Introduction The "war on terror" is a failure. From the events of 9-11 to Obama's pull out of Afghanistan, successes have been rare. The reasons for this failure as so deep-seated and complex that any essay, never mind one as brief as this, can do it justice. The literature on Afghanistan from the beginning of the Soviet war in 1978-1979 to the start of American intervention in the Fall of 2001 is immense and growing daily. As of the Spring of 2015, the reports coming out of the country are uniformly negative. Words like "failure" and "farce" are coming out of even the mainstream press. The thesis of this present paper is that not only is the war a failure (which in 2012 is not controversial), but that the group of variables that led to the defeat of "coalition" forces are of immense complexity. The simple argument is this – peace is not coming to Afghanistan because of its strategic location. She is a major pipeline source for oil going to the East, to China, and to the West and North. It is now uncontroversial that these motives are dominant and possible critical to the future of the indebted and weak US economy.1 This essay will argue that American failure in the Middle East comes from several areas. In terms of public ideology, there is no evidence that the Taliban were part of the "alQaeda network," nor is there any proof that Saddam Hussein was anything but an enemy of Osama or any fundamentalist leader in the world. The existence of such a network itself is a problem. If anything, there is no good reason to hold that the Taliban were interested in nothing else than consolidating power in Kabul. Using this group as a foil to justify intervention is an odd choice, but might have been chosen due to its obscurity. There was no final goal other than guarding the pipelines, which means keeping the Russians away from them. Success could be defined in any way the administration wanted. These more "ideological" reasons are important because they have everything to do with the political will of the Americans. Once the media-charged anger faded after 9-11, the war had ground down to a standstill between green American soldiers and a seasoned Afghan resistance. There was no will and no money: this phrase will come up repeatedly throughout this paper. The war itself was over too broad an area as American troops, mercenaries and CIA operatives were spread all over Central Asia. There was no overarching military strategy or even a goal. Modern armies from the advanced nations are not used to guerrilla tactics. Enemies not wearing uniforms and not being constrained by the traditional rules of war are enemies that cannot be defeated. Many guerrillas of the Afghan resistance are combat trained, with some receiving both their training and equipment from the CIA. The overall argument here is that the purely economic considerations rule, as they must in liberal democracies (using the western sense of the term). Capital takes the guise of the "public good" when it becomes the "state" but hides behind corporate law when the costs need to be paid. Apart from the occasional reference to gas prices or the official "opposition"


This study investigated the effects of soft contact lens material on the corneal radius of curvature and the tear film stability. A total of thirty (n=30) subjects aged between 17 and 33 years with mean age 22.3 ± 3.4 years, made up of 11 males and 19 females were recruited for this study. The corneal radius of curvature (CRC) and non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) were assessed with the Bausch and Lomb Keratometer H-135A (Bausch and Lomb Corp., USA). The subjects were categorised into two groups: Polymacon (conventional soft contact lens) group (n = 17) and lotrafilcon B (O2 optix contact lens) group (n = 13). The difference in NIBUT between pre-task and 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of polymacon contact lens wear was statistically significant (ANOVA: P = 0.003). However, for lotrafilcon B, the difference in mean NIBUT was not statistically significant (P = 0.22). The difference in mean CRC between pre-task and 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of polymacon and lotrafilcon B contact lens wear was not statistically significant (ANOVA: P > 0.05). The degree of association between CRC and NIBUT was also not statistically significant (p>0.05). This indicates that the tear film stability measured as non-invasive tear break-up time varied under conventional soft (polymacon) lens wear while it remained stable under silicone hydrogel (lotrafilcon B) lens wear. The corneal curvature was not significantly affected by the contact lens materials during the period under study. In conclusion, Lotrafilcon B was a preferred contact lens material since it demonstrated no significant effect on tear film stability as measured as NIBUT.


PURPOSE: An input apparatus for a flexible display device inputting desired data by the electrode printed on a substrate is provided to variously apply the flexible input device to a multimedia device with the flexible display by forming the electrode on the substrate. CONSTITUTION: An input device for a flexible display device for a flexible display device includes a flexible and transparent substrate(110) and a soft electrode(120). The electrode is printed on the substrate. The input device for the flexible display device is bent by the electrode. The input device for the flexible display device has a curve formation. The data is inputted to the input device for a flexible display device through an input tool.


We consider a small, unionized economy which interacts with an economically larger one, and we study the growth implications of different institutional structures for the labour markets. We study three possible scenarios. Under decentralized bargaining in the large economy, the two countries converge to the same level of wages and income, even though these levels will be lower than under perfect competition. Under centralized bargaining in the large economy, the small one will end up with a higher capital to labour ratio and GDP in the steady state. This outcome will not necessarily be associated with higher wages and per capita GNP, however. Another possible scenario, with a competitive labour market in the large economy, predicts long-run equalization of per capita capital and production, but lower wages and per capita GNP in the small economy.


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We aim to elaborate a balance on the logic of scientific questions in the production of stricto sensu knowledge. We took as sources 100 dissertations and 32 theses written by teachers who work in Physical Education courses in the State of Bahia - 1982 to 2018, addressing as an object the logic instituted by the scientific questions in the referred production. It is a documentary research, using historical and dialectical materialism as a method. The results show that 48% of the productions have their research questions built from the formal logic; 28% present a dialectical logic in the elaboration of scientific questions; and 24% have no research problem.


Integration methods for at least a basic program (5) with a base window (7) in a supplementary program (6) with an additional window (8), - wherein the at least one drain basic program (5) and the additional program (6) on a computer (1) and an operating system (4) cooperate with the computer (1), - wherein the base window (7) and the additional window (8) on a the computer (1) associated with the display device (2) can be displayed, - wherein output signals of the basic program (5) over the base window (7) and output signals of the additional program (6) via the additional window (8) on the display device (2) can be displayed, - wherein the additional program (6) based on a characteristic of the at least one basic program (5) identifier determines a basic window pointer, on the location and size of the base window (7) on the visual display unit (2) are adjustable, and - wherein the additional program (6) based on the basic window pointer location and size of the base window (7) on the visual display unit (2) to values (x '', y '', b '', h '') ...


Gardner's syndrome is characterized by colonic polyps, osteomas of the skull and the mandible, and soft tissue tumors. Patients with this syndrome can also develop extracolonic manifestations such as periampullary tumors and desmoid tumor of the abdomen. We report a 36 year-old female with Gardner's syndrome and recurrent desmoid tumors of the abdomen, presenting with fever and malaise for 2 days. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for marked anemia showed a bleeding polypoid tumor in the ampulla of Vater. Histopathology yielded a tubular adenoma with focal carcinomatous change. Obstructive jaundice developed later and biliary drainage was carried out. Surgery for the ampullary tumor was advised but the patient refused. The patient improved and was discharged after 25 days of hospitalization but she was reported to die one year later.


Embodiments of an electronic fraud analysis platform system are disclosed which may be used to analyze tax returns for potential fraud. Analysis of tax return data using the tax return analysis platform computing systems and methods discussed herein may provide insight into whether a tax return may be fraudulent based on, for example, an initial screening component configured to filter tax returns which appear fraudulent due to missing or inaccurate information provided with the return; a device activity analysis component configured to identify whether a device used to submit a tax return or to provide further authentication information needed to complete processing of the return may have been used in other fraudulent activities; and a knowledge-based authentication component configured to identify potential fraudsters using dynamically generated questions for which fraudsters typically do not know the answers.


What is reconciliation? Daijisen defines it as "reconciliation of people who were fighting, or who were opposed to one another." In other words, reconciliation is only necessary because there has been a conflict or dispute beforehand. However, considering Taiwan's discourse about Japan's colonial rule and war experiences in the context of reconciliation may confront us with more challenges. China and Korea, two of Taiwan's neighbors that also experienced invasion and rule by the Empire of Japan, have undergone endless conflicts and collisions with Japan regarding the perception of history and war responsibility in the fields of politics, diplomacy, and private media. Compared to these two nations, Taiwan's attitude seems to be completely different, far removed from the tasks of apology and reconciliation, and even described as "pro-Japanese." This description of Taiwan as pro-Japanese has been a historical evaluation regarding Japan's colonial rule, and it has overflowed into various spaces of discourse. "Pro-Japanese Taiwan" has become a proper noun, as opposed to "anti-Japanese Korea" or "anti-Japanese China." This simplified schema is commonly used as a framework for perceiving the historical position of East Asia regarding issues in Japanese society today. In severe cases, there have been many arguments that pro-Japanese Taiwan is right, and that Between Understanding and Reconciliation:


Along with the development of genetic engineering technology,the clinical application of protein and polypeptide drugs are paid more and more attentions.However,the disadvantages such as immunogenicity,toxicity and short half-life of protein and polypeptide drugs limit their further application and development.Since polyethylene glycol(PEG) can give a number of relevant advantages to the conjugated protein,such as half-life prolongation in vivo,a reduction or an abolishment of immunogenicity,and a reduction of aggregation,the application of protein PEGylation technology is of a wide prospect in biotechnology and biomedicine.The PEGylation of protein and polypeptide drugs,the development of PEG modification technology,the main ways of PEG modification as well as the present situation and prospects of PEG-drug are briefly described in this review.


