In this paper we use the first full wave of the Irish component of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey to evaluate conflicting interpretations of levels and patterns of material deprivation in Ireland after the Celtic Tiger. Radical critics of Irish economic policies have seen the Irish case as a particularly good illustration of the tendency for globalization to be accompanied by widespread economic vulnerability and marginalization. Such arguments, however, have focused unduly on relative income poverty measures. Here, employing a multidimensional perspective that encompasses not only income but also a range of deprivation dimensions, we adopt a tiered approach to the analysis of economic vulnerability and multiple deprivation. Our analysis identifies one fifth of the population as being economically vulnerable. A sub-group constituting one half of this economically vulnerable cluster is identified as ?consistently poor?. Finally, seven per cent of the population are identified as maximally deprived in that they exhibit high risks of deprivation across a range of life-style deprivation dimensions. Both the levels and depth of material deprivation are a good deal more modest than suggested by radical critics of the recent Irish experience.


According to the current situation of cotton planting and breeding in Jiangsu province,the author analyzes the fertility,disease resistance and fiber quality of recently-registered cotton varieties,and puts forward the future developmental strategies of cotton production as follows: strengthening the cooperation among the cotton breeding institutions,using biological technology,focusing on fiber quality breeding,improving yield components synchronously and noticing the selection of disease-resistant materials.


Objective:To study the changes of coagulation function and its clinical significance in children with systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS).Methods:The patients were divided into the group S2,group S3 and group S4 ac cording to the 4 items of clinical criteria for diagnosis of SIRS.These patients were also divided into survival group and nonsurvival group according to the prognosis.Their prothrombin time(PT),thrombin time(TT),activated partial thromboplastic time(APTT) and the D-Dimer(DD) levels,plateiet counts(PLT) and mean plateiet vollumn(MPV) of 96 children diag nosed as SIRS were determined.Their coagulation function were compared.Results:The percentage of mortality rate in SIRS children increased with increasing items of criteria for diagnosis of SIRS,so did the PT ,TT,APTT and DD levels.The PT,TT,APTT and DD levels remarkably correlated with the items.There was difference in the PT,TT,APTT,DD,MPV between the survival group and nonsurvival group(P0.05).Conclusion:The more items of the diagnostic criteria for SIRS,the patients had the more severe and much remarkable the coagulation disturbance and much higher the mortality.


A simple dynamo surface wave is presented to illustrate the basic principles of a dynamo operating in the thin layer of shear and suppressed eddy diffusion beneath the cyclonic convection in the convection zone of the sun. It is shown that the restriction of the shear delta(Omega)/delta(r) to a region below the convective zone provides the basic mode with a greatly reduced turbulent diffusion coefficient in the region of strong azimuthal field. The dynamo takes on the character of a surface wave tied to the lower surface z = 0 of the convective zone. There is a substantial body of evidence suggesting a fibril state for the principal flux bundles beneath the surface of the sun, with fundamental implications for the solar dynamo.


IFN Regulatory Factor‐1 (IRF‐1) is an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of IFNs and TNFα‐inducible genes. GR‐interacting protein 1 (GRIP‐1) plays a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Recent evidence showed that GRIP‐1 interacts and modulates IRF‐3‐dependent gene expression. We here examined whether manipulating the levels of such co‐factor modulates the transcriptional regulation of IRF‐1‐inducible genes. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells were co‐transfected with 2 μg constitutively active (CA)‐GRIP‐1 (kindly provided by Dr. Rogatsky) or pcDNA3 (used as a negative control) vectors and 2 μg of IRF‐1 reporter construct. After 48 h, cells were either left untreated or treated with TNFα (10 ng/ml) and IFNγ(1000 UI/ml) for 6 h. In parallel experiments, cells were co‐transfected with 2 μg CA‐GRα, 2 μg of CA‐GRIP‐1 or pcDNA3 vectors and 2 μg of IRF‐1 reporter construct. After 48 h, cells were treated as described above. We found that CA‐GRIP‐1 by itself dramatically enhanced IRF‐1 reporter activity in both basal and cytokine‐treated cells. Interestingly, overexpression of GRα inhibited IRF‐1 reporter activity in pcDNA3 transfected cells, an inhibition that was completely prevented in GRIP‐1‐overexpressing cells. Further, chromatin‐immunoprecipitation assay revealed a marked enrichment of GRIP‐1 on IRF‐1 DNA binding sites of CD38 promoter in cells‐treated with TNFα and IFNγ. Together, these data expand the role of GRIP‐1 from co‐activator restricted to nuclear receptors to include other transcription factors such as IRF‐1.


