INTRODUCTION The constitutional function of Administrative Court judicial review is to craft and apply legality standards derived from constitutional values such as the rule of law and respect for fundamental rights. However, these legality standards are increasingly being applied by bodies other than the Administrative Court based at the Royal Court of Justice (RCJ) in London. The RCJ's historic monopoly over judicial review litigation is breaking down for a number of reasons. One reason is the establishment of four new regional Administrative Court Centres outside London. Another more significant reason is the statutory delegation of judicial review type functions to other inferior courts and tribunals such as the statutory jurisdiction of the county courts in homelessness cases and the judicial review jurisdiction devolved to the recently established Upper Tribunal. On the one hand it can be argued that this fragmentation of legality review threatens to undermine the constitutional authority of the High Court's supervisory jurisdiction exercised by the Administrative Court. On the other hand, the common law has always been pluralist and fragmented in nature, particularly with its emphasis on remedies rather than causes of action. (1) The centralisation of administrative law legality review within a single highly specialised court is a relatively recent development. Its origins lie more in policies aimed at dealing with the influx of asylum and immigration litigation than in constitutional principle. In two recent Judgments the Supreme Court has examined the constitutional status of the new Upper Tribunal, in particular the susceptibility of its decisions to judicial review in the Administrative Court and supervision by the Scottish Court of Session. (2) In these cases the Supreme Court was inevitably commenting upon the constitutional status of those two higher courts. The case of Cart and MR provided the Supreme Court with an opportunity to clarify the unique role of Administrative Court judicial review in light of the increasing fragmentation of legality review, the breadth of administrative justice, and changing perceptions of the constitutional role performed by the Administrative Court. The Tribunals Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (TCEA) created the Upper Tribunal to stand at the apex of a new structure designed to systematise tribunal justice. The TCEA describes the Upper Tribunal as a "superior court of record". (3) Prominent commentators assumed that this designation would endow it with constitutional authority equal to that of the High Court, therefore rendering its decisions unsusceptible to judicial review. (4) The TCEA contains no specific clause purporting to oust judicial review and so the matter was left for the courts to determine. In Cart and MR the Supreme Court considered whether the Administrative Court could judicially review a certain type of un-appealable Upper Tribunal decision. Namely, where the Upper Tribunal refuses permission to appeal to itself and the TCEA excludes any further right of appeal to the higher courts. In Eba the Supreme Court examined the same issue with respect to the supervisory jurisdiction of the Court of Session. In both Judgments the Supreme Court concluded that access to judicial review should only be granted if the second-tier appeals criteria are satisfied. These are that the claim would raise an important matter of legal principle or practice, or there is some other compelling reason for the appellate court to hear it. (5) The application of these criteria signalled the Supreme Court's significantly non-interventionist approach to external judicial supervision of the Upper Tribunal. It was said that these criteria provide a proportionate balance between the right of access to justice and the need to ensure the fair allocation of scarce judicial resources. The resource concern in England and Wales was the likelihood of the Administrative Court being overwhelmed by supposedly unmeritorious asylum and immigration claims in which the Upper Tribunal had already refused permission to appeal. …


Part 1: Reviewing Wellbeing Concepts and Measurement 1.Introduction 2. Human Wellbeing and Quality of Life 3. Sustainable Wellbeing: An Oxymoron? 4. Leave it to the People? Power and Participation 5.The role of Indicators: Knowledge, Rationality and Public Policy Part 2 : Measuring Wellbeing in Practice 6. Case study in Blyth Valley District Council - Background and Context 7. Defining 'Local' Wellbeing: Discourse and Debate 8. Towards a Common Measure: Developing a Wellbeing Framework 9.Conclusion


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In this paper we study a single server finite capacity Markovian feedback queuing system with reverse balking, reverse reneging, and retention of reneged customers. The steady-state solution of the model is derived and the important measures of performance are obtained. Economic analysis of the model is performed by a developing cost model. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out with respect to its parameters.


The fine structure of the esophagus, including procorpus, metacorpus, isthmus, gland lobe, and esophago-intestinal junction is compared in males of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita. Although the anterior portion of the esophagus is similar, striking differences are observed posterior to the metacorpus. In both species the esophageal lumen is lined with cuticle consisting of four layers. The lumen is round in the procorpus, and triradiate from the metacorpus valve (pump chamber) through the isthmus. In M. incognita the lumen terminates as a network of membranes between esophago-intestinal cells. These cells are excluded from the anterior portion of the glandular isthmus at about 10 μm posterior of the metacorpus valve. In H. glycines the lumen extends the length of the isthmus, and terminates in similar membranes near the level of the dorsal gland nucleus. In M. incognita, the intestine extends anteriorly from the esophago-intestinal cells and forms a distinct intestinal caecum. The gland lobe of H. glycines consists of a dorsal gland with a process which terminates anteriorly in the procorpus, and two indistinctly separated subventral glands with processes which terminate in the subventral sectors of the metacorpus. The gland lobe of M. incognita consists solely of two subventral glands, one of which is longer, and posteriorly is composed of a distinct cortex, medulla and core. Each gland has a subventral process, which terminates anteriorly in the metacorpus. Although a vestige of a dorsal gland process is present in the anterior part of the procorpus, a dorsal gland was not observed in males of M. incognita. The esophagus of both species is innervated by nerve processes which originate from ganglia associated with the nerve ring as well as from perikaryons within the metacorpus. Muscular elements are limited to radial muscles in the metacorpus, and sheath muscles near the junction of metacorpus with isthmus.


The primary mechanisms affecting drying process of wet capillary porous media were analyzed and a one-dimension model was established to predict the variations of saturation, temperature, and gas pressure in porous media during drying. The numerical technique was employed to solve the one-dimensional model with implicit finite difference method. Numerical results present that the drying process could be divided into two periods: unstable and stable. The simulation parameters change acutely in unstable period but they change smoothly in stable one.


Aim: The antiulcerogenic effects of the aqueous extract of Jathropa curcas Linn. on aspirin induced ulceration in rats with respect to antioxidant status in the gastric mucosa has been investigated. Merthodology: Oxygen free radicals are considered to be important factors in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. The level of lipid peroxides, which were elevated highly in rats with acute gastric mucosal injury, was taken as an index of oxidative stress .The activities of antioxidant defense enzymes were also decreased considerably by oral gastric administration of aspirin. Results: The decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes and increased mucosal injury were altered to near normal status upon pretreatment with Jathropa curcas Linn. extract when compared to the ulcer induced rats. The results indicate that Jathropa curcas Linn. extract may exert its gastro protective effect by a free radical scavenging action. Conclusion: Our observations suggest that Jathropa curcas Linn. extract may have considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of gastric diseases.


There has been much discussion recently regarding the applicability of using Ethernet at various levels of the control hierarchy. Since Ethernet is so prevalent in the office and frequently used as the enterprise network for high-end controllers, it would seem to be a natural to use Ethernet at the control level or even at the device level as proposed by some in our industry. The arguments for its use include low cost, good connectivity and simple migration to higher speed networks. The cry to use "standard" Ethernet for control applications requires an understanding of the basics of Ethernet.


Dunaliella salina viability depending on dehydration conditions and storage period in an anhydrobiosis condition is studied. It is shown that not unencysted D. salina cells maintain viability in dehydrated state during 7 day. Their long-term storage leads to irreversible changes in cells and to loss of capacity to restore viability. Biochemical researches have registered destruction of a pigmental complex. Dependence of cells encystation on temperature and duration dehydration, residual humidity of culture after drying and a storage time is not revealed. Cysts germinated in 20 days.


Measurements of flow velocities due to wave action on top of shallow toe structures in front of a rubble mound breakwater. Laboratory tests in the Fluid Mechanics lab, TU Delft.


This research study was carried out following the Action-Research method in a multilevel and mixed ability classroom of SENA ́s Professional Training as Technologist on Accounting and Finances, coursing the morning shift in San Andres Island; and which has the purpose of strengthen the speaking ability of those students who have weaknesses in this ability. It is necessary as instructors to comply with all the protocols and processes related to the vocational training. This is why, as competent people in the areas in which we train, we should also create and implement strategies that allow in some way, the building of trust and interest in English as second language learning and the lack of relevance in SENA's teaching and learning processes. By this means, there were three strategies that involved the listening, reading and speaking ability, which took place to develop a simple conversation in English about daily life and of personal interest. The validation of strategies was carried out with the application of data collection instruments designed for it. Direct observations supported on a rating scale list, photographs, videos and written records through a field diary, were performed. Based on the information gathered, the description and analysis as part of the exploration of this qualitative action methodology is presented.


The problem of a spherical drop of arbitrary density and viscosity moving near a wall under the effect of a body force is analysed theoretically in the limit where the wall lies in the inner region of the flow disturbance, the distance between the drop and the wall being large compared to the drop radius. The drop may move in an arbitrary direction with respect to the wall, and the undisturbed flow field is assumed to comprise a steady uniform shear or solid-body rotation and a time-dependent uniform stream, the variations of which take place over time scales large compared to the viscous diffusion time. An exact force balance with no limitation on the magnitude of inertial effects is obtained by using the reciprocal theorem. Explicit expressions for the contributions of temporal acceleration, slip and shear or rotation to the total hydrodynamic force are derived in the limit of small-but-finite inertial effects. The connection between these near-wall results and inertial lift and drag corrections in an unbounded flow is discussed. Situations of particular interest in which the lift force results from a combination of contributions due to unsteadiness and advection, like the case of a particle moving near the bottom wall of a centrifuge, are also examined.


