Damage to the CNS can cause a differential spatio-temporal release of multiple factors, such as nucleotides like ATP and UTP. The latter interact with neuronal and glial nucleotide receptors. The P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) has gained prominence as a modulator of gliotic responses after CNS injury. Still, the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses in glia are not fully understood. Membrane-raft microdomains, such as caveolae, and their constituent caveolins, modulate receptor signaling in astrocytes; yet, their role in P2Y2R signaling has not been adequately explored. Hence, this study evaluated the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in modulating P2Y2R subcellular distribution and signaling in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. Recombinant hP2Y2R expressed in 1321N1 cells and Cav-1 were found to cofractionate in light-density membrane-raft fractions, co-localize via confocal microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitate. Raft localization was dependent on ATP stimulation and Cav-1 expression. This hP2Y2R/Cav-1 distribution and interaction was confirmed with various cell model systems differing in the expression of both P2Y2R and Cav-1, and shRNA knockdown of Cav-1 expression. Furthermore, shRNA knockdown of Cav-1 expression decreased nucleotide-induced increases in the intracellular Ca concentration in 1321N1 and C6 glioma cells without altering TRAP-6 and carbachol Ca responses. In addition, Cav-1 shRNA knockdown also decreased AKT phosphorylation and altered the kinetics of ERK1/2 activation in 1321N1 cells. Our findings strongly suggest that P2Y2R interaction with Cav-1 in membrane-raft caveolae of 1321N1 cells modulates receptor coupling to its downstream signaling machinery. Thus, P2Y2R/Cav-1 interactions represent a novel target for controlling P2Y2R function after CNS injury. INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative conditions are among the leading causes of death and disability in the United States and have dramatically increased in incidence during the last decade (1, 2). The P2 receptors for extracellular nucleotides have emerged as key modulators of the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration (3-6). G protein-coupled P2Y2 nucleotide receptors (P2Y2Rs) have been identified in both neurons and glia as mediators of pro-inflammatory responses, neurotransmission, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell migration (3-5, 7, 8). In addition, the P2Y2Rs have also gained prominence, due to their association with some types of neoplasms, spinal cord injury and the enhancement of neuronal differentiation (7, 9-15). Further insight into the spatio-temporal organization of the P2Y2R and its signaling cascades in astrocytic cells is required to expand our knowledge of their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, evidence suggests that receptors and associated signaling molecules are not randomly distributed in plasma membranes but are localized in specialized membrane microdomains, namely membrane-rafts (MRs), such as caveolae (CAV) (16-20). MRs are specialized membrane domains that are enriched in http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M116.730226 The latest version is at JBC Papers in Press. Published on April 18, 2016 as Manuscript M116.730226 Copyright 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. by gest on M ay 3, 2016 hp://w w w .jb.org/ D ow nladed from Caveolin-1 and the P2Y2R signaling regulation 2 cholesterol and glycosphingolipids (21), which are known to localize signaling molecules, including several types of receptors (e.g., receptor protein kinases and heptahelical receptors), G protein subunits and an array of signaling molecules (2225). These scaffolds serve to facilitate proteinprotein interactions among signaling molecules, thereby integrating complex signaling pathways. Recently, we have reviewed and established the importance of glial caveolins and the caveolar MR compartment in neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, aging, among others (26, 27). Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), one of the main raft scaffolding proteins (26, 28-31), has been shown to modulate multiple cellular responses by coupling membrane receptors to downstream signaling molecules (28-32). Since P2Y2R expression in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells has been shown to exert glio-protective and neurotrophic actions (33-35), analysis of the subcellular and molecular mechanisms involved in its actions deserve special attention. While the precise endocytic mechanism of the P2Y2R has been partially characterized (36-39), the functional significance of the P2Y2R trafficking in MRs is only beginning to be recognized (36, 40, 41). Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the potential role of Cav-1 in modulating P2Y2R subcellular distribution and signaling in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. Results obtained indicate that P2Y2R resides in Cav-1 raft microdomains and their interaction regulates P2Y2R signal transduction by extracellular ATP, including intracellular calcium mobilization and Akt and ERK1/2 activities. Together, our results suggest that the interaction between P2Y2R and Cav-1 in raft microdomains is a key factor mediating nucleotide signaling in astrocytic cells regulating their protective, trophic and degenerative functions in the CNS. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Antibodies and reagents – The following antibodies and reagents were used in this study: anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473) (D9E) (1:2000), antiAkt (pan) (C67E7) (1:1000), anti-phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204, D13.14.4E) (1:2000) and anti-total p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) (1:1000) antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA); anti-hemagglutinin (HA) (3F10 and 12CA5) (1:500) antibodies from Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, IN); antiP2Y2 receptor antibody (1:400) from Alomone Labs (Jerusalem, Israel); mouse monoclonal antiflotillin-2 (1:500), mouse monoclonal anticaveolin-1 (1:1000) from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA); rabbit polyclonal anti-caveolin-1 (1:7500), anti-flotillin-2 (1:500), anti-GAPDH (1:10000), mouse monoclonal anti-FLAG M2-HRP (1:1000), mouse IgG-Agarose beads, Protein AHRP, Anti-FLAG M2 Magnetic Beads and antialpha-tubulin clone B-5-1-2 (1:5000) from SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO); horseradish peroxidaseconjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, goat anti-rabbit IgG, rabbit anti-mouse lgG1, rabbit anti-mouse IgG2a secondary antibodies were obtained from NeuroMab (UC Davis/NIH NeuroMab Facility); and AlexaFluor-488 goat anti-mouse IgG and AlexaFluor-633 goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP), TRAP-6 and carbamylcholine were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO). Fetal bovine serum, fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (fura-2 AM), Pluronic F-127, Probenecid (water soluble) and ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent were purchased from Life Technologies Corp (Carlsbad, CA). Control (SC108080), human caveolin-1 (SC29241) and rat caveolin-1 (SC106996) shRNA Lentiviral Particles, Anti-c-Myc (9E10) Agarose Affinity Gel, c-Myc Antibody (9E10) HRP (1:1000), normal rabbit IgG Agarose Affinity Gel, normal mouse IgG Agarose Affinity Gel, normal rabbit IgG and normal mouse IgG were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). All other reagents, unless mentioned, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Cell Culture – Wild type (WT) human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells devoid of functional P2 receptors, pLXSN 1321N1 astrocytoma cells and human N-terminal HA-tagged P2Y2R expressing 1321N1 astrocytoma cells were a kind gift from Dr. Gary A. Weisman, University of Missouri (33, 4244). WT human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells were grown at 37 ̊C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% (v/v) FBS (Life Technologies Corp), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin. To express the human HAtagged P2Y2R (hHAP2Y2R) in this cell line, the retroviral vector pLXSN was used, as previously described (42, 43). Human 1321N1 cells expressing by gest on M ay 3, 2016 hp://w w w .jb.org/ D ow nladed from Caveolin-1 and the P2Y2R signaling regulation 3 hHAP2Y2R (hHAP2Y2R 1321N1) or the empty vector pLXSN (pLXSN 1321N1) were grown as above, but in the presence of 500 μg/ml G418, and cells were infected with Cav-1 or scrambled shRNA-containing lentiviral particles in the presence of 5 μg/ml of puromycin dihydrochloride. C6 rat glioma and HEK-293 cells (CCL-107 and CRL-1573, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were grown in Ham's F-12K or in DMEM media containing 10% (v/v) FBS (Life Technologies Corp), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin, respectively (45). Cells infected with either Cav-1 or scrambled shRNAcontaining lentiviral particles were supplemented with 5 μg/ml of puromycin dihydrochloride. The immortalized mouse microglial cells (BV-2) were originally obtained from Dr. R. Donato (University of Perugia, Italy) and cultured in DMEM containing 10% (v/v) FBS (Life Technologies Corp), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (46). Primary cultures of rat astrocytes (PCRA) (obtained from the NIH-NCRR-RCMI-supported Neuronal Glia Culture Facility of Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR) were grown in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (27). Treatments – When indicated, cells were incubated in serum-free medium for 16-24 h prior to treatments. For time course experiments, cells were treated with 100 μM ATP or 100 μM UTP in serum-free medium for 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 min. Serum-free medium treated cells served as controls (vehicle or untreated). shRNA Lentiviral Infection – Cells were infected with either control shRNA Lentiviral Particles (scrambled or non-targeted shRNA) or caveolin-1 shRNA-containing Lentiviral Particles obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, following the manufacturer's recommendations. After infection, stable cell clones expressing the shRNA constructs were isolated by selection with 5 μg/ml puromycin dihydrochloride


This paper researched the method for solving linear programming problems based on Symbolic arithmetic based on MATLAB, and proposed the implementation of the simplex method and dual simplex method algorithm, and studied test Conditions of multiple optimal linear programming solution.


