This research aims to examine and analyze the influence of sales growth, non-debt tax shield, debt service capacity, capital structure and profitability in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange (IDX) during 2011-2013. The population in this research is the population in this research is a company manufacturing in BEI (Indonesia stock exchange) from 2011-2013. The technique of sampling conducted in purposive sampling, sampling. Based on purposive sampling obtained samples as much as 62 companies. Data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the test results it can be concluded that non-debt tax shield variables affect positive toward the capital structure. While the variable sales growth and debt service capacity has no effect on the company's capital structure and profitability of the negative effect of capital structure of the company "was accepted, meaning that the higher the profitability of the company's capital structure, then it will decrease. Keywords: salesgrowth, non-debt tax shield, debt servicecapacity, profitabilityandcapitalstructure


Railroads are now owned by state or local governments in most of the American states. Public ownership does not necessarily bring public operations; indeed, most of the publicly owned lines are privately operated. Public operation is more likely to be found in states with noncompetitive political parties, relatively low population density, higher levels of political corruption and a higher proportion of public lines that serve port or terminal facilities.


This paper illustrates how German physiologists during the Second World War succeeded in making a case for the relevance of their research for the war effort. In this way the paper contributes to the recent historical debate about how scientists--in this case the physiologists--could enforce their interests within the National Socialist system and to what extent they were "misused" by the political and military leaders. Most scientists were able to continue their careers in the new political system after 1945, using the old scientific network from the National Socialist era. They successfully changed their research topics, responding quickly to the new challenges in peace. As a typical example the career of the physiologist Hans Schäfer is described in this article.


Autoimmune plays an important role in the process of atherosclerotic development and progress.This article is a brief review of the advances in research into the immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis in recent years.


We have fabricated waveguide chemical sensors for iodine detection that utilize thin polymer cladding layers of poly((E,E)-[6.2] paracyclophane 1,5-diene) (PDE).


PURPOSE: A system for managing circulating landfill and fuelizing the combustible materials of landfill waste is provided to efficiently manage lands by producing the collected combustible materials of the landfill waste as solid fuel and recycling resources. CONSTITUTION: A system for managing circulating landfill and fuelizing the combustible materials of landfill waste includes the following: bad odor and landfill gas are eliminated from landfill, and the moisture of the landfill waste is reduced; the landfill waste is excavated and classified; and the collected combustible materials of the landfill waste is produced as solid fuel. A process for the excavating and classifying the landfill waste includes a magnetism-based classifying unit(20), a trammel screening unit(30), a mechanical soil classifying unit(40), and mechanical combustible material classifying unit(50).


Quantum spin-Hall systems are topological insulators displaying dissipationless spin currents flowing at the edges of the samples. In contradistinction to the quantum Hall systems where the charge conductance of the edge modes is quantized, the spin conductance is not and it remained an open problem to find the observable whose edge current is quantized. In this paper, we define a particular observable and the edge current corresponding to this observable. We show that this current is quantized and that the quantization is given by the index of a certain Fredholm operator. This provides a new topological invariant that is shown to take the generic values 0 and 2, in line with the Z2 topological classification of time-reversal invariant systems. The result gives an effective tool for the investigation of the edge structure in quantum spin-Hall systems. Based on a reasonable assumption, we also show that the edge conducting channels are not destroyed by a random edge.


For about 115 sec of a French Dragon rocket experiment fired into a diffuse aurora from Andenes, Norway, at ∼0440 GLT, a correlation was observed between electron-flux variations of 5–30 kev and proton-flux variations of 0.5–5 kev. The different features of particles during this event (energy spectra and angular distributions) can be interpreted with the presence along the geomagnetic-field lines of a 1- to 2-kv potential difference situated below an altitude of about 1500 km and accelerating positively charged precipitated particles. The origin of this electric field can be connected to instabilities due to the enhanced precipitation of electrons of 5–30 kev.


This study investigated the determinant factors of consumers' perception on E-banking transaction in Internet banking by Malaysian bank consumers. The research framework was developed to testify the statistical relationships between consumer perceptions and E-banking transaction. Factor analysis was performed to extraction and make initial decision on the number of factors underlying asset of measured variables of interest. Thereafter, multiple regression was estimated to anticipate the effects of the explanatory variables. This study showed that only secure transaction, have significant impact on consumers perception about E-banking transaction. Rest three factors regulatory framework, service quality and sufficient mechanism negligible impact and hypothesis was rejected. This study offers an insight into E-banking in Malaysia, which has not been previously been investigated and much statistical significance makes this study a potential cornerstone for future research.


According to mineralogy of sample technics,grading technics was tested in this paper,which base on the characteristic of the ore,such as chemical composition,mineral composition,structure,particlecharacter and occurrence of sample.The result shows that the better index of content of copper 12.71%,recovery of copper 62.54% in copper concentrate and content of lead 62.38%,recovery of lead 60.55% in lead concentrate and content of zinc 44.06%,recovery of zinc 56.71% in zinc concentrate and content of sulphur39.47%,recovery of sulphur 61.93% in sulphur concentrate are obtained with technics flowsheet of full flotation and then separation.


The manuscript by Prestele et al., "Current challenges of implementing land-use and land-cover change in climate assessments", provides an overview of recent publications on interactions among land-use, carbon cycling, and different aspects of climate. First, the manuscript aims ". . .to identify existing shortcomings of the current LULCC representation within DGVMs and ESMs, reveal the underlying mechanisms and constraints that have hampered improved representations until now, and propose pathways to improve current representations" (page 3, lines 5-7). Second, based on the literature review, the manuscript attributes the lack of progress in including LULCC into climate assessments, to 1) the failure to account for uncertainty in reconstruction and future scenarios of gridded LULCC; 2) resolving sib-grid changes in land-use activities (e.g. gross transitions); 3) allocation of primary lands to managed lands in DGVMs and ESMs. Manuscript reviews a number of studies and discusses a wide range of


Background: Due to the highly coarse chromatin, multi-dimensionality of the histo image, irregularity of shape and size, texture, and appearance, nuclei extraction is challenging. To address these complexities, a deep learning algorithm called a stacked sparse autoencoder had been considered a research factor in this paper. Methods and Material : This paper focuses on detecting the epithelial regions and extracting high-level features to segment the patches based on the nuclei and classify the biomarkers concerning the nuclei patches. We used 6,53,400 microscopic image patches of 363 patients sourced from the BreakHis database, of which 4,90,050 prominent image patches containing only nuclei were utilized for Biomarker classification (Basically eliminating the non-nuclei patches from 363 Whole slide Images (WSI)). The non-nuclei patches were eliminated due to imbalanced class distribution. Results: The classifier finally classifies if the nuclei detected based on the features are benign or malignant, or normal with an accuracy of 99.73%, using which the early prediction is performed by extracting and classifying the biomarkers HER2 and ER. The overall classification rate of classifying HER-2 and ER is 97.52%. Conclusion: The HER2 +ve was classified with intensity above 23%, and Total nuclei in the range 150-1000 are termed ER positive. Based on these 40 patients with HER2 +ve and 25 patients with ER +ve were detected out of 363 patients. From the observation, it is concluded that 25-40 patients are risked of breast cancer in the next 5 years due to the cell proliferation rate of 7000. Hosted file Manuscript full.DOCX available at https://authorea.com/users/584917/articles/623868-earlyprediction-of-breast-cancer-based-on-the-classification-of-her-2-and-er-biomarkersusing-deep-neural-network


The United Nations Secretary General's Strategy on New Technologies emphasises the huge potential of new technologies "to accelerate the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and to facilitate their alignment with the values enshrined in the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the norms and standards of International Law" (United Nations, 2018, p. 3). But while new technologies can "offer us powerful new ways to achieve our shared commitments to each and every one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).... they are not risk-free, and some inspire anxiety and even fear. They can be used to malicious ends or have unintended negative consequences" (United Nations, 2018, p. 8). This issue of JL4D focusses on the benefits and challenges of new technologies, in the context of SDGs, and in particular SDG4, the provision of quality education for all (see https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/education/).


The fuzzy feedback control design problem is addressed in this paper by using the distributed proportional-spatial integral (P-sI) control approach for a class of nonlinear distributed parameter systems represented by semi-linear parabolic partial differential-integral equations (PDIEs). The objective of this paper is to develop a fuzzy distributed P-sI controller for the semi-linear parabolic PDIE system such that the resulting closed-loop system is exponentially stable. To do this, the semi-linear parabolic PDIE system is first assumed to be exactly represented by a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy parabolic PDIE model. A new vector-valued integral inequality is established via the vector-valued Wirtinger's inequality. Then, based on the T-S fuzzy PDIE model and this new integral inequality, a distributed fuzzy P-sI state feedback controller is proposed such that the closed-loop PDIE system is exponentially stable. The sufficient condition on the existence of this fuzzy controller is given in terms of a set of standard linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be effectively solved by using the existing convex optimization techniques. Finally, the developed design methodology is successfully applied to solve the feedback control design of a semi-linear reaction-diffusion system with a spatial integral term.


