With the development of social economy, the democratic sense raise ,so does the civil′s personal interests views.That bring out positive and negative effects .This article anaylze the reeson for it and bring forword some advises on how to introduce the development of personal interests viens in the right way.


Following a recent proposal, we employ the AdS/CFT correspondence to compute the jet quenching parameter for = 4 Yang-Mills theory at nonzero R-charge densities. Using as dual supergravity backgrounds non-extremal rotating branes, we find that the presence of the R-charges generically enhances the jet quenching phenomenon. However, at fixed temperature, this enhancement might or might not be a monotonically increasing function of the R-charge density and depends on the number of independent angular momenta describing the solution. We perform our analysis for the canonical as well as for the grand canonical ensemble which give qualitatively similar results.


The aim of this paper is to conduct a study, to identify the potential and the prospects of renewable energy in Pakistan. This will be done by highlighting the present energy situation and quantitatively analyzing the ways and techniques available today to fulfill the energy gap. And hence, the ultimate concern of this paper would help identify the different forms of renewable energy currently feasible within Pakistan taking into consideration the cost, feasibility in terms of technical resources and other common factors. The paper pertains to include both retrofitting existing energy projects that are in hand currently, and, those that are yet to be designed and implemented. This paper would not only identify the conventional renewable energy and how it could be used to achieve a better performance but also highlight all the new renewable energy resources that could be implemented in Pakistan if proper measures are taken.


A new adaptive filter is presented, designed for the restora- tion of color images corrupted with an arbitrary noise model. The pro- posed filter is based on order-statistics restoration techniques and per- forms a linear combination of a number of difference measures to estimate the noise present in each pixel. To reduce color artifacts, the filtering is performed in a color space that decouples the intensity and color information. The choice of which color space is arbitrary; however, from experimentation it has been found that a spherical coordinate rep- resentation of the RGB pixel vectors provides the best results. As the results show, the proposed filter outperforms the current state of the art techniques for impulse, additive, and multiplicative noise types. In addi- tion to the proposed filter, a new color performance measure is intro- duced based on the mean square error; however, it can be calculated using any error measure that employs differences between two input signals. © 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.


more nearly equal terms than anywhere else in the world. There has been a greatly exaggerated idea in this country of the extent to which Germany dominated the markets of South America, before the war. That she had a very large and important share of that trade cannot be denied, but it was no larger than our own, and not as large as Great Britain's. The United States exports more merchandise to Latin America than does any other nation. Here in the briefest possible.form is the record of Latin American trade in 1913:


Crash rates for trucks depend in part on the length of time drivers have been operating their vehicles. This paper investigates bounds on the reduction in crash rates due to the imposition of hours-of-service regulations, which limit the number of hours drivers operate their vehicles. Methods for analyzing probability distributions for trip length, and odds ratios for crashes (as a function of hours driven) are developed. The study is a first step toward a broader cost/benefit analysis of regulations, based on analysis of data from the fatal accident reporting system (FARS).


repertoire of phonetic production "near-native" which enables a positive perception of foreign phones and better speech intelligibility than in the older participants. Method: We developed a tests battery in an electronic format for assessing the phonetic behaviours of 61 Portuguese second language learners (L2; sample of cases). In one hand, it was analysed the presence of foreign accent or speech production according to native pattern; in the other hand, it was observed the relationship of that phonetic behaviour (with or without accent) with the phoneme identification (in Portuguese) according to the articulatory point, arguing about the relationship previously stated. Results and Discussion: Results will be discussed specifically related to the perception and production of phonetic of L2 learners in operational tests. The younger participants exhibited reading without a foreign accent, while the older subjects showed pronunciation biased by maternal accent. Moreover, these last participants show better performance in the perception of articulatory features of phones


To transmit internalized knowledge to student's quality in the college English teaching is an effective way to imporve students' practicial abilities.And the key to improve their qualities lies in helping them internalize their knowledge.Several specific approaches are presented in this paper.


The Stanford University Press, Stanford University, California ANALYTICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PRODUCTION OF OIL, GAS, AND WATER FROM WELLS. Stanley C. Herold. pp. xviii+659. $7.50. The theory here expounded shows how may be solved the problems of mutual interference of wells, spacing of wells, recovery of oil and gas, drainage of a pool by a well or a group of wells, and other important problems that confront the industry and the government.


Objective To study the expression of PDK1 and its phosphorylation form in rat models with transected spinal cord injury(tSCI).Methods A total of 30 healthy adult SD rats were randomly divided into injury group and control group.Rats in injury group were further divided into 4 time points: 6 hours,12 hours,l day and 3 days subgroups,each with 6 rats,and they were sacrificed at each time point.The transected injury of spinal cord was performed at T9 in adult SD rats.Rats in control group were only undergone with T8 and T9 laminectomy without injury of their spinal cord.Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the changes of PDK1 and serine-241 phosphorylated PDK1(p-PDK1s241) protein expression after tSCI,and the localization of p-PDK1s241 in spinal cord was examined by immunofluorescence double staining.Results Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining showed that p-PDK1s241 started to be increased at 6 hours after injury and it reached peak in 12 hours,then it declined to basal level at 3 days after injury.Double immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that p-PDK1s241 was primarily localized in neurons and oligodendrocytes.Conclusion Above mentioned results indicate that phosphorylation of PDK1 may participate into the pathophysiologic response after SCI and suggest PDK1 as a novel target for neuroprotection and functional repair of SCI.


"Bacteria in sediments participate actively in biomineralization of organic matter and in biotransformation of minerals. In the present study, spatial and seasonal changes in heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio spp. in sediments from an undisturbed mangrove ecosystem and from shrimp cultivation ponds were explored, and determined the dominant environmental factors that govern these fluctuations. In the mangrove area, physical and chemical parameters including temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen concentration were quantified. The plate count method was used to quantify the viable heterotrophic and Vibrio spp. bacteria, and the concentrations of nutrients (ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, and phosphates), organic material, pH, and texture in one sample of sediment were also determined. In addition to the physical and chemical parameters mentioned for the mangrove, turbidity measured by Secci disc, and the concentrations of nitrites, nitrates, and phosphates were quantified in the shrimp ponds. Also, the plate count method was used to quantify the viable heterotrophic and Vibrio spp. bacteria. In mangrove sediments statistical and principal component analyses (PCA) demonstrated that seawater temperature is the principal determinant of seasonal distributions of heterotrophic and Vibrio spp. bacteria. A large spatial variation in bacterial populations was observed over short distances (-1 m) among sampling areas within the same site. Apart from seawater temperature, soil texture, concentration of nutrients, and organic matter concentration contributed to heterogeneity, but to a lesser extent. These analyses showed that bacterial distribution in sediments of mangoves had high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. It was observed that water temperature in the mangrove negatively affected the abundance of culturable heterotrophic bacteria in the sediment, which positively correlated with the abundance of Vibrio spp. In the shrimp ponds statistical and principal component analyses showed that turbidity is the main factor in determining the distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio spp., salinity and PO4-3 concentration contributed in the distribution but to a lesser extent. This parameter probably masked the effects of other environmental factors, because the high concentrations of dissolved nutrients and suspended organic material favored bacterial growth..."


Hydrosweep. Hydrosweep is a multibeam sonar, which transmits and receives acoustic waves of 15.5 kHz frequency within a fan of 90° to 120° opening angle athwart ship and 2° opening angle along the ship. The travel times of the reflections from the sea floor, combined with the sound velocity (profile) of the water column, are used to derive high-resolution bathymetric maps which reveal the topography of the ocean floor in great detail. The amplitudes of the reflections from the sea floor, sampled by 2000 points along the swath, simultaneously provide sidescan sonar images which indicate high and low scattering areas on the sea floor by light and dark gray-shaded colours. The currently installed Hydrosweep DS-2 system includes an upgrade which allows (1) to use 240 "soft" beams (HDBE Mode = High Definiton Bearing Estimation Mode) instead of the conventional 59 "hard" beams of the former system versions for high-resolution bathymetric surveys and (2) to reduce the source level manually and automatically (ASLC mode = Automatic Source Level Control Mode). A correctly working HDBE mode is mandatory for an application of the ASLC mode. Three different settings can be used to control the source level: (1) Standard, (2) Maximum Source Level, (3) Automatic Source Level Control (ASLC).


Residual stresses resulted from carburizing and quenching were measured dy the etching method, using plate specimens of two kinds of steels.The microstructure after quenching is likely to include retained austenite due to high carbon content of the carburized layer, which may decompose into martensite in time at room temperature. To investigate the effect of aging on the distribution of residual stress, stress measurements were made on the specimens which were kept in rest at room temperature for 1, 7, 15, 23, and 30 days after quenching separately. The effect of repeated stressing on the residual stress was also examined by applying the stress amplitude below the endurance limit. Fatigue tests for the carburized specimens and those which were subjected to subsequent quenching were made to investigate the improvement of fatigue strength by quenching process.The results obtained were as follows;(1) Residual stresses which result from carburizing and quenching are simple thermal stress type, being compression at the surface and tension in the core. The stress reversal occurs neas the boundary between case and core.(2) Tempering process reduces the initial residual stresses considerably.(3) surface residual stresses tend to decrease during the aging period of seven days after quenching and then turn to increase noticeably for following fifteen days, thenceforward turning again to diminish gradually.(4) Surface residual stresses subjected to repeated stressing decrease during the first few fraction of ten-thousands of cycles and thence turn to increase untill the most severe distribution of residual stress is developed, being followed by gradual diminution. After 107 cycles they do not fade completely and have the values about 60% of the initial values.(5) Among the fractured specimens of the fatigue test, fish eyes were recognized. Crack seems to initiate at the region slightly inside of the carburized layer, where tension peak occurs as the combined result of the bending and the residual stresses.(6) Numbers of cycles to fracture have remarkable difference between the carburized and quenched specimens and as-carburized specimens, and accordingly surface compressive residual stresses could not be neglected in regard to their role in increasing fatigue strength.


Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The concern about the reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB) in patients treated with TNF antagonists prompts the need to screen candidates for the therapy for previous TB exposure using the tuberculin skin test. According to current guidelines, upon diagnosis of TB, TNFinhibitor should be withheld until the active infection is treated. The optimal time for resuming the TNFantagonist is undetermined. Others suggest the possibility of continuation of anti-TNF therapy throughout the TB treatment and others still who recommend instituting a corticosteroid, a notion examined in our case report.


In this work, we propose a joint adaptive codebook construction and feedback generation scheme in frequency divi-sion duplex (FDD) systems. Both unsupervised and supervised deep learning techniques are used for this purpose. Based on a recently discovered equivalence of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) channel state information (CSI) in terms of neural network learning, the codebook and associated deep encoder for feedback signaling is based on UL data only. Subsequently, the feedback encoder can be offloaded to the mobile terminals (MTs) to generate channel feedback there as efficiently as possible, without any training effort at the terminals or corresponding transfer of training and codebook data. Numerical simulations demonstrate the promising performance of the proposed method.


This study examines writing errors and self-corrections in two college ESL learners` journals and tries to answer following questions. (1) What kind of errors do Korean ESL learners make frequently? (2) Can learners` writing skills be improved without teacher`s feedback? (3) Are there any differences in error types and self-corrections between advanced learners and less advanced learners? The results showed that Korean ESL learners make the most errors in the use of articles. The advanced learners and less advanced learners showed different error distribution, which suggests they need different approaches to teaching and feedback Both groups showed improvement in writing through English journals, but the so-called treatable category such as nouns, articles and verbs still require teachers` feedback Advanced learners showed that some errors are fossilized, which could be easily corrected with teacher`s little help. Less advanced learners turned out to require direct error correction. To improve writing skills, it is suggested that teachers make learners write journals without feedback for some time, provide them with their error distribution table, have them recognize repeated errors themselves, and explain ESL learners` common errors compared with their native language. (International University of Korea)


The principal motivation for the development of multicomponent ocean bottom seismometers (OBS's) was the hope that measurement of vector particle velocities would permit sharper interpretation of seismic data, since wave types (P and S) could be better indentified with this knowledge. The practical results of OBS use have not entirely borne out this expectation. Instead, the OBS-seafloor coupling system characteristically shows strong resonances, resulting in a ringy appearance of almost all OBS data. Previous attempts to deal with this problem have used seriously oversimplified one-dimensional analyses. In the present work we first consider an ideal model of an OBS as a Hamiltonian system with three spatial degrees of freedom. This is generalized to a linear system having n degrees of freedom with three inputs and three outputs, and we find that the OBS site system is an all-pole minimum delay multichannel filter whose properties may be estimated from in situ seismic data. We apply the inverse of this filter to noise series obtained with a three-component OBS used in the Rivera Ocean Seismic Experiment. Resonance peaks in the noise power spectra are almost completely removed but at the cost of the gain obtained through resonant detection. The most significant implication of this work is that accurate ground motion can be recovered from almost any three-component OBS. Nevertheless, poor performance of OBS's will lead to degraded recovery of ground motion, so that design considerations which reduce the resonances in OBS-seafloor coupling remain important.


SIR, Bowenoid papulosis (BP) represents a multifocal intraepithelial neoplasia primarily located in the anogenital region of predominantly young adults. Although BP shows clinically benign-looking papular lesions, histopathological findings reveal features of a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ, and high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), mainly HPV 16, are regularly found in the lesions. BP usually has a benign course and tends to regress spontaneously, in contrast to Bowen's disease (BD), which develops into SCC after a certain duration of time. Malignant transformation has so far only sporadically been reported in BP. Immunosuppression, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, greatly increases the risk for premalignant and invasive HPV-related conditions. We report a 57-year-old HIV-infected heterosexual man with extensive genital BP. He was diagnosed as HIV-1 positive in May 2005, presenting with a severely compromised immunological and virological HIV status (CD4+ cells 67 lL; HIV RNA 244 000 copies mL). At first physical examination, he revealed widespread brownish papules with a scaly or smooth surface located on the mons pubis, genitals, inguinal folds, buttocks, and the inner aspects of the thighs (Fig. 1a). Concomitant Candida albicans infection of the intertriginous areas was present. Furthermore, a wart-like, verrucous nodule at the perineal area, 8 · 8 mm in diameter, was detected that differed clinically from the other BP lesions (Fig. 1b). Histopathological examination of the nodule revealed acanthosis, parakeratosis, and atypical cells within the entire epidermis consistent with SCC in situ. Immunohistochemical staining of the nodule using anti-p16 monoclonal antibody demonstrated strong and diffuse immunoreactivity in both the nuclei and the cytoplasm. p16 staining of the nodule reached the upper layers of the epidermis (Fig. 2) and exceeded that of the BP lesions (Table 1). HPV typing for 37 different lowand highrisk HPVs from the two different types of lesions (the verrucous nodule shown in Fig. 1b and the widespread brownish papules shown in Fig. 1a) showed identical high-risk HPV types in both types of lesions (HPV 31 and 52). The low-risk HPV 84 was present only in the brownish papules (Table 1). Further genital lowor high-risk HPV types were not detected. Interestingly, HPV 31 loads (quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction with type-specific primers and probes and expressed as HPV DNA copies per b-globin gene copy) significantly differed in the two types of lesions: HPV 31 load of the verrucous nodule was two orders of magnitude higher than that in the brownish papules (Table 1). Semiquantitative viral load determination for HPV 52 and HPV 84 revealed similar loads in the two brownish papules, and a lower HPV 52 load in the warty nodule compared with the brownish papules (Table 1). The nodule was surgically removed and all other lesions were treated with cautery fulguration. Imiquimod 5% cream therapy was offered to prevent recurrences, but was declined by the patient. He finally refrained from therapy and was lost to follow up.


Multiple object tracking within a network of cameras with overlapping fields of views has gained interest. The acquisition of images in an asynchronous manner hinders the practical implementation of such systems. Most of the previous work reported tests over short intervals, leaving the performance degradation due to asynchronous image acquisition unknown. In this work, we propose an online method to recover the synchronization error while tracking objects. The recovered error is fed back to trackers so as to restore their performance. The time synchronization error is measured by the mismatch in the epipolar constraint between the two cameras. We show that successful recovery of the synchronization error is possible when its product with the object motion speeds are within some limits.


Development of human social economic formation can not be separated from surrounding natural world. The natural world exerts a tremendous influence to the collective human activities. Its obvious evidences are the changes of the production modes, the way of life and labor productivity. And it directly affects the course and the characteristics of social development to a certain extent. Western Liaoning province is located in the region that farming and livestock crisscross in north of China. It is not only the transition region from the arid region to the half-arid region, but also the ecosystem transition region that makes a sensitive response to environmental change. Form prehistoric age to Ming and Qing Dynasty, the land utilization pattern undergone many processes that farming and livestock crisscrossed and developed in the region. By analyzing the characteristics of archaeological culture and the relationship between the rise and decline of cultivation and environmental change from the New Stone Age to the Bronze Age in the study area, this paper demonstrates the phenomenon that the cultural development has undergone retrogression for many times influenced by the rise and decline of cultivation since the New Stone Age. ①From 8000aB.P.to 5000aB.P., Mega thermal was a great warm period. Xinglongwa Culture, which was primitive cultivation society, was born. ②While from 5000aB.P.to 4000aB.P, the cold period, the agricultural economy disintegrated. ③From 4000aB.P.to 3000aB.P., the warm period, the settled agriculture was prosperous. ④To 3000aB.P.the cold period, culture disintegrates again. The direct cause of the decline of cultivation and the backward culture were the cold event from 5000aB.P.to 4000aB.P. and the function of freezing climate in the period of ironware. The severe fluctuating process of the environmental factors prevented the normal evolution and development of regional culture and the production-economy formation.


Clinical outcome studies have established cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as an efficacious treatment for children and adolescents presenting with a variety of problems, such as anxiety and maladaptive behaviors. Findings to date are also very promising for the use of CBT techniques with children and adolescents who have chronic medical illnesses, including obesity, encopresis, severe and persistent feeding problems, recurrent headache, recurrent abdominal pain and acute procedural pain. This article provides an overview of behavioral/cognitive-behavioral theory, intervention and the important role outcome-based research plays in the development of this treatment modality. CBT interventions utilized with various pediatric populations are described, and the results of outcome-based research employing these techniques are examined. The Chambless criteria are used to determine the efficacy of specific interventions based upon the number, size and outcomes of studies utilizing CBT treatments with pediatric populations. Case examples are included to further illustrate the effectiveness of these interventions for children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions.


