The jokulhlaup from Lake Grimsvotn in Vatnajokull Ice Cap in 1996 was initiated by a different physical mechanism to that assumed in traditional theories of jokulhlaups. The maximum discharge was reached only 16 h after the start of the flood at the terminus. Water outbursts, through a >300 m thick glacier near the terminus, indicate water pressures several bars in excess of ice overburden at the beginning of the flood. A deep ice canyon was formed in the ice cap near Lake Grimsvotn extending along about 10% of the subglacial floodpath. Frozen sediments formed in crevasses and frazil ice on the surface of the flood waters indicate the flow of supercooled water in the terminus region. These observations can be interpreted such that the jokulhlaup was initiated by the movement of a localized pressure wave that travelled 50 km in 10 h from Lake Grimsvotn to the terminus, forming a subglacial pathway along the glacier bed. Shortly after this wave reached the terminus, the jokulhlaup was flowing at a high discharge through a tunnel which would have needed much a longer time to form by ice melting as assumed in existing theories of jokulhlaups. The observations also indicate that in current theories the rate of heat transfer from subglacial flood water to the overlying ice is greatly underestimated.


Needs analysis can be a vital asset for teachers of English for specific purposes (ESP) to identify their learners' key requirements or needs and determine the areas in which they are lacking skills. Against this background, this study was undertaken during the academic year 2015-16 to define the English language needs of engineering students (N= 200) majoring in civil engineering and industrial engineering. The data of this study was collected from different sources, including a classroom observation protocol, a questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview with both ESP and subject-matter teachers (SM) at Umm Al-Qura University. Results of the data analysis offered significant insights as to the teaching of ESP course. The study revealed that receptive skills (i.e., reading and listening) were mostly focused on in ESP classes. It has been also reported that writing and reading along with speaking skills were needed more than others. The data analysis helped to determine the most important language tasks in the context of engineering studies. Finally, a call was being made by both ESP and SM teachers to enhance the quality of the ESP course taught to engineering students by offering relevant suggestions. Based on these findings, the present study concluded with implications for course designers and recommendations for future studies.


philosophies outlined in this book, as they have contemporary relevance well beyond music education. More than that, if as a society we could be brave enough to grasp and implement particular concepts more boldly, such as the desire for excellence for all, the world might be a richer, more equitable and fulfilling place to inhabit. This is best summed up using the words of Welch and Ockelford in their chapter 'Music for all': 'To be human is to be musical, and to be offered the opportunities for musical engagement is every child's right' (p. 50). By restricting and rationing music engagement, we suppress the education and cognitive development of our children and young people. Let us hope for more books like this, to encourage educators and policy-makers to reconsider the vital role of music education within contemporary society.


This paper proposes a hybrid control method based on model predictive control (MPC) and iterative learning control (ILC) for the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in the application of islanded microgrid with photovoltaic (PV) generation. The hybrid method helps to deal with the sudden change in generation and load power demands. MPC aims to regulate the current of the battery and the supercapacitor (SC) to track the dynamic current references. An improved quadratic programming algorithm is proposed to reduce the iterations in online optimization. To compensate for the steady-state error caused by the power loss in the power electronic devices, a controller based on ILC is designed to correct the dynamic current references of HESS. Simulation results are used to verify the proposed algorithm. Validations using hardware experimental results substantiate the improved performance of the proposed control method in terms of reduced voltage regulations.


This study examines the structural and functional features and institutional stability of enterprise unions in the Korean manufacturing sector in the late 1980s. Both the positive relationship between the proportion of unionized firms and firm size, and the distinct function of enterprise unions are identified and explained. The dramatic rise of the labor movement since mid-1987 undermined the institutional stability of Korean enterprise unions. Finally, a broad comparison of enterprise unions between Korea and Japan helps to clarify the distinct characteristics of Korean enterprise unions. The findings of this study call for further research in order to investigate diverse forms of enterprise unionism within and across Asian nations.


Hawthorn, as one of widely-used traditional Chinese medicines, has been used to treat dyspepsia, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease in clinic. Our previous study revealed that gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, vitexin, and quercetin were active components of hawthorn. In this study, a simple, precise and reliable LC-MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of five components in rat serums. The separation was achieved on the Hypersil GOLD C18 column, and the mobile phases consisted of 0.1% acetic acid water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The MS data acquisition was performed on a Q-Extractive-Orbitrap MS with an ESI source in negative ion mode. The proposed LC-MS method was validated in terms of linearity, intra- and inter-precision, accuracy, recoveries, matrix effects, and stability. Then this newly proposed LC-MS method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study on rats after oral administration of hawthorn aqueous extracts. This study provided relevant information on the pharmacokinetics of active components of hawthorn, and explained the underlying mechanism of their bioactivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


In this article, we propose a four-parameter asymmetric doubly Pareto-uniform (DPU) distribution with support (−∞, ∞) whose density and cumulative distribution functions are constructed by seamlessly concatenating the left and right Pareto tails with a uniform central part. Properties of the distribution are described and a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure for its parameters is obtained. Two illustrative examples of the MLE procedure are provided. The first example utilizes an i.i.d. sample of standardized log-differences of bi-monthly 30-year U.S. conventional mortgage interest rates (1971–2004). The second example deals with the height of 100 female Australian athletes.


8 Rapid Science Publishers ISSN 1350-6277 Introduction T h e development of atherosclerotic disease is a complex process, involving interactions among immune cells and cytokines, lipids and lipoproteins, blood coagulant and fibrinolytic systems, and endothelial and smooth muscle cells [l]. Although such factors as dietary fat intake, exercise, and smoking clearly affect the risk of atherosclerosis, familial aggregation of coronary artery disease (CAD) [Z] and the existence of monogenic disorders that increase the risk of CAD, such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FHC) [3], leave no doubt that genetic factors are also involved [4].


OBJECTIVE: To determine whether athlete performance on baseline clinical reaction time (RTclin) assessment differs when tested individually versus in groups. BACKGROUND: When using objective test results as part of a concussion management program, it is critical that the athlete9s baseline data represents their optimal performance. RTclin is a simple and reliable tool that is sensitive to the effects of sport-related concussion. While carrying out baseline assessments in groups is often more practical, the effect of individual versus group setting on baseline RTclin performance is unknown. DESIGN/METHODS: 102 NCAA athletes (85 males, 83%) completed baseline RTclin assessments in both group and individual test settings during their pre-participation physical examinations. Mean RTclin was calculated over 8 trials, by converting the distance a rigid vertical body released by the examiner fell before being arrested by the athlete into a reaction time (ms), using the known acceleration of gravity. The order of testing was haphazardly assigned with 73 (72%) athletes being tested in the group setting first. RESULTS: RTclin was 7 ms faster when tested in the individual versus the group setting (198 + 21 vs. 205 + 15 ms, p = .0016 for unadjusted paired t-test). When test order was controlled for using a linear mixed model, this difference failed to reach statistical significance (p = .0947) due to the presence of an order effect (second RTclin assessment averaged 10ms faster than first; p=.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline RTclin results in collegiate athletes did not differ when athletes were tested in a group versus individual setting. This suggests that group testing, which may be more practical during pre-participation physical examinations, is acceptable. The significant order effect identified suggests that a learning effect may be present. Additional practice trials should be considered to decrease the influence of this learning effect on baseline RTclin results. Supported by: University of Michigan Summer Biomedical Research Program. Disclosure: Dr. Ladue has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eckner9s institution has received research support from Elminda LTD. Dr. Kutcher has received personal compensation for activities with the National Hockey League Players9 Association, and the National Basketball Association Concussion Program. Dr. Kutcher has received research support from ElMindA, Ltd.


AbstractRadioactive waste in Croatia is generated from various nuclear applications as well as from the Krsko NPP (a joint venture Slovenian and Croatian facility). The national programme on radioactive waste management is aimed at straightening existing infrastructure in the field, establishing a new and more transparent system of responsibilities as well as developing new legislation. The siting of the LLW/ILW repository in the Repubic of Croatia is one of the most important steps in the whole radioactive waste management cycle. A review of the main activities, the role of institutions involved and some on-going projects which cover the present situation in the field of radioactive waste management in Croatia are presented.


The author analyzes his material on spinal anesthesia, performed by him in 1198 cases. The author used 3-4-6.9% procaine, 1 cubic meter. cm of which was introduced for 8-10 seconds. Spinal anesthesia was successful in 94.8% of cases. Nausea and vomiting were noted in 33.3% of cases.


In 1926, in an alliance between the Zagreb pencil factory Penkala and the English company Edison Bell, a gramophone and gramophone record factory, was founded in Zagreb, under the name Edison Bell Penkala. In 1927 experts from that factory undertook the first remote recording of a gramophone record in continental Europe, using a telephone line. This was the third recording in the world, after the recordings in the New York Metropolitan opera house and in London's Covent Garden. This article describes the technical recording methods used, from the microphone in Zagreb Cathedral, to the gramophone record cutting machine in a studio about 1250 m away. The recording arrangement was developed by Paul Voigt, an electrical engineer from Edison Bell Company who spent the second half of 1927 in Zagreb. It also describes the development of the necessary scientific base in Croatia from 1875 to the Second World War for such an enterprise.