In the rigid-rigid THR, the incidence of impingement, subluxation and dislocation have been of some interest. In this case of all-ceramic THR, we followed a patient who presented with a loud clicking noise as she ambulated. At retrieval operation, the posterior femoral neck had two notches. The protruding rim of the metal cup was excised with a high-speed burr. SEM analysis showed that main wear zone (MWZ) had high wear, and peripheral wear zone (PWZ) had severe wear. Therefore these data indicade that poor positioning of a rigid socket may not only create the problems of impingement but may also accelerate the wear of the ceramic ball. Introduction. The all-ceramic bearing concept has been in continuous clinical use for THR for over 30 years [1]. In the rigid-rigid THR, the incidence of impingement, subluxation and dislocation have been of some interest. Clicking or squeaking in hip implants have not been a feature of polyethylene cups. However these have been anecdotal comments of squeaks or clicks with all-metal or all-ceramic THR. In this case with an all-ceramic THR followed three years, we analysed a patient who presented with a loud clicking noise as she ambulated. Methods. A 44-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis had a cementless all-ceramic THR implanted in March 1999. After operation, she experienced a clicking noise at every step. She had not demonstrated this noise immediately post-op. However about one year after surgery, she could readily and consistently demonstrate this noisy clicking during normal ambulation. The revision hip arthroplasty was undertaken at three years follow-up having seen on x-ray a neck notch on the femoral stem. At retrieval operation, metallosis of the capsule was evident. The posterior femoral neck had two notches about 1mm wide and 10mm and 14mm long. The ceramic head and cup were marked for orientation and removed. The alumina ceramic ball was replaced with a long neck CoCr ball and the ceramic liner with a polyethylene liner. The ball and liner surfaces were mapped for wear patterns. A low-voltage SEM was used for analysis of wear scar. Wear severity was classified into 5 grades [2]. Stage 1: non-wear (machine scratches, polishing marks and round pits). Stage 2: light wear (burnished machine marks). Stage 3: mild wear (ultra smooth). Stage 4: high wear (grain pull-out, polygonal pits). Stage 5: severe wear (surface disrupted completely). Results. A polished surface was evident on the main load-bearing wear zone (MWZ). This area was elliptical in sharp (25x19 mm) with measured 234 mm. Gray stripe lines were also observed on the top and periphery of the head. This PWZ scar was approximately 21x4 mm in extent (Fig. 1). SEM analysis showed that the main wear zone (MWZ) had Stage 4 wear (Fig. 2). While the peripheral wear zone (PWZ) had Stage 5 wear (Fig. 3). The neck of the femoral stem showed two notches, indicative of Key Engineering Materials Online: 2003-05-15 ISSN: 1662-9795, Vols. 240-242, pp 847-848 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.240-242.847 © 2003 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (Semanticscholar.org-13/03/20,21:21:01) habitual impingement by the protective rim of the metal backing cup. The gray contamination of the ball surface was shown by EDAX to be CoCr debris transferred from the femoral stem. SS


Two sufficient conditions for a generic master-slave synchronization scheme by linear state error feedback control are derived based respectively on Sylvester's criterion and Gerschgorin disc theorem, which are expressed by some inequalities. It is proven theoretically that the sufficient condition by Sylvester's criterion is more flexible than that by Gerschgorin disc theorem. The two sufficient conditions are further compared by three typical chaotic systems: the Duffing equation of two dimensions, the Lorenz system of three dimensions and a loudspeaker system of four dimensions. Numerical simulations support the theoretical result.


Good's lambda test, a permutation test used to detect the changes of microorganism composition under two pathological conditions, has been quite popular for studying the micro-flora responsible for periodontal disease. A vast number of different micro-flora in the mouth renders the traditional chi-square test inapplicable. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the power of this test so that the sample size can be determined at the design stage. The robustness of this test and its comparison to two other intuitive tests are also presented. It is found that a permutation test based on likelihood ratio is more powerful than the lambda test in our simulated cases.


An innovative wireless power transfer (WPT) system utilizing millimeter-wave (mmWave) power for multinode charging and tracking is presented in this article. The core concept of the system revolves around the utilization of frequency-dispersive leaky-wave antenna (LWA) transmitters, enabling passive beam scanning in the far field without the need for active phased arrays. However, such a system requires a breakthrough in receiving rectenna design at mmWave frequencies, encompassing a wide frequency bandwidth, wide beamwidth, and high RF-to-dc conversion efficiency beyond 20 GHz. In this work, we introduce a pioneering mmWave rectenna design achieved through the codesign integration of a magnetoelectric (ME) dipole and high-frequency diodes, eliminating the need for complex impedance matching networks at mmWave frequencies. The proposed rectenna operates in the frequency range of 24–34.5 GHz, achieving over 50% RF-to-dc conversion efficiency for input powers exceeding 15 dBm. In addition, the rectenna demonstrates improved gain and beamwidth compared to conventional designs, enabling wide-angle reception of frequency-scanning passively beamformed mmWave signals. A practical demonstration of the proposed system showcases simultaneous wireless charging of three nodes, highlighting its notable advantages in terms of mobility, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity over conventional WPT technologies.


Inverse scattering of fluid‐loaded, elastic, thin‐walled cylindrical shells is addressed by multiple‐aspect resonance analysis. A set of aspect‐dependent acoustic phenomena is selected from membrane wave and resonance scattering theories, which are expected to be backscattered by fluid‐filled or empty thin‐walled shells and to give rise to resonance phenomena in the ka range (1,50). The features selected are from spatial axial modes, and Lamb‐type, Scholte–Stoneley, and shear helical waves. The last three wave families are significant only over a small range of target aspects near broadside, with the width of this range depending on shell properties. Approximate equations are formulated relating resonance behavior in the aspect‐frequency domain, to target parameters such as shell outer radius, thickness, length, and material. The inverse methodology is validated on experimental data from a steel cylindrical shell with flat end‐caps, filled with air or water and suspended in the water column. The target wa...


LWAC is a new building materials which have the virtue of light weight and high strength,excellent performance in keeping temperature,refractory,shock survival and etc.The technical feature,development situation at home and abroad,application and development in engineering of LWAC are described.


The paper describes a unified approach for maximizing the contribution margin of each company and simultaneously determining the production of hydro units by using a stochastic nested decomposition algorithm. This approach allows keeping all the system operation details while defining the strategic or marginal behavior of the companies. Modeling characteristics of hydro units depends on the generator ownership. The internal hydroelectric reservoir chains are represented in fully detail while external hydro plants are aggregated into subsystems. The main results of the model are hydro energy quantities for the different time steps from long, medium and short-term. At the closer step this quantity is transformed by a postprocessor module into energy and price offered by each generator for each hour of the next day to be sent to the market operator. INTRODUCTION A restructuring of the electric energy sector all around the world is underway. Spain also is currently immersed in deep changes with a completely new regulatory framework that begun in January 1998. The Law Act [BOE, 97], already approved, establishes among other issues a day-ahead wholesale trading pool for selling and buying energy. A Market Operator (MO) determines the actual operation of the generating units, based on a simple hour by hour merit order of their bids. These are simple bids with all fixed operating costs adequately internalized. The market clearing price is set hour by hour by the highest accepted bid. Different procedures have been studied to achieve the In fact it exists the so called "income constraint" which can voluntarily accompany each generation unit bid, which sets a minimum daily income for a bid to be accepted. clearing process. All of them impose as a requirement the resulting dispatch to be technically feasible. The former generation economic regime was an incurred costs revenue scheme based on standard costs, so that it already existed some incentives to operate efficiently, since minimizing the actual costs will mean greater profits. However, it was the System Operator (SO) who centrally dispatched the units in order to achieve the total variable costs minimization. So far, REE, owner of the high voltage transmission network, was acting as the SO and was responsible for deciding the optimal generation scheduling in the Spanish system. They used hierarchically a chain of different tools with several time horizons to achieve this purpose. The hydro scheduling for short, medium and long terms as well as all the technical constraints of thermal units were considered in this chain of models. However under the new framework, electric firms assume much more risk, becoming responsible for their own decisions. In particular they now have to estimate their own unit commitment in order to decide, based on costs, prices and quantities, the bids that they will finally submit to the MO. So each electric company decides which amount of capacity should be offered for each hour and what the price should be. These bids will determine the actual operation of their units and their incomes. Therefore, utilities need models that fulfill their new requirements. The answer to this problem is especially difficult for hydro units. So, currently, the electric companies are facing the need of developing new hydro scheduling tools for this purpose, that previously was partially done by the SO. The purpose of these models is twofold. On one hand, they have to consider in detail the technical operating constraints of the system and obtain the scheduling of stochastic hydro inflows. On the other hand, they must model the new competition framework with a completely new objective function, to maximize the firm's contribution margin (revenues minus operating costs), instead of minimizing variable costs of the system. At the same time, these mediumterm tools interact with short-term tools for bidding purposes. The tool presented here is aimed at solving the contribution margin maximization problem including the scheduling of stochastic hydro inflows. Hydro scheduling is solved by the state of the art stochastic nested Benders decomposition (also called dual dynamic programming). Profit maximization is stated as an optimization problem subject to equilibrium constraints, where Cournot equilibrium represents the behavior of different competitors. The organization of the paper is as follows. Firstly, it is presented a general overview of the model with all their functions. Afterwards, the modeling approach of hydro units is presented. Then, the hydro scheduling algorithm is depicted showing the way the contribution margin maximization has been incorporated into a traditional production model. Finally, a bidding module for hydro energy is described. OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL The beginning of a regulatory framework has given the opportunity to develop new models from scratch. A novel approach has been adopted in this development. A unique and integrated computer model implements all the main functions that hierarchically define the operation of the units in the following times steps: • Long-term (a year) Annual budget and yearly productions for all plants are the main functions within this time horizon and the subsequent monthly updates. • Medium-term (several months ahead) All the information regarding inflow stochasticity can be fully incorporated into the model at this time step because time dependencies of natural inflows usually are one or two weeks long. Hydro scheduling at this level defines policies regarding the amount of water to be offered during the next months. • Short-term (a day-ahead) Capacity bidding of the units is done at this level in an hour by hour basis. Different tactics can be exploited at this level. One of the main characteristics of this model is flexibility, allowing different types of use. For example, it can be thought as a short-term unit commitment model or as a long-term strategic model for yearly economic planning, where the representation of the electric system changes dramatically. In the short-term a period is a day and a load level is an hour while in the long-term corresponds to a month and peak, shoulder and off-peak hours, respectively. Advantages of having only one model are, for example, coherency in the origin and elaboration of data, use of similar mathematical methods, and convenient presentation of the results. The foundations of the model are the decisions about quantities to be offered at the different time steps in order to maximize the contribution margin of the company. This objective is embedded in all the previous levels. Quantity represents a natural and familiar unit for trading and operation people. It is the way they use to understand the operation of the system. So quantities are coherently passed down from the yearly predictions to the hourly bids for the next day. The model has been coded in the GAMS algebraic modeling language [Brooke, 96]. This high level language allows a powerful, fast and compact implementation of optimization problems. The model is being used to represent the Spanish electric energy system. In order to present the size and complexities of the system some data extracted from 1996 statistical records are given next. The system met a maximum peak load of 25357 MW and a yearly energy demand of 140936 GWh. The installed generation capacity is 42859 MW (13879 MW are storage hydro, 2670 MW of pumping hydro, 10674 MW of coal, 8214 MW of oil/gas and 7422 MW of nuclear). There are about 81 thermal generating units (9 nuclear, 36 coal and remaining oil/gas). Their production is about 80 % of the total generation. There are 86 hydro units with capacity greater than 5 MW and annual energy production greater than 100 GWh, which can be grouped into about 9 basins. There are many other smaller hydro units. The maximum capacity at the same hydro plant is 915 MW. All they produce about a 20 % of the total production as an average, ranging from 15 to 25 % depending on the hydrology. There are 8 pumped-storage units, but their impact on the annual energy production is minimum (about 1 %). HYDRO MODELING On one hand, hydro subsystems can play a significant role in the new competitive framework due to their flexibility. On the other hand, storage hydro modeling is the most challenging because of two main reasons. One is the intrinsic complexity of hydroelectric chains and the other is the availability of data regarding plant characteristics and reservoir inflows of the competitors. In the former regime all the data about hydro plants were publicly known or at least were known by the SO. In the new regime only the data regarding the hydro plants of the own company will be available. Those of the competitors will be known only approximately in the future. Because of these reasons two modeling approaches are used for storage hydro plants: • Inflows and reservoir volumes of hydro subsystems of the competitors are scheduled in energy units (GWh). Even the scheduling can be avoided and energy productions can be directly extrapolated from the past operation by using probabilistic distribution functions. • Own hydro subsystems are modeled at the maximum level of detail. That is, with the hydro physical network including reservoirs, river beds, canals, spillways, etc and representing inflows and reservoir volumes in natural units (for example in m/s and Hm respectively). By using this representation the most detailed results are obtained for the own hydro subsystems and only approximated and aggregated results are determined for hydro subsystems of the competitors. HYDRO SCHEDULING The previous model performs hydro scheduling, seasonal operation of pumped-hydro units, weekly/daily operation of pumped-storage units, and thermal unit commitment for the generation system. It is formulated as a large-scale linear optimization problem where many scenarios represent the stochasticity in water inflows. This medium-term


