Wealth inequality is at a historic high in the United States. Yet little is known about the implications of wealth on children's development because research has focused mainly on the role of wealth in shaping outcomes in adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 8,095), we examine how family wealth relates to achievement and behavior problems during early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Further, we explore whether links between wealth and children's development vary by level of income and income volatility. Results show that wealth, controlling for income level and volatility, is uniquely related to both academic and behavioral development in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Moreover, evidence suggests that wealth plays a buffering role when it comes to protecting children's development from the deleterious effects of low family income, especially as children grow older.


RATIONALE
Over 40% lung cancer cases occurred in never-smokers in China. However, high-risk never-smokers were precluded benefiting from the lung cancer screening as most screening guidelines did not consider them.

OBJECTIVES
We sought to develop and validate prediction models for three-year lung cancer risks for never- and ever-smokers (China NCC-LCm2021 models).

METHODS
425 626 never-smokers and 128 952 ever-smokers from the National Lung Cancer Screening program were used as the training cohort and analyzed using multivariable Cox models. Models were validated in two independent prospective cohorts: one included 369 650 never-smokers and 107 678 ever-smokers (841 and 421 lung cancers), and the other included 286 327 never-smokers and 78 469 ever-smokers (503 and 127 lung cancers).

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) in the two validation cohorts were 0.698 and 0.673 for never-smokers, and 0.728 and 0.752 for ever-smokers. Our models had higher AUCs than other existing models and were well calibrated in the validation cohort. The China NCC-LCm2021 ≥0.47% threshold was suggested for never-smokers and ≥0.51% for ever-smokers. Moreover, we provided a range of threshold options with corresponding expected screening outcomes, screening target, and screening efficiency.

CONCLUSION
The construction of the China NCC-LCm2021 models can accurately reflect individuals' risk of lung cancer, regardless of smoking status. Our models can significantly increase the feasibility of conducting centralized lung cancer screening programs, because we provided justified thresholds to define the high-risk population of lung cancer and threshold options to adapt different configuration of medical resources.


This article discusses the design and evaluation of secondary power sources using simulation models. In a set of circuit experiments, the models allow various parameters to be measured and visualized and aid in the analysis of the results. The models were developed using "NI MultiSim" (for simulation experiments); "Micro-Cap" (for functional experiments) and "LTspise" (for process control). Simulation helps to understand the basic concepts, analysis and tuning of circuit processes and parameters of secondary power supplies.


The plant endophytes, Pestalotiopsis spp., are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Chemical studies on the fungus, Pestalotiopsis fici, have provided over 70 new natural products from different biosynthetic routes. Some metabolites have shown biological activities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial and anti-HIV effects. This review covers the structure, bioactivities and putative biosynthetic pathways of selected metabolites published by us over the past three years.


Abstract Background Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey in 1947. ZIKV infection in humans is associated with serious neurological and reproductive complications. No antiviral or protective vaccine is yet available. Galidesivir an adenosine analog is a potent viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor with demonstrated broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Methods We have conducted four pre-clinical studies in rhesus macaques to assess the safety, antiviral efficacy and dosing strategies of galidesivir against ZIKV infection. Collectively, we have challenged 70 rhesus macaques by various routes using 1x105 TCID50of a Puerto Rican ZIKV isolate. We have evaluated galidesivir therapy administered via IM injection as early as 90 minutes and up to 72 hours after subcutaneous (SC) ZIKV challenge, and as late as 5 days after intravaginal (IVAG) challenge. In these studies, we evaluated the efficacy of a range of loading and maintence doses of galidesivir. The highest dose evaluated has been a loading dose of 100mg/kg BID followed by a maintenance dose of 25mg/kg BID for nine days. We followed multiple endpoints, including ZIKV RNA levels in plasma, urine, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid. Immune activation, complete blood counts, chemistries and galidesivir pharmacokinetics were also monitored. Results Galidesivir was well-tolerated in all studies. All untreated controls developed high-level plasma viremia, and had readily detectable ZIKV RNA in CSF, saliva and urine post-infection. Animals treated in the first 24 hours after SC ZIKV challenge did not develop plasma viremia and were either negative or had significantly reduced ZIKV RNA in bodily fluids. Animals treated with galidesivir later (up to 72 hours) were partially protected; they had detectable plasma ZIKV RNA, but the onset was delayed and/or magnitude significantly reduced compared with controls. Animals infected IVAG were protected by galidesivir treatment up until day 5 after infection, with no blood viremia and significant reductions in ZIKV RNA in the CSF as compared with controls. Conclusion Galidesivir dosing in rhesus macaques was well-tolerated and offered significant protection against ZIKV infection. These results warrant continued study and clinical evaluation. Disclosures R. Taylor, BioCryst Pharmaceuticals: Employee, Salary; S. MacLennan, BioCryst: Employee, Salary; M. Leonard, BioCryst: Employee, Salary; E. Giuliano, BioCryst: Employee, Salary; A. Mathis, BioCryst Pharmaceuticals: Employee, Salary; E. Berger, BioCryst: Employee, Salary; Y. Babu, BioCryst: Employee, Salary; W. Sheridan, BioCryst Pharmaceuticals: Employee, Salary


8 ASUBTITLE: FEDS WILL PROBABLY BE FORGIVING OF MISTAKES IN FLEETS ATTEMPTING TO COMPLY WITH DRUG TEST RULES: NO PROGRAM? EXPECT THE WORST.


1 DOI: 10.37398/JSR.2021.650701 Abstract: The AR grade powders of Sr (OH)2 and TiO2 precursors use to prepare the SrTiO3 (STO) powder. STO powder is sintered at 800C for 5h. The thixotropic pest is formulated for fabrication of STO thick films on glass substrate. The films were fabricated by using screen printing technique. The CuO-modified STO films were obtained by dipping technique. The STO films dipped into 0.01 molar aqueous CuCl2 solutions for different time intervals. These CuO-modified films were fired again at 500C for 30 min. The films are proposed for the characterization. The pure and modified films were tested for different gases. The CuO-modified STO thick film (dipping time 10 min) gives highest response (930) at operating temperature 300C to H2S gas for Cu doped STO and the (155) for Pure STO. Hence the synthesized sensor could be treated as H2S gas.


Organisations are currently strongly encouraged to adopt more responsible production patterns aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). Pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) in the workplace can strengthen the expected positive impacts of organisations' environmental performance and engender more sustainable transitions to low-carbon production. Research on PEBs at work is relatively recent, so this field still lacks studies of the role of organisational policies and practices in workers' adoption of these behaviours and of psychosocial processes that contribute to more sustainable workplaces. The present research examined how perceptions of organisations' environmental policies and practices (i.e., organisational climate or injunctive norms) and of coworkers' PEBs (i.e., descriptive norms) affect employees' self-reported voluntary PEBs. Thogersen's norm taxonomy model was also applied to address the role of personal norms. Self-commitment to sustainable goals at work can play a fundamental role in workers' behavioural choices, so this research further investigated whether personal norms mediate the relationship between perceived pro-environmental organisational climate and reported workplace PEBs. To test the proposed model, data were collected on 210 workers from different business sectors, who completed an online questionnaire. The analyses showed that, after controlling for the effects of tenure, education level, and a management position, a pro-environmental organisational climate predicts stronger personal norms and a greater tendency to adopt PEBs at work (adjusted R squared=0.36), providing evidence of complete mediation. Coworkers' perceived descriptive norms also contribute directly to self-reported PEBs. The discussion of the results focuses on the importance of organisational level initiatives as a way to promote change in individuals' behaviours, which can have positive consequences for workplaces' transition to sustainability.


The paper focuses on an interesting aspect of synchronic and historical morphology of the Ket language and its implications for the reconstruction of Proto-Yeniseian. Based on relic evidence, it is suggested that the component s' in some Ket nominal stems should be analyzed as a desemanticized singulative marker, possibly still productive at an earlier time stage; internal and external evidence for this hypothesis is presented and discussed.


Completing complex tasks on crowdsourcing platforms like Mechanical Turk currently requires significant up-front investment into task decomposition and workflow design. We present a new method for automating task and workflow design for high-level, complex tasks. Unlike previous approaches, our strategy is recursive, recruiting workers from the crowd to help plan out how problems can be solved most effectively. Our initial experiments suggest that this strategy can successfully create workflows to solve tasks considered difficult from an AI perspective, although it is highly sensitive to the design choices made by workers.


Two kinds of twinning morphologies of ZnO crystallites prepared under hydrothermal conditions were obtained. The twin relations of the crystallites could be influenced by additives. The twinned crystallites in the pure H 2 O or weak basic solutions (1 N KOH) are bipyramidal and take (0001) as the twin and composition plane, whereas the twinning morphology of the crystallites obtained from 4 N KBr or 3 N NaNO 2 solutions is dumbbell-like and takes (0001) as the composition plane. Various twinning mechanisms based on the linkage of the growth units are suggested. The formation of twin morphologies of ZnO crystallites clearly demonstrate that twinning of crystals is either a result of differences between symmetrical and energetic most favourable structure arrangements or due to the consequence of oriented intergrowths.


