim coil and the at least one compensation coil is symmetrical about a first central axis and a second central axis (20, 21). The first central axis and the second central axis (20, 21) are perpendicular to each other and lie in the coil plane (16). An overall induction surface is enclosed by the at least one conductor loop (14, 15) of the at least one compensation coil (13) corresponding to an overall induction surface enclosed by the at least one conductor loop (12) of the at least one shim coil (11).


This study examines three sites in Alaska with unstable rock slopes that were surveyed using both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and structure‐from‐motion (SfM) techniques. The datasets were acquired simultaneously and linked to a rigorous survey control network. An accuracy evaluation of the SfM‐derived surface models was performed using the TLS data and numerous reflectorless total station observations collected across the rock slopes. A quality evaluation was conducted to examine differences in point density, model completeness and distributions of morphological properties between the SfM and TLS datasets. The results indicate that SfM is a viable option for unstable rock‐slope assessment when a sufficient number of images with adequate overlap are acquired and the reconstruction is tied to a survey control network. The best results, in terms of accuracy and completeness, were achieved when combining both unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and terrestrial imagery for the SfM reconstruction. However, issues such as over‐smoothing and geometric inconsistencies bring into question the suitability of SfM for the detection of small changes over time.


This paper deals with the three aspects of economic ideology expressed in the late Qing Dynasty novel Sound from the Market: reflections on the traditional commerce ideology; thoughts on the commerce ideology of modern times; the confidence to surpass the western economic level.


The ability to refuse unprotected sexual behavior is a skill that could prevent a number of negative health outcomes, including HIV/AIDS infection and transmission. The present study uniquely adds to the extant literature by investigating the effects of stress reactivity (indexed by cardiac reactivity) and emotion dysregulation on self-efficacy in avoiding potentially risky sexual behaviors among women. Participants were a sample of 60 women age 18–25 years, oversampled for a history of childhood maltreatment (40 women reported a history of physical, emotional and/or sexual abuse or neglect). Findings indicated that emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between severity of childhood maltreatment and self-efficacy for avoidance of sexual activities, but only for women who also showed high stress reactivity. These results suggest that women with a history of childhood maltreatment, and in particular those who are highly reactive to stress, would potentially benefit from prevention programs for risky sexual activities that aim to reduce emotion dysregulation.


In PET imaging, the use of different tracers may provide complementary information on tumor heterogeneities. A single PET acquisition with dual-tracer injection prevents bias between sequential acquisitions. As already shown in the literature, it is possible to separate two PET signals from equal half-life isotope tracers based on their pharmacokinetics. With the goal of building a generic framework for reconstructing separated images of each tracer from dual-tracer PET acquisitions, we propose to take benefits from a spectral model without any assumptions about kinetics. Using 1D simulations of FLT+FDG, we evaluated the ability of the model to separate and extract parameters of interest for each tracer with respect to the delay between injections.


The reorientation temperature in ultrathin ferromagnetic films is studied within the framework of the many‐body Green function theory. The model Hamiltonian includes a Heisenberg term with the different surface exchange couplings with respect to the bulk one, a second‐order single‐ion anisotropy, and a transverse external magnetic field in the x‐direction. The single‐ion anisotropy term is treated by the generalized Anderson–Callen decoupling scheme. We investigate the reorientation temperature TR (a) as a function of the surface single‐ion anisotropic parameter K2,S(T → 0) for different: film thicknesses L, surface exchange coupling enhancements ΔS, transverse magnetic fields h  0x and (b) as a function of the transverse magnetic field h  0x for different: film thicknesses L, surface exchange coupling enhancements ΔS, surface single‐ion anisotropic parameters K2,S(T → 0).


Silver-sheathed YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} (YBCO) powder was thermomechanically processed by rolling wire into flat tapes from sealed 6.3 mm diameter, 76 mm long billets. Transport J{sub c} values at 77 K in zero applied magnetic filed reached about 600 A/cm{sup 2}. Mechanical processing of powder-in-tube specimens involves fracture, densification, and sliding of powder particles as well as deformation and work hardening of the metallic sheath. A model of these effects has been developed and the experimental results suggest that the deformation properties of the powder dominate the stresses to fabricate the tapes. 10 refs., 6 figs.


Social network community detection is an important issue for means of effective advertisements, accurate recommender systems and tracking changes. Since social networks consist of several data sources, they can be informative that yield self-descriptive communities. Accuracy, efficiency and scalability of community detection can be enhanced by selection of these data sources and determination of the appropriate combining approach. Traditional approaches express concern over community detection algorithms. To prevent semantic confliction and managing multiple data sources, a process is necessary to bring all necessary steps together. In this paper this process is clarified. Moreover, several effective approaches for combining the data sources are compared.


The authors describe a program in Alabama which has led to a secondary school curriculum for training students to use high-performance computational methods in mathematics and science. The training material developed has been offered as a professional development course for Alabama teachers in computer science, physics, chemistry or mathematics. The result of inservice training for these teachers has been the incorporation of a course into their curricula which teaches the fundamentals of high performance computing and which allows the students to develop science or mathematics projects which utilize Alabama's Cray X-MP for their solutions. This program has been implemented in schools throughout Alabama during the past two years and is now being used by teachers and students across the nation.<<ETX>>


1. Terence A. Joiner, MD, MHSA*
2. Carol Foster, MD†
3. Thomas Shope, MD†

1.

2. *Clinical Assistant Professor.

3.

4. †Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.

After completing this article, readers should be able to:

1. Explain the relationship between breastfeeding and vitamin D deficiency.

2. List the clinical findings in rickets.

3. Delineate the clinical finding that can direct physicians toward infants who are at highest risk for rickets.

4. Describe how to evaluate a child for and diagnose vitamin D deficiency rickets.

5. Delineate the management steps that can prevent the occurrence of rickets in children at risk.

Contemporary physicians may think of vitamin D deficiency rickets as a disease of the past. In fact, it remains a significant cause of nutritional disease for infants as we enter the 21st century. Unlike iron deficiency anemia, there are no clear recommendations about whether or how to screen children for rickets. The following cases illustrate the many different presentations of rickets.

### PATIENT 1

A 6-month-old African-American female developed cyanosis while breastfeeding followed by two tonic episodes consistent with infantile seizures. History revealed that she was breastfed exclusively, had received no vitamin D supplementation, and was receiving erythromycin for treatment of otitis media. Except for erythematous tympanic membranes, findings on physical examination were normal.

Laboratory studies (Table 1⇓ ) demonstrated decreased serum calcium, elevated serum alkaline phosphate, decreased hydroxyvitamin D, and increased dihydroxyvitamin D. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen values were normal. Radiography revealed osteopenic ribs and flared anterior aspects of the ribs. The distal radial and ulnar metaphyses were cup-shaped, and the distal femoral and proximal tibial metaphyses were slightly widened.

View this table:

 Table 1.
Summary of Serum Laboratory Results

### PATIENT 2

A 1-year-old African-American male presented with a 3-day history of cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Chest radiography revealed left pneumonia and a right-sided rib fracture. The infant had been breastfed without vitamin D supplementation.

Findings on physical examination included intercostal retractions, a temperature of 38.7°SDC (101.7°SDF), and a weight of 7.65 kg (<5th percentile). The …


ALTITUDE supercharging of aeroplane engines by means of turbo‐blowers driven by exhaust‐gas turbines differs from ordinary charging of internal combustion engines because the process is much more accentuated. Whilst the output of stationary engines can be increased by 50 per cent, that of rail‐car engines by 80 per cent, by supercharging, an aeroplane engine, to give its full output at 12,000 m. altitude, has to be supercharged so as to give four times its output without supercharging. Thus altitude supercharging offers certain peculiarities.


The chemical constituents of flavors and fragrances are represented by low concentrated volatiles, usually in matrices of various complexities. If in the past their analysis was directed toward the identification of constituents, today their analysis has become necessary in compliance with international regulations.The strict regulation of flavor and fragrance manipulation and production poses a challenge to the analytical chemist, who requires suitable analytical techniques. Advanced analytical methods and instrumentation include gas chromatography, GC–MS, and other hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. Modern techniques are more sensitive and selective, can be automated, and are often more environment-friendly, representing current trends in flavor and fragrance analysis.This article provides an overview of the most common analytical methodologies and sample preparation techniques used for the analysis of flavors and fragrances. Theoretical principles as well as selected applications are also discussed.

Keywords:

flavor;
fragrance;
gas chromatography;
hyphenated techniques;
multidimensional techniques


BACKGROUND
The sentinel node biopsy has been established as a standard procedure in many types of cancer. To date, only one case was reported for successful detection of the sentinel node using a radiopharmaceutical-directed mapping technique in malignant melanoma of the vagina.

CASE
An 81-year-old woman developed malignant melanoma arising from the lower third of the vagina. She underwent local resection of the tumor and exploration of the sentinel node using blue dye. The sentinel node was detected successfully in the groin, and was negative for metastasis. Intra-cavity irradiation was given as an adjuvant therapy.