A visitor to the St. Louis waterfront in the early morning hours of March 16, 1879, would have witnessed one of the most unusual sights ever seen in that colorful and everchanging part of the city. The scene about to be enacted was, in fact, so significant that reporters for two St. Louis newspapers, the Globe-Democrat and Missouri Republican, had roused themselves from their slumbers to be present. By four o'clock around a dozen persons had congregated on the levee at the foot of Pine Street, and with these the two newsmen stood shivering in the falling snow awaiting the arrival of the steamer Grand Tower, expected momentarily from the South. Aboard the river boat, as telegraphic dispatches had previously announced, were nearly six hundred "Exodusters," a few of the many thousands of freedmen who had suddenly begun to desert the plantations along the river in Mississippi and Louisiana to find new homes in the "Promised Land" of Kansas.


In this study, based on Choi, Jong Rim's script (2000), the main characters' stage costume designs were presented with 15 illustrated pieces in terms of compounding the images of Korea and West. I considerered the main characters' social status and personality by each act and scene, as well as the correlation of the stage costume's minor theme, color and material. In expressing the stage costume, this study has chosen the formational method of the comparative design dimensions between costumes in 1650s Joseon and baroque period and used the joinder of flat pattern and draping in various parts of the costumes.


The Raman, IR and FIR spectra of polycrystalline samples of the polysulfides Na2S4, K2S5, Na2S5 have been measured. A unique assignment of the internal vibrations of the tetrasulfide ion could be achieved.


An external cavity laser diode, which consists of a LiNbO/sub 3/ phase modulator, was frequency-stabilized to a resonance frequency of a Fabry-Perot interferometer using the electrooptic effect. The optical frequency fluctuation was detected through a Fabry-Perot interferometer and the detected signal was negatively fed back to the phase modulator to reduce the frequency fluctuation. The rear facet of the electrooptic phase modulator was coated with gold and used as an external mirror. At feedback-off state, the peak-to-peak frequency fluctuation of the laser diode was 52 MHz in 2 min. At feedback-on state, the peak-to-peak frequency fluctuation was reduced to 1.5 MHz. This condition was maintained for the duration of the observation, 1 h and 40 min.<<ETX>>


ABSTRACT Ornithopod remains are reported from the Papo-Seco Formation (lower Barremian, Early Cretaceous) at Cape Espichel, south of Lisbon, in western central Portugal. The fossil material comes from the Boca do Chapim, Praia do Areia do Mastro and Praia do Guincho palaeontological sites. Some fossils are known from the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century and other remains have been recently collected. Ornithopod and other vertebrate remains from the Papo-Seco Formation occur in limestones, marls, sandstones and conglomerates in a succession interpreted as being deposited in lagoonal and estuarine environments. A study of the available palaeontological material, including teeth and postcranial remains, suggests the presence of a large styracosternan-like iguanodontian, but does not allow confirmation of the occurrence of Iguanodon or Mantellisaurus. Ornithopod remains from the Papo-Seco Formation are provisionally assigned to Ornithopoda indet., Iguanodontia indet. and cf. Styracosterna indet., increasing the record of Portuguese ornithopods of early Barremian age.


Adult populations across the world are living considerably longer than previous generations. A child born in the United States today has a life expectancy beyond 85 years (Busetta and Bono, 2021). As life expectancy increases, individuals' concerns are focused on increasing quality, together with quantity, of life. Biological theories of aging suggest that aging is a complex process, in which changes at the molecular and cellular level lead to inevitable and inescapable decline in functioning. While advanced age is correlated with a reduction in functional health, chronological age alone is not an appropriate indicator of healthy aging (Lowsky et al., 2014). Mere survival does not capture well-being. When it comes to aging satisfaction, self-perception is key. An individual's cognitive and affective evaluation of their own life is regarded as an important indicator of their well-being (Diener, 2000). Self-perceptions of aging capture how individuals' attitudes toward their own aging and aging experiences influence their physical functioning as well as psychological well-being in later life. Irrespective of objective circumstances, self-perceptions operate to influence how hopeful or hopeless an individual may feel about their own aging and impact their longevity (Levy et al., 2002). Biological theories of aging attempt to explain individual differences in aging as stemming from genetic factors that are predetermined and nongenetic factors such as random events, environment, or lifestyle that interact throughout the entire lifespan to shape the course of adult development and aging. While physical health is invariably associated with aging satisfaction, medicalizing "aging" as a condition causing inevitable later-life disability, and further viewing "aging" as undesirable in and of itself, is problematic in terms of societal and individual impacts. One example is the nihilistic discourse of alleged economic burden of care being placed on younger generations by so-called "Baby Boomers," whose care needs will need to be met by those who follow (Meisner, 2020). Rather than celebrating the potential longevity dividend, this rhetoric may be reinforcing harmful stereotypes about age in terms of dependency and intergenerational discord. Gerontologists and other aging experts may criticise biological theories of aging because of their failure to account for enormous interindividual variability and heterogeneity in later life and to recognize a major principle of life-span developmental theory in which age-related gains and losses occur simultaneously (Baltes and Carstensen, 1996). In addition, narrowing the aging process down to a physiological process and measuring "aging well" in terms of functional decline fails to capture cultural variability in older individuals' health (Levy, 2009) and their subjective experiences of the aging process. More recently, the focus of gerontological research has shifted, from an emphasis on agerelated vulnerabilities and inevitable decline to understanding and identifying certain behaviors that mediate age-related physiological and cognitive deterioration to support so-called successful aging. However, some critics rail against the term "successful aging," suggesting it implies an idealized state of aging, or not aging. The argument is that one cannot dictate what is the "norm" in terms of "successfully aging" and that success is not, and should not be, measured against one standard. Aging that is considered successful aging according to functional norms might not meet with ideal norms. For example, someone may live a healthy life, may live in objectively affluent circumstances, but may see aging as a burden, compared to someone who is aging and not living in an objectively ideal situation, but might be quite happy with where they are in life (Baltes and Carstensen, 1996). There is also a prevailing myth that older people become less satisfied and become more unhappy as they get older, but we do know that older people are more satisfied with their lives, compared to younger people, as well as compared to their younger selves (Baltes and Carstensen, 1996). Ample research shows that self-perceptions of one's own aging exert a powerful influence on your later health and well-being. According to Baltes' SOC model (Baltes and Baltes, 1990), older adults are said to have reserves in capacity in relation to their functioning, however, their attitudes to their own aging affect how they use them. Positive self-perceptions and attitudes to own aging impact a variety of health outcomes (Levy and Myers, 2004; Levy et al., 2000; Levy et al., 2002). For example, possessing positive attitudes to aging has been linked with engaging in health preventative behaviors, such as exercise and a balanced diet (Levy and Myers, International Psychogeriatrics (2022), 34:9, 761–763 © International Psychogeriatric Association 2022


A 72-year-old woman known for coeliac disease for several years presented with abdominal pain and deterioration of the general status. Blood biochemistry revealed a significant tumor lysis


www.spectroscopyeurope.com Introduction In 2002, John Fenn and Koichi Tanaka were awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry for their contribution to the development of the ionisation techniques electrospray ionisation (ESI) and matrixassisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI), respectively, in the late 1980s. These two novel "soft" ionisation techniques have had a great impact on mass spectrometry and have given, in particular, biomolecular mass spectrometry research an enormous impulse. Working independently, Fenn and Tanaka discovered ways to give huge molecules an electric charge without ripping them apart. Since the invention in 1988, ESI and MALDI have become ubiquitous in both academic and industrial laboratories. Nowadays, mass spectrometry is, in addition to its applications in organic and inorganic chemistry, an essential technology in high-throughput proteomics for the identification of primary sequences of proteins, protein profiling, quantification and post-translational modifications. However, these proteomics studies do not provide us with direct information on higher-order protein structures, protein complexes and interactions between proteins and between proteins and ligands. Protein X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and small-angle X-ray scattering are excellent resources in providing protein structural information. In the last decades, these techniques have yielded an enormous amount of information, varying from three-dimensional structures and dynamics of smaller proteins, like the solution structures of the integral membrane protein OmpX by nuclear magnetic resonance up to quaternary structures of viruses, like the 7 Å resolution data for hepatitis B virus particles by electron microscopy. Although these methods provide high-quality data, they also have their own intrinsic limitations, such as high sample consumption and low throughput. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography are mainly restricted to single proteins or protein domains and require homogeneous samples. In recent years, the newly-developed soft ionisation techniques together with the possibility to measure masses by high-resolution mass analysers with high transmission and with a broad mass-tocharge range have given mass spectrometry the opportunity to add complementary information to the protein structural biology community. Indeed, soon after the introduction of MALDI and ESI, these ionisation methods were already being used to investigate intact proteins and non-covalent interactions between proteins and ligands, such as nucleic acids, lipids, cofactors, substrates and inhibitors. Nowadays, we can explore intact heterogeneous and large assemblies by, especially, ESI mass spectrometry. For instance, Robinson and coworkers have demonstrated that it is possible to maintain the non-covalent associations in ribosome complexes, consisting of a large number of proteins and RNA (e.g. Escherichia coli 30S ribosome consists out of 21 different proteins and 16S RNA). Also, extremely large intact virus particles are nowadays within the scope of mass spectrometry analysis. In the rest of this communication we will focus further on the emerging role of mass spectrometry in structural biology. By definition, an ESI mass spectrometer consists of an ESI source, a mass analyser and a detector. The success of ESI started when John Fenn and coworkers showed that multiply-charged ions were obtained from proteins, allowing their molecular mass to be determined. The introduction of nanoflow electrospray has given ESI a new impetus, as such a device makes the analysis of minute amounts of sample possible without compromising signal intensity. Moreover, the increased tolerance to buffer salts and the formation of smaller droplets means that lower desolvation energy is required. An electrospray is produced by applying a strong electric field (1–4 kV), under atmospheric pressure, to a liquid passing through a capillary (Figure 1). Due to this electric field, the liquid in the capillary becomes, in positive-ion mode, enriched for positively-charged ions. Evaporation of solvent from the droplets Mass spectrometry as a novel tool in protein structural biology