This paper presents research results on Portuguese teaching with 3rd graders at a public school in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Based on the theoretical framework of cohesion and coherence, oral and written discourse, it focuses on the retextualization processes from the theoretical perspective of Text Linguistics. A didactic sequence was developed upon the tale "The locust and the ant", from Esopo, which directed the pedagogical activities. The principle of qualitative action-research guided our research methodology, through which the teacher investigates his own practice, based on a corpus of written oral narratives produced by the students. Data analysis evidenced some difficulties in the retextualization process, mainly by virtue of the students' lack of knowledge of the proper devices for the written mode. Due to this lack of knowledge they used oral resources familiar to them. The most recurrent retextualization problem was the punctuation marks. The didactic sequence proved to be efficient and productive as it contributed to the development of the students' writing skills.


the Ecclesiastical History by Fleury' and the 'Essay on Self-Love Considered as a Principle of Morality' – focuses on the role the sovereign ascribes to himself in promoting the well-being of his subjects in terms of material prosperity, self-esteem and earthly fulfilment. Presenting Frederick's reflections in the context of the modern debate on luxury and amour propre, which had involved relevant representatives of the Lumières, from Montesquieu to Rousseau, from Fénelon to Voltaire, but also Hume, Lifschitz highlights Frederick's ideas about the active role the monarch must play in promoting the project of a commercial society. The pursuit of self-love, the welfare of the subjects, selfand social esteem turn out to be fundamental ingredients of such a project. Frederick's paternalistic conception of sovereignty is inspired by an ethics of self-affirmation which rejects any form of personal self-denial, whether it be that of Christian morality, that of the frugal ideal of Télémaque or Rousseau's condemnation of the corruptions of the natural instinct of self-preservation. And it is once again against Rousseau that Frederick stresses the importance of a benevolent pursuit of self-love and social esteem as the engine of progress in the arts and sciences, the importance of which for national glory he expressly emphasizes. These and other themes emerge from Frederick's writings, though he himself certainly had neither the ambition nor the intention to build coherent and all-encompassing systems like those that dominated the German philosophical scene of his time. It does not mean that his philosophical work can be accused of amateurism; it shows rather a peculiar and fruitful form of eclecticism, no doubt at times excessively unstable, which however faithfully returns to the arduous linear path of philosophical reflection. Lifschitz's collection is an invaluable tool for research on the Enlightenment, a fresh look at the works of Frederick the philosopher, which are now newly available for investigation.


This paper presents DARC, a next generation control framework for robot applications. It is designed to be equally powerful in prototyping research projects and for building serious commercial robots running on low powered embedded hardware, thus closing the gab between research and industry. It incorporates several new techniques such as a decentralized peer-to-peer architecture, transparent network distribution of the control system, and automatic run-time supervision to guarantee robustness.


The eŠect of an external magnetic ‰ux on the substrate current and structural properties of Cu thin ˆlms was investigated. These ˆlms were prepared by magnetron sputtering with an external solenoid coil arrangement assisted by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). When unbalanced magnetron sputtering with an external magnetic ‰ux of 4 mT assisted by ICP was used, the current ‰owing into the substrate due to Ar+ ions and sputtered Cu+ ions was 44 mA, which is about 2.3 times greater than that of a conventional magnetron sputtering system. From X-ray diŠraction (XRD) observations it was found that the intensities of the Cu(111) and Cu(200) peaks vary signiˆcantly with external magnetic ‰ux. The intensity of the XRD peak for Cu(111) increased and that for Cu(200) decreased when the external magnetic ‰ux was increased from 0 mT to 4 mT. Atomic force microscope images of thin ˆlms deposited at diŠerent external magnetic ‰uxes show that the average surface grain size at 0 mT is 38.4 nm and that at 4 mT is 85.4 nm.


The National Bureau of Standards was requested by the Federal Railroad Administration to correlate the mechanical properties and metallurgical characteristics of two steel head plate samples taken from tank cars (GATX 93412 & UTLX 38498) subjected to switchyard impact tests. This metallurgical evaluation included determining whether the samples conformed with the appropriate specifications and to determine the impact test behavior of both plate samples. The results of check chemical analyses and ambient-temperature tensile tests indicated that both plates met the chemical, tensile strength, and tensile ductility requirements of AAR M128 steel. The results of metal! ographic analyses of both plates revealed extensive banding with alternate layers of ferrite and pearl ite, typical of carbon-manganese steel in the hot-rolled condition. The GATX sample also contained a microstructural anomaly near the inside plate surface, possible related to prior thermo/mechanical processing of the plate. The nil -ductil ity transition temperatures were determined to be -20 F and -40 F for the GATX and UTLX plates, respectively, similar to the lowest values reported for a group of tank car plate samples. The results of Charpy V-notch tests established that the transition temperatures of these two plates are similar to one another, and are among the lowest of those measured for all other tank car plates tested at NBS. The comparatively low impact transition temperatures for both plates are related to the high manganese-to-carbon ratio and relatively fine ferrite grain size observed in the microstructures.


This paper takes the course "Training of Web Construction and Development" as an example,analyzes abilities which are required in positions related to website's planning,development,operation,maintenance,landscaping,optimization,and then redefines the course.Knowledge and skills of webpage designing and making,network marketing planning and analysis,site layout and use of color,the site operation and promotion are integrated into the study.The combination of learning targets with working goals signifies the new vocational educational idea,i.e.,the content of studying is working and studying through working.The process of learning plays a demonstration role to students' future work.


thing about it. A beginning effort should be made with all parents in orderto determine whether or not they can be involved in helping the child while in placement and in planning for the child's future care. When it becomes evident that this is not possible, the worker's only recourse is to help the child rise above this rejection and expend his energies in preparing himself for living independently of the parent. Journal of Social Casework


Purpose : Purpose of this paper is to study the phenomenon of globalization in Indian economy and to understand the present scenario of Indian mining industry. The paper aims to explore the problems in the stated sector and tries to bring in the suggestions to deal with that. Methodology: This paper is conceptual in nature wherein qualitative methods and secondary research has been used to substantiate the significant issues of Mining industry in Indian sub-continent. An attempt is made to explore the strategic approach in order to make certain vital observations to lay down conclusion. Findings: The paper contemplates that Government, management and society together has to play a key role in adapting sustainable practices for their operations and integrate it into the overall business strategies to address the sustainability issues critical to the mining and metals industry.


Aim: literature review to clarify the role of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis. Sources of data: through PubMed was performed a literature search using as key terms "Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty" and limiting the search to articles published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012, written in English or Portuguese. 94 articles were selected, being included in this monograph those that revealed themselves relevant. Summary of data: in the past 20 years there has been an increased interest in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty due to changes in materials, surgical techniques and patient selection criteria that led to improved survival of the prostheses and the results obtained, being achievable today, results superimposable to those observed with total knee arthroplasty. Conclusions: unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, when in the hands of an experienced surgeon, may be a viable option in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis, even in young and ative patients, revealing these prostheses long lasting and able to provide good functional results.


Validation and improvement of theoretical models and numerical results using experimental data is one of the most challenging research goals nowadays. With this objective a new experimental technique was developed and applied to the study of heat and mass transfer problems in uid ows. The method, based on a computational analysis of the colour and displacement of liquid crystal tracers, was used to determine both the temperature and velocity elds of natural convection ow within a rectangular enclosure. The paths of the individual tracers were obtained using 3-D particle tracking. Comparison of several experimental and numerical results will be discussed.


Various devices and methods for achieving electrochemical energy conversion are presented. In accordance with one embodiment, an energy conversion cell is configured to enable the first and second reactant supplies to communicate selectively with first and second catalytic electrodes of the cell. The selective communication of the first and second reactant supplies with the first and second catalytic electrodes may be attributable to alteration of the reactant supply flow paths or to movement of the first and second catalytic electrodes.


ABSTRACT Introduction Montmorency cherry concentrate (MCC) supplementation enhances functional recovery from exercise, potentially due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, to date, supporting empirical evidence for these mechanistic hypotheses is reliant on indirect blood biomarkers. This study is the first to investigate functional recovery from exercise alongside molecular changes within the exercised muscle after MCC supplementation. Methods Ten participants completed two maximal unilateral eccentric knee extension trials after MCC or placebo (PLA) supplementation for 7 d before and 48 h after exercise. Knee extension maximum voluntary contractions, maximal isokinetic contractions, single leg jumps, and soreness measures were assessed before, immediately, 24 h, and 48 h after exercise. Venous blood and vastus lateralis muscle samples were collected at each time point. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, creatine kinase, and phenolic acids were quantified. Intramuscular mRNA expressions of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD3, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), GPX3, GPX4, GPX7, catalase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 and relative intramuscular protein expressions of SOD1, catalase, and GPX3 were quantified. Results MCC supplementation enhanced the recovery of normalized maximum voluntary contraction 1-s average compared with PLA (postexercise PLA, 59.5% ± 18.0%, vs MCC, 76.5% ± 13.9%; 24 h PLA, 69.8% ± 15.9%, vs MCC, 80.5% ± 15.3%; supplementation effect P = 0.024). MCC supplementation increased plasma hydroxybenzoic, hippuric, and vanillic acid concentrations (supplementation effect P = 0.028, P = 0.002, P = 0.003); SOD3, GPX3, GPX4, GPX7 (supplement effect P < 0.05), and GPX1 (interaction effect P = 0.017) gene expression; and GPX3 protein expression (supplementation effect P = 0.004) versus PLA. There were no significant differences between conditions for other outcome measures. Conclusions MCC supplementation conserved isometric muscle strength and upregulated antioxidant gene and protein expression in parallel with increased phenolic acid concentrations.


