Low literacy is a challenge facing Aboriginal communities across Canada and is an identified barrier to school success. Early literacy intervention is an important target to reduce the discrepancies in literacy outcomes. Little has been studied in relation to Aboriginal culture coupled with early literacy and its effects on student development. The Moe the Mouse™ Speech and Language Development Program (Gardner & Chesterman, 2006) is a cultural curriculum created to improve the early language skills of students aged three to five through the use of traditional images and stories. The Moe the Mouse™ program was designed to be a cultural curriculum that provides opportunities for children to practice language skills, but its effectiveness in improving early literacy skills has yet to be assessed. An enhanced Moe the Mouse™ program, created by the researcher, integrates explicit instruction in phonological awareness into the Moe the Mouse™ program.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Moe the Mouse™ Speech and Language Development Program and an enhanced Moe the Mouse™ program that was coupled with explicit early literacy instruction on student phonological awareness skills. One hundred Kindergarten students at six elementary schools participated in this study. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions: comparison (business as usual), Moe the Mouse™, or enhanced Moe the Mouse™. Before and after the intervention, phonological awareness skills of the Kindergarten students were assessed. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated significant differences in advanced phonological awareness skills based on the classroom but not the condition. Upon post hoc analysis by condition, results indicated that there were significantly stronger effects on advanced phonological skills for the enhanced Moe the Mouse™ condition when compared to the Moe the Mouse™ program or the district's early literacy instruction. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students responded similarly within the Moe the Mouse™ and enhanced Moe the Mouse™ conditions. After the intervention, a smaller proportion of students from the enhanced Moe the Mouse™ program fell in the "At Risk" category for later reading difficulties. Additionally, the teachers rated both programs as socially valid and containing appropriate cultural content.


This paper provides a conceptual model for reducing bypass vulnerabilities in web applications. The typical and primary two kinds of bypass vulnerabilities are authentication and access control vulnerabilities. Authentication attacks occur when a web application authenticates users incorrectly and grants access for users without appropriate credentials. Access control attacks happen when access control check is incorrect or missing, allowing unauthorized access to privileged resources. Such attacks are getting increasingly common and have occurred in many famous web applications such as IIS and WordPress, and 14% of surveyed web sites [5]. However, currently no available tools or methods can prevent these attacks efficiently. By using Dynamic Information Flow Tracking (DIFT) techniques to track the flow of user credentials through the application's language runtime, the model presented in this paper can automatically detect when an application safely and correctly authenticates users. Then the model combines authentication information with programmer-supplied access control rules to automatically ensure that only properly authenticated users are granted access to privileged resources or data.


The 8th annual KKNK - Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees (or Small Karoo National Arts Festival, if you wish) - took place from March 30th to April 6th 2002 in the historic and picturesque Oudtshoorn, ostrich capital of South Africa and headquarters to the KKNK. Or simply the fees, as it is colloquially referred to by Afrikaans speakers. From its modest beginnings in the then Brand New South Africa, the fees has grown to quite a monster in the now barely hopeful South Africa.


This paper empirially investigates into the impact of local government behavior on regional financial development of central china by two-way fixed effect model.The study shows that,in the economic transition,the local government who want to win the"GDP growth"contest,have strong demand of promoting local economic development,Its intervention in the financial sector has become one effective measure to compensate for market development's insufficient,which make it become good driver of improving financial development.


The invention relates to an electrothermal non-nail hemorrhoid stapler and an operation method thereof. The electrothermal non-nail hemorrhoid stapler comprises a pipe, a rear handle and a front handle. The rear end of the pipe is connected with the rear handle as a whole, the horn-shaped front end of the pipe is in fixed connection with an electrothermal anastomotic heading, and the front handle is hinged with the rear end of the pipe through a pin roll; the front end of a center rod arranged in the pipe is provided with a hemi-pellet which is in fit with the outer diameter of horn-shaped front end of the pipe, and the rear end of the center rod is in threaded connection with an adjusting nut; a wire connected with a socket at the lower end of the rear handle is connected with a heating element arranged on the electrothermal anastomotic heading to form a loop. The electrothermal non-pin hemorrhoid stapler adopts safe minimally invasive technologies of a electrothermal cutting and a electrothermal anastomosis, thereby avoiding the medical risk and post-operation safety problems due to titanium nails in the traditional nail hemorrhoid stapler; ninety-five percent of components are made with plastic, and are light in weight, low in cost, convenient to be destroyed and recycled in the renewable resources and beneficial for environmental protection.


The productive and economic response of four feeding systems during the productive cycle of beef cattle raised and finished in tropical pastures was evaluated in this research. The data on supplement intake and performance of the animals were obtained from six experiments using 196 grazing animals. The evaluated supplementation strategies was based on the slaughter age of the animals (18, 24, 30, and 40 months), simulating a ideal system of production with area of 1.000 ha and annual average carrying capacity of 1 AU/ha/year. The annual average weight of the slaughtered animals at 18, 24, 30 and 40 months of age was of 0.76, 0.48, 0.35, and 0.23 kg/animal/day, respectively, and provided the following of cycles of production numbers (120, 0.75, 0.55, and 0.38 cycles/year). The 40 mo slaughter age was the only supplementation strategy that showed negative gross margin, indicating short-term in sustainability in this system. The annual net margin was positive for the slaughter ages 18 (R$ 220,766, 39) and 30 months (R$ 80,395. 24) and negative for 24 months of slaughter age. The high intake of supplement and the concentration of this intake in a phase of worse feed conversion was the causes of the worse economic response obtained with the slaughter age of 24 months in relation to slaughter age of 18 and the 30 mo. The return taxes of the invested capital with land (TRC), 5.48 (18 mo), -1.60 (24 mo), 1.16 (30 mo) and -1.67% a year (40 mo) indicated that only the slaughter age of 18 mo allows the carry on of the enterprise in a long run. The biggest productive response to this strategy, in reason of the lesser daily level of supplementation and of the supply concentrated of in a phase of bigger feed efficiency, explains the best economic results. However, the choice of the best supplementation strategy depends on favorable combinations of relative prices of the supplements and could be defined by the difference in the TRC in relation to the absence of supplementation, estimate for each strategy.


Multi-processor systems-on-chip use networks-on-chip (NoC) as a communication backbone to tackle the communication between processors and multi-level memory hierarchies. Inter-processor communication has a high impact on the NoC traffic but, to this day, there have been few detailed studies. Based on a realistic case study, we present a contrastive comparison of cache-based versus scratch-pad managed inter-processor communication for (distributed shared-memory) multiprocessor systems-on-chip. The platforms we target use six DSP nodes and a shared L2 memory, interconnected by a packet-switched network-on-chip with differentiated services. The first version of the platform uses caches to perform inter-processor communication whereas the second one uses a novel type of distributed DMA to help performing scratch-pad management. With detailed simulation results we show that the scratchpad application mapping has the best overall performance, that it helps smoothing NoC traffic and that it is not sensitive to the quality-of-service (QoS) used. We furthermore demonstrate that, on the contrary, cache-based MP-SoCs are very sensitive to the QoS level and that they generate significantly more NoC traffic than their scratch-pad counterpart. We recommend, where possible, to use scratch-pad management for NoC supported MP-SoCs as it yields performant, predictable results and can benefit from platform virtualization to achieve composability of applications


A new type of intelligent adjusting device used on beam-pumping unit was designed to solve the problems of high electric impulsion and wastage of power and low loading on pumping unit. Several functions were realized on the new device such as flexible startup through low voltage, slip controlling, real-time voltage regulating, power factor compensation and malfunction safeguard and so on. The principle of power saving and flexible startup of beam-pumping unit were analyzed and designed to increase the load factor and decrease the power consuming. The main technical parameters and characteristic were also illuminated. Testing on the spot and the measured data indicate that design and implementation of the intelligent adjusting device for beam- pumping unit is successful. The power saving function is remarkable that the power saving rate reaches 18.64% and the power saving rate 27.91% especially under the condition of β30% (β means the load factor) and the malfunction safeguard on the motor is also achieved well. The new device have a simple structure and high reliability which should be widely used.


Background: Gay dating applications (apps) serve the drive for meeting sex partners and are now used by over 2 million gay men around the world. The nature of these apps involves users engaging in conversation that allows for significant information disclosure and increased trust, allegedly leading to unprotected sex when they meet offline. Methods: This study therefore aimed to explore the behavior of users of gay dating applications in Thailand and their pattern of information disclosure in order to investigate the relationship between app usage, information disclosure, and the resulting sexual behavior. Two hundred and eighty-six gay-dating application users in Thailand were surveyed with a self-administered, anonymous online questionnaire between February and March 2015. Results: The findings showed significant positive association between the degree of usage and the amount of information being disclosed.  Moreover, the frequency of usage such as the number of days (r = .249), the number of locations (r = .320), and the amount of time (r = .360) that the participants use the apps along with the disclosure of personal information like Facebook account (r = .337), mobile number (r = .306) and address (r = .240), are associated with the higher rate of unprotected sex. Conclusions: Trustworthiness deriving from information disclosure could play a vital role in the psychology of many gay men. Familiarity that develops as more information is exchanged and the level of trust increases could lead to unprotected sex. HIV/STI communication campaigns should put on emphasis on interventions conducted in gay dating applications, and publishing and promoting more content on gay-dating apps, and Facebook.