CONCLUSION
In view of relative ease and minimal trauma, sentinel node mapping could be a routine procedure in malignant melanoma arising from the vagina or vulva.


In this paper, a new approach based on the second-order statistics (SOS) and acoustic vector sensor (AVS) array is proposed, for localization estimation of near-field acoustic narrowband sources. Firstly, we choose the centrosymmetric uniform linear-array as the AVS arrangement, and the array is consistent with the coordinate axis direction of the acoustic vector-sensor. This estimation method makes good use of the acquisition information from the AVS, such as one-dimensional sound pressure and three-dimensional particle velocity, and has shown preferable performance for the parameter estimation of direction-of-arrival (DOA) and range of target acoustic sources in the near field. The estimation algorithm expands the near-field array manifold of one single acoustic vector sensor to the acoustic vector-sensor's uniform linear-array, and the near-field acoustic vector sensor linear array output model is deduced. The autocorrelation and cross-correlation function of the velocity field and the pressure field are used to construct the rotational invariance frame, which helps to extract the expected information. Consequently, the closed-form solutions of the incident source's DOA and range are derived explicitly through the parameter pairing operation. The proposed method reduces the computational burden and has good spatial recognition ability and high resolution in the case of limited array elements. It also has better engineering application prospect. Eventually, the performance of the method is verified by Monte Carlo simulation experiments.


The possibilities are discussed of employing solar photoelectric plants and batteries in different physico-geographical and economical regions of the Uzbekistan Republic.


We study the existence and the number of $k$-neighborly reorientations of an oriented matroid. This leads to $k$-variants of McMullen's problem and Roudneff's conjecture, the case $k=1$ being the original statements on complete cells in arrangements. Adding to results of Larman and Garc\'ia-Col\'in, we provide new bounds on the $k$-McMullen's problem and prove the conjecture for several ranks and $k$ by computer. Further, we show that $k$-Roudneff's conjecture for fixed rank and $k$ reduces to a finite case analyse. As a consequence we prove the conjecture for odd rank $r$ and $k=\frac{r-1}{2}$ as well as for rank $6$ and $k=2$ with the aid of the computer.


We have recently proposed the refractive-index profiling method using the iterative phase retrieval method.1'2 In this report, we experimentally demonstrate the applicability of the iterative phase retrieval method to the refractive-index profiling of the optical fiber.


Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 72019-2061


Abstract It has been verified that, in a number of cases, thermogravimetric analysis permits quantitative determination and identification of carbon blacks in the free state or in vulcanized compounds. The proper operating conditions can give sufficiently good repeatability and adequate precision for most routine analyses. As is the case in other methods for determining the loading, numerous difficulties were encountered with elastomers which graphitize on heating. However, quantitative analysis of black in nitrile rubbers remains possible, but the identification of different types of black is very difficult. The authors propose to continue this study, particularly into the new families of blacks, primarily into the function of the diameter of their elementary particles and their degree of structure.


Background: To examine the association between COVID-19 vaccination status and physical activity (PA), sporting behavior, as well as barriers to PA in adults in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. Methods: A total of 1516 adults provided complete responses to our online questionnaire sent out in August 2021. Information about self-reported PA categories, sporting behavior, barriers to PA, and COVID-19 vaccination status were gathered. Main analyses were done using multiple linear regression adjusted for relevant parameters. Results: We found a significant association of vaccination status with total PA (p = .011), vigorous PA (p = .015), and moderate PA (p = .001) but not transport-related PA or sedentary time. Unvaccinated adults tended to have more total and vigorous PA than those vaccinated once (ratios of geometric means: 1.34 and 1.60, respectively) or twice (1.22 and 1.09, respectively). Yet, not sufficient evidence was available to confirm this. There was no between-group difference in the contribution of leisure time, work-related, or transport-related PA to total PA. Vaccination status was not associated with sporting behavior except for jogging as the primary intensive type of sports. Finally, there were no significant differences in any of the COVID-19 specific barriers to PA between groups. Conclusion: Our data showed that vaccination status is associated with PA even in summer, where the number of COVID-19 cases was low and the severity of safety measures was mild. These findings may enhance future research and improve/extend COVID-19-specific PA guidelines.


The addition of copper into electroless Ni-P deposits will improve the thermal stability and the solderability of the deposits. However, it also results in excess tensile stresses of the deposits. In this study, a nearly stress-free amorphous electroless Ni-Cu-P deposit (Ni-15Cu-12P) on copper is produced when one adds 10 g/l saccharin in the Ni-Cu-P solution. The addition of saccharin inhibits the coalescence of electroless Ni-Cu-P nodules and thus decreases the tensile stress of the deposit. Furthermore, electroless Ni-Cu-P bumps can be selectively deposited on Si/Ti/Cu pads by using dimethylamine borane (DMAB) as activators. The shear strength of the Cu/Ni-Cu-P bumps (100 /spl mu/m/spl times/100 /spl mu/m area and 10 /spl mu/m height) on silicon wafer is above 100 g, and the fracture occurs at the Ti/Cu interface.


This paper investigates the meshing behavior of the roller screw, a mechanical transmission device characterized by threaded rollers that transfer a load between the nut and the screw, by analyzing the meshing characteristics between screw and rollers. This study seeks to establish a more accurate mathematical model for the thread surface by creating a modeling process in which the max radiuses of the threads are calculated more precisely. The contact line distribution and the contact location were also calculated in order to confirm the cross section of the meshing points. In the research presented in this paper, the actual transmission ratio is analyzed and the study results in a new method to calculate the actual transmission ratio. In this study, the helical angle and the vertex angle are proven to be of great significance after a careful analysis of their influence is conducted.


-Intermediate layers of exchange-coupled Gd-Fe I M I Tb-Fe (M Dy-Fe, Al, Pt) triple-layered films are investigated in detail. Measurements of interface wall energy and magnetic moment of the intermediate layer reveal the mechanism of exchange-coupling in triple-layered films. For the Dy-Fe intermediate layer, the reason for the exchange-coupling is considered an ordering of magnetic moments in the Dy-Fe layer by molecular field from adjacent layers. On the other hand, the exchange force from the Tb-Fe layer to the Gd-Fe layer would pass through pin hole and/or atomic diffusion for the AI intermediate layer. The exchange-coupling for the Pt intermediate layer is explained by the polarization of Pt moment and/or the RKKY interaction.


Provided with a specific example,this paper introduces the serial interface between TMS320F2812 and PC with MAX3232 and designs the software and hardware.It explains the way of serial interface of using MSComm in Visual Basic6.0 in great detail as well as offers some part of program flow chart and program list.Experiment indicates the method had practical value.


Abstract Constant extension rate test (CERT) of sensitized type 304 stainless steel in a high temperature water has shown that both radiation exposure to γ-rays and dissolved oxygen (DO) significantly influence the susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. IGSCC was accelerated by radiation exposure when high DO concentration water was employed in the CERT test but not when low DO concentration water was used. It has also been confirmed that preoxidation of tensile specimens in the same water quality as that of CERT has a marked influence on preventing material failure via IGSCC even under high DO concentrations.


In this paper, the impact of demand response programs (DRPs) on reliability improvement of the restructured power systems is quantified. In this regard, the demand response (DR) model which treats consistently the main characteristics of the demand curve is developed for modeling. In proposed model, some penalties for customers in case of no responding to load reduction and incentives for customers who respond to reducing their loads are considered. In order to make analytical evaluation of the reliability, a mixed integer DCOPF is proposed by which load curtailments and generation re-dispatches for each contingency state are determined. Both transmission and generation failures are considered in contingency enumeration. The proposed technique is modeled in the GAMS software and solved using CPLEX. Reliability indices for generation-side, transmission network and whole system are calculated using this technique. Different DRPs based on the DR model are implemented over the IEEE RTS 24-bus test system, and reliability indices for different parties are calculated. Afterward, using proposed performance index, the priority of the considered programs is determined from view point of different market participants.


The language used by men and women are different. The different of the language
used by men and women may happens in the advertisements. This is because the
target reader of the advertisement is different. The advertisement should use an
appropriate language used to catch the target's attention, especially in case of
adjectives. The advertisements that the writer focuses on are in a form of written
text, which is in magazine. The purpose of the study is to tell how the manufacturer
use the different adjectives in magazines advertisements. The advertisements are
selected from two magazines, which are Vogue for women's magazines and GQ
(Gentlemen's Quarterly) for men's magazines. The advertisements are obtained
from 4 magazines; 2 women's magazines and 2 men's magazines. The
advertisements are beauty products both in women and men's magazines. The
writer listed the adjectives which are used in women's magazine advertisements
and men's magazine advertisements. The result is that there are more adjectives
used in women's magazine advertisements than in men's magazine advertisements.
The writer also found that the adjectives used in women's magazine advertisements
are more varied than in men's magazine advertisements.


Abstract Turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa) is one of the most important leaf and root vegetable crop in the Brassicaceae family. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence was assembled at the first time and a circle form of 219,736 bp in size was obtained. A total of 99 genes were annotated, including 78 protein-coding genes, 18 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and three ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic relationship showed that turnip is closely related to subsp. campestris rather than Raphanus staivus.


Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and second order windward scheme are used to simulate the supersonic axisymmetric double cone-shaped inlet. The characteristics of flow field in axisymmetric double cone-shaped inlet are numerically simulated and the flow structures are obtained. The results show that the total pressure recovery coefficient is relatively higher when the inflow Mach number is 2.5, while the mass flow ratio is relatively lower. When the inflow Mach number is 3.0, the total pressure recovery coefficient reduces, while the mass flow ratio increases rapidly, and the inlet still works well. The result suggests that the double cone-shaped inlet is applicable to the projectile with enhancement range by rocket ramjet.


The structure functions {ital F}{sup {ital L}}{sub 1} and {ital F}{sup {ital L}}{sub 2} of longitudinal virtual photons at low virtualities are calculated in the framework of chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) in the zero and first order of ChPT. It is assumed that the virtuality of a target longitudinal photon {ital p}{sup 2} is much less than the virtuality of the hard projectile photon {ital Q}{sup 2} and both are less than the characteristic ChPT scale. In this approximation the structure functions are determined by the production of two pions in {gamma}{gamma} collisions. The numerical results for {ital F}{sup {ital L}}{sub 2} and {ital F}{sup {ital L}}{sub 1} are presented (the upper index refers to the longitudinal polarization of the virtual target photon). The possibilities of measurements of these structure functions are briefly discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


Hookworm infections are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, with around 1.3 billion infected globally. Common manifestations of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus infections include symptoms due to larval penetration, pneumonitis, or the intestinal phase of infection. We report an unusual case of total hyphema with secondary glaucoma in the right eye of a 70-year-old male patient, caused by an adult hookworm in the anterior chamber. The extracted worm was identified to be of Ancylostoma species. The patient was treated with topical steroids, cycloplegics, and oral albendazole. Pain, corneal oedema and secondary glaucoma subsided and his vision improved.


This article is devoted to research of influence of rapidly alternating load of parameters of quality of the electric power. During the operation of electroreceivers with "distorting" loading there are active losses in a network. There are some ways of decrease in arising losses. In this article the way of decrease in losses by means of com-pensation is considered. At rapidly alternating loading necessary to apply longitudinal compensation. On the basis of the obtained data the program, allowing to determine parameters of fluctuation of tension and to count reduction of losses of the electric power from application of longitudinal compensation was written. The program allows to determine parameters of fluctuation of tension in a settlement point in several modes. The first mode – on the basis of the carried-out measurements and settlement model. The second mode – connection of one or several additional elektropri-emnik with "distorting" loading. The third mode – when using devices of longi-tudinal compensation.


This paper slightly extends the theory of exact trigonometric periodic solutions to quadratic Liénard type equations introduced earlier by the authors of the present contribution. The extended theory is used to determine the general periodic solutions to the Duffing equation and to some Painlevé-Gambier equations as illustrative examples. Finally the mathematical equivalence between the Duffing equation and the Painlevé-Gambier XIX equation has been highlighted by means of the proposed extended theory.


This work presents the AYT2 line list: a comprehensive list of 114 million 1H2 S vibration-rotation transitions computed using an empirically-adjusted potential energy surface and an ab initio dipole moment surface. The line list gives complete coverage up to 11000 cm (wavelengths longer than 0.91 μm) for temperatures up to 2000 K. Room temperature spectra can be simulated up to 20000 cm (0.5 μm) but the predictions at visible wavelengths are less reliable. AYT2 is made available in electronic form as supplementary data to this article and at www.exomol.com.


Because increasing numbers of Americans who go abroad are taking their families with them, the fate of American missions overseas is becoming more dependent on adaptations in the domestic sphere. In order to find out the nature of these adaptations, an investigation of the domestic arrangements of Americans in a small community in Spain was undertaken. Because these expatriots did not have the support of the kind of prefabricated enclave which is to be found, e.g., at a large overseas military base, they were required to come to terms with the hosts and the host situation. Among these Americans' responses to this foreign setting was an increased family cohesiveness and an ethnocentrism which was, perhaps, expressed most unguardedly by American adolescents. Though American wives and children took on new roles, they did so for the most part grudgingly and with difficulty. Despite exposure to foreign people and ways, domestic life among these expatriots was easily recognizable as American; and contrary to the hopes of those advocating people-to-people contact, they tended not to be very sympathetic to the hosts and their ways.


Several methods exist to measure $CP$ violation observables related to the CKM unitarity triangle angle $\gamma$ using $B$ meson decays. These observables are different for every $B$ meson decay considered, although the information they contain on $\gamma$ is encoded in a similar way for all of them. This paper describes a strategy for a simultaneous measurement of $\gamma$ using several $B$ meson decays that takes into account possible correlations between them. Sensitivity studies demonstrate that the simultaneous analysis of several $B$ meson decay modes results in smaller uncertainties and improved statistical behaviour compared to a combination of standalone measurements.


As cloud computing and social networks become ubiquitous in our modern world, what come along with the nearly infinite storage and computing power are the security, privacy, and digital forensic challenges. Due to the completely different ways of data storage and processing in the cloud and social networks compared to their traditional counterparts, digital forensics practitioners are in need to establish new forensic process and find novel approaches, methods, and tools to maintain the efficiency and performance of their investigations. This paper examines latest studies of the process, challenges, approaches, methods, and tools of digital forensics in the cloud and social network environments, aiming to provide the audience new perspectives and recommendations in the related fields.


Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction–based plasma genotyping exhibited perfect specificity in identifying EGFR and KRAS mutations in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer.


This study aimed at investigating the effects of (1) organizational culture on organizational commitment, (2) learning organization on organizational commitment, (3) empowerment on organizational commitment, (4) organizational culture on the performance of SMEs, (5) organizational commitment on the performance of SMEs, (6) learning organization on the performance of SMEs, and (7) empowerment on the performance of SMEs. The study employed a quantitative approach. As many as 354 samples of enterprise owners served as the variable of SMEs performance. The employees served as the variable of organizational culture, learning organization, empowerment and organizational commitment on SMEs in 17 districts in the Regency of South Minahasa. Data were then analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) and further tested using CFA (Confirmatory factor Analysis). Based on the findings, it was be concluded that there were six significant and direct effects, namely: (1) Organizational Culture had a direct effects on organizational commitment (2) Learning organization had a direct effects on organizational commitment (3) Empowerment had a direct effects on the performance of SMEs (4) Organizational Culture had a direct effects on the performance of SMEs (5) Organizational Commitment had no direct effects on the performance of SMEs (6) Learning organization had a direct effects on the performance of SMEs, and (7) Empowerment had a direct effects on the performance of SMEs


Purpose – In September 2008, all of China was shocked by the tainted milk scandal. In order to help the Chinese government to establish a food traceability system (FTS), the authors conducted the present research which aims to investigate the acceptability of certified traceable (CT) food among Chinese consumers.Design/methodology/approach – A survey consisting of face‐to‐face interviews with 1,757 consumers from 13 cities in the Jiangsu Province of China was used. The 13 cities fell into three different categories according to their levels of economic development. The acceptance and purchase of CT food were compared and analyzed in the three levels of consumers. The factors affecting consumer unwillingness to purchase CT food were obtained by factor analysis.Findings – After the respondents were fully informed about FTS, their acceptance level for CT food significantly increased. The respondents who were willing to buy CT food particularly preferred milk, eggs, and honey as well as meats such as pork, be...


Throughout the weapons complex, plutonium materials are stored in various containers. Some plutonium has been stored for 20 yr or more. The physical and chemical properties of the plutonium material and the containers that hold it are often not well characterized. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 3013 standard sets criteria to which stored material must conform. The 3013 standard regulates materials that hold 50% or greater plutonium, and the other 50% is not specified and is usually unknown. The Materials Identification and Surveillance project is tasked to characterize representative materials and begin to characterize the other 50% and to show that materials can be brought into 3013 criteria conformance through thermal treatments.


The problem of scattering of a point-generated elastic dyadic field by a bounded obstacle or a penetrable body in two dimensions is considered. The direct scattering problem for each case is formulated in a dyadic form. For two point sources, dyadic far-field pattern generators are defined and general scattering theorems and mixed scattering relations are presented. The direct scattering problem for a rigid circular disc is considered, and the exact Green function and the elastic far-field patterns of the radiating solution in the form of infinite series are obtained. Under the low-frequency assumption, approximations for the longitudinal and transverse far-field patterns of the scattered field are obtained, in addition to an asymptotic expansion for the corresponding scattering cross-section. A simple inversion scheme that locates the radius and the position of a rigid circular disc, which is based on a closed-form approximation of the scattered field at the location of the incident point source, is proposed.