This research aims to observe pronunciation errors and vowels of Grade IX students of MTs Harapan Jasa Makmur. Based on the observation, the writer noted that the students had difficulty differentiating English vowels. The type of this research was a qualitative method, which is descriptive and tends to use analysis and it was in the form of words instead of numbers. In this study, the main data collection techniques were participant observation, in-depth interviews, documentation studies, and a combination of the three or triangulation. The author chose class IX containing 7 students to be sampled in his research. The authors ran several tests that they spoke and recorded each word. after our research, it turns out that there were still many students who can't pronounce English enough. Around 50% of students are lacking in English pronunciation and the teacher's solution was by giving repetition and repeating the material that has been studied, especially English pronunciation.
Key Words: Vowel Sound,  Pronunciation Errors


Efficient energy transduction is one driver of evolution; and thus understanding biomolecular energy transduction is crucial to understanding living organisms. As an energy-orientated modelling methodology, bond graphs provide a useful approach to describing and modelling the efficiency of living systems. This paper gives some new results on the efficiency of metabolism based on bond graph models of the key metabolic processes: glycolysis.


Summary: Stereoselective metabolism of mephenytoin has been investigated in four normal subjects by comparing urinary recoveries of hydroxylated metabolites after administration of racemic RS‐mephenytoin (1.4 mmol/day) and R‐mephenytoin (0.7 mmol/day) on separate occasions. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was employed to measure the urinary recovery of 3‐methyl‐5‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐ethylhydantoin (4‐OH‐M) and mephenytoin catechol, methylcatechol, and dihydrodiol metabolites. Following a single oral dose of racemic mephenytoin, 4‐OH‐M, mephenytoin catechol, and methylcatechol metabolites were identified in urine mainly as conjugates, whereas the dihydrodiol metabolite was recovered mainly in its unconjugated form. Urinary elimination of each metabolite was similar on days 1 and 10 of chronic racemic mephenytoin administration. Following R‐mephenytoin administration, urinary recoveries of hydroxylated metabolites were five to 10 times smaller than after administration of the racemic drug. This implies substrate‐stereoselective hydroxylation of the S‐enantiomer of mephenytoin. In one subject with a genetic deficiency of aromatic mephenytoin hydroxylation deficiency, the excretion of each hydroxylated mephenytoin metabolite after RS‐mephenytoin administration was decreased to 5–15% of the values found in the four extensively hydroxylating study volunteers. The impaired formation of hydroxylated mephenytoin metabolites in genetic hydroxylation deficiency, in conjunction with stereoselective hydroxylation of S‐mephenytoin via an extensive NIH shift in normal man, is consistent with the hypothesis that the formation of the S‐mephenytoin arene oxide is under genetic control and represents the initial enzymatic reaction of stereoselective aromatic mephenytoin hydroxylation. The formation of this potentially reactive metabolite of S‐mephenytoin may have implications in mephenytoin‐induced toxicity.


The Planning Council on Computing in Education and Research is developing a national network to facilitate the sharing of computing resources among colleges and universities in the United States. The low initial volume of traffic and the widespread dispersion of users and suppliers make it desirable to obtain communication services through a packet switching common carrier. Increases in volume and technological developments may eventually make it attractive to use dedicated leased circuits for certain high-volume portions of the traffic, but it is likely that primary reliance will continue to be placed on common carriers providing packet switching or dial-up services.


Valuation differences between focused and diversified firms calculated in the conventional manner are misleading due to comparing smaller, younger, and more volatile focused firms with larger, older and less volatile diversified firms. The largest diversified firms are also the most valuable and as a consequence the value-weighted diversification "discount" is actually a premium. We highlight this issue by showing that diversified firms have a value-weighted average economy-wide gain of $644 billion annually relative to imputed firm values based on focused firms. Also diversified firms comprise 75% on average of the market value of the S&P 500, so among large firms, they are considered more valuable. We show that the diversification "discount" is an artifact of comparing focused and diversified firms that differ substantially on dimensions related to the uncertainty of their growth rates. After accounting for firm differences using both propensity score methods and coarsened exact matching, we show that diversified firms have higher or equal market values to similar focused firms. We construct a new excess value measure that controls directly for characteristics associated with growth rate uncertainty and show that under this measure there is no diversification discount.


Animal populations can exhibit considerable interindividual variation in both behavioral traits and niche use, but the potential connections between these characteristics are rarely compared for the same individuals. We aimed to test whether behavioral syndromes were predictive of individual diet or microhabitat in a native New Zealand freshwater fish, Gobiomorphus cotidianus. We carried out laboratory behavioral assays and repeated habitat and diet measurements in a seminatural mesocosm system. We found considerable repeatability in individual behavior, largely consistent with a proactive/reactive behavioral syndrome. We also found modest individual repeatability in microhabitat use and relatively strong individual specialization in diet. However, no measure of niche use in the mesocosms was significantly predicted by individual personality. Further studies of this type will be needed to assess whether links between individual behavior and resource use are more important in other species or ecological contexts.


Microwave properties of magnetic photonic crystals, namely, silica opal matrices with embedded nickel-zinc iron spinel nanoparticles have been investigated in the frequency range from 26 to 38 GHz. The experiments were carried out using electromagnetic wave penetration through a sample placed into a waveguide and reflection of the wave. It has been found that these magnetic nanocomposites show giant "antiresonance"-type and resonance-type dependences of the reflection coefficient versus magnetic field. Magnetic resonance and "antiresonance" spectra have been studied. Variation of the reflection coefficient under "antiresonance" condition exceeds 150% that enables to use that material in magnetic field driven devices of millimeter waveband.


The phenomenon of sponsored search advertising where advertisers pay a fee to Internet search engines to be displayed alongside organic (non-sponsored) web search results is gaining ground as the largest source of revenues for search engines. Using a unique panel dataset of several hundred keywords collected from a large nationwide retailer that advertises on Google, we empirically model the relationship between different metrics such as click-through rates, conversion rates, bid prices and keyword ranks. Our paper proposes a novel framework and data to better understand what drives these differences. We use a Hierarchical Bayesian modeling framework and estimate the model using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We empirically estimate the impact of keyword attributes on consumer search and purchase behavior as well as on firms' decision-making behavior on bid prices and ranks. We find that the presence of retailer-specific information in the keyword increases click-through rates, and the presence of brand-specific information in the keyword increases conversion rates. Our analysis provides some evidence that advertisers are not bidding optimally with respect to maximizing the profits. We also demonstrate that as suggested by anecdotal evidence, search engines like Google factor in both the auction bid price as well as prior click-through rates before allotting a final rank to an advertisement. Finally, we conduct a detailed analysis with product level variables to explore the extent of cross-selling opportunities across different categories from a given keyword advertisement. We find that there exists significant potential for cross-selling through search keyword advertisements. Latency (the time it takes for consumer to place a purchase order after clicking on the advertisement) and the presence of a brand name in the keyword are associated with consumer spending on product categories that are different from the one they were originally searching for on the Internet.


The invention discloses a composting device comprising a dehydrator, wherein the dehydrator is communicated with a mixing agitator; the mixing agitator is connected with a composting bin; the composting bin is connected with a secondary fermentation bin. A composting method comprises the steps of (1) matching an organic solid dehydrated by the dehydrator according to the carbon nitrogen ratio and moisture content required for composting, mixing the organic solid with auxiliary materials in the mixing agitator and agitating; (2) conveying the mixed and agitated material to the composting bin to aerobiotically compost, sequentially heating, keeping high temperature and cooling, raising the compost temperature to 55-60 DEG C, sterilizing and lasting for 8-12d; (3) conveying the aerobiotically composted material to the secondary fermentation bin to ferment, further decomposing indecomposable organic matters, and finishing secondary fermentation after 13-16d to obtain fermentation clinker.


Recent advances in large-scale vision-language models have achieved very impressive performance in various zero-shot image classification tasks. While prior studies have demonstrated significant improvements by introducing few-shot labelled target samples, they still require labelling of target samples, which greatly degrades their scalability while handling various visual recognition tasks. We design NtUA, a Noise-tolerant Unsupervised Adapter that allows learning superior target models with few-shot unlabelled target samples. NtUA works as a key-value cache that formulates visual features and predicted pseudo-labels of the few-shot unlabelled target samples as key-value pairs. It consists of two complementary designs. The first is adaptive cache formation that combats pseudo-label noises by weighting the key-value pairs according to their prediction confidence. The second is pseudo-label rectification, which corrects both pair values (i.e., pseudo-labels) and cache weights by leveraging knowledge distillation from large-scale vision language models. Extensive experiments show that NtUA achieves superior performance consistently across multiple widely adopted benchmarks.


The effect of a magnetic field on the curing kinetics for a network polymer based on diglycidyl ester of terephthaloylbis(4-hydroxybenzoic acid) in liquid-crystalline phase was studied using calorimetry, NMR, and X-ray diffraction. The magnetic field was shown to inhibit anionic polymerization of diglycidyl ester of terephthaloylbis(4-hydroxybenzoic acid). The order parameter in the course of spontaneous cure of the polymer decreases to the ultimate value of 0.5, whereas in anionic polymerization, virtually complete disordering is attained. The ordering of a network polymer can be preserved if the polymerization of diglycidyl ester of terephthaloylbis(4-hydroxybenzoic acid) is performed according to a specially programmed temperature history.