all the ethnically diverse traders, soldiers, sailors, and politicians that moved through the widespread network of Indonesian trading ports, his insight into the role of the British, and particularly of Raffles, would be much more profound. Despite this want of sociological imagination, Bastin's articles are a substantial contribution to our understanding of the complex past of the Malaysian region.


The results of the measurements of ionization due to the beta and gamma-radiations near the ground surface from 1967 through 1969 are reported, and are discussed comparing with those obtained from 1963 through 1966. The ionization due to the beta-radiation decreased gradually, and the mean value for this period is about I J at one meter above the ground surface, and that by the gamma-radiation (including the cosmic rays) is almost constant, i. e., 5-6 J. In January 1967, sudden increase of the ionization due to the fallout radioactivity caused by the 5th Chinese nuclear explosion test was observed. 137Cs, 90Sr+90Y, 106Ru, and 144Ce were detected from the grass and soil samples taken on the campus of this university in 1964. 144Ce, 140La, 95Zr, 132I, and 132Te were also detected from the fallout particles caused by the 3rd Chinese nuclear explosion test on May 9, 1966.


A work by Janet Burchill and Jennifer McCamley from 1986, 'Temptation to Exist (Tippi)', shows a cropped double portrait film still of the actress Tippi Hedren, the prim star of Hitchcock's horror classic 'The Birds' (1963), in a scene that zooms in on her once flawless face ravaged by the red scratches of a malicious winged attack. The portrait is bisected by a long black vertical line with the image on the right slightly enlarged, forming an effect of a repeat that is off-register or out of sync. Burchill and McCamley have revamped the title of this work to name their major museum survey exhibition 'Temptation to Co-Exist', which assembles a selection of works produced by the artists' collaborative practice spanning more than 35 years. The temptation to co-exist with what, we might ask: the artists with each other, or perhaps the models of femininity promulgated by twentieth-century popular culture of which Hedren was an exemplar? Alternately, the compound verb might refer to the dual meanings that characterise many of the artists' works. The title operates as a neat encapsulation of their collaboration, as a teasingly open-ended statement whose meaning is caught in a speculative loop.


Colloidal gold nanoparticles having an average diameter of 8 nm were prepared by laser ablation at 1064 nm of a gold metal plate in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and were subjected to fragmentation under irradiation of a pulsed laser at 532 nm. Gold clusters exhibiting no significant optical absorption in the visible wavelength region were produced in a solution, together with nanoparticles. UV−visible optical absorption spectroscopy revealed that the gold clusters grow gradually through attachment to the nanoparticles and through mutual aggregation. The growth processes depend crucially on the concentration of SDS in the aqueous solution of nanoparticles.


BACKGROUND:
Intubation Difficulty Score is one of the best parameter to evaluate the factors related to difficult intubation. Which having 7 variable including glottic exposure as defined by Cormack .This score assessed during laryngoscopy. Purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy by comparing Intubation Difficulty Score.
OBJECTIVES:
To compare the efficacy of Airtraq optical laryngoscopes to conventional Macintosh laryngoscopes for ease of intubation by comparing the Intubation Difficulty Scores of both laryngoscopes.
METHODOLOGY:
Total of 60 patients were selected, 30 patients belonged to group-1 for macintosh laryngoscopy, other 30 patients belonged to thegroup-2 for Airtraq intubation. Excluding the patients with difficult airway, compromised airway, Morbid obesity, Mallampatti grade 3 & 4, American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status III & IV, Patient with airway sharing surgery such as Tonsil, Thyriod surgery, Patient with emergency surgery,Pregnant patients, Healthy volunteers not satisfying inclusion criteria, Severe cardiovascular, hepatic or renal disease, mental illness, Need for nasal intubation, Prolonged surgery > 2 hrs. IDS scoreswere estimated for all and compare both groups.
RESULTS:
When compare both groups, IDS score is lower in Airtraq group, intubation time is shorter in Airtraq group, hemodynamic parameters during intubation is more acceptable in Airtraq group, post op complication also less in airtraq group than macintosh group.
CONCLUSION:
Airtraq laryngoscopy can be used as an effective alternate to Macintosh laryngoscopy in patient undergoing elective surgery.


