An orthonormal set of functions is defined on a von Neumann lattice in phase space. There is one function assigned to each unit cell of area h. The functions are of the Wilson type in that in the x-direction they are obtained from one another by uniform translations, while in the p-direction they are double-peaked, and cannot be obtained by translations. A similar construction is also carried out with the x- and p-axes interchanged. The results apply to any dimension. An explicit example is worked out for the ground state of a harmonic oscillator, and a relation to coherent states is pointed out.


The effect of prolonged pulse therapy with vincristine and dexamethasone (VD) during maintenance therapy on the outcome of paediatric patients with TCF3‐PBX1 positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) remains uncertain. We conducted non‐inferiority analysis of 263 newly diagnosed TCF3‐PBX1 positive ALL children who were stratified and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive seven additional VD pulses (the control group) or not (the experimental group) in the CCCG‐ALL‐2015 clinical trial from January 2015 to December 2019 (ChiCTR‐IPR‐14005706). There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups. With a median follow‐up of 4.2 years, the 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) and 5‐year overall survival (OS) in the control group were 90.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85.1–95.4) and 94.7% (95% CI, 90.9–98.6) comparable to those in the experimental group 89.2% (95% CI 84.1–94.7) and 95.6% (95% CI 91.8–99.6), respectively. Non‐inferiority was established as a one‐sided 95% upper confidence bound for the difference in probability of 5‐year EFS was 0.003, and that for 5‐year OS was 0.01 by as‐treated analysis. Thus, omission of pulse therapy with VD beyond one year of treatment did not affect the outcome of children with TCF3‐PBX1 positive ALL.


In Reply. — We would agree that guide-wire changes are widely used, but we are unable to find randomized, controlled trials demonstrating the precise rate of infectious or mechanical complications associated with their use. We excluded guide-wire changes from our study because previous data suggested a lack of protection from use of the Vitacuff in such cases, presumably because the cuff has no effect on a previously colonized subcutaneous catheter tract.1 We acknowledge that some patients have contraindications to new sticks such as coagulopathy or widespread cutaneous burns. In such instances, one leaves the first catheter in place longer and uses a guide-wire change when necessary. Our data and those of Maki et al1suggest that the first catheter placed in such patients would be less likely to require changing for infectious complications if placed with a Vitacuff. The average catheter life in our study was 4 to


We present Lytic, a domain-independent, faceted visual analytic (VA) system for interactive exploration of large datasets. It combines a flexible UI that adapts to arbitrary character-separated value (CSV) datasets with algorithmic preprocessing to compute unsupervised dimension reduction and cluster data from high-dimensional fields. It provides a variety of visualization options that require minimal user effort to configure and a consistent user experience between visualization types and underlying datasets. Filtering, comparison and visualization operations work in concert, allowing users to hop seamlessly between actions and pursue answers to expected and unexpected data hypotheses.


Objective :  The main objective of this study is to compare the occurring rates of  respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in late preterm infants at gestational age of 34 weeks and 35-36 weeks. The second objective is compare the rates of short term neonatal complications among infants at gestational age of 34, 35-36 weeks and term (37-40 weeks) Materials and methods: This is a retrospective cohort design. 200 late preterm (99 cases for GA 34 weeks and 101 cases for GA of 35-36 weeks) and 100 normal term neonates were recruited. RDS rate and short-term complications in neonates who were born at the Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital from January 2011 to June 2014 were compared. The data were analyzed with Chi-square test, Student's t-test and analysis of variance where appropriate. Result:      RDS rate was found higher in the late preterm group with GA 34-34 6/7 weeks than in the group with GA 35-36 6/7 weeks (15% and 4.0% respectively with P = .015). The RDS rate of normal term (GA 37-40 weeks) was zero. The short-term complications: oxygen requirement, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, NICU admission and hospital stay were also higher in 34-34 6/7 week gestation group. Conclusion:   The rate of RDS is significantly higher in late preterm with GA 34-34 6/7 weeks than others group.


During the 5th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences held in Philadelphia, September, 1956, a group of interested people held a meeting to organize the American Branch of the FarEastern Prehistory Association. The major purpose of the organization is to provide a channel of communication for all people working in or interested in the prehistory of some area or areas in the Far East. A second meeting was held at Santa Monica in December, 1956, in conjunction with the American Anthropological Association meeting. The third meeting was held at Boston in April, 1957, in conjunction with the meeting of the Association for Asian Studies. Richard K. Beardsley of the Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, is President, and Wilhelm G. Solheim II, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, is Secretary-Treasurer.


Serum total protein levels changes occur as a result of various grades of exercise intensity. The mainobjective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different grades of exercise on the serum levels ofproteins in healthy young Indian adults. Fifty six healthy students (28 each, male and female) with an agerange of 18–27 years were subjects in this study. The participants performed an exercise test of moderate tovigorous intensity on bicycle ergometer. The serum concentrations of total serum proteins were measuredby colorimetric method. The results show significantlysignificantly different and lower (9.9%) total serumprotein level after moderate exercise (7.10 ± 0.18 vs. 6.40 ± 0.14, mean difference=0.70, q=4.78, p<0.01)and higher (7.9%) after severe exercise (7.10 ± 0.18 vs. 7.72 ± 0.12, mean difference=0.61, q=4.18, p<0.05)as compared to baseline was observed. Further, the mean total serum protein level also increases (17.0%)significantly after severe exercise as compared to after moderate exercise (6.40 ± 0.14 vs. 7.72 ± 0.12, meandifference=1.31, q=8.96, p<0.001). These results support the different grades of exercise affect serum totalproteins.


Transit-oriented development (TOD) is one of the sustainable urban development concepts in tackling congestion, environmental degradation, and energy efficiency. To realise transit-oriented development, the government issued a transit-oriented development policy at every rapid mass transit (MRT) station in DKI Jakarta. The Mass Rapid Transit train (MRT) Jakarta has dimensions of 20 meters long, 2.9 meters wide and 3.9 meters high. Dominated by metallic blue and grey, the train body is made of stainless steel with an empty weight per train reaching 31 to 35 tons. PT MRT Jakarta provides 16 train series (one series consists of six trains) so that the carrying capacity of one series reaches 1,950 people per series. The train's interior is equipped with air conditioning, two CCTVs, hand straps, priority seats and a particular wheelchair area. Seats are made of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) which is fire resistant with a width of 43 cm x 42 cm. This study aims to analyse the passenger posture by the Reba method with the results of measurements obtained in section a, namely 6, section b is 5, and the meeting point between parts a and b is 8. That is, the results of the Reba score have a high level of risk with immediate action needed. From the results of calculations, it is found that the sitting position of the MRT passenger is not ergonomic. Therefore, the authors analysed the posture of the passengers of the Jakarta MRT passenger with the Reba method to provide suggestions for improving posture and seats.


We investigate two-body collisions occurring during the time-of-flight expansion of interacting three-dimensional lattice Bose superfluids. The number of collisions is extracted from the observed s-wave scattering halos located between the diffraction peaks of the superfluids. These faint halos can be monitored thanks to the large dynamical range in densities associated with detecting individual metastable Helium atoms. We monitor the number of collisions as a function of the total atom number and of the amplitude of the lattice, in a regime where the number of trapped atoms per lattice site is large. In addition, we introduce a classical model of collisions that quantitatively describes the experiment without adjustable parameters. Finally, the present work validates quantitatively the assumption of a ballistic expansion when investigating the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian with a unity occupation of the lattice.


Intracellular recordings were made from myenteric neurones of the guinea‐pig ileum. Muscarinic agonists acetylcholine (ACh) and oxotremorine reduced membrane potassium conductance (gK). Calcium carried into the neurone by one or more action potentials increased membrane potassium conductance (gK, Ca). The time course of the muscarinic changes in gK was compared to that of the change in gK, Ca following an action potential. The time course of conductance decrease was similar in both cases, and both time courses had the same temperature coefficient. Concentrations of ACh (100 nM) which were too low to cause a detectable reduction in resting gK shortened the duration of the gK, Ca increase which followed an action potential. Low concentrations of barium (10‐100 microM) had the same effect as ACh. This was not due to a reduction in calcium entry during the action potential. Higher concentrations of ACh and barium also reduced resting membrane conductance. The conductance changes during the muscarinic action and the action potential after‐hyperpolarization did not add linearly. It is proposed that muscarinic agonists and barium may act by reducing the availability of calcium ions at a site within the membrane which controls gK.


Seagrasses often occur around shallow marine CO 2 seeps, allowing assessment of trace 15 element accumulation. Here, we measured Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn levels at six CO 2 seeps 16 and six reference sites in the Mediterranean. Some seep sediments had elevated metal 17 concentrations; an extreme example was Cd which was 43x more concentrated at a seep than 18 its reference. Three seeps had metal levels that were predicted to adversely affect marine biota, 19 namely Vulcano (for Hg), Ischia (for Cu) and Paleochori (for Cd and Ni). There were higher- 20 than-sediment levels of Zn and Ni in Posidonia oceanica and of Zn in Cymodocea nodosa, 21 particularly in roots. High levels of Cu were found in Ischia seep sediments, yet seagrass was 22 abundant, and the plants contained low levels of Cu. Differences in bioavailability and toxicity 23 of trace elements helps explain why seagrasses can be abundant at some CO 2 seeps but not 24 others. off Vulcano, Panarea and Ischia. Our research shows that ocean acidification can affect the bioaccumulation of some trace elements, which is relevant to agencies responsible for monitoring the effects of contamination in the marine environment.