The objective of this research is to study plant layout of Pulse Mill to eliminate obstructions in material flow and thus obtain maximum efficiency of employee. Evaluate the proposed alternative layouts based on the Systematic Layout Planning pattern theory (SLP) for increased productivity. In this case study, number of equipment and tools in Pulse milling are studied. The detailed study of the plant layout such as flow of material and activity relationship chart and space relationship diagram has been investigated. The new plant layout has been designed and compared with the existing plant layout. The SLP method showed that new plant layout significantly decrease the distance of material flow from one stone roller to another stone roller. Keywords—Plant layout, Layout Planning, Systematic Layout Planning, Flow analysis, Activity relationship chart, Productivity.


The circuit of IPC(Interphase Power Controller)is discussed and a linear model of the power system with an IPC in one transmission line is given.Based on the model,the form and properties of torque provided by IPC are analyzed.Analysis shows that IPC provides no positive damping torque but negative synchronus torque,which is disadvantageous to power systm stability.By adjusting IPC parameters with appropriate control strategy,positive synchronous torque and damping torque can be provided to keep power system syn-chronization and damp power system oscillation.


Thermoluminescence (TL) dating using quartz grain was carried out for 6 samples for old deposits and 26 samples for yonger deposits of the Hakkoda Pyroclastic Flow Deposits. Obtained TL ages are 0.51-0.55 Ma (Average 0.53 Ma) for former ones and 0.19-0.29 Ma (Average 0.25 Ma) for latter ones. These TL ages are 20-40% younger than reported K-Ar ages of 0.65 Ma and 0.40 Ma, respectively. Possible systematic error sources for such age difference are annealing effect in paleodose measurement, radon escape in annual dose evaluation. Adding to other minor effects for systematic errors, TL ages obtained by our usual experiments may have 10-20% younger values than true ages. The difference between TL and K-Ar ages is futher problems but ordinaly K-Ar data of this age range are not so reliable. The errors in measurements are 10-15%, which are calculated from both paleodose measurements and chemical analyses for anuual dose evaluation. In addition, 10% errors are expected in beta-rays contribution in annual dose evaluation. Summarized total error in measurements is about 20%.


In this note, we study the Liouville equation $\Delta u = -e^u$ on a graph G satisfying certain isoperimetric inequality. Following the idea of W. Ding, we prove that there exists a uniform lower bound for the energy, $\Sigma_G e^u$ of any solution $u$, to the equation. In particular, for the 2-dimensional lattice graph $Z^2$; the lower bound is given by 4.


The risk of cascading failures in smart grid is attracting increasingly attention. In the environment of smart grid, attackers have multiple ways to launch a coordinated attack to cause catastrophic cascading failures, therefore it is essential to conduct comprehensive n-k analysis. One of the challenge issues related to critical n-k contingency identification is the massive combinations in a modern large-scale interconnected power grid. Inspired by the previous research, in this work a novel search scope reducing method is proposed to significantly improve the critical n-k contingencies identification efficiency in large-scale interconnected networks. Firstly, the Monte Carlo method is adopted to collect appropriate critical n-k contingencies samples for power system element criticality analysis. Secondly, the search scope will be converted and significantly reduced on the basis of the criticality of power system elements. Lastly, the heuristic algorithm is applied in the newly generated search scope to identify the noteworthy n-k combinations. Several simulation cases have been conducted in the IEEE 118 bus system considering transmission line failures and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated.


This work aims to extend a document representation model which is elegant by combining the versatility of the vector space model, the increased relevance of the suffix tree document model, which takes word ordering into account and retaining the relationship between words like synonyms. The effectiveness and the relevance of this document model can be evaluated by a partitioning clustering technique K-Means and then a systematic comparative study of the impact of similarity measures in conjunction with different types of vector space representation on cluster quality may be performed. This document model will be called the concept based vector suffix tree document model.


Lithium ion polymer battery according to the present invention has a laminated alternately and repeatedly laminating a cathode and an anode made of a polymer electrolyte electrode structural body, high rate discharge characteristics and extremely excellent cycle characteristics on both sides.


In this survey we present some of the more significant results in the literature on adverse selection in insurance markets. Sections 1 and 2 introduce the subject and Section 3 discusses the monopoly model developed by Stiglitz (1977) for the case of single-period contracts extended by many authors to the multi-period case. The introduction of multi-period contracts raises many issues that are discussed in detail; time horizon, discounting, commitment of the parties, contract renegotiation and accidents underreporting. Section 4 covers the literature on competitive contracts. The analysis is more complicated because insurance companies must take into account competitive pressures when they set incentive contracts. As pointed out by Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976), there is not necessarily a Cournot-Nash equilibrium in the presence of adverse selection. However, market equilibrium can be sustained when principals anticipate competitive reactions to their behavior or when they adopt strategies that differ from the pure Nash strategy. Multi-period contracting is discussed. We show that different predictions on the evolution of insurer profits over time can be obtained from different assumptions concerning the sharing of information between insurers about individual's choice of contracts and accident experience. The roles of commitment and renegotiation between the parties to the contract are important. Section 5 introduces models that consider moral hazard and adverse selection simultaneously and Section 6 covers adverse selection when people can choose their risk status. Section 7 discusses many extensions to the basic models such as risk categorization, multidimensional adverse selection, symmetric imperfect information, reversed or double-sided adverse selection, principals more informed than agents, uberrima fides and participating contracts.


Acknowledgments Preface 1. Eating in the Wilderness 2. Food in the Ordered City 3. Secularizing Diet 4. Fasting by Choice 5. Clean and Unclean Animals 6. Community, Heresy and Orthodoxy 7. Sacrifice and Slaughter 8. Christian Food, Heavenly Food, Worldly Food 9. Concluding Reflections Select Bibliography Index


The design for UAV was planned taking into account the real-life engineering problems such as different phases involved in developing a product. Here the task is to design, create, build and test a remote-control airplane. The planning and designing of an aircraft must start from the scratch, with lots of restrictions and parameters, like a specific motor to be used from the wing profile, dimensions, centre of gravity, materials and other features which are all involved in the process. The main objective of this UAV is to design an aircraft which is efficient during emergency situations and is capable of dropping packages from a minimum height of 100 feet off the ground. A vision-based control strategy is
used in this to track and follow objects using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This unmanned aerial vehicle is
created in such a way that it can be used in multi-mission tasks too. The most favorable design must be of one which can perform efficiently, cost-effectively and carry as many payloads as possible, and all these without negotiating on the safety of the aircraft.


PURPOSE: A voice telephone advertisement method using an intelligent network is provided so that a calling subscriber can listen to a voice advertisement without the necessity of accessing a voice advertisement service extrinsic device through a special destination number. CONSTITUTION: A voice telephone advertisement system consists of a calling terminal equipment(10), a calling base station(20), a calling exchange(30), an HLR(40), an intelligent network control device(50), an intelligent voice processing device(60), a called exchange(70), a called base station(80), and a called terminal equipment(90). The calling terminal equipment(10) indicates a mobile terminal. The calling base station(20) connects the call of the calling terminal equipment(10) to the calling exchange(30). The calling exchange(30) having an intelligent network service trigger function routes the call to the called exchange(70). The HLR(40) executes the location registration and subscriber authentication of the calling terminal equipment(10). The intelligent network control device(50), a central computer that controls the voice telephone advertisement system, controls the intelligent voice processing device(60). The intelligent network control device(50) has an advertisement database. The intelligent voice processing device(60) sends a relevant voice advertisement according to the control of the intelligent network control device(50). The called exchange(70) terminates the incoming call of the calling terminal equipment(10) to the called terminal equipment(90). The called base station(80) pages the called terminal equipment(90), receives a response signal from the called terminal equipment(90), and connects it to the called terminal equipment(90).


Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is the most sensitive imaging modality in the detection of breast cancer, with reported sensitivity ranging from 89–100%. Indications for DCE-MRI include breast cancer screening in women at increased risk and assessment of extent of disease in women with known breast cancer. However, a limitation of DCE-MRI is its moderate specificity (ranging from 35–64%), leading to false positives, benign biopsies, and possible overtreatment. Therefore, many investigators have sought to improve lesion classification to differentiate benign from malignant lesions, with promising increases in accuracy with radiomics techniques and even better accuracies with deep-learning techniques. In the current issue of JMRI, Zhou et al compare characterization of benign and malignant lesions on DCE-MRI using conventional methods (analyzing 3D volume and washin and washout kinetics), a radiomics model, and deeplearning models. Their findings confirm those of previous authors showing that deep-learning models outperform the radiomics and conventional models. Further, Zhou et al compared five different deep-learning models, which differ by the size of the input box containing the lesion as well as varying amounts of perilesional tissue. The authors found that, although the tumor-only model had high sensitivity (100%), the specificity rose significantly (from 61–79%) when a small amount of perilesional tissue was included in the input. This confirms the importance of the perilesional tissue in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Molecular biology studies have demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment can profoundly influence tumor behavior, metastasis, and patient outcomes. The interplay of breast cancers and their environment are manifold. Examples include collagen deposition increasing around growing tumors and facilitating invasion, and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density correlating with lymph node metastasis. The importance of the peritumoral space has recently been described in the radiology literature. Cheon et al demonstrated that peritumoral edema is itself a prognostic feature. In an important study, Braman et al demonstrated that radiomics features from peritumoral regions discriminated HER2+ breast cancer subtypes, were associated with response to HER2-targeted therapy, and were associated with the density of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes. Interestingly, Zhou et al found that including larger amounts of perilesional tissue with larger bounding boxes decreased the accuracy of the model. However, there is evidence that even apparently normal fibroglandular tissue remote from a known lesion can be predictive. Kim et al incorporated features from tumor and nontumor parenchyma and found that the K in the nontumor tissue was significantly different between malignant and benign groups, and was as predictive of malignancy as the K within the lesion itself. This suggests that breast cancer may have an effect on the entire breast, which is an area deserving future study. Zhou et al included only mass lesions, which was done in order to ensure a sharp lesion boundary to ensure sufficient inclusion of perilesional tissue. It is perhaps because of the inclusion of only masses that the majority of cancers were invasive ductal carcinomas (82% in the training set and 70% in the test set), with a minority of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and other invasive cancers. There is, however, a clear need for improved characterization of nonmass lesions, as invasive lobular carcinoma and DCIS can mimic benign entities such as fibrocystic change and background enhancement. Therefore, future studies should include a wide range of benign and malignant lesions, as well as mass and nonmass lesions, to simulate real-world applications. Incorporation of multiparametric data into deeplearning models is another area for future research. Zhou et al note that they used DCE-MRI inputs only, and the addition of T2-weighted images could have provided helpful diagnostic information. Diffusion-weighted imaging has also been found to significantly improve lesion characterization. The addition of diffusion-weighted imaging to multiparametric deeplearning models has already been shown to improve accuracy of lesion characterization.


Purpose: Autosomal dominant CHARGE syndrome (OMIM no. 214800) is characterized by choanal atresia or cleft lip or palate, ocular colobomas, cardiovascular malformations, retardation of growth, ear anomalies, and deafness, and is caused by mutations in the CHD7 gene. Here, we describe the outcome of a molecular genetic analysis in 18 Finnish and 56 German patients referred for molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of suspected CHARGE syndrome.Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assays did not reveal deletions in mutation negative cases, suggesting that larger CHD7 deletions are not a major cause of CHARGE syndrome.Results: In this group of 74 patients, we found mutations in 30 cases. 22 mutations were novel, including 11 frameshift, 5 nonsense, 3 splice-site, and 3 missense mutations. One de novo frameshift mutation was found in the last exon and is expected to result in a minimally shortened CHD7 polypeptide. Because the mutation is associated with a typical CHARGE syndrome phenotype, it may indicate the presence of an as yet unknown functional domain in the very carboxyterminal end of CHD7.Conclusions: Our mutation detection rate of 40.5% is reflective of screening an unselected sample population referred for CHD7 testing based on suspected clinical diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome and not for having met strict clinical criteria for this disorder.


The carboxylic acid probenecid, administered to rats with ligated renal pedicles, readily appeared in bile as the unchanged drug and as the glucuronide of a metabolite of the drug. Twenty-five percent of a 50 mg/kg i.v. dose and 86% of a 0.1 mg/kg dose of probenecid were excreted in 90 min. The bile/plasma concentration ratio for the unchanged (free) drug was 5.1 to 14.6 at the higher dose and ranged from 87.7 to g919 for the glucuronide. These high values for the glucuronide were the result of its exceedingly low concentrations in the plasma. When the probenecid dose was increased from 22.2 to 50 mg/kg, with a resultant 2.27-fold increase in the plasma level, the proportion excreted in 90 ruin declined by about one-half, from 58% to 25%, but the amount of glucuronide excreted was unchanged (62% vs. 65%). When the dose was decreased to 0.1 mg/kg, however, about 84% appeared in the bile as the glucuronide. The phenolic acid phenolphthalein, given in a 1:1 molar ratio of inhibitor to drug, depressed the biliary concentration of free probenecid more than that of the glucuronide (by 56% vs. 11%). When the inhibitor/drug ratio was increased to 3:1, probenecid excretion decreased 79% while glucuronide excretion decreased 91%. These findings suggest that, at the low dose, phenolphthalein acted primarily on the transport of unchanged probenecid and, at the higher dose, on uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase.


Number of CD34/CD45+ cells were determined in blood of pediatric recipients and adult living-related liver do - nors. It has been investigated 15 pairs of recipients (aged from 4 to 60 months) and donors (29 ± 5 years). All the children had liver cirrhosis caused by congenital and inherited diseases of hepatobiliary system. Concentration of CD34/CD45+ cells in venous blood of recipients was higher than in donors. In recipients level of CD34/CD45+ cells did not correlate with sex, age, weight and height but did correlate with some biochemical parameters related to liver function. After liver transplantation number of CD34/CD45+ cells did not change in peripheral blood of recipients. In donors partial liver resection did not cause statistically significant changes in number or concentration of CD34/CD45+ cells in blood. Presented data suggests that neither liver transplantation nor liver resection has remarkable influence on number of CD34/CD45 + cells in peripheral blood.


A deep dielectric charging model of a solar array drive assembly (SADA) under the coupling effect of electron irradiation and operating voltage is established based on the bipolar charge transport process. The distribution of space charge, potential and electric field in SADA are simulated and analyzed under three different operating conditions, i.e., flux model for internal charging (FLUMIC) spectrum electron irradiation acting alone; operating voltage acting alone; electron irradiation and operating voltage coupled. The effects of electron flux enhancement, electron direction, and operating voltage on charging properties are studied. Based on these investigations, discharge risk and location are pointed out. In the case of electrons incident from the end surface acting alone, much more space charge will accumulate than that from the columnar surface, and the maximum electric field will be above 108 V/m when the flux enhancement exceeds 100. When the operating voltage acts alone, the maximum electric field will not exceed 107 V/m as long as the operating voltage is below 8772 V. Under typical spectrum, the maximum electric field under coupling effect increases linearly as the operating voltage increases. When the electron flux enhancement increases to 100 and 1000, the electron irradiation dominates the deep charging characteristic. This provides theoretical guidance for the methods of discharge containment in SADAs.


A negative film carrier having a movable print window frame with 135 size and 126 size windows for trimming frame of a negative film. A depressing window frame positions the negative film on the print window frame. A guide member arranged perpendicular to the print window frame guides the position of travel of the negative film to the printing position. A scanner at the printing position is moved in synchronism with the print window frame to detect picture image data from the negative film and is positioned in accordance with the window used for the two types of film.


Aim To study the formula and preparation technology of metoprolol tartrate sustained-release tablets.Methods The orthogonal design was used to study the kinds,specifications,quantity of sustained-release matrix material,fillers,adhesives,lubricants and technology by determining metoprolol tartrate respectively.Then the release rates of three samples according to the formula and preparationp technology were determined.Results Metoprolol tartrate sustained-release tablets were prepared by using HPMC as matrix material,MCC as fillers,magnesium stearate as lubricants,3% EC ethanol as adhesives.Conclusion The preparation technology has many advantages,with simple process,native adjuvants and low cost.Metoprolol tartrate sustained-release tablets'quality is up to the standard.


We study the publication venue recommendation problem, where a recommender system must help a researcher to decide where to submit a given target article for possible publication. We focus on content-based recommendation approaches, where we explicitly look for a good match between the topics discussed in the article and the recommended venue. But, in addition to this topical dimension, we also want to include a temporal dimension, in such a way that we prefer those venues where the articles which are more related with the target article have been published more recently. We use an information retrieval system to obtain separate topical and temporal recommendations and then combine them by means of different fusion strategies. The experimental results obtained on a collection of biomedical journal articles confirm the effectiveness of our proposals.


Increased impervious surfaces due to urbanization have reduced evaporation and infiltration into the soil compared with existing natural water cycle systems, which causes various problems, such as urban floods, landslides, and deterioration of water quality. To effectively solve the urban water cycle issue, green infrastructure using urban green space has emerged to reduce runoff and increase evaporation. It has the advantage of restoring the water cycle system of urban areas by complementing the failure of conventional stormwater treatment systems. However, urban areas under high-density development have limited green space for stormwater treatment. Hence, it is necessary to efficiently utilize street trees and small green spaces to improve the urban water cycle through green space. In this study, we simulated different green space distribution scenarios in the virtual domain to find the optimal strategy of green space planning. Compared to clustered scenarios, dispersed green space distribution scenarios and placing green space downstream were more effective in reducing the runoff amount. The paper provides insights into the considerations for determining green space spatial plan and zoning regulations for stormwater treatment by green infrastructure.


Abstract
The 'sharing economy' involves the giving and taking of goods, services, your room, my car, our food recipes and alternative forms of money to create a new economic imperative. Its open-sourced character is the creation of producers, users, consumers and, crucially, citizens, who consciously or unwittingly are carving out a new economy with a collaborative, social impetus. Driven, on the one hand, by technology that refuses to be constrained in the hands of the few, and, on the other, by the fracturing of our economies and societies by inequality (ecological, demographic, the movement of people across borders), the giving-and-taking phenomenon is lubricated by new sources of funding and philanthropy. The sharing economy opens up possibilities for the further consolidation of wealth either in the coffers of a privileged minority or a reversal of wealth creation and the inculcation of entrepreneurship as the right and responsibility of citizens through the sharing of ideas, technologies and values, locally and globally in varied 'commons'. This chapter offers an analysis of the phenomenon of giving and taking in an open-sourced environment and proposes ideas for a prospective citizen entrepreneurship to open up spaces for collaborative new ventures.