The problems associated with the definition of the word "culture" are crucial to our understanding of how it can be used in Humanistic Buddhism. Culture as the highest and best of human endeavors reflects itself in Buddhist art and literature. The question of how to deal with culture that is seen as the "ordinary" creates a very different context.

If all ordinary human activity can be considered as "culture" then how does this relate to the Buddhist practice and thought? Nationalism, racial divisions, and regional identities bring another set of issues regarding the nature of culture. In our contemporary world, technology has become a major factor in cultural activities, including the blurring of the boundaries between organized inorganic matter such as silicon chips and the organic capacity of the cortex. All of these complexities indicate that "culture" presents us with the full array of human efforts and material productions.


A novel aromatic polyimide was synthesized from PMDA by two step method. The relation between intrinsic viscosity and time was investigated during the polymerization process. The Intrinsic viscosity of polyimide in NMP was measured to be about 1.2 dL/g. The glass transition temperature and the thermal decomposition temperature( t d 5) of the PI in O 2 were determined to be above 250 ℃ and 500 ℃ respectively. There were characteristic peaks around 1 780 cm -1 and 1 380 cm -1 tested by FTIR . The results showed that there existed aromatic imide groups in this polymer, which agreed with that of the literature.


This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the surface mechanical properties and the grindability of Ti alloys. Binary Ti alloys containing 5 wt % concentrations of Al, Cr, Sn, or V were prepared using a vacuum arc melting furnace, and their surface properties and grindability were compared to those of commercially pure Ti (cp-Ti). Ti alloys containing Al and Sn had microstructures that consisted of only α phase, while Ti alloys containing Cr and V had lamellar microstructures that consisted of α + β phases. The Vickers microhardness of Ti alloys was increased compared to those of cp-Ti by the solid solution strengthening effect. Among Ti alloys, Ti alloy containing Al had the highest Vickers microhardness. At a low SiC wheel speed of 5000 rpm, the grinding rates of Ti alloys showed an increasing tendency as the hardness values of Ti alloys decreased. At a high SiC wheel speed of 10,000 rpm, the grinding rates of Ti alloys showed an increasing tendency as the tensile strength values increased. The Ti alloy containing Al, which showed the lowest tensile strength, had the lowest grinding rate. The grinding ratios of the Ti alloys were higher than those of cp-Ti at both wheel revolution speeds of 5000 and 10,000 rpm. The grinding ratio of the Ti alloy containing Al was significantly increased at 10,000 rpm (p < 0.05).


Drivers of vehicles on public roads have long been subject to various duties upon being involved in a collision or an accident. It seems that the earliest formulation of a duty upon a driver involved in an accident was promulgated in Durban in 1906, where hit-and-run motorists were targeted (Reg 13i of Motor Car and Cycle Regulations - Proc 136 of 1906, published in Natal GG 3571 of 1906-10-23), with the same regulation being promulgated a year later in Pietermaritzburg (Reg 672i of Proc 57 of 1907 published in Natal GG 3647 of 1907-12-03). This regulation required the driver of a motor car, if an accident occurred involving a pedestrian, a person on horseback or in a vehicle, or to any horse or vehicle in the charge of a person, to stop and, if required, to give his name and address, the name and address of the owner of the motor car and its registration mark and number. The obligation to stop, to provide name and address and registration number, was repeated in the provincial ordinances which replaced these local regulations (see, eg, s 9(1) of Ord 12 of 1926 (C)).


Based on the problems of application of embankments with insulation in permafrost regions, a finite-element method (FEM) was adopted to analyze the influence on permafrost protection effects of the parameters such as insulation materials and thickness, embedded depth, annual mean permafrost temperature, and construction season timing. The FEM calculated results have shown that, in the long-term view of Qinghai-Tibet plateau with rising temperature, all embankments with insulation can protect the permafrost underneath and delay thawing of the permafrost table. The protection effects are related to insulation materials and thickness, embedded depth, construction season timing, and annual mean permafrost temperature. For the embankment design, the influence of all parameters should be taken into account comprehensively, and the most appropriate parameters group should be adopted to protect the permafrost most effectively.


The present invention is related to a sea second for the high density optical disc reproducing and recording material, selected from semiconductor material having a property that the light transmittance increases with the absorption of light and heat in the incident light wavelength region, and a nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and boron the super-resolution material according to the present invention comprises at least one element is the improvement of the durability for a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and repeat playback or recording with the reduction of having a stable microstructure of the small grains have thermal conductivity less laser power forward It is one, or may be effectively applied to a read-only type or write once type or being a letter-type optical information storage medium having more information storage layers. Optical disk, super-resolution, a semiconductor, a knife Koji arsenide (chalcogenide), thermal conductivity


The use of standardised sample contracts has stabilised itself in Slovakia during recent decades within the framework of the implementation of projects in the field of the construction industry, especially in the field of transport infrastructure being developed with the support of EU structural funds, no matter whether at the national or international level. Probably best known at the international level are the standardised contractual conditions issued by FIDIC (the International Federation of Consulting Engineers). Some characteristics of relationships among the project owner (client), contractor and client's supervision (resident engineer) stem from the conditions. These relationships are established on the basis of contracts and FIDIC contractual conditions for supplying construction work are preferred to the contracts for work following directly from the legislation. The objective of this paper is to outline the problems of supervising the construction of motorway tunnels in the Slovak Republic. It is based on 15-year experience and the knowledge gathered by the company of Amberg Engineering Slovakia, s. r. o., which belongs among leading companies dealing with client's supervision at home and abroad.


Tangentially magnetized trigonal arrays of submicron Permalloy disks are characterized with ferromagnetic resonance to determine the possible contributions to frequency and linewidth from array disorder. Each array is fabricated by a water-surface self-assembly lithographic technique, and consists of a large trigonal array of 700 nm diameter magnetic disks. Each array is characterized by a different degree of ordering. Two modes are present in the ferromagnetic resonance spectra: a large amplitude, "fundamental" mode and a lower amplitude mode at higher field. Angular dependence of the resonance field in a very well ordered array is found to be negligible for both modes. The relationship between resonance frequency and applied magnetic field is found to be uncorrelated with array disorder. Linewidth is found to increase with increasing array disorder.


Because of population growth and migration, old cities will need many new dwellings, but these, like others, will have to be transformed, expanded, and modified over the years to play their part in the development process. The author studied the determinants of the supply and demand for housing among different socioeconomic groups, the current and potential resource allocating mechanisms, and the role of institutional, policy, and material constraints, with a case study of one city, Cartagena, Colombia. This book gives a general background to the study and provides some history, a review of demographic and economic trends, a description of employment and the labor force. It deals with housing in terms of physical needs and effective demand, hence income levels, income distribution, credit systems, and access to land as they affect households of different sizes and at different stages of their life cycles. The book surveys housing supply in two conventional matters, the old housing stock and new construction. Hedonic price indexes show how specific physical characteristics account for the overall value of a dwelling. The book also deals with construction costs, employment effects, and innovations. Improvement and conversion of the existing housing stock are discussed. Downgrading through subdivision and poor maintenance are also possibilities but not of comparable significance in developing countries.


even a likely, outcome.' The material upon which the book is based was derived from a survey, commissioned by the Association of Chief Officers of Probation, of a sample of 1389 offenders in seven probation areas in January 1991. Questionnaires were used to elicit information about the social circumstances of 17, 20 and 23 year olds who were under some form of statutory supervision (with the exception of community service) or who were the subject of reports to the court. The questionnaires also sought an overview of each young person's offending behaviour, the views of their probation officer as to the influence of social backgrounds on their offending, the objectives of supervision and its aims. This material is used to present a profile of the sample and, more particularly,


Staring from the image of Mr. Chen portrayed by Yuhua, this paper discusses the inner and outer reason for the behavior of Mr. Chen, an intellectual, who finally gave up his viewpoint and turned to be
a folk language overlord-one of the Xu Asans. The paper comes to the conclusion that the root of Mr.
Chen' s loss of traditional Chinese cultural values is just his adhering personality and servility consciousness which is just endowed by traditional Chinese culture. It also reveals the inner tragedy of traditional Chinese culture and implies the certainty of traditional Chinese culture' modernization.


silica, combined silica, and free silicic acid, derived from the combined silica, together with some iron. The authors, in connection with these thoroughly well worked out cases, set out the following theory in regard to acute silicogis. (1) Silica dust is deposited in the lungs and converted to colloidal silica. (2) Colloidal silica reacts with sodium carbonate, also present in the dust, giving sodium silicate, and causing the excess of the colloid to assume the "gel" condition. (3) Sodium silicate reacts with calcium, iron, and other salts present in solution, giving precipitates of insoluble silicates. (4) The deposition of insoluble silicates is cumulative, and continually builds up a film or layer of increasing thickness; at the same time the "gel'" colloid is more slowly absorbed than the "sol", and adds to the condition of general congestion. (5) At a certain stage the deposited layer becomes dense enough to prevent the normal function of the lung in converting silica to colloid, and from this stage onward the silica dust will accumulate in its original state. It is not proved as. yet whether this acute form of silicosis is essentially different from the ordinary chronic form or whether it is merely silicosis under the most unfavourable conditions progressing at the maximum rate. It is suggested, however, that the study of these acute cases gives a clue to the mechanism at work in the commoner forms of silicosis due to pure silica dust.