Every profession requires commitment. If a person is committed to his profession he will perform his duties with dedication and efforts. According to Arya (2012), Professional commitment of the teachers is to devote personal time and dedicated towards his profession. Teaching is such a profession which requires not only relations with organization but also with number of other participants, such as the parents, students and colleagues. Therefore, professional commitment is persuasive for both teachers and the educational system. It is the need of today to bring improvement in quality of education. Skidmore (2007) defined professionally committed teachers as those teachers who are: a) dedicated to develop themselves professionally by seeking advanced degrees and standardbased professional growth opportunities; b) critically reflective in their practice by seeking meaningful feedback and discourse and engagement in action research; c) advancing the teaching profession through the creation of professional learning communities and teachers" contributions to leadership positions. Professional commitment increases the ability of the teacher to consider the demands of students, provide a variety of teaching methods and techniques. They try to make arrangements for engaging each student in meaningful task. It also helps the teachers to learn new strategies and involve in the profession by learning new techniques, strategies for enhancing quality of education. Today is the age of technology. So, to cope up with the technological era, teachers have to learn new skills, and make their students learn higher order skills to think critically, collaborate, communicate and make their own decisions. This all is possible through professional commitment. Mukt Shabd Journal


the time of its origins in the seventeenth century, physics has exerted a major cultural influence. That influence cannot be explained, it seems to me, simply by its subject matter. The fundamental experimental object, in the fullest sense, is a humble round ball rolling down a nice, smooth, inclined plane, a type of motion that most thinkers before Galileo would have judged too simple as an approach to natural transformations. Certainly, the "Galileo affair," opposing the first man of science in the modern sense to the powers of religion and philosophy that he intended to evict from the terrain of the "new science," had at stake the culturally-laden theme par excellence of the relative identities of the earth, the sun, and other celestial bodies. All the same, the innovation represented by Galileo with respect to Copernicus or Kepler has to do with the separation he proposes and begins to make between questions that are, and that are destined to remain, matters of opinion, open discussion, and without possible conclusion, and those that touch on demonstrable facts. It so happens that Galileo believed (rather a bit prematurely) that it was possible to treat the movement of the earth as a demonstrable fact. His real glory for physicists, however, is to have succeeded in separating the question of the cause of acceleration, "a problem about which different philosophers have expressed different opinions," such that "it would be necessary to examine all these views, and many others, but without great profit" (Galilei, 1970: 135), from the question of the properties of the accelerated movement of falling bodies. In other words, Galileo separated the field of scientific demonstration from all the "rest," where speculation is free, undoubtedly, but "without great profit." Such is the


A series of novel linear segmented polyurethanes (PUs) containing a pyridine unit in the main chain have been synthesized by polycondensation reaction of various diisocyanates, 4,4′-diphenyl-methane diisocyanate (MDI), toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), with 4,4′-{pyridine-2,6-diylbis[nitrilomethylylidene]}diphenol-based diol. The structure of the diol and segmented PUs were established by NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The thermal behavior of the synthesized PUs was further characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All PUs were soluble in polar aprotic solvents.


The environmental impact of rice agriculture is poorly studied in developing countries, mainly due to limitations of the analytical capacity. Here, we report the development of a clomazone enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a fast and cost-effective tool to monitor the dissipation of this herbicide along the harvest. Antibodies were prepared using different strategies of hapten conjugation, and the best hapten/antibody pair was selected. It proved to be a reliable tool to measure the herbicide in the 2.0-20 ng/mL range in field samples, with excellent correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography results. The assay was used to study the dissipation of the herbicide in the floodwater of experimental rice paddies in Uruguay. Large differences in the residual amounts of herbicide were observed depending on the flooding practices. Because of its robustness and simplicity, the assay may be useful to delineate and monitor management practices that can contribute to minimizing the release of the herbicide in the environment.


The effects of ion doses on the properties of boron implanted Si for n-type solar cell application were investigated with doses ranging from 5×1014cm-2to 2×1015cm-2and a subsequent two-step annealing process in a tube furnace.With the help of the TCAD process simulation tool, knowledge on diffusion kinetics of dopants and damage evolution was obtained by fitting SIMS measured boron profiles. Due to insufficient elimination of the residual damage, the implanted emitter was found to have a higher saturation current density(J0e) and a poorer crystallographic quality. Consistent with this observation, V oc, J sc, and the efficiency of the all-implanted p+–n–n+solar cells followed a decreasing trend with an increase of the implantation dose. The obtained maximum efficiency was 19.59% at a low dose of 5×1014cm-2. The main efficiency loss under high doses came not only from increased recombination of carriers in the space charge region revealed by double-diode parameters of dark I–V curves, but also from the degraded minority carrier diffusion length in the emitter and base evidenced by IQE data. These experimental results indicated that clusters and dislocation loops had appeared at high implantation doses, which acted as effective recombination centers for photogenerated carriers.


The special two-sample location problem is an important problem which is useful in comparing the performance of two measuring instruments. The problem of comparing the performances of two packing machines in which one machine may underfill the packets and the other may overfill the packets on an average, fits into special twosample location setup wherein one wishes to test for the point of symmetry versus an appropriate alternative. The only test available in the literature to the best of our knowledge is the class of tests due to Shetty and Umarani [13] which is based on U-statistics. In this paper,
two classes of test statistics are proposed which are based on extremes of subsamples. The performances of the proposed classes of tests are


Enterprise risk management (ERM) is an organized, dependable and reproducible process across the entire system for identifying, measuring, controlling and reporting of opportunities and threats that could impact on the objectives of the organization. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the extent of ERM implementation in the Nigerian banking sector and the identification of antecedents influencing the adoption. 722 questionnaires were administered to top, middle and lower level managers across 361branches and the headquarters of the respective 21banks. The respondents consist of the staff of the risk management, internal audit and operational departments at both the headquarters and branches of the banks. Both SPSS Software and logistic regression model were used for data analysis. The finding reveals that there is plausible evidence that there is an ERM complete in place in most of the banks while insignificant number indicated ERM partial in place. Furthermore, the finding also indicates that internal audit effectiveness, human resource competency, Regulatory influence and top management commitment were statistically positively significant to the stage of ERM implementation while board characteristic was negatively significant. However, most of the banks had already gone through the ERM process before the CBN mandate. This study provides a new knowledge of the literature on the antecedents of ERM adoption. Similarly, the finding has a policy implication for the board of directors to improve their oversight functions and the regulatory authorities entrench risk based supervision on all policy issues. Future research is therefore, advocated on the effectiveness and impact of ERM systems after implementation using different variables and using board members and top management as respondents.


T J?here are only two real certainties in European politics today: Eastern Europe has been effectively liberated from Soviet domination, and the reunification of Germany is ap proaching. For all their historic worth, these certainties, in turn, create new uncertainties?after all, the postwar system of European stability, of deterrence and d?tente, was based on the permanence of the Soviet threat and of the division of Europe and of Germany. Now that history has turned the tables, it is the hitherto unquestioned structures of European order that are entering a period of unpredictability: in the East, all structures?from the Warsaw Pact to Comecon?set up to camouflage Soviet centralized control; in the West, the nato alliance and the European Community (ec); in Europe as a whole the familiar ways in which East-West relations are conducted. Germany is at the center of all these uncertainties, not only geographically but politically. This article will examine the de-Sovietization of Eastern


Energy needs continue to grow as the industry develops and the world's population grows. The growing need for fuel oil is causing fewer crude inventories. So we did research on Cpo Analysis, Phosphoric Acid And Fire Soda In Lieu of Fuel Oil (Fuel) Diesel Engines With Mixed Variations 98%, 1%, 1% And 95%, 2%, 3%, And 95%, 3% 2%  Using  Calorific  Testing. Go  to  this  study to  find  out  the  calorific  value  and combustion  rate  of  the  biodiesel  ed. The  results of  the  study  in  three  biodiesel experiments that were most effective for use were shown in the trial to three CPO 95%, 3% posephuric acid and 2% fire soda with a combustion rate of 0.309 gr/min within 30.42 minutes with a final temperature of 57oC. In the three most effective biodiesel experiments to use, three CPO 95%, 3% asamposfat and 2% soda api witha calorific  value  of  8208.39  cal/gr  with  a  final  temperature  of  57oC. In  the manufacture of biodiesel that affects from the mixture of chemicals as much as soda fire will be better and the less phosphoric acid it will be good. Keywords: Biodiesel, Calorific Value, and Combustion Rate


The aim of this paper is to show the evolution of the critical factors that can be determinant for the success of the commercialization of green products of the company O Boticario. The following critical factors were considered for this research: consumer's perception regarding eco-friendly characteristics featured in the products; consumer's environmental awareness; consumer's eco consumption; and the purchasing criteria that consumers will considerer when acquiring a product. This research was dived into two phases in order to show the evolution of the factors that were studied. The first phase took place in 2004 and the second one in 2008. The instrument used for data collection was an evaluation model developed by Bertolini (2004) to assess consumer's perception concerning eco-friendly products. It was verified that during this period both consumer's eco-awareness and eco-consumption had an increase. Consumer's purchasing criteria, had an increase in what concerns the environmental issues, however, consumer's perception remained static during the studied period. Keywords: Perception (Eco-friendly), Environmental awareness, Eco-consumption, Purchasing criteria.