The rise of financial markets, backed by the revolution in information technology,has been one of the pillars of the new economy. Asset price inflation, financed by debt, has now become the driving force in capital accumulation and equity-linked markets for corporate control have significant effects on both corporate strategic management and the growth of the business sector. This paper develops a model to study these relationships. One component of the new circumstances is that an active market for control forces firms to boost their share price in response to the threat of take-over and, to maintain a minimum return on equity, they have to distribute dividends or buy back shares. As a consequence, the share of profits dedicated to financing internal growth is reduced, corporations increase their indebtedness and thereby become constrained by banks. The interplay of these multi-dimensional pressures delivers a straightforward, but nonetheless important lesson: everything else being equal, the more active the market for control, the lower the growth rate.


A case of unusual root morphology is presented to demonstrate anatomic variations in mandibular second molars. The most common configuration of mandibular second molar is to have two roots with three root canals; however mandibular molars may have many different combinations. Endodontic therapy was performed in a mandibular second molar with three separate roots one located mesially and two distally. Radiographically all 3 root canals terminated with individual foramina. Three orifices or 3 independent canals were found in the three separate roots, indicating a rare anatomic configuration. Looking for additional roots, canals and unusual morphology is an important part of successful endodontics, as the knowledge of their existence occasionally enable clinicians to treat a case that otherwise might have ended in failure.


I review the nature of the diffuse cosmic ultraviolet background radiation. The ultraviolet background is the last frontier: all the other diffuse backgrounds have been examined, at least at some level. The ultraviolet background has only begun to be explored; it offers rich promise of new astrophysical knowledge.


A MOOC with a Business Plan Mr. Eugene Rutz, University of Cincinnati Academic Director in the College of Engineering & Applied Science with academic and administrative oversight of distance learning programs, combined degree programs and high school dual enrollment. Experience as educator, practicing engineer and educational researcher. Jim Tappel, University of Cincinnati Dr. BJ Zirger, University of Cincinnati


A novel reflector antenna for nearfield millimeter-wave imaging applications has been developed. Combining parabolic curvature in one plane with elliptical curvature in the other, this antenna generates a "blade beam" focusing radiated field at a line. When excited at its focal point, transmitted rays are collimated in the first (horizontal) plane, each passing through the focal line at the second ellipse focus. As such, they illuminate a narrow slice of an object to be imaged. With only this slice illuminated, the scattered field will only be due to this narrow portion of the object, allowing for computationally simple inversion of a one-dimensional contour rather than an entire two-dimensional surface. Stacking the reconstructed contours for various horizontal positions provides the full object image.


The papers in this special issue were originally presented at the 18th IEEE-NPSS Real Time Conference (RT2012) on Computing Applications in Nuclear and Plasma Sciences, held in Berkeley, California, USA, in June 2012. These contributions come from a broad range of fields of application, including Astrophysics, Medical Imaging, Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle Accelerators, and Particle Physics Experiments.


There are major uncertainties concerning the frequency of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus in the different populations in the world. The incidence is reported to be between 0.36 and 0.9/1,00,000 per year. However, there exist great differences between different ethnic populations. The frequency is particularly high in African blacks and some Asian populations, and least frequent in white Caucasians. The disease is very infrequent before the age of 5. The great majority gets the disease after the age of 8, median age about 12 years. There is a female overrepresentation, most prominent in the older age group. The risk of early death has decreased significantly during the latest 40-50 years. Published data from the 1950s and 1960s yields 5-year survival rates of only 17.5 to 60%. Five- and 10 years survival rates are now approaching 100% and 90%. How it will turn out after 20, 30, 40 and 50 years of disease is unknown. Severe kidney affection, particularly grade 4 or 5 glomerulonephritis is historically most closely associated with early death. But also CNS disease, high general disease activity, severe infection and low social status increase the risk. The risk of severe infection, sepsis, seems to parallel the increase of effective treatment. Irreversible organ damage in different organs also seems to have increased in the latest decade, and might be associated with increasing survival, often as a result of more aggressive medical treatment.


Objective: This article presents a case report of actinic cheilitis with an acute inflammatory process and need for anti- inflammatory treatment. Case Report: Triamcinolone acetonide in Orabase was prescribed 3 times a day for 15 days, and the patient was advised to use sunscreen and hats. After 7 days, there was a significant improvement in the acute phase and the patient was kept under observation. Conclusion: It is emphasized that it is important to intervene in the evolution of the inflammatory process in premalignant lesions in order to prevent its long-term maintenance.


TITLE Voluntary Interdistrict Coordinating Council for the Settlement Agreement. Report No. 1. INSTITUTION Voluntary,Interdistrict Coordinating Council, St. Louis, MO. PUB DATE 31 Jul 84 NOTE 193p.; Prepared for the Federal District Court, Eastern District of Missouri. Portions of ,ppendix B may be marginally legible. For report number 2, see UD 024 345. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative/Feasibility (142)


Mass swarming of a basically sessile terebellid polychaete was observed in the free water column off the south-west coast of Madagascar. Specimens are described and tentatively identified as Loimiamedusa (Savigny, 1818). Swimming behaviour is documented and the phenomenon is discussed as a flight reaction to an environmental disturbance event.


The invention relates to a method for applying a binder-containing coating material in the outer and / or interior, such as synthetic-resin renders or emulsion paints, in which the coating material prior to the application at temperatures <15 ° C, a chemically reacting with the binder drying accelerator is added.


Nowadays, multi-hop communication systems are often applied in power transmission system to transmit surveillance information to control center. In order to transmit surveillance data more efficiently, it is required to design the communication system with low latency and high reliability. This paper provides a novel data transmission framework along with a QoS provisioning multi-hop routing scheme for in smart grid. During normal data transmission period, all the nodes along the power line are divided into two groups. At one time slot, a group of nodes is considered as the sender and the other nodes are considered as the receiver. At the next time slot, we exchange the roles between these two groups of nodes. To avoid the wireless interference, we allocate the spectrum among these sensors and minimize the number of subchannel. When urgency occurred, node with the emergency information can select a relay node within its maximum transmission range according to the delay requirement. The simulation results are given to show the efficiency of our data gather framework.


In this paper we consider the problem of clustering line-segments into new ones. The clustering-hierarchy gives an answer to the question what original line segments are combined into larger ones. Such a clustering is defined as a hierarchical ordering of a set of line-segments. Criteria on a clustering-method are presented. The difference between edges and lines in relation to scale-invariant clustering is demonstrated. Existing approaches are evaluated using the presented criteria. It is shown that these approaches do not meet desirable criteria such as scale-invariance. A new method is described that adheres the formulated criteria. Finally an experiment is presented that illustrates the usefulness of the new method.


Internal energy distributions for CO2 molecules produced in the catalytic oxidation of CO by O2 on polycrystalline platinum have been directly measured using a high resolution tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer. Absorption spectra have been collected for CO2 produced in a flow cell reactor for a wide range of temperatures and reactant ratios. Vibrational energies for CO2 produced under most reaction conditions are greater than would be expected from complete equilibration with the surface. The asymmetric stretching mode consistently exhibited a higher vibrational Boltzmann ''temperature'' than the bending or symmetric stretching modes. The level of vibrational excitation for all of the vibrational modes was sensitive to oxygen coverage, i.e, as either the O2:CO reactant ratio or the surface temperature is increased, the vibrational temperature of the product CO2 increases significantly.


We explore the phase diagram of two-flavor quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at imaginary values of baryon and isospin chemical potentials, μB and μiso, analyzing the thermodynamic potential of QCD analytically and that of the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model numerically. QCD has no pion condensation at imaginary μB and μiso, and therefore has discrete symmetries that are not present at real μB and μiso. The PNJL model possesses all the discrete symmetries. It can reproduce qualitatively lattice QCD data presented very recently.


By week's end the Democrat-led U S House of Representatives hopes to approve another massive coronavirus relief package For U S scientists, the good news is that the $3 trillion spending bill (H R 6800) unveiled last night contains billions of dollars in new research funding The bad news is that the bill is only a marker for negotiations with Senate Republicans and the White House on what more the federal government should do to help the country deal with the devastating economic and health effects of the pandemic


Background: In the absence of an accessible chronic animal model of the Fontan circulation, computational modeling can provide insights into this unique circulatory arrangement, especially how differently it behaves from the normal mammalian circulation. Many groups have focused on refining a single element of the entire Fontan circulation—the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). Yet, only modest improvements in transplant-free survival have resulted. From an engineering perspective, optimizing the performance of a complex, multiparameter system requires an understanding of how the performance is affected by the full set of system parameters. Methods: We evaluated the hemodynamic impact of nine physiological perturbations in the two-year-old (yo) patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome having a Fontan rearrangement (using our previously described lumped-parameter multicompartment model of both pulmonary and systemic circulations). In cases where comparison is appropriate, we evaluated the hemodynamic impact of analogous pathophysiologies in the normal two-year-olds. We operated the model in open-loop mode in order to expose the magnitude of the impact of uncompensated physiological perturbations. Results: Without the benefit of compensatory mechanisms, a valvar regurgitant fraction of 50% is sufficient to drop the cardiac index (CI) to 2.0 L/min/m2 or less. Aortopulmonary collateral flow of 0.6 L/min (1.1 L/min/m2) or 0.5 L/min (0.9 L/min/m2), sufficient to raise the ratio of pulmonary flow to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) to no higher than 1.2 or 1.5 (fenestration present or absent, respectively), is the maximum which could be tolerated (CI = 2.0 L/min/m2) without the help of compensatory mechanisms. Ventricular end-diastolic elastance (stiffness) changes have dramatic effects on CI in a Fontan circulatory arrangement. Conclusions: Several components of the Fontan circulation other than the TCPC actually have equal, or greater, impact on CI under certain conditions.