The COVID-19 pandemic presents global challenges transcending boundaries of country, race, religion, and economy. The current gold standard method for COVID-19 detection is the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. However, this method is expensive, time-consuming, and violates social distancing. Also, as the pandemic is expected to stay for a while, there is a need for an alternate diagnosis tool which overcomes these limitations, and is deployable at a large scale. The prominent symptoms of COVID-19 include cough and breathing difficulties. We foresee that respiratory sounds, when analyzed using machine learning techniques, can provide useful insights, enabling the design of a diagnostic tool. Towards this, the paper presents an early effort in creating (and analyzing) a database, called Coswara, of respiratory sounds, namely, cough, breath, and voice. The sound samples are collected via worldwide crowdsourcing using a website application. The curated dataset is released as open access. As the pandemic is evolving, the data collection and analysis is a work in progress. We believe that insights from analysis of Coswara can be effective in enabling sound based technology solutions for point-of-care diagnosis of respiratory infection, and in the near future this can help to diagnose COVID-19.


Mrs D, a 57-year-old woman with metastatic pancreatic cancer, is discussing treatment options with Dr B. How much should I tell her about prognosis? he wonders. She already seems nervous. Do I hand her the death sentence? Or sugarcoat the statistics? Maybe I'll wait to see if she asks. For the first time Mrs D looks up and says, "What should I expect?" Dr B balks, not having decided what to say. "Umm, I can't really predict," he mumbles. "Every patient is different." Perhaps I am mumbling, thinks Dr B, because I'm not telling her the whole truth. Mrs D nods vaguely without meeting his gaze and picks up her purse to leave. Is she dissatisfied also? Dr B finds himself in a familiar dilemma: how much information should an oncologist give about a bad prognosis? One of his colleagues prides himself on being a realist, "I tell patients the truth because they need to know, whether they want to hear it or not." Another colleague feels he must give hope, "I go into cheerleader mode." Neither alternative seems optimal to Dr B—the nurses tell him that the realist tone is a little brutal, and that the cheerleader is more than a little clueless. Privately, Dr B feels his own practice—avoiding prognosis by emphasizing individual differences—borders on disingenuous. He knows a lot more about what will happen to Mrs D than he is letting on. Realism, optimism, and avoidance are the most common strategies physicians use in discussing prognosis. Although these strategies are well intended and commonly used, they also create unintended consequences. In this article, a patient-centered method for disclosing prognosis is proposed and illustrated. The method builds on existing empirical evidence about discussing prognosis by drawing on principles of negotiation and patient-centered approaches. This approach enables an oncologist to figure out what kind of prognostic information to disclose with a particular patient at a particular time and how to individualize the discussion. This article describes how the approach works with a patient who is ready for an explicit discussion. STRATEGIES WITH UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES: REALISM, OPTIMISM, AVOIDANCE


This paper analyses the clientelistic behaviour of governments and provides evidence that politically aligned localities are favoured by the centre in the allocation of public funds. It focuses on the case of Romania, an ex-communist, developing country, where this issue represents a controversial topic, being strongly criticized by the media, still never analysed in a rigorous scientific manner.


Thisinvestigation comparedtheresults ofdirect and indirect measurements of maximumoxygenuptake (VO2max) ofanAsianpopulation. Twentysubjects (16 male,4 female), allofwhom werephysical education students, wereassessed directly using laboratory treadmill running todetermine VO2max. Theindirect estimation of Vo2maxwasobtained usingamodified formoftheLeger andLambert 20-mmultistage shuttle runtest (20-MST). Heartrates wererecorded throughout bothtests. Pearson product momentcorrelations confirmed test-retest reliability forbothdirect andindirect measurements (r= 0.90 andr= 0.91respectively). Differences fortest-retest were foundtobenotsignificant. No differences werefound between themaximal heart rateresponses ofthesubjects forthedirect andindirect tests. Ofthesubjects 75%hada lowerpredicted VO2max value(P< 0.01) compared with results gained bydirect measurements whentheRamsbottomnormsforthe20-MSTwereused. Thereasons forthis difference could beduetothedifferent racial groups used assubjects, theclimatic conditions inSingapore, orthe smallsamplesize. Inorderforthe20-MSTtesttobe considered avalid measureofaerobic fitness inSingapore withanAsianpopulation further study isrecommended.


ABSTRACT Processing models efficiently is an important productivity factor in Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) processes. In order to optimize a toolchain to meet scalability requirements of complex MDE scenarios, reliable performance measures of different tools are key enablers that can help selecting the best tool for a given workload. To enable systematic and reproducible benchmarking across different domains, scenarios and workloads, we propose MONDO-SAM, an extensible MDE benchmarking framework. Beyond providing easily reusable features for common benchmarking tasks that are based on best practices, our framework puts special emphasis on metrics, which enables scalability analysis along different problem characteristics. To illustrate the practical applicability of our proposal, we demonstrate how different variants of a model validation benchmark featuring several MDE tools from various technological domains have been integrated into the system.


The precedent of the study the ecclesiastic document Gravissimum Education is on the Christian education of the Council Vatican the II, it expresses the right of every person to an integral education, this is, physical, moral, intellectual, sexual, social and religious. There are repeated the purposes and the characteristics of the education it christens: the human complete formation and the progress in the life of the new man in Christ. There are exposed the rights and duties of the parents and the importance of the family in the education, as well as those of the civil society and the Church. The principal aim of the present study was to determine the level of influence of the Christian vocational training in the development of the vocation of service of the teachers of religious education of the Diocesan Office of Huanuco Catholic Education. Applying a survey to anexample of 62 teachers manand women who were working to level of the coordination of the Diocesan Office Of Catholic Education of Llata district, Huamaliesprovince, region Huanuco, managed to establish the following conclusion that yes exists a direct and significant influence between the vocational training and the vocation of the service of the teachers of religious education of the diocesan office of Huanuco catholic education.


The C–H···O hydrogen bond in trisialic acid lactones has been examined by using long-range COSY (LRCOSY) and ab initio calculations. From an analysis of the LRCOSY spectra, 3J correlations of BH9ax/AH8 and CH9ax/BH8 confirmed the existence of hydrogen-bond connections of x+1C9–x+1H9ax···xO8. The theoretical bond energy of the hydrogen bond was estimated to be 1.0 or 1.6 kcal/mol by using two models. The acid-catalyzed cooperative lactonization of oligosialic acids can be understood in terms of the additional C–H···O stabilization in the lactone product. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)


In recent Letter by An et al. [arXiv:1203.1669] Daya Bay measurements of non-zero value for the neutrino mixing angle {\theta}_{13} with a significance of 5.2 standard deviations were reported. The value of sin^2 {\theta}_{13} was determined with a {\chi}^2 constructed with pull terms accounting for the correlation of the systematic errors.
We show that a direct applying of the KamLAND parameters of mixing to Daya Bay-experiment under nonequilibrium geoneutrino spectrum of the nuclear burning process within the framework of nonzero nuclear georeactor {\chi}^2 -hypothesis will produce a high uncertainty level and, as a result, a substantial distortion of the actual value of the neutrino mixing angle {\theta}_{13}.


Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONIt has recently been known that the endogenous sleep-inducing neuropeptide Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu has both sleep-inducing and circadian rhythm programming effects. The time of efficacy of the former is not long, no more than 1—2h according to most authors, whereas the latter can be effective throughout 24h. Until now, most studies are concerned with the former and only a little information is available for


In this work, the presence of calcium-dependent calcium channels and their receptors (RyR) has been investigated in Paracentrotus lividus eggs and early embryos, from unfertilized egg to four-blastomere stages. Electrophysiological recordings of RyR single-channel current fluctuations showed that RyRs are functional during the first developmental events with a maximum at zygote stage, c. 40 min after fertilization, corresponding to the first cleavage. The nature of vertebrate-like RyRs active at this stage was established by specific activation/blockade experiments.


The marketing of innovative products that are environmentally friendly is the concern of the global community and can compete with other products. This study aims to (1) describe the process of marketing innovative products for small and medium businesses that are environmentally friendly. (2) Analyze the role of small and medium enterprises in marketing innovative products that are environmentally friendly. Research informants are small and medium enterprises (SMEs) totaling 382. Data collection is carried out using qualitative methods. The results showed that (1) The number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) registered until the end of 2017 reached 8300 units. This amount is quite large, and if managed properly it will increase regional revenues and reduce unemployment, especially if the existing SMEs are developed in environmentally friendly innovation products with a green marketing orientation, of course, this can increase the income of SME entrepreneurs (2) Entrepreneurs SMEs that carry out innovative products that are environmentally friendly are increasingly increasing marketing performance with increasing demand for the products they produce while increasing their income. Some of the SMEs, have carried out production processes that are environmentally friendly, and in fact have increased sales and income as well, because the public believes that the product produced is very clean, using raw materials that are truly safe, and certified Indonesian National Standards (SNI) and halal label, efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy and water which all can reduce operational costs.


Although the modern tourism in China is far more popular and developed than tourism industry in ancient days,there are also many aspects from ancient tourism to be used as guide lines.In Song dynasty,the south of the Yangtze River was one of the most flourishing regions of tour activities in the whole country included officials'tour activity,scholars'tour activity, monks'activity,common people and female tourists'activity in the south of the Yangtze Rive.