Based on the previous semi-classical model, we have performed calculation of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) as a function of the thickness of the top/bottom or center ferromagnetic layers and the non-magnetic layer in dual spin valves. Our results are in good agreement with that reported in experiment, i.e., a GMR maximum is observed when the thickness of the top/bottom magnetic layer is at 20 ~ 40 A; the GMR value decreases monotonically with the increase of the non-magnetic layer thickness. By considering the "pin-hole" effect, the variation of GMR versus the thickness of the center magnetic layer is also found to be consistent with the experimental result. These calculations will be helpful in the design of high-quality spin-valve structures.


The purpose was to provide baseline information useful to the public health community as well as the private sector involved in ITNs (insecticide-treated nets); provide a consumer perspective for commercial companies as they develop and supply their products; and serve as the basis for the design of promotional campaigns encouraging the purchase and correct use of these products. The main topics covered are: Knowledge and beliefs about malaria and nets; Mosquito nets: access ownership treatment and use; Consumer preferences regarding mosquito nets; and Usage and attitudes regarding other mosquito control products. (excerpt)


The conventional systems engineering process (as defined in ISO 15288 or the INCOSE SE handbook) assumes that projects start with a defined requirement or problem statement and end with contract acceptance or in‐service validation. This has led to a belief by some in industry that the role of systems engineers within client organisations is kicking‐off and accepting well formed programmes for industry to deliver. Whilst this is an important role, it is not the only part of the client side systems engineer's job.


We present results of the application of the Schwinger multichannel method to study the role of Feshbach resonances on the elastic and electronic excitation cross sections in e-H_2 collisions. Using a ^2Σ_g^+2 resonance associated with the a ^3Σ^+_g and E^1Σ^+_g states of H_2 as an example, we quantitatively illustrate the dramatic influence of open channels on the decay of such Feshbach resonances in electron-molecule collisions.


Why do significant cultural anomalies frequently fail to generate institutional change? In contrast to a great deal of current institutional theory, which focuses on change and its mechanism, we em...


Ionic Interactions
The strength of interactions between ions depends on their solvation environment. Schellman postulated in the 1950s that when aqueous solvated ions approached a hydrophobic surface (such as a parts of a protein surface), interactions between ions would be enhanced. Chen et al. experimentally tested this theory by studying the dissociation of organic ions bonded by salt bridges after the addition of acid. The ion pairs were held by tethers at different distances from hydrophobic surfaces. The salt bridge was stronger when it was closer to the hydrophobic surface.

Science , this issue p. [555][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaa7532


The control effects of aluminium phosphide on plant root-knot nematodes were studied in order to find methyl bromide substituent to prevent and cure root-knot nematodes.[Methods]A grain fumigant—aluminium phosphide 56% tablet was used in field experiment to control cucumber root-knot disease,the effects of this fumigant on cucumber growth were also observed systematically.[Results]aluminium phosphide 56% tablet at the dose of 18.75,37.50 and 56.25 kg a.i./ha can significantly reduce the number of nematodes and root-knot index.The control efficiency on cucumber root-knot nematodes reached 51.35,62.50 and 68.75% respectively on 80th days after cucumber transplanting.There are significant promoting effects on cucumber growth.[Conclusions]Aluminium phosphide is a preferable pesticide for controlling cucumber root-knot nematodes.


An important part of the Navy objectives is to be both more efficient and enable manpower reduction is to reduce maintenance, reduce manpower, and eliminate pollutants through creating a more all-electric ship environment. However, placement of both non-centralized and centralized hydraulic systems for control of heavy machinery, large bay doors, articulated systems such as rudders for controlling air flow to the skirt system (such as in Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) is extremely challenging. At the base of the design approach to a Mechatronic Motion System is the fact that such applications do not require high precision. What is required is that the actuator delivers sufficient thrust power without increasing the existing actuator weight and be a self-contained unit. To address this need, QorTek and PSU have been developing a new concept of an entirely new kind of motion system actuator that has few parts, enormous thrust capability for its compact size, and is amenable to affordable manufacture. The new Quadrature Mechatronic Actuator (QMA) is a hydraulic replacement that will match hydraulic force-displacement capabilities in a fully solid-state design. Quadrature Mechatronic Actuators will look very similar to the existing hydraulic actuators currently used on LCAC. These compact self-contained units represent a one-for-one substitute for existing equipment. The Mechatronic Actuator itself will be lighter and slightly smaller than its hydraulic actuator equivalent and use one or more internal hybrid solid-state drivers that are internally coupled to a linear translator.


The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a titanium catalyst which process comprises: (a) drying a silica carrier at a temperature of from 300 to 800 °C to obtain a dried carrier; (b) contacting the dried carrier obtained in step (a) with a gas stream containing titanium halide at a temperature in the range from 125 °C lower to 125 °C higher than the drying temperature of step (a) and at a pressure higher than 0.8 bar to obtain an impregnated carrier; (c) calcining the impregnated carrier obtained in step (b) to obtain the titanium catalyst.


Abstract In order to ensure the rationality of elevator spare parts storage and improve the supply efficiency of spare parts, the GM (1, 1) grey prediction model of variable-coefficient trigonometric function of elevator spare parts was established. We utilized the residuals between the original data and the predicted data by GM (1, 1) model to establish the residual error model of variable-coefficient trigonometric function. The least square model was utilized to obtain the coefficients of variable-coefficient trigonometric function model. The results showed that GM (1, 1) grey prediction model was in good agreement with the actual situation. Compared with GM (1, 1) trigonometric function, the predicted relative error reduced from 6.34% to 1.77%.


1. Casein was labelled with pairs of radioactive amino acids, lysine, tyrosine and leucine, one with I4C and the other with 3H, by jugular infusion into lactating goats followed by isolation of the double-labelled casein from the milk. Total milk protein was similarly labelled by jugular infusion of [35S]cystine. U-14C-labelled fraction- 1 leaf protein was isolated from lucerne (Medicago sativa) grown in an atmosphere of 14C02 2. The proteins were treated withdifferent levels(333 and667 mmol/kgprotein) offormaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and glyoxal. 3. Absorption from the small intestine was measured in sheep with fistulas in the abomasum and terminal ileum, using Cr-EDTA as the digesta flow marker, by introducing radioactive casein into the abomasum. 4. Lysine, tyrosine and cystine became increasingly unavailable for absorption from the small intestine of sheep with increasing levels of aldehyde. At the lower level (333 mmol/kg) the proportions of the amino acids that were unavailable were 0.192, 0.051 and 0.123 respectively. At the higher level of formaldehyde (667 mmol/kg) the corresponding values were 0.335, 0.201 and 0.432 respectively. Leucine was not made unavailable with formaldehyde. 5. The proportions of lysine, tyrosine and leucine that were unavailable were higher, on a molar basis, after treatment of the proteins with the dialdehydes glutaraldehyde and glyoxal than after treatment with formaldehyde. However, the extent of protein protection provided by the dialdehydes in the rumen, measured using an in vitro procedure, was lower.


ABSTRACT This internship report describes the activities I did during the internship, the translation process of job description of the offshore drilling project, the problems I faced during the translation process, and the solutions for the problems.  The main activity that I did during my internship at Translexi was to translate job description of the offshore drilling project from English to Indonesian. The steps I did were analyzing, transferring, and restructuring. I encountered some problems, they were problems in understanding the meaning of sentences, translating difficult terms, translating imperative verbs, translating terms and equipment that have abbreviation, and translating words that have more than one meaning. The solutions for these problems were understanding the context of the sentence, finding out the purpose of the sentence, reading the drilling articles, and finding out the definition and equivalent of the terms on the internet.


Objective To find out the methods of monitoring the endometrial safety in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Methods Blood E 2, size of uterus and thickness of endometria by transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) in 60 patients receiving HRT were detected. The pathology of endometria and the semiquantitative analysis of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) were also examined in some cases. Results The endometrial thickness was increased significantly from 2 8 mm to 3 9 mm ( P 0 05), the blood E 2 was also increased significantly from (20 6±6 9)ng/L to (33 8±11 7)ng/L ( P 0 01) in women receiving HRT. Therefore, a positive correlation between the blood E 2 and the endometrial thickness was observed ( r =0 94). Among the 20 cases being pathologically diagnosed, 2 cases were simple hyperplasia, 1 case was complex hyperplasia, and the others were considered atrophy. By semiquantative determination, ER showed positive (+) in 19 cases, ER(++) in 1 case, and all cases showed PR(+). Conclusions The endometrial safety could be preliminarily evaluated according to clinical features, blood E 2 and endometrial thickness; when blood E 2 ≥45 ng/L, and endometrial thickness ≥5 mm, endometrial pathology and ER level should be further examined.