COVID-19 virus, since its outbreak in Wuhan China, has taken many discourses in its presentation as viral pneumonia, affecting the gastrointestinal, nervous, cardiovascular systems and creating a hypercoagulable state in the body, raising D-Dimers and acute phase proteins. This novel disease has not only affected the patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease but also Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease due to COVID-19 Infection: St-Segment Elevation due to Endothelial Dysfunction


The 2007 one-day Short Course provided a complete review of the radiation effects with a multiscale approach. It intended to cover the entire field of radiation effects in electronic components, from basic mechanisms in single devices to system hardening in space environment. The shortcourse was composed often presentations of half an hour each. In the morning of the short-course day, the first five courses focused on the environment description and the fundamental effects at the device and circuit level. In the afternoon, five other courses addressed practical issues encountered by system designers like hardening by design, choice of ICs, hardness assurance and test methods. A short-course notebook, gathering the written notes of our instructors, was provided to each attendee. Its purpose was to serve as a companion to the oral presentations, and as a useful reference for members of the radiation effects community. The short-course instructors have been working very hard and they provided very high quality notes and presentations.


Background: Combinations of common drugs may, when taken together, have unexpected effects on cancer. It is not feasible to test for all combination drug effects in clinical trials, but in the real world, drugs are frequently taken in combination. Then, there may be undiscovered effects protecting users from cancer–or increasing their risk. By analyzing massive health claims data containing numerous people exposed to drug combinations, we have an opportunity to evaluate the association of drug combinations with cancer risk. Discovering these effects can not only contribute to prevention of cancer, but also suggest new uses for combinations to prevent or treat cancer. Method: Our approach emulates a randomized trial where one arm would have been assigned to take a particular drug alone, while the other arm takes it together with a second drug. Because discovery of associations from observational data is prone to spurious results due to confounding, we develop strategies to distinguish confounding from biomedically relevant findings. Results: This tactic allows us to systematically assess effects across over 9,000 drug combinations, on all common cancers. Through multiple sensitivity analyses we identify a robustly supported beneficial drug combination that may synergistically impact lipid levels to reduce risk of cancer. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of considering confounding factors in drug-wide studies. But, we also show that our method is able to uncover associations with robust support. Impact: Searching for combinations of factors impacting cancer is crucial, but these effects can only be systematically discovered through observational data analysis.


Nowadays, complex systems represent research topics to a variety of sciences and professional practice methods. In the social sciences field, the main objective of the complexity studies would be to explain the interactions between the members of a social system (economic, etc.). To conduct the internal audit activity in terms of economy, efficiency and effectiveness requires a functional structure of internal audit and a set of achieving objectives. The study presents the audit engagement and the factors that disturb the execution of audit plan. In terms of low level interactions from the complex system theory, this will lead to different kind of phenomena. Communicating the results of work carried out in an objective and exhaustive manner, by presenting convincing and pertinent arguments contributes to improving activities in companies through internal audit reports. The company's decision to fulfil its objectives through a systematic and methodical approach based on risk management, control and management processes can be changed by a nonlinear interaction.


duetothecapability ofat-speed testing andlackof circuit orperformance overhead. Eveninthecaseof Testing cachememories within thecomputer system systems withembedded hardware BISTsforcaches, environment isbased onusing processor instructions, SBSTapproach isalsoneeded duetolimited fault whichinvolve cacheoperations intermixed withRAM coverage ofBISTs(usually simple algorithms) and memoryaccesses. Applying test patterns tothecache lackoftesting innormal operational mode(at-speed and checking itsbehavior needssophisticated testing, etc.). MostofDFT circuitry inCPUsis instruction sequences. Wesimplify these sequences by dedicated forexternal testing withspecial equipment, meansoftheavailable on-chip performance monitors sometimes testing registers areencountered tofacilitate aswellasbuilt-in on-line errordetectors. Thisnew testing memorycells incaches. method iscompared withclassical approaches. Intheliterature there aremanypapers onSBST testing ofCPUs[1,5,8,12], wherecacheisrarely


A study on knowledge and competences pertinent to the teachers, formation in Education courses and the construction of the reflexive and interdisciplinary axis as a guide vehicle of the daily school, a motivator to inquiry and search of solutions in the totality of the pedagogic praxis.


Recently, Horne et al. ("Measurements of Unsteady Pressure Fluctuations in the Near-Field of a Solid Rocket Motor Plume," International Journal of Aeroacoustics,Vol. 15, Nos. 4–5, July 2016, pp. 55...


Many students in introductory statistics courses do not engage in learning under traditional classroom settings. A statistics instructor is often irritated by student behaviors such as sleeping, talking out of place, and acting bored or apathetic during lectures. The lecture and exercises in the computer laboratory should constantly compete with materials via the Internet to draw the attention of the student. To address problems in statistics education, we propose a digital nervous system in which a teacher and students can communicate with each other.


The objective of this thesis was to develop a methodology to predict the vibratory stresses of a turbomachinery turbine blade. The aerodynamic excitation phenomenon was not studied in this research. Furthermore, the turbine blades studied in this research had the characteristics of being unshrouded, uncooled and used mainly in small to medium sized turbomachineries.

This thesis consists of four main subjects. The first subject, composed of an analysis of experimental results, was done to ex tract damping values of the turbine blades as well as resonances. The damping values extracted from the experimental data were used to determine analytical vibratory stresses with FLARES. Furthermore, the resonances were identified during the data reduction and therefore, the experimental vibratory stresses were extracted. These values were later used to correlate the analytical vibratory stresses predicted using FLARES.

The second subject elaborated on an analytical method with finite element analysis using contact elements to determine natural frequencies and mode shapes of the turbine blades. The new analysis with contact elements surpassed all expectations with respect to the current analysis being performed at Pratt & Whitney Canada. The natural frequencies were compared with experimental data, and were found to be in good agreement. Furthermore, the mode shapes were compared with the current analysis results, and were found to be identical.

The third subject describes an experimental method to test the blades in a controlled environment to extract natural frequencies, damping and mode shapes. The experimental testing was not performed with great success. The main deficiency was the excitable frequency range created by the high-frequency speaker.

Finally, the fourth subject compares the vibratory stress experimental values and the prediction of vibratory stresses through an analytical tool. Using the FLARES tool, the modal amplification factor was found for every resonance of the PWC Engine 1 HPT Blade, PWC Engine 2 HPT Blade and the PWC Engine 3 CT Blade. Therefore, it can be concluded that the FLARES analytical tool can predict accurate vibratory stress levels due to a resonance for an unshrouded, uncooled turbomachinery turbine blade fairly well. More work needs to be done on the CFD part of the solution to predict more accurate unsteady pressure levels at the higher engine rotating speeds.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the manager training needs assessment techniques adopted by Pakistan corporate sector, especially in Islamabad and Rawalpindi region, and its impact on training outcomes. The finding related to TNA comprehensiveness was disparate because majority of the organization are using only one level or personal level analysis for their managers training needs assessment. So, it has negative impact on the outcomes of training. The study revealed that training in Pakistan is mostly subjective based. Objectivity of the training is less emphasized during their training session. These desperate results are basically due to lack of comprehensive managerial TNA approach used by corporate sectors in Pakistan before conducting training program. The objective of our study is to mention the drawback which corporate sector is facing regarding TNA and training outcomes and also relate the TNA comprehensiveness to effective outcome of training.

 Key words: TNA, managers training, katpatrick model, OTP model.


Histamine response on chicken arterial blood pressure was characterized with a sharp fall followed by a rise. The depressor response of histamine in graded doses (1 to 8 (g/Kg. i. v.) was linear when plotted against its log doses. Blockade of histamine response on blood pressure with diphenhydramine was less in intensity and duration when compared with that of promethazine. Antihistaminic produced a marked and sustained rise in fowl blood pressure.

Histamine in lower concentrations (2.5 x10-8 to 2 x 1 O-7 (g/ml) relaxed the isolated ileum of chick and this relaxation was blocked by pronethalol. Histamine in higher concentrations 4 x 1 O-7 to 8 x 1 O-7(g/ml) produced contractile response which was blocked both by promethazine and diphenhydramine. ED50 of histamine on chick ileum and oviduct, calculated from cumulative dose response curve, were 1 O-6M and 5 x 10-8 M respectively.


The use of Big Data technologies and analytics have the potential to revolutionise the world. The mass instrumentation of the planet and society is providing intelligence that is not only enhancing our personal lives, but also opening up new opportunities for addressing some of key environmental, social and economic challenges of the 21st century. Unfortunately, as with all technology, there is the potential for misuse; in the case of personal data the ability to gather, enrich and mine at extreme pace and volume could result in societal-scale privacy intrusions. We apply a model for identity across cyber and physical spaces to the question of risk control for personal-data in the context of big data analytics. Using a graphical model for identity we reflect on the response options we have and how such risk controls may or may not be effective.


Controlled and Precise delivery of fluid is one of the essential demands in many fluid inflow applications like as micro fluids, Micro Electro Mechanical systems, micro-machining and in medicinal biological systems. Like deliveries are generally achieved using syringe pump which generally employs syringes driven by an electric motor. In this work a syringe pump is operated with ATMEGA 329P Chip and LCD keypad shield, which is more user friendly than a control with an ordinary micro controller.