In contrast,chemistry for seniors aims at the higher,more contents and wider knowledge than that for juniors. The introducation is the key to the door of the treasury of chemistry for seniors,which plays an important role in kindling seniors' interest in chemistry,in training students to acquire good habits in learning. On the contrary,some teachers think that the knowledge in the introduction is common and simple,students can understand it themsleves,hence the teachers neglect the teaching of this part. Taking the opportinity of teaching the introduction,this paper starts to teach with games and tries hard to help students get into good habits.


Objective: In soil habitats, mesostigmatic mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) are among the most important predators of smallarthropods and nematodes. Methods: A study was carried out during 2009-2010 to identify theirfauna in Khorramabad county, Western Iran. Soil samples were taken from different regions. Mites were extracted by Berlese-Tullgren funnel and cleared in nesbit fluid. Microscopic slides were prepared using Hoyer's medium. Different species of some families of Mesostigmata were collected. 21 species of 12 families have been identified. Among them, 8 genera and 8 species are the first records for Lorestan province fauna that marked with one asterisk.  Results: In the present study 21 species belong to 19 genera and 12 families were collected and identified of which eight species are new records for Lorestan Province fauna that are marked by an asterisk.


The under-lying principle in any pest control programme is that the crop must be protected, while interfering as little as possible with factors which affect the long-term maintenance of the production system. The cheapest and most reliable way to deal with pest and weed problems is to anticipate and avoid them, if possible. When pesticides are needed, choose materials and application methods that are effective without adversely affecting other organisms or the natural environment. The cost aspect is also important; where two registered chemicals are equally effective for specific control, it is logical to use the less expensive one.


According to the usual paradigm in electronic commerce, a consumer wants to buy something from a merchant, but neither party is much concerned with privacy. In an earlier paper, we introduced the concept ofBlind Electronic Commerce, in which both parties should enjoy a maximum of privacy, and we gave solutions for some of the problems that arise in this context. Ideally, the customer should be able to remain anonymous, hide her browsing pattern and even hide from the merchant what she is interested in buying. Conversely, the merchant should not have to reveal anything unnecessary about his catalogue, especially prices. The issue considered here concerns the negotiation of a fair price in this context. This is challenging because the merchant does not know for what item he is negotiating, nor even his own starting price! Nevertheless, he must be prepared to reduce the price and/or introduce better sales conditions, or risk losing the sale. But of course, the consumer should have to negotiate without being able to guess anything about the merchant's strategy, such as the minimum selling price for the item under negotiation. In this paper, we provide cryptographic solutions to solve this Blind Negotiation conundrum.


The ultimate goal of development in developing countries is to reduce poverty that can be achieved through increasing welfare. Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that become a major challenge in all countries. To reduce poverty and increase community welfare, government intervention programs are needed. One of them is through the provision of cash assistance. The Conditional Cash Transfer program has been widely implemented in some countries. In Indonesia, this program is called the Family Hope Program (PKH). This cash transfer program has a lot of debate as an anti-poverty program. This research wants to see the impact of PKH on reducing poverty and increasing welfare in Indonesia. It used raw data from Susenas and analyzed by SEM-PLS method. The results of this research show that PKH has a negative-significant effect on poverty and a positive-significant impact on welfare in Indonesia. In addition, the results of the analysis also show that poverty has a negative-significant influence on people's welfare in Indonesia.


THE METHOD AND ALLOW THE INSTALLATION OF SAMPLES MAKE GAS FURNACE FROM A SERIES OF PORTS T1, T2, ... WILLING TO DIFFERENT LEVELS ALONG A GENERATOR. ON MADE IN SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS PREPARATION OF SAMPLING LINES OF OPERATIONS ANALYSIS OF GAS IN A G AND OPERATIONS MEASURING PRESSURE IN A PRESSURE SENSOR P. THESE VARIOUS OPERATIONS ARE MANAGED BY A PROGRAMMABLE AND INFORMATION COLLECTED ARE eXPLOITED IN A COMPUTER C FOLLOWING THIS MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INSTALLATION.


In terms of the genealogy of soccer as a modern sport, India certainly ranks as a giant. So long as she was a colony, her true potential as a soccer power remained undetermined. After Independence, however, India emerged as a formidable Asian force on the international stage. The story of India's tryst with Olympic football offers an interesting repertoire of stunning performances including decent success, appalling defeat and long absence, ranging from India's modest start in the London Olympics of 1948 through a huge defeat in the Helsinki Olympics of 1952 to a stirring performance in 1956. And when India's spirited display in the Rome Olympics of 1960 was followed by the startling victory in the Jakarta Asian Games in 1962, the nation seemed ready to have a crack at the international level. But the momentum was lost quite astonishingly within a decade. The decline set in and the giant had fallen asleep again. Yet the slumber has been mostly dreamy with intermittent magic spells of insomnia, albeit without any sustained impact on the nation's Olympic soccer fortune. Since 1960 the Indian football team never qualified for the Olympics. This essay, looking deep into this much-publicized metaphor of the sleeping giant, deciphers the long-term underlying processes and the cultural politics of soccer that explains both the legacies and the prospects of Indian football in the Olympic Games, linking thereby its past, present and future. In the process, it also argues that Indian soccer's failure to make a mark in the Olympics reflects the nation's failure to develop an enduring Olympic culture over time.


Cloud computing becomes a popular trend in recent years. In the meanwhile, content delivery network has been used for many years to distribute content all over the world. The relation between cloud computing and content delivery network is very interesting. In this paper, we proposed a cloud based content delivery network. This architecture integrates cloud infrastructure and content delivery network system together. It provides a low cost and elastic web serving cloud platform. Besides, it also provides easy way to manage data for web content developers, and accelerate the speed for users to access web sites. This system uses Hadoop Distributed File System as a cloud infrastructure service, and creates many data clusters around the world. Therefore, content providers could place content to closest node from end users. The result shows a high performance and flexible solution to build a personal content delivery network over cloud.


Aiming at the complicated scene of volleyball game, this paper introduces a volleyball trajectory tracking method.By making use of volleyball's parabolic motion character and its moving distribution features in 2D scene, it gains the volleyball candidate objects according to the natural attributes of volleyballs.By showing the position of volleyball candidate objects in X distribution images axes and Y axes distribution images, it sets up the functions of volleyball trajectory to rectify and assist volleyball tracking.Experimental results show that exact rate of volleyball trajectory detection of this method is 92.25%.


This paper shares an effective implementation of innovative teaching approaches to the university classroom. It offers a practice-oriented insight in the opportunities of creative language learning on the level of single tasks, series of interconnected activities and whole courses, all of which being results of the Masaryk University Language Centre (Brno, Czech Republic) recent project and research activities. The implementation of the creative approach based on theories of K. Robinson, M. Csikszentmihalyi, E. de Bono and others who see creativity as a natural component of learning and communication is discussed from the perspectives of both teachers and learners. This paper aims to highlight the potential creative methods and techniques have to improve and broaden personal teaching styles of language teachers; to enhance and alter personal learning styles of language learners; and to reform and diversify language courses of university language centres


The invention discloses a method and a device for obtaining the version of a mobile terminal operating system. The method comprises the steps of: obtaining networking record data from DPI equipment; determining characteristic values and calculating weights of the characteristic values; and calculating the weight of the operating system according to the characteristic values, and then determining the version of the terminal operating system according to the weight of the operating system. The process of determining the characteristic values and calculating the weights of the characteristic values further comprises the steps of: according to an URL and a protocol type in networking records to define the characteristic values; calculating the availability of the characteristic values; calculating the universality of the characteristic values; and according to the availability and the universality of the characteristic values, calculating the weights of the characteristic values. By adopting the device provided by the invention, the version of the operating system of a mobile terminal can be accurately obtained.


This research includes the analysis and comparison of long-term values of key business parameters of profit-oriented companies in Serbia, which are engaged in road transport of cargo or passengers. This paper takes into account the decreasing emissions of CO2 and its relation to the size of business (in terms of transported cargo or number of passengers), and thus by the company's business success (income, profit). In the empirical part of this research—ecological, operational, and business factors were analyzed on a sample of road carriers from Serbia, i.e., the most common type of organized transport of people or physical goods. Key difference was made between large and small companies engaged in transport activities, followed by difference between those companies which have business activities only in Serbia, or engage also in international activities in the Balkan region (or in the rest of world). The main goal of this paper is to determine statistically significant differences between transport companies in terms of key performance indicators, depending on whether they operate only domestically or abroad. In relation to company size, this paper examined the sustainability of operations in the case of the largest transport companies, which represent half of the total transport activity in the country (by number of people transported or the amount of transported cargo), compared to all small carriers with less than 50 employees. Future research involves extending this sample of road transport companies to all Balkan countries, which have not yet become a part of the European Union and including additional operational as well as environmental indicators that are not conventionally measured during vehicle inspections.


1 It has been argued that niche pre‐emption is not the only possible explanation for monophyly among Macaronesian endemic plants because (i) interspecific competition is diffuse, not species‐specific, (ii) the radiations in question may not in fact be monophyletic, and (iii) later colonists may have hybridized with earlier ones, making a small and undetected contribution to the gene pool of lineages that appear to be monophyletic. 2 The niche pre‐emption mechanism does not, however, require species‐specific competitive interactions. It merely proposes that the clade created by adaptive radiation will occupy more niche space than the original colonist could on its own. Members of the clade will then collectively inhibit establishment by new colonists more effectively than can a colonist that has not radiated. 3 The monophyly of many larger radiations in the Macaronesian flora is well established and new studies tend to confirm this pattern. 4 A few later‐arriving colonists may have undetectably hybridized with earlier arrivals, but this is only a genetic interpretation of the essential idea behind pre‐emption, i.e. that early arrivals so outnumber later colonists that the latter cannot establish. 5 We do not therefore believe that hybridization provides an alternative explanation of why groups with multiple colonization failed to radiate in Macaronesia.