Background: Postpartum amenorrhea is considered to be the conception variable and its affect natural fertility by    lengthening the inter-live birth interval. In societies where the fertility is not regulated through the use of contraception method there amenorrhea period can exert a dominant fertility inhibiting effect on fertility. In this paper we check differentials in duration of breastfeeding and Postpartum Amenorrhea (PPA), and to estimate mean duration of Postpartum Amenorrhea (PPA) associated with breastfeeding with influence of Scio-economic and demographic factors of ever-married woman who had given at least one but last birth in Bihar, India. Methods: Kaplan Meier Survival method use to estimate the duration of breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhea and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model used to measure the effect of each category of each variable on the hazard function while controlling for the effects of other variables (and their categories) included in the model. Results: Duration of breastfeeding, parity, residence, contraceptive use have a significant impact on duration of postpartum amenorrhea (PPA) and empirical evidence indicates that longer and more frequent breastfeeding may increase the length of an ovulatory period. Mothers with a BMI greater than 18.5 kg/m 2 resume ovulation faster and high mean for duration of breastfeeding than those with a lower BMI. Conclusions: Parity, age of mothers, survival status of child and socio-economic status of mothers are found to be the main influencing factors for the timing of postpartum amenorrhea and also duration of breastfeeding among mothers., it is expected that the findings may help in designing appropriate policies and programs for improving mothers' and children's health as well as for reducing the existing fertility level of a region where contraceptive practices is low.


The purification effect of eutriohic water body in floating-bed system with Ipomoea aquatica,Canna generalis and Spider plant were studied through static tests.Results show that Ipomoea aquatica and Canna generalis could grow well in the floating-bed plant system under the conditions of water temperature 27~32 ℃ and growth 21 d,but Spider plant could not grow well.The the average removal rate of CODMn by these three plants were 13.2%,11.7% and 6.9%,and that of TP,PO3-4-P,NH+4-N and algae were 57.7%,66.4% and 30.6%,69.1%,82.0% and 42.1%,50.0%,42.8% and 21.9%,55.1%,42.5% and 13.6% respectively.Ipomoea aquatica and Canna generalis had good purification effects of eutrophic water body in the floating-bed system.


Field studies were conducted from 1986 through 1989 to determine the feasibility of using clomazone in a winter wheat-corn-fallow rotation. Clomazone at 1.1 kg ai/ha did not control emerged downy brome in autumn nor did it control redroot pigweed and tumble pigweed that emerged after a spring application of paraquat at 0.6 kg ai/ha. However, clomazone plus atrazine at 0.6 plus 2.2 kg ai/ha provided weed control in winter wheat stubble from October to corn harvest 12 mo later. Corn yields from this treatment were equal to or greater than the conventional practice of applying atrazine plus glyphosate at 2.2 plus 0.4 kg ae/ha in the fall followed by a spring application of metolachlor plus dicamba at 2.8 ai plus 0.3 kg ae/ha. When kochia densities were high, clomazone plus atrazine controlled triazine-resistant kochia better than metolachlor plus dicamba. Atrazine at 2.2 kg/ha applied in autumn followed by clomazone at 0.8 kg/ha in April generally caused more corn injury than when the same rate of clomazone was applied in autumn with the atrazine. The percent of bleached corn plants varied with planter, year, time of application, and rate of clomazone applied. The optimum time to apply clomazone at 0.6 kg/ha was in autumn with atrazine. This treatment caused some corn bleaching but produced the highest corn yield over 3 yr. In a dry autumn and spring, less clomazone injury occurred with a planter equipped with row cleaners than those without. The injury pattern associated with planters was inconsistent when precipitation was average and no injury occurred in a wet autumn and spring.


The article deals with the actions of Cellobacterin T probiotic and L-carnitine form protected from the symbiont microflora indirect impact that were studied in physiological researches with fistula animals and in research and practical experiences with high performance cows. It has been ascertained there that feeding Cellobacterin T enzyme and probiotic preparation improves microbiological processes in the proventricula, increases protozoan biomass by 105%, changes the species composition of bacteria, and decreases the share of pathogenic microorganisms. Increases in digestibility of the raw fat, 11,5% (P


The policy note focused on the role of the public sector to improve livestock marketing. The note's three main recommendations are; (a) provision of matching grants to livestock exporters for promotion of Sudanese products, for capacity building among exporters and trader organizations and for introducing meat cuts and packaging technology to enable exporters to penetrate this section of the market; (b) public sector to invest in road infrastructure for facilitating and reducing costs of transport of live animals, and (c) on taxation: (i) eliminate internal taxation by localities being careful to distinguish between quarantine and market operation fees and taxes, (ii) eliminate the localities' share of the market fees, (iii) enforcement of the council of minister's decree of May 2006 which abolished all tax collection points on highways and amendment of the decree to include tax collection points along livestock routes; and (iv) transfer sufficient income from the central government to the states and localities to compensate them for their respective losses of livestock tax income including the localities' share of the market operation fees.


AbstractThe following sections are included:IntroductionResearch FrameworkFindings from Preceding ResearchesHomogeneity Hypothesis Regarding Knowledge TransferHeterogeneity Hypothesis Regarding Knowledge TransferCorrelation between Knowledge Transfer and Delegation of Decision Making AuthorityKnowledge Transfer and Network OrganizationSummary and ConclusionReferences


We study the problem of episodic reinforcement learning in continuous state-action spaces with unknown rewards and transitions. Specifically, we consider the setting where the rewards and transitions are modeled using parametric bilinear exponential families. We propose an algorithm, that a) uses penalized maximum likelihood estimators to learn the unknown parameters, b) injects a calibrated Gaussian noise in the parameter of rewards to ensure exploration, and c) leverages linearity of the bilinear exponential family transitions with respect to an underlying RKHS to perform tractable planning. We provide a frequentist regret upper-bound for our algorithm which, in the case of tabular MDPs, is order-optimal with respect to H and K, where H is the episode length and K is the number of episodes. Our analysis improves the existing bounds for the bilinear exponential family of MDPs by square root of H and removes the handcrafted clipping deployed in existing RLSVI-type algorithms.


We have investigated the optical properties of InGaN, GaN, and AlGaN epilayers using photoluminescence (PL), PL excitation, time-resolved PL, and optically pumped stimulated emission (SE) spectroscopy. The InGaN layers had a larger (i) Stokes shift, (ii) spectral broadening, (iii) decay time, and (iv) PL redshift with time than AlGaN layers of comparable alloy composition. The optically pumped SE behavior of InGaN layers is significantly different than that of GaN and AlGaN layers. This is attributed to the suppression of nonradiative recombination and the elimination of below-gap induced absorption in highly excited InGaN alloys, effects that accompany the incorporation of indium into GaN. In contrast, the SE behavior of AlGaN layers is similar to that of highly excited GaN.


Graft copolymers have extensive applications in material science because of their tunable composition of backbone and side chains and diverse morphologies of aggregates. Recent studies mainly focused on the amphiphilic...


A novel rate allocation algorithm for video transmission over lossy networks subject to bursty packet losses is presented. A Gilbert-Elliot model is used at the encoder to drive the selection of coding parameters. Experimental results using the H.26L test model show a significant performance improvement with respect to the assumption of independent packet losses.


Being a quick and effective construction process, the incremental laun ching construction has an extensive prospect of application It is important fo r construction safety and progress control to conveniently provide all necessary construction and monitoring parameters during the launching process. So the sim ulation analysis program is developed for simulating construction process with i ncremental launching method for PC continuous bridge. With the GUI of this progr am, the users can quickly obtained various parameters able to guide the launchin g construction and construction monitoring.


The stereoselective synthesis of cis- and trans-F2TePh3Cl (phenyl substituents adopt a mer arrangement) via 5-coordinate cations Ph3TeFCl+ and is described. trans-F2TcPh3Cl isomerizes to the thermodynamically more stable cis isomer, and cis -F2TePh3Cl has non-equivalent fluorines which undergo stereoselective fluorine exchange, as confirmed by 19F and l25Te nmr spectroscopy. These results are consistent with an intermolecular mechanism of isomerization and fluorine exchange involving Te—F bond cleavage.The coordination model of reaction mechanisms provides a unified description of stereochemical rearrangements, ligand exchange processes, and chemical reactions in these, and related, octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal compounds. Keywords: synthesis of cis- and trans-F2TcPh3Cl, isomerization of octahedral Te compounds, fluorine exchange in cis-F2TePh3Cl, synthesis of Ph3TeF, coordination model of reaction mechanisms.


Online algorithms process their inputs piece by piece, taking irrevocable decisions for each data item. This model is too restrictive for most partitioning problems, since data that is yet to arrive may render it impossible to extend partial partitionings to the entire data set reasonably well.
In this work, we show that preemption might be a potential remedy. We consider the problem of partitioning online sequences, where $p-1$ separators need to be inserted into a sequence of integers that arrives online so as to create $p$ contiguous partitions of similar weight. While without preemption no algorithm with non-trivial competitive ratio is possible, if preemption is allowed, i.e., inserted partition separators may be removed but not reinserted again, then we show that constant competitive algorithms can be obtained. Our contributions include:
We first give a simple deterministic $2$-competitive preemptive algorithm for arbitrary $p$ and arbitrary sequences. Our main contribution is the design of a highly non-trivial partitioning scheme, which, under some natural conditions and $p$ being a power of two, allows us to improve the competitiveness to $1.68$. We also show that the competitiveness of deterministic (randomized) algorithms is at least $\frac{4}{3}$ (resp. $\frac{6}{5}$).
For $p=2$, the problem corresponds to the interesting special case of preemptively guessing the center of a weighted request sequence. While deterministic algorithms fail here, we provide a randomized $1.345$-competitive algorithm for all-ones sequences and prove that this is optimal. For weighted sequences, we give a $1.628$-competitive algorithm and a lower bound of $1.5$.