This script had aim to determine how much influence of communications towards implementation Of Birth Certificate In Sungai Besar Village South Matan Hilir district Ketapang Regency. This study based by expert's theories then compared by the problem that happened at Sungai Besar Village South MatanHilir District Ketapang Regency. Communication is suspected as one of the factors that influence the implementation in the birth certificate at the Sungai Besar Village. This study use quantitative research methods. Based by  questionnaires were distributed, get the data then processed using a computer program Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) V.19 to test the hypothesis. The Samples taken to a Head of family yet have birth certificates that as many as 71 people. The result of this study that found a significant difference between the communication of implementation in the birth certificate of Sungai Besar Village. Evidenced by the positive value of the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.611. The effect of Communication on policy implementation birth certificate in the village of Sungai Besar at 37,33%, while 62.67% are influenced by other factors outside the study. Keywords: communication, implementation, Policies, birth certificates.


ABSTRACT: In this study evaluating the performance and power consumption of a least effort controller for an aero engine is analyzed. This paper presents an application of robust stability analysis tool to solve the problem of  H for aero engine. A study of part of the control system for aircraft engines and for general multivariable applications is applied, and it is shown how this method can assist in developing the robust stability and performance of the engine.


This paper expands the unique pipelined work flow called FUSE, to enable the combination of some of the best features of multiple image synthesis processes into a possible framework. The goal is to develop the flexibility and usability of this work flow into a more fluid process by filling a large gap in the current functionality by the inclusion of an image registration process. Additionally, other novel enhancements are explored to increase the responsiveness of imaging objectives, such as multi-scale graph cutting and alpha transparency region-exclusion.


This study was designed to examine the effect of gross motor activity on the social skill acquisition in the children diagnosed as autism, the pervasive developmental disabilities, and the Asperger syndrome. It is especially difficult for children in this study to observe the rules, and to feel surrounding circumstances, and play with others jointly. In gross motor activity, a lot of interpersonal behaviors could be seen, and they came to recognize the rules and cooperate with others. Moreover, to the parent, it was a good chance for recognizing their child's behavior problem objectively. From these results, the gross motor activity is effective for the development of social skills.


Since 1973, China's rural environmental problems have changed a lot, and many new environmental protection policies were issued in the same time. However, rural environmental protection has not been paid enough attention in a long run. Herein, the evolution of the rural environmental problems and the corresponding environmental policies in the past 40 years in China were firstly discussed based on four stages, that is, 1973 to 1979, 1980 to 1989, 1990 to 1999, and 2000 to present. Furthermore, the changes of the environmental management agency in the past 40 years were also systematically reviewed. Lastly, four targeted suggestions were put forward for future rural environmental protection in China.

 Key words: Environmental problem evolution, policy response, institutional change, rural environmental protection, China.


The purpose of the balloon flights performed in March 1993 from Aire-sur-Adour (France) was to measure trace gases in the polar vortex during a dynamically active period. These balloon flights revealed coincident layering in long-lived tropospheric source gases. A layer of mid-latitude air, enriched in trace gases, was detected at sampled levels near 15 mbar. High resolution advection models, fine scale distributions of ozone, nitrous oxide, methane, and halocarbons were constructed. The calculations showed how air enriched in trace gases is sampled near 15 mbar when a filament of such air is drawn into the outer portion of the vortex.


Re-entering prisoners have complex needs. Growing attention has turned to the role of informal social support in successful post-release outcomes. Research indicates informal supports are available to re-entering prisoners, yet this support can be experienced negatively and contribute to poor outcomes. We examined anticipated and received quality, source, and types of support for re-entering prisoners from perspectives of 60 re-entering prisoners and corrections professionals. We found re-entering prisoners anticipated and received what they considered positive support. Alternatively, corrections professionals perceived limited positive support as available and instead reported negative support as more likely. Corrections professionals also questioned whether re-entering prisoners' accurately differentiate positive and negative support. Results indicate key practice implications.


Directed possibly cyclic graphs have been proposed by Didelez (2000) and Nodelmann et al. (2002) in order to represent the dynamic dependencies among stochastic processes. These dependencies are based on a generalization of Granger-causality to continuous time, first developed by Schweder (1970) for Markov processes, who called them local dependencies. They deserve special attention as they are asymmetric. In this paper we focus on their graphical representation and develop an asymmetric notion of separation. The properties of this graph separation as well as local independence are investigated in detail within a framework of asymmetric (semi)graphoids allowing insight into what information can be read off these graphs.


The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the ecological succession of plankton in soyang multiple-purposes reservoir which was constructed on Autumn 1972, during the early stages of impounding. The environmental factors water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, transparency and some other factors were surveyed, and then fauna of plankton were studied at the same time. The results obtained from this investigation are as folioms: 1) As for the vertical distribution of water temperature, it was relatively wide as ranging 6.4℃∼8.3℃ from surface to bottom, and the patterns of summer stagnation period was slighthy appeared. 2) The transparency was in general higher value than that of the other reservoirs. The reason that the value was higher in summer is because of low amount of seston as in progress of impounding. 3) No vertical changes of dissolved oxygen is, but in general over saturated states or 80% of dissolved oxygen is occurred in April and May, except 50% of September. It is suggested that the phenomena is one of the characteristics of the river type. 4) The patterns of ecological succession of plankton according to the months sampled are as follows: P. trigla (March)→A. priodonta (April)→C. hippocrepsis (May) →D. brachyurum (June)→D. longispina, D. divergens (July)→D. longispina, D. corona (August)→C. guadrangula, B. longirostris (September)→B. longirostris, T. taihokuensis (October)→Tabellaria sp., Mougeatia sp. (November)→Tabellaria sp., C. strenuus (December). 5) By the results mentioned above, only zooplankton was sampled and identified, and phytoplankton was very rare. Through March to August, but phytoplankton initiated to appear after September. This is an evidence that newly species inflowing to the reservoir are increased in speedly. The heleoplankton (pond-type plankton) was the noticeable species in the reservoir, so it is concluded that the species was derived from storage ponds. 6) It is assumed that the two specles of T. taihokuensis and A. pacificus of Copepodid among the identified species will be specially interested at a point of ecological view in future.


(S)-6-Nitroindoline-2-carboxylic acid, a substructure occurring in numerous biologically active natural products, was synthesized with moderate yield (53%) and high enantiomeric excess (>99.5%) starting from the nitration of L -phenylalanine, which is a commercially available chiral pool compound, followed by successively bromination and intramolecular cyclization. The route was carried out in gram quantities and it is suitable for industrial application due to its convenient reaction conditions and low cost.


Grice's most influential contribution to linguistics is his theory of implicatures. He describes communication as adhering to what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP) and argues that a basic underlying assumption we make when we speak to one another is that we are trying to cooperate to construct meaningful conversations (1975). Grice's Cooperative Principle has been a central and controversial theme in pragmatics. A major source of controversy associated with the CP is that the term "cooperation" is open to different interpretations. In order to develop a thorough understanding of the concept, the CP and conversational implicatures should be studied within the context of Grice's work. The present article is an attempt to critically examine various representations and interpretations of Grice's Cooperative Principle.


Nowadays, we are in modern way of life where everything is easier with the use of technology. In our school for example the school I.D aside from student's identity, it is also used as the personal library card where it has a bar code that corresponds to the student's profile.
 The researcher's proposal is another way where we will make a student life easier to manage. The idea of having a coin operated booklet vending machine will prevent the hassle and stress from one student to another.


The invention relates to a trench mask plate for vapor plating, and aims to mainly solve the technical problem that organic particles cannot reach a substrate due to shadowing of a mask plate aperture wall during vapor plating in the existing OLED (organic light-emitting diode) manufacturing technologies. The invention adopts a trench mask plate for vapor plating. Being a quadrilateral metal plate, the trench mask plate includes an ITO surface in contact with an indium tin oxide (ITO) and a vapor plating surface. The mask plate is equipped with apertures running through the ITO surface and the vapor plating surface, the size of reticular apertures on the ITO surface is smaller than the size of trench-shaped apertures on the vapor plating surface. According to the technical scheme, the problem is well solved. Thus, the trench mask plate for vapor plating can be used in the industrial production of organic light-emitting diodes.