Linear [Q/H]-[O/H] relations, Q = Na, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, are
 inferred from a sample (N = 67) of recently studied FGK-type dwarf stars in
 the solar neighbourhood including different populations (Nissen and Schuster
 2010, Ramirez et al. 2012), namely LH (N = 24, low-α halo), HH (N = 25,
 high-α halo), KD (N = 16, thick disk), and OL (N = 2, globular cluster
 outliers). Regression line slope and intercept estimators and related
 variance estimators are determined. With regard to the straight line,
 [Q/H]=aQ[O/H]+bQ, sample stars are displayed along a "main sequence", [Q,O]
 = [aQ, bQ, ΔbQ], leaving aside the two OL stars, which, in most cases (e.g.
 Na), lie outside. The unit slope, aQ = 1, implies Q is a primary element
 synthesised via SNII progenitors in the presence of a universal stellar
 initial mass function (defined as simple primary element). In this respect,
 Mg, Si, Ti, show âQ = 1 within -+2^σâQ; Cr, Fe, Ni, within -+3^σâQ; Na, Ca,
 within -+r^σâQ, r > 3. The empirical, differential element abundance
 distributions are inferred from LH, HH, KD, HA = HH + KD subsamples, where
 related regression lines represent their theoretical counterparts within the
 framework of simple MCBR (multistage closed box + reservoir) chemical
 evolution models. Hence, the fractional yields, ^pQ/^pO, are determined and
 (as an example) a comparison is shown with their theoretical counterparts
 inferred from SNII progenitor nucleosynthesis under the assumption of a
 power-law stellar initial mass function. The generalized fractional yields,
 CQ=ZQ/ZaQ O, are determined regardless of the chemical evolution model.
 The ratio of outflow to star formation rate is compared for different
 populations in the framework of simple MCBR models. The opposite situation
 of element abundance variation entirely due to cosmic scatter is also
 considered under reasonable assumptions. The related differential element
 abundance distribution fits to the data, as well as its counterpart inferred
 in the opposite limit of instantaneous mixing in the presence of chemical
 evolution, while the latter is preferred for HA subsample.


Cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) play a crucial role in regulating systems dedicated to processing rewards and emotions. It was known that in artificial systems, CB1Rs can exhibit activity that is independent of the typical agonist-driven form. However, it remained largely unclear whether this constitutive activity also occurred in native tissue (e.g. the brain), and if so, what role it plays in neurotransmission and behavior. In this thesis we have taken a multi-disciplinary approach to show that CB1R inverse agonism (which interferes with both constitutive and agonist-driven activation) and neutral antagonism (which only interferes with agonist-driven activation) has markedly different effects on neurotransmission in the dopamine reward system in brain slices, dopamine neuron activity in freely moving rats, and processing of rewards and emotions. The inverse agonist interfered with reward processing and induced anxiety, whereas the neutral antagonist did neither. Strikingly, the neutral antagonist and inverse agonist were equally able to reduce weight gain and food intake. This is particularly of interest since the inverse agonist (rimonabant) had been previously marketed as a weight loss compound, but was discontinued due to side effects in the realms of anxiety and depression. Our findings therefore suggest that CB1R neutral antagonists may provide a safer and efficacious alternative to the discontinued CB1R inverse agonists. In a similar vein, we show that the mu opioid receptor (MOR), which is closely akin to the CB1R, is also constitutively active in the dopamine reward system. We provide evidence that, during a state of morphine withdrawal, this MOR constitutive activity is enhanced and likely serves a protective function that limits withdrawal symptoms. MOR antagonists with inverse agonistic profiles are currently in use to treat narcotic overdose and drug addiction. Problematically, this can lead to severe side effects. Our findings provide evidence that MOR neutral antagonists may also prove to be better therapeutic alternatives with fewer side effects, as they leave the potentially protective MOR constitutive activity during opioid withdrawal intact.


Since the beginning of the smartphones in the 80s, the mobile device market has grown and evolved towards devices connected everywhere, with hardware more and more close to computers and laptops th ...


RESULTS Figure 1 shows some of the current results. DISCUSSION This work shows the significance of initial lambda ratio on tribofilm topography. This enables a better understanding into the decomposition of ZDDP, such as the effect of sliding direction on phosphate pad elongation. Having investigated the different topographies ZDDP can form under given conditions it is now possible to better compare ZDDP tribofilms that have been formed using traditional tribometers, with those formed within an AFM.


An application of insect visuomotor behavior to automatic control of landing is explored. Insects, being perhaps more reliant on image motion cues than mammals or higher vertebrates, are proving to be an excellent organism in which to investigate how information on optic flow is exploited to guide locomotion and navigation. We have observed how bees perform grazing landings on a flat surface and have deduced the algorithmic basis for the behavior. A smooth landing is achieved by a surprisingly simple and elegant strategy: image velocity is held constant as the surface is approached, thus automatically ensuring that flight speed is close to zero at touchdown. No explicit knowledge of flight speed or height above the ground is necessary. The feasibility of this landing strategy was tested by implementation in a robotic gantry. We also outline our current efforts at exploring the applicability of this and related techniques to the guidance of uninhabited airborne vehicles (UAVs). Aspects of the algorithm were tested on a small UAV using real imagery to control descent rate.


Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War and the War of 1812. Edited by Kathryn E. Holland Braund. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2012. Pp. [xxiv], 312. Paper, $34.95, ISBN 978-0-8173-5711-5.) In the preface for Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War and the War of 1812, Jay Lamar rightly refers to the Creek War of 1813-1814 as a "seminal event in Creek, southern, and national history" (p. xv). Andrew Jackson's March 1814 military victory at Tohopeka, or Horseshoe Bend, in what is today central Alabama was almost certainly more important than his subsequent triumph in New Orleans nine months later. While the battle of New Orleans secured Jackson's legend and his eventual political ascent, it was Tohopeka and the Treaty of Fort Jackson--in which the United States forced the Creek Nation to cede over 21 million acres of land--that secured the imperial expansion of the United States into what became the heart of the Deep South. This collection, ably edited by Kathryn E. Holland Braund, emerges from a 2009 symposium on the Creek War and the War of 1812 cosponsored by Auburn University and the Horseshoe Bend National Military Park. The volume examines the conflict from a variety of angles, and the essays hang together well while still offering diverse, fresh, and multidisciplinary perspectives on the war's significance. The battle at Tohopeka was the climax of an uprising by dissident "Red Stick" Creeks against the Creek National Council. The Red Sticks opposed the council's expanding claims to authority over the Creek people, but the insurgents resented the seismic economic, cultural, and political shifts that undergirded those claims and that had been transforming Creek country for decades. But, as Braund writes, "The Creeks' civil war, almost from the beginning, became a U.S. war against the Creeks" (p. 3). The war, though it lasted less than a year, was both bloody and brutal. As many as 1,900 Creek men died before it ended. As Susan M. Abram points out, those numbers represent the loss of "approximately 40 percent of the able-bodied male Creeks"--a devastating statistic (p. 135). U.S. forces also burned or otherwise destroyed almost fifty Creek towns during the conflict. The resultant famine and refugee crisis had far-reaching effects, helping pave the way for Indian removal and the rapid emergence of the Cotton Kingdom. Yet this volume illustrates that the Creek War was as much about continuity as change. Gregory Evans Dowd's essay, for example, reexamines the Shawnee leader Tecumseh's famous 1811 mission to bring the southeastern Indians into a pan-Indian alliance against the United States. Conventional scholarship imagines Tecumseh's efforts as a deviation "from traditional tribal thinking," but Dowd convincingly demonstrates that "the idea of pan-Indianism ... developed] over generations in competition with the idea of tribal or national confederacies" (pp. 30, 45). Braund presents a fascinating analysis of the term "Red Sticks," a moniker that the dissidents did not acquire until very late in the war. She points out that the label--almost certainly referring to the red war clubs some fighters carried--was not new but rather emerged from established Creek cultural precedents. John E. Grenier's essay also emphasizes that the Creek War did not take place in a vacuum. He shows how the U.S. military's experiences in earlier Indian conflicts in the trans-Appalachian West directly influenced its tactics in the Creek War, and his conclusions suggest new directions for studies of America's late-nineteenth-century Indian wars. …


Culturally Deaf Catholics in the U.S. have defined themselves not by their disability but by their shared history, language, and traditions. This article narrates the history of Deaf Catholics from the founding of the International Catholic Deaf Association (ICDA) in 1949 to the ordination of the first culturally Deaf priest in North America in 1977. Deaf Catholics have long struggled for inclusion in parish life. Beginning in the 1950s, the work of hearing priests and pastoral ministers resulted in improved availability of religious education and sacraments in sign language. In the 1960s and 1970s the institution of vernacular Masses after Vatican II, the acceptance of American Sign Language (ASL) as a language, and the increase of preaching in ASL provided for an expansion of ministry by the Deaf, for the Deaf. Consequently, Deaf Catholics themselves laid the groundwork for the first Deaf religious vocations. The growth of a core group of Deaf Catholic leaders, including clergy and laity, spurred the creation of several national organizations whoich sought to coordinate gatherings, including retreats in ASL, to further include this marginalized group in the life of the Church.


To overcome the complicated and time-consuming difficulties of current models, a new lubrication equation based on boundary velocity slip model for solving the ultra-thin film gas lubrication in hard disk drives is proposed by adopting the nanoscale effect function, Np. The present model is easy to calculate and applicable at nanoscale. The results of numerical calculations indicate that the present model produces a close approximation to that of the exact Boltzmann model.


The changes in lung tissue density arrived during the postoperative irradiation of 21 patients between February, 1984 and March, 1985 were investigated by means of a computer tomograph type Medicor-Pfizer 0100. It was shown that the influence of ionizing radiation produced an increased density of the pulmonary tissue even in case of the most precise radiophysical plan and the optimum energy. In all cases the density measured by CT after the irradiation was higher than before radiotherapy. This might be a very early sign of radiogenic late effects. An adequate modification of the irradiation plan has therefore to be carried out in the manner of a feedback.