The article is a review of information about the management of arterial hypertension (AH) on hemodialysis. This problem is relevant due to poor elaboration. At the same time, the prevalence of AH on hemodialysis is 91,4 %. The article discusses surveys concerning criteria for determining AH on hemodialysis and methodological approaches to its registration, target values of blood pressure during therapy. The concept of intradialysis hypertension, issues of the pathogenesis of AH on hemodialysis are also considered. The author presents approaches to nondrug therapy and drug treatment of patients with AH on hemodialysis. In particular, approaches to the control of sodium and volemic status within the framework of patient-dependent and apparatus-dependent technologies are considered. Data on the effectiveness of the use of certain classes of antihypertensive drugs are presented, in particular, diuretics, blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists, mineralocorticoid receptors are considered. The article reflects the needs of modern clinical practice in conducting evidence-based medicine research and identifies the critical points of orientation of such research.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a farm-made feed based on silage of fish filleting residues for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming. Two thousand and seventy masculinized tilapia juveniles (83.1 g) were distributed into six ponds (230 m2), at a stocking density of 1.5 fish per square meter. The experimental design was a completely randomized with two treatments (farm-made and commercial feeds) and three replicates. The performance parameters analyzed were survival, weight gain, apparent feed conversion, specific growth rate, and final weight coefficient of variation. The water quality variables analyzed were dissolved oxygen, transparency, and total phosphorus and nitrogen. Feeding cost and body composition were also evaluated. No significant differences were observed in the performance parameters. Water eutrophication in the ponds with farm-made feed was higher than in ponds with commercial feed. The cost of fish produced using farm-made feed (R$ 1.07 kg-1) was approximately 42% lower than the cost of fish produced using commercial feed (R$ 1.86 kg-1). Fish fed with farm-made feed had lower lipid body content than fish fed with commercial feed.


Tracheal intubation is an important procedure in anesthesia and emergency medicine. The standard intubation technique is direct laryngoscopy using a Macintosh blade; however, video laryngoscopy has become common and research has shown several advantages of video laryngoscopy over direct laryngoscopy. In the present study we investigated whether video laryngoscopy resulted in the intubating person adopting a more ergonomic body posture than direct laryngoscopy. To this end, 25 medical students were video-recorded intubating a manikin using a GlideScope® or a Macintosh blade. Using the GlideScope® resulted in smaller deflections for all analyzed posture angles than using the Macintosh blade. Similarly, the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (Hignett & McAtamney, 2000) indicated that the GlideScope® resulted in a body posture less likely to induce injuries than the Macintosh blade. Overall, video laryngoscopy using a GlideScope® resulted in a more ergonomic posture compared to the Macintosh blade.


Study Design Case report. Objective A sialocele is a subcutaneous cavity containing saliva, caused by trauma or infection in the parotid or submandibular gland parenchyma, by ductal stenosis or glandular duct laceration with subsequent asymptomatic dilation and swelling. Many cases of parotid sialoceles have been published, but few cases of submandibular sialoceles occurring as a result of surgical trauma have been reported. The purpose of this article is to inform clinicians and to raise awareness about an unusual post-operative condition of a sialocele of the submandibular gland after treatment of a sequele of a mandible fracture. Methods We report a case of a 33-year-old male with a submandibular sialocele in the submandibular gland, that presented on computed tomography as a 10 × 4 × 3 cm right submandibular fluid collection in the submandibular space, and developed after an open reduction and internal fixation of a mandibular fracture through a submandibular approach. Results In the clinical case, the patient presented with sequelae of untreated fractures of the right angle and parasymphysis of the mandible. Both fractures had unfavorable deviations for 2 months, with a diagnosis of pseudoarthrosis, or non-union. In the first surgical stage, extensive debridement at the stie of non-union and precise anatomical reduction and fixation of the bone segments were performed via a submandibular surgical approach. The treatment of the post-operative sialocele occurred in a second surgical procedure, which included surgical exploration and right submandibular gland excision. No complications related to the post-operative approach were observed in a follow-up of 1 month. Conclusions Given the paucity of publications and treatment strategies for submandibular gland sialoceles in the literature, we hope to build a foundation to guide clinicians who encounter these rare adverse events. Surgeons will have a better understanding of the risks involved when they encounter cases like this, where extensive surgical debridement was necessary due to skewed consolidation and extensive pseudoarthrosis after the absence of immediate treatment following the initial trauma.


This study represents the fourth comprehensive assessment of recreational fishing in Tasmania and complements other more targeted assessments of specific fishing activities. It provides a big-picture perspective of recreational catch and effort and thus comparatively rare or highly specialised activities may not be well represented. Therefore, if more focussed surveys are available (e.g. recent assessments of the rock lobster, abalone, gillnet, gamefish and offshore fisheries), it is recommended that greater credence be given to results of these focussed surveys, especially where results differ to those for the general fishing surveys.


Synthetic indolizines have attracted special attention in the past years mainly due to their manifold practical utilities. An improved preparation of bis-indolizines using microwave-assisted synthesis is described. The microwave-mediated three component reaction of acyl bromide, bipyridine and dipolarophyl is catalyzed by basic alumina to give corresponding bis-indolizines in excellent yields in a one –pot reaction. This strategy would provide access to fast synthesis of bis-indolizines which otherwise are accessible only through multistep synthesis.


The screening of 8 probiotic strains (Propionibaсterium, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) characterized by high cholesterol-lowering activity was carried out in the scientific research laboratory of East Siberia University of Technology and Management (Ulan-Ude, Russia). In order to research biotechnological potential of probiotic microorganisms and to conduct statistical analysis we used a mix of standard and modern physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological methods. The strains Lactobacillus helveticus 35-1, Propionibacterium shermanii AC-2503 and Bifidobacterium longum DK-100 were found out to have the highest cholesterol-lowering properties. It can be seen that cocultivation of Lactobacillus helveticus 35-1 and Propionibacterium shermanii AC-2503 strains shows high population density, cholesterol-metabolizing, antimutagenic, adhesive properties and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. It indicates stable symbiotic bonds between cultures, which served as the basis for making a combined ferment. The analysis of biotechnological potential of Lactobacillus helveticus 35-1 and Propionibacterium shermanii АС-2503 strains and the study of organoleptic, physicochemical, probiotic properties and cholesterol metabolizing activity of the combined ferment have allowed to establish an optimum culture ratio in the ferment – 5 : 95. Optimum cultivation conditions of the continuous culture Lactobacillus helveticus 35-1 and the combined ferment were selected, process parameter of biologically active supplement and frozen ferments of direct loading were substantiated.


Between the press belt 2, the press roll (1) or the pressure shoe (3) corresponding to positions on both end portions and the corresponding small thickness of both end areas (B), and both end corresponding region (B) in the width direction of position, and comprises a central region (a) having a thickness greater than the thickness of the both end corresponding region (B). The press belt


The present invention is a method of transferring a surface pressure to the surface of the decorative layer of the article, in this method, in order to film properties without reducing the surface decorative layer, which increases unevenness height difference of unevenness is further improved stereoscopic touch, the print pattern (340) comprises a first region (312A of) having no ink layer and has a second region (312B) of the ink layer, the transfer film does not have an upper surface (316) of the entire outer surface of the fixed layer coating the activator (320) activating the ink so that the remaining portion of the activator in the second convex region grouped into the activating agent convex collection portion of the second region (320C) irregularities on the surface of the article (10) reverse water pressure transfer simultaneously the activating agent convex collection portion print layer shrinkage upon curing projection, perspective view of imparting irregularities on the surface of the article, the activator containing 3 or more functional groups and a photopolymerizable monomer 2 photopolymerizable monomer having a functional group, with the monomers such that photopolymerization of the overall volume shrinkage of 10 to 20%, and a viscosity of 100 ~ 500CPS is formed.


A review of the question of the usefulness of reserving waters for protection from exploitation in the whitebait fishery was undertaken at a small workshop. Creation of reserves has social, fisheries management and conservation imperatives. Administration of reserves has costs for the Department of Conservation. Evaluation of the value of reserves as places where whitebait stocks are protected from exploitation is seen as difficult and costly, and has medium to long-term research requirements owing to variation in habitat conditions between sites, intraand inter-seasonal variation in environmental conditions and in the size of the whitebait run, all of this made greatly more complex as a result of the multi-species composition of the fishery. It is suggested that DOC should: 1 Deal first with policy questions regarding the acceptance of the social function of reserves. 2 Conduct a preliminary survey of reserves and attempt to classify them according to their purpose and value for conserving whitebait populations. 3 Base decisions on the continuation of reserves on the results of these two undertakings. Research priorities need to be structured around the environmental and habitat parameters that control whitebait populations and how these are affected by establishment of reserves.