Fault detection is considered to be one way to improve system reliability and dependability for railway vehicles. The secondary lateral and anti-yaw dampers are the most critical parts in railway suspension systems. So far, the dampers have been modelled as linear components in the fault detection and isolation observer design. In this work, a Hybrid Extended Kalman filter is used to capture the nonlinear characteristics of the dampers. In order to detect and isolate faults, a nonlinear residual generator is developed, which can distinguish clearly between different types of faults. A lateral half train model serves as an example for the proposed technique. The results show that failures in the nonlinear suspension system can be detected and isolated accurately.


The paper analyzes the business English writing drill class for foreign trade.The paper uses experience class and interview to explore teaching reform so as to meet professional needs in the foreign trade line.


This paper opens by explaining the political processes that lie behind the definition and measurement of China's urban unemployment. Thereafter, it uses publicly available sources to replicate the inscrutable official urban unemployment estimate for the year 1997. Scholars widely critique the official estimate as under-counting the number of unemployed people, though it is less appreciated that official statistics also under-estimate the number of employed urban people. This paper addresses both deficiencies, unofficially calculating that urban unemployment for the year 1997 was at the rate of 4.5%, higher than the officially stated rate of 3.1%, but closer to the official rate than is often assumed. We conclude by proposing additional research that would enable more precise estimates of China's urban unemployment rate.


Families as First Teachers (FaFT) recently started working with families using the Abecedarian Approach Australia (3A) with an Aboriginal community in Far North Queensland. 3A is a responsive early childhood set of teaching and learning strategies designed to improve the quality and consistency of interactions between adults and children. It has been particularly successful in improving academic achievement of children at risk and with under-resourced families.


Passive dynamic walking (PDW) provides us better insight for understanding human walking, for developing prosthetic limbs and for designing superior bipedal robots. In this paper, we investigated the dynamics of a simple PDW, 2D compass-gait biped model that loosely look like human legs (without knees), using time-series analysis based on nonlinear dynamics. Previously, this passive biped model has been explored using only bifurcation diagrams and phase-space plots, but we studied it using nonlinear time-series analysis. The experimental results from walking experiments of prototype passive compass-gait biped validated the simulation results. These results can be useful for designing efficient bipedal robots.


This article examines the particles formed during optimized laser scabbling of concrete in order to help determine an effective filtration strategy for the process. The laser scabbling technique has been developed for noncontact removal of radioactive contaminated surface concrete layers. Surface layer removal is effected using a high power carbon dioxide laser beam to generate stresses in the substrate (caused by temperature gradients and dehydration) which break up the surface. The material removed will be contaminated with radionuclides and its efficient collection must be ensured to prevent the escape of radioactive contaminated particles. The filtration methods selected depend on the size of the particles produced and transport characteristics in an airflow. The particles removed were examined using a laser diffraction particle sizer (for particles below 80 μm physical diameter) and sieving (above 150 μm physical diameter) to determine the particle size distribution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM...


We have searched for evidence of Υ production in 3.5 million hadronic Z decays collected by the L3 detector at LEP in 1991–1995. No signals are observed for the decay chain Z→ΥX; Υ→l+l− (l=e,μ), therefore upper limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the following Z branching fractions: Br(Z→Υ(1S)X)<5.5×10−5, Br(Z→Υ(2S)X)<13.9×10−5, Br(Z→Υ(3S)X)<9.4×10−5.


In August 1996, Unit 4 at the Port Everglades station of Florida Power and Light Company suffered fire damage caused by a fuel oil fire in the burner area. Rapid emergency measures taken by the shift team on duty ensured that other components were not endangered and damage to Unit 4 was only minimal, as was the repair time needed to be able to return Unit 4 to operation. Training for emergency readiness is presented in the paper. The actual fire fighting activities which took place during the fire are precisely described, including initial reaction, limitation of risks, isolation of oil feed, protection of operating personnel, protection of other stations and co-operation with the local emergency services.


Provided herein are methods and compositions for treating ischemia or a disease or disorder that causes ischemia comprising contacting a subject with cysteamine, a cysteamine derivative, cystamine or a cystamine derivative. The disclosure also provides methods of modulating adiponectin levels in a subject comprising contact a subject with cysteamine, a cysteamine derivative, cystamine or a cystamine derivative.


The invention provides a method for measuring dilutability and/or viscosity of lubricating oil of a compressor. The method comprises the following steps: applying an oil pump to the compressor, wherein the lower end of the oil pump is located in the lubricating oil of a compressor oil pool; connecting the outlet of the oil pump to the high pressure side of a pressure difference detection device and connecting the low pressure side of the pressure difference detection device to the bottom of the compressor oil pool; and detecting the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the oil pump by using the pressure difference detection device to determine the dilutability and/or viscosity of the lubricating oil. In addition, the invention further provides a method for detecting the dilutability of the lubricating oil of the compressor, a control method for controlling the compressor, a control module for controlling the compressor and a refrigerating air-conditioning system.


In this paper, the investigation about a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) compound plasmonic waveguide is reported, which possesses the transmission property of plasmon induced transparency (PIT) and exhibits the potential application of refractive index sensing. The waveguide structure consists of an MIM-type bus waveguide, a horizontally placed asymmetric H-type resonator (AHR), and a circular ring resonator (CRR). The AHR is directly coupled with the bus waveguide, while the CRR is directly coupled to the AHR, but is indirectly coupled to the bus waveguide. Due to the destructive interference between two different transmission paths, PIT effect can be observed in the transmission spectrum. The finite element method (FEM) is used to study the PIT effect in detail. The results show that the transmission characteristics can be flexibly adjusted by changing the geometric parameters of the structure, and the proposed waveguide structure has potential application prospects in the area of temperature and refractive index sensing with higher sensitivity, better figure of merit, and in the area of slow light photonic devices.


Technologies for distributed energy resources including renewable generation, advanced inverters, electric storage, vehicle charging and load controls are rapidly maturing. To date, increasing penetration levels especially of solar DG and electric vehicles are primarily seen as a challenge to the legacy distribution infrastructure. In the long run, of course, distributed resources should serve as an asset to the grid: not only to optimize environmental and economic performance under expected operating conditions, but perhaps even more importantly to support a resilient grid, or islanded portions thereof, in the face of extreme events and emergencies. This panel presentation argues that a crucial step toward this goal is to improve the visibility and transparency of distribution systems. Smart operational decisions, whether reconfiguring network topology or dispatching diverse micro-resources, hinge on situational awareness, or an accurate reading of network conditions. This presentation will discuss physical monitoring and data analysis, including the use of high-precision synchrophasors (PMUs), to help expand the range of options for operating flexible and resourceful distribution systems under uncertain and changing conditions.


The represented research "Counterterrorism policy in Georgia" is dedicated to the study of counterterrorism policy in Georgia from the independence period up to now. The re-search discusses and analyzes the terrorism challenges faced by Georgia and counter-measures carried out by the government. The attention is focused on conceptual strategies and legislation regarding to combating terrorism. The important attention is paid to the discussion of geopolitical and regional processes, ongoing processes in Georgia and the conceptual framework existing in the country regarding combating terrorism.Taking into consideration the growing threat of terrorism in the world, we consider that this work will become an important source of research for scientist/researchers inter-ested in the terrorism issues.


The invention relates to compounds of flexible thermoplastic elastomer and a filler having higher thermal conductivity and made therefrom flexible thermally conductive tubes that can be used in particular as a heating or cooling tube. The mixtures according to the invention have a thermal conductivity in the range of 0.5 to 2 W / mK.


In this paper, I argue that knowledge of philosophical propositions can and should perform a role as regulative ideal in high school philosophy classes. Roughly speaking, I think that there are two kinds of knowledge assumed in high school philosophy classes: the fi rst, which, for convenience, I shall call philosophical dispositional knowledge, and the philosophical propositional knowledge. The fi rst one consists in the knowledge that takes into account only certain philosophical skills such as thesis identifi cation, argument identifi cation etc. The second one involves the guarantee of the truth of a philosophical proposition through justifi cation. I argue that the philosophical dispositional knowledge, although it is a suff icient epistemological presupposition to be assumed for the preparation of high school philosophy classes, it is not necessary. This is because this kind of knowledge does not suff iciently plays a role as the ultimate goal in philosophy classes, if we consider that Philosophy itself, by its authors, has the philosophical propositional knowledge as an ultimate goal. Further, I argue that the fi rst kind of knowledge is properly understood only if it is regulated by the second kind of knowledge ideal. Thus considered, besides the fact that, in this way, we in fact make Philosophy present itself in high school classes, we will have considerable gains for the students' posture in face of the fundamental philosophical problems. Esses ideais, ainda que ninguém possa a eles conceder realidade objetiva (existência), não devem ser compreendidos, no entanto, enquanto meras quimeras; ao invés disso, eles provêm um modelo indispensável para a razão, o qual precisa do conceito daquilo que é inteiramente completo em sua espécie, para então acessar e medir o grau e os defeitos daquilo que é im-perfeito (loc.cit.).