The oxygen evolution represents an important reaction in electrochemical water splitting and metal-air batteries. To deal with the increasing energy crisis and demand for sustainable clean energy, production of low-cost, high-efficiency, and robust oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is urgently needed. Recently, transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have been used as active electrocatalysts for OER because of their high electrical conductivity and enhanced electrochemical activity. These chalcogenides based electrocatalysts show unprecedented high efficiency for OER exhibiting very low overpotentials, thereby surpassing state-of-the-art precious metal oxides or hydroxide-based catalysts. Carbon nanostructures have been shown to significantly improve their electrocatalytic performance even further. In the present work, nickel selenide nanorods (NRs) were grown inside carbon nanotubes (NiSe@CNT) through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) wherein, the carbon nanotube formed in-situ wrapping around the growing nickel selenide nanorods. Such intimate intermixing is expected to aid in rapid electron transfer from the catalyst composite and yield significantly higher current density. The encapsulation with a CNT shell can also expectedly increase stability of the selenide phase with respect to corrosion and anion leaching. Electrocatalytic behavior was explored by various electrochemical studies, including linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometric experiments, electrochemical surface area determination, and Tafel slope determination, under highly alkaline condition. It was observed that this NiSe@CNT composites showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity for OER. Our results indicate that the self-grown CNT around nickel selenide increases catalytic activity of this hybrid nanostructure due to an increased number of catalytic sites and electronic conductivity of the nanocomposite. The overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 for the as-synthesized NiSe@CNT catalyst is 270 mV which is much better than precious metal based electrocatalysts for OER, such as RuO2 and IrO2. In addition, the current-voltage plots were superimposable before and after 40 h of chronoamperometry test, confirming that the as-synthesized catalyst gives stable electrocatalytic OER activity in 1 M KOH medium for an extended time period. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and TEM for morphology, elemental and chemical compositions.
 Keywords: oxygen evolution reaction, carbon nanotubes, In-situ wrapping

 Figure 1


To meet the Genesis mission goal for improved solar elemental
abundances, we need to address the issue of fractionation of the abundances
of elements in the solar wind compared to the solar photosphere. There is a
well-established depletion of elements in the solar wind with high first
ionization potential (FIP > 9eV) compared to lower FIP elements, but there is
no evidence for fractionation between lower FIP elements.


For many reasons, going from the environmental to the maritime safety, it is required a marine traffic control able to track in real time vessels approaching or moving away from the coasts. The innovation of this Automatic Identification System of vessels - with regard to some others already existing – is that this one is not a satellite system and it is not limited to a certain coverage distance, as happens with the AIS. But it is not a system that excludes the latter either, since in some exceptional circumstances it is based on it. This paper deals with the System technical approach for future implementation in certain sea routes with given traffic density


Objective:To investigate the effect of pnehyclidine hydrochloride as premedication of general anesthesia on post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD)of elderly patients. Methods:120 ASA class Ⅰ~Ⅲ patients,between 61 to 79 years old,scheduled for elective or deadline maxillofacial region surgery. All of 120 patients were strictly matched-pair and randomly divided into two groups with 60 cases receiving pnehyclidine hydrochloride in group pnehyclidine hydrochloride (group P)and 60 cases receiving atropine in group atropine(group A). A day before surgery,Mini-Mental State(MMS)detection method was used to score and record as M0 for each patient. At preoperative 30 minutes,pnehyclidine hydrochloride(0.01 mg /kg)or atropine(0.01 mg /kg)was injected through vein. MMS scores were recorded at 6 hours,12 hours,24 hours,48 hours,72 hours after operation as M1,M2,M3,M4,M5 respectively. If the MMS scores is lower than 23 points or drops 2 points with the M0 comparison,the patient was counted to have POCD. If M0 were less than 23,the preoperative existence of cognitive dysfunction,were not selected cases;POCD cases that happened beyond 72 hours,considered in the experiment that have little to do with premedication,were not brought into the statistical records. Results:The population characteristics, physical examination results,baselines (M0)and intraoperative monitoring results in the two groups were similar and there were no significant differences(P0.05). POCD patients in the two groups had significant difference(P0.05). Group P had 27 of cases POCD patients;Group A had 11 cases of POCD patients. Conclusion:Pnehyclidine hydrochloride as a preoperative anesthesia drug for elderly patients triggered POCD more easily than atropine,and its role is likely on M1 receptor in the brain. Therefore,effect of pnehyclidine hydrochloride as premedication of general anesthesia on cognitive dysfunction of elderly patients was judged by a multi-centre clinical study of more samples.


We consider the problem of devising an approach for handling inequality constraints in evolution strategies that allows converging linearly to optimal solutions on sphere functions with a single linear constraint. An analysis of the single-step behaviour of the (1+1)-ES shows that the task of balancing improvements in the objective with those in the constraint function is quite delicate, and that adaptive approaches need to be carefully designed in order to avoid failure. Based on the understanding gained, we propose a simple augmented Lagrangian approach and experimentally demonstrate good performance on a broad range of sphere functions as well as on moderately ill-conditioned ellipsoids with a single linear constraint.


This paper presented SATWP, a system for analyzing topic specific Web Pages. When evaluating the relevance among some pages it not only think about the content of pages but also take account of some other factors such as the URL of the page, hyperlink relation etc. Furthermore this system records the browsing activity of users. According to these messages the search engine adjusts the order of Web pages. The experiments show that this system is more effective.


As new ventures grow, they face significant challenges to their internal operations and or- ganizational structure. These challenges are particularly evident in small, entrepreneurial firms, who have limited resources, under-developed capabilities and often seek funding from external investors to enable growth. We draw on institutional theory, particularly institutional logics, to explore the role of different investors on human resource man- agement (HRM) in small, entrepreneurial firms. Using qualitative multiple-case study analysis of seven firms within the Irish agrifood industry, our study shows how external investors can prompt changes to HRM, illustrating three approaches to HRM practice: operational – aimed at improving efficiency and internal functioning through human re- sources; strategic – aimed at improving firm performance and competitive advantage; and transformational – leading to a fundamental redirection of the firm. These findings facil- itate the development of a framework for how investor logic prompts changes to HRM practices of small, entrepreneurial firms. By examining the interaction of institutional logics, this paper contributes a more nuanced understanding of entrepreneurial finance and its implications on HRM practices in small, entrepreneurial firms.


Detection of shallow-buried, in-road threats using a forward-looking (FL) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system has attracted significant research interest in the last decade. An FL-GPR mounted on a moving platform can provide standoff target detection and imaging. This enables real-time sensing and situation awareness over large ground areas. The main challenge facing this sensing technology is high false-alarm rates due to scattering arising from air–ground interface roughness and subsurface clutter.


Introduction: The aim of this study is essay, the association between borderline ersonality disorder and premenstrual syndrome in patients with borderline personality.  Method: In this case -control study, 400 students at high schools stage of Education in Tehran, randomly selected. All the students were aged between 19-15 y , did not use OCP, regular menstrual cycles and cycle lengths (between 35-21 days) . PMS questionnaire and daily documentation of PMS symptoms questionnaire was completed by students in 2 menstrual cycles. How to record the exact symptoms of subjects were learned to patients. Individuals with PMS diagnosis were observed as of the case study group. Then people with borderline personality disorder based on utility (SCIDII) Identification and prevalence rates in the two groups that were studied. Results: The population in this study was 400 high school students who were randomly selected from the girls high schools in one aerie of Tehran city (the capital of IRAN). According our result, distribution of patients with BPD and non- BPD patients according to disease severity of PMS . Based on statistical analysis, the frequency of patients with borderline personality disorder significantly relation [Sig: 0.001] was more seen in students with PMS, and also there was a significant relationship was seen between severity of PMS and borderline personality disorder [Sig: 0.001].  Discussion: Finally, according to the surveys conducted in the relevant literature, a study has specifically , borderline personality disorder among people suffering from PMS, has not been evaluated .


Learning-related attention is one of the most important factors influencing learning. While technologies have enabled the automatic detection of students' attention levels, previous studies mainly focused on colleges or high schools, lacking further validations in primary school students. More importantly, the detected attention might fail to be learning-related if students did not attend learning tasks (e.g., the attention level of a student who reads comics secretly during classroom learning). This phenomenon poses challenges to the practical application of automatic attention detection, especially in the primary school stage, which is crucial for students to set up learning attitudes/strategies. Inspired by the emerging inter-person perspective in neuroscience, we proposed an inter-brain attention coupling method to detect learning-related attention as an extension to the existing single-person-based method. To test this method, wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) devices were used to monitor students' attention levels in a class of primary school students during classroom learning. We found that one's inter-brain attention coupling, defined as the degree to which an individual student's attention dynamics match the attention dynamics averaged across classmates, was positively correlated with academic performance: higher performances are associated with higher coupling to the class-average attention dynamics. Moreover, the attention detection framework based on the inter-person perspective outperforms as an indicator of academic performance compared with the widely-used attention level within an individual. The results provide practical insights by extending the applications of detected attention levels from an inter-person perspective and demonstrating its feasibility in monitoring learning-related attention among primary school students.


Formal and transcendental logic-Edmund Husserl 2013-06-29 called in question, then naturally no fact, science, could be presupposed. Thus Plato was set on the path to the pure idea. Not gathered from the de facto sciences but formative of pure norms, his dialectic of pure ideas-as we say, his logic or his theory of science was called on to make genuine 1 science possible now for the first time, to guide its practice. And precisely in fulfilling this vocation the Platonic dialectic actually helped create sciences in the pregnant sense, sciences that were consciously sustained by the idea of logical science and sought to actualize it so far as possible. Such were the strict mathematics and natural science whose further developments at higher stages are our modem sciences. But the original relationship between logic and science has undergone a remarkable reversal in modem times. The sciences made themselves independent. Without being able to satisfy completely the spirit of critical self-justification, they fashioned extremely differentiated methods, whose fruitfulness, it is true, was practically certain, but whose productivity was not clarified by ultimate insight. They fashioned these methods, not indeed with the everyday man's naivete, but still with a na!ivete of a higher level, which abandoned the appeal to the pure idea, the justifying of method by pure principles, according to ultimate a priori possibilities and necessities.