Six cases are here reported which illustrate different types of congenital obstruction of the larynx and pharynx, a rare condition, which may be due to various causes. Although the causes lack similarity, one common symptom, respiratory obstruction in the new-born infant, was present in all of them and has formed the basis for the present study. REPORT OF CASES OF LARYNGEAL OBSTRUCTION Case 1. —Congenital laryngeal stridor. History.—J. B. H., a boy, aged 8 weeks, was brought to the Mayo Clinic, Dec. 21, 1922, because of trouble in breathing which had been evident since birth. He made a slight croaking noise on inspiration. He had not had severe spells, and did not get blue, but had some trouble in nursing on account of the difficulty in getting air. Examination. — Laryngoscopic examination revealed the epiglottis folded on itself, and the aryepiglottic folds almost in apposition. These moved up


Since the early 1980s, Smart Homes have been discussed as major innovation of household technologies. However, a first wave of major interest in the 1990s could not realize the expected benefits. Currently, a second wave of high expectations characterizes the field that differs markedly from the concerns in the 1990s. In this paper, I compare the both waves of interest through a Kuhnian perspective. A re-definition of a 'technological paradigm' is provided that focuses on Thomas Kuhns description of normal progess. I demonstrate the this defintion provides a sharp analytical tool to understand complex and open systems of technology. A Kuhnian perspective brings cognitive aspects of technological change into sight.


Using Plautus' comedies as an example, the article shows how the translation of erotica has varied depending on the dominant habits and customs of a given period. It underlines two opposite trends: one allows an increasing license to evoke fantasy; the other inhibits the graphic and vulgar side of the texts (especially in the choice of language). If an erotic pun in the original evokes only sexual associations and allusions, translators often feel obliged to be bold in their rendering of the text. But there can be no consenting to the use of vulgar language. On the one hand, translators are hindered by the conviction that language of the characters in ancient plays should not appear too modern. On the other hand, dictionaries offer a practically biblical (or merely archaic) vocabulary when it comes to the obscene. In effect, erotica usually tends to sound more archaic than the rest of the text.


This 9-page fact sheet is the twelfth lesson of the Third Grade Manatee Workbook series. This curriculum provides a series of individual lessons covering manatee biology and ecology, as well as highlighting some of the ways that humans impact and can protect manatees. The curriculum has been written at a third-grade level but can be adapted for older or younger students. Written by Ruth Francis-Floyd and Maia McGuire, and published by the Veterinary Medicine—Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension, July 2015. (Photo credit: Keith Ramos, USFWS)
VM215/VM215: Third Grade Manatee Curriculum—Lesson 12: Pollution and Other Threats to Manatees (ufl.edu)


A system and method for enabling high speed, low latency global tree communications between interconnected processing nodes according to a tree network structure. By A global tree network, performing a set reduction operation in parallel algorithm operation which is executed in a computer structure having a plurality of interconnected processing nodes, it is optimally possible. It contains a router device for interconnecting node of the tree via the link execution of low latency global processing sequence of the nodes of a virtual tree and subtree structure is facilitated. Global operation, downstream of the global broadcast operation from the root node of a virtual tree to the leaf node, upstream of the global reduction operation from the leaf nodes of the virtual tree to the root node, and from any node in the virtual tree It includes one or more point-to-point message delivery to the root node. One node in the virtual tree network is coupled to the input and output nodes, function as output nodes, providing input and output functionality with external systems at each node of the virtual tree. It constitutes a global tree network, it is possible to provide a global barrier and interrupt functionality in the form of synchronous or asynchronous. Thus, for example, parallel are used in computing systems, parallel algorithm processing operation can be optimally performed according to the operating phase with a parallel algorithm operations. When implemented in massively parallel supercomputing structure, global tree network, according to the needs of the processing algorithms are physically and logically dividable.


Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of implantation of homemade drug-eluting stents in patients with complicated coronary artery disease.Methods According to the stent number,215 patients with coronary artery disease from March 2004 to March 2009 were divided into three groups:single stent group(OS group,n=75);two stents group(TS group,n=72);≥3 stents group(MS group,n=68).The occurrence rate of in-stent restenosis(ISR) and major adverse cardiovascular event(sudden death,reinfarction,revascularization) were analysed after 12 months of implantation.Results Three groups showed a success rate of 100% in stenting.There were no statistic difference on aspect of ISR and on aspect of major adverse cardiovascular event(P0.05) after 12 months of implantation.Conclusions Implantation of multiple drug-eluting stents does not increase the risk of restenosis or major adverse cardiovascular event,and it is comparable safety and efficacy with implantation of single and two stents.


652 Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) among moderately emetogenic chemotherapy-naive patients with colorectal cancer. We also assessed whether the medical staff accurately recognized the incidence of CINV in their own practices. Methods: A prospective observational study of patients receiving the first cycle of oxaliplatin or irinotecan-based chemotherapy was performed. A 7-day diary for CINV was provided to the patients prior to chemotherapy to record daily incidence of CINV. Observed incidence rates of acute (day1) and delayed (days 2-7) CINV were compared with medical staff's predictions. Results: A total of 191 patients (110 males and 81 females) were registered during the period from April 2011 to December 2012. All patients were treated with oxaliplatin-based (n = 175) or irinotecan-based chemotherapy (n = 16). Acute vomiting was observed in 4 patients (2.1%), while delayed vomiting was observed in 19 patients (10.0%)...


For a long time, the spas, the ranches and the watering places invested in a relation that marked the society profoundly: the baths and the game. T hese two activities cohabited and still cohabit in lots of countries harmoniously from the summit of the Roman Empire to Belle Époque of th� European tourism. ln Brazil, sumptuous hotels-casinos allied to the treatments with water, received the new bourgeoisie geared to the health and the enter tainment. With the prohibition of the game in the country, these enterprises needed restructure to survive, some without success. However the return of thermalism and the casinos in the majority of the countries of the world re opens the discussions and polemics concerning the role of the game in Brazil 1. Bacharel em Turismo (UFPR); mestre em Turismo (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria/ Espanha); doutor em Gestão e Desenvolvimento do Turismo Sustentável (Universidade de Málaga/ Espanha); coordenador de Turismo (UNICENP Centro Universitário Positivo). Contato: turismo@ unicenp.edu.br. 134 Turismo em Análise, v. 18, n. 2, p. 133-147, novembro 2007 and its relations with the tourist activity, deprived of new segments to compete with already consolidated markets_


Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (SPP), formed by sphingosine kinase, is the ligand for EDG‐1, a GPCR important for cell migration and vascular maturation. Here we show that cytoskeletal rearrangements, lamel‐lipodia extensions, and cell motility induced by platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) are abrogated in EDG‐1 null fibroblasts. However, EDG‐1 appears to be dis‐pensable for mitogenicity and survival effects, even those induced by its ligand SPP and by PDGF. Furthermore, PDGF induced focal adhesion formation and activation of FAK, Src, and stress‐activated protein kinase 2, p38, were dysregulated in the absence of EDG‐1. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGFR and activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), important for growth and survival, were unaltered. Our results suggest that EDG‐1 functions as an integrator linking the PDGFR to lamellipo‐dia extension and cell migration. PDGF, which stimulates sphingosine kinase, leading to increased SPP levels in many cell types, also induces translocation of sphingosine kinase to membrane ruffles. Hence, recruitment of sphingosine kinase to the cell's leading edge and localized formation of SPP may spatially and temporally stimulate EDG‐1, resulting in activation and integration of downstream signals important for directional movement toward chemoattractants, such as PDGF. These results may also shed light on the vital role of EDG‐1 in vascular maturation.—Rosenfeldt, H. M., Hobson, J. P., Maceyka, M., Olivera, A., Nava, V. E., Milstien, S., Spiegel, S. EDG‐1 links the PDGF receptor to SRC and focal adhesion kinase activation leading to lamellipodia formation and cell migration. FASEB J. 15, 2649–2659 (2001)


A new formula is proposed to predict the fundamental period of high-rise RC shear-wall buildings. This formula reflects the stiffness with respect to each direction of the shear-wall as well as the recorded period during recent 8 earthquakes. To verify the proposed formula, the fundamental period of 10-sample buildings is compared with the predicted fundamental period. The empirical formulas, presented in Korean Building Code 2009 (KBC 2009) and American Society of Civil Engineers 7-10 (ASCE 7-10), are also compared with proposed formula to show a rationality of the proposed formula.


