Cardiac arrest remains common in the United States, and nearly 600,000 people suffer sudden cardiac death in Europe and US yearly. Survival, however, has remained low, estimated to be 5–12%.1, 2 In part, the poor survival is due to the inefficiency of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation, resulting in less than 25% of normal blood flow to the brain and heart.3

In an effort to optimize the thoracic pump mechanics and augment forward and vital organ blood flow during resuscitation by harnessing the elastic properties of the chest during decompression, the inspiratory impedance threshold device has been introduced to the world to resuscitation about 20 years ago. The inspiratory impedance threshold device (ITD) is attached to the airway either via a facemask or an endotracheal tube. The ITD impedes air entry into the chest cavity during the decompression phase of CPR, generating more negative intrathoracic pressure than standard CPR. This vacuum has been demonstrated to improve venous return to the heart as well as reduce intracranial pressure.4 In a porcine model of cardiac arrest, the use of an ITD led to improved 24-hour survival with improved neurologic outcomes.5–7 As a result of favorable hemodynamic, survival, and neurologic outcomes in animal studies, there have been several clinical trials that investigated the ITD in animals and humans.8–10 The ITD has been cleared by the FDA as a circulatory enhancer during resuscitation. Most of the animal and clinical studies have shown benefits in different endpoints. The ITD has been shown to improve aortic pressure during CPR11, increase in resuscitation rates in humans and hospital admission rates when it was applied appropriately and during the early phases of cardiac arrest; namely the circulatory phase (4–10 minute of untreated cardiac arrest).12 In a recent study the ITD demonstrated no benefit compared to a sham valve in 10,000 patients.8 While this was the largest clinical trial in CPR to date, it was confounded by the fact that the ITD was placed on average 11–14 minutes after the 911 call, well into the metabolic phase of cardiac arrest where it is very unlikely that any circulation-enhancing device could demonstrate benefits.

The concept of intrathoracic pressure regulation and its efficacy in clinical practice has been shown broadly in 5 clinical studies where active compression decompression CPR has been combined with the ITD. The combination is hemodynamically superior and has resulted in improvement in all the endpoints of resuscitation science. A recent study showed that ACD+ITD (and for the first time for a new CPR method) significantly increased survival to hospital discharge with favorable neurologic outcomes (defined as modified Rankin score <3) by 50% when compared with standard CPR (6% vs 9%, p=0.019).9 The benefits were maintained up to one year survival which was also improved by 53%.

In this edition of Critical Care Medicine, Xanthos et al. tested the addition of an ITD in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest.13 This is an important study. As the authors correctly point out, it is the first investigation of the use of the ITD in asphyxial cardiac arrest. The study is very innovative since inspiratory impedance during resuscitation of asphyxial cardiac arrest appears to be counterintuitive. The authors provide evidence of improvement in clinically relevant endpoints such as return of spontaneous circulation, 48-hour survival, and neurologic alertness score. In addition to the improved neurologic outcomes, the measurement of early serum NSE and S-100 levels provides additional evidence of decreased neurologic insult during resuscitation. As such their results are intriguing and very supportive of the literature of cardiac etiology cardiac arrest and therefore expand the benefits of the ITD into another etiology.

The potential mechanism of how the ITD may be neuroprotective and improve outcomes compared to standard CPR in this model may be due to direct transfer of intrathoracic pressure into intracranial pressure. A lower intrathoracic pressure therefore is translated into lower diastolic intracranial pressure. The lower ICP combined with the higher aortic pressure leads to more cerebral perfusion and blood flow that could alleviate the injury during the resuscitation even after asphyxia provided that ventilation and oxygenation has been reestablished.

One limitation of the current study by Xanthos et al. is that epinephrine was not used. Epinephrine is routinely used in human resuscitation and enhances successful ROSC15 but has been shown to reduce neurologically-intact survival in high doses. The beneficial effects of the ITD may be mitigated by the use of vasopressors often required in substrates less healthy than this animal model, however previous animal studies have demonstrated mixed outcomes in this respect. Further translation of this model is limited due to its low prevalence, however adds to the substantial body of animal studies and growing number of clinical trials investigating the use of intrathoracic pressure regulation therapy such as the ITD.

In conclusion, although the results of animal studies must be scrutinized carefully regarding their translation into clinical medicine, the results presented by Xanthos et al. in the journal can be combined with the observations from clinical and animal investigations to date. The data suggest that when an ITD is applied in a timely fashion before the metabolic phase of cardiac arrest, it provides not only favorable hemodynamics during CPR, but also improves ROSC rates and survival with good neurologic outcomes even in an a model of asphyxia.


In contempary society, there are many crimes, whereas the victims are emales,
either the crime of which is conducted physically or physicologically. Femalwe is a
weak human being that needs to be protected by males. In fact, there are a lot of
female victims of which the crimes are conducted by male. This matter has not been
ruled specifically by our criminal law. Meanwhile criminal law is a part of entire law
that is valid in a state, that establish the principles and rules determining which
actions is prohibited or disobeyed, with its threat or sanction by the shape of certain
punishment for those trespassed such prohibitions, determining when and in which
matter to those who trespass such regulations can be sentenced or punished criminally
appropriate with has been sanctioned, and determining how is the sentencing of
punishment can be conducted if there is a person that refused that he/she had
trespassed such regulation. However in criminal law, it doesn't specifically rule on
the female's right as the victim of criminal action. Thus, the author will study the
criminal law on the female's right as the victim of criminal action, whether they had
been given legal protection or neither and also what berriers in providing legal
protection to the rights due of the victims of criminal action. In responding such
problems, the author used normative/literary research and also conducted interview to
two source persons that have often overwhelm the case on criminal action whose
victims are female. After the research was conducted, the author concluded that in
generally, criminal law has given legal protection to the female. However it didn't
protect specifically on the rights of female that become the victim of criminal action.
By the absency of specific regulation on female's rights as the victim of criminal
action, thus it becomes the barriers in providing protection to female's rights as the
victim of criminal action.


.............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Chapter I ..............................................................................................................................1 Overview of the Housing Market ............................................................................2 Sales Training ..........................................................................................................4 Realtors ....................................................................................................................7 Purpose .....................................................................................................................7 Significance of Study ...............................................................................................8 Limitations of Study ................................................................................................9 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................9 Organization of Study ............................................................................................10 Chapter II ..........................................................................................................................11 Factors Affecting Consumer Demand for Housing ...............................................11 Economy and Consumer Confidence .....................................................................11 Population Trends ..................................................................................................12 Household Formation.............................................................................................14 Income....................................................................................................................15


Switched capacitor (SC) multi-level inverter (MLI) is the emerging technique in the integration of renewable energy systems due to its high voltage gain. In SC technique, the voltage levels can be increased by switching the DC source along with capacitors. But, designing of MLI with reduced switches and sources is a difficult task due to its complicated switching. This paper proposes a nine-level quadruple boost inverter with reduced switches for stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The inverter proposed produces a nine voltage levels at output by balancing two capacitors' voltages along with source. The proposed nine-level quadruple boost inverter (QBI) topology is compared with other MLI topologies to reflect its merits and demerits. The detailed simulation results are given in this paper to study and analyze the proposed boost inverter.


Between 1930 and 1980, the U.S. census bureau moved from using a Mexican as a racial category to Hispanic as an ethnicity. In between, the census bureau tried multiple ways to count Mexican Americans, Spanish Americans, or Latinos. Each measure the bureau tried ran headlong into differing subnational understandings of ethnicity, race, and Americanness. To understand Latino racial formation in this critical period, then, requires looking to the states. This paper explores the census counts in the southwest states between 1930 and 1970. Contextualizing these numbers with a history of differing state policies on language, marriage, and political inclusion reveals the importance of state-specific understandings of race and identity to understanding United States racial formation.


Studied the effects of Penicillin,AgNO3 and 8-HQ on the relative postharvest physiology of cut 'Xinkou' Calycanthus Chinensis.Though investigated the fresh weight of flower shoots,the water balance,the rate of blooming,,soluble sugar and protein.The results showed that the prescription A3B2C1(600 mg/L penicillin+68 mg/L AgNO3+100 mg/L 8-HQ) and the treatment A3B3C2(600 mg/L penicillin+102 mg/L AgNO3+200 mg/L 8-HQ) could remarkably delayed senescence of cut floweing shoots of 'Xinkou' Calycanthus Chinensis.


This study investigates how individuals conduct different modes of political participation via different usage dimensions of social networking sites (SNS) in three Chinese societies, i.e., mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, respectively. In mainland China, channels for political action are restricted and flow of online information is censored. Hong Kong, on the other hand, is a media-saturated society, but people only have limited political rights. Taiwan is an established democratic society. This study moves away from the past literature on new media and politics, where the uses of SNS were regarded as unidimensional and political actions were disproportionally referred to electoral-related participation. It discerns three modes of participatory behaviors: a) the canonical mode of participation, that is, political actions that aim to influence a government's or institution's decision-making process or making individual or collective political concerns known to the public or officials, b) the contacting/lobbying mode of participation, that is, those behaviors conducted via private contacts, such as contacting and seeking help from personal networks, or lobbying the officials privately, and c) the participation initiated by the ruling party to reinforce legitimacy. Meanwhile, the study distinguishes among four dimensions of SNS uses: a) the informational and instrumental uses; b) the social networking uses, c) the recreational and entertainment uses, and d) the SNS-based political activities. The study proposes that the four dimensions of SNS uses have different impacts on the three modes of political participation. Additionally, the study proposes that the political impacts of use of SNS are conditional on political cynicism, which is defined as a negative perception towards government's trustworthiness and responsiveness. The study further examines whether the patterns of the conditional impact of the use of SNS on political participation are different among the three societies.