The Kadomtsev-Petviashili (KP) equation is derived for weakly nonlinear ion acoustic waves in a magnetized dusty plasma in the presence of nonthermal electrons. Soliton solutions are obtained in both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional framework. For the one-dimensional soliton solution the 'tanh' method is considered while the two-dimensional solution is obtained by a method introduced by S.V. Manacov et al., Phys. Lett. A 63, 205 (1977). It is found that in case of the onedimensional solution, both compressive and rarefactive solitary waves exist which could be obtained depending on the ratio of the electron and ion density. It is also seen that the nonthermal distribution of electrons has some significant effect in the shape of both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional solitary wave.


The invention relates to a PCB connecting and fixing device which is used for connecting a first PCB and a second PCB which are adjacent. The connecting and fixing device comprises connectors and a wire bundle. The connectors are arranged on the first PCB and the second PCB respectively; and the wire bundle is arranged between the connectors on the first PCB and the second PCB. The connecting and fixing device further comprises a reinforcing plate. After the two ends of the reinforcing plate are engaged with the first PCB and the second PCB respectively, a protection layer for wrapping the wire bundle is formed. Compared with the prior art, the PCB connecting and fixing device has the advantages of being simple in structure, safe and reliable and high in practicality and the like.


This study mainly covers Kim Hoon's three historical novels "Song of the Sword", "Song of Strings" and "Fortress on Mt. Namhan". Novels having dominant aspects of naturalism are referred to as naturalistic novels; Kim Hoon's historical novels are part of this genre. His novels originate from an ontological perspective, which admit no other worlds except this natural world we live in. What is a naturalistic human? Nothing but a person who eats, excretes, and must die. From this perspective, the recalled meaning for describing a body is different between the power elite and the general public. Relatively, the description regarding the body of the power elite contributes to making the history of the civilization they are leading to be steadily fabricated. Among these histories, Kim Hoon has an unusual sensibility and consciousness towards the matter of war, because he makes it look like there is no other thing than war to reveal the evil in the world. The naturalism of Kim Hoon's realm would conclude the recognition of social evolutionism. The nation and human beings in Kim Hoon's historical novels become natural and historical, as well. Despite handling the melee of war, nothing but history should be sunken in to the scenery to weaken its vitality. Therefore, the only conflict in Kim Hoon's novels ultimately deals with is the matter of nihilism; Kim Hoon's concept of nihilism is a kind of consciousness of poverty that has nothing other than reality. Are there any particular was to escape from the poverty? It seems impossible to overcome this nihilism via an objective assessment. But at least we can fight against the nihilism. To this end, "Song of the Sword" is the furthermost from naturalism and the possibility of tragedy, based on human beings who fight their perceived fate. Similarly, this is the direction of Kim Hoon' novels to be aimed at striving against their fate.


At 25℃,under the conditions of various pHs,the stripping peak potential Ep of lead ion and the peak potential difference △Ep are determined by anodic stripping voltammetry.Multiple linear regression method is engaged to calculate β_i,the accumulative stability constant of lead ion with hydroxyl ion in aqueous solution.Results show that the values of lgβ_i are 7.14,11.20 and 14.38. An analysis of the factors that affect the results indicate that when 4pH9, CO_3~(2-) can exert an obvious influence on the results.However,when pH9,the influence of CO_3~(2-) can be neglected.


In this study, a collision avoidance method with model predictive control is proposed for a nonlinear model of a four-wheeled vehicle. We consider an unavoidable region (UR), which is constructed as the region in which the vehicle cannot avoid an obstacle owing to physical limitations. Even if the distance between the vehicle and the obstacle is short, the vehicle is directed by the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) not only to avoid the UR but also to stay on the road. A performance index for satisfying the above constraints is constructed with smooth functions, and control responses are investigated through numerical simulations.


A first waveshape memory stores a full waveshape of a tone from the start to the end of sounding of the tone or a portion thereof in plural periods. A second waveshape memory stores waveshape data of a modification waveshape for the full waveshape or the portion thereof. A tone waveshape signal read out from the first waveshape memory and a modification waveshape signal read out from the second waveshape memory are both multiplied with respective coefficients whereby these waveshape signals are weighted. These weighted waveshape signals are added together to provide a mixed tone signal. By controlling the coefficients, the tone color imparted on the mixed signal is variously determined. The coefficients for the tone color control are provided in accordance with key scaling, key touch or operation states of control knobs. Thus, tone signals having a variety of tone color changes can be realized without the necessity of many wave memories.


In the last decade, the theory on the Cauchy problem for hyperbolic equations has developed a little in the analysis of their characters. This article will aim to survey briefly the main point of the advance. Before doing so, we give a short historical remark. The notion of hyperbolic equation began from the characterization of the wave equation. In the present day, however, it comes to be understood as an algebraic and geometric characterization, for symbols of partial differential operators, corresponding to solvability of non characteristic Cauchy problem for them with data of a suitable function space, so called "well posed". Especially it seems to have been considered that the solvability to the space of infinitely difYerentiable functions called <f-well posed is essential since J. Hadamar [5] proposed. In fact I. G. Petrowsky [24] and completely L. Carding [8] characterized the necessary and sufficient condition for it to be cfwell posed in case of constant coefficients. In general, namely, to the equations with variable coefficients, P. D. Lax [14] and S. Mizohata [19] got a necessary condition that the principal part of the equations should be hyperbolic if the Cauchy problem for it is well posed. Nevertheless the generic fact known about the sufficient condition invariant under the change of variables had been essentially only one given by I. G. Petrowsky [25] for a long time. The fact is that the Cauchy problem for a hyperbolic equation with simple characteristics, called strictly hyperbolic, is <f-well posed, although it was extended until uniformly symmetrizable ones in case of systems of operators. The case of constant coefficients and the results by A. Lax [13] and by M. Yamaguti [28] have indicated the necessity of clarifying relations between the principal part and the lower


AbstractThis paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) finite-element model (FEM) of part of a contemporary timber-framed house for assessing the load sharing and contribution of lining elements to l...


A critical examination of isozyme, chromosomal, and morphological characters in subspecies formerly included in Gymnocarpium dryopteris demonstrated that three sexual taxa can be distinguished. We recognize these taxa as distinct species: the widespread, fertile allotetraploid G. dryopteris, with one genome derived from the western diploid G. disjunctum and the other from G. appalachianum sp. nov., a previously undetected eastern North American diploid, which is de- scribed and illustrated here and for which we report a chromosome number of 2n = 80. Population comparisons of allele frequencies between G. disjunctum and G. appalachianum yielded an average Nei's genetic identity value (I) of 0.274. A wide-ranging assemblage of putatively triploid plants with both sterile, malformed spores and large, round spores capable of germination is believed to represent the backcrosses G. disjunctum x dryopteris and G. appalachianum x dryopteris. The name G. x brittonianum comb. nov. is applied here to G. disjunctum x dryopteris. A key to fertile species,


The paper represent a solution for the task of human interface layer design with controller high-level code reuse. It demonstrates that using of design pattern Mediator make low-level coupling for interface components, at the same time combining it with Observer pattern and Separated Interface architecture solution allows to isolate these components and layer controller from concrete realizations.


This Arts-based Educational Research comes as a result of micro-performative and sensitive ac- tions which were developed during a beginners teaching course with actual teachers in the Faculty of Education. It has been taught the sensitivity, the body and the performance to use contemporary art as life experiences. This article constitutes the visual essay compendium of conferences and workshops done with teachers regarding both art education courses and congress since 2011 until the present.


The current Internet architecture is built around layers of different functions, where the Network Layer provides a technology-independent abstraction on top of a large set of autonomous, heterogeneous networks. The Internet Protocol (IP) is one mechanism for achieving such an abstraction. By making the choice for a rudimentary ``best-effort" service, the Internet has not been able to effectively respond to new requirements (security, manageability, wireless, mobility, etc.) Today, Internet Service Providers (ISP's) may be willing to provide better than best-effort service to their customers or their peers for a price or to meet a Service Level Agreement (SLA). The lack of a structured view of how this could be accomplished, given the current IP model, has led to numerous ad hoc solutions that are either inefficient or incomplete. There is a lack of a building block that can be composed to provide a wide scope service that meets given user requirements.


We use some methods such as questionnaire、observation、interview to investigate the developmental situation of popular body mechanics in PuTian city's body-building club,and propose related advice to develop it in order.


The identification of successful candidates for school leadership positions is one of the most significant challenges confronting any school system. The focus of this thesis was a large State education system in Queensland, Australia, and policy decisions that were made in relation to how principals in that system were to be selected. The central purpose of this thesis was to examine the critical factors that underpinned the Queensland Department of Education's decision to use Assessment Centres as a major tool in the selection process for principals in Queensland, Australia. As well, this thesis sought to identify those factors that contributed to a later policy decision to dispense with using Assessment Centres for selection purposes.