1. IntroductionThe options based on goods and shares have been used by the market operators for many centuries. It seems that such contracts were used for the first time during the Dutch Tulipomania in 1630 (Popa, 1994: 143).A producer, who was to send an amount of bulbeds by ship, was supposed to sign a contract with another producer in which the former was mentioning that he was going to buy from the latter an amount of bulbeds equal to the one which was to be sent, at a certain price and at his option. In this way, the former was protecting himself against the risk of losing the goods during the shipping. In case of losing the cargo, the former could exert his buying option by replacing the lost goods. But, in case the goods reached the destination in good conditions, he would give up exerting his option. Consequently, the main function of the option was to cover the risks related to a trade.2. History of Options TradingAt the beginning of the 1820s, the London Stock Exchange had already traded options named Call and Put. They were share-based, but they were not unerring. In 1821, people were highly concerned with trading options - also, known as Call and Put. The Stock Exchange Committee received from several members the following request:"To remove at once the options Call and Put which are, at present, so frequent that they represent the biggest part of business at the stock exchange and which act materially against the interests of those who do not comply with this practice." (Reuters Series for Financial Education, 2001: 22).On the other hand, some members adopted a positive attitude toward the options trade and as a result, the conflict was overwhelmed.The American Civil War created the opportunity for the scientists to invent a financial derivative product, in order to meet the requirements of that period. The American States Confederate issued an optional bond (Reuters Series for Financial Education, 2001: 22), denominated in two coins allowing the South States to borrow pounds, but have the possibility of repaying the loan in francs. However, the bond holder had the option to change the repayment into cotton.Starting with the 1860s, the options were traded for goods as well as for shares within some OTC markets. At the beginning of the 1900s, the Put and Call Brokers Association was established.The first stock exchanges and over the counter exchanges markets (OTC) where options were traders encountered some problems such as the lack of regulations, contract deficiencies etc..For a long time, the future delivery trades and options were regulated in different ways or banned by the governments worldwide. Following the crash in 1929, in order to avoid such an accident to happen again, most of the countries issued rules for dividing very strictly a lot of financial activities such as the banks, stock exchanges and insurances. Those were well organized and had specific activities. That division was meant to avoid any risk of generalized bankruptcy. Moreover, the inflation in the early '70s made monetary authorities adopt several restrictive policies for developing monetary techniques by strictly regulating the credit policies. At the end of the '70s, at a half a century's distance from the big crash in 1929, it started a back motion aiming to loosen up the regulations and to perform the despecialization and decentralization of the financial activities and the capital markets (Gallois 1999: 121). Then, it was concluded to establish a unique monetary market as the banks were too isolated in their sphere of action and the enterprises were using loans only from time to time while recovering. Certain banks were almost completely short of any resources. That flexibility started in the United States, the country which had made such progress in terms of division and regulation. The movement was accompanied by a relaxation of the regulations regarding the interest rates and recess of limiting the loan conditions where they were still in effect. …


Aim. The article deals with the problem of constructing the power supply devices in the composition of the ship's secondary power systems based on standardized blocks and securing their thermal regime. Methods. It is stated that with the advent of modern power electronics multifunctional components the secondary power supply developers got possibilities to improve the quality of secondary power supply and to upgrade the existing systems. Results. The advantages of unified power units, having a function of parallel operation are revealed. Heat transfer processes in a vertical channel with free convection, and the calculation of the minimum width of the channel, which provides efficient heat removal have been analyzed. Conclusion. A model is proposed for determining the minimum distance between the blocks without deterioration of heat transfer in the channel formed by the walls of adjacent blocks.


SIR,—Before Dr. Stanley Smith's death last summer, we had completed for publication two papers on our joint work on certain Palaeozoic corals, as well as a note on Depasophyllum. I quote the latter in the form in which we had written it:—• " We should like to clear up some misconceptions concerning the generic name Depasophyllum applied to Palaeozoic corals. Grabau [Palaeont. Sinica, B, ii (1), 1922, pp. 21, 22] introduced the name for Devonian aulate corals, but the name was a nomen nudum. It was not till 1936 [Palaeont. Sinica, B, viii (4), p. 43] that he diagnosed his genus and described a species (p. 44) under that generic designation, namely, D. adnetum Grabau (Middle Devonian, Traverse Group of Michigan, and Onondaga Limestone of New York). " In the meantime, Yii [Palaeont. Sinica, B, xii (3), 1934 (for 1933)] had described and figured two Chinese Carboniferous corals as Diphyphyllum (Depasophyllum) convexum Yii (op. cit., p. 85, pi. 15, fig. 4. Carboniferous, Visean, Shangssu Limestone; 1.11 S.E. of Ti-wu-chung, Ting-fan-hsien, Kueichou, China) and Diphyphyllum (Depasophyllum) hochangpingense Yii (op. cit., p. 86, pi. 16, figs. 5a-d, 6a-b. Carboniferous, Visean, Tzemenchiao Limestone; Ho-chang-ping, Pao-ching-hsien, Hunan, and 1 li W. of Lanmu-chiao, Ting-fan-hsien, Kueichou, China). Depasophyllum was thus validated by Yii, and this antedates Depasophyllum Grabau, 1936. " We here select as type-species of Depasophyllum Yii Diphyphyllum (Depasophyllum) hochangpingense Yii. Both that species and the other genosyntype, Diph. (Dep.) convexum Yii, are diphymorphs of Lithostrotion Fleming, of which genus Depasophyllum Yii is a junior synonym. " Lang, Smith, and Thomas [Index of Palaeozoic Coral Genera, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1940, p. 50] and Stumm (Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer., x\, 1949, p. 30) overlooked Yii and considered Depasophyllum Grabau, 1936, valid, citing as type species D. adnetum Grabau. Grabau gave no figure of the coral in 1936, but a specimen from the Middle Devonian, Traverse Group, Dock Street Clay, of Alpena, Michigan, U.S.A., was figured by Stumm (op. cit., pi. 14, figs. 20, 21). The species has the generic characters of Amplexicarinia (as Amplexocarinia) Soshkina (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, Sect. Geol., N.S., xxxvi, 1928, p. 379), of which genus Depasophyllum Grabau non Yii is thus a junior synonym." H. DIGHTON THOMAS. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 7. 1st February, 1956.


Recent studies (Moffett, McGill, Schofield, and Masterton, 1971; Cohen, 1971; Jelinek and Jones, 1971; McClean, 1972) have shown that nimorazole (formerly known as nitrimidazine) is an effective treatment for vaginal trichomoniasis and is comparable in this respect with metronidazole, although one investigation (Evans and Catterall, 1971) gave different results. A number of different treatment schedules have been proposed: some investigators have used daily


..................................................................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 8 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................................................................................... 12 EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS............................................................................................................................. 12 GENERATION OF UNIDIRECTIONAL WATER FLOW ......................................................................................... 12 VIBRATING SPHERE STIMULUS...................................................................................................................... 13 DATA ACQUISITION ...................................................................................................................................... 13 DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Flow sensitivity ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Vibrating sphere ..................................................................................................................................... 14 PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY (PIV)........................................................................................................ 15 EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS AND SPECIAL ANALYSIS................................................................................... 16 I Responses of ALLN fibers to dipole stimuli.......................................................................................... 16 Experimental protocol ......................................................................................................................................... 16 II Responses of lateral line fibers to running water................................................................................ 17 Experimental protocol ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Detailed data analysis.......................................................................................................................................... 17 III Responses of lateral line fibers to a Kármán vortex street ................................................................ 18 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 I RESPONSES OF ALLN FIBERS TO DIPOLE STIMULI ...................................................................................... 20 Classification of fibres............................................................................................................................ 20 Responses to dipole stimuli in still water................................................................................................ 21 Responses to dipole stimuli in a 10 cm*s water flow............................................................................ 22 Responses to dipole stimuli at different flow velocities .......................................................................... 26 Responses to dipole stimuli in turbulent flow ......................................................................................... 30 Stimulus measurements........................................................................................................................... 31 II RESPONSES OF LATERAL LINE FIBERS TO RUNNING WATER ....................................................................... 36 Flow sensitivity of anterior lateral line nerve fibers............................................................................... 36 Flow sensitivity of posterior lateral line nerve fibers ............................................................................. 38 Reversal of flow direction....................................................................................................................... 39 Spike train patterns of LL nerve fibers ................................................................................................... 41


Multi-phase generators have been proposed for use in wind generators. They offer improved torque ripple and system efficiency. It has also been suggested that energy capture is improved during periods when the system has system failures in the power converter. This paper assesses the performance of a small-scale, 900W, 5-phase system when operated with one and two diode failures in the diode rectifier and focuses on the power output given RMS current limits imposed on each phase winding. This shows that there are wind speeds where there is an advantage over 3-phase counterparts, but there are also regions where the performance is marginally poorer. This is significant as whilst the 5-phase machine offers improvements, there are operational conditions under diode failures where the power output of the 3-phase system is superior, albeit with higher torque ripple.


The past decade has witnessed a surge in the offshore wind farm developments across the world. Although this form of cleaner and greener energy is beneficial and eco-friendly, the production of wind energy entails high life-cycle costs. The costs associated with inspections, monitoring and repairs of wind turbines are primary contributors to the high costs of electricity produced in this way and are disadvantageous in today's competitive economic environment. There is limited research being done in the probabilistic optimization of life-cycle costs of offshore wind turbines structures and their components. This paper proposes a framework for assessing the life cycle cost of wind turbine structures subject to damage and deterioration. The objective of the paper is to develop a mathematical probabilistic cost assessment framework which considers deterioration, inspection, monitoring, repair and maintenance models and their uncertainties. The uncertainties are etched in the accuracy and precision of the monitoring and inspection methods and can be considered through the probability of damage detection of each method. Schedules for inspection, monitoring and repair actions are demonstrated using a decision tree. Examples of a generalised deterioration process integrated with the cost analysis using a decision tree are shown for a wind turbine foundation structure.