ABSTRACT When a set of orthogonal orbitals is localised using orthogonal transformations, the orbital metric is conserved as the unit matrix during the localisation. In this paper we describe how non-orthogonal orbitals may be localised by requiring that the orbital metric is conserved. In particular, we demonstrate how exponential mappings may be used to parametrise orbital transformations such that the orbital metric is conserved. Using this parametrisation, the localisation of non-orthogonal orbitals becomes a generalisation of the localisation for orthogonal orbitals, where the conservation of a unit metric is replaced by the conservation of a non-unit metric. As a result, standard orbital localisation functions and optimisation algorithms that have been used for localising orthogonal orbitals may also be used to localise non-orthogonal orbitals. Numerical illustrations show that the thickness of the orbital tails may be reduced when a set of non-orthogonal orbitals is localised compared to the orthogonal counterpart, and further that the physical interpretation of occupied orbitals for representing chemical bonds is preserved.


In the present study, a hydrochemical investigation was conducted in an urban area (Mediaș town Romania), in order to evaluate the ecological status of Târnava Mare River, an important river from TransylvaniaRomania. 125 water samples were collected during February and May in 2011 and 2013 to analyze the temperature, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, redox potential, F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and NH4+. The study indicated the presence of some "hot spots" along Târnava Mare River, revealing the importance of water quality improvement, especially for sulphates, nitrite and ammonium content. INTRODUCTION The surface water quality represents a very sensitive issue. Both anthropogenic processes (urban, industrial and agricultural activities, increasing consumption of water resources) and natural processes (changes in precipitations inputs, erosion) degrade the surface water quality and limits its use for drinking, industrial, agricultural, recreation or other purposes. In the present study, a hydrochemical investigation was conducted in an urban area (Mediaș town Romania), in order to: (1) determine the chemical composition of Târnava Mare River, an important river from Transylvania-Romania; (2) evaluate the ecological status of river water; (3) assess the anthropogenic influence on water quality and (4) establish if the river water can be used for agriculture purposes. Târnava Mare River springs from Gurghiu Mountains which represent a mountain unit of Moldavian-Transylvanian Carpathians. The river has a total length of 223 km and it flows through four counties. In Blaj town it joins the Târnava Mică River and together they form Târnava River. Târnava Mare River is submissive to a high degree of pollution due to the anthropogenic activities which take place along this river (Muntean et al, 2006; Vigh, 2008). EXPERIMENTAL The monitoring area, which has a length around 7 km, is representative for Mediaș town because a lot of wastewater is discharged in Târnava Mare River, especially in this monitoring area. To characterize the Târnava Mare River water quality, a monitoring was carried out during February and April 2011 and during February and April 2013. A total of 125 water samples were collected from nine points, which are representative for this area (Fig. 1). The screening from 2011 indicated that three sampling points (S3, S5 and S7) represented a high risk of pollution and in 2013 they have been intensively monitored. Figure 1: monitoring area of Târnava Mare River and the sampling points Each water sample was analyzed for 19 physico-chemical and chemical parameters. The temperature, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and redox potential (ORP) were measured in situ using a portable multiparameter (WTW 720i Germany). The analyzed dissolved ions were: F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2 -, NO3 -, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and NH4 +. The analyses were performed by ion chromatography (DIONEX ICS1500, USA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The laboratory results are synthetized in Fig. 2. The water samples proved to be generally slightly alkaline, having the pH between 7.06 and 9.38. As it is shown in Fig. 2, the pH permissible limit (6.5 8.5) set by the Romanian legislation for surface water classification (Law 161/2006) was exceeded during February (2013), April (2011) and May (2011 and 2013). The most basic waters proved to be those from sampling points S3 and S7 due to the fact that in the close vicinity of these two sampling points are discharged the wastewaters from an automobile service (S7) and from an electroplating shop (S3), where Ca(OH)2 is used for metals precipitation. The high pH level registered in these two sampling points represents a risk for the aquatic life, because a pH over 8.5 inhibits the growth of the aquatic macrophytes by impairing iron and phosphorus uptake and it reduces fish production.


A method for producing terpine resin has the steps follows: turpentine oil, toluene, catalyst aluminium chloride have polymerization in the wash the mixed outcome with hot water for draining the catalyst and waste out, then distil the outcome, recycle toluene and clear the liquid resin and the material which did not join the reaction in the course of distillation, then the toluene is made. The reactor includes enamel glass and inside cooling device which is steelless pipe groups filled with saturated salt solution of indoor temperature in the polymerization. The invention has friendly reaction, small fluctuating range of temperature, stable operation, productiving being raised by 20%, fewer equipments, low cost fir energy and production good economic benefit.


Organic solar cells are widely viewed as one of the key next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Paul Meredith from the Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics reviews the current status in the field, outlines key challenges and describes new molecular engineering approaches to create devices with improved efficiencies, stability and processability.


Objective To investigate the effects of Lamivudine combined with compound Biejiaruan tablets in the treatment of hepatitis B patients with hepatic fibrosis and the changes of serum markers. Methods Eightseven cases of chronic hepatitis B with hepatic fibrosis were randomly divided into lamivudine plus Biejiaruan tablet therapy(treatment group) and Hugan Tablet treatment (control group) to observe the changes in the liver functions and liver fibrosis markers:hyaluronic acid(HA) and IV collagen(CIV) levels. The results of each group were compared. Results The treatment group showed a significant decrease in the expression of hyaluronic acid(HA) and IV collagen(CIV) level than those of control group(P0.01). Conclusion Lamivudine plus Biejiaruan tablet therapy showed better clinical efficacy in the treatment of hepatitis B patients with liver fibrosis.


In this study, we investigated the short-term change of upper limb function in 114 consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent lymph node dissection and mastectomy. Rehabilitation was performed both before and after surgery. Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) was used to evaluate the disabilities. Measurements were performed prior to and three months after surgery. Three months after surgery, there were more difficulties in 18 of 23 items (disability) than before surgery, and more symptoms with 5 of 7 items (symptoms) (p<0.05). Therefore, postoperative breast cancer patients need routine upper limb function evaluation and rehabilitation, even after discharge.


Limited IRS enforcement resources typically focus on areas of perceived noncompliance, whether by taxpayers or practitioners. Effective client representation requires a detailed knowledge of relevant tax authorities and current IRS enforcement priorities and intiatives, together with a healthy respect for the applicable professional and ethical responsibilities. Mutual respect between government representatives and private practitioners for these responsibilities and efforts enhance our system of tax administration and should improve compliance.


I n The Making of the Populist Movement, Adam Slez situates nineteenth century Populism within the context of state-formation and economic development in the American West, focusing in particular on South Dakota. Slez combines extensive and detailed historical description with innovative quantitative analysis to examine the emergence and development of the Populist movement and to explain its transition from social movement to political party. The movement began as a network of rural cooperatives known as the Farmers' Alliance, which among other things, lobbied government to regulate the railroad industry to protect their members from the vicissitudes of the capitalist economy. Slez argues that the failure of the movement to achieve meaningful regulatory reforms propelled its members to seek resolution in the electoral arena. When faced with an ossified political field, dominated by the Republican Party, Alliance candidates ran as independents and later to formed their own political party, the People's Party (or "Populist Party"). Slez begins by outlining the contours of the political and economic fields from which the Populist movement emerged. As the region was colonized by white settlers, small outposts eventually consolidated into townships, which were then subsumed into larger counties, territories, and eventually states. Slez argues that the ability to define territorial boundaries was tantamount to the ability to define the structure of the political field. Elites competed for the locations of seats of power in the embryonic state and used territorial division as a means to consolidate their power and to provide patronage. At the same time as space was carved up into political entities, it was also being crisscrossed by railroads and related infrastructure. The farmers who settled the region depended upon this infrastructure to transport their produce from the rural hinterlands to urban markets. The railroad corporations and owners of other market infrastructure gained tremendous power, with the ability to control the prices farmers were paid for their produce and to dictate how and when this produce was purchased and distributed.


Based on the analysis of China's present legal system education contents, problems are to be raised; blankness of legal system deucation in primary school period; Partly repetition in legal system education contents in college period and in junior and senior middle school periods. With the reference of foreign countries' successful experience in school moral education, systematic contents of
legal system education are put forward in various periods - in primary schools, in junior middle
schools, in senior middle schools and in colleges.


The process skills possessed by students are currently still relatively low. This problem must be found to find out how the process skills possessed by students are. This study measures the skills of students in four schools. The purpose of this study was to describe students' process skills in each school and to determine the differences in the students' process skills in each school. This study uses quantitative research with survey research procedures. The number of samples is 140 samples. The instrument used in this research is a process skill observation sheet that an expert validator has validated. This study uses data analysis techniques in the form of descriptive statistical analysis tests and inferential statistical analysis tests. The research results on student skills can be categorized as good to very good. Good on all four indicators. Through research, it is also known that there are significant differences between process skills and there are significant differences between skills. The positive impact that teachers can feel is knowing how the process skills possessed by students in their schools are.


Part-of-speech is fundamental to English-Chinese machine translation.This paper describes an unsupervised learning of part-of-speech tagging using decision trees,only under the condition of a lexicon.


In this paper, the author presents a general description of the current teaching and learning of English vocabulary in colleges and universities in China including the existing problems as well as students' vocabulary size. Vocabulary teaching is to a certain degree neglected in the practical college English teaching and the students' command of new words can hardly satisfy the requirements prescribed by the "College English Teaching Syllabus". Causes of the reality are explored and four strategies are suggested in the paper in order for teachers to improve their teaching of vocabulary and for students to increase their efficiency in English vocabulary learning.