A low-profile endfire leaky-wave antenna is proposed in this paper. The proposed low profile antenna utilizes microstrip line to excite planar inverted-L antenna (PILA) elements. Air media is utilized in the proposed array to realize the endfire property. By using air media, the proposed leaky-wave array maintains phase constant slightly larger than the wavenumber in free space and achieves endfire radiation. PILA elements are periodically spaced to radiate and the spacing period is designed as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/4 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength in free space) to achieve a relatively wide impedance bandwidth. A prototype of the proposed endfire antenna is fabricated and tested. The measured results are consistent with full-wave simulation results. The length of the whole leaky-wave array is about <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$6\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and the measured gain in the endfire direction is 11.5 dBi at 5.1 GHz.


ABSTRACT Background According to the lexical retrieval hypothesis (LRH), the primary function of gestures is to facilitate word retrieval. Thus, individuals with aphasia (IWA) might benefit from gestures in case of word retrieval impairments. However, the facilitative effect of gestures on word finding is still unclear since most facilitation/treatment studies combined gesture with linguistic cues. The LRH claims that the semantic content of a gesture is decisive for a facilitation effect on word retrieval. However, it remains unclear if and how IWA can perform adequate iconic gestures, especially in the presence of hemiparesis or limb apraxia. Thus, in the present study, we systematically studied the effect of iconic and non-iconic gesture production on oral verb naming in IWA and analysed the iconicity of gestures produced by IWA and healthy controls. Aims In the present study, we aimed (1) to investigate the potential facilitation effect of iconic and non-iconic gestures on verb retrieval in IWA and (2) to examine the IWA's ability to produce adequate iconic gestures. Methods & Procedures Six IWA with impairments in naming verbs arising from a phonological, a lexical-semantic, or a combined deficit participated in a multiple single-case study targeting oral verb production. In the first experiment, IWA were asked to name pictures and to simultaneously perform either a relevant iconic gesture, a non-iconic gesture, or no gesture at all. In the second experiment, the video-recorded gestures produced during verb naming in the iconic gesture condition were rated for iconicity and compared to the iconicity of iconic gestures produced by 12 language-unimpaired controls. Results The accuracy in oral naming of verbs (Experiment 1) did not differ significantly between all conditions. Most IWA (n = 5) were able to produce iconic gestures, irrespective of hemiparesis or limb apraxia, since the iconicity ratings did not differ significantly from language-unimpaired controls (Experiment 2). Conclusions In contrast to the general assumption of the LRH, no gesture facilitation effect was observed in the verb naming performance of IWA. Moreover, the majority of the IWA could perform iconic gestures in a similar way as language-unimpaired participants despite the presence of a hemiparesis or limb apraxia. Hence, the absence of a facilitation effect in the iconic gesture condition seems not to originate from an inability to produce adequate iconic gestures. Further research with more IWA is required in order to replicate our results.


BACKGROUND
Ureteral stone disease may be an emergent condition if the appropriate management is not performed in a timely manner. As the COVID-19 continues to spread globally, isolation and restriction orders taken by the governments have become the cores to control the pandemic. In this study, we, therefore, aimed to investigate the ureteral stone presentations in a high-volume university hospital during the COVID-19 restrictions order period.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The data of 149 patients who were hospitalized due to ureteral stone both during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions period and the corresponding period (non-COVID-19) of the previous year were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Unpaired Student's t test was used to compare continuous variables. The categorical data were assessed using a chi-square test.

RESULTS
Of 149 patients, 35 were hospitalized in the COVID-19 period. While the mean age and the stone characteristics of the two groups did not differ significantly, serum creatinine levels (1.91.85 vs 1.150.64) and the white blood cell counts (12.456.54 vs 8.214.15) at hospital admission were significantly higher in the COVID-period group (p=0.034 and p=0.005, respectively). According to the priority classification of the European Urology Guidelines Office Rapid Reaction Group Urolithiasis Guidelines Panel applicable during the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant difference was observed between the two periods (X2=9.907, p=0.019). In particular, the rate of emergency cases was found more than 3-fold in the COVID-19 period. Although there was no significant difference in terms of the grade of hydronephrosis at hospital admission between the two groups, the rate of grade 3 and 4 hydronephroses was higher in the COVID-period group (1.8- and 3.3-fold, respectively).

CONCLUSION
The rate of complicated ureteral stone disease significantly increased during the COVID-19 restrictions period. Urologists should prioritize the patients most in need of urgent care during COVID-19 like social-crisis.


The Participatory Design and End-User Program-ming for Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) workshop aims to advance research on how to design systems that can be used by end users to program robots. There tends to be a fracture in HRI between the technical designers of robot programs (often engineers or computer scientists) and the actual users of such robots. Developers have the capabilities to program robots but often lack insights possessed by domain experts, sometimes leading to technically interesting but impractical systems. With this workshop, we aim to bridge two different methods often used individually within the wider HRI community to involve end users in robot program design: Participatory Design (PD) and End-User Programming (EUP). Both methods empower end users to co-produce robots addressing real-world needs. However, there have been limited opportunities to unite researchers who specialize in these areas and engage in mutual learning. We will address this shortcoming with a full-day workshop, which will put the PD and EUP communities in touch, inviting speakers from both sides and welcoming a wide range of publications from describing new end-user programming methods to compiling insights learned from conducting participatory design studies.


Cyclic voltammetry curves(CV) and chronoamperometry(CA) in conjunction with the Scharifker-Hills model(SH) were used to study the initial stage of Ni-W alloy electro-deposition.The results indicated that the electro-deposition of the Ni-W alloy on glassy carbon electrode consisted of nucleation and growth.The crystal nucleation of plating improved as the concentration of WO_4~-2 increased and its reduction intermediate products could be considered as favorable sites of the Ni-W alloy.According to the analysis of Scharifker-Hills model,the pure Ni nucleation process follows a three dimension-instantaneous mechanism,while the Ni-W alloy is a progressive nucleation mechanism at a lower over-potential,which slightly deviats from the progressive nucleation curve at higher over-potential and shows a instantaneous nucleation mechanism.


Asymmetric reactions mediated by organocatalysts, has received great attention in recent years and becoming a versatile tool in the synthesis of natural products and active compounds. In this context, the amino acid proline has a key role as mediator of these reactions, which recently has demonstrated great interest in the area of asymmetric catalysis in the development of reactions that can be performed in aqueous media. (Scheme1) 1


The WebQuest is a relatively recent discovery type learning activity that requires students to interact with internet resources in order to achieve specified objectives in a learning task. Although introduced more than a decade ago, WebQuests have not yet had an impact in the Malaysian education scenario. This paper examines the perceptions of 52 in-service and pre-service teachers towards WebQuests after they had undergone a familiarization session to the activity which includes exposure to examples of WebQuests. The study elicits these teachers' views on the theoretical foundations and the practicality of WebQuests as well as the extent of teacher training required in order to conduct a WebQuest activity. The perceptions of the in-service and pre-service teachers are also compared in order to examine how receptive one group is towards WebQuests as compared to the other.


During sampling of submarine cave and associated habitats in the eastern waters of Hong Kong in October 2002, polychaetes were found to be a significant and diverse component of the epifaunal and the soft‐sediment benthic marine fauna. Of the families considered herein, eighteen taxa of polychaetes are identified, including at least five new records for Hong Kong (Harmothoe minuta, Iphione ovata, Sthenelais fusca, Neanthes caudata and Arichlidon hanneloreae), and one new species of Sigambra (Pilargiidae). Notes on the identification of these taxa and closely related taxa reported from Hong Kong waters are provided, along with a key to the genera of Chrysopetalidae of the world.


The invention provides a bonding agent sticking inspection apparatus for judging deletion of the bonding agent causing electrical connection fault in high accuracy. The bonding agent sticking inspection apparatus (111) includes: a bonding agent recognition camera (19), a second transfer mechanism (8B) and a control device (113), which controls the bonding agent recognition camera and the second transfer mechanism in order to shooting the whole area bonding a preset range (200) on a liquid crystal panel (121). In addition, the control device sets a checking range (202) having the same width with a pitch (P) between electrodes on a marginal part whole area along the direction of electrode (122) arrangement, on the marginal part in the bonding preset range (200) of the images of the bonding agent recognition camera, checks the scale of a deletion part of each isomerism conduction films (S) in the checking range, judges whether abnormity is present in the isomerism conduction films according to the comparison of the scale of the deletion with the preset threshold.


Summary form only given. Progress in sensing technologies and display hardware allow us to realize interactive systems that we could only dream of a few years ago. I will present a number of interactive spatial augmented reality systems that leverage depth cameras and projection technologies to create immersive interactive experiences. While these prototypes are fun explorations in form factor and interaction, many get at deeper issues related to making our so called "natural" interfaces useful, usable and computable. The prospect of spatial augmented reality is exciting, but it seems we have a lot of work ahead of us!


Zeolite membranes can be used in particular for gas separation. For this purpose the aim of this work was to focus on the seeding step of the synthesis of zeolite films and improve it in order ...


Single-cell RNA sequencing datasets comprise true single cells, or singlets, in addition to cells that coalesce during the protocol, or doublets. Identifying singlets with high fidelity in single-cell RNA sequencing is necessary to avoid false negative and false positive discoveries. Although several methodologies have been proposed to infer true singlets and doublets, they typically rely on datasets being highly heterogeneous. Here we develop and apply singletCode, a computational framework that leverages datasets with synthetically introduced DNA barcodes for a hitherto unexplored application: to extract ground truth singlets. We demonstrate the feasibility of singlets extracted via singletCode to evaluate the performance and robustness of existing doublet detection methods. We find that existing doublet detection methods are not as sensitive as expected when tested on doublets simulated from experimentally realistic ground truth singlets. As DNA barcoded datasets are being increasingly reported, singletCode can identify singlets and inform rational choice of doublet detecting algorithms and their associated limitations.