A method for selectively shunting an acoustic driver within an electronic device detects the presence of a squelch signal from a local emitter and automatically shunts the acoustic driver in response to the detection, free of any communication back to the emitter. The squelch signal originates from an emitter which is positioned extrinsic to the device, and can be broadcast so as to define a zone of influence within which the acoustic drivers of electronic devices will be squelched. In lieu of an acoustic driver, a vibrator can be activated to quietly alert the user of the incoming message while the squelch signal is present. As a result, the invention enables a proprietor to a greater degree of control over ringing and beeping noises generated by such devices when positioned within a designated space. A broadcast system for defining the zone of influence and electronic devices that include circuitry that implement the method are also disclosed.


Stability of vehicle handling is of great importance for measuring the safety of vehicles. According to the current evaluation method, this crucial property is usually determined by technicians using existing impact factors and the evaluation is always generated by subjective judgments because there are no united criterion that can simplify the evaluation. However, this evaluation process is very hard to achieve because of the large scale of independent variables. Here, we aim at presenting a novel method based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) to aid the evaluation process for the tests of stability of vehicle handling. We set different impact factors of the tests as the independent variables, while the scores of the tests were set as the dependent variables. Using the existing data, we trained it using linear predictor, general regression neural network (GRNN) and multi-layer feedforward network (MLFN) during the machine learning process. Results show that ANN models can be used for aiding the subjective evaluation of stability in vehicle engineering. Our research can offer a novel insight for the vehicle evaluation in future studies. results of technicians, we decided to use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to mimic the non-linear relationship in people's mind. A series of models for snake-like test, input test of steering wheel angle step, input test of steering wheel angle pulse, test of steering agility and test of stable circle were developed to evaluate the scores of the stabilities of vehicles. We used the Results show that ANN models can effectively and robustly give the correct evaluation results after the machine learning process of ANN models based on the existing data and subjective evaluation results provided by technicians.


To improve the wettability between Al_2O_3 and steel matrix during preparation of composites, the electroless nickel plating is applied to superficial treatment of Al2O3 particles.Composites are prepared by the powder metallurgy process,and three-body abrasive wear resistance of the compos- ites is investigated.The results show that the electroless nickel plating fully and tightly covers on the surface of Al_2O_3 particles.The nickel plating can effectively improve the uniform distribution of Al_2O_3 particles,the bonding interface of Al_2O_3 particles and steel matrix,and the wear resistance of composites.


Background and Study Aim. This study aims to examine the relationship between the development of motor skills and the socio-economic status of families with body mass index (BMI) of children with autism disorder.
Material and Methods. To this end, 68 children with autism at the age range of 6-13 years old were selected for the study. Their parents completed Family Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire. The motor skills level of children was measured by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). The height and weight of children were measured to calculate their BMI.
Results. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that there is a significant and negative relationship between the development of motor skills and the socioeconomic status of families with BMI of children with autism. The results of the linear regression test also indicated that motor development and family socioeconomic status are predictors of BMI in people with autism (P<0.05).
Conclusions. It is concluded that the socioeconomic status of the family and the motor development of children with autism are the determinants of their overweight and obesity and these factors should be considered in the interventions for children and families.


Recent work on optimal monetary and fiscal policy in New Keynesian models has tended to focus on policy set by an infinitely lived benevolent policy maker, often with access to a commitment technology. In this paper, we explore deviations from this ideal, by allowing (time-consistent) policy to be set by a process of bargaining between two political players with different weights on elements of the social welfare function. We characterize the (linear) Markov perfect equilibrium and, in a series of numerical examples, we explore the resultant policy response to shocks which cannot be perfectly offset with the available instruments due to their fiscal consequences. We find that, even although the players, on average, have the socially desirable objective function, the process of bargaining implies an outcome which deviates from the time-consistent policy chosen by the benevolent policy maker. Moreover, the range of instruments available mean that policy makers will bargain across the entire policy mix, sometimes implying outcomes which are quite different from those that would be chosen by a single policy maker. These policy outcomes depend crucially on the nature of the conflict and also the level of government debt.