A mixed-method case study approach was adopted which incorporated semistructured interview, participant observation, questionnaire, and document review. Semi-structured interviews were held with a small group of 'elites' including a Director-General of Education, who at the time, held the most senior position within the Queensland Department of Education. These 'elites' provided strategic insights into policy decisions that related to the use of Assessment Centres for selecting principals. A more 'grass roots' view of Assessment Centres was obtained through using questionnaire and participantobservation methods which focused on the views that practitioners held about Assessment Centres. Document review complemented these data collection methods by uncovering the historical factors underpinning the views that the QTU and many senior Departmental officers held about Assessment Centres.

The findings of this study revealed that the Director-General of Education in Queensland, was convinced that Assessment Centres were strong, predictive tools that could lend consistency, validity and rigor to the selection process. By using the Queensland Assessment Centre as a selection tool, he hoped to identify leaders who would embrace the new culture of Education Queensland and as such achieve his vision of excellence in education. However, the topdown approach to policy change, and the commander style of leadership that he used to achieve this goal, did not engender stakeholder support for and commitment to the new selection policy. Instead, it generated resistance amongst stakeholders, particularly the Queensland Teachers' Union (QTU).

Significantly, the Queensland Assessment Centre did not have bipartisan political support. Instead, it was dependent on the political patronage of the State Coalition Government whose Education Minister was intent on excluding the QTU from critical Departmental policy making processes.

However, by marginalising the QTU, a pressure group aligned to the Labor Party, the Government ignored the QTU's capacity to exert considerable power and influence should the right political conditions prevail. Such a situation arose in 1998 when a State Labor Government took Office and the QTU gained 'insider' status in the Government's policy making process. The changed political climate proved to be less favourable for the Queensland Assessment Centre as it failed to gain the endorsement of the new Government, and within a very short time it ceased operating. Perhaps, had greater emphasis been placed on building bipartisan political support for the Queensland Asssessment Centre it might possibly have survived the change of Government.

The study concluded by providing recommendations for future research to be conducted in the of area of Assessment Centres, in particular, how Assessment Centres might be used to improve recruitment and selection processes within the Queensland education context as well as in other organisations.


populus sempervirens. C. J. Friedrich. On the preservation of democracy for America. Willmoore Kendall. Southern Rev. Summer, 1939. Liberalism. The relationship between liberalism and knowledge of current affairs. C. Robert Pace. Jour, of Soc. Psychology. May, 1939. . An analysis of recent American liberalism. Ward Morton. Southwestern Soc. Sci. Quar. June, 1939. . Liberalism yesterday and tomorrow. Virgil Michel. Ethics. July, 1939. National Socialism. Forerunners of the third reich. Nicolas Sollohub. Contemp. Rev. July, 1939. . The Roman catholic church and national socialism. Robert D' Harcourt. Nine. Cent. July, 1939. Press. British and Swiss newspapers. Fritz Outtinger. Pol. Quar. July-Sept., 1939. . The press and the people; a survey. Fortune. Aug., 1939. Pressure Groups. Pressure-group action and the democratic process; a study of the railroad situation. Leslie Craven. Wash. Univ. Law Quar. June, 1939. Propaganda. Radio and propaganda. Seymour N. Siegal. Air Law Rev. Apr., 1939. . Talmudic forgeries; a case study in anti-Jewish propaganda. Ben Z. Bokser. Contemp. Jewish Record. July-Aug., 1939. . Waging war with words. Edwin Mutter. Current Hist. Aug., 1939. . The propagandist bids for power. Harold Lasswell. Am. Scholar. Summer, 1939. Responsibility. The structure of responsibility. John A. Clark. Ethics. July, 1939. Socialism. The labour movement in Austria. Karl William. Contemp. Rev. July, 1939. Social Philosophy. Der Weg der Sozialphilosophie. Leopold v. Wiese. Archiv f. Rechtsund Sozialphilosophie. Mar., 1939. Teaching. L'enseignement du droit international par rapport a l'6tude des relations internationales. George Sofronie. Rev. de Droit Int. des Sciences Dipl. et Pol. Oct.-Dec, 1938. . How can we teach politics? Frederic Evans. Pol. Quar. July-Sept., 1939. Totalitarianism. Totalitarian "prosperity." Wilhelm Rdpke. Harper's. July, 1939.


A storied building structure with steel sekleton is composed of vertical columns, main steel skeletons of transverse beams, several supporting frames, jointers, several antiflex member, steel bars for floor and lattice sheets. The reinforced jointers are arranged on side surface of transverse beam. Said supporting frames are horizontally arranged between main steel skeletons of transverse beams, and composed of straight bars and jointing bars. Said jointer is used to join supporting frame with the main skeleton of transverse beam. The steel bars for floor pass through and are arranged betweensupporting frames. Its advantags include fast and convenient construction, high strength and high anti-earthquake power.


Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) multimode analysis and 3-dimensional, time-dependent computer simulations, as well as experiments, have been carried out to quantify the energy-transport efficiencies of the open transmission-line systems of the particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) and the DEMON accelerator. The insights gained are guiding design efforts to improve the energy-transport efficiency of PBFA II.


Cytotoxic chemotherapy has been an important treatment modality in human malignancy as well as surgery and radiotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents have continued to improve in efficacy, but there are few cases in which a single drug or treatment modality has sufficien+t activity to cure the malignancy by itself. The active immunotherapeutic strategy to induce an immune response against tumors is quite attractive because it offers the potential for high tumor-specific toxicity, minimal side effects, and a durable antitumor effect. However, its clinical effects on patients with malignancy have not been up to the expectation because of immune tolerance, sheer physical burden of tumor antigens, tumor escape mechanisms from the immune surveillance system and so on. Although the combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy would seem to be contradictory, preclinical and clinical data have shown that many chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine and temozolomide enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy when used prior to immunotherapy. Explainable mechanisms of action are lessening of inhibitory immune effect by tumors, improvement of the effector T cell:tumor ratio, inhibition of regulatory T cells, enhancement of antigen presentation by tumors, alteration of tumor microenvironment, or some yet unknown method. Recent developed targeted therapies such as the monoclonal antibodies cetuximab, bevacizumab and trastuzumab, seem to be more effective when given with chemotherapy or other targeted therapies. More experimental and clinical trials are needed to evoke the full potential of the synergistic antitumor effects of chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy.


The monitoring of the ambient working conditions is a crucial part in occupational medicine. A wearable system for monitoring environmental conditions including physical and chemical parameters is introduced. The system operates based on an integrated and add on-board multi-layer sensors and fusion approach. It uniquely consists of only a small and light wrist-worn device which embeds a microcontroller board with integrated temperature, humidity and barometer sensors (Physical parameters), add on-board gas sensors (Chemical parameters) in second top layer for monitoring hazardous gases in air and a vibration motor placed under of the board. For an early notification of the user about ambient parameters a haptic feedback pattern is actuated using a micro embedded vibration motor. Data are also sent to a smart phone simultaneously. The collected data are used to monitor the ambient environment and establish a long-term individual profile for employees in real-time. With this paper we introduce the system architecture. Efficiency, performance and power consumption of such unique multi-layer multi-parameter monitoring device in size and weight are evaluated.


Lena Jonson is an Associate Professor and Senior Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. She has published extensively in the field of Russian foreign and security policies. Among her latest publications can be found Central Asian Security: The New International Context, co-edited together with Roy Allison (Brookings Institution/The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2001); Keeping the Peace in the CIS: The Evolution of Russian Policy (RIIA, London, 1999); Russia and Central Asia; A New Web of Relations (RIIA, London, 1998); The Tajik War: A Challenge to Russian Policy (RIIA, London 1998).


An H.264 algorithm is commonly used for video compression applications. This algorithm requires a large number of data computations, for example, the sum of absolute difference (SAD) operation. We analyzed H.264 reference encoding workloads. The H.264 encoding program has 8.78% SAD operation. The SAD operation is to sum up 16 differencevalues in H.264 4×4 sub-blocks. In order to accelerate SAD operations, we implemented an application specific instructionset processor (ASIP) that can execute SAD and data transfer instructions. The proposed coprocessor has an absolute value generator and a carry save adder (CSA) unit to sum up 8 difference-values per one clock cycle. We completed SAD operation in 2 clock cycles. Experimental results show that the performance is improved by 34% of total execution time.


This review presents the experimental approaches more widely used in animal models to investigate possible strategies aimed to stimulate plasticity in the nervous system and possibly to increase spontaneous recovery from functional/neurological diseases such as neonatal anoxia. Methods used in laboratory rodents are briefly described. Attention is focused on possible enrichments of the social and physical environment during the development.


Along with the central air conditioning popularized,its energy consumption question was severe day by day,therefore the research significance to its design and energy saving of frequency conversion control was significant.The central air conditioning system's composition was introduced,the principle on the frequency conversion and energy saving was elaborated.It carried on the variable frequency control design from the main engine refrigeration system,the water circulating system,the blast system three aspects.Then a cooling water circulating system variable frequency control design example was given,subsequently energy saving analysis was carried on.Finally it was pointed out that central air conditioning with frequency conversion control had broad prospects for development.