BACKGROUND
Emotional instability has been extensively considered the main core of the borderline personality disorder (BPD) that is characterised by an important bias towards emotional information. The aim of this study was to determine the emotional bias in patients with BPD by means of an emotional Stroop paradigm.

SAMPLING AND METHODS
Sixty-one women (38 Borderline Personality Disorder outpatients and 23 healthy matched control subjects) were included. All of them underwent a computerised version of an emotional Stroop which included four valences: borderline-related negative, negative, positive and neutral.

RESULTS
The results showed that BPD patients were slower in spotting the ink of the words [F(1.59)=4.33; p=0.04], and this effect was mainly for borderline-related and neutral words. Likewise, the more severe the BPD the slower the subjects [F(2.57)=4.81; p=0.012], indicating difficulties in processing information.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that the emotional dysregulation may account for selective processing with emotional stimulus, which in turn triggers emotional responses in BPD patients, rather than to reflect a more general hypervigilance and an attentional bias for any kind of stimulus.


1. The Fluorescein Leakage (FL) test method is an in vitro test method that can be used under certain circumstances and with specific limitations to classify chemicals (substances and mixtures) as ocular corrosives and severe irritants, as defined by the United Nations (UN) Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) (Category 1), the European Union (EU) Regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (CLP) (Category 1), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Category I) (1) (2) (3). For the purpose of this Test Guideline, severe irritants are defined as chemicals that cause tissue damage in the eye following test substance administration that is not reversible within 21 days or causes serious physical decay of vision, while ocular corrosives are chemicals that cause irreversible tissue damage to the eye. These chemicals are classified as UN GHS Category 1, EU CLP Category 1, or U.S. EPA Category I.


This paper presents the results of a comprehensive multi-scale assessment of the natural tourism and recreational potential of the rivers of Belarus, which allowed to identify the profiling types of water recreation and tourism, as well as their limiting factors. The methodological basis for the study and assessment of the natural tourist and recreational potential of rivers was the conceptual model of the tourist and recreational assessment of the natural potential of rivers, the methodology of the integrated tourist and recreational assessment of the natural potential of rivers, based on the structure of the types of its tourist and recreational use of rivers and the system of differentiated target indicators in their context, developed on the basis of the principles ecological and technical safety, physiological and climatic comfort and landscape and aesthetic attractiveness. The approbation of the system of target indicators in the context of the types of tourists and recreational use of the natural potential of rivers allowed for its comprehensive assessment, which is a multimedia effect from the integration of a triplex of biomedical, technological, and psychological-aesthetic types of assessment. The obtained quantitative results of a comprehensive tourist and recreational assessment of the natural potential of rivers at a multi-scale level (plot – percentage of plots in the region – percentage of plots in the country) allowed to identify the profile of their tourist and recreational use and the genesis of their limiting factors, as well as to carry out their geographical interpretation, which allowed to establish patterns and features of their placements at different spatial levels. As a result of a comprehensive assessment, three groups of limiting factors were identified for all types of tourists and recreational use at the regional level: general, special, and individual, while for amateur fishing and amateur hunting there are only two groups represented by general and special. As a result of a comprehensive assessment of the natural tourism and recreational potential of rivers in a multi-scale format, its geographical patterns and features were determined, which allowed creating a basis for developing a strategy for the development of aquatic tourism on the rivers of Belarus as one of the promising areas of domestic tourism in the complex epidemiological conditions of the modern stage.


The purpose of the article is to mark the style main position of Odessa composer creative community on the base of the analysis piano works of the significant for this city's creative personalities from XIX to the XX century. The methodology of the study is revealed in riverbed intonation approach that is to say by means of beliefs about the unity of process factors in music and speech, as this bequeathing in works of B.Asafiev and his followers in Ukraine, unrolled specified interdisciplinary generalization, on the example textbooks of A.Losev, R.Ingarden, E.Nazaykinkij, E.Markova, and others. The scientific novelty of the work is conditioned by originality style categorizations of composer regionalism of the Odessa since the given approach to piano works on objective history reason was not brought forth. Conclusions. Piano compositions of composers presented Odesa creative this sort school from XIX to XX century that is to say in time of the bloom of the Odesa as the center of the South of Ukraine and the largest her city demonstrated reaction, first, on winnowing the modernist style-vanguard this history stage, in some cases overtaking creative openings Petersburg and Moscow, secondly, correlations of the Ukrainian-Russian and other national introductions formed the harmonic interaction and this differed from another large center of the Ukraine level Kyiv, Lviv and exceeding activity Harkov on meant temporary area. As a whole piano creative activity, either as art in general, exceedingly harmonious is bound was with culture of the salon as an aristocratic cultural donation that was defined by the official status of the Odessa - the third city to empires, which inertia of the position was saved up to begin Second world war.


T        is one in a new series of studies in social analysis, published by M. Cherkaoui, along with P. Hamilton and Bryan S. Turner. The purpose of this collection is to make available to the English audience a selection of the best pieces produced by a number of French scholars close to Raymond Boudon and his followers. As one could expect, the reader will find some common features to all volumes: frequent and persuasive return to the founding fathers, Weber and Durkheim more than Pareto, an enlarged version of the rational choice model, strong emphasis upon cognitive rationality, and sharp attacks against various kinds of plain or suspected relativism. Cherkaoui is a rare example of a Weberian who has a full command of quantitative methods in use among economists as well as sociologists and demographers. The six chapters (three in which the author reads Tocqueville, clarifies Durkheim, criticizes Coleman; three in which he draws more on his own research) could, at first glance, be considered merely as a collection of essays offered by a prominent scholar at the apex of his career. Closer inspection, reveals that the author deals mostly with two major problems: the intermediate steps in the construction of a rational explanation, and the link between micro and macro. In the first two chapters he presents a formalisation of Tocqueville's interpretation of the Revolution and of Durkheim's integration theory. At the same time, he brings to the stage the underlying suppositions which sustain the theoretical development and more precisely the generative mechanisms of aggregation at work. Some close proximity between Homans' and Durkheim's theory is revealed. Taking for granted the basics of methodological individualism, all sociological theories involve several intermediate assumptions which are, most of the time, partly implicit. Bringing them to the forefront is a priority for social sciences. A rich number of case studies, carefully analysed, demonstrate simultaneously the diversity of methods and the intellectual convergence among major sociologists. There are transitions, and some generative mechanisms. Far from being just intermediate variables, they form, in every major piece of research, a coherent group of hypotheses about actors in context. ''These are the invisible codes'', the best example of which remains Adam Smith's invisible hand. A major difficulty consists in defining the mutual effects of my own action and those of other agents. Let us return to the example of mass behaviour that Cherkaoui borrows from Coleman, and which is somewhat related to the prisoner's dilemma: in case of fire, I can either run towards the exit, no matter what the others will do, or, at first, move calmly but change


The development status, advantages, problem of the organic tea in Wuyishan city were described. The countermeasures of developing organic tea were discussed, there are to support leading enterprises, increase organization degree of organic tea production, establish Traceability System in organic tea production, strengthen ecological protection and improve cognitive level of organic tea.


Tautology "A is A" is widely used in daily life and literary works.This paper attempts to discuss the generative process and the understanding of structure "A is A" under the framework of Lakoff 's Idealized Cognitive Model(ICM).The full understanding of the ICM of the isolated A is the essential prerequisite to the deduction and the comprehension of the sentence "A is A" in certain context.


This work calculates three-dimensional transient temperature distributions and corresponding thermal deflections of a workpiece using a novel method. The finite element method is applied to compute the thermally induced deformation of the workpiece over time. The results show that the proposed model can predict the transient convex expansion and subsequent overcut of a ground surface. These computational results coincide with profile measurements. Based on model results and experimental results, the effects of temperature distributions on the flatness of ground surfaces exceed those of external loads.


It discloses a film-based systems and methods for separating close-boiling hydrocarbon components contained in the mixture, which overcomes some of the problems associated with prior art devices.