We have done a many-body-perturbation-theory calculation, up to second order, for 6s→6p 1/2 and 6s→6p 3/2 transitions for Cs using the Dirac-Fock orbitals as single-particle wave functions. The results show that many-body-perturbation-theory calculations for transition amplitudes do not converge well unless some infinite subsets of diagrams are included. A systematic way of including infinite subsets of diagrams based on the Green's-function formalism that preserves gauge invariance of transition amplitudes in each step is proposed for future work


Wireless sensor networks have been developed in the way of higher speed, more stability, and more energy efficiency in recent years. Because most wireless sensors are powered by energy‐constrained batteries, efficient energy consumption plays the most important role in the design of wireless sensor networks. For energy efficiency, aside from economizing the use of power in the sensor hardware, extensive research efforts have been dedicated towards designing energy‐efficient protocols in the MAC layer. Among them, the S‐MAC (sensor medium access control) protocol proposed a combined scheduling and contention scheme to decide when to put sensors into the sleep state for saving energy. In this paper, we further conduct the performance analysis of S‐MAC protocol, in which the mathematical equations for the saturation throughput analysis of S‐MAC protocol are derived, and then simulation data are substituted into those equations and the S‐MAC protocol, respectively. The simulated throughput results have shown that our derived equations can capture the characteristics of the S‐MAC protocol. In addition, as compared with the conventional carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance protocol, the simulation results show that the S‐MAC protocol performs better in terms of power consumption, delay, and collision rate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The aim - to study was to assess the condition of the lungs and pleural cavities in HIV-infected patients with community-acquired pneumonia by ultrasound examination. Material and methods. During the period from May 2020 to February 2021, 7 HIV-infected patients with community-acquired pneumonia were observed, who underwent ultrasound of the lungs and pleural cavities. Results and discussion. Ultrasound of the lungs is the most affordable method of diagnosis in outpatient settings, at the pre-hospital stage to solve the issue of patient routing. Ultrasound is mandatory for quick triage of patients with suspected pneumonia in the emergency department. Given that ultrasound is not associated with radiation exposure to the patient, the examination of pregnant women, newborns and children with suspected pneumonia of any etiology should begin with ultrasound of the lungs, pleural cavities and mediastinum. Ultrasound of the lungs can be performed after pneumonia in order to monitor rehabilitation to assess the nature of changes in the chest cavity and determine the prognosis of the disease. The article presents a clinical example of lung ultrasound in an HIV-infected patient with pneumonia of unknown etiology. © 2021 Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training. All rights reserved.


Research result indicate that there are 7 hypothesis that positively and significantly influenced, and two hypothesis that positively and significantly not related. The hypothesis that positively and significantly influenced are : (1) Individual Characteristic influence to the job satisfaction, (2) organizational beliefs influenced the job satisfaction,(3) individual characteristic influence the organizational commitment, (4) Work stress influence the organizational commitment, (5) job satisfaction influence the organizational commitment, (6) job satisfaction influence the intention to stay, and (7) organizational commitment influence the intention to stay. While the hypothesis that are not positive and significant influence are: (1) work stress influence the job satisfaction, and (2) organizational beliefs influence the organizational commitment. Keywords : Individual characteristic, work stress, organizational belief, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to stay


The wireless sensor network technology based on ZigBee is widely used in the field of the mechanical monitoring system.This paper first introduces ZigBee technology and the wireless sensor network technology,then describes the application of wireless sensor network technology based on ZigBee in the mechanical monitoring system.


This paper is concerned with the H-infinity fault detection for time-delays delta operator systems with random two-channels packet losses and limited communication. The considered networked control systems (NCSs) are modeled as the time-delays delta operator systems with random packet losses and limited communication, where the packet losses exist in sensor-to-controller (S-C link) or controller-to-actuator (C-A link), and the limited communication occurs in the controller-to-actuator link. The random two-channels packet losses are described by the Markov chain process and limited communication is transformed into system state by feedback control in time-delays delta operator systems. The above delta operator systems are modeled as the Markovian jump systems, and the designed method of H-infinity fault detection filter is proposed under arbitrary transition probabilities matrix. The sufficient conditions for the asymptotical stability of the residual systems with H-infinity performance for the considered delta operator systems are presented by Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional in delta domain, and the gain matrices of the designed fault detection filter can be easily determined by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, comparative examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Societies generally utilize durian rind as drugs based on their knowledge from generation to generation. However, the utilization of durian rind as traditional medicine has not furnished scientifically convincing data regarding the content of active compounds that make efficacious drugs. Durian rind in order to use as a traditional medicine accountable, then the necessary scientific research in the form of identification of secondary metabolites contained therein. The method used in this research was extraction maceration method. A total of 50 grams of powder share durian rind soaked with 96% ethanol was performed for 3 days. Furthermore, the identification of secondary metabolites were done by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Agilent 7890A-5975C. Secondary metabolites which identified from extracts of durian rind showed that compound 1-butyl (dimethyl) silane with high peak silyloxypropane 5961, hexadecanoic acid with high peak 17 363, 1- (1-methylene-2-propenyl) cyclopentanol with high peak 7958, 9 -octadecenoic acid with high peak 11 437, 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid with a high peak 13765, 2-ethylacridine ciclotrisiloxane with high peak 13318, and beta-sitosterol with high peak 56534. Compounds secondary metabolites were identified beta-sitosterol steroids that have the highest peak with 91 qualities.


Means for heating the open end of the tubular plastic containers comprising a surface heating head (1), which corresponds to the cross-sectional shape of the tubular container, the thermal head may be an axial direction from the interior of the tubular container portion is inserted softened (part 3 (3a) of ) within the open end in contact therewith, said heating head provided with a heating resistor (2), further provided with means for pressing against the tubular container is heated to a head means (1) in the heating process, this solid, heat It may be transmitted to the inner surface of the tubular container by direct contact conduction.


Technical Field The present invention relates to lighting, and more particularly to a high-brightness light-emitting surface uniform and good heat dissipation LED lamp comprising an LED light bar and a cylindrical light guide, the LED light bar is connected to the light guide, the LED light bar light toward the light guide, and is emitted through the light guide surface. LED light will be derived by the present invention, the cylindrical light guide, in a case where the light emitting claim same effect, can effectively reduce the LED number; cylindrical structure provided in the light guide plate, in conjunction with two LED light bar across the LED is inclined, the entire light emitting surface of the light guide lamp to achieve uniform brightness effect; and the present invention can effectively solve the problem of heat dissipation LED.


This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility, government recognition of the firm, employee organizational identification and group organizational citizenship behavio...


Many fluctuation-driven phenomena in fluids can be analysed effectively using the generalised Lagrangian mean (GLM) theory of Andrews & McIntyre (1978a). This finite-amplitude theory relies on particle-following averaging to incorporate the constraints imposed by the material conservation of certain quantities in inviscid regimes. Its original formulation, in terms of Cartesian coordinates, relies implicitly on an assumed Euclidean structure; as a result, it does not have a geometrically intrinsic, coordinate-free interpretation on curved manifolds, and suffers from undesirable features. Motivated by this, we develop a geometric generalisation of GLM that we formulate intrinsically using coordinate-free notation. One benefit is that the theory applies to arbitrary Riemannian manifolds; another is that it establishes a clear distinction between results that stem directly from geometric consistency and those that depend on particular choices. Starting from a decomposition of an ensemble of flow maps into mean and perturbation, we define the Lagrangian-mean momentum as the average of the pull-back of the momentum one-form by the perturbation flow maps. We show that it obeys a simple equation which guarantees the conservation of Kelvin's circulation, irrespective of the specific definition of the mean flow map. The Lagrangian-mean momentum is the integrand in Kelvin's circulation and distinct from the mean velocity (the time derivative of the mean flow map) which advects the contour of integration. A pseudomomentum consistent with that in GLM can then


Nonlinear spectroscopy based on multi-photon laser wave mixing is presented as a sensitive analytical technique for rapid detection and imaging of various analytes in microfluidic and microarray devices. Capillary electrophoresis microchips and DNA microarrays offer improved speed of analysis over conventional methods. Laser wave-mixing optical methods offer sensitive detection of small changes in chemical and physical properties. Wave-mixing spectroscopy is especially effective in using small optical path lengths available in microchips. This unusually sensitive optical absorption detection method can keep up with fast changing environments in microfluidic systems. In wave mixing, two laser beams are focused and mixed inside the analyte. The analyte probe volume, i.e., the beam overlap volume, is very small. Hence, it is inherently suitable for interfacing to microchips and microarrays for high spatial resolution analysis. Signal collection is very efficient since the signal is a coherent laser-like beam. The signal has a quadratic dependence on analyte concentration and a cubic dependence on laser power. Hence, one can monitor small changes in signal more effectively and one can use low-power compact lasers efficiently.