Income related inequities in child health are well-established, with children from lower income households showing increased risk of obesity, behavior problems, and delayed development. To facilitate clinical diagnosis, outcomes are conventionally measured in dichotomous terms. However, inequities may exist along the entire range of distribution, with implications for population health.

 Our primary objective was to examine differences in the distribution of three measures of child health by income: body mass index (BMI), behavior difficulties and development.

 This was a cross sectional study of children enrolled in a primary care practice-based research cohort. Our study included generally healthy children recruited from age 0-5 years. Dependent variables were 1) BMI z-score (zBMI) at 5 years; 2) behavior: total score on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), measured at 3-5 years; 3) development: total score on the Infant Toddler Checklist (ITC), measured at 18-24 months. Independent variable was parent-reported annual household income (< $100,000 vs ≥ $100000). We then used distributional decomposition, which uses mathematical re-weighting to construct a counterfactual distribution that describes the distribution of the lower income group based on the predictor profile (child age, sex, birthweight, prematurity, breastfeeding duration; maternal age, education, immigration status, ethnicity) of the higher income group.

 Our study samples consisted of 1649 (zBMI), 764 (SDQ) and 761 (ITC) children. Mean BMI z-score was 0.16, median total difficulties score was 7, median ITC score was 48. Comparing distributions graphically (Figure 1), children with low income have a higher risk distribution for all outcomes; for example, children with low income were more likely to have BMI z-scores in the underweight and obese ranges. For each outcome, the counterfactual curve lower income children with the predictor profile of their higher income counterparts reduced inequities somewhat, particularly in the normal or low risk range, but not in the high-risk range. However, there were notable unexplained portions of inequity remaining.

 In a cohort of generally healthy children, we found evidence of meaningful income-related inequities in the distribution of child zBMI, behavior difficulties, and development. Population health interventions aiming to mitigate these inequities by addressing common predictors may improve outcomes in the normal range; however targeted clinical interventions are likely required for those in the high-risk range.


The utility of the nectaries for specific delimitation in Prestonia is discussed. Prestonia falcatosepala J. F. Morales (Apocynaceae), a new species from Colombia and Ecuador, is described and illustrated and its relationships are discussed. New synonymies and a new combination, P papillosa (Mull. Arg.) J. F. Morales, are proposed.


The article deals with a mathematical model of microprocessor-based large integrated circuits for monitoring the technical condition, taking into account the energy-dynamic process of this class of microelectronic products, and analyzes typical faults and conditions of their manifestation. The current stage of development of the radioelectronic equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is characterized by the widespread introduction of devices and systems that use large integrated circuits and microprocessor-based large integrated circuits. This is due to the need to process information at a fairly low cost of equipment. When using digital devices with sets of microprocessor-based large integrated circuits, the issue of monitoring the performance and detection of defects in such devices is acute. To improve new methods of diagnosing digital devices, it is necessary to analyze the types of faults that occur in microprocessor-based large integrated circuits. A chip will function properly if it is determined that all instruction sequences are executed correctly under various combinations of data. Complete verification of all instructions executed by a microprocessor-based large integrated circuit is not possible due to the very long length of the tests used for verification. Therefore, to provide test control of the performance of microprocessor-based large integrated circuits, it is necessary to build tests based on a given set of defects, reliability, and time to decision. The analysis of physical processes in logic elements manufactured using the metal-dielectric-semiconductor technology showed that the presence of existing defects leads to the absence of distortion of the quasi-short-circuit current pulse and the output response. That is, the condition for the manifestation of the defect is fulfilled and the diagnostic time is reduced.


Unravelling the mystery behind sudden death in the young : a wake-up call for nationwide autopsy-based approach - Authors' reply


Conditioning shampoo composition, comprising an oil selected from poly-α- olefin dispersed therein, ester oils, triglyceride oils, hydrocarbon oils and oil mixture, the cleaning composition contains 1-26% by weight relative to , conditioning gel network, suspension polymerization, and cationic deposition polymer.


Postoperative risks of infection or wound healing complications might be increased by antirheumatic drug treatment, especially by DMARDs and TNF inhibitors. Long-term discontinuation of treatment, however, might induce a flare in disease activity. Unfortunately, controlled studies (RCT) balancing the risk of complications against the risk of flare are sparse. Only for methotrexate has perioperative continuation of treatment been shown to be safe in most cases. For antimalarials and sulfasalazine studies are lacking but decades of experience without a sign of risk speak against discontinuation. No studies exist also for cyclosporine and azathioprine, but because of short half-life of both drugs a short discontinuation seems to be sufficient and unproblematic. Several open studies with conflicting results signal possible postoperative risks for leflunomide. Because of the extremely long half-life a proven risk elevation would make a wash-out procedure necessary so controlled studies to solve this question are urgently needed. Open retrospective studies and case reports produce conflicting data also for estimation of the perioperative risk of TNF inhibitors. Considering the generally higher risk of infection with TNF blocking agents, it seems appropriate to follow the guidelines recommending discontinuation 2 - 3 half-lives before surgical intervention and resumption after wound healing as long as controlled studies are still lacking. For the newer biologics rituximab and abatacept, no perioperative experience exists up to now.


In this paper we present a real-time algorithm for optimization of contact forces during precision grasping. The algorithm keeps contact forces as small as possible while obeying fricition limits at the contact points. Contact force trajectories are smooth even during regrasping tasks by lifting off and recontacting fingers. Necessary grasp parameters are calculated from force sensor data on run-time.


Mobile app-based device utilization, including smartphones and handheld tablets, suggests a need to evaluate evidence to guide selection and implementation of these devices in the occupational therapy process. The purpose of the research was to explore the current body of evidence in relation to mobile app-based devices and to identify factors in the use of these devices throughout the occupational therapy process. Following review of available occupational therapy profession guidelines, assistive technology literature, and available mobile device research, practitioners using mobile app-based devices in occupational therapy should consider three areas: client needs, practitioner competence, and device factors. The purpose of this guideline is to identify factors in the selection and use of mobile app-based devices throughout the occupational therapy process based on available evidence. Considerations for mobile device implementation during the occupational therapy process is addressed, including evaluating outcomes needs, matching device with the client, and identifying support needs of the client.


All living things need water. . . . Where water crosses boundaries – be they economic, legal, political, or cultural – the stage is set for disputes among different users trying to safeguard access to a vital resource, while protecting the natural environment. Without strategies to anticipate, address, and mediate among competing users, intractable water conflicts are likely to become more frequent, more intense, and more disruptive around the world. In this book, Jerome Delli Priscoli and Aaron T. Wolf investigate the dynamics of water conflict and conflict resolution, from the local to the international. They explore the inexorable links among three facets of conflict management and transformation: alternative dispute resolution (ADR), public participation, and institutional capacity. This practical guide will be invaluable to water management professionals, as well as to researchers and students in engineering, economics, geography, geology, and political science who are involved in any aspect of water management.


Received 10, May, 2014 Received in revised form 21, May, 2014 Accepted 15, June, 2014 Published online 28, June, 2014 The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of satisfaction and loyalty of female athletes to sport clothes based on characteristics of this product. In other words, the present study sought to acquire the conclusion that female athlete's satisfaction from sport clothes with a specific brand and thus cause the loyalty to that brand, so the quality and sales of domestic products can be improved. The present study according to strategy and the way of the survey was conducted like field sampling. Sample of this study were 340 sportswomen in bodybuilding gyms of north and south of Tehran Municipality, and study population was considered equivalent to the total study population. The researcher questionnaire measuring instrument was made to assure that the sufficient validity and reliability were used. To test the hypothesis test, SPSS version 16 of Kendall and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. For analysis of the data, the statistical pack was used. Results showed that more women (80%) chose a foreign sport clothes, and its reasons were quality, design and reasonable price, and among the specifications of this product, more important for women's clothing was claiming price. Results of Kendall correlation test showed that the product attributes (quality, price, design, and beauty) and being native have a significant relationship with 95 percent of confidence interval, also the results showed that there was a significant correlation between satisfaction and loyalty of athletes and being a native product. In addition, it was deduced from Pearson's test results that there is a significant relationship between satisfaction and loyalty of sportswomen to that product. As a result, features such as quality, affordable designs create satisfaction and loyalty.


As a result of intense competition, many companies have changed their fundamental marketing strategy from one of diversification of products and services to a well‐focussed, concentrated effort on "core" products, services and markets. Examines the reasons why it has become increasingly difficult to identify and evaluate core earnings performance. Also examines the ominous implications of this problem for strategic marketing decisions which require an accurate assessment of core earnings performance. Describes a number of situations in which the use of unchallenged or unadjusted earnings figures could result in flawed or failed marketing strategies. Finally, provides insight regarding a number of issues related to earnings and cash flow to increase marketers′ ability to evaluate core earnings performance and thus avoid the marketing problems described.


This paper examines how changing the magnetic orientation of permanent magnets in concentrated winding interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) affects their demagnetization resistance. We evaluated a prototype for demagnetization at 180 °C that consists of a 130° V-shaped rotor core in which parallelogram magnets with oblique orientation are arranged and confirmed by finite element analysis where the demagnetization resistance increases as magnetic field orientation angle <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $</tex-math></inline-formula> becomes larger. For demagnetization evaluation of the prototype, it is easier to change the rotor core shape of a two-pole test rotor of a multipole IPMSM than a multipole rotor, and the demagnetization evaluation is performed using a small number of magnets.