Low quality jute bark, after treatment with a fungal culture of Penicillium corylophilum, showed improvement in fibre quality viz. strength and fineness and enhanced processability of the yarn at mill level. Conventional potato dextrose broth (PDB) was used for large-scale production of the fungus for application on barky jute at the jute mill. But, the process has several limitations like non-uniform growth of fungus and high cost for labour and energy inputs as well as for substrate. To overcome the limitations, the fungus was produced using rice husk, a cheap agro-residue, as substrate. Rice husk as substrate provided good and uniform growth of fungus, which sustained for at least 90 days. The fungus produced on rice husk has been used successfully for processing of low quality jute fibre in jute mills. There was overall improvement in spinning parameter due to application of the culture.


Peanut allergy is a common food allergy and currently affects approximately 1.5% of UK children [1]. The prevalence of tree nut allergy in the general population has not been independently assessed, but studies of adults and children with peanut allergy suggest a high co-prevalence of tree nut allergy [2, 3]. Peanut and tree nut allergy are particularly troublesome food allergies as they are infrequently outgrown and are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality [4, 5]. There is evidence that the prevalence of peanut allergy is increasing among high-risk atopic infants [6], as well as among children in the general population [1]. Peanuts and tree nuts, often generically referred to as 'nuts', are now the most frequent cause of food-induced anaphylaxis. Community-based anaphylaxis admissions among the general UK population have doubled over the period 1991–95 [7, 8]. Therefore individuals with either peanut allergy and/or tree nut allergy are currently advised to avoid all tree nuts and peanuts. Inadequate or unclear product labelling and cross contamination of nut products makes a strong case for blanket nut avoidance. However, the elimination of all nuts is difficult and may have a negative impact on the lifestyle of the affected individual as well as that of their family [9]. In addition, nuts are an important source of dietary protein, particularly for individuals who cannot afford, or choose to avoid, animal protein sources. In this issue of the Journal, Clark and Ewan [10] present a large observational cross-sectional study of children and adults referred to a specialist allergy clinic, all having experienced an allergic reaction to at least one nut. History, skin prick test (SPT) and nut-specific IgE (CAP) tests were performed for peanut and up to four tree nuts (Brazil nut, almond, hazelnut and walnut extracts). In the absence of an oral food challenge (OFC), the authors chose to clarify the interpretation of SPT and specific IgE tests using a clear history. The detailed clinical history was graded for severity and all equivocal nut allergy cases, either on clinical grounds, or if the food was not known with certainty to contain nut, were excluded. The study highlights both the advantages and limitations of the diagnostic modalities currently available to clinicians for the diagnosis of peanut and tree nut allergies. These modalities include: clinical history, physical examination, SPT, specific IgE assays and OFC. The clinical history is important when making the diagnosis of peanut and tree nut allergy, but the performance of this investigation when compared to OFCs may not be optimal. In general, studies that make use of the OFC to establish a diagnosis of food allergy reveal that a comprehensive clinical history may only be validated in less than 50% of patients [11]. This muchdisputed discrepancy between a detailed history of food allergy and OFC outcome is somewhat surprising. One potential explanation is that food allergy studies frequently include young children with egg and cow's milk allergy. Egg and cow's milk allergy usually resolve early in life [12–14]; therefore, unless OFCs are performed within the first few years of life, negative results are to be expected. Other reasons for negative OFCs in the face of a suggestive history include: confusing histories, misidentification of food in the history, and non-allergic causes of symptoms. The physical examination is also an important diagnostic modality, as the 'allergic phenotype' of the individual influences not only the choice of allergy test, but also the interpretation thereof. Patients with Atopic Eczema Dermatitis Syndrome (AEDS) are commonly peanut allergic [15] and characteristically have high total IgE [16], both factors are known to influence the predictive performance of allergy tests. In addition, extensive eczematous lesions may limit the opportunity to perform a SPT on unaffected skin. A clinical diagnosis of asthma is also an important physical finding, as most patients with fatal or near fatal anaphylaxis have concomitant asthma [17, 18]. SPTs have been used as an in vivo allergy investigation for over a hundred years, but are seldom performed by nonallergists. Specific IgE tests are therefore usually performed for the diagnosis of peanut and tree nut allergy. The initial radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) have largely been superseded by the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Recent predictive studies have made use of the CAP specific IgE assays (CAP System FEIA; Pharmacia-Upjohn Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden), shown to be reproducible, standardized and quantifiable across a broad range of IgE values [19]. Despite the availability of all these diagnostic modalities, it remains difficult to make a confident diagnosis of peanut and tree nut allergy for patients with a negative or equivocal history of a nut reaction, and with SPT or specific IgE values which fall in an intermediate poorly predictive range. For these 'grey zone' patients, diagnostic certainty can only be gained through performing an OFC. The OFC remains the gold standard investigation for the diagnosis of nut allergy, particularly the double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). For each individual with suspected nut allergy, a careful selection of nut challenges is required as multiple challenges are labour intensive and younger children may not tolerate the large food volumes. In addition, if blanket nut avoidance is to be recommended multiple challenges become unnecessary once a single nut allergy is confirmed. While Clark and Ewan's study [10] does not make use of OFCs, the authors make the point that 10 000 OFCs would have been required to analyse the five nut allergic status of 1000 patients (n5 1000, five nut challenge with placebo). Instead they therefore rely on a very careful history. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1019–1022


s:The Exchange of Capital between the Firm and Investors,resulting from both the corporation development and the capital market advanced in market economy,differentiates critically the modern firms from the traditional ones.Such an exchanging process can capitalize the shareholders money in the firms assets,thereby impacting significantly on the ownership of modern enterprises.As a result of such an exchange,the nation should possess the ownership of capital,and the firm should enjoy the ownership of the assets in its operation and transition.This well defined property right is the foundation of changing the operational mechanism of state owned enterprises and managing the firm privately while the state still keeps its ownership.


Treatment‐free remission (TFR) by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) discontinuation in patients with deep molecular response (DMR) is a paramount goal in the current chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) therapeutic strategy. The best DMR level by real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) for TKI discontinuation is still a matter of debate. To compare the accuracy of digital PCR (dPCR) and RT‐qPCR for BCR‐ABL1 transcript levels detection, 142 CML patients were monitored for a median time of 24 months. Digital PCR detected BCR‐ABL1 transcripts in the RT‐qPCR undetectable cases. The dPCR analysis of the samples, grouped by the MR classes, revealed a significant difference between MR4.0 and MR4.5 (P = 0.0104) or MR5.0 (P = 0.0032). The clinical and hematological characteristics of the patients grouped according to DMR classes (MR4.0 vs MR4.5‐5.0) were superimposable. Conversely, patients with dPCR values <0.468 BCR‐ABL1 copies/µL (as we previously described) showed a longer DMR duration (P = 0.0220) and mainly belonged to MR4.5‐5.0 (P = 0.0442) classes compared to patients with higher dPCR values. Among the 142 patients, 111 (78%) discontinued the TKI treatment; among the 111 patients, 24 (22%) lost the MR3.0 or MR4.0. RT‐qPCR was not able to discriminate patients with higher risk of MR loss after discontinuation (P = 0.8100). On the contrary, according to dPCR, 12/25 (48%) patients with BCR‐ABL1 values ≥0.468 and 12/86 (14%) patients with BCR‐ABL1 values <0.468 lost DMR in this cohort, respectively (P = 0.0003). Treatment‐free remission of patients who discontinued TKI with a dPCR <0.468 was significantly higher compared to patients with dPCR ≥ 0.468 (TFR at 2 years 83% vs 52% P = 0.0017, respectively). In conclusion, dPCR resulted in an improved recognition of stable DMR and of candidates to TKI discontinuation.


The traditional approaches to estimate the Iron ore involves large manpower, cost and time. Iron ore identification is necessary due to the rapid increase in construction work, industries and population. Hyperspectral Imagery analysis used to estimate the Iron ore precisely depends on the spectral signature. The spectral signature of Iron ore shows huge absorption in 865 nm due to the presence of Iron content in the sample spectra. Hyperspectral imagery contains a large number of spectral bands and involves various processing steps such as identification of the calibration bands, absolute reflectance generation, data dimensional minimization, Iron ore endmembers extraction and classification. The radiance imagery absolute reflectance bands are carried out using FLAASH atmospheric correction module. The noiseless pure pixels are obtained using data dimensionality reduction techniques as spectral data reduction and spatial data reduction. The comparative analysis is performed between sub-pixel (LSU) and per-pixel (SAM) classification. The results showed that the sub-pixelbased classification produces a better distribution of Iron ore than the per pixel-based classification.


Our objective was to examine effects of dietary enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) on high fat diet-induced insulin resistance during chemotherapy.

 Adult, female C57Bl/6 mice (n = 48) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets; low-fat diet (LF; 10% kcals fat), high-fat diet (HF; 45% kcals fat), or HF diet with omega-3 s (HF n-3; 2% kcals EPA + DHA) for 7 weeks. Mice received vehicle or chemotherapy injections (doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide), by tail vein at week 4 and 6. Food intake and body weights were recorded. Fasted blood glucose and serum insulin were measured weekly.  Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Body composition was measured using Echo MRI. Data were analyzed using ANOVA; p < 0.05 was considered significant.

 Total kilocalories significantly differed by group (p < 0.001); HF and HF n-3 groups consumed more than the LF group (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001; respectively). Obesity was induced prior to first injection with body weights being significantly different (p < 0.01); the LF group weighed less than the HF n-3 group (p < 0.01), and there was a similar trend between LF and HF groups (p = 0.0519). Body weights at sacrifice significantly differed (p < 0.0001); chemotherapy mice weighed less than vehicle (p < 0.0001). Percent body fat at sacrifice significantly differed (p < 0.0001); chemotherapy mice had less fat than vehicle (p < 0.0001), and the LF group had less fat than HF  (p < 0.01) and HF n-3 group (p < 0.01). Blood glucose significantly differed at sacrifice (p < 0.01); chemotherapy mice had lower glucose than vehicle (p < 0.05) and HF group had higher glucose than LF group (p < 0.01). HOMA-IR scores at sacrifice significantly differed (p < 0.05); chemotherapy mice had lower scores than vehicle  (p < 0.05) and mice on the LF and HF n-3 diets had lower scores than the HF diet (p < 0.01; p < 0.05 respectively).