Background: Neighborhood-scale air pollution sampling methods have been used in a range of settings but not in low air pollution airsheds with extreme weather events such as volatile precipitation patterns and extreme summer heat and aridity—all of which will become increasingly common with climate change. The desert U.S. metropolis of Tucson, AZ, has historically low air pollution and a climate marked by volatile weather, presenting a unique opportunity. Methods: We adapted neighborhood-scale air pollution sampling methods to measure ambient NO2, NOx, and PM2.5 and PM10 in Tucson, AZ. Results: The air pollution concentrations in this location were well below regulatory guidelines and those of other locations using the same methods. While NO2 and NOx were reliably measured, PM2.5 measurements were moderately correlated with those from a collocated reference monitor (r = 0.41, p = 0.13), potentially because of a combination of differences in inlet heights, oversampling of acutely high PM2.5 events, and/or pump operation beyond temperature specifications. Conclusion: As the climate changes, sampling methods should be reevaluated for accuracy and precision, especially those that do not operate continuously. This is even more critical for low-pollution airsheds, as studies on low air pollution concentrations will help determine how such ambient exposures relate to health outcomes.


The BCR-ABL1-negative classic myeloproliferative neoplasms, polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis are clonal stem cell disorders associated with an increased production of mature blood cells belonging preferentially to one cell linage.[1][1] They share


Parents' marital conflicts are often linked to various emotional and behavioural difficulties of their children but rarely known about later adolescent and adult lives. This study was undertaken to examine if serious parental conflict such as divorce and/or separation in childhood was associated with emotional and social performance during later adolescent and adult lives. The research literature on divorce was briefly reviewed. The data was derived from the National Child Development Study (NCDSS 1974/age 16 - 1991/age 33) which followed the lives of 17,500 individuals born on March 3-9, 1958 in England, Scotland and Wales. Regression analyses indicate strong evidence that the experience of parental divorce or separation in childhood negatively affects the child's emotional and social performance in their subsequent life. The higher likelihood of having emotional problems, being less competent at their job, experiencing health/disability problems, being a lone-parent, unemployed, and homeless were strongly associated with parental divorce or separation experienced in childhood. Intervention is desirable to address the concerns influencing socio-psychological performance amongst children who have experienced parental divorce or separation.


Canada's 1992 moratorium on fishing for Northern Cod marked the collapse of a resource that had shaped Newfoundland society for five hundred years. This collapse immediately affected some 40 000 workers, and undermined the traditional livelihoods of hundreds of coastal communities. Newfoundland's cod crisis in fact comprised only one facet of widespread, fisheries-influenced ecological transformations taking place in the Northwest Atlantic. Cod fisheries off New England, Greenland, Nova Scotia and the Gulf of St. Lawrence also collapsed during the early 1990s. Northeastern Atlantic fisheries, including those of Iceland, Norway and the Faroe Islands, also experienced crises in groundfish resources during the late 1980s or early 1990s. Populations of other species—some targeted by commercial fisheries, and others taken unintentionally as bycatch—often declined steeply as well.


Fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology was investigated in order to produce a part designed to support a test load without permanent deformation. A topology optimization script was developed in order to define the final shape of the part. The solver used for the numerical analysis is LS-Dyna (implicit formulation). The algorithm follows the element removal based on the stress state and it can be very simply implemented. This solution of developing a custom code was adopted because plastic strain state was monitored and this is not yet implemented in other topology optimization applications. The results of the traction test were assembled and investigated in order to outline some of the typical parameters used for mechanical characterization. As a general overview of the results it was found that the parts manufactured using a 45°/45° stacking configuration are stronger that the ones manufactured using 0°/90° stacking configuration.


SUMMARY This paper deals with the dynamic behavior of a mass or a structure on an elastic homogeneous stratum subject to earthquake motion. The procedure employed in this paper begins with the establishment of a finite number of masses and springs which represent a stratum from the standpoint of soil- structure interaction. An effective lateral extent of soil mass is determined in order to define the system. Comparison with the experimental results taken from previous paper (R. N. Arnold, 1955) shows good agreement with the computed results. Natural periods of buildings on a stratum are investigated in connection with properties of soil.


Methane leakage from point sources in the oil and gas industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. The majority of such emissions come from a small fraction of "super-emitting" sources. We evaluate the emission detection and quantification capabilities of Kairos Aerospace's airplane-based hyperspectral imaging methane emission detection system for methane fluxes of 18–1,025 kg per hour of methane (kgh(CH4)). In blinded controlled releases of methane conducted over 4 days in San Joaquin County, CA, Kairos detected 182 of 200 valid nonzero releases, including all 173 over 15 kgh(CH4) per meter per second (mps) of wind and none of the 12 nonzero releases below 8.3 kgh(CH4)/mps. Nine of the 26 releases in the partial detection range of 5–15 kgh(CH4)/mps were detected. There were no false positives: Kairos did not detect methane during any of the 21 negative controls. Plume quantification accuracy depends on the wind measurement technique, with a parity slope of 1.15 (σ = 0.037, R2 = 0.84, N = 185) using a cup-based wind meter and 1.45 (σ = 0.059, R2 = 0.80, N = 157) using an ultrasonic anemometer. Performance is comparable even with only modeled wind data. For emissions above 15 kgh/mps, quantification error scales as roughly 30%–40% of emission size, even when using wind reanalysis data instead of ground-based measurements. This reflects both uncertainty in wind measurements and in Kairos' estimates. These findings suggest that at 2 mps winds under favorable environmental conditions in the United States, Kairos could detect and quantify over 50% of total emissions by identifying super-emitting sources.


The multilayered (N-S(D)-N)-types structures have been observed: there are the traditional Niobium low-temperature superconductors and new high-temperature superconductors. The main attention had been directed to the anisotropy, defectively and the stimulation of the superconductivity in the multilayered structures.


We study quantum dynamics in phase space for a continuous single mode system which is entangled with another such mode. As our main example we use the strongly mode mixing dynamics of a variable beam splitter which makes the dynamics of each mode conditional on the other mode. We derive and study the form of the conditional Wigner current J of one mode after tracing out the other. Since in other representations of quantum theory no analogue for J exists, only the Wigner representation can be used for this type of visual study of such conditional dynamics.


In this work, a multi-level 42-sided polygonal space vector structure (SVS) for suppression of lower order harmonics for Open-End Induction Motor(OEIM) drive applications is proposed. The proposed power circuit topology consists of two inverters feeding an OEIM from either side. The main inverter fed with a single DC link providing active power for motoring operation is switched at low switching frequency. The secondary inverter fed with a capacitive supply is switched at high frequency to suppress lower order harmonics upto 39th order, up to the base speed of operation allowing maximum utilization of the DC link. The advantages of lower order harmonic suppression in motor phase voltage, for polygonal space vector structures are combined with multi-level inverter topology. This offers various advantages like multilevel operation with low inverter switching for the main power delivery inverter and harmonic suppression throughout the modulation range. The low switching frequency primary inverter generates low order harmonics. The harmonics are suppressed by the capacitor fed secondary inverter which supplies only reactive power for suppression of lower order harmonics in motor phase voltage. Use of a single DC link facilitates four-quadrant operation of the inverter.


Taking into account the EU enlargement process the problem of establishing the various levels of tax rates of interest in the context of the policy runs the national tax policy states with influence over capital flows. Quantifying corporate tax rates of companies are the most visible attribute of the structure of company taxation in an economy, while being only one factor among many determining the tax, resulting in a significant economic impact in a state.


In Roraima State, the local frozen fruit pulps producers employ artesanal procedures which do not ensure the quality of the final products; even so, this agroindustry segment has been increasing and predominalty among the small companies. The quality of frozen fruit pulps production in Boa Vista/RR was assessed by a technical visit and applying a check list at four selected companies proccessing in natura fruit pulps. Inadequate frozen fruit pulps productive processing at local industries was evidenced, thus being in noncompliace with the legislation in force.


This paper examines the potential impact of social enterprise on exclusion. The case study research involved participant observation over a two year period. Selection of cases was based on a preliminary typology for social enterprise. Exclusion was conceptualised as multi-dimensional and relative to the standards of the society in which a person lives. The research literature suggests that the aggregate impact of social enterprise on economic dimensions of exclusion is marginal. This is a consequence of a mismatch between policy expectations and what is happening in the field. This study found that different forms of social enterprise impacted on exclusion in different ways. People could become included within a group, but remain excluded by the standards of the society they lived in. This paper outlines these different impacts in order to open up a more balanced perspective on the potential and limitation of social enterprise in combating area based exclusion.


Maunders Road Bridge was the first Network Rail (then Railtrack) cast iron bridge to be strengthened by the application of FRP composites. Due to the innovative nature of the technique the bridge was instrumented during and after the strengthening process, providing valuable confirmation of the theoretical behaviour of such strengthening schemes.


Background Delivery of essential newborn care is key to reducing neonatal mortality rates, yet coverage of protective birth practices remains incomplete and variable, with or without skilled attendance. Evidence of changes over time in newborn care provision, disaggregated by care practice and delivery type, can be used by policymakers to review efforts to reduce mortality. We examine such trends in four areas using control arm trial data. Methods and Findings We analysed data from the control arms of cluster randomised controlled trials in Bangladesh (27 553 births), eastern India (8 939), Dhanusha, Nepal (15 344) and Makwanpur, Nepal (6 765) over the period 2001–2011. For each trial, we calculated the observed proportion of attended births and the coverage of WHO essential newborn care practices by year, adjusted for clustering and stratification. To explore factors contributing to the observed trends, we then analysed expected trends due only to observed shifts in birth attendance, accounted for stratification, delivery type and statistically significant interaction terms, and examined disaggregated trends in care practice coverage by delivery type. Attended births increased over the study periods in all areas from very low rates, reaching a maximum of only 30% of deliveries. Newborn care practice trends showed marked heterogeneity within and between areas. Adjustment for stratification, birth attendance and interaction revealed that care practices could change in opposite directions over time and/or between delivery types – e.g. in Bangladesh hygienic cord-cutting and skin-to-skin contact fell in attended deliveries but not home deliveries, whereas in India birth attendant hand-washing rose for institutional deliveries but fell for home deliveries. Conclusions Coverage of many essential newborn care practices is improving, albeit slowly and unevenly across sites and delivery type. Time trend analyses of birth patterns and essential newborn care practices can inform policy-makers about effective intervention strategies.