Female post-childbirth labor market participation and labor intensity are extraordinarily high in China, given that public childcare subsidies are limited and supportive policies for childbearing female employees are largely absent. Establishing a panel dataset that tracks female employment and childbirth, we find that such a paradox is well-explained by the intra-family childcare support provided by grandparents. Correcting the selection bias that stems from women's fertility choices using the propensity score matching difference-in-difference model, we find that women without grandparental support suffer a substantial drop in post-childbirth employment, while women with grandparental support even experience a rise in employment after childbirth. It takes women without grandparental support twice as long to recover their employment after childbirth. Finally, we find that childbirth does not decrease women's labor intensity due to a lack of labor market flexibility, and that women face a stay-or-quit dilemma when grandparental childcare support is absent.


With soft X-ray imaging we can study the entire coronal volume, except for cold inclusions such as prominences, as a function of time. This should allow us to observe the origins of coronal mass ejections. We report here an initial survey of the Yohkoh/SXT observations at the times of reported or apparent mass ejections: three LDE flare events and two large-scale arcade formations. For each of the events we can easily detect sudden coronal dimming, which we interpret as the launch interval of a CME. In one of the flare events we have found a well-defined plasma cloud, apparently formed from a set of loop structures, which rises and disappears during the growth phase of the flare emission. Its mass amounted to some 4×1014 g with a density of 3×108 cm−3 and a temperature of 2.8 MK before its disappearance.


During the remedial investigation phase at an ongoing vapor intrusion investigation at a large Superfund site (Site), the vapor intrusion pathway was assessed in perhaps the most comprehensive evaluation performed in a mixed commercial/residential setting, with more than 3,000 samples collected from approximately 60 large commercial buildings and 40 varying residential structures. Interim mitigation measures, such as sub-slab ventilation, enhanced ventilation, air purification systems, vapor barriers, passive ventilation, and crack and conduit sealing were implemented. This paper demonstrates the effect of mitigation measures on indoor air concentrations and emphasizes one of the lessons learned, that in some cases mitigation measures may need to be applied iteratively. The Feasibility Study (FS) focused on the potential vapor intrusion pathway following Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance and screened and developed alternatives based on nine evaluation criteria, including effectiveness, implementability, and costs. There were many lessons to be learned from this experience: 1) While a traditional FS that target soil and groundwater can be developed site-wide, when it comes to vapor intrusion, one alternative for one building is not necessarily applicable to an adjacent building. Therefore, on a large site, an FS must recommend more than one alternative depending on the building type and existing features. 2) The alternatives should be flexible enough to address various future building scenarios. 3) Disseminating information to stakeholders is important, as each stakeholder (e.g., EPA, responsible parties [RPs], building owners, tenants, residents, and local agencies) may have a different objective, and the ultimate goal is for the stakeholders to come to agreement. 4) The Site presents an example on how institutional controls (ICs) for the vapor intrusion pathway can be selected for a complex scenario where RPs do not operate, lease, or own properties.


Abstract : Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to study spontaneous combustion instabilities in a rectangular chamber that contains seven coaxial injector elements. The simulation predicts self-excited transverse oscillations that have variable amplitudes, similar to what is seen in a companion experiment. Several processes are identified in the simulation that may promote the rise of instability by increased heat release during a local compression, including the interaction between vortices shed from adjacent injectors and interactions between flames and the combustor walls.


In this work the influence of the CdCl2 treatment temperature on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of CdTe thin films were investigated. The CdTe films were grown on CdS coated borosilicate glass by Close- Spaced Sublimation (CSS) technique using a standard recipe. The CdS coating was done by RF sputtering. The deposited CdTe films were treated with aqueous CdCl2 solution of 0.3 M molar concentration at 380°C, 385°C, 390°C, 395°C and 400°C for 25 minutes each. All the treated films show polycrystalline nature with intense peak at (111) orientation. The highest prominent peak and the largest crystallite size were found for 395°C treatment temperature. The SEM study confirms that the film treated at 395°C temperature is compact and shows uniform surface morphology. Sharp transmittance edges are found at 830 nm wavelength for all treated films which also signifies the higher crystallinity, suitable for high performance CdTe solar cell application.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the cyclin-kinase inhibitor p27 and the protecting effect of Quercetin on the diabetic glomerulus. Methods STZ-induced diabetic rats were given Quercetin 100 mg·kg -1·d -1 for 8 weeks. The p27 protein of glomerular lysate was detected with Western blotting analysis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein (type Ⅳ collagen and fibronectin) of glomerular lysate and 24 h urine albumin were examined with ELISA. Results Glomerular p27 protein and ECM were increased in diabetic rats. Meanwhile, the 24 h urine albumin excretion was elevated proportional to the ratio of kidney weight over body weight in diabetic rats. Quercetin decreased glomerular p27 level (10.6±3.1 vs 18.5±4.3, P0.01), 24 h urine albumin excretion [(17.62±3.02) μg/24 h vs (39.62±3.68) μg/24 h, P0.01], and the ratio of kidney weight over body weight [(11.35±1.76)×10 -3 vs (14.87±2.02)×10 -3, P0.01] of diabetic rats. The blood glucose remained constant in diabetic rats and Quercetin-treated diabetic rats.Conclusion Quercetin protected diabetic glomerulus through decreasing glomerular p27 level.


In this work we report Na[Li0.05(Ni0.25Fe0.25Mn0.5)0.95]O2 layered cathode materials that were synthesized via a coprecipitation method. The Na[Li0.05(Ni0.25Fe0.25Mn0.5)0.95]O2 electrode exhibited an exceptionally high capacity (180.1 mA h g–1 at 0.1 C-rate) as well as excellent capacity retentions (0.2 C-rate: 89.6%, 0.5 C-rate: 92.1%) and rate capabilities at various C-rates (0.1 C-rate: 180.1 mA h g–1, 1 C-rate: 130.9 mA h g–1, 5 C-rate: 96.2 mA h g–1), which were achieved due to the Li supporting structural stabilization by introduction into the transition metal layer. By contrast, the electrode performance of the lithium-free Na[Ni0.25Fe0.25Mn0.5]O2 cathode was inferior because of structural disintegration presumably resulting from Fe3+ migration from the transition metal layer to the Na layer during cycling. The long-term cycling using a full cell consisting of a Na[Li0.05(Ni0.25Fe0.25Mn0.5)0.95]O2 cathode was coupled with a hard carbon anode which exhibited promising cycling data including a 76% ca...


This paper compares phosphorus (P) concentrations in sediments from two watersheds, one with, and one without, intensive animal agriculture. The watersheds are in the coastal plain of the Chesapeake Bay and have similar physiographic characteristics. Agriculture in the Pocomoke River, MD, watershed supplied 2.7 percent of all broiler chickens produced in the USA in 1997. Poultry litter is an abundant, local source of manure for crops. Broiler chickens are not produced in the Popes Creek, VA, watershed and poultry manure is, therefore, not a major source of fertilizer. The largest concentrations of P in sediment samples are found in floodplain and main-stem bottom sediment in both watersheds. Concentrations of total P and P extracted with 1N HCl are significantly larger in main-stem bottom sediments from the Pocomoke River than in main-stem bottom sediments from Popes Creek. Larger concentrations of P are associated with what are potentially redox sensitive iron oxyhydroxides in sediment samples from the Pocomoke River watershed than are associated with what are potentially redox sensitive iron oxyhydroxides in sediment samples from the Popes Creek watershed. Data for P and iron (Fe) concentrations in sediments from the Popes Creek watershed provide a numerical framework (baseline) with which to compare P and Fe concentrations in sediment from the Pocomoke River watershed.


This manuscript explores how the relationship between riverine solute geochemistry and denudation rate varies between catchments with different bedrock compositions. The authors find that the concentrations of silicate-derived cations are relatively constant with increasing denudation whereas contributions from carbonate weathering and sulfide oxidation increase with increasing denudation rate. The authors also find differences in sulfate concentrations between lithologies at a given denudation rate, which affects the calculated amount of CO 2 drawdown.


We present a method of preserving the device wall-plug efficiency by adjusting mirror losses with facet coatings for longer cavity quantum cascade lasers. An experimental study of output power and wall-plug efficiency as functions of mirror losses was performed by varying the front facet coating reflectivity with a high-reflectivity-coated rear facet. The use of optimized reflectivity coatings on 7-mm-long chips resulted in continuous-wave output power of 2.9 W at 293 K for thermoelectrically cooled devices mounted on AlN submounts and average and continuous-wave output power in excess of 1 W for uncooled devices emitting at 4.6 m. © 2009 American Institute of Physics. doi:10.1063/1.3246799 Midwave infrared MWIR quantum cascade lasers QCLs with watt-level continuous-wave cw output power at room temperature have recently been demonstrated. 1‐4 These lasers are useful for applications such as protecting aircraft from shoulder-fired missiles, free-space optical communications, infrared illuminators for night-vision applications, and chemical sensing. All these applications would benefit from higher power, improved reliability, and lower power consumption. The large design flexibility of QCLs allows one to scale up their output power in several ways: increase the number of active region stages, increase the active region sheet carrier density per stage, and increase the chip dimensions, i.e., width and/or length. All these approaches have been demonstrated to result in higher peak power in pulsed mode, but most of them are of limited usefulness for cw devices because of active region self-heating. An increase in the number of stages or the sheet carrier density result in a higher generated heat per unit area in the active region and, thus, in a higher temperature rise. An increase in the active region width results in an increase in thermal resistance and thus leads to a temperature rise. Moreover, unless special measures are taken, wider waveguides result in lower beam quality.