Objective
To investigate the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) through a retrospective analysis on the colorectal NEN clinical features.

Methods
Clinicopathological data of 25 patients with colorectal NEN from January 2006 to January 2015 in Hubei Cancer Hospital were analyzed.

Results
Three of the 25 cases of NEN occurred in appendix, 3 in ascending colon, 2 in sigmoid colon, 17 in rectum. The NEN were divided into four grades: G1 (11 cases), G2 (3 cases), NEC (8 cases), MANEC (3 cases). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the positive rates of Syn, CgA and NSE were 96%, 68% and 92% respectively. Liver is the most common place of metastasis in NEN patients. The 5-year survival rate of stage Ⅰ and Ⅲ patients were 100% and 25% respectively, while the 5-year survival rate of stage Ⅱ patients was 50%. The survival time of 2 stage Ⅳ patients was 28 months and 37 months respectively.

Conclusions
The clinical manifestations of colorectal NEN are of non-special and endoscopic biopsy is the major diagnostic modality. The main method of treatment for colorectal NEN is surgery, and the prognosis was associated with clinical stages and grades.

Key words:
Colorectal neoplasms; Prognosis; Neuroendocrine neoplasm; Diagnosis


Inthis paper, theauthors report aboutrecent achievement in distributed MEMS behavioral modeling, allowing botheasy development andfaster simulation forbetter integration ofarrayed MEMS into systems. Design andsimulation areproduced byPC-based cost-effective solution using VHDL-AMS.A hierarchical circuit-level design methodology hasbeenfollowed tomodelandsimulate in microfluidic environment aMEMS array-based smartsurface applied in2-Dmicromanipulation. First, a VHDL-AMS-basedbehavioral modelhasbeenachieved. Then,alowerabstraction level modelbased onstructural behavioral modellevel hasbeendeveloped andvalidated integrating apneumatic micractuator component model. Experimental agreements ofresulting simulations aresuccessfully provided atboth abstraction levels.


The features of the organization of obituaries created by V. S. Solovyov from 1883 to 1900 is considered. The specific traits of the author's strategy in writing mourning texts are revealed. The relevance of the article is due to the importance of V. S. Solovyov for Russian culture, as well as the prospects for research that will reveal the genre and compositional specifics of obituaries as a special fact of the culture of creating post-humous texts in Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that for the first time in Solovyov studies, the obituaries of the famous Russian philosopher are considered in aggregate, the author's attitude to death and important aspects of his understanding of the place of man in the world are revealed. The relationship of these works with the rest of V. S. Solovyov and genre features of these obituaries is determined. According to Solovyov, the main qualities of a truly spiritual person are revealed: this is a person who has exceptional qualities of the heart, is not always understood by society, but who, through his deeds, embodies the main human destiny — serving Christian truth. He concludes that the obituaries of V. S. Solovyov reflect his system of views and semantically resonate with other works of the author.


President Barack Obama said on 5 November that he was open to hearing ideas from Republicans on reforming the Affordable Care Act but that he would use his executive powers to defend its key elements.

Obama made his comments in a press conference called the day after an election day rout in which Republicans took control of the US Senate and expanded their majority in the House of Representatives.1

"There are certainly some lines I'm going to draw," the president said. "Repeal of the law, I won't sign. Efforts that would take away healthcare from the 10 million …