Classified Emergency Materia Medica is a pharmacopoeia published by the government of the Song(宋) dynasty. After publishment, it had a decisive effect on East-Asian herbology of China, Korean & Japan. Sakae Miki(三木榮), Tameto Okanisi(岡西爲人) wrote papers on the subjects of type, publishing process, bibliographic terms of Classified Emergency Materia Medica published in the early and middle years of Joseon Dynasty. Moreover, Sakae Miki claimed that Classified Emergency Materia Medica from China had been a standard of herbology of Joseon Dynasty since its publishment, and herbology based on materia medica from countryside(鄕藥) also had occupied a part of herbology in Joseon Dynasty. Nevertheless the specific influences, from Classified Emergency Materia Medica to the medical books of Joseon Dynasty which established the herbology based on materia medica from countryside has never been handled so far. So I would like to investigate the influence of Classified Emergency Materia Medica to Joseon Dynasty, through a comparison with literature review. The main literatures for comparison are two representative medical books of Joseon Dynasty, Compendium of Prescriptions from the Countryside(1433) & Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine(1613), especially focusing on the pharmacognostic parts. The main comparing points on researching literatures will be the following: publication year of books; order of herbs; and quotations. This paper will show which edition of Classified Emergency Materia Medica was utilized to publish two medical books of Joseon Dynasty, and the process how Korean herbology based on materia medica from countryside was transformed after accepting Chinese herbology.


ABSTRACT This article explores the tacit ethical positions underpinning policies about intimacy and sexuality for residential aged care. We make explicit the wide-ranging ethical positions and assumptions about the personhood of older people that inform these guidelines. This analysis is undertaken to ensure that a rigorous ethical critique informs policies and education. Eight accessible policies from Anglophone nations are analysed. We found that these policies are largely informed by liberal values that valorise autonomy and self-determination. In its 2014 Definition, social work moved beyond these individualistic values to acknowledge a broad range of cultural contexts and Indigenous knowledges. We found and explore five key ethical categories in these policies: well-being; Kantian notions of respect and dignity, which we reconstruct in a twenty-first century context to include respect for diversity; human rights; narrative approaches; and duty of care. In residential aged care, liberal values have evolved into neoliberal values that place institutions over individuals, and risk management over personhood. Policies must balance the tension between ensuring that such policies are sufficiently action-guiding, but are not rigidly prescriptive. By understanding the ethical concepts, practitioners are better able to craft person-centred approaches rather than simply taking legalistic approaches to policy.


The Hugoniot compression curves for alpha and beta SiC were determined to pressures of 160 GPa. A phase transition was detected over 100 GPa with volume reduction of 15±3%, suggesting that the high-pressure phase has sixfold coordination and most probably rocksalt structure. The transitions of the both SiC and the high-pressure behaviors of Si imply that the post-diamond phase may possess a sixfold-coordinated, simple cubic structure as predicted theoretically.


Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) combined with large balloon dilation (ESLBD) can be useful for extracting large and multiple bile duct stones. Although there are many studies on the feasibility and short‐term outcome, there are few reports about mid‐ to long‐term outcome after ESLBD. The aim of our study is to prospectively evaluate the mid‐term outcome of ESLBD.


RNA plays an essential role in many cellular functions. Similar to proteins, RNA function is strictly determined by the overall structure and dynamics of the RNA macromolecule. Thus, many cellular proteins or accessory factors are associated with RNA folding. One example of these RNA binding proteins are DEAD‐Box proteins. DEAD‐Box proteins utilize ATP hydrolysis to unwind and reanneal RNA duplexes to promote correct folding during RNA processing. DEAD‐Box proteins possess two conserved RecA‐like domains that bind ATP and RNA. In addition, these proteins also contain N‐ and/or C‐ terminal domains (NTD and CTD, respectively). Peripheral domains in DEAD‐Box proteins are proposed to regulate ATP hydrolysis as well as confer RNA specificity. Thus, the NTD and/or CTD can alter the ATP binding pocket and subsequently alter ATP association and/or dissociation. For example, Rok1p, a yeast DEAD‐Box protein, contains both a NTD and a CTD. The NTD in Rok1p is suggested to affect the structure and stability of the protein. Therefore, the dissociation rate of a fluorescence ATP analog was determined through transient kinetics and stopped‐flow spectroscopy under various thermal conditions. Resulting trends conform to double exponential fits suggesting a two‐step mechanism. The observed slow rate was consistent with a conformation change in the protein that allows rapid dissociation. The rate in which the conformation change occurs was observed to be temperature dependent. The current hypothesis centers on the ability, of the Rok1p peripheral domains, to affect the slow structural change needed for ATP dissociation.


The detailed primary structure of bovine trypsinogen has been the subject of independent but concurrent studies in this laboratory1-4 and in the laboratories of Sorm, Keil et al. in Prague5-7 for several years. Although the determination of the structure is not yet complete, recent progress in this laboratory4 8 has made possible the formulation of a working hypothesis for a structure which includes all of the 229 amino acid residues. Examination of this preliminary structure suggests certain tentative conclusions concerning the relationship between the structure and the function of the protein.


The present invention provides a wiring board and a high-frequency module using the wiring substrate. High-frequency module according to the present invention includes a high frequency transmission line portion and a solder resist layer is formed on the wiring substrate wiring portion. The solder resist layer located on input and output terminals from the chip component to a predetermined range of the opening portion partially covering the wiring portion in the wiring portion in a region between the distance.


A 1-bit reconfigurable reflectarray (RRA) element with independent dual-band phase controlling capability is designed and analyzed. Two PIN diodes are placed at the orthogonal sides of the rectangular microstrip patch. By switching them ON or OFF individually, the resonant property of the patch is tuned, and thus, independent 180° phase difference at 12.5 GHz and 14.25 GHz is achieved. Two sets of biasing circuits that are able to isolate DC/RF signals effectively at both frequencies are elaborately designed. Element simulations demonstrate good 1-bit phase controlling performance with optimized isolation between two frequencies, laying a solid foundation for the practical realization of functional 1-bit dual-band RRA in the future.


This paper focuses on the design of intake and exhaust silencer device in screw compressor.With respect to the characteristics of the screw compressor,a set of intake and exhaust silencer device is designed,including intake silencer,current stabilizer,outlet expansion joint and exhaust silencer.The intake silencer is installed at the inlet of compressor and is used for noise reduction at the inlet;the current stabilizer,outlet expansion joint and exhaust silencer are connected to the compressor outlet respectively,they are used to reduce the exhaust noise at the outlet of compressor and to isolate the vibration of compressor.Design of silencer device shall not only to meet the requirement in acoustic features,but also to meet the requirements for pressure vessel.The acoustic performance of silencer is simulated by the finite element method in this paper.From the results of analysis,use of this silencer device can effectively reduce the intake and exhaust noise for this compressor.


Misaligned strategies that are developed within different units in a company is unfortunately a common occurrence. Generally, operations strategy and marketing strategy are difficult to align; the operations unit and the sales unit often have troubles understanding each other. If adding a capacity planning perspective to this issue, it is obvious that the two units need a full understanding for each other to be able to work cooperatively with the capacity planning and make joint decisions that support the actual needs of the customer. As a result of strategic misalignment, the operations unit struggles to make a strategic decision regarding the balancing of capacity levels and costs. By conducting a case study at Tetra Pak Sweden, the complex issue of coordinating the operations unit and sales unit was investigated further. A theoretical framework, the ICOS-framework, was developed to visualize the areas of importance to understand the issue. A complex situation was then described at Tetra Pak in order to show how the issue can present itself in reality. In parallel, a capacity planning tool was designed in Excel to support capacity planning decisions and visualise how the decisions taken in the operations unit affect customer satisfaction in the end. In conclusion, a joint measurement in terms of a service level (based on actual expectations from customers) could be the first step towards finding a solution to the misalignment between operations and sales.


Based on the security constrained economical dispatch model,ageneration scheduling model for the wind-thermal power system is presented by introducing the wind curtailment penalty factor.The model integrates the wind power preferentially,but allows shedding the wind power in certain circumstances to ensure the security of the grid.A case study of aprovincial power system in China is used to test the model.The results show that it is able to coordinate optimizing the wind power generation and the thermal units output and give priority to wind power.When the grid is not able to accommodate all the wind power,it should be shed in order on all wind farms in accordance with the prior formulated wind curtailing principles to meet the grid's security constraints while ensuring that the security cross-section will be within limits.