With the objective of evaluating the productivity of four peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) in an Inceptisol soil, a research was developed under field conditions in the Experimental Station of Zoothecny belonging to the Central University "Marta Abreu" of Las Villas, during the spring season from April 10 to July 30 of 2007. Four genotypes were used; three coming from Villa Clara province and one from Sancti Spíritus, provided by private producers, in each genotypes agricultural yield components, the biological, economic yield and crop index were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the genotype VJ-06R was the best in regard to the agricultural yield components, the economic yield and crop index, while, the genotype SAN-07C had the bigger value in the biological yield in the experimental conditions.


Tissue and organ distribution of radioactive carbon from 14C-tyrosine in the mouse was studied by whole-body autoradiography and biochemical analysis. The mice injected intravenously with L-[U-14C]tyrosine were sacrificed at various intervals. Examination of autoradiographs disclosed that the injected 14C-tyrosine was rapidly taken up from the blood by the tissues. The radioactivity in the pancreas was the highest and predominant throughout the intervals after injection in this investigation.The comparative values among radioactivity in the organs estimated by a liquid scintillation counter were approximately consistent with those obtained from the whole-body autoradiographs. Radioactivity in the acid-insoluble fractions was increased with time in all organs examined. High-performance liquid chromatography of the acid-soluble fractions disclosed that the amounts of the radioactive tyrosine and its metabolites and/or their molar ratios were different among the organs.


In order to ascertain and measure dedicated aspects of social and technical systems 'maturity', a wide range of maturity assessment models have been developed by both, practitioners and academics over the past years. In spite of its broad proliferation, the concept has not been untroubled by criticism. Unnecessary bureaucracy, poor theoretical foundation, and the impression of a falsified certainty to achieve success are just a few examples for that.

As there is still a significant lack of knowledge on how to design theoretically sound and widely accepted maturity assessment models, it is the aim of this paper to discuss the typical phases of maturity model development and application by taking a design science research perspective.

Given that both, development and application are intimately connected, different decision parameters are identified that are relevant in respect to rigour and relevance of the maturity assessment model.


In this paper we study Weil-Petersson volumes of the moduli spaces of conical hyperbolic surfaces. The moduli spaces are parametrised by their cone angles which naturally live inside Hassett's space of stability conditions on nodal curves. Such stability conditions produce weighted pointed stable curves which define compactifications of the moduli space of curves generalising the Deligne-Mumford compactification. The space of stability conditions decompose into chambers separated by walls. We assign to each chamber a polynomial corresponding to the Weil-Petersson volume of a moduli space of conical hyperbolic surfaces. The chambers are naturally partially ordered and the maximal chamber is assigned Mirzakhani's polynomial. We calculate wall-crossing polynomials, which relates the polynomial on any chamber to Mirzakhani's polynomial via wall-crossings, and we show how to apply this in particular cases. Since the polynomials are volumes, they have nice properties such as positivity, continuity across walls, and vanishing in certain limits.


One of the major goals of robotics research is the construction of humanoid robots that enter human-centred environments. To promote man-machine interaction in daily life robots should have a roughly humanoid shape and use human-like movements. It is therefore crucial to understand how humans coordinate their upper-body movements during daily motor tasks. One of the key assumptions in motor control research is that information about the process of movement planning and control can be deduced from behavioural regularities. The purpose of the following study was to analyse multi-joint goal-directed movements in 3D space in a natural environment with respect to the identification of such regularities. This paper presents a study in which 20 subjects had to point to different targets in a kitchen. All pointing movements were tracked using an IR-tracking system and joint angles were calculated using a kinematic model. The limb movements were analyzed in extrinsic and intrinsic kinematic coordinates and the results were discussed against the background of theoretical assumptions of biological motor control and the generation of human-like movements on humanoid robots.


Multimedia communication can be defied as the field pertaining to the formation, storage, retrieval, dissemination and usages of multiple "media" such as images, texts, graphics, animation, video and audio. The recent explosive growths of the Internet and multimedia research have raised the interest in distributed multimedia systems over Internet. In this paper, we propose an architecture for capturing, distributing and displaying multimedia content through existing Internet and Intranet infrastructures. An object-oriented architecture for the building of customized multimedia clients and servers facilitates software maintenances and updates as application requirements evolve and code reuse. The architecture is consisted of client/server model. In our prototype implementation Java's multithreading capabilities were extensively used to obtain a highly flexible and extendible system that is dynamically configurable at runtime.


1. Cysticercosis of the central nervous system (neurocysticercosis) is caused by the larval stage (cysticerci) of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. The two-host life cycle of this tapeworm comprises human beings as definitive hosts and swine as intermediate hosts. Pigs become infected when they ingest human faeces containing T. solium eggs, which develop in the muscle and brain into cysticerci. When people eat undercooked pork containing viable cysticerci, they develop an intestinal tapeworm infection, but not cysticercosis of the central nervous system. Human beings can also become intermediate hosts, however, by directly ingesting T. solium eggs shed in the faeces of human carriers of the parasite. These eggs then develop into cysticerci which migrate mostly into muscle (causing cysticercosis) and into the central nervous system where the cysticerci can cause seizures and many other neurological symptoms (cysticercosis of the central nervous system). Both these forms of human cysticercosis are therefore human-to-human infections acquired by the faeco-oral route in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation. Such a route of transmission is strongly supported by the concentration of cases of cysticercosis of the central nervous system in communities with human carriers of Taenia, which clustering also supports the argument that carriers of Taenia are potent sources of contagion.


Osteoporosis affects millions of people, and represents a substantial quality of life and economic burden. In human aging, the decline in the number and function of resident bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been widely reported. This has led to the speculation that MSCs are required for the maintenance of skeletal homeostasis, and their loss is associated with age-related osteoporosis. Supporting this etiology, the Sca-1 deficient mouse model of human age-related (type II) osteoporosis demonstrates both decreased MSC self-renewal and expansion, leading to defective maintenance of bone mineral density and bone quality. Therefore, to test the hypothesis that increasing the pool of MSCs could provide therapeutic benefits to patients with type II osteoporosis, we assessed the capacity of transplanted wild type MSCs to rescue osteoporosis in Sca-1 mice. Donor MSCs were highly clonogenic and retained high osteogenic activity. Shortterm engraftment of DiR labeled MSCs transplanted by intravenous tail vein injection displayed successful engraftment into hind limbs of Sca-1 mice for at least 14 days. To assess long-term engraftment, a single bolus of labeled MSCs from male donor mice was transplanted into individual 10-week-old Sca-1 females. A half


A ferrocenyl phosphinosulfoxide ligand(3) with planar and central chirality was synthesized by ortho-directed metalation of side chain of ferrocene at the α-position.The structure was confirmed by 1H NMR,13C NMR,IR,MS and elemental analysis.Catalytic activity of complex Pd-3 was investigated by the standard reaction of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate with dimethylmalonate/NaH.The yield of product was 92% with 20%ee.


Abstract : The last time the draft provided augmentation to the active force was in 1973. Since then, the active force has become increasingly dependent upon the reserve components for augmentation. The evolution to a fully-integrated reserve component has been painful at times. From the Spanish-American War though the war in Vietnam, the United States relied partly on the draft to generate manpower for the forces that would go to war. After Vietnam, the U.S. adopted an all-volunteer force. The Total Force Policy relied on the reserve components to provide additional capability to the active forces for national emergencies. After the Persian Gulf War, the military had to make significant changes to laws and policies to ensure successful integration of the reserves for future conflicts, including the current war in Afghanistan. Chapter 1 traces the roots of current policies affecting the reserve components developed from the Spanish-American War through the ending of the draft and the war in Vietnam. Chapter 2 reviews the post-draft era and describes the further evolution of policies and legislation affecting the reserve components through the Persian Gulf War. Chapter 3 explains the importance of sustaining training readiness of the reserves both for the current conflicts and in the future. Chapter 4 concludes with recommendations for all Services to maintain training readiness in the reserve components for future conflicts. The paper argues that the individual Services must systematically test the reserve component forces to ensure training readiness for the Total Force. Testing training readiness during peacetime will ensure the Services have matched mission with capabilities and that forces trained are the right size for the training time that is available. The testing of the reserve components will ensure combat-ready reserve component forces, thus ensuring readiness for the Total Force.


Author(s): Drumsta, Emily Lucille | Advisor(s): Larkin, Margaret | Abstract: This dissertation identifies investigation as an ironic narrative practice through which Arab authors from a range of national contexts interrogate certain forms of political language, contest the premises of historiography, and reconsider the figure of the author during periods of historical upheaval. Most critical accounts of twentieth-century Arabic narrative identify the late 1960s as a crucial turning point for modernist experimentation, pointing particularly to how the defeat of the Arab Forces in the 1967 June War generated a self-questioning "new sensibility" in Arabic fiction. Yet few have articulated how these intellectual, spiritual, and political transformations manifested themselves on the more concrete level of literary form. I argue that the investigative plot allows the authors I consider to distance themselves from the political and literary languages they depict as rife with "pulverized," "meaningless," "worn out," or "featureless" words. Faced with the task of distilling meaning from losses both physical and metaphysical, occasioned by the traumas of war, exile, colonialism, and state violence, these authors use investigation to piece together new narrative forms from the debris of poetry, the tradition's privileged mode of historical reckoning.In the first two chapters, I bring together two novels with remarkable formal and structural similarities, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra's al-Baḥth ʿan Walīd Masʿūd (In Search of Walid Masoud; 1978) and Elias Khoury's al-Wujūh al-bayḍāʾ (White Masks; 1981). From these two works, I shape a general typology: the novel of investigation begins with the mysterious disappearance or death of its protagonist and proceeds as a search for causes and answers conducted by a metafictional frame narrator. In the second two chapters, I observe how the investigative model manifests both in Egypt, with Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd's Yaḥduth fī Miṣr al-ān (It's happening now in Egypt; 1977) and in Morocco, with Driss Chraibi's Francophone detective novel Une enquete au pays (1981), at approximately the same historical moment. In all of these novels, I argue, the absent protagonist represents a figure for political resistance that seemed to have disappeared in the disillusionment occasioned by the 1967 defeat—the peasant, the freedom fighter, the exilic intellectual, the Berber, etc.—while the self-questioning frame narrator stands in for the author himself, attempting to wrest meaning from the scattered, chaotic events of recent history.