As world population continues to rise, there is a growing requirement for food and fiber, especially in developing countries. In addition, agriculture is increasingly tapped to supplement world energy needs. Since the area of arable land is limited, meeting these needs must involve improving crop yields sustainably and utilizing global agricultural output more efficiently. The terpenoid class of secondary metabolites produced by many plant species has important ecological functions either as attractants (e.g., linalool) or as defense compounds1,2 (e.g., bitter triterpenoid cucurbitacins, pungent diterpenoid polygodial, gossypol, and related compounds in cotton). However, some terpenoids and other defense compounds are toxic to humans and animals. Over the course of human history, man has learned to either avoid consumption of toxic plants/parts, or to inactivate/neutralize toxic compounds before ingestion (e.g., cassava, kidney beans). In some cases, the inedible plant product is used as feed for those domestic, ruminant animals that suffer little or no ill effects from consuming these products. Cottonseed, produced in abundance as a byproduct of fiber production, represents such a case. Cotton is a cash crop for more than 20 million farmers in developing countries in Asia and Africa. For every 1 kg of fiber, cotton plants produce approximately 1.65 kg of seeds: e.g., global cotton cultivation in 2005 yielded 23.5 million metric tons (MMT) of lint and over 40 MMT of seed. Cottonseed contains 21% oil and 23% protein of relatively high quality. The global annual production of cottonseed could potentially provide the total protein requirements of nearly 500 million people for a year (50 g/day rate) if the seed were safe for human consumption. However, the utility of cottonseed for food is hampered by the presence of gossypol, located in seed glands. Gossypol is a terpenoid that is cardioand hepatotoxic to humans and monogastric animals; unfortunately, this toxicity limits cottonseed to use primarily as ruminant cattle feed, either as whole seeds, or as meal following oil extraction. Gossypol is a terpenoid that is cardioand hepatotoxic to humans and monogastric animals; unfortunately, this toxicity limits cottonseed to use primarily as ruminant cattle feed, either as whole seeds, or as meal following oil extraction. Gossypol is a terpenoid that is cardioand hepatotoxic to humans and monogastric animals; unfortunately, this toxicity limits cottonseed to use primarily as ruminant cattle feed, either as whole seeds, or as meal following oil extraction. Even though cottonseed does find some indirect use in human nutrition in the form of cattle feed, ruminant animals are highly inefficient in terms of feed conversion. Thus, the potential of cottonseed to help meet food requirements of the burgeoning world population provides a great impetus for eliminating gossypol from cottonseed.


This study aimed to assess awareness of tobacco smoking, prevalence, and related factors among female university students, while comparing medical and non-medical students. A cross-sectional study was conducted in different departments of King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, during 2018-2019. A stratified random sampling technique was used, based on college. A modified structured Global Youth Tobacco Survey was used to collect detailed information about tobacco smoking habits and associated factors. All students signed a consent form before receiving the questionnaire. SPSS version 21 was used. Two hundred female students participated, from medical (53%) and non-medical (47%) colleges with an average age of 21.1 +1.8 years; 76.5% had single marital status. Tobacco smoking had an overall prevalence of 13%, cigarettes 5.5%, shisha (water-pipe) 7%, e-cigarettes 4%, and 3% were exsmokers. However, 79 (39.5%) students refused to answer the smoking question. Medical students were more aware of benefits of smoking cessation (OR 2.03, P 0.03) and treatment modalities (OR 6.19, 0.01), and had lower smoking rates (OR 0.25, P 0.003) compared to nonmedical students. Tobacco smoking was highly prevalent among female university students despite their good level of awareness. Qualitative studies are recommended to identify the root causes and develop effective treatment methods.


: Sixty individuals from two commercial strains Sasso (n=20), Ross (n=20), and one local chicken breed Baladi (n=20) were amplified by 12 microsatellite markers. Over 12 loci in three chicken populations, we found a total of 96 alleles with an average of 8 alleles per locus. There were 15 alleles in locus ADL0315; and only 3 alleles in locus MCW0210. In specific alleles, overall loci (12 microsatellite loci) found 39 out of 96 alleles (40.63 %) with three populations. Twenty distinct alleles were found for the Baladi breed and 5 alleles for the Sasso strain, while 14 were found for the Ross strain. Most frequencies of alleles were distributed with low frequency, but the 14 allele frequency was higher than 0.5. The PIC and He averages in the Baladi breed were 0.679 and 0.70, respectively, while those in the Sasso strain were 0.588 and 0.61, respectively, which were the lowest. In Baladi chicken breed has highly informative PIC values exceed 0.5 except one marker of MCW0210 had reasonably informative markers. Also, in Sasso chicken strain has highly informative PIC values exceed 0.5 except five markers of MCW0210, ADL0037, MCW0206, MCW0002, and ADL0158 had reasonably informative markers. Finally, in Ross chicken strain has highly informative PIC values exceed 0.5 except three markers of MCW0210, ADL0037 and MCW0016 had reasonably informative markers. The mean values of IC obtained estimate 0.23 and 0.28 for Baladi breed and Sasso strain respectively, indicating the high level of inbreeding indicating low variability in their populations. While the mean value of 0.1 for the Ross breed indicating high variability in this breed. These findings could be attributed to a more recent divergence of Ross than Baladi breed and Sasso strain.