This paper examines the importance of light goods vehicles (LGVs – i.e. commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tons gross vehicle weight) in urban areas. The paper discusses the issues that have contributed to the increase in the numbers and total activity levels of these vehicles in the UK. The differences in the policy treatment of the vehicles in comparison with heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are considered. The paper shows that the LGV fleet has grown by 20% over the past decade and that LGV vehicle kilometers have increased by 38% since 1990. Much of this growth in LGV use has taken place in urban areas. Insight into the activities for which LGVs are used is provided by a summary of results from a recently-published UK government survey of privately-owned LGVs, together with the authors' research in two sectors in which LGVs are extensively used: parcels operations and telecommunications servicing. The paper raises important questions that need to be considered by city planners in relation to policies concerning LGVs .


In this paper, we present a novel method to tailor the radiation pattern of an antenna element, such as a single element of an array, by maximizing its partial radiation efficiency in the desired angular space. The tailored pattern of the single element is achieved by current distribution synthesis using multiple feed points in the antenna. A method to determine and realize the currents at the feeds is presented. The method is demonstrated by designing and manufacturing a four-element linear array consisting of tailored antenna elements and comparing its performance to the reference case. The element consists of four closely-spaced metallic patches placed on a substrate backed with a ground plane, and each patch is separately fed. The initial four-port feed is reduced to a single feed with a feeding network based on the determined currents. A conventional patch antenna is chosen as the reference. The simulated and measured results show improvement in the realized gain in the desired angular space.


Purpose
Some public sector organizations have decided to implement activity-based costing (ABC), a new cost calculation device and management accounting innovation initially designed for the private sector. The purpose of this study is to better understand the translation of this new calculation device in the context of a local government and to identify the trials of strength that actors faced during the implementation.

Design/methodology/approach
Building on actor-network theory and the concept of "trial of strength," this study examines how a major change in a large local government's structure, the merger of several cities, led to the adoption of ABC. This case study provides a setting for conducting a longitudinal analysis of the translation of a cost management innovation, ABC, in a public sector organization.

Findings
This study highlights how human and non-human actors interact when implementing a management accounting innovation in a local government and the trials of strength that they face. It also shows that although ABC helped the local government deal with issues such as setting fees, assessing outsourcing opportunities, increasing accountability and improving processes, the oversophistication of the technology used to implement the ABC model and the lack of links between the costing device and the budgeting process provoked a struggle among these two networks, leading actors to choose the budget over ABC.

Originality/value
This study's findings extend the work on trials of strength of Christensen et al. (2019) and Laguecir et al. (2020). While those two studies focused on the struggles existing between opposing networks of human actors regarding the strategic orientation or the mission of public sector organizations, this study highlights that trials of strength may also occur when actors agree on the objectives of the new accounting innovation but not on how it is implemented.


One of the popular freshwater fish to consume In Bandar Lampung  is catfish. Increasing market demand of catfish commodities requires more standardized cultivation management. Many catfish farmers have been not informed that there is technical standards for the good fish hatchery (CPIB) and the good fish aqaculture (CBIB) methods which in the form of certificate. The main problem faced by the Minatani Garuda farmers community in Sukabumi is catfish seeds which have decreased seed quality and the Mandiri Sentosa farmers community in Jati Agung is the slow growth of catfish. The problems caused the low level of survival and production of catfish. The general objective of this activity is (1) to increase certified seed productivity, have good quality, and accelerate fish growth in both of the farmers community, (2) increasing the knowledge and skills of partner groups using hormonal engineering technology, (3) build effective partnerships and cooperation between universities and community of fish farmer. The methods used are survey, training, demonstration plots of hormonal technology, mentoring and evaluation of the program success. Based on research, used the hormonal technology in fish is able to give a solution for the community problems. In addition to getting quality seeds at the partner "Minatani Garuda", it can also accelerate the growth of catfish aquaculture in Mandiri Sentosa community. Thus, the availability of catfish commodity in Lampung will always be fulfilled. Based on the training and mentoring result, this activity succeeded in increasing farmers' knowledge about the hormonal technology in Mandiri Sentosa and Minatani Garuda from 10% to 90%. Aquaculture in Sukabumi and Jati Agung has the potential to appy the hormonal technology.

Keywords: hormonal technology, fish farmer community, catfish.


The invention discloses an intelligent power module and a manufacturing method thereof. The intelligent power module comprises a circuit, power elements, non-power elements and a paper heat radiator serving as a carrier, and the power elements and the non-power elements are arranged at preset positions of the circuit. One surface of the heat radiator serves as a front surface covered with an insulating layer, and the circuit is arranged on the insulating layer; the other surface of the aluminum substrate serves as a back surface provided with creases for heat radiation. The power elements comprise power devices which comprise an IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) tube and an FRD (fast recovery diode) tube connected with the IGBT tube, a bearing plate is arranged at the bottom of the FRD tube which is inverted and fastened to a preset position of the IGBT tube, the top of the FRD tube contacts with the IGBT tube, and the bearing plate is connected with the IGBT tube through the circuit. Reduction of cost, size and weight of the intelligent power module is realized while excellent heat radiation effects are achieved.


Significance A critical obstacle of flexible electronics for chronic implants is the absence of thin-film barriers to biofluids with multidecade lifetimes. Previously explored materials are unsuitable due to limitations of (i) extrinsic factors, such as the practical inability to avoid localized defects, and/or (ii) intrinsic properties, such as finite water permeability. The work presented here overcomes these challenges by combining pristine thermal SiO2 layers with processing steps for their integration onto flexible electronics. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal the key aspects of this material system. Accelerated immersion tests and cyclic bending measurements suggest robust, defect-free operation with various electronic components and an integrated system for multiplexed mapping of electrophysiological signals. The findings have broad relevance to diverse biointegrated electronics and optoelectronics. Materials that can serve as long-lived barriers to biofluids are essential to the development of any type of chronic electronic implant. Devices such as cardiac pacemakers and cochlear implants use bulk metal or ceramic packages as hermetic enclosures for the electronics. Emerging classes of flexible, biointegrated electronic systems demand similar levels of isolation from biofluids but with thin, compliant films that can simultaneously serve as biointerfaces for sensing and/or actuation while in contact with the soft, curved, and moving surfaces of target organs. This paper introduces a solution to this materials challenge that combines (i) ultrathin, pristine layers of silicon dioxide (SiO2) thermally grown on device-grade silicon wafers, and (ii) processing schemes that allow integration of these materials onto flexible electronic platforms. Accelerated lifetime tests suggest robust barrier characteristics on timescales that approach 70 y, in layers that are sufficiently thin (less than 1 μm) to avoid significant compromises in mechanical flexibility or in electrical interface fidelity. Detailed studies of temperature- and thickness-dependent electrical and physical properties reveal the key characteristics. Molecular simulations highlight essential aspects of the chemistry that governs interactions between the SiO2 and surrounding water. Examples of use with passive and active components in high-performance flexible electronic devices suggest broad utility in advanced chronic implants.


This paper investigates the effects that common industrial solar cell processing procedures have on the quality of the multi-crystalline silicon wafers. It focuses on what effects phosphorus gettering and the high temperature annealing of silicon nitride films have on the bulk lifetime, Fe concentration and trap density of the mcSi substrates. Evidence is presented showing that all three characteristics of these samples can be improved via these techniques. Average lifetimes 60μs. Trap densities are reduced by up to order of magnitude. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that Fe defects can be passivated by hydrogenation from annealed SiN films is also presented.


BACKGROUND
Among various areas nano-technology has contributed a lot in the field of medical science. The smart drug delivery vectors along with stimuli-based characteristics are gaining importance. The external and internal stimulating factors have enormous benefits and act as well defined nano-platforms for increasing target efficiency. pH of tumor vascular tissues is acidic in nature, leading to better payload, specific targeting of the anticancer drugs from the drug delivery vector. Nanopolymers are smart drug delivery vectors; recently recommended by scientists. The potential targeting, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and their use in personalized drugs make made them perfect nano-carriers.

METHOD
The present review article deals with the state-of-the-art of the advances in nano-particles as anticancer drug delivery vectors.

RESULTS
The review article is written comprising a molecular basis for personalized medicine, personalized therapy, emerging vista in anticancer therapy, target of nano-polymers, passive and active targeting transports, pH-responsive drug carriers, bio-barriers, computer-aided drugs design, future challenges and perspectives, biodegradable and safety.

CONCLUSIONS
This article will be beneficial for the academicians, researchers, clinicians and government authorities for further advancement in the research.


Objective: To find out the use of supratarsal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children. Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), Peshawar from 1 st May, 2015 to 30 th September, 2016. It included 62 eyes of 39 patients with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) associated with shield ulceration/keratitis, gelatinous limbal infiltrate and/or giant papillae on tarsal conjunctiva which showed resistance to conventional topical anti-allergic drops. Patients were treated with 20mg (0.5ml) supratarsal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. The patients were followed at 1 st , 2 nd and 4 th weeks and at 3 rd and 4 th months after injection. Data analysis were done using SPSS version 16. Results: Our study included 62 eyes of 39 patients. Twenty two (56.41%) patients were male and 17(43.59%) were females. Mean age was 6.90 years (range 4.0-10 years). In all patients (100%), the disease was successfully controlled for an average of 3 months. Repeat injection was needed in 4 patients (10.26%) at one month post injection due to early recurrence of symptoms & signs. Only 9 (23.07%) patients required repeat injection after 3 months. We observed no intraoperative or postoperative complications like cataract and glaucoma. Conclusion: Rapid and dramatic clinical response and lack of complications suggested that supratarsal injection of triamcinolone acetonide constitutes an effective and safe option for severe and challenging cases of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.