This paper focuses on characteristics of out-of-school activities in Sweden and how they have been institutionally changed. In Sweden, childcare is now regarded as a part of life-long education and understood in a context of children's rights, rather than parents' rights. Sweden has experienced massive reforms of childcare. One of the major reforms is the integration of childcare and education.Among many other OECD countries are discussing about the possibility of the integration, Sweden became the first country which actualized it. Factors promoting the integration include the leadership of Prime Minister, Goran Persson, economic recession, national demands for decentralization, eliminating the gap between childcare staff and compulsory education staff. (Less)


Effective moduli of nanoporous beryllium with simple random and open structures of porosity were studied using effective modulus and finite element methods. Nanosized effects were modeled within the framework of the Gurtin-Murdoch model of interface stresses. Modeling and solving the homogenization problems were performed in the ANSYS package, while structures of representative volumes with open porosity were generated in the ACELAN-COMPOS package. The influence of porosity, types of representative volumes and pore sizes on the values of effective moduli of nanoporous beryllium were analyzed.


Tack coats are generally used to facilitate a bonding between pavement layers in construction of hot-mix asphalt pavements and overlays. The goal of applying a tack coat material is to ensure the new or consecutive pavement layers respond monolithically under loading and avoid premature failure caused by debonding, mat slippage, or fatigue cracking. Multiple different in-situ and laboratory tests have been developed to evaluate bond strength of tack coat materials under tension, shear, and mixed-mode loading mechanisms. However, there is no universally accepted bond strength test method or performance criteria for tack coats within the United States. While some specifying agencies have gained familiarity and comfort with a particular bond strength test, a gap exists for many states that have not adopted a testing procedure. The objective of this paper is to compare current and newly developed tack coat bond strength tests to help determine which is most indicative in predicting field performance. Field cores from four different pavement sections with varying traffic loading conditions and early bond strength performance were sampled and tested in the laboratory using four different bond strength evaluation methods. Statistical analysis of bond strength testing results shows a strong linear correlation between pull-off and shear strength testing. Meanwhile, a novel approach to tack coat bond testing under cyclic tensile loading was explored and showed appreciable discrimination between sample locations and agreement with early field performance.


In response to the need to define the academic requirements for licensing professional engineers in Canada, the Canadian Engineering Qualifications Board formed a committee whose mandate was to define the core and supplemental bodies of knowledge for software engineering. Some of the issues and the outcome of the software engineering committee's deliberations are presented in this paper. After examining a number of inputs including national and provincial examination syllabi and curricula of accredited software engineering programs in Canada, a number of core topic areas were defined. These are: discrete mathematics, data structures and algorithms, software development (includes software engineering process, requirements design, construction, testing, maintenance, and configuration management), system reliability and safety, digital systems, computer architecture, operating systems, file and database, and systems and control. these topics generally match well with the existing examination syllabi and curricula. the supplemental areas are less well-defined and include depth in core subjects, depth in areas of specialization, and breadth in application domains.


An analysis of social mobility of Mexican-Americans in Southern California indicated that the second generation is the most upwardly mobile and measures highest on several indices of socioeconomic status and acculturation compared with immigrants and descendants of Spanish colonial settlers. Upward mobile Mexican-Americans do not shed their ethnic identification significantly, and Catholicism rather than Protestantism is found to be most associated with upward mobility. It is the shedding of lower-class culture rather than ethnicity which is most related with upward mobility.


High-performance frontal analysis (HPFA) was used for the determination of the binding constant of Sibuprofen to human serum albumin (HSA). This experiment was based on an Inertsil 100 Diol 5 column and sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4 and ionic strength of 0.17) as the mobile phase. The mixture of S-ibuprofen and HSA (70 µM) solution were directly injected into the HPFA column. An injection volume of 200 µL and a "restricted injection" method were applied to ensure the drug to be eluted as a zonal peak with a plateau. The unbound drug concentration was calculated from the peak height of the zonal peak. Scatchard analysis was used for evaluation of the binding constant (K) and binding affinity (nK) of S-ibuprofen to HSA, and the results were K = 2.833 × 10 4 [L mol −1 ], nK = 4.935 × 10 4 [L mol −1 ], respectively.


Abstract : This report provides details for collective protection, decontamination, and NBC casualties. Specifically, this report provides the following in-depth information: (1) determination of levels of chemical contamination within which MAGTF units may be required to operate using the projected midrange inventory, (2) identification of specific material requirements and procedures for vehicles, aircraft, and personnel decontamination, (3) identification of collective protection (CP) requirements, types of CP, and CP procedures for Marine Corps in a combat environment (includes air and ground combat-maneuver units, combat support, and combat service in an amphibious operation), (4) description of a handling and movement system for NBC casualties, (5) a review and analysis of a Dugway Proving Ground draft report titled 'Effects of Chemical Attacks on Tactical Staging Operations, December 1980', (6) identification of critical assumptions made in the Dugway report and comparison of their implications with current NBCD data used in the Marine Corps study, and (7) determination of where the Dugway data might impact on present NBCD doctrine and of alternative recommendations which could modify present doctrine.


This paper presents and applies a formula for the controller of a delay system which is optimally robust to gap metric uncertainty. To achieve disturbance attenuation and robust setpoint following for a plant with two lightly damped poles and a non-trivial time delay. The performance is shown to be superior to that of a Smith predictor.<<ETX>>


Data stability of static random access memory (SRAM) circuits has become an important issue with the scaling of CMOS technology. Memory arrays are also important sources of leakage since the majority of transistors are utilized for on-chip memory in today's high performance microprocessors and systems-on-chips. The use of work-function engineering to control the threshold voltage of FinFETs is explored in this paper for achieving minimum sized multi-threshold-voltage (multi-Vt) six transistor (6T) SRAM cells with sufficient data stability and lower leakage power consumption characteristics. A work-function optimization methodology for designing low power and high speed memory circuits is presented. With the proposed multi-Vt design methodology based on gate work-function engineering, the leakage power is reduced by up to 65X as compared to a standard single low threshold voltage (single- low-Vt) SRAM circuit sized for similar data stability in a 32 nm FinFET technology.


Three curcumin analogs of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde derivatives, i.e., A, B and C were synthesized using a green method using the ultrasound-assisted technique, and the process was compared to the conventional method. The improvements were achieved by decreasing the reaction time from hours to minutes and giving the higher yields of the products. The products were tested as an antidiabetic agent by treated them as an inhibitor for α-amylase activity. The result of α-amylase inhibition showed that curcumin analogs (A, B, C) have high inhibition (77.06; 76.59; 78.34%) with IC50value 23.64; 1.36; and 5.93 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the α-amylase inhibition of the combination between curcumin analog and ferulic acid showed that the curcumin analog C gave the highest inhibition level of 95.94% with IC50 13.38 μg/mL. The combination of curcumin analog A and ferulic acid has a strong synergistic effect with a combination index (CI) value of less than 1, i.e., 0.33. These curcumin analogs are quite potent in inhibiting the activity of α-amylase so that it can be a good candidate for antidiabetic drugs.


Objective To recognize the Sjgren's syndrome(SS)by assessing the clinical features of SS in children.Method Data from 17 childhood patients with definite SS were analyzed retrospectively.Results Initial clinical symptoms such as parotid swelling(7 cases),arthralgia(5 cases),dry mouth(2 cases),rush(2 cases),renalis tubulus acidosis(RTA)(1 case),were very common in childhood.The frequency of parotid swelling(13/17 cases),arthralgia(8/17 cases)was high.Dry mouth(10/17 cases)and dry eyes(5/17 cases)were also commonly seen,and SS,however,had a period of delitescence and its earlier symptoms were not obvious.RTA were also common,but its clinical symptoms were not obvious,which could be diagnosed after the abnormalities in urine analysis and blood biochemistry analysis were done.Lab findings indicated higher levels of Anti-SSA(17/17 cases),anti-SSB(17/17 cases),serum rheumatoid factor(RF)(15/15 cases),anti-nuclear antibody(ANA)(16/16 cases),IgG(9/10 cases)in all patients.Six patients had parotid sialography abnormalitis and 9 cases had Schirmer test abnormalities.Conclusions The major clinical characteristics of childhood SS cases were included:1.parotid swelling,RTA,arthralgia which appeared earlier.Dry mouth and dry eyes were also common.2.Besides the kidney,the frequency of other organ abnormalities were less commonly seen than adult.3.Anti-SSA,anti-SSB,RF,ANA,IgG were higher.4.Parotid sialography and SchirmerⅠtest are useful for the diagnosis of SS in children.5.The prognosis of SS in childhood is unclear now,and a long-term follow-up is needed.


A kind of design solution,which used the wireless modules with MCU for water supply monitoring was introduced.It can monitor the remote storage tank.Its main hardware circuit and software designing were provided.The system took 20 mA current loop to communicate between the measuring portion and transmitting portion,with strong anti-interference.The water supply information of the measuring portion was transmitted to the receiving portion by wireless modules,and was showed by the display module. The system has good flexibility,expand ability and real-time property.Its running results show that it is reliable and steady.It is good for practical application.