The pressures and flows in a water distribution system are solved by a modified Newton-Raphson method. This method removes the problems of pressure initialization and greatly increases convergence particularly in systems containing pumps or pressure reducing valves, or both. The program will automatically amend pipe resistances so that calculated pressures agree with measured pressures. Both the system equations and those for the automatic balancing routine are derived. Examples are shown of the improved rate of convergence and the automatic balancing.


The invention discloses a processing method for gastrodia tuber instant slices, belongs to the field of food processing and solves the problem of inconvenience in gastrodia tuber eating. In the method, steamed gastrodia tuber is smashed into paste and is uniformly mixed with puffed rice flour, agar (or pectin) and honey (or white granulated sugar), and then the mixture is tabletted, roasted at a low temperature and sliced to obtain the gastrodia tuber instant slices. By using the method, eating and carrying of the gastrodia tuber are facilitated, and the functions of the gastrodia tuber and the efficacy o the ingredients can be brought into full play.


We introduce and solve a model which considers two coupled networks growing simultaneously. The dynamics of the networks is governed by the new arrival of network elements (nodes) making preferential attachments to pre-existing nodes in both networks. The model segregates the links in the networks as intra-links, cross-links and mix-links. The corresponding degree distributions of these links are found to be power-laws with exponents having coupled parameters for intra- and cross-links. In the weak coupling case, the model reduces to a simple citation network. As for the strong coupling, it mimics the mechanism of the web of human sexual contacts.


In Urdu/Hindi, the intonation of a sentence consists of a se-quence of rising F0 contours (LH). These LH contours are the default intonation pattern associated with a basic prosodic unit which is analyzed either as a foot [1] or as a phonological phrase [2]. [1] , however, reported that a tonal pattern with two F0 rises (LHLH) was observed in morphologically complex words and syntactic phrases, but he did not provide an analysis to predict the occurrence of these double rises. The phonological status of these rises is not clear either. The current research addresses this issue and investigates the contexts in which the realization of double rises is observed. Using data from production experiments and speech corpus, we show that the LHLH pattern is not related to morphological complexity or morpheme type as these rises occur in monomorphemic words as well as in words with inflectional and derivational morphemes. We thus argue that the occurrence of these two rises is rhythmically constrained. Tonal alignment confirms such an analysis in which the first L and the last H tones are regular AP boundary tones, whereas the additional H and L tones are inserted for rhythmic reasons.


The Innovative Child Care Practices for Children at Risk was an international development project that took place in the suburbs of Jose C Paz and Moreno, in the periphery of Buenos Aires, Argentina during the economic crisis of 2001. The project attempted to use Alan Pence's Generative Curriculum Approach in training educators in community child care centres. The project concluded in 2004 and no further assessment was done. This case study is a revisiting of the project, several years after its conclusion, through the documents created, the curriculum texts composed, and interviews with the participants in the project. Through analysis of these, lessons are drawn about the training of adult educators across differences of culture, language and class.


Fibrous dysplasia is a non neoplastic,              hamartomatous, developmental disease of bone of unknown aetiology.It is most commonly seen in the maxilla and                 mandible in the facial skeleton.Involvement of zygoma is rare.We present 4 cases of fibrous dysplasia with one patient having isolated zygomatic bone involvement which is a rare presentation.


The new head office of the firm Ventilator AG is made up of a central building and two lateral ones.
The basement has a passive defense shelter, the archives, and a photographing department.
The ground zone has an entrance zone, a reception hall, lecture rooms, and offices for the director, secretary and other senior officers.
The other three stories provide room for offices, and are specially adapted for this purpose: the careful spatial arrangement and excellent natural and artificial lighting arrangement are worthy of note.


Group brainstorming is a well-known idea generation technique, which plays a key role in software development processes. Despite this, the relevant literature has had little to offer in advancing our understanding of the effectiveness of group brainstorming sessions. In this paper we present a research-in-progress on brainstorming while walking, which is a practice built upon the relationship between thinking and walking. The objective is to better understand how to conduct group brainstorming effectively. We compared two brainstorming sessions, one performed during a mountain walk, the other traditionally in a room. Three preliminary findings are obtained: walking can lead to an effective idea generation session; brainstorming while walking can encourage team members to participate in and contribute to the session in an equal manner; and it can help a team to maintain sustainable mental energy. Our study opens up an avenue for future exploration of effective group brainstorming practices.


We describe an adult male with severe learning disability, epilepsy, and dysmorphic features. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated a terminal duplication of the long arm of chromosome 17, resulting in partial trisomy 17q24-q25. Our patient shows some of the characteristic features of the distal 17q phenotype, but in addition has more unusual features such as epilepsy, sensorineural hearing loss, and long fingers and overlapping toes. We suggest that these features occur with terminal duplications of 17q.


In-situ combustion in Liaohe Oilfield becomes mature gradually after trial tests.This paper,based on in-situ combustion tests in two different heavy oil reservoirs,compares their optimized design in bedded and thick-bedded heavy oil reservoirs,which helps understand the mechanism of in-situ combustion and provides reference for application of in-situ combustion in Liaohe's heavy oil reservoir.As its application extends from bedded reservoir to thick-bedded,a combination of vertical plus horizontal wells has been used in extracting thick-bedded heavy oil reservoirs,and comes into mature and optimization.


Abstract. The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) has recently been shown to be effective in reducing nitrate leaching from grazed pasture soils. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of temperature and application rate on the effectiveness of DCD in nitrification inhibition. Possible effects on soil microbial biomass were also determined. The soil, Lismore silt loam (Pallic orthic brown soil; Udic Haplustept loamy skeletal), was incubated at a moisture content near field capacity under 2 temperatures (8 or 20°C). Urea was applied at 25 kg N/ha and dairy cow urine at 1000 kg N/ha. DCD was applied at 2 rates equivalent to 7.5 or 15 kg/ha. The results show that at a soil temperature of 8°C, the half-life of DCD was 111–116 days. The half-life of NH4+ changed from 44 days without DCD to 243–491 days when DCD was applied. In contrast, at a soil temperature of 20°C the half-life of DCD was 18–25 days. The half-life of NH4+ changed from 22 days without DCD to 64–55 days with DCD. The 2 different rates of DCD had a small effect on the NH4+ concentration in the soil. The application of DCD did not have a significant effect on soil microbial biomass. DCD would therefore be most effective in inhibiting nitrification and thus reducing nitrate leaching in late autumn–winter–early spring in most parts of New Zealand when daily average soil temperatures are generally below 10°C and when drainage is high.


A mathematical memory-based model is proposed to capture the hysteresis behavior in piezoelectric actuators. It is observed that the ascending (descending) hysteresis curves are alike and converge to one point without memory saturation. Therefore, two, dominant curves are determined and expressed as continuous functions, and the other hysteresis curves are modeled using two dominant curves through nonlinear transforming of coordinate axis. In the event ofmemory saturation, a new converging point is used to compensate the model prediction error. The experimental study has been carried out and our proposed model prediction method is compared with PI model and the linear model. It shows that the proposed model prediction method is better than other two methods.


This paper studies the high temperature multiaxial low cycle fatigue of Mar-M247LC directionally solidified superalloy. Tension-torsion multiaxial low cycle fatigue tests were carried out using Mar-M247LC tubular specimens at 1173K in air. Several multiaxial strain and stress parameters were applied to the experimental data to examine the suitability of the parameters. All the multiaxial strain parameters proposed so far could not successfully correlate the maltiaxial low cycle fatigue data of the directionality solidified superalloy, but the maximum principal stress and the equivalent stress based on crack opening displacement could correlate the data within a small scatter. This paper proposes a new multiaxial strain parameter which takes account of the anisotropy of elastic constant of directionally solidified superalloys. The proposed strain parameter correlates the multiaxial low cycle fatigue data within a factor of two scatter band. This paper also describes the crack mode and cyclic constitutive relation of the superalloy in connection with the anisotropy of the elastic constant.


Apart from the price fluctuation, the retailers' service level becomes another key factor that affects the market demand. This paper depicts a modified price and demand game model based on the stochastic demand and the retailer's service level which influences the market demand decided by customers' preference, while the market demand is stochastic in this model. We explore how the price adjustment speed affects the stability of the supply chain system with respect to service level and stochastic demand. The dynamic behavior of the system is researched by simulation and the stability domain and the bifurcation phenomenon are shown clearly. The largest Lyapunov exponent and the chaotic attractor are also given to confirm the chaotic characteristic of the system. The simulation results indicate that relatively small price adjustment speed may maintain the system at stable state. With the price adjustment speed gradually increasing, the price system gets unstable and finally becomes chaotic. This chaotic phenomenon will perturb the product market and this phenomenon should be controlled to keep the system stay in the stable region. So the chaos control is done and the chaos can be controlled completely. The conclusion makes significant contribution to the system referring to the price fluctuation based on the service level and stochastic demand.


Strong terahertz radiation from mesa structure of $\rm{Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_{8+\delta}}$ single crystal has been observed recently, where the mesa intrinsically forms a cavity. For a thick mesa of large number of junctions, there are many cavity modes with different wave vectors along the c-axis corresponding to almost degenerate bias voltages. The mechanism responsible for exciting the uniform mode which radiates coherent terahertz waves in experiments is unknown. In this work, we show that the in-plane dissipation selects the uniform mode. For perturbations with non-zero wave numbers along the c-axis, the in-plane dissipations are significantly enhanced, which prevent the excitation of corresponding cavity modes. Our analytical results are confirmed by numerical simulations.