Abstract : This report describes the work accomplished in the development of a computer simulation/optimization model to: 1) estimate the optimal locations of existing and proposed runway turnoffs and 2) to estimate the geometric design requirements associated with newly developed high-speed turnoffs. The model described in this report named REDIM 2.0 represents a stand alone application to be used by airport planners, designers and researchers alike to estimate optimal turnoff locations. The report describes in detail the main procedures implemented in the software package and illustrates possible applications using 6 major runway scenarios. The main output of the computer program is the estimation of the weighted average runway occupancy tam for a user defined aircraft population. Also, the location and geometric characteristics of each turnoff are provided to the user.


Free space and on-road obstacle detection is one of the key functions for the implementation of the vision-based intelligent vehicle and robot navigation system. Stereo vision-based algorithm for this task is more realistic and precious compared with radar or lidar-based algorithms. In addition, accurate estimation results can indicate the current and approaching conditions in the complex traffic scenes. A fusion method which combines polar occupancy grid and probability model for free space detection is proposed in this paper. The spatial and temporal filter is used to get more accurate results. After that, an adaptive membership cost function is applied for obstacle estimation on the road. Experiment results show that our method achieves high stability in a variety of traffic environments.


THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled 'Prize draw with a difference', was submitted by a reader and is presented and discussed by James Yeates. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma 'Shooting for pleasure', which was published in the November/December 2008 issue of In Practice, appears on page 44. The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.


This project was set up with the aim of establishing relations between the insertion way of public parks in urban areas in the mid of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries., as well those buiit from the fifties of the second millennium, in addition to descriptions and comments on the current ideologies about the scenery design issue in Europe, United States and Brazii. The literature study shows the origin and development of European and American parks. And it is able to elucidate, partially, how the several conceptions of urban public parks have changed through times, prior, they are affected by the population culture and socioeconomic features and, at the same time, their sorts of allocation in the urban context. First of ali, it is analysed the origin and oportunities that propitieated the achievement of the eighteenth and nineteenth parks and their relevance in the city structure. The second aspect is the discription of modem parks in Brazil, especially, by Roberto Burle Man('s design, his public and monumental project that tries to recognize presence among us. The third aspect is the contemporary park, especifically those from the 80s of the twentieth century. The fourth levei consists of compositive anatysis of contemporary parks, the pedestrian way net and the greenery formatíon done by time cuts. Ali these are mentioned in this paper. This project is ended by the matter of selecting and choosing the site set for intervention, the necessity program and the soclopolitics círcumstances. Keywords; Urban parks. Scenery design. LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES FIG. 1 Palácio Blenheim. Henry Wise. Inglaterra. 1764. Planta 21 FIG. 2 Stowe. W. Kent. Inglaterra. 1740. Planta e diagrama 22 FIG. 3 Mapa de Londres. Inglaterra. 1630 22 FIG. 4 Mapa de Londres. Inglatenra. 1814 23 FIG. 5 Regenfs Street e Regenfs Park. John Nash.Londres. Inglaterra. 1812. Mapa... 24 FIG. 6 Regenfs Park. John Nash. Londres, Inglaterra, 1812. Planta baixa 25 FIG. 7 Regenfs Park. John Nash. Londres, Inglaterra, 1812. Vista aérea 25 FIG. 8 Regenfs Park. John Nash. Londres, Inglaterra. 1812. Vista aérea /terrafoto... 26 FIG. 9 Regenfs Park. John Nash. Londres, lnglaterra.1812. Perspectiva aérea 27 FIG. 10 Regenfs Park. John Nash. Londres. Inglatena. 1812. Planta 28 FIG. 11 Regenfs Park. John Nash. Londres. 1812. Vista 29 FIG. 12 Birkenhead Park. Joseph Paxton Bírkenhead, Inglaterra. 1843. Plano Geral.. 32 FIG. 13 Birkenhead Park. Joseph Paxton. Birkenhead. Inglatenra. 1843. Vista aérea 33 FIG. 14 Birkenhead Park. Joseph Paxton.Birkenhead. Inglatenra. Implantação. 1843. 34 FIG.15 Birkenhead Park. J. Paxton. Birkenhead. inglaterra. Vista aérea 35 FIG. 16 Birkenhead Park. J. Paxton. Birkenhead I. Inglaterra. Vista aérea 36 FIG.17 Birkenhead Park. J. Paxton. Liverpool. Inglaterra. Vista aérea 37 FIG. 18 Plano do centro de Paris, França, 1600 39 FIG. 19 Plano do centro de Paris, França, 1740 39 FIG. 20 Palácio e jardins de Versailles. Le Nôtre. Versailles, Fr. 1746. Planta do conjunto 42 FIG. 21 Palácio e jardins de Vaux-Le-Vicomte. Paris. Fr. 1661. Vista aérea 42 FIG. 22 Bois de Boulogne. Haussmann. Paris. 1850. Mapa do conjunto e entomo 44 FIG.23 Bois de Boulogne. Paris.1852. Plano Diretor 45 FIG. 24 Bois de Boulogne. Jean C. C. Alphand. Paris, 1852. Planta baixa 45 FIG.25 Bois de Boulogne. Jean C.C. Alphand. Paris, 1852. Vista 47 FIG.26 Bois de Boulogne. Jean C.C. Alphand. Paris, 1852, Vista lago Superior ; 47 FIG.27 Bois de Boulogne. Jean C.C. Alphand. Paris, 1996. Vista 48 FIG.28 Bois de Boulogne. Jean C.C. Alphand, Paris, 2002. Vista lago Superior 49 FIG.29 Bois de Boulogne. Jean C.C.Alphand. Paris. 1996. Vista 49 FIG.30 Pare de Bagatelle. Bellanger e Thomas Leky. Paris, 1996, Vista 51 FIG.31 Pare de Bagatelle. Bellanger e Thomas Leky. Paris, 1996, Vista 52 FIG.32 Pare de Bagatelle. Bellanger e Thomas Leki. Paris, 1996. Vista 52 FIG.33 Pare de Bagatelle. Bellanger. Paris. Vista 53 FIG.34 Pare de Bagatelle. Bellanger. Paris. Vista 54 F1G.35 Pare de Bagatelle. Paris. França. 1996. Vista 54 FIG.36 Pare de Bagatelle. Paris. Vista 55 FIG.37 Pare des Buttes-Chaummont. Jean-C.C.Alphand.Paris, 1863.Planta baixa 56 FIG.38 Pare Monceau. Jean-C.C. Alphand. Paris, 1865-1868. Planta 56 FIG.39 Pare Montsouris. Jean-C.C. Alphand. Paris, 1865. Planta Baixa 57 FIG.40 Pare des Buttes-Chaumont. Jean-C.C. Alphand. Paris,1999. Vista 58 FtG.41 Paredes Buttes-Chaumont. Jean-C.C. Aiphand. Paris, 1999. Vista 58 FiG.42 Pare des Buttes-Chaumont. Jean-C.C. Aiphand. Paris,1999. Vista 59 FtG.43 Pare des Buttes-Chaumont, Jean-C.C.AIphand.Paris.1999, Vista 60 FIG.44 Pare des Buttes-Chaumont. Jean-C.C.AIphand. Paris.1999. Vista 60 FiG.45 Pare des Buttes-Chaumont. Jean-C.C.AIphand. Paris.1999. Vista 61 FIG.46 Pare des Buttes-Chaumont. Jean-C.C. Aiphand. Paris.1999. Vista 62 FIG.47 Mapa de Manhattan. Plano dos Commissioners. Nova York. EUA. 1811 65 FIG.48 Evolução urbana do Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. 1858. Planta baixa 66 FIG.49 Evolução urbana do Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux, Nova York. 1868. Planta baixa 66 FIG.50 Ilha de Manhatan e Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. Detalhe em planta 67 FIG.51 Centrai Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. 1868. Vista 68 FIG.52 Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. 1996. Vista aérea 68 FIG.53 Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. 1960. Vista Norte 69 FIG.54 Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. Axonométriea 70 FIG.55 Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. Planta do 71 Setor Norte FIG.56 Central Park. Frederiek L Olmsted e Calver Vaux. Nova York. Vista. 2004.. .. 71 FIG.57 Parkway de Olmsted. Frederiek L. Olmsted. Boston. EUA. 1886. Plano Diretor 72 FtG.58 Central Park. Frederiek L. Olmsted. Nova York. Inverno de 2004. Vista aérea 73 FIG. 59 Park System. Frederiek L. Olmsted e Charies Eliot. Boston. 1887. Plano Diretor 75 FIG. 60 Baek Bay. Frederiek L. Olmsted. 1879. Plano Diretor 76 FiG.61Evolução Urbana da eídade de São Paulo. São Paulo,1881-1930. Desenho esquemátieo • 81 FIG.62 Mapa do sitio físico e entorno do Parque Ibirapuera. São Paulo. 1953 82 FiG.63 Parque Ibirapuera. Reinaldo Dierberger. São Paulo. 1930. Planta baixa 83 F1G.64 Parque Ibirapuera.Reinaldo Dierberger.São Paulo. 1933-34. Perspectiva aérea 83 FIG.65 Parque Ibirapuera. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo.1953. Plano Geral. 85 FIG.66 Parque Ibirapuera. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Pauto. 1953. Layout do plano geral 88 FIG.67 Parque Ibirapuera. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 1996. Plano do platô de cota inferior 88 FIG. 68 Parque Ibirapuera.Osear Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 1996. Plano do platô de cota superior 89 FIG.69 Parque Ibirapuera. Pavilhão das Artes (Oca). Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo.1997. Vista 89 FIG.70 Parque Ibirapuera. Pavilhão das Nações (A) e do Estado (B). Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. Vista 90 FIG.71 Parque Ibirapuera. Palácio da Indústria. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 1998. Perspectiva 90 FIG.72 Parque Ibirapuera. Grande Marquise. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 1998. Vista ; 91 FIG. 73 Parque Ibirapuera. Planetário. Eduardo Corona e Roberto Thibau. São Paulo. 1957. Vista 91 FIG.74 Parque Ibirapuera. Roberto Burle Marx. São Paulo. 1953. Projeto de Paisagismo 92 FIG.75 Parque Ibirapuera. Roberto Burie Marx. São Paulo. 1953. Projeto de Paisagismo 92 FIG.76 Parque Ibirapuera. Otávio Augusto Teixeira Mendes. São Paulo. 1953. Planta 93 FIG.77 Parque Ibirapuera. Otávio Augusto Teixeira Mendes. São Paulo. 1953. Plano 94 FIG. 78 Parque Ibirapuera. Otávio Augusto Teixeira Mendes. São Paulo. 1953. Vista 96 FIG. 79 Parque Ibirapuera. Otávio Augusto Teixeira Mendes. São Paulo. 1953. Vista aérea 97 FIG.80 Parque Ibirapuera. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 2002. Vista aérea. 98 FIG.81 Parque Ibirapuera. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 1994 Vista interior. 98 FIG. 82 Parque Ibirapuera. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 2002. Vista aérea 99 FIG. 83 Parque Ibirapuera. Oscar Niemeyer e equipe. São Paulo. 2002. Vista 100 FIG.84 Mapa da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Plano Agache.1927-1930 102 FIG. 85 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burte Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Plano Geral 102 FIG.86 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burte Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Piano Geral 103 FIG. 87 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burte Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista do MAM 104 FIG. 88 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burte Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista dos jardins do MAM 105 FIG.89 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burte Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista 105 FIG. 90 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burie Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista aérea 105 FIG. 91 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burie Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista aérea 106 FIG. 92 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burie Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista aérea da Marina da Glória 108 FIG. 93 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burle Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista 108 FIG. 94 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burle Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 2000. Vista 109 FIG. 95 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burte Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 2000. Vista 109 FIG.96 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burte Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista aérea da pista de aeromodelismo 110 FIG.97 Parque do Flamengo. Arq. Afonso E. Reidy. Rio de Janeiro. 1962.Vista Pavilhão de Recreação 110 FIG. 98 Parque do Flamengo. Arq. Afonso E. Reidy. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista 112 FIG. 99 Parque do Flamengo. Arq. Afonso E. Reidy. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista 112 FIG. 100 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burie Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1938. Vista 112 FIG. 101 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burle Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista 114 FIG. 102 Parque do Flamengo. Roberto Burle Marx. Rio de Janeiro. 1962. Vista 114 FIG. 103 Mapa da cidade de Campo Grande, MS, em 1942 117 FIG. 104 Parque das Nações. Indígenas, Arquitetura A3 S/C Ltda, 1993. Plano Diretor 118 FIG. 105 Parque Olímpico Ayrton Senna. Rubens Gil de Camillo e equipe. Campo Grande. 1993.