What has most distinguished the study of literature in Europe and North America over the past few decades has been the intensity of its encounter with philosophy—with philosophy as a discourse holding out a promise of systematic coherency, of a response to criticism's perceived need to relate its findings to a unifying theory. Our con temporary concern with philosophy, rather than seeking to relate a given work to the philosophical presuppositions of its period, has been marked by a growing and sometimes preponderant concern with the presuppositions of reading, with the elaboration and defense of various critical theories through which it is assumed that all analy ses of the literary text must justify themselves if they are to make any claim to coherence, meaning, and value. It is only, the recent history of literary study seems to tell us, within the framework of a poten tially universal theory of literature that the critic might defend his discourse as something other than an exercise in impressionism. This recourse to theory as the touchstone of value in literary studies has brought with it a displacement of interest from what is specific to the work under consideration to the underlying presuppo sitions and systemic cogency of the philosophical constructs in terms of which the particular analysis is carried out. Theory must become, this position would seem to dictate, the center, support, and ultimate end of all critical discourse. Movements as different from one another as structuralism, sociocri ticism, psychocriticism, reader-response theory, hermeneutics, and deconstruction share the common strategy of proposing representa tions of the specific texts they deal with which equate the work under study with elements simultaneously deducible from and consolidat ing the overriding theoretical constructs with which they are concom itant. The theorist's statements about a given text become valid only to the extent they are able to establish themselves as particularizing corollaries to a general theory of literature assumed to be capable of so situating and so evaluating all possible literary works. The literary


In the last decade, citizen science (CS) has seen a renewed interest from both traditional science and the lay public as testified by a wide number of initiatives, projects, and dedicated technological applications. One of the main reasons for this renewed interest lies in the fact that the ways in which citizen science projects are designed and managed have been significantly improved by the recent advancements in information and communications technologies (ICT), especially in the field of geoinformatics. In this research work, we investigate currently active citizen science projects that involve geoinformation to understand how geoinformatics is actually employed. To achieve this, we define eight activities typically carried out during the implementation of a CS initiative as well as a series of approaches for each activity, in order to pinpoint distinct strategies within the different projects. To this end, a representative set of ongoing CS initiatives is selected and surveyed. The results show how CS projects address the various activities, and report which strategies and technologies from geoinformatics are massively or marginally used. The quantitative results are presented, supported by examples and descriptions. Finally, cues and critical issues coming from the research are discussed.


Emotion and consciousness - current research and controversies, A.W. Kaszniak the nature of typical emotions, A. Ben-Ze'ev emotions associated to cognitive revision as a basis for values, P. Livet neuro-affective processes and the brain substrates of emotion - emerging perspective and dilemmas, J. Pankseep imagery and emotion - information networks in the brain, P.J. Lang hemispheric asymmetries in representation and control of emotions - evidence from unilateral brain damage, G. Gainotti hierarchical organization of emotional experience and its neural substrates, R. Lane metal representations, the reticular activating system and emotions, B. Cabott antecedents and functions of emotion episodes, N.H. Frijda the communication of emotion, U. Hess the mental representation of romantic jealousy - a blended emotion (and more), D.J. Sharpsteen other papers.


This paper and workshop provide an examination of how English teachers can successfully engage students possessing a disparate range of abilities and cultural capital. While there has been a trend towards 'specialist classrooms' (single sex, enrichment, targeted literacy) there has been no corresponding incline towards 'specialist teachers'. In any one day a teacher is required to differentiate curriculum for several subjects, levels and learning styles. Literacy, rather than a problem to be solved, should be seen as a fire to be lit - empowerment, liberation and an antidote to 'the inarticulate speech of the heart'. Like the beach, the English classroom should be the most democratic setting for each student to find a niche, to find his or her own voice; whether it be story writing, reading for pleasure and discovery, active listening, or critical evaluation of the media forms that help shape their lives. The presenter will use two model programmes to demonstrate how English units can be modified to cater for targeted literacy groups in a Year 9 class TIFF (Taking Initiative for the Future) and an integrated English/ HSIE enrichment class (Deep Enrichment English Programme). Practical strategies to engage students of all levels will be discussed and demonstrated.


Zi Zhi Tong Jian (Comprehensive Mirror Providing Material for Government) by Sima Guang (1019-1086) of Northern Sung Dynasty contains 294 volumes in which it recounts the Chinese history text of annual chronology in 1362 years from Warring States to the Tang Dynasty. Upon the Sung Dynasty was overthrown by Yuan Dynasty, Hu Sanxing (1230-1302) of the Southern Sung Dynasty led a reclusive life during which he composed Zi Zhi Tong Jian Zhu (Annotation on Comprehensive Mirror Providing Material for Government) given in detailed recountal. Professor Chen Yuan (1880-1971) in the republics lived in Beijing during the Sino-Japanese War and composed Tong Jian Hu Zhu Biao Wei (Subtle Expression of Annotation on Hu Sanxing's Comprehensive Mirror Providing Material for Government), honoring Hu's feeling torn by the fall of nation and patriotism committed to his Zi Zhi Tong Jian Zhu. Aiming to analyze the methods of biao wei (subtle expression) in Chen Yuan's Tong Jian Hu Zhu Biao Wei, this study sets forth six focal points and gives illustrations for in-depth interpretation.


The research results on solid fermentation technology of Rhizopus chinensis indicated: the appropriate conditions were beginning moisture content 0. 75 mL/g dry substance, fermentation humidity 70%, beginning ventilation 640 L/min,560 L/min after 30 h. Productivity of the fibrinolytic enzyme went up to peak value by above conditions. The crude enzyme was purified with ultrafiltra-tion concentration and ammonium sulfate fractionation. The specific activity was 23.32 U/mg, 70. 2% of the fibrinolytic enzyme was recovered with 11.05-fold purification.


What factors determine the involvement of employee representatives in continuing vocational training? This article uses data from the European Company Survey 2009 to examine firm-level and country-level characteristics in 27 European Union (EU) countries. Multilevel logistic regressions indicate that employee representatives increase the probability of companies providing training needs assessments and time off for training. This association is stronger for disadvantaged groups of employees (low-skilled or temporary employees) if the representatives receive support from encompassing collective agreements, strong trade unions or regular training.


Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of light alkanes catalyzed by metal oxides is considered to be a thermodynamically favorable process for olefin production. The strong interaction between the unoccu...


Clinical significance of anti-cancer effects of Huaier has been emphasized recently. We have proved that a broad spectrum of Huaier effects was based on the rescue of the disrupted Hippo signalling pathway, especially through the rescue of transcriptional dysregulation. We initiated clinical research for thorough understanding of mode of action by total RNA- and small non-coding RNA-sequencing. Here we provide the surprising genomic plasticity by Huaier observed in the time course of recovery from cancer. The extensive changes in RNA editing events were first observed, such as average 92,427 SNP variances per individual (22,688 in normal control). The subsequent changes in the process of translation and transcription resulted in the drastic changes in number of up/down-regulated transcripts. The ratio of the changes at maximum was 85% (23,210/27,447). With the advent of many novel sequences found in small nuclear RNAs and the consequent gene-silencing derived from miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional control, quantitative and qualitative changes of expression in transcriptional factors (mean 1,115/person) contributed to rescue dysregulated functions occurred in almost all required physiological functions for cancer recovery. The transcription control was demonstrated as functional lineage map between the core transcriptional factor and functionally linked transcripts, and the recovery could be clearly shown as the silencing of those massive changes in the end. The genetic alterations, especially related to the inhibition of NFκB and TGF-β signalling pathways showed significant effects on the improvement of prognosis. Thus, Huaier therapy contributes to cancer cell death with damaged tissue regeneration by extensive and systematic genomic modulations.


Purpose – This paper aims to provide a critical analysis of UK Government policy in respect of recent moves to attract young people into engineering. Drawing together UK and EU policy literature, the paper considers why young people fail to look at engineering positively. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing together UK policy, practitioner and academic-related literature the paper critically considers the various factors influencing young people's decision-making processes in respect of entering the engineering profession. A conceptual framework providing a diagrammatic representation of the "push" and "pull" factors impacting young people at pre-university level is given. Findings – The discussion argues that higher education in general has a responsibility to assist young people overcome negative stereotypical views in respect of engineering education. Universities are in the business of building human capability ethically and sustainably. As such they hold a duty of care towards the next generation. From an engineering education perspective, the major challenge is to present a relevant and sustainable learning experience that will equip students with the necessary skills and competencies for a lifelong career in engineering. This may be achieved by promoting transferable skills and competencies or by the introduction of a capabilities-driven curriculum which brings together generic and engineering skills and abilities. Social implications – In identifying the push/pull factors impacting young people's decisions to study engineering, this paper considers why, at a time of global recession, young people should select to study the required subjects of mathematics, science and technology necessary to study for a degree in engineering. The paper identifies the long-term social benefits of increasing the number of young people studying engineering. Originality/value – In bringing together pedagogy and policy within an engineering framework, the paper adds to current debates in engineering education providing a distinctive look at what seems to be a recurring problem – the failure to attract young people into engineering.


This paper performs a generalized steady-state analysis on various developed series of cascade boost converters based on the switching signal flow graph (SFG) method. A unified switching model is constructed and can be applied to all the circuits. The effects caused by diodes are considered. With the applications to the example, the proposed generalized analytical method shows the advantages of high convenience and practicability. The experimental results are provided to support the theoretical analysis


Hydrogen adsorption properties of two different high surface area carbon materials of templated carbon (TC) and superactivated carbon (AX-21) doped with three different metals (Ru, Pt, and Ni) have been studied. The equilibrium hydrogen storage capacities followed the order of Ru/C > Pt/C > Ni/C on both TC and AX-21. Ru doped on templated carbon (Ru/TC) showed a hydrogen storage capacity of 1.43 wt % at 298 K and 10.3 MPa. Furthermore, a thermal reduction method was applied to increase the contacts between the Ru metal particles and the carbon support, and in turn, to facilitate hydrogen spillover. The ruthenium-doped templated carbon by thermal reduction (Ru/TC-T) showed the highest hydrogen storage of 1.56 wt % at 298 K and 10.3 MPa, resulting in an enhancement factor of 2 compared with that of the undoped carbon. These experimental results were interpreted by using a simple mechanistic model for hydrogen spillover.