As part of the life cycle management of medical devices, the Clinical Engineering (CE) Program is responsible for assessing the status of failed medical devices and determining appropriate corrective action. However, when faced with a major equipment failure, there was no formal system in place to guide the process of deciding whether the device should be repaired or replaced. A literature review was conducted to search for established replacement policies and repair history analysis was done to learn more about the predominant failure patterns for sample fleets of medical devices. A process was developed to support CE in following a consistent, methodical approach to repair versus replacement decision making. This approach is intended to improve the confidence of decision makers and equipment owners, and provide adequate supporting evidence, when CE makes a recommendation to proceed with either a costly repair or equipment replacement.


A new method of data processing in urban and engineering GPS (Global Positioning System) networks is presented in this paper. First, approximate conversion parameters are worked out by using two kinds of coordinates of a known point to convert the independent coordinate of the known point into Gauss coordinate on a certain projection plane, which has a micro angle of rotation to WGS-84 coordinate system. Second, adjustment is calculated, the results are converted into local coordinate system, at the same time, variance and covariance are also rotarily converted; then, the results in independent coordinate system can be obtained based on the above. It is not necessary for the base line to be rotated in this method, and the calculation is not extensive. A worked example is given finally.


Automatic software effort estimation is important for quality management in the software development industry, but it still remains a challenging issue. In this paper we present an empirical study on the software effort estimation problem using a benchmark dataset. A number of machine learning techniques are employed to construct an integrated data analysis approach that extracts useful information from visualisation, feature selection, model selection and validation.


The stereoscope invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1830 used for oculomotoras and sensory evaluation. Its main use is to assess and treat strabismus, also used in vision therapy for the treatment of amblyopia [1]. It simulates far vision conditions and presents separate images for each eye. It studies oculomotoras and sensory capabilities mainly in strabismus patients [2]. Although the measure of the deviation angle is usually performed with prism bar or loose prisms, it is worth considering the synoptophore, given its characteristics.


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) belong to emerging technologies where network devices can interact with the surrounding environment by sensing physical parameters. Recently, with the dissemination of mobile devices to Internet connectivity, users can interact with sensor networks and collect environmental data, anytime, anywhere using user-friendly mobile applications. Following the Internet of Things vision, the integration of all sorts of Internet-based devices is considered a big challenge. New infrastructures are required in order to interconnect these devices independently of the used technologies. This paper proposes a model for WSNs monitoring based on a REST Web service and XML messages to provide a mobile ubiquitous approach for WSN monitoring. Data collected from a WSN is stored in a database. Then, mobile clients send XML based messages to a HTTP server through a well-defined REST interface, requesting WSN collected data. A WSN laboratory test bed was used to perform the evaluation, demonstration, and validation of the proposed model. Results show that proposed solution is able to collect and present data in a mobile environment, and it is ready for use.


Abstract The characteristics of detected wave form, and output power of the oscillations of a Gunn diode, with an oscillation frequency of approximately 4 GHz mounted inside a coaxial type resonant cavity, at varied cavity lengths, were measured when the temperature was lowered from room temperature to — 120°c.


Visualization of evolutionary and swarm computation plays an important role in understanding the problem-solving strategies they represent. It allows the description of how they explore solution spaces of the underlying problems and selection of the most suitable algorithms, algorithm variants, and hyperparameters. In this work, we describe the design and conduct an initial assessment of a novel method for the visualization of permutation evolution. It shows which parts of the solution space are explored and how intensively. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a real-world permutation problem solved by a popular population-based metaheuristic algorithm, the differential evolution.


Bentazon reduced paraquat phytotoxicity to Texas panicum, sicklepod, Florida beggarweed, and peanut. Bentazon applied alone had minimal effect on these species. Smallflower morningglory was more sensitive to bentazon than to paraquat; the interaction of paraquat and bentazon varied from antagonistic to synergistic depending upon the specific combination of rates. Antagonism with tank-mixed combinations was also obtained by applying bentazon prior to paraquat, but not with the reverse. Studies with 14C-labeled herbicides revealed that each herbicide inhibited foliar penetration of the other. In field studies, adding bentazon to paraquat reduced crop injury. However, except for smallflower morningglory, weed control was also reduced.


Abstract Phosphonylation of nucleotides with a new reagent, diphosphonate, was found to be very effective for the preparation of P-O-P bridged H-phosphonate analogues of ADP and ATP.


Transport of hazardous goods poses special risks to society. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) provides the information needed to make risk management decisions. However, QRA models often do not consider emergency response capabilities. This paper introduces a time dependent QRA model to assess hazardous goods accident risks on a regional road network. The model considers the available emergency capabilities on the road network and how such capabilities affect level of risk on various parts of the region being studied.


A critical aspect of mobile just-in-time (JIT) health intervention is proper delivery timing, which correlates with successfully promoting target behaviors. Despite extensive prior studies on inter...


Domain knowledge for various decision-making activities of Software Engineering (SE) is rarely available in a structured or well-formalised form. Owing to lack of the well-informed knowledge, decision making for different kinds of predictions and estimations in SE domain is a challenge. Maintenance and elicitation of domain knowledge is an overwhelming task and causes the knowledge acquisition bottleneck. Most of the artificial intelligence techniques of prediction and estimation do not work in absence of complete and structured knowledge. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a lazy learning paradigm of artificial intelligence which takes care of this challenge and helps to reduce the knowledge availability bottleneck. This technique exploits the similar experience of past which may be available in unstructured form, and improves its learning curve with passage of time. In literature, CBR has been successfully applied in various areas of SE, but there is lack of single systematic panoramic picture which might have highlighted the potential research questions in this direction. In this study, the author has presented a comprehensive and panoramic systematic mapping study of various CBR applications in SE domain, and identified some promising future research directions.


An analysis is presented of the licensing basis transient for a boiling water reactor where a turbine trip occurs without steam bypass. The analysis was performed by means of the two-dimensional (R,Z) core dynamics code BNL-TWIGL in conjunction with the system transient code RELAP-3B. Two plant models were used and produced similar results for the analysis of the Peach Bottom turbine trip tests. The models differed in the representation of the steam separator. The analysis of the licensing basis transient produced somewhat different results. The results of sensitivity studies to help explain the differences are presented as well as an analysis of the licensing basis transient with recirculation pump trip. 2 refs., 17 figs., 1 tab.


Electronic signatures are an innovation of the population acceleration program, aimed at making population documents more efficient without having to meet face-to-face. There are still damaged documents in the issuance of family cards and the limited number of employees who understand services through electronic signatures are problems. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures, obstacles and efforts to overcome them. The method used is descriptive qualitative inductive approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by triangulation which included in-depth interviews (10 informants), observation and documentation. In this paper, an analysis of the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures is carried out with the indicators studied, namely (1) Production or productivity, (2) Quality, (3) Efficiency, (4) Flexibility, and (5) Satisfaction. (Gibson and Steers in Sumaryadi (2005:107)).The results showed that the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures had been implemented quite well, but still needed improvements in efficiency indicators. Barriers to the effectiveness of family card issuance services through electronic signatures, namely (1) Unstable Network Connections, (2) Lack of Human Resources, (3) Lack of supporting facilities. Efforts are being made to overcome obstacles, namely (1) repairing the server network that is experiencing disruptions, (2) Involving existing employees in training or technical guidance, (3) Adding supporting facilities. Suggestions from the research: (1) reform the system related to optimizing the central network as the organizer of the Electronic Signature policy, (2) increase the number of employees and (3) improve infrastructure facilities.
Keywords: Electronic Signature, Effectiveness, Family Card.


This paper analyzes cross-cultural articles about schizophrenia from 1994 to 2018. These articles are from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The purpose of this study is to understand the current situation, existing problems and future directions of cross-cultural research on schizophrenia between Uygur and Han nationalities. There are three levels: biogenetics, clinical psychiatry and social behavior characteristics.


To the Editor: We report the case of a 4-year-old female who presented with recurrent fever and abdominal pain in February, 2010. CT images revealed a large organizing mass in the left lower lobe (Fig. 1A). The patient's serum IgA level was less than 0.0667g/l. Since the age of 2, she had suffered from refractory fever and cough, which had been diagnosed as left empyema. She was physically weak and focal drainage, at that time, was unsuccessful; subsequent thoracotomy was suspended due to massive hemorrhaging. Her family history showed her grandmother had myeloma, the others are healthy. Her sister (18 months old) also had low IgA level (less than 0.0667g/l). A left thoracotomy was performed and a large solid tumor about 10 × 10 × 8 cm was resected carefully. Postoperative CT images showed small nodule density behind the vena cava. Histologic examination confirmed pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB; Type III; Fig. 1B). Immunohistochemical staining: desmin(+), Ki67 30%(+), CK(−), S-100(−), SMA(−), SYN(−), CD34(−), ALK(−). The patient received four courses of chemotherapy and underwent second surgery to remove the residual mass. Approximately 2 × 1.5 × 1 cm tumor-like tissue, as well as healthy neighboring tissue, was removed. No tumor cells were found under microscopic examination. Chemotherapy was administered following the international PPB chemotherapy regimen. Now she remains well (follow-up through August 31, 2015). There is no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. The IgA level remained less than 0.0667g/l. Recently, genetic testing of 50 PPB-associated genes (about 2,800 COSMIC hot-spot mutations), including full-length DICER1 gene and its 2 kB promoter of the family, shows no DICER1 mutation. The patient, her sister, and mother have KDR (kinase insert domain receptor; exon11:c.A1416T:p.Q472H) and TP53 homozygous mutation, while her father carries only a TP53 mutation. PPB co-existing with selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (SIgAD) is rare as it suggests a genetic linkage toward immune deficiency. PPB is believed to progress along a continuum from Type I (a purely cystic lesion) to Type II (amixed cystic and solid lesion) to Type III (a solid, aggressive sarcoma).[1,2] It has been shown that patients with Type I can progress to Type II or Type III PPB.[3] In the present case, the patient had gone through a focal drainage previously, suggesting a progression to Type III. The prognosis depends largely on the staging at the time of diagnosis and the grading of the sarcomatous elements. Radical resection of the neoplasm following chemotherapy is the accepted main course of treatment. Radiotherapy is not recommended if there is no residual tumor by imaging. KDR, also known as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (EEGFR2), is involved in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, migration, and vascular permeability.[4] Pugh et al. analyzed exome sequence data from 15 PPBs and uncovered that TP53 Fig. 1. (A) Preoperative axial contrast-enhanced CT scan: inhomogeneous, peripheral enhancing mass with cystic degeneration, and small area of calcification. (B) Blastomal stromal cells with round/spindle shaped nuclei arranged in fascicles cells (hematoxylin and eosin: original magnification ×20.