Decision behavior may be thought of as a succession of individual choices. Thus, one way to study the decision-making process and the effects of certain variables on it is by examining the various effects of these variables on individual choices. This particular study is concerned with the effects of information on decision making. More specifically, it addresses the question of whether or not information influences behavior in choice decisions and the question of the extent to which information increases the rationality of choice.


The hydrogenation of sequestrated CO 2 to methanol can reduce CO 2 emission and establish a sustainable carbon circuit. However, the transformation of CO 2 into methanol is challenging because of the thermodynamic equilibrium limitation and the deactivation of catalysts by water. In the present work, different reactor types have been evaluated for CO 2 catalytic hydrogenation to methanol. Best results have been obtained in a bi-functional catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) based on a zeolite LTA membrane and a catalytic Cu-ZnO-Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 layer on top. Due to the in-situ and rapid removal of the produced water from the catalytic layer through the hydrophilic zeolite LTA membrane, it is effective to break the thermodynamic equilibrium limitation, thus significantly increasing the CO 2 conversion (36.1%) and methanol selectivity (100%). Further, the catalyst deactivation by the produced water can be effectively inhibited, thus maintaining a high long-term activity of the CMR.


There are many payment systems in international trade transactions. Traditionally, letters of credit, documentary collections and remittance have been operated as an important and popular method of payment. Among the payment systems, forfaiting is a special payment system which is especially used in long-term transactions. As the use of forfaiting is increased, parties concerned need to understand forfaiting. The purpose of this paper is to examine availability and limitation of forfaiting by comparing forfaiting to other payment systems such as factoring, letters of credit and documentary collections. Therefore, the availability and limitation can be said as: Forfaiting may offer expanding business opportunities to exporter, insulating the exporter from any risk. Futhermore, forfaiting is very simple in the process. However, forfaiting has some limitations such as limitation of transaction or maturity according to country risk, limitation of currency and commitment period and invalidity of contracts without recourse in cases of fraud and misrepresentation.


In my estimation, the recounting of Kurelek's post-prairie years seem more sketchy, less powerful. It is unfortunate that he neglects to tell us something of the story of the painter; for example, his almost religious ascetic regimen of fasting while spending long, sustained hours at his easel-something one has to learn from interviews given elsewhere. In summary, Kurelek's autobiography provides the story of this justly distinguished Canadian artist, whose work with canvas and oils reveals both 'the prairie boy' ever deep within him, and also the apocalyptic sense that 'nuclear weapons stockpiles, the increasing violence in the world, the rapid erosion of authority, the increasing poverty of the have-not nations, the moral decay of the affluent West ... all point to some kind of explosion.'


Phase equilibria modelling incorporating melt reintegration offers a methodology to create hypothetical rock compositions that may have existed prior to melt loss, allowing the potential prograde evolution of rocks to be explored. However, melt reintegration modelling relies on assumptions concerning the volume of melt that was lost and is generally restricted by the absence of direct constraints on the pre-anatectic mineral assemblages. Mg-rich granulite in the 514–490 Ma Delamerian Orogen in southern Australia contains spinel–cordierite symplectic intergrowths that surround rare, coarse blocky domains of sillimanite. These sillimanite cores, as well as the widespread presence of andalusite in lower grade areas of the southern Delamerian Orogen, suggest that the subsolidus precursor to the granulite contained andalusite. This provides the opportunity to test if melt reintegration modelling of the granulite predicts subsolidus andalusite. Stepwise down-temperature melt reintegration modelling produces a water-saturated solidus after the addition of 12 mol% melt. When modelled at subsolidus conditions, the resulting rock composition produces andalusite-bearing assemblages with andalusite modes similar to the abundance of the sillimanite-cored spinel–cordierite intergrowths. The modelling results from this case study suggest that melt reintegration modelling is a valid method to recreate prograde subsolidus bulk rock compositions.


Objective
To characterize the clinical anatomy and radiology of the acetabular posterior column and to explore their significance for lag screw fixation of the acetabular posterior column.

Methods
This study was carried out on the axial magnetic resonance imaging of 20 right and left pelves of 10 adult males, aged from 24 to 67 years (mean, 36.1 years). The parameters were measured on the plane of the ischial spine apex (P1) and the plane 5 millimeters above P1 (P2). Five lines were drawn to simulate the fluoroscopy at the anteroposterior, iliac oblique and obturator oblique views. Line 2 and line 3 intersected the posterior aspect of the posterior column at points A and B, respectively. Line 1 intersected line 2 and line 3 at points D and G, respectively. Point E was the midpoint of CD. EF was perpendicular to CD, and intersected the posterior aspect of the posterior column at point F. On P1 and P2, the lengths of AD (al, a2) and EF (bl, b2) and the shortest distance between the front edge of the sciatic nerve and the posterior column were measured (L1, L2). Last, the position of the sciatic nerve relative to the quadrilateral"ABCD"was surveyed.

Results
The shape of the "shadow area" is akin to a right-angled trapezoid. The parameters of the "shadow area"are as follows: al = 11.62±2.29 mm, bl = 9.24±1.64 mm, a2 = 13.63±1.85 mm, b2 = 9.01±1.94 min. The distances between the nerve and the posterior column are as follows: L1 = 7.42±1.90 mm, and L2 = 5.83±1.93 mm. On P1, 85% of the sciatic nerve is in the "shadow area" (40% in R1 and 45% in the junctional zone of R1 and R2) and just 15% is out of the "shadow area". On P2, 85% of the sciatic nerve is in the R1 region and just 15% is out of the "shadow area".

Conclusions
Since bony structure of the acetabular posterior column is irregular and the distance between the sciatic nerve and the posterior column is very limited, it is likely that the sciatic nerve may be injured by a lag screw. As it is not enough to define positions of a lag screw by 3 fluoroscopic views, tangential view of the posterior column or navigation technology can help implant a lag screw accurately.

Key words:
Acetabulum; Bone nails; Sciatic nerve; Fluoroscopy; Shadow area


The absence of patellar ligament will bring about a severe negative impact on daily life. Many reconstruction techniques have been described in adults. However, there is a lack of technical introduction regarding the reconstruction of the patellar ligament in children. The purpose of this study was to report a surgical technique for reconstructing the patellar ligament in children.


The principal objective of this study is to verify the level of formal education determines the salary of workers in the agricultural sector in the state of Parana. For this demand and supply curves far labor in rural areas for the years 1970 and 1980 were estimated. The results found showed that schooling was relatively important in the determination of salaries of the rural workers the supply equations. For the demand equations the results were not significant indicating that wing to low schooling the employer showed himself to be indifferent in heving workers with greater or lesser levels of schooling for the tasks in the agricultural sector. This indicates that education appeared more important for the mobility of workers in search of other labor markets than for performing tasks in the agricultural sector, that is the superiority of the mobility effect over the worker effect.


119 Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/ en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). Social Compact: Co-creating Socially Responsible Businesses the Indian Way


The study is based on a cohort of 1 570 persons consisting of all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. A sample was taken of the cohort after stratification according to type of school attended at the age of 14 years. The sample was supplemented with persons who had either attended Special Schools for the educable mentally retarded or received care from the National Services for the mentally retarded. The final sample consisted of 262 persons. Persons in the sample were examined neurologically, psychologically and by audiometric screening. Results of this screening formed the basis for further otological examinations. The prevalence of hearing impairment in the cohort at the age of 30 years, according to relatively strict criteria is estimated to 17.5%±4.2%. Prevalence was found to increase with a lower level of education (type of school) and decreasing IQ-points. No clear association between non-traumatic sensorineural hearing loss and encephalopathy could be found. However, it was pos...


In realistic production system,production planning problem is always uncertainty programming problem because of the influence of the uncertainty factors for material price,product price,market demand and laborer capacity,and so on.Therefore,production planning model with constant coefficients can not precisely and effectively describe production decision environment.Based on credibility theory,this paper will present a new class of production planning model with fuzzy parameters.Then we will deal with the approximation of credibility function and design a heuristic algorithm,which combines approximation method,neural network and genetic algorithm to solve this fuzzy production planning problem.Finally,a numerical example is given to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the designed algorithm.