 Chemotherapy lowered body weight and body fat in mice, potentially contributing to decreases in blood glucose and insulin resistance. EPA + DHA enrichment of a HF diet reduced insulin resistance in mice comparable to a LF diet group. This occurred in both chemotherapy and vehicle treated mice, despite LF diet-fed mice having lower body weight and adiposity. Underlying mechanisms are being investigated.

 NIH #5R01CA18994.


The traditional IMM filtering algorithm with model of the same dimension has the problem of a relatively large error,and it is difficult for Current Statistical( CS) model to set reasonable parameters. To solve the problems,we proposed a variable dimension adaptive IMM algorithm( AIMM) for tracking a maneuvering target. The algorithm firstly makes dimension variation processing to make the model with unified dimension,which is applicable to common maneuvering target,and can reduce the model tracking error. After that,the function based on residual information is used to adjust the CS model parameters,to improve the match degree between the model and the actual motion model. Finally,the improved CS mode is fed back to the variable dimension IMM for increasing tracking performance. The simulation results show that: Compared with the traditional variable dimension IMM algorithm,the proposed algorithm has higher tracking accuracy while keeping effective tracking on maneuvering target.


Fibre-reinforced composite posts are currently used to restore endodontically-treated teeth. Push-out tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of several bonding agents on the retention of an endodontic quartz fibre post to a composite resin core. Five bonding agents were investigated in both self-cure and light-cure modes. Ten experimental groups of 10 posts each were constituted as a function of curing mode and bonding agent. Specimens were mounted in a dedicated Teflon mould. This experimental set-up allowed the determination of true shear strength. One-way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls tests were used for statistical analysis. The bonding strengths ranged from 23.4 MPa to 35.3 MPa. The best results were obtained with a light-cure self-etch bonding agent; in all cases photo-polymerisation led to statistically higher bonding strengths compared to chemical auto-polymerisation. Shear bond strength at the post–adhesive interface was also found to be significantly dependant on the nature of the bonding agent. AdheSe self-etch bonding agent was more effective than etch-and-rinse single-component bonding agents.


Marx and Engels made great contributions to the establishment of the Contradiction Theory on Materialistic Dialectics,and Lenin Mao Zedong developed it further.In the Economic Construction of the Chinese Socialism,Deng Xiaoping paid great attention to apply the basic principles of the Marxist Dialectics and progressed it creatively,these laid important foundations to the philosophy of the Socialist Theory with Chinese characteristics.The contributions which Deng Xiaoping made to the Marxist Dialectics mainly lies in the following 8 respects: 1.the soul of the Dialectics;2.the objectivity of Marxist and Leninist Dialectics Theory;3.the Socialist Basic Contradiction Theory;4.the Socialist Principal Contradiction Theory;5.the Theory of handling the People's Internal Contradiction;6.the Theory of handling the contradiction of the Socialist Economic Construction;7.the theory of Chinese Reunification and Opening Policy;8.the Methodology of the Dialectics.


The invention relates to a valsartan-containing medicine preparation which at least comprises valsartan or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is taken as active ingredient, and at least two disintegrating agents, wherein the proportion of the two disintegrating agents is within the range of 1:2-2:1. The invention also relates to a preparation method of the valsartan-containing medicine preparation, which comprises the steps of: first, pelletizing the valsartan or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof by a roller press way, and then mixing with the at least two disintegrating agents and other pharmaceutic adjuvant; and finally, tabletting or filling into capsules. Compared with the prior art, the valsartan-containing medicine preparation has better stability. The method has simple technique and high production efficiency, and is suitable for industrialized production.


Dolphins have been observed swimming in inshore tropical waters as warm as 36-38°C. A simple protocol that mimicked the thermal conditions encountered by a dolphin moving from cool pelagic to warm inshore water was used to determine how dolphins avoid hyperthermia in water temperatures (Tw) at and above their normal core temperature (Tc). Tw (2 sites), rectal temperature (Tre; 3 depths), and skin temperature (Tsk; 7 sites) and rate of heat flow (4-5 sites) between the skin and the environment were measured while the dolphin rested in a chamber during a 30-min baseline and 40-60 min while water was warmed at ∼0.43°C/min until temperatures of 34-36°C were attained. Instead of the expected increase, Treconsistently showed declines during the warming ramp, sometimes by amounts that were remarkable both in their magnitude (1.35°C) and rapidity (8-15 min). The reduction in Tre occurred even while heat loss to the environment was prevented by continued controlled warming of the water that kept Tw slightly above Tsk and while metabolic heat production alone should have added 1.6-2°C/h to the Tc. This reduction in Tc could only be due to a massive redistribution of heat from the core to the blubber layer.


I step out of my house into the morning air and feel the cool breeze on my face. I feel the freshness of the cool breeze now, and, as the breeze dies down, I notice that time is passing—I need to start walking or I will be late for class. We all know what it is like to have these sorts of experiences. Reflection on the qualitative character of such experiences suggests that events occurring now have a characteristic property of nowness, responsible for a certain special "feel," and that events pass from the future to the present and then into the past. The question that I want to explore is whether we should take this suggestion to support an antireductionist ontology of time, that is, whether we should take it to support an ontology that includes a primitive, monadic property of nowness, responsible for the special feel of events in the present, and a relation of passage that events instantiate in virtue of literally passing from the future to the present and then into the past. It will be important in what follows to avoid prejudging whether the world actually does include nowness and passage, so I will use the locution "as of" instead of just "of" to signal that descriptions like "experience as of passage" merely describe experiences with a certain qualitative character. It should be obvious that we need to take temporal experience seriously: experiences as of nowness and as of the passage of events are central to our subjective perspective. In some deep but hard to define way, our temporal experience is caught up with our sense of being, Skow, and members of the audience at talks given to Psychology and Philosophy depart-grateful to Tyler Doggett for his insightful comments on earlier versions of this paper and to Brian Scholl for discussion of contemporary experimental psychological work on real and apparent motion.


This study investigated the role of language in the frequency and nature of preschool children's memory strategies. Twenty children, aged 18-33 months, were observed during a memory-for-location task for their use of potentially strategic behaviors. Each child accompanied the researcher while she hid a stuffed toy in a natural location (e.g., under a pillow). The children were told to remember the toy's location, in order to retrieve the toy when a bell rang after a delay of 3 minutes. During the delay interval, six behaviors occurred: looking, pointing, approaching, attempting to retrieve, peeking, and verbalizations. These behaviors could be used by the child in order to aid their memory of the hiding place. A control trial was also included and was like the experimental trial in all respects except that the toy remained visible during the delay interval. Frequencies of the target behaviors were compared among themselves and also were correlated with scores on two standardized language measures. There were three main findings, (1) these young preschool children produced more of the target behaviors when memory was required than when it was not, (2) non-verbal strategies were used more often than verbal ones, and (3) verbal proficiency predicted the use of memory strategies. Post-hoc tests indicated that children who had more advanced language skills were less likely to use overt memory strategies but, as the task progressed, children who earned higher percentile scores on the language tests talked more during the experiment. These results are consistent with developmental theories that emphasize the initial cost of using memory strategies to solve a problem and the constraints inherent in low language knowledge. They also point to the importance of attending to non-verbal behaviors when evaluating cognitive skills in very young children.


Concept of industrial design,the industrial design idea of miner,ergonomics were intruduced,and how to apply the technology on miner and the development prospect of industry design on miner.


In murine AApoAII amyloidosis, misfolded plasma apolipoprotein (Apo) A-II is deposited as AApoAII amyloid fibrils during a process associated with aging [1]. Nutritional control, in addition to its health-promoting capabilities, may be the most plausible and fundamental treatment; in fact, caloric restriction (CR) has often been reported as the most effective non-genetic treatment to decelerate aging and extend lifespan and healthspan [2,3]. We demonstrated that CR prevented the progression of AApoAII amyloidosis in mice and investigated the molecular mechanisms.


After comparing different heterogeneous data integration technologies, analyzes the problems existing in different departments that data can not be shared in the information construction of a university, and gives a new demand. Then designs and realizes a good independent and scalability heterogeneous data integration system based on XML and middleware technology, which gives an effective solution to the heterogeneous data integration issues in the information construction of the university and improves the collaborative work efficiency among different departments.


The main objective of the present paper is to provide a visual investigation of the fire and water mist interference during the extinguish process. This kind of the experimental study for these processes is imposed by the phenomena complexity. The experimental study provides us the information of real behaviour of jets assembly in operation. On this way the physical theoretical model may by better conceived. The main test was focused on the concave shape of ceiling, which gives the better suppression of the flame. From the heat balance, of the studied case, the extinguish efficiency is obtained, the values being around 20%. From these values result that a lot of working agent is lost. That loss is related to the finest of the droplets in the liquid jet. The experimental tests give us the optimal angles between the two jets in aim to realise an efficient extinguish operation.


Axis" appeared in 2011 in The New Yorker but never made it into Dear Life (2012), Munro's final collection. The story includes a brief but crucial description of the Niagara Escarpment and other geological features that interrupt the otherwise bland landscape of Southern Ontario. This focus is in keeping with the "deepening geological sensibility" of Munro's later work (Thacker 2016: 12). As Munro writes in "Axis," the Escarpment is a "tower of ancient-looking rock that seem[s] quite out of place" among the flat roads west of Toronto (2012: 131). This paper argues that Munro uses geological symbolism with an overtness not seen elsewhere in her work. The Cambrian and the emotional converge in "Axis" and geology serves as a model for how a story can be put together. The geological model appears to mirror a predictable map, but Munro complicates the parallel between geological or geographical mapping by adding the unpredictable human element.