Authors share experience of the faculty organization of the medical right in the kemerovo state medical academy, programs preparations of training of experts. Authors positive experience can be used at creation of subdepartments at experts postgraduate preparations faculties in the supreme medical educational institutions.


Preliminary experimental results on the investigation of hotspot formation in a small 3.8 kJ Plasma Focus device operating at constant mass density in Hydrogen-Argon and Hydrogen-Nitrogen mixtures are presented, at pressures from below 0.2 Torr upward, with relative percentages of Hydrogen ranging from 80% to 100%. The diagnostics includes voltage and current measurements, multi pinhole and slit-wire X-ray photography, filtered PIN diode array, and an array of small magnetic probes located along the cathode rods to study the current sheath structure during the run down phase of the discharge. A measurement of the hot-spot characteristic size in different spectral regions is obtained from the slit-wire images, whereas the time resolved information from the PIN diodes is used to infer the temperature evolution of the plasma points. Typical results show more reproducible hotspot formation in H2-Ar then in H2-N2 mixtures, with characteristic temperature in the 300 to 570 eV range, and hotspot size between 130...


Recent brachiopods collected by CANCAP expeditions to the south-east North Atlantic between 1976 and 1978 are identified. Species belonging to Pelagodiscus, Gryphus? Dyscolia, Terebratulina, Eucalathis, Argyrotheca, Megathiris, Platidia, Phaneropora, Megerlia, Dallina, Macandrevia and Lacazella have been recognised, including a new species Argyrotheca grandicostata.
Comparisons are made to show the close relationships of these Mauritanian brachiopods to recently-described brachiopod faunas from the Gulf of Gascogne (Lusitanian) and the Mediterranean Sea.


Education is considered as an essential tool for the long-term development of most countries. The provision of education to only part of a community or part of the world reinforces relative deprivation. To counteract such an effect, South Africa, a geographically large country, in which the population is scattered, where economic disparities are aligned to race, where qualified teachers and specialists in certain subject areas are scarce, and where there is an illiteracy rate of 29 percent, hope has been expressed that television broadcast based distance education may be a viable alternative to expanding formal education provision extensively and quickly. This study investigates the role of television broadcast-based distance education in South Africa as a possibility for extending the provision of formal education to large numbers of learners and how the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) and the country 's Department of Education fulfils the promise of extending education. This objective was addressed by first giving a critique of conventional education systems and why distance education is an alternative option for provision of education. Further, the study traces a general picture of education in Africa and the educational situation in South Africa, highlighting the distance education scenario in South Africa , and investigates why distance education and particularly television broadcast-based distance education is crucial in the provision of education in developing countries in the face of the globalisation of mass communication and new information technologies. The study also investigates the complex issues involved in the production, distribution and consumption of Liberty Learning Channel Programme (a television programme which offers remedial support for matric (grade 12) and grade 10 to 11 students) by examining whether the producers and partners of the programme created a text which connects with the multi-cultural reality of teachers, learners and other viewers in South Africa; the role of the programme in the service of growth, reconstruction and development; why the programme is not popular among the youth; and what can be done to make it effective in enhancing teaching and learning; and the intertextuality, production and distribution of the programme.


An effective lossless compression system for grayscale images is presented using finite context variable order Markov models. A new method to accurately estimate the probability of the escape symbol is proposed. The choice of the best model order and rules for selecting context pixels are discussed. Two context precision and two symbol precision techniques to handle noisy image data with Markov models are introduced. Results indicate that finite context variable order Markov models lead to effective lossless compression systems for small and very large images. The system achieves higher compression ratios than some of the better known image compression techniques such as lossless JPEG, JBIG, or FELICS.


The aim of the study is to analyze the management of quality improvement for graduates of the Madrasah Alyah (MA) pesantren in East Java The research was conducted in MAN 3 Jombang, MA Darun Najah Ngijo Malang, and MA Darut Taqwa Pasuruan which are managed by pesantren. A qualitative descriptive method was used to analyse data collected by the interview, observation, and document study techniques. The result indicated that the planning, implementation and evaluation process of the work plan developed without stakeholders' involvement for fulfilling the needs of accreditation. Although still some obstacles, however the targeted MAs could improve the knowledge, attitudes and skills of graduates but weak on critical thinking skills. In this case, traditional management based on the needs and abilities of each MA pesantren were conducted by using human, theological and religious approaches.


A plurality of etchers such as poly-etchers (3) or the like are installed within a clean room 2. A duct (7) that is connected to all the etchers is connected to a PFC decomposition device (9), which is installed outside of the clean room (2). An exhaust gas which contains PFC as drained out of all the etchers within the clean room (2) is supplied by the duct (7) to the inner space of PFC decomposition device (9). After having heated up within the PFC decomposition device (9), the PFC is decomposed by the action of a catalyst which is filled within the PFC decomposition device (9). It is no longer required to provide a space for installation of the PFC decomposition device (9) in the clean room (2) with the semiconductor fabrication apparatus or the liquid crystal manufacturing apparatus installed therein, thus enabling size reduction or "downsizing" of the clean room. It is possible to reduce the size of a clean room in which a semiconductor fabricating apparatus or a liquid crystal manufacturing apparatus is installed.


AIMS
The purpose of this study was to explore the changes in clinical reasoning, self-efficacy, and critical thinking of a group of Doctor of Physical (DPT) students who completed a high and low dose of pediatric experiential learning (EL) as a component of their semester-long pediatric course.

METHODS
A convenience sample of students at two DPT programs in the United States were recruited. A pre-test post-test comparison group design was used to examine the change in students' clinical reasoning, self-efficacy, and critical thinking following completion of a pediatric course that contained a high or low dose of EL. Students completed the Self-Assessment of Clinical Reflection and Reasoning, Physical Therapy Self-Efficacy Scale, and Health Science Reasoning Test during the first and last weeks of the semester. Students in the high-dose group reported a significant increase (p=0.000) over time in self-perceived clinical reasoning and self-efficacy. Overall critical thinking abilities significantly improved (p=0.044) over time in both groups.

CONCLUSION
A high dose of pediatric EL seems to aid students in the development of self-perceived clinical reasoning and self-efficacy. Providing students with EL opportunities prior to pediatric rotations may help to bolster these important skills, leading to improved clinical performance.


The object of the study is the problems and organizational, environmental, economic and legal aspects of advanced socio-economic development territory creation. In the process of research, the team of authors used both general scientific and private methods of socio-ecological and economic research, as well as economic research methods: dialectical, abstract logical, monographic, economic and statistical, structural, functional, etc. The results showed that For the depressed republics of the North Caucasus, the use of a spatially distributed model is the most preferable. Its use will make it possible to place rationally the production factors in socio-economically grounded geographic locations, and to organize business relationships with promising partners.


ABSTRACT Three-dimensional hydrodynamic and ecological modelling was used to explore strategies to mitigate the impacts of high biomass algal blooms (Aulacoseira sp.) on the drinking water intakes of the city of Buenos Aires, in the Río de la Plata. An automated real-time and a four-day forecast warning system was implemented in 2010 in order to predict the occurrence of such blooms near the intakes. Since the adoption of the technology, blooms of Aulacoseira sp. were neither predicted nor observed, demonstrating that the system did not create a false positive. Further, a historical high biomass bloom event was successfully predicted and then used to test two engineering solutions, designed to mitigate the impact of strong blooms. It was found that extending the raw drinking water intakes offshore beyond the high algae concentration provided a 50% reduction in Aulacoseira sp. concentrations. Alternatively, placing groynes around the intake sites induced a dilution of the phytoplankton patch and reduced the concentrations by 40%.


The author is the President of the Illinois Academy of Criminology. For four years (1954-1958) he was Assistant Warden of the Cook County (Chicago) jail. He has lectured in sociology and criminology at the University of Chicago and Indiana University, and has been a research sociologist for the Illinois Parole and Pardon Board. He is the author of Parole to the Army, a detailed study of 3,000 exconvicts who served in the Army during World War II. The present article, was recently read before the Illinois Academy of Criminology. The author challenges us to think seriously of some usually unthought-of effects of our traditional methods of dealing with criminals.-EDITOR.


1 Assessment is developed by the Regional office of IOM in Vienna based on UN 2013 data. UN data is available at the link: Trends in international migrant stock: migrants by destination and origin [Trends in the number of international migrants: Migrants by countries of destination and the outcome]. Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN. Population Division. The database of the UN, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2012, July 2012.