The aim of this study is to investigate the development stages of science and education in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in 1991-2000, the reconstruction of scientific and educational institutions in the Autonomous Republic, expanding the areas of activity, strengthening the material and technical base, etc.


Demanding new environmental requirements for earth observation, and for astrophysics, may impose ultrastability requirements on telescope mirrors. Dimensional stability of the mirror material under environmental boundary conditions is as important to the success of a mission, if not more so, than considerations of strength and stiffness. Among these characteristics is the response of the mirror material to variable thermal stimulus. It is found that not only the mirror material's coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is important, but also the homogeneity of the material characteristics. Furthermore the match of thermal characteristics between the mirror material and those of metering structure contributes to maintaining a manageable error budget for operations under various view factors to sun and earth.


Abstract The incidence of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in plants collected at various habitats in Madagascar was investigated by survey of carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios ((δ13C and δD values). In about 50% of the epiphytic orchids from evergreen higher and lower montane forests the δ13C values were indicative for CAM. The remainder of the species are presumably C3 plants. In all samples of malagasy epiphytic leafless orchids comprising 9 species, the δ13C values suggest extreme CAM with CO2 uptake proceeding entirely during the night. All terrestrial orchids collected in the lower montane forests obviously acquire external carbon by C3-photosynthesis, whereas Lissochilus decaryi, a terrestrial orchid from the semi-arid south of Madagascar and various other species of this genus are CAM plants. This is the first report of CAM occurrence in sympodial terrestrial orchids. Judged by the δ13C values, all succulents (mainly Didiereaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Crassulaceae and Asclepiadaceae) collected at the...


This paper describes the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) that is currently being developed and used in the Intelligent Automation Group (IAG) at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, VA. The goal of this group is to create an automated intelligent system to perform calorimetric analysis of water samples. Using the ZymarkTM ZymateTM XP robotic arm, the analysis process determines the amount of phosphates in water samples. This LIMS is responsible for creating and storing new methods of analysis, sending parameters from these methods to the robot controller. It then stores the results for comparison and validation against previous results. This LIMS uses a database approach for storage of parameters to implement the analyses.


The effects of three alcoholic solvents, including monohydric n-octanol, dihydric ethylene glycol, and trihydric glycerol, on the process of biomass liquefaction were studied by thermogravimetry (TG) analysis. The results showed that there were three stages during biomass liquefaction, including biomass dehydration, volatilization of alcoholic solvents, and biomass alcoholysis. At the stage of biomass alcoholysis, alcoholic solvents combined with fragments from biomass cracking, which resulted in exothermic reaction and formed lowly volatile compounds. The reaction temperature TR of biomass alcoholysis increased in the following order: TR (n-octanol + biomass) < TR (ethylene glycol + biomass) < TR (glycerol + biomass). In addition, the effects of these alcoholic solvents on the product distributions and liquefaction yields have also been investigated with a stainless-steel autoclave. The results indicated that n-octanol was the best solvent for biomass liquefaction. The highest liquefaction yield of 83.54...


The D1-DMBA-3 mouse mammary tumor has been shown to produce several factors that modulate the immune system. In this study we document the production of TGF-β1 not only by the tumor cells, but also by cells of the innate and adaptive immune system in tumor-bearing animals. Presence of TGF-β1 was studied in supernatants from the DA3 cell line, which was isolated from the D1-DMBA-3 tumor. The levels of this molecule were also evaluated in the sera, macrophages and T lymphocytes from tumor bearers and normal mice. The expression of this molecule was assessed by means of ELISA. Addition of exogenous TGF-β1 down regulated innate immune functions in macrophages of BALB/c mice, such as the production of the IL-12 and nitric oxide. The data presented herein demonstrate that TGF-β1 is an immunomodulating factor produced not only by the tumor cells themselves, but also by macrophages and T cells from tumor-bearing animals. These results suggest that TGF-β1 contributes to the impaired innate immune responses exhibited by mice bearing this mammary tumor.


The performance of a deep and stratified mixing channel is assessed theoretically and experimentally. The channel has a rectangular cross-section, a negligible longitudinal slope and is directly connected to a large body of ambient fluid. The flow consists of a mixing region and a gradually varied region. A possible three-dimensionality of the mixing region is considered. The main objective of the study is to provide a method to predict the dilution of a discharge in a mixing channel of specified length, width and roughness. In a shallow mixing channel the vertical confinement effect on the mixing behavior can be significant and would have to be taken into account as explained in Baddour (1987a).


The topic of this essay is the issue of intimacy in James Joyce's Dubliners. The short stories that are analysed are "Eveline," "The Boarding House," "A Painful Case," and "The Dead". In these shor ...


East Timor, which has adopted Portuguese as its official language, is now faced with the challenge of transforming the legal system inherited from Indonesia, into a new legal system based on the Portuguese tradition. The Government and Parliament have introduced measures to motivate formation of the legal and regulatory framework necessary for the development of an equitable and competitive private sector. However, the institutions that enforce and administer the laws and standards, are still too immature to be very effective. The end result is a regulatory environment that is not conducive to enterprise. Considering the difficulties of doing business in East Timor, this report recommends approaches that will give quick wins and boost the economy. Priority should be given to developing and stabilizing the legal and regulatory framework. Small to medium businesses with a good chance of success, should be established as soon as possible, to encourage enterprise and investment in the private sector. The report concludes by outlining criteria for measuring achievement of goals.


The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens such as bacteria. Innate immune receptors such as nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 (NOD2) are crucial in recognizing conserved patterns derived from bacterial cell walls as bacteria break down, which induces immune responses via signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB). Variations in NOD2 have been linked to Crohn's disease (CD), and our recent biophysical and biochemical studies have revealed that these variants are inherently unstable, and hence, they might be subject to unwanted degradation in cells. This leads to insufficient "sensors" available for recognizing bacterial invasion followed by uncontrollable inflammation in CD. Interestingly, these negative outcomes could be lessened or even reversed by overexpression of chaperone heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a novel regulator of NOD2, to enhance the half‐lives of NOD2 variants and enable their activation of immune signaling pathways. The ability of HSP70 to "correct" NOD2 variants' function indicates this chaperone has the potential to become a therapeutic drug against CD. Therefore, we hypothesize that elucidating the mechanism of HSP70‐NOD2 interaction will provide useful information for developing a peptide‐based drug that can stabilize NOD2 variants in CD patients and rescue their function. We have designed several constructs serving as small peptide analogs of HSP70 for characterizing the HSP70‐NOD2 interactions. From our trypsin‐mediated degradation assay, we show that these analogs retain HSP70's ability to stabilize and protect NOD2 against trypsin digestion. We then measure the binding affinities of NOD2‐HSP70 constructs interactions in the absence or in the presence of different cofactors (ATP, ADP, NOD2 ligand MDP) using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In the future, we plan to determine the mechanistic details of NOD2‐HSP70 interaction utilizing cross‐linking/mass spectroscopy experiment. The findings from this study will enhance our understanding of NOD2 regulation and open up opportunities for expanding the development of effective therapeutic drugs against CD.


Robotic airships offer significant advantages in terms of safety, mobility, and extended flight times. However, their highly restrictive weight constraints pose a major challenge regarding the available computational resources to perform the required control tasks. Neuromorphic computing stands for a promising research direction for addressing such problem. By mimicking the biological process for transferring information between neurons using spikes or impulses, spiking neural networks (SNNs) allow for low power consumption and asynchronous event-driven processing. In this paper, we propose an evolved altitude controller based on an SNN for a robotic airship which relies solely on the sensory feedback provided by an airborne radar. Starting from the design of a lightweight, low-cost, open-source airship, we also present an SNN-based controller architecture, an evolutionary framework for training the network in a simulated environment, and a control strategy for ameliorating the gap with reality. The system's performance is evaluated through real-world experiments, demonstrating the advantages of our approach by comparing it with an artificial neural network and a linear controller. The results show an accurate tracking of the altitude command with an efficient control effort.