An experiment to recover lithium from high Mg2þ/Liþ ratio brine by nanofiltration (NF) was carried out. The combination of Donnan exclusion, dielectric exclusion and steric hindrance governed the mass transport inside the NF membrane. Experimental results showed that NF is an efficient technique to recycle Liþ and reduce Mg2þ/Liþ ratio from high Mg2þ/Liþ ratio brine. When content reached 6.0 g/L, operating pressure reached 0.8 MPa and Mg2þ/Liþ ratio in feed was 40, the rejection of magnesium (R(Mg2þ)) and the separation factor (SF) were 0.96 and 42, respectively. The Mg2þ/Liþ ratio in permeate could be reduced to 0.9, and Liþ recovery ratio was 85%. Adding potassium (Kþ) or sodium (Naþ) to solution can reduce R(Mg2þ) and SF. doi: 10.2166/wst.2014.426 om https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-pdf/70/10/1690/470020/1690.pdf er 2019 Qiuyan Bi (corresponding author) Zhiqiang Zhang Chenying Zhao Zhenqi Tao College of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China E-mail: email@example.com


Mathematical models predict that community-wide access to HIV testing-and-treatment can rapidly and substantially reduce new HIV infections. Yet several large universal test-and-treat HIV prevention trials in high-prevalence epidemics demonstrated variable reduction in population-level incidence. To elucidate patterns of HIV spread in universal test-and-treat trials we quantified the contribution of geographic-location, gender, age and randomized-HIV- intervention to HIV transmissions in the 30-community Ya Tsie trial in Botswana (estimated trial population: 175,664). Deep-sequence phylogenetic analysis revealed that most inferred HIV transmissions within the trial occurred within the same or between neighboring communities, and between similarly-aged partners. Transmissions into intervention communities from control communities were more common than the reverse post-baseline (30% [12.2 – 56.7] versus 3% [0.1 – 27.3]) than at baseline (7% [1.5 – 25.3] versus 5% [0.9 – 22.9]) compatible with a benefit from treatment-as-prevention. Our findings suggest that population mobility patterns are fundamental to HIV transmission dynamics and to the impact of HIV control strategies.


The distribution  of  inheritance has customary inheritance requirements, namely: certainty of the death of the person who owns  the property, certainty of the life of the heir when the heir dies, and knowing the causes of the status of each heir. The  approach  to writing  this  thesis is a cultural  approach, which  is to examine the position of each heir according to the customary law of  the Bahu  Tribe  to  obtain inheritance from the heir. New inheritance  can  be inherited to other parties if the testator has died, and the heirs or heirs who have the right and power to distribute the inheritance to their brothers and  sisters are the first son, more  entitled  to regulate the inheritance left by the testator and distribute it to other heirs in accordance  with existing procedures. The results of the study show that customary inheritance  according to the Bahu tribal community, the  heirs have the same rights, but boys and boys have higher rights than girls.


Acid-polluted groundwater may cause many environmental problems due to its corrosivity. Pumping and injection technology is a commonly used remediation technology, and its main principles are displacement and neutralization. However, due to the high salinity in groundwater, blockage easily occurs and reduces the efficiency. The mechanism of pumping and remediation of strong acid–high salinity groundwater is unclear, and the mechanism and effect of pore blocking are unknown. In this paper, based on an actual polluted site, a field pumping test was carried out. Through groundwater monitoring and drilling core sampling, the process and mechanism of acid groundwater pumping–injection remediation were clarified, and the principle and impact of pore blockage are revealed. The results showed that increasing the injection pressure can effectively improve the repairing efficiency. When the pressure increased from 0.2 MPa to 0.3 MPa, the water injection efficiency per unit time was increased by more than 20%. The principle of pumping–injection remediation of acidic groundwater was mainly displacement, accounting for more than 93%, while neutralization only contributed less than 0.1%. Although the neutralization contribution was small, the neutralization interface of injected alkaline water and acidic groundwater was the main place for precipitation. The precipitation was mainly formed around the injection well, the amount of which decreases greatly with the increase in displacement distance. This was because the formation of precipitation required both an appropriate concentration of Fe and high pH (5.63). Affected by neutralization and dispersion, the pH of the acid–base water interface decreased and the necessary conditions for the formation of precipitation were not met. Therefore, in the actual pumping–injection restoration project, optimization can be carried out from two perspectives of appropriately increasing the injected water pressure and reducing the injected water pH. This study has important reference value for the control and remediation of such acid-polluted groundwater.


We present an extensive microscopic magnetic study of the quasi-one-dimensional frustrated $s=\frac{1}{2}$ spin-chain compound linarite. Angular-dependent susceptibility and $^{1}\mathrm{H}$-NMR measurements were performed at various temperatures in the paramagnetic state. All relevant NMR parameters, viz., the chemical, the dipolar, and the Fermi-contact contribution, were extracted to analytically calculate the local magnetic fields at the $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ sites. From this analysis, a significant spin transfer of $\ensuremath{\sim}11$% from the magnetic copper ions onto the two oxygen ligands was derived. This result is compared to LSDA+$U$ calculations, which further can explain the significant reduction of the coupling constants of the compound compared to other edge-sharing CuO chains due to the presence of specific OH bonds in linarite. The magnetically ordered spin-spiral ground state for $Tl2.8$ K was investigated by $^{1}\mathrm{H}$-NMR for fields ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}H=2.0$ T along the three crystallographic main directions. With the derived NMR parameters in the paramagnetic regime it is possible to model the NMR spectrum of the magnetically ordered state for $H\ensuremath{\parallel}c$. A deviation observed between the NMR data and the evaluated spectrum for $H\ensuremath{\parallel}b$ is discussed in terms of a significant rearrangement of the spiral state in an applied field of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}H=2.0$ T for this direction.


Data on transient fission gas release and fuel temperature have been obtained with refabricated test fuel pins that were instrumented with pressure transducers and centre line fuel thermocouples Major test variables were fuel type, burnup, transient power history, fill gas, refabncated/unopened fuel segments The previously irradiated test fuels (15-48 MWd/kgU) were provided by ANF, GE and Ris0 A total of 15 transient tests were performed The maximum power was usually around 350 400 W/crn The hold time at maximum power ranged from a few hours to six days The test fuels were characterized extensively after base irradiation and after transient testing These investigations were carried out in the framework of the Third Ris0 Fission Gas Project The paper presents an overview of the experiments and of the major results thus obtained


Pyroxene crystals of a dolerite, gabbro and pyroxenite that intruded in the Ubo marble area have been analysed on the basis of 4 cations and 6 oxygen anions using conventional electron microprobe coupled with a scanning electron microscope. The results show that SiO2 in the pyroxenite (51.43–52.52%) was slightly higher than that of the gabbro (48.32-50.83%) and that of the dolerite (47.83-48.95%) due to disilication of dolerite and gabbro liquids. The magnesium content of the pyroxenite (12.29-12.95%) is relatively higher than that of the gabbro (18.104.22.168) and dolerite (4.72-6.33%)because of the more primitive nature of the pyroxenite. 'Others' in the pyroxenites (Cr. Ni Ba, Zr, Ti, Al) were more abundant in the gabbro (8.38-13.92) and dolerite (5.96-6.98) than that of the pyroxenite (2.45-4.51) which was probably due to crystallization modes of the different rocks.
The CaO content of all pyroxenes was (21.99-24.43) which appears to be on the high side when compared to calcic pyroxenes from several diverse bulk compositions. The high abundant CaO enhanced a Wo-content of (41.43-49.36) and Xca=Ca/(Ca+Mg) (0.57-0.78) suggesting an excess of Xca = (0.02-0.23).
The intergrowth of amphiboles with the pyroxenes is thought either due to exsolution-hydration process of genetic solid solution or due to both. When cation exchange and site occupation characteristics of the pyroxenes are investigated, high concentration of Alvi,. AI/Si, and Ti/AL implied high pressure/temperature crystallization conditions under bimodal or tholeiitic-alkaline transition magmatism in an island arc environment.
Key words: Pyroxenite Ultramafic amphibole Island arcs.
[Global Jnl Geol. Sci. Vol.1(1) 2003: 13-28]