Threats of wind gusts on the safety of road vehicles have been reported around the world, and extensive studies have been carried out to find the accident speeds of road vehicles under a sudden crosswind. However, most previous studies assume that the angular displacements of the vehicle are small and the mass moments of the vehicle remain unchanged during the overturning of the vehicle, yielding a quasi-linear safety analysis of a road-vehicle under a sudden crosswind. This study aims at a nonlinear safety analysis of a running road vehicle under a sudden crosswind by establishing nonlinear equations of motion of a wind-vehicle system. The assumptions adopted in the previous studies are no longer required, and tires can lose or resume contact with the ground. Wind loads on the vehicle are updated with the consideration of the time-varying attitude of the vehicle. The numerical example shows that the proposed nonlinear analysis procedure is more rational than the currently used approaches for progressive instability and the accident vehicle speed of road vehicles. Language: en


In article the integrative directions of the ecocentric educational environment are considered: ecological culture and health ecology, and also prospect of their use in average educational institutions on the example of school No. 9 of the city of St. Petersburg.


Due to aggressive goals for future communication systems, direct-conversion receivers are an attractive option in terms of compactness and power dissipation. However, the price to pay is an additional impairment introduced by IQ imbalance, which might be compensated by appropriately designed DSP algorithms. In this context, joint recovery of carrier phase and IQ gain/phase imbalance has been presented in some recent publications. Since correlation of the noise components has been neglected, this issue was explored by the authors in a follow-on paper. In the current contribution, the carrier frequency offset is taken into account as well. Through several simplification steps, an approximate closed-form solution is developed for joint estimation of carrier frequency/phase and IQ gain/phase imbalance, whose jitter performance is close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) as the theoretical limit.


From 1970 to 1988, surgical treatment was performed in 261 shoulders with rotator cuff tears. Of them, 221 had been followed up after operation for more than one year were studied. Pain, ROM, muscle power and ADL were evaluated in 138 shoulders, 91 right and 47 left of 134 of these cases, 116 male and 18 female. The average age at the time of operation was 51.6 years (range : 20-78 years). The follow-up period ranged from 14 months to 19 months (average: 61.0 months). In the incomplete tear group, there were 25 joints of the concealed type, 3 of the rim type, 13 of the longitudinal type and one of the intratendinous type. The complete tear group was composed of 6 joints of the transverse type, 3 of the anterior type, 27 of the triangular type and 53 of the massive type. McLaughlin's method was used on 73 joints and 61 joints were repaired by suturing. No f ascial patch or Debeyre methods were done. Before operation more than 90% had complained of elevation disturbance and muscle weakness. Pain was experienced by more than 8%. After surgical treatment free elevation was restored in 98% of the incomplete tear group, and in 83% of the complete tear group. Remarkable muscle weakness was a complaint in only 3%. Very effective pain release was noticed, and more than 90% of the patients had •gno or slight•h pain when using the shoulder for a long time. Totally, only 6% had problem with the repaired shoulder during daily life. We concluded that the results of surgical repair for rotator cuff tears were satisfactory. key words: surgical repair, rotator cuff tear


This paper deals with bitumen and bituminous mixes, using suitable mathematical models that take into account the parameters affecting their elastic and plastic stiffnesses. These parameters are stress level and acting time, penetration index, softening time and temperature. Viscosity and the total acting time of the load affect the elastic stiffness of bitumen. The elastic stiffness of bitumen and the voluminous concentration of the aggregate influence the elastic stiffness of the mix. The plastic stiffness of the mix is directly dependent on the plastic stiffness of bitumen. The most important parameter affecting the elastic as well as plastic stiffness of bitumen and bitumen mixes is the difference between the softening point and the temperature. For this reason, the quality of bitumen must be determined with respect to the maximum and minimum temperatures in the region to prevent damage surfacing over time.


The system comprises several network devices. One of the network devices is appointed as a network topology collection device for initiating the topology collection request; other network devices are used to send their topology information to the network topology collection device by way of topology collection response; when a network device change its topology information, it triggers a relevant topology collection renew message, and the network topology collection device renews the relevant network topology information according to said topology collection response and topology collection renew message.


This piece is an academic reflection on personal experiences of the education system through the critical lens of anti-oppressive and multicultural education. The author divides the page into academic discourse and personal experience, reflecting the boundaries between anecdotal evidence and academic discourse. Suggestions and observations are made in the form of a letter to new teachers, while research articles inform the personal suggestions.


A female Holstein Friesian crossbred cow was presented with clinical signs of epiphora, conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration with purulent ocular discharge. The condition was tentatively diagnosed as infectious keratoconjunctivitis. The cattle were treated with antibiotic, anti-inflammatory drugs and Vitamin A. The signs of conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers of eye had substantially reduced in seven days of treatment and vision restoration was observed after fourteen days.


The strain response of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric multilayer actuators have been measured within the 10/sup 7/ N/m/sup 2/ stress and the 3.10/sup 6/ V/m periodic unipolar driving voltage and an extra nonstationary strain component is detected. General remarks on this nonstationary behavior are made in terms of the dielectric relaxation and the space charge effects as well.


For example, in order to execute the marketing alliance between a plurality of stores that make up the shopping center and business shop district, clerk of each store, to customers who visited the store, a combination of the items of goods and other stores of its own store to propose a coordinated was. Then, on the basis of the proposal, customers to visit the referral of the store, if you purchase the other store goods, the introduction source of the store, to be able to receive a commission from the referral of the store. In addition, preferably, the customer, at a given discount price, to be able to buy the goods of other stores.


The invention encompasses analyzers and analyzer systems, including single molecule analyzers, and methods of using the analyzers and analyzer systems to analyze samples for either single molecules or molecular complexes. Single molecules use electromagnetic radiation that is moved through the sample to detect the presence or absence of a single molecule. The single molecule analyzer provided herein is useful for diagnosis because the analyzer detects single molecules with zero carryover between samples.


In this paper, a residual-type a posteriori error estimator is proposed and analyzed for a modified weak Galerkin finite element method solving linear elasticity problems. The estimator is proven to be both reliable and efficient because it provides upper and lower bounds on the actual error in a discrete energy norm. Numerical experiments are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the this error estimator.


Agencies that are adopting electronic medical records systems must be clear about the various issues surrounding this type of technology. This article clarifies the five areas that providers and surveyors have considered as important in assuring compliance while using these systems.


North Greece. C4302 Acheron, sunset. 04048 Calydon, platform of temple of Artemis. C4041 Copais, the great Katovothra of the lake. C4303 Dodona, the theatre. C4044 Gla, the fortress walls above lake Copais. C4045 ,, ,, N. side from plain. 04046 " W. gate. C4047 " S. gate. C4304 Janina, the castle on the lake. C4058 Delphi : the theatre during a performance of the Prometheus. C4049 New Pleuron, the ' cisterns.'


"unacknowledged initiators" of a style meant to sound old and foreign—even as the social and educational mission of these nineteenth-century translators bore little resemblance to the agenda developed a century later. In chapter 3, "The Bible as Gesamtkunstwerk," Gillman's attention to the design features, and not only the linguistic choices, of the Bible translations is richly rewarded. Ludwig Philippson and Samson Raphael Hirsch, well-known maskilim and religious reformers, were communal leaders united by their devotion to their rabbinic roles (even as their specific goals and their stylistic choices for their Bible translations pointed in opposite directions). At long last, Bertha Pappenheim claims her rightful place in the critical account of German Jewish Bible translation. Among the most important contributions of the fourth chapter, "Reimagining the German Jewish Bible," is Gillman's analysis of Pappenheim's translation projects (which included, among other things, the first German translation of Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women as well as the Tsene-Rene) in the context of her work as a social activist, and her comparison of Pappenheim's approach to Buber and Rosenzweig's famous German Jewish Bible translation of that era. All three translators shared a common aim, namely, the hope that readers would hear the voice of God once again. But, as Gillman makes clear, Pappenheim made no bones about her serious criticisms of the Buber-Rosenzweig enterprise and communicated her disapproval to Buber in their correspondence. For her, the team's high-modernist translational choices blocked rather than channeled the voice of God, in particular for female readers. Rather than a direct experience of Gott, Buber-Rosenzweig's groundbreaking use of pronouns (e.g., IHM), Pappenheim feared, would cause women to encounter a God who was unambiguously and unavoidably male. The afterword, on the perpetual challenge of rendering the Tetragrammaton, is a fitting close to a book that offers a new take on a question not just for scholars of German Judaism, but also for translators in general. Gillman's wide-ranging but careful study will serve readers seeking a thorough, careful treatment of an aesthetically, culturally, socially, and politically rich story.


The 1993 U.N. Straddling Stock Agreement prescribes a multi-national organizational structure for management of an exploited marine Þsh stock, one whose range straddles both "Extended Economic Zones" (EEZs) and high seas waters. However, the Agreement provides to the Regional Organization no coercive enforcement powers. In this connections two problems in particular have been cited: The Þrst, called the "interloper problem", concerns the difficulty of controlling the harvesting by non-member vessels. The second problem, called the "new-member problem", concerns the inherent difficulties of negotiating mutually acceptable terms of entry. Here we explore the extent to which the coalition, by exerting economic power alone, might be able attain effective leverage in these managementcontrol controversies. SpeciÞcally, we will examine whether the coalition might successfully employ traditional monopolistic "entry barriers".