Since the first plasma was achieved in 2008, the quench detection system for the Korea Superconducting Advanced Tokamak Research (KSTAR) coils has been successfully operated. Simple bridge circuits and cowound voltage sensors were used for the first quench detectors. In order to enhance the reliability and stability of the quench detection especially for the pulse coils such as the KSTAR CS coil, a couple of schemes to actively reject inductive voltages have been added and tested. They have focused on rejecting as much inductive voltages as possible and increasing the noise rejection ratio (NRR) because the inductive voltage noise is a main factor to disturb the stable quench detection. One scheme is to use the voltage difference between two balanced bridge voltages or two voltages of cowound voltage sensors, where each voltage is the voltage across each of two coils having the same electrical currents and structurally symmetry. The other is to use the voltage difference between the measured voltage and the calculated voltage. With the additional schemes, inductive voltages were reduced so that the NRR could substantially increase up to 20 000. In this paper, the upgraded quench detection system was described for the KSTAR PF1 coil and the performance results were presented together with experimental data in the 2016 KSTAR campaign.


Co3O4 is a normal spinel with only A-A interactions which becomes antiferromagnetic at TN ≈ 40 K. The exchange integrals between one ion and its first and second neighbours are derived from the second moment of energy distributions of neutrons scattered by a polycrystalline sample in its paramagnetic state (155 K) and from a Green's function analysis of TN. The result, J1/kB = −(7.27 ± 0.25) K and |J2|/kB < 0.3 K, indicates that the interaction with the nearest neighbours is by far dominant.

Co3O4 est un spinelle normal dans lequel les interactions magnetiques s'exercent seulement entre des ions situes sur le sous-reseau A; il devient antiferromagnetique a une temperature d'environ 40 K. Les valeurs des integrales d'echange entre un ion et ses premiers et seconds voisins ont ete obtenues du deuxieme moment de la distribution energetique des neutrons diffuses par un echantillon polycristallin a une temperature de 155 K et d'une analyse theorique de TN au moyen du formalisme des fonctions de Green. Le resultat, J1/kB = − (7,27 ± 0,25) K et |J2|/kB < 0,3 K, indique que les interactions entre les plus proches voisins sont de loin predominantes.


This paper deals with the morphology and life cycle of a new species of Chloromonas sinica H.J.Hu et C.T.Yin (Chlamydomanaceae,Volvocales) from Wuhan,P.R.China.The alga (smaller discoid chloroplast and special habitate ) seems to be morphologically rather distinct from the other members of Genus Chloromonas. The investigation of the life history of this alga in the cultural condition reveals vegetative division,asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction which is homothallic,heterogametic and produces smaller male gametes and larger female gametes.The study has proved that there are not pyrenoid on the chloroplast in the all stages of the life history of this alga.Therefore,Chloromonas as a taxa is valid genus.


The Sun-Earth L1 point manifolds have many advantages over L2 point manifolds when being used in the design of Earth-Moon transfer trajectory. First, the bi-circular model is introduced, the transformation of state vector between synodic coordinates is given, by choosing a suitable Poincare section, Sun-Earth L1 point manifold and Earth-Moon L2 point manifold are patched together. In order to minimize delta V cost at patching point, a novel section method is proposed, then parameterization method and Newton method are used to solve for the initial state vector in Poincare section. Finally, transfer trajectories designed by utilizing Sun-Earth L1 point manifolds and L2 point manifolds are compared, the result shows that transfer trajectory based on L1 point manifolds has lower fuel consumption and shorter time of flight.


These boxes 1ecomportant each a polygonal cross-section can body in which the various sides are provided with complementary assembly slides, male and female, for assembling side by side a greater or lesser number of such boxes. It is further provided frames 14 of polygonal contour adapted to surround each of a larger or smaller number of such boxes assembled first side by side. Or the inner walls of these frames themselves comprise slideways adapted to be assembled with the existing slides on the outer sides of corresponding boxes, so that such frame forms a set of one piece with the packing boxes placed inside thereof. These plates may be used for the individual packaging of various articles or products, such as makeup products.


Objective To investigate the relationship between left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. Methods We studied 34 patients with hypertension and 15 healthy subjects using echocardiography. The diameter of left main coronary artery was detected before and after cold pressure test (DICPT)or nitroglycerin (DING) using echocardiography with probe located on the beginning of left main coronary artery. Results Compared with the normal control (14.98%±1.54%), the coronary artery dilatation induced by cold pressure test was lower both in patients without left hypertrophy(9.18%±1.12%, n=5)and with left hypertrophy (4.27%±2.01%, n=19) with remarkable difference between them(P0.01). The left ventricular mass index (LVMI)was higher in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH)(159.6±29.6)g/m 2 than that without left ventricular hypertrophy(98.8±12.8)g/m 2 and that in the normal(113.1±13.1)g/m 2(P0.001). No significant difference in blood pressure between the two hypertensive groups[(155.4±4.8/95.5±6.5 vs 154.4±4.6/98.2±4.4)mm Hg, P0.05] was found. LVMI correlated negatively with the coronary artery dilatation induced by cold pressure test (r=-0.54,P0.000 1). Conclusion Left ventricular hypertrophy was associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. The coronary endothelial dysfunction may contribute to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy.=


PURPOSE: A wired and wireless MAC (Media Access Control) adapter and a frame transmission method using the same are provided to supply a wired and wireless service on a single access network based on OFDMA-PON (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network). CONSTITUTION: A service network interface (202) transfers a MAC (Media Access Control) frame or CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) data corresponding to a wired service or a wireless service. A frame converting unit (203) converts the MAC frame into an OFDM frame. The MAC frame indicates a frame structure of the MAC frame or the CPRI data. An OFDM interface (204) transmits the OFDM frame to an optical OFDM frame by dynamically allocating sub-carrier according to the characteristic of transmission. [Reference numerals] (201) Wired and wireless MAC adapter; (202) Service network interface; (203) Frame converting unit; (204) OFDM interface; (205) Wired interface; (206) Wireless interface; (207) First converting unit; (208) Information extraction unit; (209) Second converting unit; (210) Sub-carrier control unit; (211) OFDM frame transmitting unit


In the light of the issues of the efficacious data conversion between the architectural design software and the structural analysis and design software,introduces an interface that data converts the IFC files derived from Revit to the 3D3S files,enables the automatic generation of the structural model.


The article discusses the phenomenon of social escapism by means of information networks (based on the Internet) as an evolutionary factor in the development of the society. It analyzes the causes of this phenomenon and makes their classification.


Today, industrial production is not the only source of goods in the market and not so much the form of the realization of the aspirations of the businessman to profit, but the social doctrine of material prosperity in the country. This is so-called social side of the industrial labor: wages as the financial basis of the welfare of employed members of households and taxes on labor as the financial basis of the welfare of the unemployed household members. But this mechanism is triggered when the employee is stimulated to work efficiently, and the employer has an incentive to compensate adequately the worker for his quality efforts in manufacturing. The salary only is not able to lead to a qualitatively new economic growth. We need new incentives – first of all, the factors of labor or human capital.Human capital is a factor of increasing of economic efficiency growth and the factor of growth of frequency and national wealth (Becker, 1964).To improve the quality of human capital the management of the enterprise should base on the development of forms and methods of motivation of employees that are directly associated with non-financial incentives to work and self-realization.The author makes an attempt to study non-financial incentives to work as the basis of development and growth of human capital, their relationship to the performance and quality of work, and the impact on innovative development of the enterprise.