Gottikh and his group showed that the use of carbodiimidazole to facilitate the formation of activated carboxylic acids is applicable to the synthesis of a wide spectrum of nucleotides, amino acyl nucleotides, nucleoside diand triphosphates, and tRNA derivates.'.2 Interestingly, the particular solvent system used was found to effectively influence the esterification pathway.2 Extending this work, we have described the utilization of imidazolide intermediates of N-4-azido-2-nitrophenylp-alanine in synthetic methods resulting in the esterification of adenosine' and diphosphopyridine n~cleotides.'~ In these studies, the dimethy1formamide:water mixture (1:s v/v) used restricted reactivity to the ribose hydroxyl groups without acylating the 6-amino group of the adenine base (SCHEMA I ) . I n addition, biologically active analogs of coenzyme A, palmitoyl CoA, and flavin mononucleotide have been prepared by identical procedure^.^ Also, the general utility of this method for the formation of nucleotide analogs by substitution at the ribose hydroxyl group is indicated by the synthesis of spin-labeled analogs of ATP, ADP, AMP, and NADP having 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-I-oxyl coupled to this position.' The synthetic procedure has also been successfully applied to the synthesis of a photoaffinity analog of tetrodotoxin that retains the biological activity of the parent compound.' This reagent can be covalently bound to receptor sites associated with the sodium pores of excitable membranes. In the synthesis of the ATP photoaffinity probe, the esterification step can provide 2' or 3' isomers. In the case of amino acid esters of nucleotides,',* these can be resolved chromatographically, a resolution not readily accomplished with the arylazidoB-alanyl esters of ATP. In the esterification of ATP with N-t-butoxycarbonyla-alanine (SCHEMA 2), the reaction products can be shown to be resolved into three components by paper chromatography using n-butano1:water:acetic acid (5:3:2) as an e l ~ e n t . ~ The two minor components, with Rf values of 0.45 and 0.69, were converted to the major component (Rf = 0.37) after standing at rcam temperature. Because of the lesser polarity, it is assumed that the component with Rf 0.69 represents the 2',3' disubstituted ATP analog. The component with Rf = 0.45 is the 2' isomer and the component with Rf = 0.37, the 3' isomer. This assessment was made for two reasons: that conversion of the 2' to the 3' isomer via acyl migration is well supported by a number of st~dies'.~ and that the 2' hydroxyl groups of both adenosine and uridine are more open to electrophilic attack than their 3' hydroxyl groups? Thus, the 2' hydroxyl group is kinetically more reactive for substitution, but such substitution is relatively


"Cost and prices, time for the numbers. What should I do?" A few weeks ago Karen Faulkner finalized the purchase of a bakery which specialized in bread. The prior owner had decided to sell the business because it lacked profitability. There were plenty of customers which suggested to Karen that the problem was with costs or pricing. The last price increase on any of the products was in 2002, ten years ago. Karen thought she could turn things around and would start by repricing her products. "This isn't a hobby, it's a business and if I don't get this right, there won't be a store." Karen was overwhelmed, but she decided to start by repricing the signature product--the honey wheat loaf. "I'll start with the honey wheat loaf; it will be a 'pricing beta test'." Notes and numbers were spread out on the table so that Karen could figure out costs and margins. Once she estimated cost, the difficult decision would be to decide on a price. A loaf of honey wheat still sold for $5.25. If the price needed to increase, what was the best price? What price would cover costs and keep customers buying loaves? Was it better to raise prices incrementally or all at once to avoid sticker shock? The Ingredients Karen was a graduate of a local college of business. She put her degree to use in a variety of ventures. Karen had owned a business in the past inspecting homes. She was comfortable owning and running a business and thought a better pricing strategy could turn the bakery around. The bakery was located in a medium-sized community with a stable economy supported by employment at the local university. The bakery was located downtown and served a lunch crowd from the nearby high school and businesses. The building was next to a small plaza where customers could sit outside for lunch. There were also tables at the front of the bakery. The atmosphere was friendly and the scent of baking bread filled the shop. The bread store was well known and liked in the community. It was perceived as selling healthy, high-quality foods; it sold a premium product. Schools visited on field trips and the free samples drew visitors. If asked to describe her customers, Karen said, "I think of them as shoppers like me; aware of quality and willing to pay a little more for something healthy with no preservatives." The Mix Karen knew she had to price the bread based on what the market would pay, but she also knew she needed to make sure the price was high enough to sustain her business. It made sense to her to use a spreadsheet to estimate costs and contribution margins. "Time to do the numbers." Karen decided to estimate the cost of goods sold and contribution margin for both 2002 and 2012. She made a list of the ingredients in her loaf and their costs as of 2002. Honey, wheat, salt, yeast, and water were the bread's ingredients. It seemed simple but it wasn't. One batch of bread that made 48 loaves and required 56 pounds of wheat, 12 pounds of honey, 0.4 pounds of salt and three pounds of yeast. In 2002, honey was $1.32 a pound, salt $4.15 a pound, yeast $1.64 a pound, and wheat was $0.17 a pound. It cost $8.50 an hour for labor. Were there other costs she needed to include: packaging and overhead? Prices had risen significantly for everything except yeast in the ten years between 2002 and 2012. Honey was now $4.02 a pound, salt $7.47 a pound, yeast was $0.98 per pound and wheat was $0.30 per pound. Wages hadn't changed at $8.50 per hour. A batch of bread needed a half hour of labor to mix the batter. While employees needed to be around when the bread rose and baked, employees usually did other work during this time and she decided to allocate only 0.5 hours labor per batch of bread. The variable costs could and did change over time, but their variability made it difficult to forecast their values in the future. Karen wondered how or even if she should somehow incorporate this uncertainty into her calculations and decision. …


The enterprise's ability of adaptation is facilited, on the one hand, by the legal procedures for the establishment on the market, for the modification of the establishment certificate, for the going out from the market and, on the other hand, by the flexibility of the fianancial and labour markets.


This paper introduces some thoughts on computer maintenance and the method of diagnosis,and illustrates those techniques with some examples.The five methods are:observation,substitution,isolation,plugging and measuring.The results indicate that the five methods are useful.


The paper investigates the stylistic features of narrative procedure in a psychological short story in the context of its interpretation in the teaching of the Serbian language and literature. The narrative procedure in a psychological short story is characterized by the use of the first person in narrating, that is I form, an interior monologue and direct interior monologue, dreams, oversights and introspective. It is also characterized by a particular sentence structure, of often incomplete and elliptical form, used to express the conflicts going on in characters' inner sphere and verbal interaction between the characters. The narrative procedure applied in a psychological short story indicates that its plot is subdued to the internal psychological experiences. During the interpretation of a psychological short story students, through the interpretation of stylistic and narrative procedures, are directed and encouraged to discover complex and often hidden psychological mechanisms which spur the characters to act, influence their behavior, verbal expression and mutual relations. The interpretation of language signs which may have psychological and semantic potential leads to the revealing of unconscious internal psychological processes and mechanisms which take place within a literary character.


Based on the working characters and environment of mobile robot,this paper designed a control system for mobile robot.The client computer of mobile robot connects motors and sensors through CAN network,in order to control motors and get data from sensors.At the same time,serves computer connects client computer through Socket base on TCP/IP,the serves computer send messages to client computer and get the data from client computer correctly and timely.


That any publication is driven not only by scientific innovation but also but secondary motives is an undisputed truth. Such motives can include financial interests but also vanity, which can go so far that the authors even resort to explaining the order in which their names appear in additional footnotes.

Personally, I do not understand the chosen method—of a systematic literature search—for this article. Maybe the authors referred to their work as a qualitative review because of a lack of specificity, among other reasons. In my experience, each and every one of the observed phenomena can be observed in studies that are conducted by the pharmaceutical industry as well as in so-called independent studies. It therefore would have been useful to conduct a quantitative analysis. The authors would have had to limit themselves to one therapeutic subject or one therapeutic question, but it would have enabled them to analyze the publications in detail, to compare the descriptions with those of industry independent studies, and to comment. Maybe there is a scientific or regulatory reason for why certain industry-funded studies used placebo or lower dosages more often than industry-independent studies?

The notorious weaknesses of industry-independent studies were unfortunately not discussed. In this context, the pharmaceutical industry—and thus the quality of its studies—benefits from a continuing dialogue with the licensing authorities about further developments of the methodology. And consistent implementation of quality standards (GCP, "good clinical practice") when conducting studies is still a greater challenge for industry-independent funders.


The carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 126.96.36.199) are ubiquitous zinc enzymes present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, being encoded by four distinct, evolutionarily unrelated gene families: the R-CAs (present in vertebrates, bacteria, algae, and cytoplasm of green plants), the -CAs (predominantly in bacteria, algae, and chloroplasts of both monoand dicotyledonds), the γ-CAs (mainly in archaea and some bacteria), and the δ-CAs, present in some marine diatoms. In higher vertebrates, including humans, 14 R-CAs isozymes have been discovered and numbered from I to XIV. Recently, an additional CA isozyme (CA XV) has been highlighted in several animal species except in humans and chimpanzees. CA isozymes are distinguished, on one hand, by different subcellular and tissue distribution and, on the other hand, by a modulation of the catalytic activity (CO2 hydration) due to structural differences present in their active site. CAs are cytosolic (isozymes I, II, III, VII, and XIII), mitochondrial (isozymes VA and VB), membrane-bound (isozymes IV, IX, XII, XIV, and XV) or secreted in the saliva (isozyme VI). Other isozymes, called CARPs (carbonic anhydrase related proteins) are acatalytic and are present in the cytosol. The loss of classical CA catalytic activity is the consequence of a lack of histidine residues required to bind the zinc ion. CAs catalyze a very simple reaction, the interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion (CO2 + H2O T HCO3 + H). They are thus involved in crucial physiological processes connected with respiration and transport of CO2/bicarbonate between metabolizing tissues and lungs, pH and CO2 homeostasis, electrolytes secretion in a variety of tissues/organs, biosynthetic reactions (such as gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and ureagenesis), bone resorption, and calcification. Moreover, some recent evidence suggests the role of CAs in pathological processes (i.e., tumorigenicity, obesity, epilepsy). Many of these isozymes are targets of inhibitors with different therapeutic applications. Clinical CA inhibitors include acetazolamide, methazolamide, and ethoxzolamide. Recently, it has been shown that two CA isozymes are prominently associated with cancer, where they are involved in pH regulation and tumor progression. Recent advances in understanding their exact role led to the development of new carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents.