With the extended testing strategy (and increasing number of asymptomatic persons tested), in some cases, a positive PCR-result can lead to difficult interpretation and subsequent questions related to the necessity of quarantine measures, contact tracing and real-time epidemiological monitoring. The absence of clear time point of infection (no known contact with an infectious case, nor date of symptom onset) together with prolonged detection of viral RNA (1-3) complicates decisions on whether this person could still be infective or whether the PCR positivity results from an older infection. Wrongly interpreting a positive PCR result as equivalent to infectiousness can have severe implications on all aspects of the life of patients and their household, ranging from access to education in children, postponement of surgery, use of health care resources or economic consequences.


Background & Aim: Nowadays, home health care services play significant roles in modern societies. Such services allow the elderly and needy people to pass their treatment process at their own houses in a friendly environment. In this paper, weekly routing and scheduling problem of home health care personnel was investigated. Methods & Materials: Insufficient number of expert personnel or overlapping time windows of some patients would result in delayed beginning of the service time for patients. This paper attempted to solve multi-period multi-depot routing-scheduling problem with regard to the delay in giving services to patients, simultaneously. Presented model is solved by GAMS software in small scale and hybrid genetic-imperialist competitive algorithm in large scale. Results: For planning and managing the home health care institutions' activity, it must be determined that which personnel will visit the patient and when the visit is met. This paper, considering the probable delay in giving services to the patients, would determine the best plan for personnel visit. Starting time of each visit, number of patients that would be assigned to each personnel, occurred delay in patients' visits, and each personnel's overtime are the results of the proposed paper. Conclusion: Proposed model will minimize home health care institution's total cost and increase the satisfaction of patients through minimizing the occurred delay. Also, the hybrid algorithm indicates good performance for the model of this paper.


Alterations of progesterone metabolism and especially of 20a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20a-HSD) activity were studied in cultured rat granulosa cells following various treatments. The cells were incubated for up to 48 h with or without follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), androgens, hydroxyflutamide, estrogens, cholera toxin, and dibutyryl cAMP [Bu2 cAMP). Subsequently, the cells were incubated for 3 h with l4(cid:1)14 Cl progesterone (0.5 MM). The progesterone utilization and accumulation of 2O(cid:1)-reduced and 5o-reduced metabolites were assessed following thin-layer chromatography separation of radiolabeled steroids. Both FSH (1 Mg/mI) and testosterone (0.5 MM) decreased the 206-HSD activity by decreasing the maximal velocity (by 52% and 37%, respectively) without changing significantly the Km value. The inhibition of 20o-HSD was demonstrable following 12 and 24 h exposure to FSH and following 24 and 48 h exposure to testosterone. Effects comparable to that induced by testosterone were elicited by other androgens (androstenedione and 5a-dihydrotestosterone), but not by estrogens (estradiol-17(cid:1) and estrone). Hydroxyflutamide reversed testosterone-induced effects: the increase of endogenous progesterone accumulation and the decrease of 20o-HSD activity. Both cholera toxin (0.001-10 Mg/rnl) and Bu2cAMP (62.5-1000 ug/mI) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of 20a-HSD activity. Present results indicate that: action on 20a-HSD


Plants synthesize a wide variety of glycan structures which play essential roles during plant development and contribute to many diverse processes. These glycans function as structural components in the plant cell wall, assist in the folding and secretory trafficking of nascent proteins, act as signaling molecules in stress and plant defense responses, or serve within the energy metabolism of a plant (Strasser, 2016). Studying the biological roles of plant glycans enables a better understanding of plant growth and development under various environmental conditions in order to protect plants and exploit them for agriculture, forestry, or biotechnological products (De Coninck et al., 2021). This Research Topic consists of 32 papers, including 10 review papers, 21 original research articles and 1 perspective article, and provides an overview of the latest research, methodologies and applications related to the fascinating world of plant glycobiology.


The problem of measuring ideological proximities or identifications among children is one of the most difficult. First, the author defines the limits of measurement by means of partisan identification when applied to cultures other than the American one and to populations other than adult. Second, using more indirect means of measurement it is suggested that ideological values which may be described as left- or right-wing are part of the set of values acquired by most of the children and structure most of their attitudes even if they are unaware of it and even when they are unable to qualify themselves as being on the Left or Right.


In the paper, we present a novel nonlinear approach of combined on-line state and parameter estimation for controlled vehicle suspensions. With respect to vehicle dynamics, the vehicle body mass is a parameter that is crucial for the performance of state observers. Simultaneously, its value can significantly vary during operation, e. g. due to additional load. Hence, a joint estimation approach is adopted by augmenting the state vector with the unknown body mass. Based on a Takagi-Sugeno (TS) representation of the augmented nonlinear suspension model, the overall nonlinear observer is constructed by employing the Kalman filter theory for each linear subsystem. Stability of the error dynamics of the global observer is then enforced by means of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). In simulations and experiments on a hybrid quarter-vehicle test rig using stochastic disturbance inputs, the joint estimation approach is shown to maintain high estimation accuracy, despite the uncertain body mass parameter.


Summary. The effectiveness of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as a mutagen in Chlamydomonas reinhardi has been demonstrated in two different systems: reversion to prototrophy of an arginine-requiring strain and forward mutation to auxotrophy of the wild-type strain. In these experiments, the toxic effect of EMS was very low. With certain batches of EMS, an unusually high toxicity was observed. In this case, the lethal effects seem to be attributable to the presence of minor impurities in EMS.


Wood from trunks of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was decayed for 12 weeks with white-rot fungi (Ganoderma colossum, G. zonatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma galactinum, or Trametes versicolor) or brown-rot fungi (Wolfiporia cocos, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Fomitopsis pinicola). Using the vermiculite-block assay, white-rot fungi caused significantly more weight loss (63%) than brown-rot fungi (32%). Of the white-rot fungi, G. colossum caused the greatest weight loss (81%), while S. galactinum caused the least (36%). In contrast, weight loss caused by the brown-rot fungi was similar. Chemical analyses indicated that both white-rot and brown-rot fungi caused losses of starch, holocellulose, and lignin. White-rot fungi, however, removed greater amounts of lignin than the brown-rot fungi with three species, S. galactinum, P. chrysosporium, and G. zonatum, causing selective delignification. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that phloem and parenchyma cells were m...


Prices for some of the newest Medicare Part B drugs are high— too high as many suggest. Medicare fee-spending for Part B Drugs has increased from $17.6 billion in 2011 to $28 billion in 2016. This translates to a 9.8% annual growth rate and per capita spending increase by 54%. From Democratic Presidential candidates, to both houses of Congress, to the Trump administration itself—the issue is front and center in Washington D.C. and all have ideas on how to address it. One theme that seems to resonate with Americans and therefore a component of several proposals is the comparison between how much Americans pay for these drugs as compared to other countries. In October 2018, Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Azar at an event at the Brookings Institution noted that Medicare pays on average nearly twice what other countries pay for the same drugs in the Part B program and pledged that we will go from paying 180% to 126% of the average international price over the next 5 years. The proposal itself, the International Pricing Index (IPI) Model, was outlined by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) in an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) and has generated much debate. Unintended consequences of the IPI Model and proposals like it is the source of widespread criticism, including a recent Commentary in this issue of TIRS by Schulthess, Gassull, and Maisel. Criticisms stem from the potential impact of price caps tied to foreign government negotiations on R&D and ultimate availability of innovative therapies for patients. Drugs of focus in the IPI model—Part B drugs that are sole source or biologics—are also the very same drugs that represent some of the most innovative, complex drugs in the pharmaceutical pipeline that address significant areas of unmet need. They also happen to be among the most risky endeavors from an investment perspective. Penalizing successful R&D in these areas will likely be consequential for innovation in the ultimate availability of innovative treatments that patients need. Pharmaceutical companies aren't entirely without blame as to why we are here with regard to public sentiment on drug prices. The price gauging "bad actors" that increase prices of sole-source generic products simply because they can and opaque pricing tactics that have nothing to do with the benefits a product brings to patients haven't helped. As a result, punitive price-setting proposals that ultimately set prices for innovative treatments in ways that ignore their benefits will be here unless the industry and stakeholder community broadly embrace more transparent approaches that bring better evidence, including real-world evidence, value, and patient priorities into the equation.


Frail, aged, or disabled people often need assistance in getting about but deserve maximum freedom and control within their ability yet also within an envelope of safety. This paper introduces a new apparatus for providing such freedom with safety, using robotic sensors and technology applied to a mechanism which combines the advantages of both a powered walking frame and a wheelchair to accommodate the user's needs with flexibility and convenience.


This paper presents interactive simulation tools to support the enhancement of power electronics education considering DC to DC converters. These interactive tools make use of the benefits of Java language to provide a dynamic and interactive visualization of simulations in steady-state for idealized non-isolated DC to DC converters. Additionally, this paper discusses the features and the usage of the interactive educational tools to serve as a first design tool for the laboratory experiments in the power electronics courses. In this way, some results were confronted with a well-known simulator package and with experimental results in order to validate the developed interactive simulation tools.