For arbitrary networks of random masses connected by random springs, we define a general strong disorder real-space renormalization (RG) approach that generalizes the procedures introduced previously by Hastings [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 148702 (2003)] and by Amir, Oreg and Imry [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 070601 (2010)] respectively. The principle is to eliminate iteratively the elementary oscillating mode of highest frequency associated to either a mass or to a spring constant. To explain the accuracy of the strong disorder RG rules, we compare with the Aoki RG rules that are exact at fixed frequency.


This paper focuses on evaluating what are quality components of university websites in Malaysia especially the private universities. It is believed that with websites that prioritize quality, the websites will serve its intended users satisfactory. From the compiled analysis of other studies, quality components were identified and tested among 30 randomly selected respondents. Four Malaysia's private university websites were compared and the highlights were better understanding of what users want for a quality university website.


The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games were 'sold' to local and international populations through a range of media, including the Sydney Olympic Store, an extravagant souvenir shop. The store intertwines a range of semiotic resources - layout, color, language, and more - to create a meaningful text. The article uses a social-semiotic framework to begin to explore the ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings made in this store, and to problematize descriptions of multimodal texts, introducing intersemiosis as a key to the textuality' of these complex texts. It is argued that the store is much more than just a place to shop; through a range of devices, it is situated within broader sociocultural frameworks, and clearly articulates with existing ideologies surrounding the International Olympic Games. Whilst highly preliminary in terms of analysis, the article suggests some starting points for the description and critique of institutionalized, multimodal texts.


Air and water stable new ionic liquids with alkoxymethyl hydrophobic substituents and alkyl group on C(2) in imidazolium cation have been prepared and characterized. 14 tetrafluoroborate salts and 8 hexafluorophosphate salts are liquids at r.t. The properties of obtained salts are reported. The variation of substituents on the imidazolium cation have led to useful trends in the melting point and density and have a significant influence on the thermal stability.


This paper studies the satellite positioning and navigation system by application of software radio framework.An efficient hardware and software module of the receiver of this system is put forward and some useful study results are obtained.It can provide some reference worth to expand the application field of Software Radio and study the framework of the satellite positioning and navigation receive system.


The aid effectiveness literature (AEL) consists of empirical macroeconomic estimates of the effects of development aid. By the end of 2004, it comprised 97 econometric studies of three families of related effects. Each family has been analyzed in a separate meta-analysis. The AEL is an ideal subject for meta-analysis as it uses only a few formally similar models to estimate the same underlying effects. It is also an area with strong beliefs, often generated by altruism. When this whole literature is examined, a clear pattern emerges. After 40 years of development aid, the preponderance of the evidence indicates that aid has not been effective. We show that the distribution of results is significantly asymmetric reflecting the reluctance of the research community to publish negative results. The Dutch disease effect on exchange rates provides a plausible explanation for the observed aid ineffectiveness.


Potsherds excavated recently from the Temei site on Vaitupu Island (FIGURE 1) in Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) provide the only known record of prehistoric pottery from either Tuvalu or near-by Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) in the central Pacific Ocean (Takayama & Saito 1987a). Habitation of the Temei site pre-dated the memory or tradition of nearby villagers, and a shell fishhook from the potterybearing cultural horizon has yielded a corrected radiocarbon date of AD 1080k70 (Takayama & Saito 1987b). Representative Temei sherds contain temper sand composed entirely of volcanic rock fragments and mineral grains that could not have been collected anywhere among the low-lying coral atolls of Tuvalu or Kiribati where only calcareous sand is available. The earthenware pottery containing volcanic sand as temper must have been transported to Vaitupu by ancient colonists or traders from some high-standing island or larger landmass where volcanic bedrock is exposed. The occurrence of the exotic sherds only at the deepest known cultural horizon, about 1.5 m below the present ground surface at Temei, suggests that the pottery may have been brought to Vaitupu by the earliest inhabitants of Tuvalu or by some group who traded with them. In a number of other isolated Pacific island groups, use of pottery was also characteristic of the oldest local cultures but died out with time (Jennings 1979).


The major goal of IEEE 802.11ac is to provide very high throughput (VHT) performance while at the same time guaranteeing backward compatibility. To achieve this goal, 802.11ac adopts the channel bonding technique that makes use of multiple 20 MHz channels in 5 GHz band. Due to the heterogeneity of bandwidth that each device exploits, and the fixed total transmission power in the standards, a problem called `Hidden Channel' arises. In this paper, we first analyze the problem and show how the contention parameters and transmission time affect collision probability and fairness in some deployment scenarios. Then, we propose a heuristic channel allocation algorithm that aims to avoid such problematic situations effectively. Through simulations, we demonstrate that our proposed channel allocation algorithm lowers the packet error rate (PER) compared to uncoordinated and received signal strength indicator(RSSI) based allocation schemes and increases the network-wide throughput as well as the throughput of a station that experiences poor performance. This implies improved fairness performance among transmission pairs with various channel bandwidths.


The concept of productivity has received growing attention, both in the manufacturing and service industries. However, it is often neglected by those who influence production process as there is no standard tool for measuring productivity. This study develops a productivity dynamic model to be used as a tool to assess the current productivity maturity level of an organization and planning for productivity improvement. Five productivity factors, including 'leadership', 'strategic quality planning', 'data and information', 'people', and 'process management', are used for model development. The simulation results reveal that an organization with no productivity-concerned should primarily focus on enhancing the 'leadership' and 'people' constructs to successfully progress through to higher maturity levels in the future. The productivity index, developed through the dynamic model, is used together with the five levels of productivity maturity to indicate the current maturity level of the organization. An organization can perform the simulations, with different productivity enhancement strategies, to identify the most effective policy to improve its productivity, and progress through to higher maturity levels.


This study evaluated the management of science laboratories at Junior High School Number 1 Kepahiang. The subjects of this research are principal, laboratory coordinator, laboratory staff, Physics and Biology teachers. Data are collected by questionnaire, interview, observation, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the management of thescience laboratory has been done effectively. Management of infrastructure and facilities already met to the laboratory standard, and supporting the effectiveness of science laboratory, completeness of administrative form also conform with the standard prescribed which has been functioned as it should. Monitoring and evaluation has been carried out in conducive and sustainable. Based on this study, researcher concluded that the management of the Science Laboratory at Junior High School Number 1 has been done effective.


The reaction of waste cook grease with methyl alcohol under the strong sulfuric acid as the catalyst to form fatty acid methyl ester was studied in the present paper.Before the manufacture of fatty acid methyl ester,a series of pretreatments were carried out.In order to increase the conversion rate of waste cook grease into fatty acid methyl ester,this paper has used acid catalysis craft by condensation backflow,under which the pretreated waste cook grease reacted to methyl alcohol.First,effect of single factor such as methyl alcohol amount used,temperature,time and strong sulfuric acid amount used on the formation of fatty acid methyl ester were researched,then orthogonal analysis of parameters in a four-and three-level test was carried out.The optimum conditions were obtained for the transesterification as follows: molar ratio of methanol to oil 20∶1,reaction temperature 80℃,time 60 min,molar ratio of strong sulfuric acid to oil 5∶1.The biodiesel oil had a quality specification,which were close to 0# diesel oil.


This paper presents a new image reconstruction technique for 3D EIT based on the extension of the 2D GREIT method. Key aspects include the expansion of optimization targets and set of desired images to cover multiple planes. Results show the reduction off-plane interference seen in 2D reconstruction. The selection of target planes is also found to be highly significant to the image.


Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 23 / Issue 01 / March 2014, pp 43 45 DOI: 10.1017/S204579601300053X, Published online: 23 September 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S204579601300053X How to cite this article: C.M. Bulik (2014). Developmental disruption by binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa: critical windows for detection and intervention . Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 23, pp 43-45 doi:10.1017/S204579601300053X Request Permissions : Click here


The spectrum of iron hydride (FeH) has been studied under high resolution in the wavelength range 2360-8900 A. Its main features are two regions of complex structure in the blue and green centered at about 4920 A and 5320 A, respectively, and a band degraded to longer wavelengths with a head at 8690.82 A. The identity of the carrier as FeH is established on experimental grounds, and in particular on the basis of the observed deuteride spectrum. The smallness of the vibrational isotope shifts for most of the features indicates that they are 0-0 bands or sequences. Coincidences have been observed between lines in the blue and green regions and weak unidentified solar lines. These possible identifications have been subjected to a critical statistical analysis, and the presence of FeH in both photosphere and spot has been established with a high degree of certainty. A search for the presence of the 8690.82 A band with the available solar and laboratory data proved negative. An attempt is made to correlate the intensities of the blue and green bands as observed in the photosphere, in sunspots, and in laboratory spectra. The indications are that FeH has a rather low dissociation energy (approximatelymore » 1.0 eV), but that the oscillator strength for the blue and green features may be fairly large (g/sub el/f/sub el/ approximately equal to 0.67). The possibility of observing FeH in the spectra of cooler stars is briefly discussed.« less


Introduction: Heart failure(HF) is a common chronic disease with growing incidence and prevalence. Innate and adaptive immunity have important roles in initiation and progression of HF. Therefore we investigated the association of key biomarkers including soluble tumor necrosis α receptor 1 ( sTNFαR