Public transport bus services are expected to evolve with the growth of a city. In urban areas in both developed and less developed countries, the demand for public transport is gradually increasing, and it is becoming necessary to increase the capacity of these services. In the case of public buses, operators tend to increase the number of vehicles and to extend bus routes to meet the requirements of passengers. However, waiting times for passengers are still critical, and passengers may spend longer waiting for public transport services. In this research work, we use a neural network and K-means to find the optimal scheduling of bus trips per day, and to minimise both the number of buses per day (i.e. the cost) and the waiting time throughout the day. A GPS-based dataset obtained from a public bus operator in Okinawa, Japan, is used. Three elements of the dataset (the number of buses, number of stops and dwell time per time zone) are extracted to identify the peak and off-peak times in each day's bus service using K-means. These three elements are also used as input to the ANN. As the output of K-means clustering, a moderate dwell time is used as a supervised dataset. A backpropagation neural network algorithm is used to optimise the bus schedule and to allocate vehicles per time zone in a way that minimises the operational cost and maintains reliability for passengers. Our research establishes a framework and methods for optimising operating costs while meeting the passenger demand for reliable services and minimal waiting times.


The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that a new randomized SVD algorithm, proposed by Drineas et. al. in [4], is not only of theoretical interest but also a viable and fast alternative to traditional SVD algorithms in applications (e.g. image processing). This algorithm samples a constant number of rows (or columns) of the matrix, scales them appropriately to form a small matrix, say S, and then computes the SVD of S (which is a good approximation to the SVD of the original matrix). We experimentally evaluate the accuracy and speed of this algorithm for image matrices, using various probability distributions to perform the sampling.


Here, corruption in its myriad forms has emerged a major factor inhibiting Jordan's economic development, and inflicting considerable damage upon the social fabric of the country. In particular, the custom of wasta has emerged a deeply embedded form of tolerated corruption. Arguably the prevalent excuse that wasta is grounded in the Jordanian culture, is anachronistic. Moreover, it is unnecessary for the extension of tribal or clan loyalty, nurture and care, for which it is offered an excuse. This book commenced with reference to the wisdom of Adam Smith opining on the impact of lost or diminished confidence in leaders. Jordanians appear to epitomize that situation. Smith might be interpreted as placing government at the hub of the problems of the kind investigated here. Jordan's capacity to, and likely outcome of its, fight to eradicate corruption certainly does appear to rest upon its populace being given good reason for confidence in the justice of [a corrupt free] government.


1. The system inserts containing! a plurality of indexable cutting inserts for milling of cylinder adapted to be installed on the tool holder for cylindrical milling, wherein each of the blades has! the width is the same for each cutting insert,! vertex having a radius of curvature of the vertex, wherein for each cutting insert, and! a back surface axial alignment, forming an equivalent mounting surface and an equivalent clearance angle for each of the plurality of cutting inserts when the insert is detachably mounted in the tool holder. ! 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said posterior alignment surface is substantially planar. ! 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said posterior alignment surface is substantially conical. ! 4. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of indexable cutting inserts for milling of cylinder is substantially parallelogram-shaped. ! 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of indexable cutting inserts for milling cylinder further comprises a supporting top. ! 6. The system of claim 4, wherein each of the plurality of indexable cutting inserts for milling cylinder further comprises! the upper surface comprising! radial cutting edge extending substantially up to the top! Main axial cutting edge extending oppositely from the top! connecting the cutting edge extending at an obtuse angle from the main axis of the cutting edge, and! auxiliary axial cutting edge extending at an obtuse angle from the connection


In this paper, the method of space alternated phase shift (SAPS) megasonic technology is applied for post-etch (Bosch) TSV wafers cleaning process. The SAPS technology provides uniform sonic energy on each point of entire wafer by alternating phase of megasonic wave in the gap between a megasonic device and the wafer. For this study, 5×50 μm post-etch (Bosch) TSV wafers were used. Experimental verification is provided using both physical analysis and electrical test. SEM equipped with an EDX was used to detect the presence of fluoropolymer residue (i.e., CXFY) for pre- and post-cleaning TSV coupons, FIB-SEM was used to evaluate copper plating performance; TSV leakage current map and Voltage ramp dielectric breakdown (VRDB), which act as principal electrical reliability metric, were also used to assess cleans effectiveness. The test results indicate that the megasonic energy can propagate to the bottom of TSV, and the wafers undergo SAPS cleaning process exhibit obvious electrical performance enhancement comparing with those cleaned by conventional single-wafer spray approach.


This paper deals with characterization of materials, by the use of objective descriptions of material's optical properties. Here the materials of biological origin were tested. Authors presented their selection of the optical constants for the purpose of material detection and recognition. For plants of interest in medicine and pharmacy (root, fruit and leaves), in their most commonly used state – powders, spectral coefficients of reflection in visible spectrum portion were measured. Depending on measurements using correlation methods, chosen groups of parameters were obtained, that could help determine presence of certain species. For characteristic spectra and plant species, certain laser wavelengths were evaluated in the light of being most suitable for distinguishing presence of plants. As second valuable fact, reflection coefficient in bio stimulation determines the level of power (power density, dose, etc) which laser really transfers to the system.


Traditional techniques to evaluate the aggregation of red blood cells by optical methods require large sample volume and provide parameters that vary significantly from one method to another. A simplified variant of a chip system previously developed by Shin et al. (2009)1 based on light transmission for measuring erythrocyte aggregation is presented. Through a detailed analysis of intensity versus time curves, relevant information about erythrocyte aggregation and its variables is obtained. Parameters that provide more accuracy for the diagnosis of patients in order to have an immediate application in Clinical Medicine are proposed.


The objective of this study was to search for the best strain as a source of L- -glycerophosphate oxidase (GPO) production and to establish the process technology for the purification of GPO on an industrial scale. The GPO was produced by culturing Streptococcus faecium, and purified by ammonium sulfate, DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The relative activity was 60 units/L for 5. faecim ATCC 12755, 65 units/L for 5. faecium ATCC 19634, and 67 units/L for 5. faecium .LC, respectively. The optimum condition for fermentation was for temperature, 300 rpm for stir rate, 0.5 L/min for aeration rate and 17 hours. The main culture medium prepared by the modified AC medium. AC medium consists of 0.1% glucose, 0.2% glycerol, 1.0% tryptone and 1.0% yeast extract, 0.5% , pH 7.0. The GPO was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange column chromatography, The yield and purity were 17.2% and 5.3 fold, respectively.


Since HCN is the primary volatile, nitrogen-containing intermediate formed during the combustion of fuel-nitrogen, this work has concentrated on the determination of products and extents of oxidation of HCN, primarily in the presence of fuel additives, using an atmospheric pressure flow system with both stirred- and plug-flow reactors. Additional brief studies were made using pyridine or cyanogen (neat or with CO or benzene added) as the sources of nitrogen for supplementary information. To produce significant yields of NO from the oxidation of pyridine or HCN, threshold conditions must exist in the reactor which appeared related to the presence of a flame. Non-flame conditions (low temperatures and/or concentrations) were characterized by a flow-rate dependent consumption of fuel (nitrogen was converted to primarily N/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/O but some NH/sub 4/NCO and urea were formed). Conditions which promoted NO formation were characterized by complete consumption of fuel-nitrogen at most flow rates. The transition between flame and non-flame reaction was abrupt as evidenced by a rapid increase in fuel consumption and shift in products (with N/sub 2/O/NO yields inversely related). Pyridine and benzene/HCN mixtures gave similar results while CO or acetylene added to HCN promoted NO formation at lower temperatures and concentrations.more » The addition of NO to CO/HCN mixtures did not increase N/sub 2/O formation significantly nor did N/sub 2/O oxidize readily to NO. The mechanistic implications of these results are discussed and the conclusion that N/sub 2/O and NO are formed from a common precursor (possibly NCO) and not sequentially from each other was reached. 14 refs., 16 tabs.« less


This paper proposes a new software development effort estimation model. The new model's design is based on the function point analysis, categorical variable segmentation (CVS), and stepwise regression. The stepwise regression method is used for the creation of the unique estimation model of each segment. The estimation accuracy of the proposed model is compared to clustering-based models and the international function point user group model. It is shown that the proposed model increases estimation accuracy when compared to baseline methods: non-clustered functional point analysis and clustering-based models. The new CVS model achieves a significantly higher accuracy than the baseline methods.


Pulse signal is collected by the light-electric sensor in this device,magnified and reshaped by the GL324mold.The MCU detects the period of pulse signal and calculates its count per minute,displays the count by a LCD mold.This portable digital pulse divce is low power and miniature.


INTRODUCTION The structure of human skin is a formidable barrier to determining the efficacy of topically applied compounds. Much emphasis is placed on the efficacy of topically applied therapeutic agents and developing appropriate formulations (pharmaceuticals) to facilitate their delivery. Because the structure of the skin, especially the stratum corneum, in relation to its role in percutaneous absorption has been discussed in Chapter 1 in the companion volume (1), this aspect is not being considered here. The emphasis in this chapter is on introducing key concepts in dermatological and cosmetic development, which are dealt with in greater detail in the other chapters of this book.