The newest generation of sound intensity measurement equipment is small and light enough to be handheld when used for measurements in the field. This increases the need for field verification of the equipment. Field verification must be easy to perform and should not require the equipment to be taken apart. Therefore it was decided at Brüel & Kjær to develop an intensity probe calibrator that could be used for the two-microphone intensity probe as it is, without dismounting the spacer. The geometry of the cavity of the calibrator with probe is rather complex, and it turned out that a simple model based on geometric considerations could not be made for predicting the acoustic properties of the calibrator. Therefore a Boundary Element Model of the calibrator cavity was developed and successfully used in the design of the calibrator. The calculations are shortly described, and the sound fields in the coupler with different cavity geometries and source configurations and the corresponding microphone responses are discussed. INTRODUCTION The newest generation of sound intensity measurement equipment is small and light enough to be handheld when used for measurements in the field. The hand-held Brüel & Kjær Investigator Sound Intensity System Type 2260E/3595 is a good example of such measurement equipment. As in all measurements, the equipment for sound intensity measurements must be calibrated and verified before and after use. While in the laboratory it is not so important how the calibration is made, field calibration and verification must be easy to perform and should not require the equipment to be taken apart. Since this is not the case with sound intensity calibrators available until now, it was decided at Brüel & Kjær to develop a new intensity probe calibrator for field use. The design goals for the calibrator were: i) that it could be used for the Brüel&Kjær 1⁄2" two-microphone intensity probe as it is, without dismounting the spacer, ii) that it should be usable for absolute sensitivity calibrations as well as for pressure residual intensity index verification, and iii) that it should fulfil the requirements of International Standards IEC 60942 Type 1 and IEC 61043 Class 1. A prototype for the new calibrator was designed based on classical, 'sound' acoustical considerations, e.g. symmetry, as small a volume as feasible around the probe. The design of the prototype was not far Bernard Ginn Page 2 of 2 from the design of the final Brüel & Kjær Sound Intensity Calibrator Type 4297, but it turned out to work in a much smaller frequency band than expected. The unexpected behaviour was intensively discussed and a number of modifications of the prototype were made. The behaviour could not be explained by means of any suggested geometrical, lumped parameter or impedance considerations and no significant improvements were achieved with the modifications. Therefore it was decided to make a numerical model in order to find an explanation of the behaviour of the sound field in the coupler and to see if there were any possibilities of improvement. Since one of the authors, Vicente Cutanda, at the same time was working with Boundary Element Modeling, BEM, of the interior of microphones, a model of the coupler could be implemented fast with his software. GEOMETRY The calibrator consists of an axisymmetrical coupler cavity where the complete probe with spacer can be inserted. Basically, the coupler is a cylindrical cavity in which the intensity probe is placed with mutual symmetry axis and symmetry plane. In the prototype the coupler cavity was connected to another cavity with the sound source and a reference microphone through a small hole in the wall midway between the microphone diaphragms. In the final design the sound source is a part of a ring source situated in the coupler wall midway between the microphones and connected to the cavity through a slit. The cavity in the final design is also connected to another cavity with a reference microphone, but that is of minor importance in this context. Figure 1. The coupler geometry defined for the calculations, see also figure 2. CALCULATIONS The BEM method used for the calculations was the direct collocation method in a formulation for axisymmetric bodies [1] with an improved calculation method for near-singular integration [2]. The actual formulation used allows for the calculation of non-axisymmetric sound fields by using a cosine expansion of the acoustical variables, i.e. pressure, particle velocity and excitation [3]. The terms in the expansion represent a sound field with an increasing number of nodelines. The first term, m=0, represents the axisymmetric part of the sound field and the following terms represent the non-axisymmetric part of the sound field. In this case, a non-axisymmetric velocity distribution on the boundary was used for the excitation. No losses were taken into consideration in the calculations, and the microphone diaphragms were assumed to be blocked. Calculations were made for a wide variety of dimensions and shapes within the basic geometry of the coupler cavity. Here a few of the calculations are presented so as to demonstrate the influence of the variations and the important results. In the examples the sound source is a half ring source in the coupler wall at the symmetry plane of the probe spacer (in the middle of the coupler). Also, one of the microphones is slightly displaced from its correct position so that the gaps between the spacer and the diaphragm are different at the two microphones. Coupler wall Spacer Microphone diaphragms Seal between coupler and microphone Bernard Ginn Page 3 of 3 Figure 2. Photographs of the final calibrator. The probe is a 1⁄2" probe with a 12 mm spacer. The slit with the sound source is seen in the middle of the coupler cavity. Figure 3. Coupler with different diameter and with and without spacer. Half-ring source. Condition number plots for the first four terms in the cosine expansion of the sound field. a: 7.2 mm with spacer. b: 8.0 mm with spacer. c: 8.5 mm with spacer. d: 8.0 mm without spacer. The condition number of the coefficient matrix is a convenient means to locate the eigenfrequencies of the coupler [4]. This is due to the instability generated in the system of equations in the vicinity of such eigenmodes. Since the condition number is a measure of the system ill-conditioning, it presents maxima at those frequencies. In figure 3 the condition numbers are shown for the system of equations for the first four terms of the cosine expansion. Whereas the eigenfrequencies of the configurations with the spacer do not correspond in a simple way to the dimensions of the coupler, the eigenfrequencies for the 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 x 1 0 4 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 4 1 0 5 F r e q u e n c y m = 0


An interesting part bind cactus cultivation is their obtained on seeds, methods who allow a good acclimatization still to first development phases and minimal expenses comparatively with results value. In this paper we followed behaviour of 7 cactus species (Mamillaria elongata, M. mezatlaensis, M. neomystax, M. obconella, M. prolifera, Echinocereus spinigemmatus and E. blanckii) to seed multiplication through classic method (sowing in peat) and hidroculture method (sowing in peat+sand 3/1). Number of seeds/species (variant) was 15 for both methods. Results obtained are presented in table no.1. Table 1 Behaviour of cactus species to different sowing methods


GENERALIZATION In 1907, Dr. Max Eckert read a paper entitled, 'On the Nature of Maps and Map Logic,' before the German Geographical Meeting in Nuremberg. In this seminal paper Eckert identified two types of maps: topographic maps, also called chorographic and survey, and their antithesis, which he termed 'geographically abstract' maps. Geographically abstract maps present, in cartographic form, the results of scientific induction and deduction which includes all general economic, commercial, statistical, ethnographic, population, and physical maps. Eckert also felt these abstract maps, owing to their nature, were usually drawn to small scale. Eckert used this basic classification to discuss the role of 'art' in cartography. Precisely, Eckert stated:


Information on the combining ability and heterotic patterns of maize germplasm is of great value to maize breeders.The objective of this study is to determine the heterosis and combining ability of 10 yellow Quality Protein Maize (QPM) inbreeds.Among these 10 QPM inbreeds,5 are tropical and subtropical QPM inbreeds introduced from CIMMYT,another 5 are from domestic provinces.These 10 QPM inbreeds were used to make up a 10-parent diallel and these 45 crosses were tested in three different environments in Yunnan Province and Guangxi Autonomous region.Highly significant difference was observed among 45 entries and 3 environments for grain yield,while non-significant difference among 3 replications.General combining ability (GCA) was highly significant difference for grain yield,while specific combining ability (SCA) were non-significant.The highest-yielding cross was CML166×Qi205 (10880 Kg / hm 2) and the lowest-yielding cross was Chang631/02×Zhongxi096/02 (5496 Kg / hm 2).The highest value of GCA for grain yield is CML161 (1010.53),CML166 (947.11),while the lowest value is Zhongxi096/02 (-1119.98).The highest value of SCA for grain yield is CML194×Xin9101/02 (1813.50) and CML166×Qi205 (1272.00),while the lowest value is Xin9101/02×Qi205 (-1670.96).According to the performance of grain yield,these 10 QPM inbreeds could be divided into 4 heterotic groups.


In this study, we have designed and synthesized a series of multifunctional cationic iridium(III) complexes with different lengths of N-alkyl chains on 2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole-based cyclometalated ligands and phenyl-pyridine type ancillary ligands. The photophysical properties of each complex have been investigated in detail and also ascertained by comprehensive density functional theory calculations. Despite showing negligible influence on their emission spectra and excited-state characteristics in solution, altering the N-alkyl chain length can efficiently modify their photophysical properties in the solid state. All complexes exhibit fascinating visible piezochromic luminescence (PCL) behaviour. Most interestingly, these iridium(III)-based luminophores with longer N-alkyl chains display significant emission colour changes and unique reversible features by mechanical grinding and solvent fuming. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry data demonstrate that the phase transitions between crystalline and amorphous states are crucial to the present piezochromism. Moreover, with the merit of high quantum efficiency in aggregate states, the studied iridium(III) complex can serve as an efficient sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of the explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP).


A unique lunar property The moon has a unique property compared to the terrestrial and gas giant planets of our solar system. This property consists of the ability to record and preserve evidence of both external and internal events and processes over a time span that includes most of solar system history. Every exposed surface of the moon accumulates implanted solar wind atoms, is modified by both solar flare events and cosmic rays, is exposed to solar UV which may make changes in crystal structures and composition, and is impacted by micrometeorites which create craters, melts soil, produces agglutinates, sprays melted rock, and produces vapor from highly heated silicates and oxides. The "signal" from all of these events and processes is recorded in the uppermost regolith layer, in individual soil grains, and by exposed rock surfaces. This signal consists of chemical changes, changes in morphology and texture of soil grains, implantation of atoms from the sun, radiation damage for cosmic rays and solar flare events, and other modifications driven directly by the complex interaction between solid lunar rocks and soil and the environment of the solar system. Even rare events such as nearby supernovae may have left a series of distinctive changes in lunar material. This recorded signal, if found and properly decoded, is a record of these types of events over the history of the moon. If not covered up, this recorded signal is overwritten and destroyed by later events; the record of earlier events disappears. However, processes exist which can preserve some of this record. For example, the moon has had some endogenic surface modification over the past 4 gy. While lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic vents are common in the mare areas, much of the moon has been modified only by external impacts during the period time since the end of the great basin-forming impact events. Surfaces covered by volcanic flows and ejecta become a reasonably permanent record of events in the early solar system. In addition, except for the smallest micrometeorites, all lunar impact events create ejecta and debris which cover exposed rock and soil. This coverage is continuous near the crater, becomes discontinuous out a few crater diameters, and may also include rays which may extend extremely long distances. As a consequence, most exposed rock and regolith surfaces are eventually covered to some degree by these impact ejecta.


Departamento de Fi´sica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - MG, 30123-970 Brazil~Received 21 December 2000; published 6 June 2001!Resonant Raman scattering ~RRS! measurements made with a tunable laser provide a highly reliable tech-nique to study the shape of the joint density of electronic states ~JDOS! of isolated single-wall carbon nano-tubes ~SWNTs!. RRS can be used to determine the energy value for the one-dimensional ~1D! van Hovesingularities of a SWNT with a precision better than 5 meV, thereby providing important information thatcould be used for subsequent measurements on this same SWNT. With RRS, the measured width of the JDOSis on the order of ;0.121.0 meV, further demonstrating that SWNTs really provide a remarkably good modelfor 1D mesoscopic systems.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.245416 PACS number~s!: 78.30.Na, 78.66.Tr