The need of correctional developing work with children with heavy frustration of an autistic variety in groups of short-term stay is proved in the article; problems and prospects of training and education of children of preschool age with autism are revealed.


In this work we solve the Schr\"odinger equation for Bohr Hamiltonian with Coulomb and Hulth\'en potentials within the formalism of minimal length in order to obtain analytical expressions for the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions by means of asymptotic iteration method. The obtained formulas of the energy spectrum and wave functions, are used to calculate excitation energies and transition rates of $\gamma$-rigid nuclei and compared with the experimental data at the shape phase critical point X(3) in nuclei.


Aggregation intermediates of Parkinson's disease–related α-synuclein on liposomes are structurally characterized by NMR. Recent advances in the structural biology of disease-relevant α-synuclein fibrils have revealed a variety of structures, yet little is known about the process of fibril aggregate formation. Characterization of intermediate species that form during aggregation is crucial; however, this has proven very challenging because of their transient nature, heterogeneity, and low population. Here, we investigate the aggregation of α-synuclein bound to negatively charged phospholipid small unilamellar vesicles. Through a combination of kinetic and structural studies, we identify key time points in the aggregation process that enable targeted isolation of prefibrillar and early fibrillar intermediates. By using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, we show the gradual buildup of structural features in an α-synuclein fibril filament, revealing a segmental folding process. We identify distinct membrane-binding domains in α-synuclein aggregates, and the combined data are used to present a comprehensive mechanism of the folding of α-synuclein on lipid membranes.


Andrew Sanders argues that the recommendations of the Auld Review would result in less expertise and less justice in magistrates' courts. It is not surprising that the Auld Review took nearly two years to complete nearly twice as long as was originally envisaged. It was, in effect, a mini Royal Commission and, like the Phillips and Runciman Commissions of the 1980s and 1990s, it covers a considerable amount of ground. Also like those Royal Commissions it has no principled or theoretical starting point other than a vague concern for efficiency. But efficiency in what? Convicting or acquitting more people for a given expenditure? At no point does Auld acknowledge the conflict between these two objectives or indeed between the many other objectives on whose importance, but not prioritisation, we all agree. (These conflicts, along with Runciman's failure to tackle them, are discussed in A. Sanders and R. Young, Criminal Justice, second edition, Butterworths, 2000.) This is evident in relation to several of the issues Auld discusses, perhaps the best example being what to do about the magistrates/jury trial distinction.


Fault detection and isolation are very important to improve the UAV navigation accuracy and reliability.The residual chi-square algorithm is poor sensitive for small values of soft fault and improved SPRT algorithm can't judge the ending time of the fault,so this paper presents an integrated fault detection algorithm.If the residual chi-square algorithm determined the fault ending,the improved SPRT algorithm detection value is corrected on time.As a result,the improved SPRT algorithm can detect faults after the first time.Because of the improved SPRT algorithm is of high sensitivity to fault and residual chi-square algorithm can accurately distinguish the fault ending time,the simulation results show that this integrated algorithm has good detecting effection for small values of soft fault or large values step fault.Therefore,this integrated algorithm can effectively improve the ability and sensitivity of the system fault detection and enhance the reliability of the integrated navigation system.


Objective: The aim of the study was to observe the efficacy and side effect of docetaxel and cisplatin combination for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.Method:From October 2002 to February 2004,45 patients with pathological diagnosis of stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ non-small-cell lung cancer were administered.The patients were divided into two groups(treatnent and control).The treatment group(25 cases) was treated by docetaxel and cisplatin at the dose of 75mg/m~2/d on day 1 intravenously every 21 days.The control group(20 cases) was given navelbine 25mg/m~2/d on day 1 and 8 and cisplatin 80mg/m~2/ on day 1 intravenously every 21 days.Result:The overall responses for the treatment group and the control group were 72%and 40%,respectively,there were statistically significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).The peripheral phlebitis was more pronounced in control group(P0.05).Conclusions:Compared with the control group,the regimen of docetaxel and cisplatin was effective and safe for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.


publication of Eric Einhorn and John Logue's second edition of Modern Welfare States: Scandinavian Politics and Policy in the Global Age securely situates their collective work in a unique place within two sub-fields: Scandinavian area studies and the politics of Scandinavia. While the first edition, published in 1989, became a classic with three printings and thousands of copies sold, the new volume updates the original contribution significantly by providing an analysis of what has changed in Scandinavia and what the new era of globalization implies for the Scandinavian model of welfare capitalism. Globalization, as the authors contend, has profound economic and social consequences for Scandinavia. Following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Scandinavia experienced an ideological shift to the right. Political parties are more fragmented; party membership has declined; women are more prominent players in Scandinavian politics; and solidarity, associated with decades of social democracy, is weaker in a global age. Challenges associated with the assimilation of immigrants, the transfer of authority from national capitals to Brussels, and other critical developments are evaluated in the new edition. As with the publication of the first edition, this contribution will be required reading for all of us who teach, write, and seek to understand the historical development of Scandinavian politics and policies, its position in the world, and the extent of changes underway that pose challenges or perhaps even transform governance in these societies. Scandinavianists may be classified according to the degrees to which they are knowledgeable about place and site, and the commitment to


Objective: Office hysteroscopy is a method that has become increasingly popular because of its low complication rate, rapid recovery, and cost-effectiveness. Pain is the biggest obstacle to the successful completion of office hysteroscopy procedures. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of misoprostol in providing cervical ripening, and thus reducing pain during the cervical transition of hysteroscopy.
Methods: This research was conducted as an observational case-control study. Seventy-nine patients who underwent office hysteroscopy were included. Twenty-nine patients were administered 200 μg of vaginal misoprostol 4 h before office hysteroscopy, whereas the control group consisting of 50 patients was not provided with premedication for cervical dilatation. Patients were asked to rate their pain between 0 and 10 using the visual analog scale (VAS) 30 min after the procedure.
Results: VAS pain scores after diagnostic office hysteroscopy (3.61 ± 0.61) and operative office hysteroscopy (4.45 ± 0.82) were significantly lower in the misoprostol group than in the control group patients. None of the patients experienced serious side effects caused by misoprostol and requested to end the procedure.
Conclusion: A significant reduction in the VAS pain score was detected in patients who were administered 200 μg of vaginal misoprostol 4 h before office hysteroscopy. Misoprostol facilitated transition by providing cervical maturation and reduced the risk of pain-related unsuccessful hysteroscopy.


Objective: Nordic walking is a physical activity gaining more and more interest among adults. The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review to determine the effects of Nordic walking on the physical and mental health of adults
Method: We identified Nordic walking related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the electronic databases PubMed, EBSCO and CNKI, however 19 from 47 studies were selected for evaluation and systematic review based on relevant data.
Results: Most of the study subjects were in the middle-aged and elderly clinical population, and three studies included non-clinical populations. The intervention was conducted most often three times a week for 8 weeks or more. The main effects of Nordic Walking were physical and psychological beniphytes, in particular the improvement of circulatory and respiratory and quality of life. All studies reported at least one beneficial effect of Nordic walking compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Nordic walking has some beneficial effects on the physical and mental health of adults with or without clinical symptoms.


Parallel randomized trial (RT) and real-world (RW) data are becoming increasingly available for treatment evaluation. Given the complementary features of the RT and RW data, we propose a test-based elastic integrative analysis of the RT and RW data for accurate and robust estimation of the heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE), which lies at the heart of precision medicine. When the RW data are not subject to bias, e.g., due to unmeasured confounding, our approach combines the RT and RW data for optimal estimation by exploiting semiparametric efficiency theory. Utilizing the design advantage of RTs, we construct a built-in test procedure to gauge the reliability of the RW data and decide whether or not to use RW data in an integrative analysis. We characterize the asymptotic distribution of the test-based elastic integrative estimator under local alternatives, which provides a better approximation of the finite-sample behaviors of the test and estimator when the idealistic assumption required for the RW data is weakly violated. We provide a data-adaptive procedure to select the threshold of the test statistic that promises the smallest mean square error of the proposed estimator of the HTE. Lastly, we construct an elastic confidence interval that has a good finite-sample coverage property. We apply the proposed method to characterize who can benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage IB non-small cell lung cancer.


AbstractThe possibility of forming nanoporous copper-silicide films with different phase compositions is experimentally demonstrated. For this purpose, the parameters of the initial a -Si/Cu structure and the conditions of its annealing are chosen so that the process of solid-phase synthesis comes to a halt at the stage of formation of a branched silicide cluster. Then the films are subjected to liquid etching in a mixture of diluted inorganic acids. In this case, the metastable Cu_ x Si phase with a low Cu content is selectively removed, and a three-dimensional silicide cluster is released. At the same time, surface Kirkendall voids present in the films open. As a result of these two processes in combination, a nanoporous structure is formed.


Only 5 per cent of the British public have considered how they would like to be cared for at the end of their lives but lessons from the US show a way forward, says Drew Weil.