A quantitative assessment of genetic diversity for a set of ten quantitative characters related to productivity and survival was undertaken in twenty-nine genotypes of pigeon pea in two environments utilizing multivariate analysis. The investigations brought out the fact that environmental conditions exert considerable impact on the clustering pattern in different environments. Causes of variation in clustering pattern in different environments such as differential gene expression and presence of genotype-environment interaction have been discussed. Need to conduct such studies under multiple environmental conditions has been emphasized. Plant height followed by pod length and days to flower contributed maximum to genetic divergence. The crosses between genotypes from diverse groups such as T 17 and P 6102 which are expected to give high heterotic response, would be desirable.


Based on the LDA model, this paper builds a three-layer semantic model of Web English educational resources "document-topic-keyword", models the semantic topics of resource documents, and obtains the semantic topics and keywords of document resources as the semantic labels of resources. The experimental results show that document LDA topic modeling is beneficial to the macroscopic classification of Web English educational resources. The experimental results show that LDA topic modeling of documents is useful for macroscopic cataloging of Web English educational resources, highlighting teaching priorities, difficulties, and interrelationships, while LDA modeling of teaching topics with the same teaching content expands the metadata generation method of resource description based on the basic education metadata standard and provides more information about the inherent characteristics of resources. The semantic information can be used to mine the semantic thematic features and detailed differences inherent in the resources, and the final performance analysis verifies the parallel computing advantages of the LDA model in a big data environment.


This paper analyses the differences in the efficiency of using subsidies for franchised regional rail services between the federal states in Germany, and provides evidence on the impact of procurement strategies and contractual design on the efficient use of funds. The analysis is based on a 15-year panel data set at the level of the federal states and employs a two-stage efficiency analysis, including a DEA approach and a Tobit panel model. The analysis shows that a higher share of tendering, a higher share of gross contracts, and longer and smaller contracts were efficiency-enhancing factors in the period of analysis. © 2016 LSE and the University of Bath


The main purpose of education program is to develop the talent of students to become religious, noble character, democratic and responsible. Unfortunately, many students do not fully understand these objectives. They still consider academic achievement as the key to their future success. In order to get achievements, some even commit fraud. This is what underlies the background of this research to determine academic fraud in Vocational School students in Langkat Regency in terms of Fraud Pentagon Theory by including Mass Media as a mediating variable. The research method used is quantitative with the research subjects are Vocational School students in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. Data collection was carried out through the distribution of Likert-type questionnaires. All research questionnaires were tested before being given to actual respondents and based on the results of validity and reliability testing, it was stated that all instruments were feasible to use. The data analysis used is Path Analysis using the SmartPLS Ver. 3 for Windows. The results showed: 1). Fraudulent Behavior has a positive and significant effect on Communication Media; 2). CommunicationMedia has a positive and significant effect on Academic Fraud; 3). Fraudulent Behavior has a positive and significant effect on Academic Fraud; 4). Fraudulent behavior through CommunicationMedia has a positive and significant effect on Academic Fraud at SMK Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. The suggestion in this research is that the role of parents and closest people is needed to make students aware that the main goal of education is not just achieving achievements, moreover get the achievements by fraud mechanism.

Keywords: Fraud Pentagon Theory, Academic Fraud, Vocational High School.


I. GILLIES IDS, MORGAN M, SYKH MK, BROWN AE, JONES NO. The nature and incidence of complications of peripheral arterial puncture. Anaesthesia 1979; 34: 506-9. 2. BEDFOKU RF, WOOLMAN H. Complications of percutaneous, radial-artery cannulation: an objective prospective study in man. Ane.ythesib/ogy 1973; 3 8 228-36. 3. OH TE, DAVIS NJ. Radial a r m y cannulation Anaeslhr;tiu and Intensive Care 1975; 3: 12-8. 4. SHENOY PN, LEAMAN DM, FIELD JM. Safety of short-term percutanious arterial cannulation. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1979; 58: 256-8. 5. MORTENSEN JD. Clinical sequelae from arterial needle puncture, cannulation and incision. Circulation 1967; 35: 1118-23. 6. SABIN S, TAYLOK JR. KAPLAN AI. Clinical experience using a small gauge necdle for arterial puncture. Chest 1976: 6 9 437-9. 7 . PETTY TL. The simplicily and safety of arterial puncture. Journalof the American Medical Association 1966: 195: 693695.


This is a discussion of the claim by certain recent philosophers to have established universal human abilities and disabilities on "logical" grounds, or as a priori necessary. These traits would be independent of empirical conditions, and not of the sort which could be disproved by psychology which, accordingly, would share its field with the a priori philosopher. The author agues, using a series of examples, that these supposed traits do, or could, vary with empirical conditions, and that it is unlikely that in this psychological area there is any good alternative to inductive methods.


In early 1941, Singapore was a modern metropolis with a population of 650,000 people. Singapura or "City of the Lion" ranked as one of the leading ports of call in the world-a commercial centre par excellence. The greater part of the world's rubber and immense quantities of tin were shipped from its shores, as well as Manila hemp, Burma teak, Thailand rice, and Sarawak oil stored for a short time in Singapore's busy warehouses before going to the world markets. Singapore, together with Gibraltar, the Suez Canal, and the Panama Canal, all controlled by Anglo-American interests, were geopolitical linchpins of the four great gateways of the world. Singapore played a similar role militarily. With a new airport formally opened in 1937 and the largest naval base in the world, capable of accommodating the entire British Fleet, completed in 1938, Singapore was the centre-piece for the Imperial defence of the British Empire in Asia. With Europe at war since 1939, southeast Asia with its French, Dutch, and American colonies had to be defended against any hostile action. The most likely candidate appeared to be the Japanese who had invaded China in the 1930s, and were now poised to extend their slogan of "Asia for the Asiatics" southward. However, according to the ArnericanVice-Cons-, H. Gordon Minnigerode, Singapore was prepared for any threat:


The utility model claims a conveying device for a beverage bottle, wherein link plates placed from a port A to a port B are gradually thinned to convey bottles; a motor drives different link plates to rotate by a speed reducer and a transmission mechanism; the speed reducer is connected with the motor, so as to reduce the revolving speed of the motor to the required speed range, as well as the torque can be adjusted; guardrails are positioned on the link plates to guide the bottles to move from the port A to the port B; a detection control device is arranged in downstream equipment to detect the states of the bottles on the link plates and control the operation of the motor; and a signal control system is matched with a photoelectric detection switch to intelligently control the start/stop and the speed of the motor. The conveying device has the advantages that the speed of the non-pressure conveying device can be automatically adjusted; the conveying device can be applied to various high-speed beverage production lines and a conveying system for various bottles, including traditional circular bottles, special quadrate bottles and the like; the conveying device is suitable for a conveying system for bottles made of different materials, including PET bottles, glass bottles and the like.


Summary: The relationships among self‐report of memory, actual memory performance on objective tasks, and lesion laterality were examined in this longitudinal study. Right‐handed adults (n = 47) with medically intractable seizures were assessed both preoperatively and 1 year after a left or right temporal lobectomy. Memory complaints remained stable or diminished postoperatively, whereas performance on material‐specific memory tasks declined. Regression analyses showed that dosage of medications, seizure frequency and self‐reported depression were predictive of postoperative memory complaints, although size of resection and age were not. Together, these data suggest that many patients have a positive though mistaken impression that their memory functions improved after temporal lobectomy, an impression influenced by their positive surgical outcomes. Memory complaints did not predict laterality of the lesion. Sex‐laterality interactions were evident for both subjective and objective memory measures.


Main characteristics and performance parameters are given for the modularized SS7E AC/DC electric locomotive. The functions and characteristics of main systems are also stated.


This thesis dealts with the problem of the alternative family (parenting) care in the Czech Republic. The thesis describes most common forms of the care, gives knoledge about the complicated system and the process providing of the alternative parenting. A few subjects take part in this process. Each of these subjects has its own unique role and farther the cooperation of these subjects is quite necessary. The thesis puts great emphasis on the importance of specialists in the area of alternative parenting.


Objective:To analyze and compare the volatile constituents which were extracted from the differ-ent parts of Picrasma quassioides.Method:The volatile components were extracted from the different parts of P.quassioides by the methods of MAE-HS-SPME and the chemical components of them were identified by GC-MS and Kovats retention index.Result:Eight-four volatile constituents in the petiole,76 in the leaf blade and 60 in the branch of P.quassioides were separated and identified,Accounting for 97.247%,97.179% and 97.141% of the to-tal peak areas,respectively.Which is the main component in petiole carvacrol(5.201%),thymol(6.185%),trans-caryophyllene(6.562%),alpha-bergamotene(6.295%),trans-beta-farnesene(5.088%),cuminol(10.807%),beta-bisabolene 6.136%).And in the leaf blade trans-caryophyllene(7.017%),alpha-bergamotene(7.848%),trans-beta-farnesene(8.297%),cuminol(10.728%),beta-bisabolene(7.150%),(-)-caryophyllene oxide(5.094%).And in the branch trans—caryophyllene(5.530%),alpha-bergamotene(9.997%),trans-beta-far-nesene(7.994%),cuminol(15.416%),beta-bisabolene(12.733%).Conclusion:Contain volatile components in the petiole,leaf blade and branch three parts of P.quassioides are quite different.


The keys of the construction,principle and design of an injection mould with 24 cavities for plastic bottle twin lay cover were introduced in this paper.