Background: Although research has proven that eHealth interventions can be effective, one of the largest pitfalls is the high attrition rates common in research and practice in this field. Research proves that usage of an intervention is crucial to benefit from its potential effectiveness. Furthermore, dose-effect relationships are reported in various studies. Nevertheless, research on attrition has only recently gained the deserved attention whereby important concepts are defined. Drop-out attrition is defined as the percentage of respondents not following the research protocol (e.g. not filling out post-test questionnaires) and non-use attrition is defined as the percentage of respondents who have not used the intervention. Closely related is the concept of adherence, which is defined as the percentage of respondents following the intervention protocol (e.g. completing all modules). Research has been undertaken into characteristics of respondents which might explain attrition and adherence, but there is little research into how technology engages users. One of the main advantages of eHealth is the opportunity technology offers to persuade people to use an intervention. It seems plausible that the same characteristics that make eHealth so volatile might provide solutions to engage and captivate users.
Objective: Many studies have been conducted on eHealth interventions. Most of these studies have focused on the effectiveness of an intervention, but include information on the features and functions of the intervention and on attrition rates. Our objective is to systematically review the literature to accumulate and synthesize this information into conclusions on how technology contributes to attrition and adherence.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the databases Web of Knowledge, EBSCOHOST, Picarta, Scopus and ScienceDirect. The databases were searched for a combination of the constructs 'web-based', 'intervention', 'attrition' and 'health'. For each construct, several (6 – 19) keywords were used. Important inclusion criteria were that the intervention was intended to be used repeatedly and was focused on patients and that the research included assessment of effect and information on usage of the intervention.
Results: The search yielded 4939 unique titles, of which 347 articles were deemed initially relevant. After title, abstract and full text screening by two researchers, 84 articles were included. Articles studying the same intervention were combined and this yielded a total of 53 unique interventions. First analyses of these interventions show that a variety of features are used of which (psycho)education and tailoring are most common. Adherence is usually low to moderate, with interventions using chronological modules scoring more positively than interventions without a modular structure. Very often, the information on the intervention is insufficient and information on drop-out, non-use and adherence is scarce and unclear.
Conclusions: This systematic review provides an opportunity to gain insight into the relationship between the technology used in eHealth interventions and attrition. Thereby it contributes to an emerging understanding and usage of persuasive technology in eHealth. However, research is hampered by unclear reporting of attrition rates and a lack of information on the features and functions of the researched interventions. []


This paper presents an improved cluster-based Mesh architecture. This architecture has a depopulated intra-cluster interconnect, and presents a new hierarchical topology for the switch box which unifies a downward and an upward unidirectional networks. Experimental results of 20 MCNC benchmarks show that density is improved and interconnect area requirement is reduced by 42 % compared to the cluster-based VPR architecture.


The activation of RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protei n kinase (an enzyme encoded by AKT1 gene in human) inhibits the phenomenon of apoptosis, one of the major causes for promoting cancer. There is no sufficient info rmation relaying about inhibitor for RAC-alpha serine/threo nine-protein kinase in Homo sapiens. Therefore, str ucture based inhibitor for RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein ki nase in human was designed. In order to design liga nd, target kinase, was docked with ATP molecule by Molecular Docking Server and the backbone of hydrogen bonding was taken to sketch ligand structure. The ligand was do cked with target kinase using Molecular Docking Server exhibiting high binding affinity than ATP and inhib ition. The ligand was also found to be fit with goo d druggable character according to Lipinski's rule of five. The discussed information thus provides structure base d inhibitor for RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase in human. KEYWORD: RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, ATP, Molecular docking, ligand, Lipinski's Screening.


This article is devoted to the analysis of influence of music a heavy-metal on modern culture and to disclosure of its features on the example of the master class which has been carried out within celebration of decade of the "Arts and Humanities " direction. In article the history and emergence of this musical direction, its style stratification and the main characteristics as subcultures, and as a role in the modern world is considered.


The nature of Parkinson's disease, and some of the medication used to treat the condition, may mean that some patients will experience some oral health problems. The article explores the problems, looks at why they happen, and what can be done to help


Two heterogeneous buyers with commonly known preferences must choose which one of two di¤erent goods–a high value good and a low value good–to bid on when the goods are sold through simultaneously held …rst-price auctions. We …nd that e¢ ciency of equilibrium allocation depends on allowing sellers to announce and commit to reservation prices before the auctions are held. This is achieved by …rst characterizing a unique buyer equilibrium for a generic subset of the parameter space when reservation prices are exogenously set to zero. This equilibrium exhibits coordination frictions and results in a potentially ine¢ cient allocation of the goods. The high value good is sold for sure, though it could be to either buyer and could even be at the reservation price. The low value good is either not sold or sold exactly at the reservation price to the buyer with a lower marginal valuation for the high value good. We then characterize buyer equilibria for all reservation prices. Endogenizing seller behavior by allowing sellers to announce and commit to reservation prices results in a unique market equilibrium of the game in which buyers perfectly coordinate, the e¢ cient allocation is achieved, and both allocation and payo¤s are equivalent to that of the price-posting case. The contrasting results between exogenous and endogenous reservation prices stems from the following: when the same side that searches (here, the buyer side) is responsible for price formation, coordination frictions are still present because buyers have incentive to compete over the higher value good and hence could both bid on it. However, when the passive side of the market (here, the seller side) is in e¤ect responsible (here, by setting binding reservation prices), the two-sided heterogeneity results in perfect coordination by the buyers in choosing their goods. JEL classi…cation: C78, D44. I would like to thank Jan Eeckhout, Ken Burdett, Guido Menzio, Mike Peters, Roberto Burguet, George Deltas, George Mailath, Mark Satterthwaite, V. Bhaskar, Randy Wright, Andy Postlewaite, Steve Matthews, Philipp Kircher, Roberto Pinheiro, Ludo Visschers, Ben Lester, Larbi Alaoui, Manolis Galenianos, Eleanor Harvill, and participants at the Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET) in Kos, Greece and the University of Pennsylvania Search and Matching Seminar for helpful comments. All errors are my own.