Zinc oxide (ZnO) is group II-VI semiconductor compound with wide band gap at room temperature. Using sol-gel reduction process, ZnO nanostructure was being synthesized under a specific condition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the crystallographic structure of the synthesized nanostructured ZnO. The incorporation of methylene dye into ZnO matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX) in which both analysis reveal the surface morphology and chemical composition of ZnO-methylene dye nanocomposite. The incorporation of methylene dye into ZnO matrix showed significant increase in the absorbance of ZnO in uv-visible analysis compared to the absorbance of ordinary ZnO nanostructure. This result suggested that methylene dye is a good sensitizer in ZnO, while ZnO is an excellent source of transparent electrode in solar cell.


Distance education programming has become a common component of higher education institutions. These programs often are developed singularly by faculty or through divisions of continuing education, and the results can be non-focused, disjointed program offerings. A major problem associated with distance education is the lack of "program" focus, with the majority of attention going to individual course offerings. Accepting the notion that a holistic view must be assumed for distance education programs to be considered "effective," the current study is one in a series associated with the factors necessary for a holistic view of distance education. Using a three-round Delphi survey instrument, distance education administrators were questioned about their perceptions of variables and factors necessary for effective distance education programs. Administrators agreed most strongly that programs should encourage quality and a customer orientation, but mostly, should provide the tools necessary for faculty members to modify course materials. Distance education has changed from an anomaly to a standard component of most higher education institutions. Through the delivery of courses on-line, via the internet, or through satellite or television broadcasts, colleges and universities have found it profitable to provide learning services and opportunities through alternative delivery methods. The incentive for offering courses via "the distance" has been largely pronounced as two-fold: to better serve constituents who would not otherwise have access to programs, and to generate additional revenue streams outside of traditional course offerings. Although the first alternative, albeit altruistic, has real potential for developing positive relations with legislative and governing bodies, the second concept, that of generating revenue, has been a dominant concern for many administrators. For private institutions, this has taken the form of providing the same "product," that of educational opportunity, at often reduced or alternative rates to a broader group of people in a more cost-effective manner (Cushman, 1996). Regardless of individual institutional considerations, the notion of distance education has become, and considering all trends will continue, to be a major focus for institutional livelihood (Moore, 1995). A prominent concern for institutions has been the structuring of how to offer courses via distance education programming. Once the domain of individual faculty volunteering to teach on television or through radio-broadcasts, the business of mass education has become a multi-million dollar industry, and the structure and offering of courses has become the responsibility for highly trained and skilled administrators. Typically, these individuals have a background in marketing and training, and understand that programs are successful only when adequate numbers of learners choose to enroll in any one given course or offering. These individuals, however, are rarely the subjects of study, as faculty dimensions to teaching and learning generally dominant questions about program effectiveness. The question of curricular delivery has been hotly debated on many campuses as faculty and administrators engage with outside constituents about learning effectiveness and the quality of programs. This dialogue, although meaningful, generally provides an advantage to the faculty member. In a sense, the academic content of a course is the domain of a faculty member, and administrators looking to promote programs become secondary both on


A waveform design method that can restrain the multipath effect was proposed. It was achieved by placing signal on the second zero point of waveform filter and keeping the information rate. Emulate experiments and lake experiment obtained lower error code rate than traditional waveform design method using this waveform structure with multiple phase shift key modulation. The results of experiment shows that the waveform design method can improve underwater communication system performance, can restrain multipath effect of underwater channel, and can increase transmit distance and reliability of underwater communication system.


This article applies the problem of civilian control over the military to the realm of private military contractors. The author argues that military outsourcing strips the principal —agent relationship of many of the structures and dynamics that states have traditionally used to control militaries. Many of the same qualities that make private military corporations successful as both economic actors and political surrogates also lead to reductions in the possibility for effective civilian control. The author supports these claims through an examination of the multilevel, fragmented, and global nature of the private military corporation market, with particular attention to divisions within the labor force. The implications of this analysis are that using private military corporations raises persistent challenges and tensions for effective state control that cannot be easily regulated away.


An analog of the pyrido[2,3-c]pyridazine ring system, 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-4-oxopyrido-[2,3-c]pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid (13), related to both Cinoxacin (1) and nalidixic acid (2), has been synthesized. The reductive ring closure of 2-chloro-α-diazo-6-methyl-5-nitro-β-oxo-3-pyridinepropanoic acid, ethyl ester (7), proved to be the key reaction providing entry into the ring system.


Theoretical investigations of the magnetic field, in the cores of rectangular cross-section, based on the nonlinear characteristics of the ferromagnetic materials, are presented in this paper. Moreover, the mathematical model of the field solved by iteration. This paper aims to investigate how to control the stresses in metals. Specifically, it aims to determine the relations between the parameters of metal hysteresis loop and topography of scattering field.


Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) is an imaging technique that allows mapping the complex conductivity structure of a body by measuring the magnetic field generated by currents induced within the body. Typically, MIT systems are static since their sensing positions and the angular incidences of the main magnetic field do not change. Recently the authors from IT developed an experimental setup with movable coils and body to increase the number of measurements. In this paper, a new moving system of sensing coils and body plate is analysed and its importance is highlighted. The accuracy and the measurement requirements for the positioning setup are studied, namely the influence of the displacement error on the measured electromotive signal at the sensing coils for each position. Results from the implemented experimental system are reported and its overall importance is highlighted.


Building on the extensive literature on media representations of women's sports, this study explored how fans of women's basketball interpreted television's representations of the game. In-depth interviews revealed that watching televised basketball was often frustrating for viewers who encountered representations that did not reflect their experiences or desires but, instead, devalued, trivialized, and stereotyped women athletes. However, rather than internalize such messages, as much research on media representations of sportswomen has assumed, they actively challenged television's view and created their own, more positive, interpretations. Their attempts to experience pleasure in televised women's basketball were, however, undercut by both the visual production and commentary.


INTRODUCTION Myocardial infarction is a myocardial ischemic necro唱 sis,There are approximatelly 75% ~95% patients may arise arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction ,spe唱 cially ventricular arrhythmia.20%~25% patients oc唱 cur sudden cardiac death soon owing to the develop唱 ment of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation . Well唱balanced function of ion channels and resulting normal ion currents are the foundation of cardiac elec唱 tric activity.Both mutations and polymorphisms of gene encoding proteins may influence cardiac electro唱 physiological function,leading to QT interval abnormal唱 ities and increased risk of arrhythmic adverse events. The majority of research data on SCN5A,KCNE1,KC唱 NE2 and KCNQ1 gene abnormalities linked to arrhyth唱 mia,including long QT syndrome [2].Some scholars de唱 tected that patients after MI had higher incidence of ar唱 rhythmic diseases than controls in the overall popula唱 tion[3].After a follow唱up study,The conclution showed that early post唱MI phase is associatd with a slight QT intervial prolongation in most patients.In some cases, the electrical remodeling brings on the development of torsade de Pointes[4].In recent years some research have detected that the gene therapy can clearly change the electrophysiological characteristics of cardiomyo唱 cyte,bringing hope to gene therapy approaches of ar唱 rhythmia related to post唱MI.This article is reviewed the research progresses of the relationship between gene and the malignant arrhythmia after MI.


results from the oxidation of the protein by the quinone and the oxidized protein combines excess quinone. this reaction as similar to that of the reaction of quinone with aromatic amines.


Vision systems based on triangulation with active laser light sources are becoming widely used in robot arc welding. The sensor and preprocessing hardware provide a one-dimensional signal representing a cross section of the seam being tracked. This work describes and compares two different approaches to analyzing these signals as a precursor to matching them to predefined templates. One approach uses an expert systems methodology, while the other uses scale-space filtering.<<ETX>>


Accurate wake model in wind farm layout optimization can help extracting maximum power generation, minimizing cost of energy and prolonging wind turbines' lifetime as well. With the development of different wake models, the wind farm layout optimization results based on the models should be updated. This paper investigates the performances of four wake models in wind farm layout optimization using multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) with the wind farm power generation, COST/AEP and wind farm efficiency been reported. Comparison of results between typical wake models' performance shows that Jensen's wake model reported a higher wind farm power generation and efficiency because it underestimates the velocity deficit in the wake, and to the contrary, in the Frandsen wake model, the velocity in the wake is underestimated, resulting in a deceased power generation. The expression of 2D_k model shall be out of work in complicated wind condition. The 2D Jensen–Gaussian wake model performed better in the wind farm layout optimization using the MPGA program which can be promoted in real-world wind farm micrositing.


The large peripheral horizontal cells of the retina of the rhesus monkey are compared with the smaller horizontal cells of the central area. There is most probably only one morphological type of horizontal cell in the rhesus monkey retina. Its dendrites go into cones and it has a single axon. From the fovea to the periphery of the retina there is a gradation in the number of cones an individual horizontal cell contacts. In the fovea a horizontal cell contacts six to nine cones; this ratio increases towards the periphery to between 30 and 40 cones to one horizontal cell.


This paper studies the evolution of beliefs of a group of Bayesian updaters who are connected through a social network that enables them to listen to the opinions of others. Each agent observes a sequence of private signals about the value of an unknown parameter and receives private messages from others according to her connections in the network. A message conveys some information about the signal observed by the sender. The informativeness of a message is not strategically chosen but it is exogenously given by the intensity of the connection. Both signals and messages are independent and identically distributed across time but not necessarily across agents. Messages cannot be transmitted through indirect connections in the network. We first characterize the long-run behavior of an agent's beliefs in terms of a measure that depends on the relative entropies of the conditional distributions of signals and messages available to the agent. Then, we show that the achievement of consensus in the society is closely related to the presence of prominent agents who are able to affect the evolution of other agents' opinions over time. Finally, we show that the influence of the prominent agents must not be very high in order for the agents to aggregate correctly their private sources of information in the long run.