Given the food supply chain disruption from COVID-19 lockdowns around the world, we examine the predictive power of daily infectious diseases-related uncertainty (EMVID) on commodity traded futures within the agricultural bracket, sometimes known as the softs, using the heterogeneous autoregressive realised variance (HAR-RV) model. Considering the short-, medium-, and long-run recursive out-of-sample estimation approach, we estimate daily realised volatility by using intraday data within the 5 min interval for 15 agricultural commodity futures. During the COVID-19 episode, our results indicated that EMVID plays an important role in predicting the future path of agricultural commodity traded futures in the short, medium, and long run, i.e., h = 1, 5, and 22, respectively. According to the MSE-F test, these results are statistically significant. These results contain important implications for investors, portfolio managers, and speculators when faced with investment risk management and strategic asset allocation during infectious disease-related uncertainty.


n-Hexylcarborane (NHC) is the proposed burning rate modifier for improved propellants to be used in the next generation of missiles. The synthesis of this material requires decaborane-14, a material that is not commercially available in large quantities now. Therefore, the cost-effectiveness of synthesized NHC, as it relates directly to the missile cost, depends upon a low-cost synthesis of decaborane-14. Laser induced chemistry, a revolutionary new kind of chemistry, offers a much more efficient and less expensive way to synthesize compounds than conventional thermochemistry provides. Using this technique, we have synthesized decaborane-14 from diborane in high yields and high purity using both CO2 and DF laser frequencies. The products are decaborane-14 formed as white crystals and pentaborane-9 in the gaseous state; thus, isolation of the decaborane-14 is a simple chemical engineering procedure.


Purpose – This paper builds upon the debate in the service quality literature regarding both the theoretical and practical effectiveness of expectations data in the measurement of internal service quality. Gap-based and perceptions-only approaches to measuring internal service quality are tested and their respective benefits and limitations evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – The internal service context used in this study is the provision of e-procurement software, training, and user support in four organisations. The two approaches are evaluated in terms of reliability and validity, as well as pragmatic aspects of survey administration. Findings – The various tests carried out indicate that both the gap-measure and perceptionsonly measure are reliable and valid, the latter being the marginally higher performer. Both approaches were found to have benefits and limitations, and so the empirical study, combined with contributions from the literature, generates some understanding of the internal service context in which the two approaches might be appropriate. Research limitations – This research study was confined to a particular type of internal service context: an internal e-procurement service. There is a need to further test alternative measurement approaches in different internal service contexts in order to further refine understanding of internal service quality measurement. Practical implications – For operations managers, the paper clarifies the basis on which they might choose between the two approaches to internal service quality measurement. Originality/value of the paper – This study is the first to directly test and compare the relative merits of these two approaches to internal service quality measurement. The paper also offers insights as to the operational contexts in which each approach might be appropriate.


Direct nuclear pumping of a Ne‐N2 laser has been achieved with simultaneous output at two wavelengths (8629 and 9393 A) in atomic nitrogen. Pumping was achieved through bombardment of the gas by MeV ions generated when neutrons from a TRIGA reactor interact with a boron‐10 coating on the inner wall of the laser cell. Pressure, concentration, threshold, and other parameters are presented.


Synchronization of spin-torque oscillators (STOs) via magnetostatic interactions is investigated. In order for arrays of STOs to be used to carry out computational tasks the STOs should remain phase-locked for as long as possible. The correlation time for two STOs is shown to depend on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{d}^{({3}/{2})}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$H_{d}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the strength of the magnetostatic interaction between the STOs. For a 1-D array of STOs, introducing an angle between adjacent STOs can reduce the magnetostatic energy and increase the correlation time by an order of magnitude, or more. The increase in correlation time is resilient to moderate distributions of size and position among the STOs.


We demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge a nonlinear optical switch based on the Raman effect in a Sagnac loop with highly GeO/sub 2/ doped fiber. In addition to providing all-optical switching, this device also amplifies the signal pulse. Because the Raman amplification dominates over the Kerr effect in highly-germanium-doped fibers, the transfer function of this switch exhibits a behavior different to that of the purely Kerr switch.


The authors analyze the forms of interaction between the United States and Latin America in the military sphere. The relevance of studying this issue is due to the aggravation of relations between the collective West and Russia, as well as between the United States and China, within the framework of which Latin America acts as a zone of competition between the world powers. In this regard, the analysis of Latin American vector of US policy in the military aspect from the point of view of Russia's strategic interests is particularly important. The lack of domestic scientific research on this problem greatly adds to its relevance. As for the novelty, based on the review of the world market of arms and military equipment (AME), this article determines the dynamics and the share of the American producer in the total volume of arms trade. In the context of military-technical cooperation (MTC), the authors also consider the peculiarities of the American military power projection on Latin America, which is a zone of exclusive interests of the United States. Among the key formats of interaction and projection of influence, the authors include the following: arms and military-technical supplies to the armies and security services of the states of the region; training of military personnel in Latin American countries; financing of armies and military units; cooperation programs to optimize the managerial and organizational functions of the Latin American armed forces, establishment and maintenance of various types of military bases, conducting joint military exercises. Using new factual material, we examine each of the listed forms and show the systematic and geostrategic nature of the US influence on the Latin American region in the military aspect. As for military trade, the authors identify the main partners of the United States in South America.


Heroin (3,6-diacetylmorphine) is deacetylated in the human body to 6-mono-acetylmorphine and finally to morphine. These metabolites are responsible for the major pharmacologic effects of heroin (I,2). Since the conversion of heroin to morphine is rapid, it is that metabolite that has been measured in tissues following administration. In deaths due to heroin overdose, the tissue distribution of morphine has been studied (3),but the concentrations in brain regions have scldom been reported. The most extensive study of brain morphine concentrations following the intravenous administration of heroin was that of Richards et al. (4), who provided blood:brain correlations in 50 cases. This study did not, however, utilize any particular section of the brain. Animal studies have indicated a close relationship between the concentration of morphine in the brain and the degree of analgesia (5,6). In these studies, entire rat brains were homogenized and aliquots analyzed, thus yielding no information on distribution within the brain. The investigation of the fine distribution of morphine has been hindered by the lack of sensitivity of analytical procedures for morphine. In 1970 Spector and Parker (7) reported the production of antibodies to morphine using 3-0 carboxymethoxy-morphine-bovine serum albumin. Spector and Parker employed this morphine antibody in quantitative determination of morphine by a competitive binding assay using the ability of morphine to inhibit binding of dihydromorphine3H to the antimorphine antibody. The radioimmunoassay for morphine has a sensitivity of less than I ng morphine added and a specificity sufficient to detect and quantitate morphine in biological samples without extraction of the drug. The sensitivity and specificity of morphine radioimmunoassay has been applied to the study of morphine distribution in postmortem human tissues by Coubis and Kaul (8). Spiehler et al. have compared results for quantitative determination of morphine in urine, postmortem blood, bile, brain, and lung by radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, and spectrofluorometry (9). From our preliminary study (9). it appears that morphine radioimmunoassay possesses the necessary sensitivity for determination of morphine distribution in the brain.


A composition for high-strength concrete for preventing explosive rupture is provided to prevent the explosive rupture of the high-strength concrete when a fire is generated, to control temperature inside the concrete, to increase a residual intensity after the fire breaks out by enhancing unity a force of the concrete structure and to secure safety to the fire of the ultra-high-rise structure. A composition for high-strength concrete comprises a binding material of 100 parts by weight, water 15 - 40 parts by weight and a chemical admixture 0.5-4.0 parts by weight. The binding material 100 parts by weight comprises cement 40 - 95 weight% and a blending material 5 - 60 weight%. The composition for the concrete additionally includes an organic synthetic fiber selected from an olefin group fiber including a polyethylene, a polyamide fiber including a nylon, a polyacryl fiber, a polyester fiber, a polypropylene fiber and a polyvinyl alcohol fiber. The blending material is selected from a group consisting of fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, polymer, pozzolan and metakaolin. The chemical admixture is selected from a group consisting of an AE agent, a water reducing agent, an AE water reducing agent, a fluidifier and a promoter.


Compared to the liquid Liion batteries, the differences and advantages of polymer Liion batteries were discussed through presenting the properties and composition of polymer Liion batteries The progress in the research of polymer Liion batteries was stated from the properties of the present three kinds of polymer Liion batteries with solid polymer electrolyte, gel polymer electrolyte and polymer cathode Moreover, the composition and conductive mechanism of solid polymer electrolyte and gel polymer electrolyte were given The research and development of polymer cathode materials were presented briefly


ABSTRACT This essay seeks to explore why inclusion of Indian people is fundamental in the difficult histories and dialogues regarding mass incarceration and to challenge the role of museums in ensuring that Indian people are centrally located in the discussion. I argue that the inherent roots of mass incarceration are historically situated in Indian dispossession and the obtainment of Indian land, and to omit this from any narrative is irresponsible. I employ the use of three stories – a piece of street-art by Native artist Jaque Fragua, the occupation of Alcatraz Island, and the current resistance in the Standing Rock Sioux Nation to the Dakota Access Pipeline – to discuss the inherent ties between sovereignty, land, settler colonialism and how they connect to mass incarceration in the United States.


The current lack of sustainability of and the limited portfolio of recycling processes for synthetic polymers have posed serious threats to the environment. Approximately 90% of plastics are produced via fossil fuels, and over 150 million tonnes of plastics have been discarded in the ocean. Annual production of plastics is expected to reach over 1 billion tons in 2050, but the current manufacturing, consumption, and disposal schemes of fossil-based polymers follow an unsustainable framework. Using reaction pathway analysis, we are pursuing a portfolio of strategies for redesign and recycling of polymers for sustainability. We focus on design of polymers that have accessible operating windows for recovery of monomer, and kinetic modeling frameworks that can be used for process analysis and optimization for polymer recycling.