Piezoelectric actuator (PEA) is one of the most promising candidates for the robotic joints to realize high-resolution linear or rotary motions. In this article, a small 2-D robotic spherical joint using a bonded-type PEA was proposed to achieve the high-resolution rotary motions around two orthogonal axes. The configuration and operating principle of the robotic spherical joint were first formulated. Then theoretical analyses were carried out to design the PEA, and a prototype of the joint was fabricated. Finally, a series of tests were performed to verify the theoretical results and investigate the mechanical output performances of the joint. The experimental results revealed that maximum rotary velocities of 1.03 rad/s around the X-axis and 1.14 rad/s around the Y-axis were achieved under voltage of 400 Vp-p and frequency of 750 Hz. Meanwhile, the displacement resolutions were tested to be about 4.64 μrad around the X-axis and 4.76 μrad around the Y-axis. The proposed joint with small size and compact structure could accomplish the 2-D precision rotary motion with merits of high resolution and large motion range.


The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the problems associated with the fielding of questions of a socially sensitive nature typically dealing with crime, health, and sexual activity in nationally representative sample surveys. This article presents an overview of previous research on this topic and associated themes such as the definition of sensitive survey questions, the emergence and impact of social desirability effects and application of the Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology (CASM) to mechanisms of question response on sensitive topics. Thereafter, this article maps out specific sources of error that are likely to occur when fielding sensitive survey questions; and highlights methods that may used to minimise measurement error, thereby enhancing data validity. The article concludes with an appraisal of some of the most influential criterion-validity used in this sub-field of survey research.


The entrepreneur can be viewed as the source that implements his entrepreneurial capabilities to recognise, pursue and successfully exploit viable business opportunities. However, it is at the beginning of the entrepreneurial process that the pre-nascent entrepreneur is confronted with various influences from his environment. Moreover, there is knowledge lacking as to what affects entrepreneurs in different environments or countries and to what degrees. This paper aims at conceptualising a research framework based on the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) construct and transferring this construct to the individual level. Through this, insights into the influencing factors of entrepreneurial individuals operating in different countries become possible. The factors in the environment of a pre-nascent entrepreneur to be discussed are culture, politics/law, macro-economic and micro-economic influences.


The 20 th century has witnessed three major polemics over aesthetics in China. Embodying the process of academic transition from traditional to modern and from following the Soviet model to integrating with the world, they are socially significant as ideological struggles and have marked progress in intellectual studies. Summarization of the historic experience of these polemics will help the development of Chinese aesthetics in the next century.


The purpose of this research is to analyze the determinants of regional variation in Indonesia poverty. This research uses cross-sectional and pooling data of the period 1996 and 1999.  The empirical results show that the determinants of regional variation in Indonesia poverty are human development index (HDI) (includes: income percapita (YPC), life of expectacy (HH), and mean years of schooling /RS)), income inequality (RG), physical investment (IFP), population without access to health facilities (PNH), and population without access to save water (PNW), and economic crisis (DT). Keywords: kemiskinan, pooling data, cross-sectional data.


The success of crop breeding programs largely relies on the presence of genetic diversity in germplasm resources and knowledge about genotype relationships. Molecular markers are used successfully in assessment of genetic diversity in crop plants. In the present study, RAPD markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity among 30 genotypes of chickpea (15 landraces from northwestern of Iran and 15 cultivars). The results showed high genetic diversity among the chickpea genotypes, particularly among Iranian landraces. Among the 33 RAPD primers were in PCR reaction, 21 primers amplified genomic DNA, and 17 of these produced bands that were legible and reproducible. The 17 RAPD primers produced 117 polymorphic bands in the 30 studied genotypes (average of 6.9 bands per primer). Number of bands ranged from one (primer 5´CACTCGTGAG3´) to 10 (primers 5'GTAGCGATCC3' and 5'TGCACGTCAG3). Higher number of bands for each primer indicates the existence of large genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. Among the primers, 5'CACTCGTGAG3' produced a fragment that was specific to AzarShahr landrace, it may be used therefore, as a marker to differentiate some special genotypes of chickpea from other cultivars. Cluster analysis based on RAPD data and using average linkage method based on Nei and Li coefficient, assigned the genotypes in five main groups. Based on both cluster analysis and principle component analysis, AzarShahr landrace was separated from other landraces.


A b s t r a c t. A study was made on the effect of an admixture of pea hulls (Pisum sativum L.) and of the degree of their fragmentation on the results of test laboratory baking (dough yield, bread yield, oven loss, total baking loss), on the physical properties of the bread (volume of 100 g of bread, crumb porosity, water absorption index value, water solubility index value, and on the chemical composition of the bread, including moisture content, protein, crude fibre, particular fractions of detergent fibre, dietary fibre as well as on the results of sensory assessment. The study showed that pea hulls, applied at levels of up to 10%, may be a good source of dietary fibre in bread, while retaining its white colouring, similarity to traditional wheat bread, and acceptable physical properties and sensory values. K e y w o r d s: white bread, dietary fibre, pea hulls, physical properties


The ablating tissue of a heart wall (28) is carried out by introducing an endocardial catheter (18) into the interior of a heart (10) and an epicardial catheter (20) to the heart wall (22) spent. With the help of an electromagnet and a counter element, the permanently magnetized, or may also be an electromagnet, the two catheters pull (20 18) each other such that electrodes (24, 26) come to lie on opposite sides of the heart wall (28), so that the electrodes are placed optimally. Using a catheter (20) having a plurality of such electrodes (26) can be drawn by ablating lines of disrupted whole heart wall tissue in a row.


W ha hat teacher behaviors seem to be effective in motivating students to learn? Even beginning teachers quickly learn that behaviors that motivate one group of students may not work withanother group. While experience gained over the years contributes to the process of discovering what motivates students, one direct way to accelerate the process is to ask them, evaluate their responses, and develop recommendations. Involving students in identifying motivational strategies can provide useful responses to a significant question: What behaviors do choral music educators need to exhibit in order to create an atmosphere in the choral rehearsal that motivates students to learn? In the search for answers, a survey was conducted among high school choral music students to obtain their responses to this important question. Before the survey began, however, a method for identifying effective motivational strategies needed to be developed. How this method was developed is explained in the following paragraphs.


This paper is to begin a study of the Lyric Persona of Hyangga in Samgookyoosa from its nature of the lyricism of Hyangga itself. The researches of the lyricism of Hyangga have been made by these days, but there are many obstacles to understanding it. We study the context about the aspect of the acceptance in Hyangga and its transmission story in Samgookyoosa, divided according to the usefulness and the lyricism. They displayed an harmony in collusion with the history of Shilla culture. Next, we turn around the stronghold of the harmony between the text and the context in Hyangga and its transmission story. By the arrangement of the role of the speaker and the reader in the transmission story, we can reach the nature of Hyangga and its role in the history of the old Korean poetry. The Lyric Persona is an wide concept of the poetic ego including the reader in the transmission story. By this concept, the radical aspect of some Hyangga will be catched. Some Hyangga text doesn't have any lyrical element but complemented by the transmission story. A few lyrical element of some Hyangga text can be recognized the usefulness of in the real. This element is very important to approach the sense of Shilla people.


Abstract Laboratory spectral measurements, on the components of both greenhouse and field grown winter wheat, were performed to identify the component and its appropriate response which gave rise to the extended infrared absorption or 'red shift' reported by Collins. Results of this study indicated that inherent intraplant adaxial (upper) leaf reflectances were of sufficient variability to suggest that an admixture of mechanisms may have utility on identifying the booting and head emergence stages in the life cycle of wheat. The physical mechanism for the shift was found to be relatively independent of the inherent variability in leaf spectra, and to be dependent upon the difference in the mode of deposition of cuticle upon the abaxial (lower) surface relative to that of the adaxial (upper) surface, ihe position of the flag leaf, and thus the surface exposed to the incident light during heading and after emergence of the head.


Purpose This paper aims to examine how situational factors with social support affecting purchase intention in social commerce (SC). In Taiwan's SC, the relationship between trust belief and purchase intention has always been a key issue.Design/methodology/approach This study presents a research model that comprises five hypothesis with five constructs, including situational factors, social support, senses, trust belief and purchase intention. The model is tested on data collected from 532 valid samples in Taiwan, using structural equation modeling. The results show that, in order of importance, control senses and raise mediation trust belief reach the better purchase intention.Findings The findings of the study provide practical insights in understanding how seller should notice consumer's trust belief, in order to enhance purchase intention for the SC as a whole.Originality/value Much existing consumer behavior research is focused on decision making rather than the trust belief themselves. Accordingly, analyzing how senses influence trust belief and purchase intention is an important issue in SC.