A radioactive sealed source is any radioactive material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the radioactive material. Radioactive sealed sources are used for a wide variety of applications at hospitals, in manufacturing and research. Typical uses are in portable gauges to measure soil compaction and moisture or to determine physical properties of rocks units in boreholes (well logging). Hospitals and clinics use radioactive sealed sources for teletherapy and brachytherapy. Oil exploration and medicine are the largest users. Accidental mismanagement of radioactive sealed sources each year results in a large number of people receiving very high or even fatal does of ionizing radiation. Deliberate mismanagement is a growing international concern. Sealed sources must be managed and disposed effectively in order to protect human health and the environment. Effective national safety and management infrastructures are prerequisites for efficient and safe transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal. The Integrated Management Program for Radioactive Sealed Sources in Egypt (IMPRSS) is a cooperative development agreement between the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOH), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), the University of New Mexico (UNM), and Agriculture Cooperative Development International (ACDI/VOCA). The EAEA, teaming with SNL, ismore » conducting a Preliminary Safety Assessment (PSA) of an intermediate-depth borehole disposal in thick arid alluvium in Egypt based on experience with the U.S. Greater Confinement Disposal (GCD). Goldsim has been selected for the preliminary disposal system assessment for the Egyptian GCD Study. The results of the PSA will then be used to decide if Egypt desires to implement such a disposal system.« less


Cognitive radio technology has been recently proposed for sharing and utilising the spectrum in order to satisfy the increasing demands for spectrum access. In this radio technology, secondary users may be granted access to the spectrum bands occupied by a primary user as long as the interference power, inflicted on the primary receiver as an effect of the transmission of the secondary user, is deemed unharmful. In this paper the authors assume that the successful operation of the primary user requires a minimum rate to be guaranteed by its channel for a certain percentage of time and obtain the interference-power constraint that is required to be fulfilled by the secondary user. Considering the input transmit-power constraint, on average or peak power, for the secondary user, the authors investigate the capacity gains offered by this spectrum-sharing approach when only partial channel information of the link between the secondary's transmitter and primary's receiver is available to the former. In particular, the lower bounds on the capacity of a Rayleigh flat-fading channel with two different transmission techniques, namely channel inversion and optimum rate allocation with constant power transmission, are derived. Closed-form expressions for these capacity metrics are provided, and numerical simulations are conducted to corroborate the theoretical results.


|In this paper, a standard ray tracing model based on Geometrical Optics (GO) is proposed for predicting the signal strength of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), ZigBee nodes, in an indoor environment. The signal strength is calculated analytically. The results are compared with numerical analysis implemented in FEKO computational electromagnetic software, and agreement is demonstrated. Also, the model is veri(cid:12)ed by a simple measurement campaign in a straight corridor section of commercial building, and results agreement is obtained. The results show that the proposed technique is capable of predicting the signal strength of WSN sensors in a corridor section of indoor environment with good accuracy, fast calculation time, and low computational resources and complexity. The proposed analytical model and measurement dataset can help WSN designers select the best locations of ZigBee nodes in a straight corridor section with good signal quality.


Deep Inelastic Neutron Scattering (Neutron Compton Scattering), is used to measure the momentum distribution of the protons in water from temperatures slightly below freezing to the supercritical phase. The momentum distribution is determined almost entirely by quantum localization effects, and hence is a sensitive probe of the local environment of the proton. The distribution shows dramatic changes as the hydrogen bond network becomes more disordered. Within a single particle interpretation, the proton moves from an essentially harmonic well in ice to a slightly anharmonic well in room temperature water, to a deeply anharmonic potential in the supercritical phase that is best described by a double well potential with a separation of the wells along the bond axis of about 0.3 Angstrom. Confining the supercritical water in the interstices of a C60 powder enhances this anharmonicity and enhances the localization of the protons. The changes in the distribution are consistent with gas phase formation at the hydrophobic boundaries and inconsistent with the formation of ice there.


Exemplar-based image translation refers to the task of generating images with the desired style, while conditioning on certain input image. Most of the current methods learn the correspondence between two input domains and lack the mining of information within the domain. In this paper, we propose a more general learning approach by considering two domain features as a whole and learning both inter-domain correspondence and intra-domain potential information interactions. Specifically, we propose a Cross-domain Feature Fusion Transformer (CFFT) to learn inter- and intra-domain feature fusion. Based on CFFT, the proposed CFFT-GAN works well on exemplar-based image translation. Moreover, CFFT-GAN is able to decouple and fuse features from multiple domains by cascading CFFT modules. We conduct rich quantitative and qualitative experiments on several image translation tasks, and the results demonstrate the superiority of our approach compared to state-of-the-art methods. Ablation studies show the importance of our proposed CFFT. Application experimental results reflect the potential of our method.


The letter proposes a public key cryptosystem using a reciprocal number. Breaking the proposed cryptosystem is proven to be as difficult as factoring a large number.


With the development of technologies, interests in intelligent products are increasing. An intelligent product is a robotic product in which information and robotic technologies are integrated into an existing common product, called a mother product. In this study, as a way to enhance people's acceptance of an intelligent product, I focused on the match between the form and function of an intelligent product. As the form of an intelligent product is similar to that of a mother product, the expected function of an intelligent product would be determined by the function of a mother product. Thus, the relevance between the intelligent function of an intelligent product and the inherent function of a mother product, called relevance of the product functions could be an important factor which affects people's acceptance of an intelligent product. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of degree of relevance of the product functions on people's acceptance of an intelligent product. Using an intelligent door, I conducted a 2 (degree of relevance of the product functions: high vs. low) within-participants experiment design (N = 60). Participants evaluated the intelligent product in the high relevance condition more positively than that in the low relevance condition. In addition, the correlation between degree of relevance of the product functions and product evaluation was analyzed, and a positive correlation between the two factors was found. Implications for the intelligent product design are discussed.


New generations discover sensorics that begins with silence. Whoever wants to experience a sound, has to experience silence first. The way of silence leads us to the connection with everything, unique and universal. In this uniqueness, voices, singing and music reside. The scientists claim that the universe (=turned toward one) was built according to the principle of harmonics: proportions of a whole number are manifested as a sound, intervals, chords, as a range of harmonics. A human being is the part of this chord. Diving into the wholeness which one resonates and breathes with, one will utter sounds freely, powerfully and harmoniously, realize oneself authentically in poetic, in singing, in logical utterance, as well as in the experienced communicative silence. Entering the wholeness, we heal ourselves and return to that unity that patches up existing polarity and embodies us non-gentropicaly in the entire harmony. Whoever wants to speak, has to listen attentively, with the whole body, with the whole personality. The one who listens is already in the wholeness.


Let R be a retract of k[x,y,z] with a retraction φ.It is proved that there exist p,q∈R such that R=k[p,q] if the transcendental degree of R over k is 2 and either of the following conditions holds: 1) R is an inert subalgebra containing no coordinates and φ is the gradient of a polynomial;2) R is a 2-valuation algebra.


Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the perception of patients and dentists regarding the esthetics achieved with conventional and characterized complete dentures. Materials and Methods: Twenty completely edentulous participants were selected and given both conventional and characterized complete dentures. Participants including patients wearing the dentures and dentists subsequently evaluated both types of dentures by giving scores using 0–10 cm Visual Analog Scale on denture esthetics. The esthetic scores were statistically analyzed using paired t-test (P = 0.05 as significant). Results: Patients' satisfaction with conventional and characterized complete dentures were statistically similar except for the fact that patients were more satisfied with ideal arrangement of teeth in conventional denture (standard deviation [SD]-7.0 ± 2,0) compared to the characterized (SD-4.8 ± 2.7) arrangement of the teeth (P = 0.038). Conclusions: Aesthetic satisfaction with complete dentures was influenced by the patients' socioeconomic status. Patients could not see any significant difference between conventional and characterized complete denture.


Some diseases are linked to food which we eat.All the fats are not dangerous,,some fats increase the risk for heart disease ,while others are good for health. We consume four types of fats as food these are polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, saturated and Trans fat. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated are the preferred fats. Saturated fats and Trans fats are those that we should consume the least because these fats are responsible for the development of insulin resistance and heart disease. The food stuffs such as Pork, Fried chicken, Beef or pork hot dogs, Polish sausage,Pizza with sausage or extra cheese , Sandwiches with bologna,  corned beef, Regular mayonnaise, whole milk, whole chocolate milk, Regular cheese, Pasta with cream sauce, Butter, stick margarine, Cream-based salad dressings, Packaged cookies, cakes, and crackers have Trans fats and they should be avoided.


The invention discloses a method for electroplating chromium on TC1 titanium alloy and TC2 titanium alloy. The method includes the first step of removing oil on the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy, the second step of conducting sand blasting on the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy after oil removal, the third step of activating the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy after sand blasting, the fourth step of hydrogenating the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy after activation, the fifth step of plating milky-white chromium on the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy after hydrogenation, and the sixth step of plating hard chromium on the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy. Through the method, the influences of oxidation films on the chromium electroplating of the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy are eliminated, the performance of base materials of the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy is guaranteed, and the excellent performance of the TC1 titanium alloy and the TC2 titanium alloy is effectively developed.