A method of producing a gas producer-use filter capable of producing a filter having a good shape retainability. The method of producing a gas producer-use filter that is a tubular product consisting of copper-plated iron wires knit together with molten plated copper deposited on portions where iron wires cross each other to fix those portions, the method comprising the forming step of knitting copper-plated iron wires to obtain a tubular product, and the heat treating step of keeping the tubular product at temperatures not lower than the melting point of copper and lower than the sintering temperature of iron and then cooling it. ® KIPO & WIPO 2007


Time-domain and frequency domain methods are two common methods for fatigue damage and life assessment. The frequency domain fatigue assessment methods are becoming increasingly popular recently because of their unique advantages over the traditional time-domain methods. Recently, a series of moment of load path based multiaxial fatigue life assessment approaches have been developed. Among them, the most recently developed effective second moment of load path (ESMLP) approach demonstrates its potentials of conducting fatigue damage and life assessment accurately and efficiently. ESMLP can be used for fatigue analysis even without resorting to cycle counting because of its unique mathematical and physical properties, such as quadratic form in the kernel of the moment integral, rotationally invariant, and being proportional to damage. Developing a better parameter for frequency-domain analysis is the driving force behind the development of ESMLP as a new fatigue damage parameter. The time domain properties and applications of ESMLP have been demonstrated recently, and it is found that ESMLP works well in correlating time-domain data including asynchronous test data.In this paper, the basic mathematical structures and key features of ESMLP in frequency domain are presented. Procedures of implementing ESMLP into frequency-domain analysis are provided. Examples of well-studied loading paths, such as ASTM 1049 uniaxial loading examples and multiaxial (synchronous and asynchronous) loading cases, are analyzed and presented to demonstrate ESMLP based frequency-domain assessment procedure. The potentials of ESMLP in frequency-domain analysis of variable amplitude multiaxial fatigue data and knowledge-informed machine learning are also discussed.


The present study, comprised of 101 hanging cases during the period from November 2008 to October 2009. The Medico Legal Autopsies were conducted at the mortuary of Forensic Medicine Department of Goa Medical College, Bambolim. Goa. The incidence of hanging was predominant in males, with highest deaths in 3rd decade and lowest in the extremes of age. Deaths due to hanging were common amongst illiterates and un-employed. The major precipitating factor was prolonged illness and drug addiction. The place of incident was mostly indoors. The manner of death was mostly suicidal.


Invited Author's profile Prof Sabrina Corbetta graduated in Medicine and obtained a PhD at University of Milan in Italy. She is a professor of Endocrinology at the University of Milan, head of the Endocrine Service and of the Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology at IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi in Milan. She is a member of the European Society of Endocrinology from 2007. Over the last 15 years, she has developed her scientific interest in the clinical aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism focusing on kidney involvement, and in the parathyroid tumorigenesis. She has published over 100 papers. In 2014, she collaborated on the development of the Italian Society of Endocrinology Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of the mild primary hyperparathyroidism. She is a member of the scientific committee of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Skeletal Diseases (SIOMMMS) and of the board of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. Abstract


Here we propose a model to evaluate and forecast the intrinsic value of banks, a more appropriate approach as opposed to considering their valuation based on market value. This is because the capital markets in the Arab region, when viewed within the framework of a set of explained variables, prove to be inefficient. These variables include: profitability, capital adequacy, weights of the bank assets that indicate the associated size and various risks according to the Basel committee's two and the operational efficiency variable. The last variable in question reflects the efficiency of the bank's internal operations, and the total investments of a commercial bank as proxy of the size of bank assets and financial leverage: the impact of the financial risk on the intrinsic value of the commercial bank. The study used the multi-regression panel data to forecast the value of banks using cash flows approach discounted at the weighted average cost of capital of both equity and borrowed capital. The study found that the three variables: capital adequacy, operational efficiency, and financial leverage explained the intrinsic value of Bahrain commercial banks. The study structure included the following: introduction, review of the relevant literature, hypotheses, methodology and data, mathematical model, empirical results, conclusion, and finally recommendations.


To better the utilization of metallurgical coke powder,analyse the sources and characteristics of coke powder.Research its application in coal blending for coking,preparation of formed coke for gasification,activated carbon,molecular sieve,electrode materials and the like.The application of metallurgical coke powder could remarkably decrease the cost,realize the rational utilization of resources.At last,forecast its exploration prospects.


The ethical statute of mental health of college students can be divided into two types of ethical demands: "internal" and "external", in which the internal and external demands are mainly embodied as "relationship ethics" and "practical ethics". In the ecological horizon of the ethical construction of college students' mental health education, this paper expounds the role and significance of ethics in the work of mental health education of college students, focusing on the functions of cognition orientation, adjusting feedback, reforming and promoting and leading the increment of value. 1. Types of Ethical Statutes of College Students' Mental Health Education The work of mental health education of college students has its own distinct ethical spirit, and its ethical demands are derived from both endogenous and external demands, that is, the demands of the moral development of college students' mental health educators and the demands of society, stakeholders on the mental health educators of college students. The ethical appeal is often related to the "fair" or "good", that is, the pursuit of the "good". On the one hand, the ethical appeal is the subjective requirement of the subject; on the other hand, it is also a vital requirement of the ethics itself. 1.1 The endogenous ethical statute The mental health education of college students is a self-improvement system, a special form of ethical community, with its own internal development of rules and system structure. The internal ethical basis and premise of college students' mental health education is to deal with the relationship between the subject, including, individuals and organizations, individuals and things, individuals and university environment, and individuals and themselves, to grasp and deal with various relations in the field of mental health education in colleges and universities, which embodies the norms and guidance of "how to" or "how should" do in each kind of relationship . Through the cognition and grasp of a series of relationships, to achieve a certain degree of coordination to promote the smooth operation of college students' mental health undertakings. The cognition and grasp of a series of relationships help to achieve a certain degree of coordination, which promotes the smooth operation of college students' mental health undertakings. This is the inner appeal type of the ethical standard construction of college students' mental health education work. 1.2 The exogenous ethical statute The ethical norm system of college students' mental health education is a kind of "sub-system" form, it is not only in terms of the organizational form, but also from the perspective of practical form, relative to the whole social system. It is bound to pass through the practical path of "seeking from outside" to contact with the outside world. McKinley once argued that "The real world of man is not the world of giving, but the world created with the participation of man in his own activities." Returning to the process of ethical standard construction of college students' mental health education, educators should not only meet their own development needs, but also combine the individual development plan of the main body and the expectation and requirement of the whole country and society to the mental health education work, to achieve moral self-interest and emotional altruism . The practical activities of mental health education not only create the activities between people, but also create the human life world and the object world, and create the demands of external ethics construction with certain practice ethic forms. 3rd International Conference on Education, E-learning and Management Technology (EEMT 2018) Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 220


Large grain polycrystalline boron carbides have a high-temperature thermal conductivity which changes from being characteristic of a crystal to being glass-like as the carbon content is reduced from its maximal value. We related this phenomenon, to compositional changes within the three-atom intericosahedral chains. With a reduction of the carbon concentration from its maximal concentration (20%), a carbon atom within some of the three-atom (CBC) intericosahedral chains is replaced by a boron atom thereby producing CBB chains. We estimate that the CBB chains are significantly softer than the CBC chains. Thus, with this reduction of carbon content the intericosahedral chains are inhomogeneously softened. This suppresses the coherent transport of heat through the chains. The remaining thermal transport occurs incoherently through vibrationally inequivalent structural units, i.e. ''phonon hopping.''


s: We have entered a global creative economic age. Innovation becomes the foundation of modern international economic competition. The strategy should be made based on innovation in order to acquire continuous competitive advantage. The comprehensive making and management level should be leveled up. From the essence, principle and method of innovation of college and university's capital construction management mechanism, this paper discussed the new idea of management mechanism innovation.


Abstract : RAND is helping to design an Enlisted Force Management System (EFMS) for the Air Force. The EFMS is a decision support system to assist managers of the enlisted force in setting and meeting force targets. The Year of Service Target Generator (YOSTG) produces desirable year of service distributions for each occupation in the enlisted force. The distributions give each occupation a level of experience consistent with the grade distribution found in authorizations. The targets are designed to help in the management of year-group programs such as bonuses and career force entry. This Note gives the detailed mathematical specification of the YOSTG. It is written for the analysts who will implement the model and for users who wish to understand details of the model's structure and operation. It is intended to be used in conjunction with a companion volume, Grace M. Carter, Year of Service Target Generator: Conceptual Specification, N-3223/1-AF, which provides the conceptual foundations of the model, an overview of how the model works, and examples of its output. The work described here is part of the Enlisted Force Management Project (EFMP), a joint effort of the Air Force (through the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel) and The RAND Corporation. RAND's work falls within the Resource Management and System Acquisition Program of Project AIR FORCE. The EFMP is part of a larger body of work in that program concerned with the effective utilization of human resources in the Air Force.