Although prior literature suggests that metoprolol may worsen glucose control compared to carvedilol, whether this has clinical relevance among older adults with diabetes and heart failure (HF) remains an open question.


Modelling sound source localisation (SSL) for mobile robots is important for the development of human-machine interfaces and sensor-motor robot control. Present technologies for SSL, such as the cross-correlation method or the multiple-microphone array schema, have limitations when the robot operates in a noisy environment. The mammalian auditory system provides an efficient SSL system by using a pair of "microphones" that feed information into the system. The inferior colliculus (IC), the midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway is a centre of convergence and integration of several brainstem pathways, including those devoted to the sound localisation. In the MiCRAM project we are studying the functional structure of the IC and applying it to a mobile robot in order to improve its SSL performance in a cluttered environment. Our system models two ascending pathways to the IC using a spiking neural network: the ITD (Interaural Time Difference) and ILD (Interaural Level Difference) pathways. The calculations resulting from ITD and ILD are finally merged in an IC model to take advantage of ITD on the low frequency spectrum and of ILD on the high frequency spectrum. The structure and computational procedures of the system are briefly introduced as follows: To simulate the cochlea, the sound from two microphones placed on the sides of the robot head is filtered by a Gammatone filterbank and split into a number of frequency channels. Each channel is then encoded into a spike train. The mechanism of encoding is based on biological evidence of phase-locked spikes feeding the MSO (medial superior olive). In modelling the ITD pathway, we assume that no delay line exists in the ITD processing for the ipsilateral ear, while multiple delay lines exist for the contralateral ear. The phase-locked spike trains from both ears follow the delay line structure, and feed into a spiking neural network which uses a leaky integrate-and-fire model to simulate the sustained-regular cells that simulate ITD processing. ILD spikes are calculated directly from the Gammatone filterbank output based on the logarithmic ratio of sound level at both ears. The ITD and ILD spikes are counted along both frequency and ITD/ILD channels. The azimuth angle of the sound source can be estimated using Bayes' theorem or Dempster-Shafer theory. Experimental results on pure tone, click, noise and voice show that our model performs sound localisation that approaches biological performance. Our approach demonstrates a practical application of biologically based sound localisation for robots.


Some authors have stated that anionic surfactants are not adsorbed by montmorillonite while others indicate very minor adsorption. Attempts to quantitatively determine the degree of adsorption have shown that certain problems exist which, unless recognized, will completely mask results. Some of these difficulties have been overcome but exact data have not yet been obtained. However, enough information has been gathered to prove that adsorption of anionic surfactants on montmorillonite is real and substantial. Reliable adsorption data for cationic and nonionic surfactants 9 and one having both nonionic and anionic character have been obtained. It is indicated that 550 mg of these surfactants are adsorbed by 1 g of montmorillonite. X-ray diffraction data for complexes of all surfactants investigated confirm positive adsorption. However, the thickness of the adsorbed surfactant layers cannot always be quantitatively related to the amount of adsorbed surfactant.


Interferon, which inhibits growth of ovarian cancer cells in vivo and in vitro, decreases expression of erbB‐2 protein in ovarian carcinoma cell lines. We now show that interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) also decreases constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of erbB‐2 and inhibits erbB‐2 kinase activity in an ovarian cancer cell line. SK‐OV3 ovarian cancer cells, which over‐express erbB‐2, were treated with IFN‐γ for 0‐72 hr. Immunoblot analysis revealed that IFN decreased the levels of tyrosyl phosphorylated erbB‐2 24 hr after IFN treatment. Protein levels of erbB‐2 were not changed until 72 hr post‐treatment. Tyrosine kinase (TK) activity of immunoprecipitated erbB‐2 for an exogenous substrate was decreased in IFN‐treated cells. Total cellular protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity for the epidermal growth factor receptor was not changed by IFN treatment. Our results suggest that the decreased levels of tyrosyl phosphorylated proteins observed after IFN treatment in SK‐OV3 cells may be due to inhibition of erbB‐2 kinase activity.


d Here in the Recycling Age, designing for reuse may sound like a great idea. But with increasing requirements and chip sizes, it's no easy task. Thomas explains how virtual components help suppliers get more mileage out of their SOC designs. esign reuse for semiconductor projects has evolved from an interesting concept to a requirement. Today's huge system-on-a-chip (SOC) designs routinely require millions of transistors. Silicon geometry continues to shrink and ever-larger chips are possible. But, the enormous capacity potential of silicon presents several challenges for designers. Design methodology and EDA tools are being severely stressed by SOC projects at the same time that narrowing time-to-market requirements demand more rapid and frequent introduction of new products. SOC projects present another problem—how to design enough logic to fill up these devices. Few companies have the expertise to design all the intellectual property (IP) needed for a true SOC, and few have enough engineering resources to complete such a massive project. Even those with the required knowledge and plentiful resources may still be unable to finish a complete chip design in time to meet accelerated market demands. The net result: SOC projects require design reuse. Only by leveraging off past designs can a huge chip be completed within a reasonable time. This solution usually entails reusing designs from previous generations of products and often leverages design work done by other groups in the same company. Various forms of intercompany cross licensing and technology sharing can provide access to design technology that may be reused in new ways. Many large companies have established central organizations to promote design reuse and sharing, and to look for external IP sources. One challenge faced by IP acquisition teams is that many designs aren't well suited for reuse. Designing with reuse in mind requires extra time and effort, and often more logic as well— requirements likely to be at odds with the time-to-market goals of a product design team. Therefore, a merchant semiconductor IP industry has arisen to provide designs that were developed specifically for reuse in a wide range of applications. These designs are backed by documentation and support similar to that provided by a semiconductor supplier. The terms "virtual component" and "core" commonly denote reusable semiconductor IP that is offered for license as a product. The latter term is promoted extensively by the Virtual Socket Interface (VSI) Alliance, a joint effort of several hundred companies to set standards for VC design, verification, and use. In this article, I describe the major virtual component (VC) types and discuss their use in SOC designs.


Soil geochemical background investigation was carried out in the scallion growing area and planned scallion area of Zhangqiu.It is found that the surface soil of these areas has high level of Se,B,P,N,S and low level of F,Mo,CaO.The richness of the beneficial elements,especially Se,constitutes the favorable prerequisite for the development of a Se-rich agricultural base area.Soil fertility status and environmental quality in the region are both good,Se and heavy metal elements values in scallion have a close relationship with their values in soil.A comparison with the green and pollution-free food producing soil standards shows that the survey area land has a high degree of security,which makes the area very suitable for the scallion cultivation.On such a basis,the authors put forward the Se-rich scallion planting plan for Zhangqiu,and the whole work region can be divided into four planning areas: the most suitable area,the comparatively suitable area,the somewhat suitable area and the unsuitable area.The feasibility of developing Zhangqiu Se-rich scallion is discussed in this paper,which may be used as a reference for optimizing the cultivation of Zhangqiu Se-rich scallion and making the plan for further development.


Background Numerous studies have documented the effect of complete medial collateral ligament injury on anterior cruciate ligament loads; few have addressed how partial medial collateral ligament disruption affects knee kinematics. Purpose To determine knee kinematics and subsequent change in anterior cruciate ligament load in a partial and complete medial collateral ligament injury model. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten human cadaveric knees were sequentially tested by a robot with the medial collateral ligament intact, in a partial injury model, and in a complete injury model with a universal force-moment sensor measuring system. Tibial translation, rotation, and anterior cruciate ligament load were measured under 3 conditions: anterior load (125 N), valgus load (10 N·m), and internal-external rotation torque (4 N·m; all at 0° and 30° of flexion). Results Anterior and posterior translation did not statistically increase with a partial or complete medial collateral ligament injury at 0° and 30° of flexion. In response to a 125 N anterior load, at 0°, the anterior cruciate ligament load increased 8.7% (from 99.5 to 108.2 N; P =. 006) in the partial injury and 18.3% (117.7 N; P <. 001) in the complete injury; at 30°, anterior cruciate ligament load was increased 12.3% (from 101.7 to 114.2 N; P =. 001) in the partial injury and 20.6% (122.7 N; P <. 001) in the complete injury. In response to valgus torque (10 N·m) at 30°, anterior cruciate ligament load was increased 55.3% (30.4 to 47.2 N; P =. 044) in the partial injury model and 185% (86.8 N; P =. 001) in the complete injury model. In response to internal rotation torque (4 N·m) at 30°, anterior cruciate ligament load was increased 29.3% (27.6 to 35.7 N; P =. 001) in the partial injury model and 65.2% (45.6 N; P <. 001) in the complete injury model. The amount of internal rotation at 30° of flexion was significantly increased in the complete injury model (22.8°) versus the intact state (19.5°; P <. 001). Conclusion Partial and complete medial collateral ligament tears significantly increased the load on the anterior cruciate ligament. In a partial tear, the resultant load on the anterior cruciate ligament was increased at 30° of flexion and with valgus load and internal rotation torque. Clinical Relevance Patients may need to be protected from valgus and internal rotation forces after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the setting of a concomitant partial medial collateral ligament tear. This information may help clinicians understand the importance of partial injuries of the medial collateral ligament with a combined anterior cruciate ligament injury complex.