The author lifts an actual problem of the general technical literacy of the modern Russian youth. The general technical literacy of young generation is one of the most considerable factors both for socialization of youth in the field of "Person-technician", and for productivity of service of youth in modern Russian army. The author has found the original approach to an estimation of the general technical literacy of young generation in which pedagogical and statistical methods of research are successfully combined. The idea of an intensive course of the general technical training also is original and deserves the further development.


Abstract Citrus fruits are rich sources of several biologically active flavonoids such as hesperidin, naringin, and polymethoxylated flavones. We evaluated the evidence of associations between citrus fruit or hesperidin intake and multiple health outcomes. An umbrella review was conducted for studies performed in humans. Overall, 246 articles were initially identified by searching in 4 databases. Twenty-two meta-analyses and systematic reviews with 28 health outcomes met the inclusion criteria. Citrus fruit intake had beneficial effects on all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR]. 0.90; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.86 to 0.94), cardiovascular diseases (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.92), coronary heart disease (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.96), stroke (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.84), type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.92), and several cancers. Dose-response analyses indicated that each 100-g/d increase in citrus fruit intake could reduce the risks of all-cause mortality by 6% (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.00), stroke by 22% (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.90), and cardia gastric cancer by 40% (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.83). Citrus fruit intake also had beneficial effects on the lipid profile and body weight control (weighted mean difference, −1.28; 95% CI, −1.82 to −0.74). Grapefruits could reduce the systolic blood pressure (weighted mean difference, −2.43, 95% CI, −4.77 to −0.09). Hesperidin supplementation significantly improved inflammation. Citrus fruit intake was generally safe and beneficial for multiple health outcomes in humans. However, grapefruit and pomelo juice may affect the bioavailability of various medications, so care should be exercised before increasing the intake of these fruits or their juices.


Venous thrombosis remains an uncommon but important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The estimated incidence of pregnancy-associated venous thrombosis is one in 1000 deliveries and the estimated age-adjusted incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) ranges from six to 10 times higher in pregnant versus nonpregnant women.1 In pooled data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System from 1991–1999, pulmonary embolism (PE) was the second most common cause of pregnancy-related death when the fetus was undelivered and accounted for 20% of all pregnancy-related deaths.2 All components of Virchow's triad including increased clotting factors, stasis, and endothelial damage are present during pregnancy. Venous stasis of the lower extremities occurs because of pregnancy-associated changes in venous capacitance and compression of large veins by the gravid uterus. The linear flow velocity in the lower extremity veins is decreased, probably due to hormonally induced dilation of capacitance veins, which leads to venous pooling and valvular incompetence. These changes are amplified by inferior vena cava (IVC) compression by the gravid uterus. One study, which assessed 24 pregnant women with monthly Doppler ultrasound examinations, found progressive dilation of the deep veins of the legs during gestation. This corresponded to a decreased flow velocity in the left common femoral vein and IVC that was most severe in the supine position. Assuming the left lateral decubitus position significantly increased the velocity in both lower extremities.3 Delivery is associated with vascular injury and changes at the uteroplacental surface, which probably accounts for the frequency of VTE in the immediate postpartum period. Forceps, vacuum extraction, or surgical delivery can exaggerate vascular intimal injury and amplify the phenomenon. Pregnancy is also a known hypercoagulable state associated with progressive increases in several coagulation factors such as I, II, VII, VIII, IX, and X, along with a decrease in protein S. A progressive increase in resistance to activated protein C is normally observed in the second and third trimesters.4 Activity of the fibrinolytic inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 is increased during pregnancy, although total fibrinolytic activity may not be impaired.5 The risk of VTE is further magnified in pregnant women who have inherited thrombophilias.


ii Abstract The use of 3D graphics on workstations and PCs becomes increasingly important for modern graphics applications. Also the use of 3D virtual environments on the Internet, e.g. using the VRML standard, is promising to be a great success. In all of these applications, realistic lighting is an important feature to obtain a realistic, and thus convincing, impression of 3D objects and complete virtual environments. This tutorial concentrates on the practical aspects of using realistic lighting in modern graphics applications. The tutorial in intended for anyone who must deal with realistic lighting in 3D graphics applications, particularly developers, managers, and researchers who wish to gain a closer understanding of the diierent aspects of realistic lighting and how it can be applied in the context of their applications. The range of topics covered by this tutorial is very broad, trying to bridging the gap between current research and the use of these techniques in modern applications. The aim of this tutorial is to give an overview about the techniques that are available, point out current trends and developments, discuss practical and implementation issues, and describe the use of this technique in applications. As a basis for the later presentations, we cover the basic mathematical and physical formulation of realistic lighting computations, and give an overview of the state-of-the-art. We then discuss in more detail the class of hierarchical and multi-resolution techniques, which are the basis for the most eecient algorithms we have available. Other topics covers the problem of creating a consistent and open software architecture for the implementation of realistic lighting computations in applications, and discuss the integration with traditional rendering techniques. Finally, we present and discuss the use of realistic lighting in a number of graphics applications, ranging from architecture to the problems in lighting design when combining real and virtual environments, including a discussion of the issues of lighting computations in complex scenes and adaptive control of the simulation. iii Speaker Biographies Jean-Claude Paul is professor at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux Arts and currently the scientiic director of a joint CNRS/INRIA research project in computer graphics and computer vision. He was author of numerous research works and books in the eld of design and architecture, before to work the computer graphics eld. Since 1992, he works in the radiosity domain, with an experience of software development. Jean-Claude Paul has received the prize of the Academie …


The cervix plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy pregnancy, acting as a mechanical barrier to hold the fetus inside the uterus during gestation. Altered biochemical and mechanical properties of the cervical tissue are suspected to play an important role in spontaneous preterm birth. Slight changes in the biochemical properties are known to cause softening of the cervical tissue thus weakening the structure. Premature softening of the cervical tissue is associated with spontaneous preterm birth and the clinical condition known as cervical insufficiency. "Cervical insufficiency" is clinically defined as a history of spontaneous preterm birth associated with a painless contraction-free delivery. Diagnosing cervical insufficiency remains elusive in the medical community because the etiology of this disease is unknown. Therefore, there is a need to establish a better understanding of this disease to aid in the identification and management of patients. This doctoral study explores the relationship between the biochemical and mechanical properties of human cervical tissue. The structure-function relationship is investigated by measuring the stress-response of the tissue in various modes of deformation and assaying the tissue for biochemical content. To generate material properties which reflect the tissue's biochemical content, micro-structurally based constitutive relationships are fit to the experimental data from mechanical tests. Values of the constitutive model parameters corresponding to the best fit to the material response in all modes of deformation represent the "mechanical properties" of the sample. Mechanical properties and the structural properties of the collagen and proteoglycans of each sample are compared, and it was found that the mechanical and biochemical properties vary for women with different obstetric backgrounds. Pregnant tissue is softer than nonpregnant tissue, and nonpregnant tissue from women with previous vaginal deliveries is softer than nonpregnant tissue from women with no previous vaginal deliveries. These changes in mechanical characteristics correspond to a shift in biochemical content with the softer tissue having a higher collagen solubility and an altered glycosaminoglycan content. An improved knowledge of the structure-function relationship is an important first step in understanding how the microstructure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) relates to its macroscopic mechanical response. In addition, the identification of key biochemical regulators of mechanical properties can constitute the basis for pharmacological intervention to correct pathological abnormalities in tissue response. Thesis Supervisor: Simona Socrate Title: d'Arbeloff Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering


Dental enamel is the most mineralized tissue of the human body, covers and protects the crown of the tooth, possessing approximately 96% of the mineral content, the rest being water and organic compounds. The increasing consumption of food and beverages, as well as its effect of damaging dental structures, has been attracting great interest in contemporary dentistry. The dissolution of the enamel can cause two types of lesions, a caries and dental erosion. A dental erosion and a progressive localized pathological process leading to the loss of hard dental tissue, which is chemically removed from the tooth surface per animal and / or chelation without bacterial involvement. The most important extrinsic source of acid exposure is diet, becoming fundamental or knowledge of potentially erosive agents. For some years now, as energy drinks have been consumed by a large part of the population, by athletes and also by young people at parties. The objective of this work was to review a literature on the action of energetic beverages on dental enamel, its pH and its erosive potential. There is great concern on the part of dental surgeons with the consumption of alcoholic beverages, mostly acid pH, between 2.1 and 3.2, causing dental erosion. Research has shown that despite the lack of development of several formulations to combat a loss or increase the resistance of the dental structure to the acid challenge, there is mineral loss (Ca and P) in all mirrors of all groups studied. It is concluded, therefore, as energy drinks, capacity to promote mineral losses, consequently, dental erosion, due to the low pH. The possible deleterious action of these beverages on dental surfaces requires the dental surgeon to act preventively, alerting his patients about the unwanted effects that can be occasioned by their frequent consumption.