The invention provides a protection circuit, a protection method and a corresponding electronic device. The protection circuit is used for a touch panel device and includes a detection function block and a protection function block. The detection function block is arranged for detecting occurrence of noise interference that affects touch event detection of the touch panel device, and asserting a protection signal when occurrence of the noise interference is detected. The protection function block is arranged for enabling a protection mechanism for protecting the touch panel device from the noise interference when triggered by the asserted protection signal. The abovementioned protection circuit, protection method and corresponding electronic device can prevent the touch panel device from undesired influence of noise interference, thereby improving accuracy of touch event detection.


The global widespread of Corona virus disease is still having a catastrophic impact on mankind. COVID-19 has depicted its uncertain adversity in all age groups and the coexistence of co-morbidities have further shown a critical aspect of disease which has additionally ravaged the health status of the patients. The inflammatory markers have exhibited potential usefulness in predicting the outcome of the disease. The Aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation of inflammatory markers in COVID-19 positive patients among various age groups. The study was done on 225 COVID-19 patients, admitted to Mayo Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh India, between 1st April-15th June 2021 categorizing into two groups based on their age (≤45 years and >45 years) and then values of various markers were gathered and compared. Among the 225 admitted COVID-19 patients, 78(34.6%) were ≤45 years, while the remaining 147(65.4%) were >45 years. Between these two age groups the aberrant values of inflammatory makers like Neutrophil count (p=0.0001), Lymphocyte count (p=0.0001), Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) (p=0.0091), Serum CRP level (p=0.0437), Lymphocyte to C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) (p=0.0007) as well as Serum Ferritin level (p=0.0097) were found to be statistically significant whereas the remaining parameters like Total leucocyte count (TLC) (p=0.0905), Platelet count (p=0.8202) and Platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p=0.1513) were statistically insignificant. The results conclude that there was a significant correlation between the age and the inflammatory markers in these patients. Patients with > 45 years had elevated/deranged levels of inflammatory markers, which were associated with the severity and poor prognosis of the disease. Thus, age can be considered as one of the important key risk factor for the severity of COVID-19 in both sexes and hence more clinical attention should be given to elderly age group.


Standard cell track height scaling has been identified as an option to provide significant area savings. A direct consequence of track height reduction is that the width of the power rails needs to be reduced to accommodate patterning constraints as well as leave sufficient tracks for routing. Narrower power rails are highly resistive, reducing the headroom near an operating cell due to IR drop, which is not acceptable. For example, a 20% performance loss is observed due to a 10% supply voltage drop. To worsen the situation of IR drop, a slowdown in CPP scaling and newer metallization options are making the power rail highly sensitive and its design choice is a widely debated topic in the industry. Therefore, we propose an approach to define the power rail specifications and some feasible technology solutions to solve the power grid bottleneck.


Stress relaxation performance is an important performance indicator for evaluating elastic materials or components. The accuracy of relaxation testing machines directly determines the accuracy of the detection results of relaxation tests, which affects the effectiveness and reliability of the detection results. For a long time, the calibration work of the relaxation testing machine has not been carried out, and the testing and testing institutions cannot grasp the accuracy of the relaxation testing machine equipment itself. To achieve the calibration of the relaxation test force value system, the requirements for calibration parameters were clarified, and a calibration test for the relative error of force value indication was designed, and its uncertainty was evaluated.


Earlier studies have revealed that part of shale gas is derived from the cracking of residual oils, and one line of evidence of this process is the presence of abundant pyrobitumen in mature and over-mature gas shales. Many experiments have been carried out to investigate the chemical and carbon isotopic signatures of oil cracking gas in a closed or confined system, but most of the results failed to fully explain the characteristics of shale gas that is usually much drier and characterized with relatively heavier methane carbon isotopes than the pyrolysate gas. In fact, the shale system is probably not a completely closed or confined system when the shale gas is being generated, and therefore the shale gas could be released periodically with the natural fracturing of shales induced by gas generation. This overpressure fracturing has been recorded by the fluid inclusions of gas in some gas shales. From this point of view, the shale gas today may be considered as the residual part of more abundant gas generated in shales. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out experiments that can match the geological conditions as much as possible.


"The first list of non-native ornamental plants (nNOP) reported as escaped, aturalised or invasive in Romania was published 15 years ago. Since then, new additions to the non-native ornamental flora of Romania ave been reported, while others plants have changed their status. As ornamental horticulture is one of the most important pathways for non-native plant introduction worldwide, we evaluated nNOP at the national level and updated the previous list in order to contribute to the development of tools for preventing, detecting, monitoring and managing the spread of nNOP. The updated list includes 264 taxa. Most of these are casual (199 taxa), 37 taxa are naturalised, and 28 taxa are invasive. In addition, the following characteristics were analysed: family, native range, life form, abundance in the country reported as number of localities and temporal trends. Non-native ornamental flora of Romania is dominated by American and Asian taxa, phanerophytes, hemicryptophytes and therophytes. The most widespread species is Robinia pseudoacacia, used not only for ornamental purposes, but also for its economic value. Many taxa (108 taxa) occur only in two to ten localities. 78 nNOP have been reported in the last 20 years. Six taxa are species of European Union concern (Ailanthus altissima, Asclepias syriaca, Cabomba caroliniana, Humulopsis scandens, Impatiens glandulifera, Myriophyllum aquaticum) and require special measures to control and mitigate their populations."


There are two major methods in the static analysis of framed structures, i.e. the displacement method and the force method. But only the displacement method is available in free vibration analysis. This paper presents a force method for the free vibration analysis of framed structures. The primary system is established by releasing one of the displacement constraints with the corresponding internal force exposed. The released constraint is satisfied when the trial frequency equals to any of the original structure's free vibration frequencies. Thus the nonlinear governing equation can be established. The Newton iteration procedure will be set up for solving this nonlinear equation. Typical numerical examples are presented to show the validity, applicability, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.


Background ONO‐1301 is a novel drug that acts as a prostacyclin agonist with thromboxane A2 (TxA2) synthase inhibitory activity. We investigated the effect of ONO‐1301 on development of airway allergic inflammation.


Advanced angle commutation is an effective approach to suppress the commutation torque ripple for doubly salient electromagnetic machine (DSEM). In this paper, the commutation process under "three-phase three-state" conduction mode is analyzed in detail at first. On this base, a novel self-optimizing control strategy of advanced commutation angle for DSEM is proposed, it starts with setting an initial disturbance of advanced commutation angle, then according to the feedback of command current, the output of outer speed loop, the advanced commutation angle is continuously regulated with the aim of decreasing command current. Therefore, the output torque/current ratio is increased, DSEM is desired to operate at the steady state with the smallest current, so the output torque performance as well as system efficiency are enhanced. With no requirement for system parameters, this proposed method can be easily implemented in any other quasi-square current motor systems with outer speed and inner current loops control. Finally, the experiments on a 12/8-pole DSEM validate the correctness of the proposed methods.


Recently, I became passionate about expediting identification and diagnosis for young children who show signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This desire was fueled by a research project I conducted with Douglas F. Parham and Jagadeesh Rajagopalan;


A method of recording nuclear radiation is discussed. This method is based on the interaction of nonequilibrium electron-hole pairs, excited by an ionizing particle, with an alternating electric field. When the bias field frequency exceeds the reciprocal dielectric relaxation time of a semiconductor containing Shockley--Read-type recombination centers, an analytical relation is obtained between the energy resolution of the detector, the electrical parameters of the sample material, and the parameters of the nonequilibrium conductivity recording equipment. A determination is reported of the nature of the noise which limits the energy resolution for given amounts of the dopant, carrier lifetimes, and device parameters. Conditions for the attainment of the limiting energy resolution are derived. A comparison of detectors with alternating and static bias reveals a marked difference between the resultant forms of the amplitude spectra. (AIP)


The anticipated long term evolution of spent nuclear fuel as well as the remaining scientific key issues are presented for the various boundary conditions that can be encountered in long term dry storage and geological disposal. Spent fuel is expected to evolve significantly in closed system conditions which are representative of long term dry storage and the first stages of geological disposal. The mechanical evolution of the grain boundaries, the fate of helium and the evolution of the RN location within the pellet are the three major questions to be addressed which could significantly modify the physical and chemical state of the fuel. In addition, mechanisms and kinetics of fuel alteration by water in deep geological repository are still to be more deeply understood, in particular the inventory of the instant release and the radiolytic dissolution processes, to get a robust and reliable source term.


In this work, a novel salt extraction process route is put forward towards metal extraction from slag, low-grade ores and other oxidic materials such as spent refractories using molten salts at a temperature range between 800oC ~ 950oC. This part focuses on the recovery of metal values, primarily Cr and Fe, from EAF slag and chromite ore. The impact of different factors to the dissolution of slag, such as temperature, holding time, flux content and weight ratio of flux/slag were studied. Based on the optimized experimental factors, the salt bath containing metal values recovered from the slag/ore was electrolyzed under an applied voltage of 2.8V. The cathode deposit was subjected to SEM/EDS and XRD analyses and were confirmed the formation of CrFe alloy. The process was also extended for production of CrFe alloy directly from chromite. Preliminary results obtained so far are positive with respect to the feasibility of this method.


The A. puts forward a framework of analysis to organize conceptually the many factors often cited in the literature dealing with privatization policies in lesser developed economies. Using Argentina as a case in point, it argues that the concept of policy substitutability can help us in understanding why Latin American leaders are embracing privatization policies while their predecessors had advocated state interventionism.