In the academic stream of technological arts, the national systems of innovation are involved in a reconfiguration of research and development organizations, which are aimed at marketing hybrid products that are now concurrently oriented towards artistic presentation, technology transfer and an application in both the commercial and industrial sense. This article provides an initial analysis of the motives and organizational pressures involved in these attempts to integrate and articulate academic research, artistic creation and industrial production in a perspective of competitiveness in innovation. It draws on the results of a survey conducted with artist-researchers who created a Canadian organizational prototype of these partnerships: the Hexagram inter-university consortium (Montreal, Canada).

Les systemes d'innovation nationaux engagent dans la filiere universitaire des arts technologiques une reconfiguration des organisations de recherche et de creation. Ces dernieres visent la mise sur le marche de produits hybrides orientes desormais concurremment vers une exposition artistique, une valorisation scientifique et une application au sens commercial et industriel du terme. L'article propose une premiere analyse des ressorts et tensions organisationnelles de ces tentatives d'integration et d'articulation de la recherche universitaire, de la creation artistique et de la production industrielle dans une perspective de concurrence a l'innovation. Il mobilise les resultats d'une enquete menee aupres de chercheurs-createurs d'un prototype canadien d'organisation de ces rapprochements: le consortium interuniversitaire Hexagram (Montreal, Canada).


Many practices are reluctant to make the switch from a physical server to the cloud. Here's why storing data in the cloud makes sense.


A recent study appearing in this journal (Quick, J.C. 2014. Carbon dioxide emission tallies for 210 U.S. coal-fired power plants: A comparison of two accounting methods. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 64:73–79) examined 210 coal-fired power plants from two independent data sets in the United States. Quick (2014) concluded that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions "were more accurately calculated from fuel consumption records reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) than measurements from Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CAMDCEMS) reported by EPA." This is an important study both because there has been limited analysis of U.S. power plant CO2 emissions and because power plants constituted 40% of U.S. fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 2012 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2014a). Finally, with proposed EPA regulation of these facilities, a better understanding of the existing data is paramount (EPA, 2014b). We applaud the effort of Quick (2014) and consider it an important step toward improving our quantitative understanding of CO2 emissions at these facilities. However, examination of the methods employed in Quick (2014) raise concerns about the conclusions. The first argument provided by Quick (2014) to support the conclusion that the EIA calculated emissions were more accurate than those in the CAMD data set revolves around the assertion of attenuation bias. Quick (2014) supports this with a two-panel plot, the first with the EIA emission rate on the y-axis versus CAMD emission rate on the x-axis, and a second plot with the axes switched (Quick, 2014, figure 3). With the CAMD data on the y-axis and the EIA data on the x-axis, the slope is greater and the slope standard error is higher. Referring to Hutcheon et al. (2010), Quick (2014) argues that this demonstrates attenuation bias, concluding that the CAMD data have greater measurement error. However, attenuation bias, methodologically outlined in Hutcheon et al. (2010), is not a diagnostic test. It is useful when one knows, a priori, that the independent variable in a predictive model contains measurement error. The exercise of switching the independent and dependent variables in a regression analysis offers quantification of the measurement error, such that it can either be accounted for or corrected. In the case of the two power plant data sets, one is not mechanistically predictive of the other; they are independent measures of the same outcome. In this case, the change in slope and standard error are nothing more than a necessary outcome of two data sets in which one has more variability. The greater variability, in and of itself, is not indicative of more measurement error, as we have no knowledge of the true variation. It is possible that the CAMD data accurately capture the true variation and the EIAvariation is underestimated. Furthermore, the fact that the CAMD data have more variability, itself, rests on a questionable calculation performed by Quick (2014). Quick (2014) transforms the CO2 emission amount (mass of CO2/year) into an emission rate (mass of CO2/MWhr) by dividing both estimates at each power plant by the annual gross electricity generation as reported in the CAMD data set (the rationale for the transformation is outlined in Quick's [2014] supplementary material). A valid comparison of these two data sets must assume that the two CO2 emission amounts are independent measures of the same physical truth. However, transforming both of these independent estimates by a different metric, resident in only one data set, eliminates their independence. This makes the comparison no longer strictly valid. Indeed, the gross electricity generation from the CAMD data set is physically related to the CAMD CO2 emissions amount. The transformation to an emission rate performed by Quick (2014) does result in the CAMD data exhibiting more variation then the EIA data. However, prior to the transformation, the reverse was true. The larger variation in the transformed CAMD data may be more related to the variation in the annual gross electricity generation. Quick (2014) argues that a transformation was needed because regression of the CO2 emission amount from one data set on the other results in heteroscedastic regression residuals. Although it is questionable whether or not a linear regression model (which assumes a predictor/response relationship) is the correct form of analysis for these two independent measures, transformation by the gross electricity generation from one data set is certainly a poor choice. To demonstrate this, we utilize a physically neutral log transformation instead, which solves the problem of ill-behaved residuals, leaving one with homoscedastic residuals (see Figure 1). Furthermore, were one to assert that a linear regression with reversed axes supports an attenuation bias (which, as mentioned above, we do not believe is correct), the log transformation we have used as an alternative would lead to the conclusion of no attenuation bias; both the slope coefficient (1.002 vs. 0.995) and its standard error (0.0234 vs. 0.0233) are nearly identical in both


How the running and controlling goes, vary on different municipalities, depending how the organization is constructed and what is being prioritised. There exist laws and directives which the busine ...


Traditional computers are not usually effective assistants in their own measurement.
 It is cost-prohibitive to dedicate much of the hardware to measurement. And, when any is dedicated, it is usually too rigidly attached to the hardware itself to follow the rapidly changing software structures.
 Software measurement tools, on the other hand, often exhibit overhead penalties and usually remain tools for a few elite "system" programmers. The majority - programming in "non system" languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, and RPG - look to these "experts" for analysis of their own programs' performance.
 The B1800 utilizes a hybrid measurement approach which retains many of the advantages of traditional hardware and software monitoring while avoiding the rigidity of hardware-only measurements and the overhead of software-only measurements. This hybrid system is easily implemented in ordinary high level languages like COBOL, RPG, and FORTRAN and easily used by non-system programmers.


This research paper is an attempt to analyze and explore the potential of Ecotourism in Junnar Tehsil in Pune District, Maharashtra. Eco tourism is one of the most expeditious growing area of tourism which is magnetizing the tourist all over the world. It involves visiting the places which are proximate to the nature without much perturbing flora and fauna of that region. Its main purpose is to develop awareness about the ecological conservation so that there may be economic development along with the conservation of the environment. It helps the Sustainable development of rural India and gives the opportunity to tourist to get aware with ecotourism in rural areas. Junnar Tehsil in Pune District have many tourist destinations, but still this area is not yet explored as developed tourist destination. The present research paper focuses to draw attention to the potential of ecotourism and exploration of heritages places, conservation of biodiversity and making ecotourism industry as a perspective tool for economic development in Junnar Tehsil.


Let PG(n, q) be the Desarguesian projective space of dimension n over the finite field of order q. The linear representation of a point set K in a hyperplane at infinity of PG(n, q) is the point-line geometry consisting of the affine points of PG(n, q), together with the union of the parallel classes of affine lines corresponding to the points of K. This type of point-line geometry has been widely investigated in the literature. Curiously, if K is a subgeometry, two disguises of its linear representation occur in two separate works. In this short note, we give an explicit isomorphism between these two disguises by making use of field reduction.


The larvae of two strains of Spodoptera litura, Ishihara and Sumitomo, supplied by Ishihara Sangyo Co. Ltd. and Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., respectively, were raised on an artificial diet until last larval-larval ecdysis, and their growth and survival were compared when fed on leaves from 15 different plants known as host plants of this species. The Ishihara strain grew better and a higher percentage of larvae pupated when fed on spinach, leaf mustard, tomato, Chinese kale, taro, green pepper, red pepper or eggplant, compared with the Sumitomo strain. Whereas, much lower percentage of the larvae of the Sumitomo strain pupated especially on the last four plants, indicating that these plants were not suitable diets for larvae of this strain. The presence of strains differing in their host ranges is discussed in relation to the migration of S. litura.


In this work, an investigation of the steady state and transient electron transport, at high electric field and high temperature, in n-type GaSb material was presented. We applied a Monte Carlo model considering the three valleys of the conduction band (Γ, L, X), isotropic and non-parabolic centered on the important symmetry point of the first Brillouin zone. This model provides a detailed description of the electronic dynamic and the electrons behavior at high electrical fields and high temperatures in these materials in each considered valleys. The calculation is made for different values of applied electrical field ranging from 50 to 600KV at different values of temperature. The scatterings rates taken into consideration are coulomb scattering acoustical and optical scattering, intra and inter-valleys scattering.