We present a novel interactive augmented reality (AR) storytelling approach guided by indoor scene semantics. Our approach automatically populates virtual contents in real-world environments to deliver AR stories, which match both the story plots and scene semantics. During the storytelling process, a player can participate as a character in the story. Meanwhile, the behaviors of the virtual characters and the placement of the virtual items adapt to the player's actions. An input raw story is represented as a sequence of events, which contain high-level descriptions of the characters' states, and is converted into a graph representation with automatically supplemented low-level spatial details. Our hierarchical story sampling approach samples realistic character behaviors that fit the story contexts through optimizations; and an animator, which estimates and prioritizes the player's actions, animates the virtual characters to tell the story in AR. Through experiments and a user study, we validated the effectiveness of our approach for AR storytelling in different environments.


Abstract : The handbook provides formulas and data for evaluating coupling of the high-altitude EMP to electric power systems and to facilities served with commercial electric power. The subjects covered include coupling to power transmission and distribution lines, transient coupling through transformers, lightning-arrester firing characteristics, and coupling through the service entrance. Grounding, EMP protective measures, and testing are also discussed. The emphasis of the handbook is on the EMP effects of concern to the power user, but much of the information contained in the handbook can also be used to evaluate the effects of the EMP on electric power systems.


In this paper, we propose a deep learning based multi-speaker direction of arrival (DOA) estimation with audio and visual signals by using permutation-free loss function. We first collect a data set for multi-modal sound source localization (SSL) where both audio and visual signals are recorded in real-life home TV scenarios. Then we propose a novel spatial annotation method to produce the ground truth of DOA for each speaker with the video data by transformation between camera coordinate and pixel coordinate according to the pin-hole camera model. With spatial location information served as another input along with acoustic feature, multi-speaker DOA estimation could be solved as a classification task of active speaker detection. Label permutation problem in multi-speaker related tasks will be addressed since the locations of each speaker are used as input. Experiments conducted on both simulated data and real data show that the proposed audio-visual DOA estimation model outperforms audio-only DOA estimation model by a large margin.


Microbial polysaccharides have the attributes of the S-657 is effective to improve the flow properties of various cementite system. Four Ottl land cement, magnetic as such cementite system - By the S-657 is added to the leveling grouts, fresh or saltwater oil well cement slurries, micro-fine cement, properties such as bleed, flow resistance, fluid loss control are substantially improved. As well as, S-657 is the reduction of fluid loss, the enhanced stability of the micro-fine cementite system diluting highly, second operation for improvement, hand placement of the free water and settling regulatory self-promoting flow and operation of the leveling pasty, in the improved and foamed or porous cement system of the color transfer in the pigment-containing concrete, including the stabilization of intra-loop bubble treatment, provides a number of advantages. In the sprayable cementite systems, S-657 is thereby lowering the rebound and depression.


South Korea, like many other Asian countries, for a long time sacrificed the welfare aspects of its economic development, which were seen as a brake on both economic growth and competitiveness. Korea thus developed a welfare protection system based on restricted obligatory arrangements, and on big demands on families, and to a lesser degree on those companies which had benefited most from economic growth. What also characterised this system was that it was primarily built up without reference to employees, who were very little associated with its development, and even less so with its management. Two recent events – the country's admission to the OECD in 1996, and then the serious economic and financial crisis which shook it in 1997 – forced Korea to align itself on the standards of the developed countries with regard to both welfare rights and welfare protection. The South Korean social security system today thus combines cover of the insurance type (health, retirement, unemployment, industrial accidents), with cover of the aid type (welfare minima, welfare services). This article more particularly describes the trends in, and principal characteristics of, the three main facets of welfare payments : health insurance, retirement pension insurance, and unemployment insurance, all three of which having been profoundly altered in the three last years. These developments, as well as the new law on welfare minima, show the will of the Korean government to move towards a "workfare" system in the American style. With time however, the financing and management of Korean welfare protection will remain problematic : the first key factor will be an inevitable increase in public expenditure, implying sensitive political choices ; while the second most probably implies the set-up of some form of parity/sharing which is alien to Korean culture.


Caffeine is known to form c omplexes by self - association and with other organic compounds. Its biological activity in changing the effects of neurotoxins has been attributed to its f ormation of stacked complexes. Charge - transfer complexes of c affeine have also been reported. However, complexes reported are stoichiometric and exhib it color only in solution.


THIS paper reports the relationship between a practical examination and other methods used in the selection of dentists where the practical examination is viewed as a criterion of professional performance. Since 1950, a number of reports concerned with the prediction of success in dental school, such as those by Weiss (10) and Peterson (6), have appeared in the literature, as well as an analysis of the critical requirements in dentistry (9). To the authors' knowledge, however, the present study is the first report on


Background: Indonesia is a country that has a large population and high population growth. An effective way to reduce population growth is by joining the family planning program. Purpose: . The research objective was to describe the knowledge of women of childbearing age about intrauterine contraceptives in the working area of the Abiansemal Selat Badung Public Health Center in 2021 Methods: . The type of research used was descriptive research with cross-sectional methods. The sample used was 41 women of childbearing age. The data analysis used was univariate analysis Result : The results of this study were obtained from 41 women of childbearing age, 17 respondents (41.5%) were in the tofu category and 24 samples (58.5%) were in the category of not knowing. This knowledge consists of benefits in which 53.7% of respondents are in the tofu category, indications and contraindications, 61% of respondents are in the tofu category, 36.6% of the time of insertion is in the tofu category and the side effects of intrauterine contraceptives which 46% are included in the tofu category. category tofu Conclusion : more than half of respondents know about the benefits and indications and contraindications of intrauterine devices and more than half of respondents do not know about the side effects and timing of insertion of intrauterine devices Sugestion: it is hoped that there will be more counseling about intrauterine contraception


J apan's security trajectory, in the period following the administration of Prime Minister Koizumi Junichirō, has once again come into question. Japan under Koizumi's administration demonstrated startling new proactivism in responding to the events of September 11, 2001 and the ensuing "war on terrorism." Japan despatched the Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) from November 2001 onwards to provide logistical support in the Indian Ocean for US and international coalition forces engaged in Operation Enduring Freedom. Japan further demonstrated its new pro-activity through the despatch of the Ground Self-Defense Force (GSDF) and Air Self-Defense Force (ASDF) on non-combat reconstruction missions as part of the US-led "coalition of the willing" in Iraq and Kuwait from 2004 onwards. Japan and the US then concluded the 2006 Defence Policy Review Initiative (DPRI) which facilitated the realignment of US bases in Japan, promoted the greater integration of US forces and the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF), and now opened the way for the US to utilise its bases in Japan for projecting power globally. Japan was seen to be moving towards the increased militarisation of its security stance, and to be emerging as a more assertive or "normal" military power and reliable US ally.


As corrective feedback (CF) is conducive to students' second language (L2) development, a considerable number of studies have investigated the effects of different types of CF strategies on EFL/ESL learning achievement. However, the role of learner engagement has been largely neglected in the field of CF research. The present study aims to describe the role of learner engagement with CF in EFL/ESL classrooms by reviewing theoretical and empirical evidence. The findings reveal that learner engagement is indispensable for CF to be effective, and providing strategies for working with CF is essential to guide EFL/ESL learners in their learning process. The implications for teacher CF practice and learner engagement training are also discussed.


This study investigates and provides evidence on the impact of economic growth and non-renewable energy on environmental degradation. Using unbalanced panel data from 1990 to 2018 on five South Asian countries and engaging the dynamic common correlated effects-mean group (DCCE-MG) technique of Ditzen (2016, 2018), findings support the energy-led degradation hypothesis while the growth-led degradation hypothesis does not hold but both are supported from FMOLS and DOLS robustness checks. In order words, non-renewable energy and economic growth significantly drive environmental degradation. Country-level results are mixed with Nepal evidencing energy-led degradation, Pakistan shows growth-led degradation while India indicates growth-led sustainability. Supportively, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) non-Granger causality test establishes: (1) energy-led and growth-led degradation, (2) feedback causal relation between environmental degradation and non-renewable energy, and (3) unidirectional causality from growth to non-renewable energy i.e. "conservation" hypothesis. Policy implications are discussed.


In many applications, the query mechanism would co-exist with the data collection at the same time. If these two mechanisms can be combined, the query could utilize some information from the data collection and get benefits on the robustness and stability. We propose a query mechanism which can find the path without any additional beacons or packets and get information from the process of data collection. This query mechanism is very suitable to the situations that command messages need to be sent to some specific nodes. The proposed protocol is evaluated on TOSSIM and MATLAB, where CTP protocol is used as the data collection framework. The result shows that this query protocol can give approximately the same delivery ratio as that of CTP in the process of transmitting command packets.


Abstract This article represents two types of entanglements, [Co2(bibp)(BTB)2][Co(bibp)2(H2O)2] (1) and [Co3(bibp)2(H2O)2(BTB)2]·2H2O·2DMF (2) (bibp = 4,4′-bis(1-imidazolyl)biphenyl and H3BTB = 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene), which are 2-D→3-D polycatenated frameworks formed by parallel catenation of 1-D+2-D→2-D polythreaded motifs based on the double-layered sheet penetrated by ribbons of rings (1) and a 2-D→3-D mutual polythreading of three double-layered sheets with dangling arms (2), which is assembled by the same initial materials by simply changing the volume ratio of water/DMF medium.