Background:  The South African government has created countless policies that support the need to admit and graduate students who had been excluded from health-science programmes in higher education settings during the apartheid era. Objective:  to develop a questionnaire that could be used by various stakeholders to obtain their perceptions about access to health sciences education in higher education settings. Method:  A mixed methods design was used; the qualitative stage allowed for the identification of themes while the quantitative stage used measurement theory, to develop an instrument based on those themes. Results: The overarching theme was Achieving equity of access for success is multi-factorial and has diverse and complex challenges and eight sub-themes emerged which were used to create a 17-item questionnaire that has good content validity and reliability (Cronbach alpha=.767). Conclusion: Further psychometric testing with larger, more diverse samples will result in a refined instrument that can be administered to various stakeholder groups, such as current and potential health sciences students and faculties, and used in programme evaluation. Health science programmes can use the instrument to measure access within different disciplines and possible changes over time as innovations are piloted. Different health sciences programmes can be compared and contrasted and objective data can be used to make systematic organizational changes.


A patient who experienced an acute schizophrenic episode during an otherwise uneventful recovery following gun-shot wounds and surgery was treated with large amounts of cortisone. During cortisone therapy changes were encountered in her behavior, symbolic productions, and level of integration. In this patient the period of administration of large amounts of cortisone coincided with reversal of the downhill course and with development of interpersonal contact with subsequent gains in environmental relationships.


The purpose of the work is to evaluate the dynamics of development and clinical course of secondary steroid ophthalmohypertension in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Material and methods. We analyzed the primary medical documentation. In the following, we described this clinical case. Results and conclusions. The patient did not notice any positive dynamics during 2 months of conservative treatment of chronic blepharitis against the background of instillations of Dexamethasone 0.1% in both eyes. In addition, the patient was taking oral methylprednisolone for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. At the initial appointment with an ophthalmologist, an increase in IOP was detected, and the diagnosis was made: allergic blepharitis, chalazions of the upper eyelid of both eyes, steroid ophthalmohypertension. Blepharitis treatment was prescribed, as well as hypotensive drops in both eyes. The patient came to our clinic 1.5 months after the start of treatment, without positive dynamics and with a persistently high level of IOP. Appropriate treatment was prescribed and all necessary methods of additional diagnostics were carried out. Conclusions. This clinical case is of interest to practitioners, as it reflects a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment and management of patients with rheumatological pathology requiring steroid medications. Keywords: steroid ophthalmohypertension, glaucoma, steroid glaucoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, glucocorticosteroids


Two Gated-Viewing instruments of different design, but similar mean optical power, were compared during a field test: The TRAGVIS sensor is an experimental, scientific development which was designed for particular needs of maritime search and rescue operations. The instrument uses pulsed VCSELs in the NIR, and a CMOS camera in multi-integration mode. As designed for distances < 400 m, a fixed focal length (wide angular FOV of ≈ 9° ) is used, and the repetition rate is high, while the pulse energy is low. The MODAR is a commercial multi-sensor platform comprising a Gated-Viewing instrument designed for security operations (e.g. police) both on sea and on land. Aiming at distances up to several kilometers, both camera and laser illumination are equipped with zoom optics, and the repetition rate is small, while the pulse energy is high. In contrast to TRAGVIS, an image intensifier is used. TRAGVIS and MODAR were compared in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and image contrast using Lambertian reflectors at different distances. TRAGVIS was found to perform better than MODAR at distances < 350 m, but its performance decreases with distance while MODAR's performance stays constant as a result of the laser and camera zoom. When used in ungated (continuous exposure) mode, TRAGVIS shows > 5 times larger SNR than in gated mode, and almost one order of magnitude larger SNR than MODAR due to the lack of an image intensifier. This demonstrates the instrument's ability to be used for both, Gated-Viewing as well as simple active illumination mode. However, for the same reason (image intensifier) MODAR's shutter suppression, which is crucial for reducing the back-scatter signal and therefore vision enhancement, was found to be at least 5-6 times better than that of TRAGVIS.


Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a complex simple finite dimensional Lie algebra and $G$ be the adjoint Lie group with the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. To every $C \in G$ one can associate a commutative subalgebra $B(C)$ in the Yangian $Y(\mathfrak{g})$, which is responsible for the integrals of the (generalized) $XXX$ Heisenberg magnet chain. Using the approach of arXiv:1708.05105, we construct a natural structure of affine crystals on spectra of $B(C)$ in Kirillov-Reshetikhin $Y(\mathfrak{g})$-modules in type $A$. We conjecture that such a construction exists for arbitrary $\mathfrak{g}$ and gives Kirillov-Reshetikhin crystals. Our main technical tool is the degeneration of Bethe subalgebras in the Yangian to commutative subalgebras $\mathcal{A}_\chi^{\mathrm{u}}$ in the universal enveloping of the current Lie algebra, $U(\mathfrak{g}[t])$, which depend on the parameter $\chi$ from the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ (and are of independent interest). We show that these subalgebras come from the Feigin-Frenkel center on the critical level as described by Feigin, Frenkel and Toledano Laredo in arXiv:math/0612798. This allows to prove that our affine crystals in type $A$ are indeed Kirillov-Reshetikhin by reducing to the crystal structure on the spectra of inhomogeneous Gaudin model which is already known (arXiv:1708.05105).


This paper provides a framework for the extension of residential location theory to the case of nonworking, service-dependent households. The analysis suggests that theoretically: (1) housing costs and transportation-to-services costs are key considerations in the locational decisions of service-dependents, thus rooting them to the locus of service provision; (2) service facilities locate in close proximity to service-dependent areas of cities in order to minimize client transportation costs; and (3) both the service dependent poor and their support facilities face severe budgetary constraints on their location choices, serving to restrict them to povertyridden central city neighborhoods.


The Logistic model was used to discuss the growth regulation of Pinus hwangshanensis. The result is N=0.205511+e 3.56693-0.14132 t,the relative coefficient is 0.91755. The growth period could be divided into three phases:young age phase(14 years), middle age phase(14~36 years) and mature phase (36 years).The current annual increment is 0.00484 m3, and the rate of volume average growth is 0.07066.


The present invention 15 to 70% by weight, the metallocene - one or more copolymers and one or more styrene block of the block copolymer as obtained by the catalytic action polymerizable ethylene and / or propylene and at least one C4 to C20 olefin-based α- storage containing additional additives of the mixture of the copolymer, the resin for at least one of 10 to 70% by weight of tackifier, 0 to 40% by weight-stable hot-directed to a melt adhesive, wherein the sum of the assigned% must be 100% , the adhesive resin is a fully or partially flexible resin.


A 40-year-married man diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MS) in 2013 and underwent allopathic medication. In July 2014, he visited our college hospital with the complaint of gradual increasing of body weight since 12 years and generalized weakness and knee pain since 1-year. Our subject received integrative naturopathy and yoga therapies (INYT) for the duration of 60–90 min and 120-min/day, respectively, for the period of 3 weeks along with the human mixed insulin and candesartan. Baseline and post assessment of weight, body mass index, waist circumference, insulin intake, blood glucose level, blood pressure, and lipid profile were assessed before and after the intervention. The result of our study showed a better reduction in all the variables. All the treatments were tolerable, and no adverse event was reported by the subject. It suggests that the INYT with insulin and antihypertensive medication can be considered as an effective treatment modalities in a patient with MS.


Goal of research: to study the determinants of alcohol abusing by the population of Transcarpathian region. Materials and methods used in the course of study: statistical (data of branch statistical reporting for the years 2010–2014), sociological (400 residents of Transcarpathian region interviewed). Results. Unemployment, loneliness, poor psychological climate in the family (conflict family), the absence of permanent residence are the most important social  determinants and HIV-infection is the most important medical determinant that work as risk factors for development of alcoholism among adult population of Transcarpathian region (direct strong correlation link). Lack of finance for the most important needs of the family (poverty), inconstant earnings and permanent availability of the surplus money belong to economic determinants of the development of alcoholism with direct strong correlation link.  Conclusion. Detection of the determinants of alcoholism development among the adult population of Transcarpathian region composes the base for working out the integrated regional program for prevention of alcoholism.


Thirty years ago, the Congress of the United States required that coal mines be backfilled as a routine element of reclamation when it passed the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act. Until recently, that concept has not been generally applied to non-coal surface mines. In 2003, California's State Mining and Geology Board (Board) evaluated reclamation of open pit metallic mines in the state and determined that they were not being reclaimed, despite California's Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975 (SMARA). As a result, the Board issued regulations for the backfilling of open-pit metallic mines. The need for such regulation reflected several issues. Open-pit metallic mineral mines often create very large excavations. In addition, metallic mineral mines that employ the cyanide heap leach method for mineral segregation and collection frequently generate very large leach piles which create long term soil and groundwater contamination conditions. It is the intent of SMARA that completed mine sites present no additional dangers to the public health and safety, and that the mined lands are returned to an alternate, useful condition. To date, no large, open pit metallic mines in California have been returned to the conditions contemplated by SMARA, and these sites continue to pose significant environmental problems. The goal of the Board's regulations was to require mining companies to address the problems identified above and to take responsibility for cleaning up their mine sites after the completion of surface mining operations, and return them to a condition that allows alternative uses and avoids environmental harms, thereby meeting the purpose and intent of SMARA. Board regulations, which took effect in 1993, establish performance standards for reclamation pursuant to SMARA, including standards for backfilling which provide that, where backfilling is required for resource conservation purposes, fill material must be backfilled "to the standards required for the resource conservation use involved". Additional