It was experimentally confirmed for the first time that Ga focused-ion-beam maskless implantation into n-GaAs is effective to form a submicron high resistance region, even though 850°C annealing was made after Ga implantation. For conductive layers formed by 30 keV, 5×1012 cm-2 Si implantation, a critical Ga ion dose for obtaining the high resistance region was found to be about 3×1013 cm-2. Estimated resistivity in the high resistance region was around 1×104 Ω·cm with breakdown voltage of about 30 V. Residual radiation damage seems to be one of the main factors in the formation of the high resistance region.


In this issue of the journal Christopher Coope presents three sorts of worries about the use of case studies in medical ethics teaching. The first is that heavy reliance on case studies 'tends to exaggerate the degree to which morality is controversial'; the second is that 'it is often quite unclear what problems count as moral problems'; the third is that there are 'limits as to what we may regard as open to discussion'-both because some questions 'do not arise' (a similar point was more briefly made by Minerva of the British Medical Journal (1)); and because some questions 'ought not to arise'. Each of these worries deserves careful reflection, especially by those of us who are heavy users of case studies in teaching medical ethics to health care students and professionals. Use of controversial cases undoubtedly needs to be supplemented by analysis of uncontroversial cases, and the use of cases needs to be supplemented by some degree of theoretical analysis-a sort of to and fro process between cases and theory that seeks 'reflective equilibrium' or 'coherence' (2). And undoubtedly too there is a substantive philosophical issue about 'what problems count as moral problems', though it is unclear why this is supposed to be a particular problem in relation to teaching by case studies as distinct from any other sort of ethics teaching. Suffice it to assert that for everyday ethics teaching a straightforward response is provided by Professor Raphael's account of ethics as 'philosophical inquiry about norms or values, about ideas of right and wrong, good and bad, what should and what should not be done' (with philosophical inquiry being 'the critical evaluation of assumptions and argument', including the clarification of relevant concepts) (3). Students and practitioners who argue that these accounts are inadequate should be encouraged to pursue further philosophical studies! The third of Mr Coope's worries is that some sorts of cases should not be discussed, either because the moral problem depicted simply does not arise or because the moral problem depicted ought not to arise. Medical students and doctors tend to agree entirely that there is no point in discussing issues that do not in practice arise. But while it is therefore wise not to overdo discussion of such cases it would also be foolish to rule them out altogether, for two reasons. First it is clearly worth anticipating cases that might arise, so that we …


T. Prochazka, Jr.: [Dammam] Historiography on the Gazetteer of Arabia, I, A-E. The Fortification of Northwestern Yemen. [Cambridge] Omani Relations with East Africa before the Rise to Power of the Yaarubi and their Attack on the Portuguese. The Eviction of the Christians of Najran by Umar Ibn al-Kattab—Religious or Politico-Tribal Cons iderat ions. Observations on First-Person Pronouns in Some Yemen Dialects.


Background: The present research aimed at determining the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Emotional Self-Efficiency Scale (ESES) for adolescents of Isfahan city. This study was conducted using a developmental research method. The statistical population consisted of all the first-grade high school students of Isfahan city in 2018 (n=59396). Methods: A total number of 280 students (160 girls and 120 boys, mean±SD age of 12.98±1.14) were selected using a stratified random sampling method, and completed ESES for adolescents (2015), as well as Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (2001). Results: An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed the four-factor structure of ESES. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) also confirmed the fit of the four-factor structure of the scale. The results of the within-group correlation coefficient were obtained to investigate the acceptable test-retest reliability. The results of the correlation between the above-mentioned scale and SEQ-C instrument was also significant (P<0.05). Moreover, ESES and its dimensions had proper reliability over time. The reliability obtained by Cronbach's alpha for all four dimensions of the questionnaire, given the number of items, was higher than 0.5 for each dimension and higher than 0.7 for the whole scale, which was acceptable. Conclusion: These findings indicate the acceptable validity and reliability of ESES for Isfahan's adolescents, and its validity and reliability should be investigated in broader research on Iranian children and adolescents.


We present a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) algorithm to generate trajectories in real-time for multiple robots. We adopted the on-demand collision avoidance method presented in previous work to efficiently compute non-colliding trajectories in transition tasks. An event-triggered replanning strategy is proposed to account for disturbances. Our simulation results show that the proposed collision avoidance method can reduce, on average, around 50% of the travel time required to complete a multi-agent point-to-point transition when compared to the well-studied Buffered Voronoi Cells (BVC) approach. Additionally, it shows a higher success rate in transition tasks with a high density of agents, with more than 90% success rate with 30 palm-sized quadrotor agents in a 18 $\text{m}^3$ arena. The approach was experimentally validated with a swarm of up to 20 drones flying in close proximity.


A fully integrated low power voltage control oscillator K-Band application is presented in this letter. Using Gm-boosted architecture, the power consumption can be lower. In addition, the capacitive filtering technology can prevent the low frequency tail current noise converted into phase noise, the technology used to enhance the phase noise performance. The VCO design and implement in TSMC 0.18μm COMS technology with 1.5V supply voltage, the simulated power consumption is 15 mV, tuning range is 18.56 GHz ~ 17.51 GHz, phase noise at 1-MHz is -112 dBc/Hz, chip size is 0.496 * 0.678 μm2.


The threat of unemployment among UK graduates this year is being blamed on the new computerised recruitment system. But, argues Graham Winyard, the real problem is government policy on medical immigration


This paper is a description of an injury code designed by the Traffic Records Project of New York State, and tested by Troop F of the New York State Police. The purpose of the test was to determine if more precise data could be gathered about the specific injuries sustained by victims of motor vehicle accidents than by using the injury codes of the Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents (D16.1 - 1970). In summary, there is need for a more precise code than the current D16.1 levels. The New York State Traffic Records Injury Code is similar to, but more compact than, the in-depth studies which were done by such groups as the University of Michigan Highway Research Institute. A field test of this code has yielded accurate results with minimal police training. The coding system also clearly differentiates among the most severe types of injuries and can contrast them with lesser injuries. Finally, all elements of this study are compatible with the Federal Standard in that it can be translated back into K,A,B,C, type injuries to conform with the D16.1 Committee's definitions of extent of injury in motor vehicle accidents.


Islamic education is one field of Islamic studies who received a lot of attention from scientists. This is because in addition to a very strategic role in order to enhance human resources, as well as in Islamic education there are a variety of complex problems. Ibn Taymiyyah for example, he was known as a scholar, thinker and politician. The thinking in the field of education is a response to the various problems facing the Islamic society that demands split logically through education. Philosophy of education, he said, should be built on the foundation of monotheism, the belief in the oneness of God. Monotheism which is the basis of education include; rububiyah monotheism, monotheism asthma wa uluhiyah and nature. Based on the insights of faith is then Ibn Taymiyyah describes the purpose of education, students, teachers, curriculum and so on.Keyword: Educational Thought, Relevance, Contemporary


This paper describes a study of groundwater characteristics and groundwater dating in the Kern Water Bank, west of Bakersfield, Calif. The paper also presents the results of developing a calibrated groundwater-flow model for the Kern Water Bank's aquifer. The Kern Water Bank is one of the largest artificial storage and recovery operations in the southwestern United States. This study sheds light on the chemical characteristics of groundwater, on the nature of the recharge water, on the subsequent groundwater movement through the storage aquifer, and on the origin and age of groundwater in the Kern Water Bank. It also produced a calibrated groundwater-flow model that can be used in predicting the effects of future recharge and groundwater extraction operations in the Kern Water Bank aquifer. It was determined that the chemistry of groundwater in the Kern Water Bank is suitable for irrigation following additional purification. Groundwater in the Kern Water Bank originates primarily from western Sierra Nevad...


The multiplicative nature of the speckle noise in SAR images has been a big problem in SAR image segmentation.The maximum likelihood region merging segmentation algorithm is studied and employed.An adaptive edge detect procedure is introduced into the algorithm here and better segmentation performance of the improved algorithm with the adaptive edge detect is involved.A simulated annealing segmentation algorithm with excellent performance is studied and introduced here,and a hybrid algorithm which is practical in SAR image segmentation combines simulated annealing algorithm and maximum likelihood algorithm together to achieve a similar performance with the simulated annealing algorithm is also proposed.Segmentation comparison between these algorithms is given as well as instructions of how to select the segmentation algorithms in practice.


A MULTI-OBJECTIVE ROBUST ALGAL BIOFUEL SUPPLY CHAIN UNDER UNCERTAINTY Keivan Ghasemi Nodooshan, MS Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Northern Illinois University, 2017 Dr. Reinaldo Moraga, Co-Advisor Dr. Shi-Jie (Gary) Chen, Co-Advisor Energy has historically been of great importance to the world. Depletion of fossil fuels, growing demand, global warming, and etc. have even accentuated this importance more. Amongst the biomass for production of biofuel which is one of the most promising renewable energy options, algae have been gaining a lot of attention in recent years. This thesis will propose a Biofuel Supply Chain Network Design for the development of algal biofuels. In order to do so, a Mixed Integer Linear Program will be created to design and optimize a biofuel supply chain from raw material procurement to biofuel distribution. Furthermore, a robust optimization method will be utilized to enable the model to cope with uncertainties of the biofuel supply chain. In addition, an environmental objective would be considered alongside an economic objective both of which are optimized by augmented ε-Constraint method to address issues such as global warming.