There are many studies1–4) in the steel making process applied with electromagnetic fields for the purpose of developing the seeds of new technique for high productivity and high quality. Continuous casting is a very important process which affects final quality of steel products in manufacturing process. Electromagnetic stirring (EMS)5,6) is a method to stir molten metals in non-contact operation with electromagnetic forces generated by interaction of magnetic field and electric eddy current induced by the alternative magnetic field. The EMS is free from contaminations by giving some velocity to the molten steel and it can take a variety of configurations of stirring with various arrangements of electromagnetic actuators. Generation of segregation and attachment of Al2O3 particles makes quality of the steel be low.7) Large amounts of energy and time are needed to remove them. This is one of the reasons that the EMS is used with the continuous casting. A free surface problem, which affects the quality of the products, occurs in the process because solidification begins beneath the surface of the molten metal. The shape of the free surface is concave in the EMS process because of the centrifugal force generated by rotation of the molten metal. Temperature of the molten steel is more than 1 500°C, so that it is very difficult to measure the physical states of it. It Magneto Hydrodynamic Calculation of Electromagnetic Stirring with Concave Shaped Free Surface Using Based Plane Shadow Method


The invention discloses a hydrophone positioning method based on medical ultrasonic measurement. The method comprises steps: the hydrophone is mounted; the free end of a positioning rod points to the circle center of an arc-shaped supporting arm in the first step; initial positioning is carried out; and primary focusing, shooting and distance measuring are carried out. The positioning rod is rotated to enable a camera and the hydrophone to be coaxial; the camera enables the sensitive surface at the top end of the hydrophone to be automatically focused and shoots a picture, and the shot picture is sent to a PLC; and image processing software of a scale is arranged inside the PLC can automatically calculate the distance value between the sensitive surface at the top end of the hydrophone and the free end of the positioning rod. Steps of secondary positioning, secondary focusing, shooting, distance comparison and third positioning are also provided. By adopting the above method, the hydrophone can be accurately and quickly positioned, reliability is high, demands on an operator are low, the labor intensity is low, and the cost is low.


A series of works on the construction of optimal supersonic 2D asymmetric nozzles and on the investigation of their off-design regimes was carried out. The variation problem of the design of the supersonic 2D asymmetric nozzles with maximum thrust at given lift power and given size limitations was solved. The method of characteristics was used. Structures of flow and power characteristics in nozzles are numerically investigated at transonic and supersonic speeds of external flow. Power characteristics and three-dimensional phenomena of 2D asymmetric nozzles were experimentally and numerically studied.


Abstract As the demand for renewable energy grows, the use of small wind turbines becomes increasingly attractive. Turbines using vertical-axis geometries are particularly suited to the urban environment by virtue of their operation being independent of wind direction. However, such designs have received much less attention than the more common 'propeller type' designs and the understanding of some aspects of their operation remains weak. This is particularly true of their starting characteristics. Indeed, some authors maintain that they cannot start without external assistance. In this investigation a numerical model is used to simulate the starting of an H-rotor Darrieus turbine under steady wind conditions. Experimental wind-tunnel data for a small prototype is presented, demonstrating unaided start-up of a three-bladed Darrieus in a steady wind. Discrepancy between the modelled and experimental results demonstrate that modelling remains constrained by the quality of data on aerofoil characteristics.


One revolution of the pin GAA structure that can utilize the full area of the channel region of the fin-a pet is provided. Pin of GAA architecture according to the invention pet comprises a semiconductor substrate having a body, a pair of supporting pillars, and the pin. A pair of support pillars are upwardly projecting from the body, the pin is held away from the body and is connected at both ends to a pair of support columns. The gate electrode surrounds at least a portion of one turn the pin of the semiconductor substrate, it is insulated from the semiconductor substrate. A gate insulating film is interposed between the gate electrode and the semiconductor substrate pin.


Over the past three decades, gas leakage is a major problem in the households, hotels, street shops, industries, apartments etc. The number of deaths due to the explosion of gas cylinders has been increased in recent years. The main idea of this paper is to compare different articles worked on the gas detection, to save people lives and their property from the fire accidents. There are several methods to stop the accidents due to the gas leakage that is to install the gas leakage detection system which can automatically detects the gas and helps to stop the gas leakage. The gas detection system detects the LPG, using gas sensors and to monitor temperature in different places. The gas detection system is built using Gas Sensor, Arduino Uno and some output devices. Due to this gas leaking the houses, apartments, industries, big buildings will be in risk because of the fire exposures. Mainly, the gas detection system is used for sending SMS to the user or authorized person that he can take immediate actions like turning off the gas valve from the cylinder and call to the fire station while fire is exposing. When the gas is leaking the buzzer gives a beeping sound that indicates the fire is detected. This system opens the windows, doors automatically when the gas is leaking and then GSM alerts the users that the gas is leaking by sending a notification to their mobile. Mostly fire accidents occurred because of the poor quality of rubber tube in gas cylinders. The gas supply from regulator to the burner may be on even the regulator is in off condition due to blocks in burner or leakage of gas pipes. When the gas leakage goes high it turns ON the LED to indicate and makes an alarm with the help of buzzer. Most of the system used 16×2 LCD display for this problem. An LCD displays the gas leakage result. This paper discussed about the future problems due to the gas leaking and the development in gas leakage.


[Objective] The aim was to provide a reference for pest control by studying the taste plasticity in Helicoverpa assulta.[Method] The two choices assays and taste sensilla ablation were used to investigate the taste plasticity on the deterrents in 5th instar larvae of H.assula which were reared on different artificial diets.[Result] The larvae reared on normal artificial diets were sensitive to the deterrents,the caterpillars with ablation of the lateral sensillum styloconica reacted to the deterrents as normal larvae.Meantime,the caterpillars with ablation of the medial sensillum styloconica were insensitive to the deterrents.However,the caterpillars reared on the artificial diets containing low deterrents showed insensitivity to the deterrents.[Conclusion] The medial sensillum styloconica contains the taste neurons which is sensitive to deterrents and there is a taste plasticity in different food experienced caterpillars of H.assulta..


Let B ( H ) be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on an infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space H . For T ∈ B ( H ) and λ ∈ C , let H T ( { λ } ) denotes the local spectral subspace of T associated with { λ } . We prove that if ϕ : B ( H ) → B ( H ) be an additive map such that its range contains all operators of rank at most two and satisfies H ϕ ( T ) ϕ ( S ) ∗ ( { λ } ) = H TS ∗ ( { λ } ) for all T, S ∈ B ( H ) and λ ∈ C , then there exist a unitary operator V in B ( H ) and a nonzero scalar µ such that ϕ ( T ) = µTV ∗ for all T ∈ B ( H ). We also show if ϕ 1 and ϕ 2 be additive maps from B ( H ) into B ( H ) such that their ranges contain all operators of rank at most two and satisfies H ϕ 1 ( T ) ϕ 2 ( S ) ∗ ( { λ } ) = H TS ∗ ( { λ } ) for all T, S ∈ B ( H ) and λ ∈ C . Then ϕ 2 ( I ) ∗ is invertible, and ϕ 1 ( T ) = T ( ϕ 2 ( I ) ∗ ) − 1 and ϕ 2 ( T ) = ϕ 2 ( I ) ∗ T for all T ∈ B ( H ).


The 'classical' histocompatibility antigens (HLA-A, B, C) of man have been readily defined by serological methods and are present on all nuclear cells. In addition, the HLA-gene complex includes determinants which regulate the ability to stimulate in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). The latter capacity however seems to be restricted to the lymphoid subpopulations of 'B' cells as well as to macrophages. This holds true for mouse and man. The responsible determinants have been defined not in terms of single antigenic specificities, but rather as individual reaction patterns in the MLC test. This system has been designated LD, or lymphocyte defined. The immunogenetics of this region have been discussed by a group of authors in detail (Ceppellini & van Rood 1974, Thorsby 1974, Bach & van Rood 1976). Recently, much of the genetic complexity of this system has been recognised and its nomenclature has been changed to HLA-D at the last histocompatibility-testing conference (Kissmeyer-Nielsen 1975). In an analogous histocompatibility system (H-2) of the mouse, an alloantigenic system detectable by cytotoxidty on a subpopulation of lymphoid cells has been described (David et al. 1973, Hauptfeld et al. 1973, Sachs & Cone 1973, Hammerling et al. 1974). The common designation la (Irassociated) antigens has been adopted to describe these antigens. These la


The tools exist to eliminate HIV, but non-adherence is common. New evidence suggests that triggered reminders can influence adherence rates in HIV-positive patients.


"A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new— North as well as South.


War crimes not only cause immense suffering to individuals and communities but also undermine the very principles of humanity. The article provides an examination of some of the most heinous war crimes against humanity in recent history. The cases of the Holocaust, the Bosnian war, the Rwandan genocide, the Syrian war, the Palestine-Israel conflict, and the ongoing human rights violations in Kashmir are discussed in detail. These case studies highlight the devastating impact of war crimes on individuals, communities, and entire nations, and serve as a stark reminder of the importance of ensuring that the principles of international humanitarian law are upheld during the conflicts. By studying these case studies, the research gives an understanding of the complexities of war and how human rights violations can arise during times of conflict. Ultimately, this article serves as a call to action, urging all nations and individuals to work together to guard the rights of all people, regardless of their race, religion, or political beliefs.


In order to improve mixing quality and reliability of the mixer,the influence of various mixing vibration modes on concrete mixing performance is analyzed by the method combining with theoretical analysis and experimental research,then rational mode is given.The results indicate that the interior special vibration is separated from mixing mechanism and the vibration intensity should be up to 20 so as to ensure that the mixture can receive enough vibration effect; while the interior compound vibration is integrated with mixing mechanism and the necessary vibration intensity is just 4,within the scope of ordinary vibration machine,under which the concrete can be mixed uniformly in a short time and meanwhile,the service life of the mixer can be guaranteed.