ABSTRACT Research by the paper industry into new materials to expand the raw material base for pulp is on the ascendancy due to growing demand for pulp and paper products. This study assessed the anatomical, chemical, and pulping characteristics of four varieties of Cocos nucifera husk to ascertain their suitability as raw material for pulp and paper production. The measured and calculated chemical (Klason Lignin, 1% NaOH solubility and Holocellulose contents) and anatomical (Fiber dimensions, Runkel Ratio, Slenderness Ratio, Flexibility Coefficient, Coefficient of Rigidity, Luce's Shape Factor and Solids Factor) properties of the Cocos nucifera husks mostly did not meet the standard requirements for a good pulp and paper material. However, the Local Tall Yellow variety of the Cocos nucifera husk was favorable in terms of Runkel Ratio, Slenderness Ratio, Flexibility Coefficient, and Coefficient of Rigidity and can be considered for the production of pulp for writing and printing papers. In spite of the limitations of the other three varieties for making quality paper, they could be used for fiber plate, rigid cardboard, and cardboard production.


Abstract I examined the capture efficiency of artificial flies fished with barbed and barbless hooks in various coldwater fisheries throughout California. Capture efficiency was defined as the proportion of trout (family Salmonidae) landed to the total number of trout hooked while angling. Waters were selected based on high catch per unit effort along with trout species present in an effort to increase the probability of encounters and the species represented. Artificial flies were standardized by J-style hooks and three artificial fly types (dry, nymph, and streamer). In an effort to reduce bias, anglers were not told what hook type (i.e., barbed or barbless) they were using and were not allowed to handle or visually inspect flies. A total of 1,617 trout were landed with a mean total length of 213 mm and a range of 64–660 mm. Mean capture efficiency (and ranges) was 76% (38–100%) for anglers using barbed flies and 63% (0–100%) for anglers using barbless flies. Results show that anglers using barbless fli...


Computers developed in today's technology are actively used in all areas of life. Business, education, social, etc. It is understood that as these systems, which help us facilitate our work in the fields, it becomes easier to act or solve problems. A number of morphological operations can be performed on the files or files that have image or picture quality in almost all of these areas. The purpose of this study is to determine the color of the vehicle by taking any vehicle image. The areas where the detected color is used may differ depending on the need. Color indication is an important factor in matching vehicle information, for example in a license plate reading system. There are many different application areas and methods for vehicle color information needed in many similar areas. An algorithm with minimal complexity has been designed to be used in such application areas. The system is designed using the python programming language. The accuracy rate is directly proportional to the pixel quality of the picture.


Previous optical computing schemes offered analog or quasidigital accuracies with a single fixed primitive. A description is given of how programmable, arbitrary-bit-length all-digital central processing unit (CPU) computations are now possible. In addition, the current state-of-the-art in optical computer subsystem devices such as acoustooptic modulators, detectors, and source arrays is discussed. One particular application-a fully general-purpose optical computer-is detailed.<<ETX>>


The purpose of this study was too describe the associated baseline features of AF patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced and preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF and HFpEF). Secondly, we assessed symptomatic status and their clinical correlates. Finally, we examined independent predictors for 'heart failure' at the 1‐year follow‐up period.


This publication has resulted from a nation-wide survey held among Ukrainian universities in 2019 with the purpose to identify priorities and needs in their institutional development and academic communities' enhancement. The survey focused on higher education internationalization, professional development of academic staff, quality of higher education, university governance and financial autonomy.


Ridgeguide lasers were fabricated with saturable absorbing sections. It is shown that the sharp turn-on behavior of these lasers can be successfully modeled using a rate equation approach.


Image as a transaction between what candidates say and do and the way voters compare that behavior with their personal vision of what candidates should be or do stimulates at least four critical questions important to political communication. First, what qualities or attributes do voters believe are important for a presidential candidate to possess—what are the dimensions of the "ideal" presidential candidate? Second, do these views change with time and with candidates, or are they fairly consistent across elections? Third, were the unique candidate demographics (religion, race, gender, and age) apparent in the 2008 New Hampshire primary important to voters? Finally, do the evaluative dimensions of "idealness" differ in relationship to the gender, age, or party affiliation of those who attend political rallies? Answers are determined from results of a survey of citizens attending political rallies in New Hampshire during the 1988 through 2008 presidential primaries.


Occasionally, a splenic mass is found incidentally on abdominal computed tomography (CT). To determine the frequency of malignancy among such masses,


Resources designed to assist institutions with their outcomes assessment endeavors abound. Books, workshops, and conferences provide tips ranging from writing good objectives to mobilizing resources for improving assessment processes. From our perspective, one of the gaps in these resources is information about how to write a good assessment report. Such reports are often a program's best, or at least most official, vehicle for conveying information about student learning and the program experiences that contribute to such learning. Further, the best reports reveal insights into decision-making, particularly the factors that influence faculty to modify curriculum and pedagogy to improve student learning. This information is important within a program and to university administrators and external stakeholders such as regional accreditors. Responding to this need, a small but growing number of universities have developed rubrics to evaluate assessment reports. Ory (1992) referred to such evaluations of assessment as meta-assessment. This promising practice represents a shift in thinking by institutions from "Do our programs participate in assessment?" to "How well do our programs conduct assessment?" In this article we provide a descriptive analysis of how institutions operationally define good assessment via these meta-assessment rubrics (MARs). Our experience suggests that assessment reports typically underrepresent both the strength of assessment within programs and the thoughtfulness of faculty in identifying and resolving problems related to student learning. If this is the case, faculty may ask how to write reports that fairly reflect their programs' assessment processes. This inquiry is similar to a familiar classroom situation. Students ask faculty for advice about how to write a good paper. Without guidance students complain about their inability to read the teacher's mind. Conversely—and not surprisingly—a greater proportion of students submit papers that are consonant with expectations when the instructor provides clear directions. In the classroom context, many instructors use rubrics to convey expectations. A well-developed writing rubric, for instance, lists the criteria to be evaluated (e.g., content, organization, mechanics) and provides behavioral descriptions associated with levels of performance for each criterion such as beginning, developing, accomplished, and exemplary. Institutional leaders have applied an analogous strategy to evaluate assessment reports. They (a) construct a MAR that specifies the characteristics of a good assessment report; (b) share the MAR with programs prior to report submission; and Expectations for Assessment Reports: A Descriptive Analysis


The International Linear Collider (ILC) Injector is a complex of different subsystems that are strictly correlated: positron source, polarized electron source, damping rings and bunch compressor. The choice of parameters of each subsystem has a strong influence on the others. A description of the critical items requiring further R&D in order to finalize the choice of the parameters needed for the Conceptual Design is given. The status and plans of R&D in progress on these items at a global level are reported.


[Objective]The purification effect of three hydroponic vegetables on eutrophic water was studied to provide theoretical basis for the plant ecological restoration of eutrophic water.[Method] Hydroponics test was carried out using lettuce,cabbage and leaf lettuce as materials,and the purification effect of three hydroponic vegetables on eutrophic water was studied through determining ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N),soluble organic phosphorus(SOP) and permanganate index(IMn).[Result] In eutrophic water,lettuce grew beast,and next came cabbage,while leaf lettuce was the poorest,which showed that lettuce and cabbage could grow well in eutrophic water;lettuce had the highest removal rate of NH4+-N and IMn in eutrophic water(92% and 86%),and the removal rate of SOP by cabbage was highest,while leaf lettuce had the lowest removal rate of three indexes.[Conclusion] The purification effect of lettuce and cabbage on eutrophic water was better with certain popularization value.


Low-amplitude, radial-velocity variations of bright late-type stars were monitored at the 1.2-m telescope of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO) with the hydrogen fluoride (HF) absorption-cell technique. Many of the stars appear to be semi-regular red variables (SRb and SRc) and irregular red variables (Lb). The radial-velocity amplitudes range from a few tens of meters per second to a few kilometers per second while the timescales of the variations appear to range from a few tens of days to a few hundreds of days. These irregular-looking velocities are analysed for multiperiodicities. There are also variations in the chromospheric Ca II 8662 index for a few of the variables.


This paper analyzes gender agreement in the Determiner Phrase (DP) in Afro-Bolivian Spanish (ABS). Our data shows a case of cross-generational change, transitioning from a basilectal Afro-Bolivian variety to the more prestigious
standard Bolivian Spanish. In light of recent minimalist models, variability can be accounted for as the differential specification and computation of uninterpretable features in a derivation. We argue that dialectal variation and change in ABS, even if externally driven by social factors, can be explained within a minimalist framework based on feature valuation and checking as the interplay between computational and evolutionary demands.


Dry ashing process is use plasma to remove the photoresist,compare to wet ashing,dry ashing process is more effective and quick.In modern VLSI fabrication,fluorine gas are usually added into photoresist ashing process to remove the residue of crust formed after the implantation with higher energy.However,in BEOL ashing process,because of the introduction of fluorinated gases,will produce a series of problems.We propose to optimize the ashing gas composition and ratio,mass O2 with little N2 gas mix can be a stable rate of ash,and can reduce machine parts damage and to solve defects issue.Increase the wafer temperature can greatly improve the ashing rate,thereby enhancing the capacity to dispensing equipment,reduce technology costs.