【This study was conducted to evaluate the alleviative effects of activated charcoal (AC) and Houttuynia cordata (HC) singly or in combination in broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Activated charcoal (1% or 0.5%) and H. cordata (1% or 0.5%) were mixed into the diets for the ability to reduced the deleterious effects of 2.4mg total aflatoxin $(AFB_1)kg^{-1}$ diet on growing broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 160 1-day-old (Hyline Variety Brown) broiler chicks were housed in eight treatment groups [Control, $AFB_1$ , AC 1%, HC 1%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 1% plus HC 1%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 1% plus HC 0.5%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 0.5% plus HC 1%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 0.5% plus HC 0.5%] each consisting of 20 chicks. Compared to control, 2.4mg $AFB_1$ alone treatment group significantly decreased body weight gains of chickens. The addition of mixed AC 1% and HC 1% including 6, 7 groups to the 2.4mg $AFB_1$ -containing diet moderately reduced the adverse effects of $AFB_1$ on performances of chickens. The chickens consuming 2.4mg $AFB_1$ plus AC 0.5% and HC 0.5%-containing diet showed very slightly reduced the adverse effects on investigated parameters compared to the $AFB_1$ only treated group. Also, the single addition of AC or HC to the $AFB_1$ -free diet had no adverse effects in chickens. These results suggest that AC and HC mixed can reduced the aflatoxicosis in broilers and may be contribute to a solution of the aflatoxicosis problem in poultry production.】


This article explores the return of labor migrants in a study of a coffee-growing community in the High Mountains of Veracruz. It critically reviews the diff...


We quantify measurable benefits and costs of exempting firms from auditor oversight of internal control effectiveness disclosures. We measure the benefit of exemption as an aggregate $388 million in audit fee savings from 2007–2014. The costs stem from internal control misreporting: an aggregate $719 million of lower operating performance due to non-remediation and a $935 million delay in aggregate market value decline due to the failure to disclose ineffective internal controls. The audit fee savings benefit shareholders of all exempt firms, whereas the costs are borne by shareholders of only a fraction of exempt firms (the internal control misreporters).


The commentator writes in defense of ethical relativism, maintaining that M.C. McFarland (ibid., vol.23, no.3, p.77-81, Mar. 1990) has confused it with ethical nihilism. He argues that ethical relativism is completely consistent with a professional society's formation of ethical standards. McFarland replies that he and the commentator agree on the definition of ethical relativism but differ on its implications. He points out some deeper issues that he believes relativism does not address. >


Abstract : An experimental study of the effects of spatially-limited (i.e. localized) surface suction on unsteady laminar and turbulent junction flows was performed using hydrogen bubble flow visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Results indicate that suction on the laminar system can effectively modify the flow topology and periodicity. Detailed analysis of laminar PIV results indicates that it is the impinging boundary layer instability which is the mechanism for vortex generation frequency in the unsteady laminar case. Application of external perturbations to the impinging boundary layer can be used to initiate 'lock-on' of the vortex formation frequency to the forcing frequency over a narrow range of frequencies. PIV results of turbulent junction flow indicate that surface suction effectively weakens both the instantaneous turbulent vortex and the associated surface interactions on the symmetry plane, can eliminate the average turbulent necklace vortex on the symmetry plane, and weakens the average downstream strength of the vortex. It was also determined that suction effectively reduces the Reynolds-stress levels in both the symmetry plane and cross-stream planes, as well as reducing the unsteady behavior of the turbulent vortex legs.


The methods for the calculation of design water level for tide control specified in the related current specifications for water resources and hydropower engineering in China are summarized herein,and then the methods for the calculations of the design tide(flood) levels for the coastal areas are studied in accordance with various conditions of coastal and estuarine engineering construction projects and different combination modes of flood and tide in China.


Viral protein R (Vpr) of HIV‐1 plays an important role in viral replication in macrophages. Various lines of evidence suggest that expression of Vpr in macrophages causes immunopathogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, it was shown that recombinant Vpr (rVpr) induces retrotransposition of long interspersed element‐1 in RAW264.7, a macrophage‐like cell line, and activates reverse transcriptase‐dependent immunotoxic cascades including production of IFN‐β and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Knockout experiments based on the CRISPR/Cas9 nickase system further demonstrated that cyclic guanosine monophosphate‐adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon gene (STING) are responsible for IFN‐β production and STAT1 phosphorylation, respectively. Moreover, rVpr was found to increase production of glutaminase C, a regulator of glutamate synthesis, which is also dependent on the cGAS−STING pathway. Taken together with reports that glutaminase C is involved in the pathogenesis of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) and that Vpr is detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV‐1‐positive patients, a possible role of Vpr‐induced L1‐RTP and immunotoxic cascades in the development of HAND is discussed.


CMOS FinFET is a leading technology choice for state-of-the-art DSP ASICs, where achieving a high signal to noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) in the transmitter DAC becomes one of the analog design challenges. This paper presents a 60 GS/s 8-b DAC in 7nm FinFET CMOS with SINAD close to 30 dB up to the Nyquist frequency.


AbstractPlasticity in heterogeneous metallic materials with small volumes is governed by the interactions of dislocations within the bulk. Energy (heat) transfer, on the other hand, is micromechanically related to the interaction within phonons, electrons, or photons. To address the experimentally observed characteristics of small-volume metallic components such as thin films, these microstructural interactions need to be included in modeling. This gives rise to a large variety of generalized multiscale models that are developed on the continuum level and used to bridge the gap between the micromechanical and classical continuum models by means of certain characteristic time and length scales. A higher-order strain gradient model accounting for the size effect is combined in this paper with the generalized heat equation to identify the coupling effect of thermal and mechanical behavior of body-centered cubic (BCC) materials with small volumes and in transient time. A fully thermodynamically consistent fra...


Many computable general equilibrium models have been set up recently, in order to assess the benefits of trade liberalisation, especially in agriculture. Although figures magnitudes differ from one model to another, they cannot reach any other conclusion than positive benefits. On the other hand, historical experience shows that liberalisation, far from being a new idea, has been tried at several occasions during the two last centuries, repeatedly ending in crisis, and hasty return to various forms of protection. A possible explanation could be in the comparative static approach of most liberalisation proponents, and their neglect of dynamic aspects. Especially, because risk is necessarily tied with unfulfilled expectations, it should play a decisive role in modelling. A new model is developed along this line, showing the possibility of a chaotic price regime, which would prevent full liberalisation to be feasible.


Apramycin was diluted to different concentrations and was added to bacterium suspension which is made of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotics standardization medium Ⅲ.After cultivated for 3 to 4 h at 37 ℃,the linearity of the dose-response relationship was analysised.The accuracy of developing turbidimetric method was checked.At the concentration range from 2.9 to 7.2 U/mL,log values of concentrations of apramycin were linear correlation with corresponding opacities,which correlation coefficient was r=0.9988.By the t-test,regression effect of log values of concentrations of apramycin with corresponding opacities was significant.Average recovery is 99.82%,and average confidence rate is 2.48%,and relative standard deviation is 1.86%.Potencies were unitied which determined by turbidimetric method and cylinder-plate method.Turbidimetric method has low confidence rate,high sensitivity,high precision,so that can be used to determine apramycin and apramycin peprations.


The regular tiling by squares can be unfolded by placing hinges at the vertices of tiles, connecting squares to their neighbours. The hinges open continuously to reveal rhombs, which grow into squares and then close up again. The intermediate square tiling offers an opportunity to create an animated loop, but colouring the tiles in that loop so that adjacent tiles never share a colour offers some interesting mathematical challenges. I discuss how many colours are required to permit a looping animation of unfolding squares, and demonstrate a few such loops.


Speech has been embedded into many applications like speech recognition, development of hearing aid, VoIP, mobile and other forms of personal communication. Speech enhancement techniques have been widely used for minimizing undesirable background noises. This paper deals with single channel speech enhancement techniques based on Spectral Subtraction (SS), Wavelet Transform (WT) and Adaptive Wiener Filtering (AWF). Here quantitative performance of these speech enhancement techniques is compared and the parameters used for comparison are Mean Square Error, Normalised Mean Square Error, Signal to Noise Ratio, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and Average Absolute Distortion. The results obtained have proved the speech enhancing capability of the personal communication technique where noise and echo-interference can degrade the original speech signal. From the results we conclude that the performance of single channel speech enhancement based WT is better than AWF and SS techniques. MATLAB GUI developed for speech enhancement techniques which help to be able to visualize the results obtained throughout this paper.


PURPOSE
To report a case of severe corneal scarring and hyperopic shift after corneal cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of ectasia following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

METHODS
Case report and literature review.

RESULTS
A 35-year-old man was referred with severe unilateral corneal haze that developed after CXL. The patient had undergone SMILE 4 years earlier in both eyes. Nineteen months postoperatively, the patient presented with bilateral decrease in vision and corneal topography revealed corneal ectasia in the right eye. CXL was performed in the right eye and a deep stromal haze was observed 1 year later. Comparative maps showed progressive corneal thinning with corresponding flattening that induced hypermetropization and astigmatism.

CONCLUSIONS
CXL after SMILE in this original case resulted in severe deep corneal haze and corneal flattening with hyperopic shift. [J Refract Surg. 2018;34(11):779-782.].