Purpose. To compare changes in medical costs between participants and nonparticipants in five different health and productivity management (HPM) programs. Design. Quasi-experimental pre/post intervention study. Setting. A large financial services corporation. Subjects. A cohort population of employees enrolled in medical plans (n = 49,793). Intervention. A comprehensive HPM program, which addressed health risks, acute and chronic conditions, and psychosocial disorders from 2005 to 2007. Incentives were used to encourage health risk assessment participation in years 2 and 3. Measures. Program participation and medical claims data were collected for members at the end of each program year to assess the change in total costs from the baseline period. Analysis. Multivariate analyses for participation categories were conducted comparing baseline versus program year cost differences, controlling for demographics. Results. All participation categories yielded a lower cost increase compared to nonparticipation and a positive return on investment (ROI) for years 2 and 3, resulting in a 2.45:1 ROI for the combined program years. Conclusion. Medical cost savings exceeded program costs in a wide variety of health and productivity management programs by the second year.


It is a well acknowledged fact that plant nutrients provide instant nourishment to the silkworm which not only enhance the growth rate but also boost their productivity. Present review focuses on bringing in a nutshell, diverse information about nutritional composition of Muga and Eri host plant which can play a significant role in sustainable improvement in Sericulture. Furthermore, it reveals that biochemical analysis of host plants enhance silkworm growth as well as cocoon parameters. Thus, nutritional value of the host plant has a wider impact on sericulture productivity. INTRODUCTION Sericulture is one of the major labour intensive sectors of Indian economy in combination of both Agriculture and Industry. North-eastern region of India is rich in flora and fauna including the various sericigenous insects and their host plants. Sericulture is a traditional avocation of this region. Ericulture and Mugaculture have been adopted by the rural people of Northeastern region from time immemorial. Muga silk is the monopoly of this region, produced by Antheraea assama Westwood (Lepidoptera; Saturniidae). It is a polyphagous insect and thrives on various endemic plants mostly of the family Lauraceae. Eri silk is produced by Samia ricini Boisduval (Lepidoptera; Saturniidae) is a domesticated multivoltine and polyphagous silkworm (Khanikor et al. 1997). The major factor for healthy growth and development of silkworm is the nutritious and nutrient balanced foods, as it provides the ultimate source of energy to the insects (Purohit and Pavankumar, 1996). The quality and quantity of the product is dependent on the quality of the leaves, the sole food of silkworm. The great importance for improvement of diet of the silkworm is the quantitative and qualitative aspects of insect nutrition is much essential for better understanding of insect plant relationship (Waldbauer, 1968; Bhattacharya and Pant, 1976). Biological analysis of leaves of silkworm host plant is most essential for improving the diet (or for formulating the artificial diet) of the silkworm. Several works have been done on nutritional values of Muga and Eri host plants through biochemical analysis for improving the diet of the silkworm. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MUGA HOST PLANTS The primary food plants of Muga silkworm, Antheraea assama Westwood is Som (Persea bombycina) and Sualu (Litsea polyantha) where as Mezankari (Litsea citrata) and Digloti (Litsea salicifolia) being the secondary food plants. The nutritional composition of Som plant is the best among the four food plants for rearing of Muga silkworm which is varies according to season. The leaves in autumn are more nutritious than that of spring (Kalita, 1992). The leaves of secondary food plant Mezankari constitutes significantly low percentage of crude fiber and high amount of total nitrogen, protein, starch and calcium contents. This leaves are best in nutritive value followed by som and soalu leaves (Dutta et al. 1997). However according to some study the percentage of crude protein, ash, and water content of som plant is varies in different location of Assam. Among the different locations, per cent of water content is highest in Titabar, per cent of ash content in Dhakuakhana and per cent of crude protein is highest in Boko district of Assam (Chowdhury, 2005). Som plant has different morphovariants and morphotypes. Som morphovariants S6, S4, S3 and S5 were palatable and superior for sustainable yield and cocoon production whereas 3 morphovariants viz., A2, R1, T1 were found non-palatable as they are less preferred by the silkworm and are also associated with lignin and less moisture content (Siddiqui et al. 2000). Ampatia, Naharpatia, etc. are the morphotyopes of som plant. Out of these the tender leaves of Ampatia have more moisture than mature leaves. But the protein and sugar content is more in tender to mature leaves Naharpatia along with highest mineral contents in the mature leaves (Barua and Baruah, 2007). Infestation of some insect decreases the nutritional components of plants. The nutritive value of som as regard moisture, total soluble sugar, total mineral and chlorophyll content is decreases due to infestation by gall insect as compared to un-infested healthy leaves (Basumatary et al. 2013). Nutritional value of Eri host plants Castor (Ricinus communis) and Kesseru (Heteropanax fragrans) is the primary host plant of eri silkworm Samia ricini, whereas Borpat (Ailanthus grandis), Borkesseru (Ailanthus excelsa), Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), Payam (Evodia flexinifolia) and Gulanch (Plumeria ruba) are the secondary host plants (Pathak, 1988). Castor is one of the major oil producing as well as silkworm host plant, has many high yielding and improved varieties such as: TNV-5, CO-1, RC-8, GCM-2, GCM-4 and Aruna. These high yielding varieties are nutritionally better-quality to the indigenous variety i.e., Red, Red petiole, Green and Powdery (Hazarika, 1989). The moisture and starch content of castor is gradually decreased from tender to mature leaves while total nitrogen, crude protein, total mineral, crude fibre, and total soluble sugar content increased steadily with the maturity of leaves. The spring rearing of eri silkworm accounted better in respect of silk production while autumn rearing accounted better in larval growth and fecundity of the silkworm. The Red Petiole variety is superior to other castor varieties (Dutta, 2000). The nutritional composition also varies according to the climatic condition and season. The leaf acidity and water percentage of Tapioca and Castor found highest in the month of June. Ash (%) of Castor and Nitrogen found highest in the December. Castor of crude protein (%) got highest in the June and Tapioca in January. Ash (%) of Tapioca got highest in January and N (%) (Chowdhury, 2005) The performance of castor varieties NBR-1 and Damalgiri Red is better in Gangetic alluvial soil of West Bengal in both qualitative parameters and water status; hence these two nutritively superior varieties can be commercially exploited in Eastern India (Sengupta et al. 2008). Ailanthus grandis is one of the most efficient food plants for rearing of eri silkworm (Shaw, 1998). Out of the two Ailanthus species, Borpat giving better result in comparison to Barkesseru. But both the Ailanthus species can be utilized as a


Spatial compressive sensing (SCS) has recently been applied to direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation owing to advantages over conventional ones. However the performance of compressive sensing (CS)-based estimation methods decreases when true DOAs are not exactly on the discretized sampling grid. We solve the off-grid DOA estimation problem using the deterministic maximum likelihood (DML) estimation method. In this work, we analyze the convexity of the DML function in the vicinity of the global solution. Especially under the condition of large array, we search for an approximately convex range around the ture DOAs to guarantee the DML function convex. Based on the convexity of the DML function, we propose a computationally efficient algorithm framework for off-grid DOA estimation. Numerical experiments show that the rough convex range accords well with the exact convex range of the DML function with large array and demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed methods in terms of accuracy, robustness and speed.


The current paper reports on investigations aimed at advancing the understanding of the flow field near the casing of a forward-swept transonic compressor rotor. The role of tip clearance flow and its interaction with the passage shock on stall inception are analyzed in detail. Steady and unsteady three-dimensional viscous flow calculations are applied to obtain flow fields at various operating conditions. The numerical results are first compared with available measured data. Then, the numerically obtained flow fields are interrogated to identify the roles of flow interactions between the tip clearance flow, the passage shock, and the blade/endwall boundary layers. In addition to the flow field with nominal tip clearance, two more flow fields are analyzed in order to identify the mechanisms of blockage generation: one with zero tip clearance, and one with nominal tip clearance on the forward portion of the blade and zero clearance on the aft portion. The current study shows that the tip clearance vortex does not break down, even when the rotor operates in a stalled condition. Interaction between the shock and the suction surface boundary layer causes the shock, and therefore the tip clearance vortex, to oscillate. However, for the currently investigated transonic compressor rotor, so-called breakdown of the tip clearance vortex does not occur during stall inception. The tip clearance vortex originates near the leading edge tip, but moves downward in the spanwise direction inside the blade passage. A low momentum region develops above the tip clearance vortex from flow originating from the casing boundary layer. The low momentum area builds up immediately downstream of the passage shock and above the core vortex. This area migrates toward the pressure side of the blade passage as the flow rate is decreased. The low momentum area prevents incoming flow from passing through the pressure side of the passage and initiates stall inception. It is well known that inviscid effects dominate tip clearance flow. However, complex viscous flow structures develop inside the casing boundary layer at operating conditions near stall.Copyright © 2004 by ASME