............................................................................................................................. i Table of contents ............................................................................................................. iii 1.Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2. The linguistic status quo .......................................................................................... 2 3. The status of English ................................................................................................ 3 4. Swahili ...................................................................................................................... 4 5. Luganda an option for a lingua franca ......................................................................... 6 6. Languages of Uganda .................................................................................................. 7 6.1. Map Map of Uganda .............................................................................................. 9 6.2 The Languages of the Central and South regions of Uganda ............................... 10 6.3 Languages of the West and the South-Western parts of Uganda ......................... 11 6.4 Languages of the East and Northern Uganda ....................................................... 12 6.5 Sudanic Languages ............................................................................................... 13 6.6 Nubi Language ..................................................................................................... 14 7. Uglish ........................................................................................................................ 14 7.1 Features of Ugandan English ................................................................................ 15 7.1.1 Influence of indigenous languages ............................................................................. 15 7.1.2 Vocabulary .................................................................................................................. 16 7.1.3 Borrowed Modal Particles. ......................................................................................... 17 7.1.4 Code Switching ........................................................................................................... 21


Many clinicians perceive guidelines as tedious and unnecessarily complex, but consider them a necessary 'evil' for clinical practice. Others follow guidelines rigorously often at the expense of recognising that guidelines are for populations and not individuals and medicine is not an exact science consisting of binary decision but rather an art, which becomes increasingly relevant at the edges of evidence where the art is in applying what (little) scientific evidence exists. In this regard, on the back of a plethora of robust cardiovascular (CV) outcomes trials, global guidelines for cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been quick to construct the evidence base for CVD prevention, and in particular with respect to recommendations for lipid lowering therapy with statins where benefit far outweighs harm. Although the approach in different guidelines may vary, the debate on both sides of the Atlantic has witnessed a convergence where recommendations for the secondary prevention of CVD are concerned. The same is true for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia including familial hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus (DM); in the latter two, recommendations are similar but differ in their interpretation of the strength of evidence but are otherwise concordant. In contrast, the situation is different for the primary prevention of CVD i.e. amongst those individuals free from CVD for whom decisions are made on the future probablity of developing CVD. In this regard there are two areas in which the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) 2011 guidelines diverge materially. First, the ACC/AHA guidelines have lowered the threshold for the prevention of vascular disease from a 10 year risk of 20% to one of 7.5% which will result in considerably more patients being offered statins. These will include more older individuals who largely by virtue of age will be over this risk threshold but, fortunately, also younger individuals who would otherwise wait many more years before being offered therapy will now be eligible under the revised guidance. If earlier therapy is the key to lifelong prevention then reducing the treatment threshold is particularly advantageous for a younger person that has many more disease free life years to gain. Second, the ACC/AHA 2013 guidelines moved away from the Framingham risk equation to a pooled mixed cohorts risk equation. In contrast, if the ESC/EAS 2016 Prevention guidelines are a guide to the anticipated ESC/EAS 2016 Lipid guidelines, then these will continue to recommend SCORE and are unlikely to change their threshold for offering treatment. Last, and perhaps most importantly, in addition to constructing recommendations based on data from multiple large randomized controlled outcomes trials, primary prevention guidelines base recommendations on the performance of equations predicting different CV endpoints derived from large epidemiological cohorts. Evaluating the performance of risk equations is complex and no single metric can provide a complete picture. Three measures of performance are generally used to provide a comprehensive picture: discrimination (correct identification of cases and noncases), calibration (predicted and observed event rates similar across the risk distribution) and reclassification (are cases and non-cases better classified for decision-making?). In a previous commentary in this Journal in 2014 on the ACC/AHA guidelines, we critically wrote that the mixed pool risk calculator used to assess CVD risk for primary prevention had not been fully evaluated. Our remarks are no longer valid with the appearance of the current analysis from a Danish cohort. In the present issue of the European Heart Journal, Mortensen and colleagues evaluated the performance of the US pooled cohorts equation (US-PCE) and compared this to the SCORE risk algorithm derived in Europe. In a large contemporary study from Copenhagen which enrolled 44 889 participants between 2003 to 2009 and reports on 2217 events, the authors report that the US-PCE outperformed SCORE with respect to every metric used to assess the performance of any given model. For instance, they report that predictedtoobserved event ratio was 1.2 using US-PCE for any atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) vs. 5 for SCORE for


Clonal hematopoiesis (CH aka CHIP) is the process whereby otherwise healthy individuals accumulate clones bearing low-frequency somatic mutations in hematologic malignancy (HM) driver genes. Historically thought to be a phenomenon of the elderly that is associated with increased risk of HM and cardiovascular disease, CH has been observed in increasingly younger cohorts as sequencing technology has advanced. CH in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) donors has also been associated with adverse recipient outcomes.
 In this retrospective analysis, we asked whether CH mutations preferentially expanded in recipients vs. donors in paired samples collected a median of 34 years post-HSCT (range 6-45). 16 donor-recipient pairs were analyzed, 11 of which had a donor sample collected pre-HSCT. All individuals were healthy at the time of contemporary sampling. Median donor age was 26 years (range 12-84) at time of HSCT. We took advantage of the ultra-low error rate (<1-in-10-million) of Duplex Sequencing (DS) to comprehensively assess CH in genomic DNA from blood. We targeted 29 genes recurrently mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) plus 48 kilobases of randomly chosen neutral genomic regions.
 The mean DS error-corrected molecular depth across all samples was 26,731x for AML-associated genes and 32,812x in the neutral regions. CH was detected in 100% of donors and recipients, with a trend toward more CH clones in older vs. younger donors. We defined CH as mutations observed in at least 2 unique DNA molecules, rather than by a threshold variant allele frequency (VAF). Among the 11 donors with matched historical and contemporary DNA samples, CH mutations in the latter had a higher average VAF and comprised more unique mutations than in the former, reflecting clonal expansions over time. The magnitude of CH expansions was greater for the AML-associated genes than for neutral loci, consistent with positive selection.
 Post-HSCT the overall number of unique mutations was similar between donors and recipients. Most donor CH variants did not preferentially expand in the recipient. A minority of recipients had a modestly increased overall average VAF relative to paired donors in AML genes. While the VAF of some likely pathogenic variants increased in the recipient vs the donor, this was not the case for most CH mutations in most recipients and the reciprocal was sometimes observed.
 DS represents a powerful tool for the high-resolution study of CH evolution. In a unique historical cohort comprising longitudinal samples from some of the earliest patients and donors to undergo HSCT, we observed limited instances of accelerated CH in recipients relative to donors. While this cohort is biased due to enriched inclusion of long-term survivors, our data exemplifies how healthy hematopoiesis, indistinguishable between donors and recipients, can be maintained almost half a century following transplant.
 Citation Format: Masumi Ueda, Jake Higgins, Thomas Smith, Elizabeth Schmidt, Fang Y. Lo, Charles C. Valentine, Jesse J. Salk, Rainer Storb, Jerald P. Radich. Duplex Sequencing reveals ubiquitous clonal hematopoiesis and complex donor-recipient clonal dynamics following HSCT [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr LB063.


The Taqian tungsten-molybdenum deposit is located in the Taqian-Fuchun metallogenic belt on the southern margin of the Yangtze plate.The authors have made a breakthrough in ore-prospecting work in recent years,and the results show that the metallogenic belt has good ore-forming geological conditions and prospecting potential.However,the research work is just in the starting period.In this paper,the authors determined the molybdenite age of the Taqian tungsten molybdenum deposit by means of ICP-MS molybdenite-Os isotope analysis.The model ages of 5 samples vary between 160.8 and 163.4 Ma;the molybdenite Re-Os isochron age is(162±2) Ma,MSWD=1.7,suggesting that the ore-forming process took place in late Early Jurassic.A comparison with the metallogenic time of other similar deposits in this area shows that the ore-forming time in the Taqian-Fuchun metallogenic belt is much later than that of the Dexin copper deposits,and their ore-controlling structures are different too.These phenomena might have had something to do with the tectonic backgrounds of different periods.


Abstract : The structure, assumed to be linear, is defined on the basis of an 'associated conservative structure' (AS) obtained by disregarding any internal viscosity. The natural AS modes are taken as reference modes. The object of a ground test is to ascertain these modes, together with the overall characteristics associated with them: natural frequencies, generalised masses, generalised viscosities of the real structure. The response to a harmonic excitation is examined and it is shown that a necessary preliminary operation consists in matching appropriate exciting forces by suitable choice of their positions, their relative amplitudes and their common frequency. This done, the structure must respond as a system with one degree of liberty defining the mode sought. The overall characteristics are easily deduced: the determination of the generalised viscosities is based on an elementary theory which obviously introduces the dry friction affecting the units of the system; measurement of the generalised masses is made by two methods, the theoretical justification of which forms the subject of numerous reports. The response of the structure to a percussive or a plucking excitation is also discussed. In this case, it is primarily the theory of the separation of the damped harmonic components which justifies the practical use of the process for determining or checking overall characteristics. (Author)


One of the main requirements for companies that will go public first for a company that was going public is the publication of financial statements. The importance of the publication of financial statements for companies going public was one of them is to describe the company's financial condition in order to attract investors to invest in these companies. In scientific writing will be tested statistically the effect of the publication of financial reports on the performance of stocks of pharmaceutical companies use the event study. To test Ho1 using t-test with acceptable results Ho1 which means that stock prices before and after the publication or not different means of information publication of financial statements do not have enough information content thus causing the lack of investors preferences are reflected in changes in the company's stock price. .