On June 2, 2016 at 10h56m UTC, a −18.9 ± 0.5 magnitude superbolide was observed over Arizona. We present analysis of this event based on 6 cameras and a multispectral sensor observations by the SkySentinel continuous fireball-monitoring camera network, supplemented by a dash cam footage and a fragmentation model. The bolide began its luminous flight at an altitude of 104.8 ± 0.5 km at coordinates φ = 34.59 ± 0.04°N planetographic latitude, λ = 110.45 ± 0.04°W longitude, and it had a preatmospheric velocity of 17.6 ± 0.5 km/s. The calculated orbital parameters indicate that the meteoroid did not belong to any presently known asteroid family. From our calculations, the impacting object had an initial mass of 11.4± 0.5 metric tonnes with an estimated initial size of 1.89 ± 0.07 m.


Danabas, D., T. alTun and F. Celik, 2011. The overwintering of leaping mullet (Liza saliens Risso, 1810) in fresh water. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 17: 846-850 The overwintering of leaping mullet (Liza saliens Risso, 1810) juveniles (average live weight (W) 5.20±0.02 g and average total length (l) 8.11±0.08 cm) was investigated, in this study. The trial was planned in 2 groups and triplicate. One of the trial groups (the Group 1) comprised of the fish stocked in ponds in the open area and the other group (the Group 2) of the fish stocked in the ponds covered with greenhouses. The average W and l values of the Group 2 after a period of 3 months were 8.70±0.04 g and 9.62±0.05 cm, respectively. The mortality rate (M) in this group was 0.95±0.1 % and 12.86±0.1 % in the Group 1. The difference among the W and L values, specific growth rates (SGR) and M averages obtained from the groups was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). As a result of this study, it can be recommended that mullet species can be polycultured as a side product with aforementioned species in large scale businesses by efficient use of pond layers.


The causes for the slow development of the construction industry is often attributed the traditional "peculiarities of construction", including such factors as one-of-a-kind products, temporary org ...


[GPQ 37 (Spring 2017):111–130] (1944– 88), created through his work a remarkable literary sociology of a Montana town that particularly focuses upon the interwar period (1918– 39). In his case, novelistic representations of a community provide a collective portrait of a cow town typical of so many in the Northern Rockies or Great Plains. Th is essay analyzes that portrait, which features the town's leading hotel and whorehouses and a cafe, as a bracing and necessary counterbalance to the cheerful glow emanating from local histories. Literary sociology becomes the vehicle for social criticism. Savage returned to Dillon repeatedly in his imagination, rewriting it in seven of his eight westernset novels. Th ose interested in Dillon's interwar history should turn to Savage's novels, which capture better than any other texts the feel of a county seat long dominated by hay and cattle ranching.2 Savage's Dillon of the 1920s and 1930s, it could be argued, typifi es many western rural communities of that period. By his second novel, Lona Hanson (1948; reprint, 2011), Savage recreated Dillon ("Sentinel") between 1928 and 1933, as the 1920s agriAnatomy and Physiology of a Town


The emergence of bicycle sharing has greatly impacted the urban transportation structure and residents' travel modes. The massive spatial-temporal data carried by it is of great significance for studying the characteristics of residents' slow travel and guiding the development of green transportation in cities. Through the analysis of Xiamen's bicycle sharing order data, this paper analyzes the riding characteristics of users and explores the urban functional elements that affect the use of bicycle sharing. This paper will use urban bicycle sharing data, Point of Interest (POI) data in internet maps, and population distribution data to carry out mining and analysis on the travel characteristics and spatial distribution features of bicycle sharing.


An object of the present invention, Joseph Ditto as well as to improve the moisture of the alkylene coating chamber, and further an absorbent improvement through the digestive tract by maintaining amorphous particles having high oral absorbability in a long-term liquid, the chef can be safely administered to a patient Ditto alkylene coating chamber to provide a pharmaceutical formulation. The present invention amorphous chef Ditto alkylene coating chamber to maintain a particle state, amorphous chef Ditto mixed with the fatty acid ester per particle containing alkylene coating chamber or wet-granulation can be obtained, the amorphous chef Ditto alkylene coated with By a pharmaceutical composition comprising a chamber and a sugar fatty acid ester.


Energy-Based Models (EBMs) have been widely used for generative modeling. Contrastive Divergence (CD), a prevailing training objective for EBMs, requires sampling from the EBM with Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMCs), which leads to an irreconcilable trade-off between the computational burden and the validity of the CD. Running MCMCs till convergence is computationally intensive. On the other hand, short-run MCMC brings in an extra non-negligible parameter gradient term that is difficult to handle. In this paper, we provide a general interpretation of CD, viewing it as a special instance of our proposed Diffusion Contrastive Divergence (DCD) family. By replacing the Langevin dynamic used in CD with other EBM-parameter-free diffusion processes, we propose a more efficient divergence. We show that the proposed DCDs are both more computationally efficient than the CD and are not limited to a non-negligible gradient term. We conduct intensive experiments, including both synthesis data modeling and high-dimensional image denoising and generation, to show the advantages of the proposed DCDs. On the synthetic data learning and image denoising experiments, our proposed DCD outperforms CD by a large margin. In image generation experiments, the proposed DCD is capable of training an energy-based model for generating the Celab-A $32\times 32$ dataset, which is comparable to existing EBMs.


Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is one of the main techniques for texture analysis that has been widely used in many applications. Conventional GLCMs usually focus on two-dimensional (2D) image texture analysis only. However, a three-dimensional (3D) image volume requires specific texture analysis computation. In this paper, an extended 2D to 3D GLCM approach based on the concept of multiple 2D plane positions and pixel orientation directions in the 3D environment is proposed. The algorithm was implemented by breaking down the 3D image volume into 2D slices based on five different plane positions (coordinate axes and oblique axes) resulting in 13 independent directions, then calculating the GLCMs. The resulted GLCMs were averaged to obtain normalized values, then the 3D texture features were calculated. A preliminary examination was performed on a 3D image volume (64 x 64 x 64 voxels). Our analysis confirmed that the proposed technique is capable of extracting the 3D texture features from the extended GLCMs approach. It is a simple and comprehensive technique that can contribute to the 3D image analysis.


Preventing the transboundary movement of fish viral pathogens in a global environment requires active surveillance. This study examined the presence of three emerging viral pathogens among koi, common, grass, and silver carp in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines, and Vietnam. The studied viruses included koi herpesvirus (KHV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), and grass carp reovirus (GCRV). Detection methods consisted of virus isolation by cell culture, infection assay in naive fish, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Tissues were collected and pooled from 193 fish samples in Dec. 2004 to Feb. 2005, 406 in Sep. 2005 to Feb. 2006, and 1302 in Oct. 2006 to Feb. 2007. For cell culture, tissue filtrates were prepared from pooled spleens, kidneys, livers, and gills and inoculated onto koi fin (KF-1), grass carp kidney (GCK), and fat head minnow (FHM) cells. For infection assay, tissue filtrates were injected intraperitoneally to healthy, naive common carp. No virus was detected after three cell culture passages and the infection bioassays. One-step and nested-step PCR was used to detect KHV in gills of fish samples. One-step and semi-nested RT-PCR was used to detect SVCV and GCRV in the spleens, kidneys, and livers of fish samples. Samples from all three years from all five countries yielded negative results for all three viruses, indicating that KHV, SVCV, and GCRV were not present in these five countries during the period of the study although KHV outbreaks had been detected in Indonesia, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, China, and Malaysia.


—Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago, the research on film directors and the pulse of the times and the development of the film industry have developed together, not only the number of research perspectives increased, but also the horizons has been broaden. This article goes by the following four research categories: historical research, theoretical research, director education, and director criticism, summarize and comment on the literature results of film director research in the past 70 years.


In recent years, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been applied to improve numerous processes, such as inventory management in retail stores. However, automatic localization of RFID-tagged goods in stores is still a challenging problem. To address this issue, we equip fixtures (e.g., shelves) with reference tags and use data we collect during RFID-based stocktakes to map articles to fixtures. Knowing the location of goods enables the implementation of several practical applications, such as automated Money Mapping (i.e., a heat map of sales across fixtures). Specifically, we conduct controlled lab experiments and a case-study in two fashion retail stores to evaluate our article-to-fixture prediction approaches. The approaches are based on calculating distances between read event time series using DTW, and clustering of read events using DBSCAN. We find that, read events collected during RFID-based stocktakes can be used to assign articles to fixtures with an accuracy of more than 90%. Additionally, we conduct a pilot to investigate the challenges related to the integration of such a localization system in the day-to-day business of retail stores. Hence, in this paper we present an exploratory venture into novel and practical RFID-based applications in fashion retails stores, beyond the scope of stock management.


The influence of beef source and cooking method on neutral (NL) and polar (PL) lipid contents, fatty acid profiles, and cholesterol contents of Wagyu and domestic sources of beef was determined. Longissimus dorsi muscle from Japanese Wagyu, American Wagyu, Longhorn, Angus, and U.S. Choice was boiled or roasted. Beef from Wagyu breeds had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) NL content than that of domestic sources. The NL from Japanese Wagyu samples was lower in saturated fatty acid content and higher in monounsaturated fatty acid content than samples from other beef sources. The PL from the Japanese Wagyu had the lowest content of saturated fatty acids, while the PL from the American Wagyu had the highest content of monounsaturated fatty acids and the lowest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cholesterol content was highest for the Wagyu breeds. The contents of total NL and individual fatty acids were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the roasted beef than boiled beef. Cooking method did not have a significant effect on the PL content, PL fatty acid profiles, and cholesterol content.


New border-to-border telecommunications network boasting a large satellite ground station will provide service to all population centers over 2,500; government educational and cultural programs aid national development.