A resource that Pacific island Countries have in abundant supply is tuna. The Ocean surrounding Island States supply one third of the world's tuna and between 40 to 50% of raw materials for the global canneries. The high concentration of tuna stock in the Western Central Pacific Ocean and the depletion of this resource in the other oceans have attracted increased fishing activities in the Region. This emanates with high illegally unreported and unregulated fishing activities. Despite formulations of fisheries rules to control harvesting of tuna resources, illegal fishing continues to exist. This paper examines this problem in the Solomon Islands' fisheries by addressing three basic questions: (1) Why fishers break rules? (2) the circumstances in which fishers break them? and (3) the objective of complying with rules.
A qualitative methodological approach using in-depth interviews with former and current fishers of various ranks and other key stakeholders was conducted. This included about thirty three personal interviews and two focus group interviews.
The study shows most fishers resolved to Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities for economic gain. They thrive to maximise their profits which makes deterring such activities difficult. The study also reveals that Solomon Islands has weak enforcement and stumpy penalties.
Additionally, politicians often compromise their decisions in favour of violators. All these factors have compounded to the difficulty of countering IUU activities difficult. Theoretically, 'The Tragedy of the Commons' by Hardin (Colebatch and Larmour 1993) clearly explains that if fishers continue to serve their interest, every fisher will become worse off in the long run. Solomon Islands tuna fisheries are lowly moving in that direction if enforcement continues to be weak and fishers are not aware of this threat.


A current challenge in teaching practice is to transform classrooms into laboratories to exchange experiences in courses whose goal is to enhance the professional skills in a practical and meaningful way. The quest for improvement demonstrates that, increasingly, professionals become aware that organizations coexist in extremely competitive environments, seeking to conquer more markets from sustainable competitive advantages, requiring quick responses from their employees. Whereas the process of creativity stimulated by the creation of an enabling environment, this study aims to discuss the application of a teaching strategy developed for this purpose. Using the methodology of single case study, we used the technique of observation unstructured (informal or simple) to perform the collection and recording of events that occurred during the implementation of the strategy. It discusses elements such as identifying opportunities, creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship, seeking their relationship to understand how it is possible to motivate the generation of proposals for innovative projects in educational environments. As a result, we present the perceptions of teachers on the teaching strategy applied, emphasizing that an enabling environment for the development of ideas encourages the student to propose solutions to the improbabilities, creating innovative alternatives to the identified needs.


The implications of the Jahn-Teller theorem are discussed with special reference to the case where the forces tending to lower the symmetry of electronically degenerate molecular states are of the same order as the restoring forces encountered during typical vibrations. It is shown that the resulting dynamical situation may be described as a particular kind of coupling between low-frequency electronic motions and nuclear modes.


From comception of tribology system, the influence of different element on the tribology system of ore chamfer is analysed.This paper particularly makes analyses and discuss on energy change in the wear invalidation. It is pointed that the wear energy changes into four parts, namely, surface layer and inferior surface layer energy of distortion, change of inner energy, formative heat and increase of exterior energy; according to wear style and working condition in the well, quantum of total wear energy of object is not identity.2figs.,5refs.


In winter (December-February), cold air outbreak (CAO) events dominate weather and climate in the extratropics. CAO is the equatorward outflow of cold air mass from the polar region. It is characterized by strong wind and sharp drop of temperature, and sometimes can lead to heavy snowstorms. East Asia, including Japan, is one of the regions where CAOs most frequently occur and thus can cause significant damages to the densely populated areas [1].


A metal film supports the continuum of propagating surface plasmon waves. The interaction of these waves with a dipole (nanoparticle) positioned some distance from the surface of the film can produce well defined localized plasmon modes whose frequency nonetheless resides inside the continuum. This leads to the resonant enhancement of scattering of surface plasmons off the dipole. The maximum of scattering is found to occur when the distance from the dipole to the surface of the film is equal to one half of the film thickness. The possibility of controllable plasmon scattering could be advantageous for the field of nanoplasmonics.


In recent years we may observe the growing importance of the Internet in the lives of consumers. As the data from Central Statistical Office (GUS) shows, in 2015 approximately 75.8% of Polish households had access to the Internet. The value of e-commerce is estimated at PLN 27 billion. 54% of Internet users buy in Polish e-shops and 13% in foreign internet shops. The threat of violations of consumer rights, including cybercrime, is on the increase. This requires caution, the knowledge of legislative solutions and litigation methods of exerting consumers' rights on the part of customers. The article focuses on the purchasing behaviour of Internet users taking into account consumer rights and risks posed by new technologies.


By utilizing direct current (DC) iontophoretic treatment on electrodes with high impedance we show the effectiveness of iontophoresis as a driving force for permeation of ionic electrolyte into the skin barrier. After a 60 second DC treatment at 50µA or 100µA amplitudes on either saline, Nihon Kohden Elefix, or Agar based electrolytes we saw an immediate impedance drop ranging from 3-30%. The effects generally lasted several hours.


The number of civil servants in Indonesia is decreasing from year to year. the structure of civil servants is still a serious matter because of the ineffectiveness of the existing echelon levels. Several policies have been carried out to reduce echelon levels. Echelon level simplification policy becomes necessary. That is why echelon level simplification policies and equalization of administrative positions need to be implemented so that employee career paths are clearer. This article reviews the factors that influence the simplification of organizational structure and equalization of administrative positions as executors of career development in functional positions. This paper aims to build a hypothesis based on the literature review and empirical studies that can be used for future studies. The review concludes that the simplification of the organizational structure and the equalization of administrative positions affects the career development of functional positions.


Acaracides were tested for control of citrus red mite populations on 12-year-old lemon trees (21 ft × 21 ft spacing, EW rows) located in Riverside, CA. A randomized block design was used with 8 single-tree replicates per treatment. Treatments were applied May 13 with a Hardie hand-gun (single nozzle, no. 8 disc) at 450 psi (ca 1200 gal per acre, 12 gal per tree) using a John Bean sprayer. Naked-eye counts of adult female mites on 32 leaves per tree (two 4-leaf terminals per quadrant, top surface only) were made.


Abstract Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach's detailed journals, which cover over half a century, reveal what she, her family, and friends such as Ida Fleischl and Betty Paoli read that was originally not written in German, how they became acquainted with these texts, and, to a lesser extent, their reactions to the texts. Analysis of this data suggests that Ebner read from a 'cosmopolitan' subject position in that texts and performances are seen as crafted artistic products whose structural elements are universal and can seemingly be transported and translated easily from one culture to another with no consideration of their particular historical, cultural, ethnic or national roots. This attitude towards texts may be linked to Ebner's status as a Hapsburg aristocrat as well as the influence of Goethe's ideas on world literature.


The Boltzmann equilibrium distribution is an important rigorous tool for determining entropy, since this function cannot be measured, but only calculated in accordance with Boltzmann's law. On the basis of the commensuration coefficient of discrete and continuous similarly-named distributions developed by the authors, the article analyses the statistical sum in the Boltzmann distribution to the commensuration with the improper integral of the similarly-named function in the full range of the term of series of the statistical sum at the different combination of the temperature and the step of variation (quantum) of the particle energy. The convergence of series based on the Cauchy, Maclaurin criteria and the equal commensuration of series and improper integral of the similarly-named function in each unit interval of variation of series and similarly-named function were established. The obtained formulas for the commensuration coefficient and statistical sum were analyzed, and a general expression for the total and residual statistical sums, which can be calculated with any given accuracy, is found. Given a direct calculation formula for the Boltzmann distribution, taking into account the values of the improper integral and commensuration coefficient. To determine the entropy from the new expression for the Boltzmann distribution in the form of a series, the convergence of the similarly-named improper integral is established. However, the commensuration coefficient of integral and series in each unit interval turns out to be dependent on the number of the term of series and therefore cannot be used to determine the sum of series through the improper integral. In this case, the entropy can be calculated with a given accuracy with a corresponding quantity of the term of series n at a fixed value of the statistical sum. The given accuracy of the statistical sum turns out to be mathematically identical to the fraction of particles with an energy exceeding a given level of the energy barrier equal to the activation energy in the Arrhenius equation. The prospect of development of the proposed method for expressing the Boltzmann distribution and entropy is to establish the relationship between the magnitude of the energy quantum ∆ε and the properties of the system-forming particles.


Objective: The objective of this research study was to investigate if there exists a relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genes insertion/deletion (I/D) genotypes and the antihypertensive treatment being received by preeclampsia (PE) and gestational hypertension (GH) patients. Methods: A total of 50 PE and 35 GH cases were included. ACE gene I/D genotyping was carried out on the blood samples of cases and correlated with the antihypertensive treatment being received by these patients. Details of antihypertensives being received by them were nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker 10 mg) and methyldopa (an alpha 2 receptor agonist 250 mg) which is considered as the first-line of treatment. 30 normotensive pregnant women of comparable gestational period served as controls. Results: It was observed that a combination of calcium channel blocker (nifedipine 10 mg), as well as alpha 2 agonist (methyldopa 250 mg), was required in patients with D' allele containing genotypes. However, PE and GH patients with II genotype as well as those of GH patients responded well to either nifedipine or methyldopa. If confirmed these results appear to be of clinical significance as prior knowledge of ACE I/D genotypes will be useful in the management of PE cases in general and severe PE cases in particular. Conclusion: Prior knowledge of ACE I/D genotypes appears to be helpful in the management of PE and GH cases.