Introduction, Background, Methodology, Semi-Structured Interview Questions, Results, Discussion and Considerations, Recommendations, Information graphics Nelson Ndahiro Worcester Polytechnic Institute B.S Chemical Engineering with Minor in Nanoscience expected 2018 Contributions to report: Acknowledgements, Introduction, Background, Communications with stakeholders, Background, Semi-Structured Interview Questions, Results, Discussion and Considerations, and Recommendations Silvio Torres Betancur Worcester Polytechnic Institute B.S Biomechanical Engineering expected 2018 Contributions to report: Semi-Structured Interview Questions, Background, Methodology, Communications with Stakeholders, Assistive Technology Device Evaluation Procedure, Discussions and Considerations, Results


Detailed survey of King's Cove and Port Cockburn, between Bathurst and Melville Islands, Northern Territory. Relief shown bathymetric soundings.
In lower right margin: J. Walker sculpt.
"From a survey made by Lieutenant J.S. Roe in October, 1824."
Also from: Narrative of a Survey of the intertropical and western coasts of Australia : performed between the years 1818 and 1822, Volume 2 / King. [London : John Murray, 1824-1826].


ABSTRACT Propolis is a natural product with different biological activities. Current research is focused on its ability to suppress tumor growth by induction of apoptosis. However, its selective influence on normal and transformed cells is not fully studied yet. Our previous investigations determined the McCoy-Plovdiv cell line as a model system for in vitro examination of propolis. In the present study we analysed ethanol extracts of propolis from the region of East Rodopi mountains in final concentrations 0,001; 0,1; 1,0; 10 μg/ml. The proliferative activity was examined with MTT and NR cell vitality tests. The type of cell dead was proven via TUNEL test and by fluorescent detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. Cytotoxicity tests showed decreased cell vitality from 100 to 0% increasing with propolis concentration. The TUNEL test proved the presence of apoptotic cells. Propolis in concentrations 0,001-1,0 μg/ml induced apoptosis in a large number of cells. The results from PS externalization confirmed the same observation. Increasing propolis concentrations augment the intensity of the fluorescence signal and the number of apoptotic cells. Our results evidence that Bulgarian propolis induces apoptosis in McCoy-Plovdiv cells.


Volcanic soil is recognized for being problematic and hazardous because of its inherent structural and cementation properties. During the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, a massive landslide occurred on the gentle slope near the Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Kyushu, Japan. Several volcanic soil deposits have been found scattered on the landslide site, along with significant damage to infrastructure, houses, public spaces and the natural environment. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism of the landslide by investigating microstructural characteristics of the volcanic soils. The volcanic soils are characterized in this study using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence. Scanning electron microscopy analysis is used to investigate the soil fabric characteristics while x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence results are used to determine the mineral and chemical contents of the soil, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy is also used to investigate the landslide mechanism using soil subjected to liquefaction. It is concluded that the deposits have a vesicular structure composed of crushable materials, and the deposits were liquefied, resulting in landslide, because of breakdown of the soil structure during the Kumamoto earthquake.


This study explored the perceptions of ten Crown Prosecutors about the utility of police interviews as video evidence-in-chief for adult sexual assault complainants to determine how to improve these interviews. A themed analysis of prosecutors' responses indicated three major concerns about these interviews: the interviewer using wordy instructions, the lack of chronology and logical structure, and the relentless pursuit of unnecessary detail. These findings suggest that prosecutors' concerns are primarily due to police using cognitive interview methods that attempt to enhance the amount of detail recalled by a complainant. The authors discuss why generating large amounts of detail may be problematic in interviews with sexual assault complainants and provide recommendations for how police can adapt interview practices to better meet evidential needs.


INTRODUCTION
The most common reason of chronic pancreatitis is liver and bile ducts disease: functional disorders, chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and cholecystectomy in medical history. All these changes are associated with the colloidal structure of bile, increased lithogenicity, gallstones formation, Oddi's sphincter dysfunction, dysmotility and inflammation in the bile ducts.

THE AIM
to study the effectiveness of using medicine Liveria IC (metadoxine) in standard therapy as well as effect on spectrum of blood serum lipids and structural condition of liver (stiffness) and pancreas in patients with chronic biliary pancreatitis combined with obesity.

MATERIALS AND METHOD
115 patients suffering from chronic biliary pancreatitis and obesity were the subjects of the study. They were compared to etiological factor socioeconomic conditions and nutrition (regular food 5 times a day without aggressive food (fatty, spicy, sour, fried products)). Also the effect of the alcohol factor was excluded.

RESULTS
The obtained decrease in stiffness of the liver and pancreas indicates an improvement of their structural state.

CONCLUSIONS
Using medication LiveriaIC (metadoxine) as the part of the complex therapy for the patients who are suffering from CBP combined with obesity gives some improvement of the lipid profile indices and the structural condition of liver and pancreas (according to the data of SWE) (р<0.05).


The utility model relates to a double-layer umbrella with a curtain used for advertising, which solves a problem of lack of advertising function of a current double-layer umbrella, the double-layer umbrella has advantages of simple structure and effective use, the utility model can fully use the advertising function, and has a structure that, the umbrella comprises an upper layer umbrella face and a lower layer umbrella face, edges of the upper and the lower layer umbrella face are connected by an umbrella periphery, an advertisement device is arranged at the umbrella periphery.


The inclusion of feed additives in animal diets has a positive influence on metabolic processes, the digestibility of nutrients, increases the deposition of nitrogen in the body, activates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and some other mineral elements. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of feed additives Reasil HumicVet and Reasil Humiс Health on the productive traits of cattle. A scientifically based interpretation of the production of livestock products and the economic feasibility of using feed additives based on humic acids has been carried out. The optimal doses of the tested feed additives in the ration of different age groups of cattle were determined. Reasil Humiс Health feed additive allowed to increase fertilization from the first insemination in the 1st experimental group of first-calf heifers by 8,1, in the 2nd experimental group by 13,1 and in the 3rd experimental group by 13,2 abs.% than in animals of the control group. The optimal dose of introduction into the ration of heifers was established a dose of 1,2 g of dry feed additive Reasil Humic Health per 10 kg of live weight of animals. The use of Reasil HumicVet feed additive had the positive influence on the growth rates of young animals and milk productivity of lactating cows. As a result of the conducted research, the expediency of using Reasil HumicVet and Reasil Humiс Health feed additives in the rations of young animals and cows has been proven, which has the positive effect on their productive traits.


A long-term metabolic balance study of healthy infants was performed in their homes to determine food consumption and the intake and retention of calcium, phosphorus, stable strontium, and strontium-90. Balances were measured in consecutive 28-day periods. The diets were selected by the parents on the advice of their pediatricians, and consisted of milk, commercially available premodified milk formulas, and packaged infant foods. The only strontium-90 fed to the infants was that which was present in foods and water due to fallout. Aliquots of all foods were analyzed for the substances of interest. Excreta were collected in paper diapers for analysis.
 Calcium, phosphorus, and strontium-90 balances are available for 30 infants in a total of 214 periods; stable strontium balances are available for 10 infants in 56 periods. The average age of the 30 infants was 164 days and the average weight was 7.4 kg. The average daily intake of milk and formula decreased from 654 ml at age 31 to 60 days to 590 ml at age 271 to 300 days; in the same interval, the average daily consumption of all other infant food increased from 80 to 413 gm. The diet in this study differed from uncontrolled diets mainly in the use of formula instead of cows' milk for the older infants, and the substitution of a packaged cereal mix for the more common dry cereal that is mixed with milk just before feeding. Use of the dry cereal would have added approximately 80 ml to the measured average consumption of 615 ml of milk per day.
 A major problem in performing an accurate metabolic balance study of strontium lies in the small fractional retention of the substance. As a result, small systematic errors in determining intake and collecting excreta lead to fractionally large systematic retention errors, and small random errors in intake and excreta analysis lead to large random retention errors. Fortunately, the large number of retention values reduces the random error of the mean. Typical individual retentions of stable strontium and strontium-90 have standard deviations of 38 and 24%, respectively; standard deviations of the mean of 56 stable strontium and 200 strontium-90 retentions are 5 and 2%, respectively. Based on numerical estimates of the recognized systematic errors, the respective true values of stable strontium and strontium-90 retention are believed to be 20 and 13% lower than the measured averages. The average retentions have been corrected by these percentages. The probable error of the systematic correction is undoubtedly large, but is smaller than the correction factor, according to three comparisons with independently derived values.
 This study demonstrates the feasibility of long-term metabolic balance studies in the home; it also indicates the need for internal controls in the samples, highly precise analyses, and methods for reducing systematic errors. For information on intake, this type of study complements surveys by questionnaires and interviews by providing more accurate values for a much smaller population. For retention, the study may be less accurate than one performed in a metabolic ward, but can be extended over a long time with less stress on the infant. Results of this type of study may be tested for accuracy by comparison with studies in metabolic wards, by tissue analyses for accumulated retention, and by in vivo measurements of the retention of radionuclides, although each of these has its own inherent inaccuracies that must be considered.


The growth rate of thin films on the circular wafers in a CVD diffusion reactor is estimated by means of the test-particle Monte Carlo method. The source gas (silane) is diluted in a carrier gas (hydrogen). The flow of the carrier is modelled in such a way that it is stagnant between the wafers and has a uniform velocity in the gap between the wafer edge and the reactor wall. The growth rate can be given by a simple formula.