Objective: To investigate the effects of different target-controlled infusion concentration of remifentanil to the ECe50 of propofol with target-controlled infusion in eldly patients.Methods: Sixty patients aged 65-85,undergoing transurethral resection of prostate,were divided randomly into three groups(R0.5,R1.0,R1.5) with 20 cases each and given remifentanil with the target concentration of 0.5,1,1.5 ng/ml,respectively.Propofol was performed when remifentanil reached to the target concentration.Propofol was given by up and down method according to the movement of body and the ratio of two close effect concent rations was 1.2.Results: The ECe50 of the R0.5 group was 2.37 μg/ml.The 95% confidence interval was 2.22-2.53 μg/ml.The ECe50 of the R1.0 group was 1.84 μg/ml.The 95% confidence interval was 1.75-1.94 μg/ml.The ECe50 of the R1.5 group was 1.66 μg/ml.The 95% confidence interval was 1.60-1.71.Conclusion: The increasing of target-controlled infusion concentration of remifentanil help to decrease the ECe50 of propofol,but the danger of anesthesia will be bigger accordingly.


Antisera raisetl in anitnals against whole or against purifietl aller^ren extracts have been used by several investigators for studyinji the composition of such extracts or for the assessment of the immunolo^neal anti chemieal homogeneity of isolated allergen fractions ( i , 4, 14, 15, 18, 211, 22, 2,̂ . 27). While these iiiinuinocheinical tlata may he useful in guiding the isolation proceilure of atopic allergens and for stmlying tlieir antigenicity in rabbits, the use of antisera against allergen preparations for investigating the antigenie relationship among different atopic allergens has found only limited application (16, 21, 27). Yet, an immunochemical approach to eross-reactivity in allergy might well leatl to a better understanding of the multiple sensiti\-ity encountered in the majority of atopic patients.


Background: Severe acute malnourishment (SAM) is a significant public health problem in India and many developing countries. Malnutrition slows down the myelination process, thus preventing the increase in the calibre of myelinated nerve fibres. Motor nerve conduction changes caused by severe acute malnutrition can be evaluated clinically and electrophysiologically. These changes are produced mainly due to a deficiency of micro and macronutrients like vitamins, minerals, protein, fat & Carbohydrates. This study aimed to assess the effects of severe acute malnutrition on children's peripheral motor median, ulnar, tibial, and peroneal nerve conduction velocities, distal latencies, and amplitudes. Materials and Methods: The study group included 50 severely acute malnourished children (SAM) of 6-59 months of age, recruited from the severe malnutrition treatment unit (SMTU), J.A. Group of the Hospital, G.R.M.C. Gwalior (M.P.), based on WHO classification for severe acute malnutrition. The Control group consisted of 50 normally nourished healthy children of the same age group. The nerve conduction study for the peripheral motor nerves was performed using the four-channel RMS - EMG ES MARK-II machine. Results were analyzed statistically using the unpaired student's t-test. Result: A nerve conduction study (NCS) demonstrated reduced motor nerve conduction velocity (p < 0.05) and delayed distal latencies in the median and ulnar motor nerves of both upper extremities, the tibial and peroneal motor nerves of lower extremities in children with severe acute (SAM) malnutrition. Conclusion: The present study shows a statistically significant decrease in nerve conduction velocity in children with severe acute malnutrition. In our study, distal latencies were prolonged, but no significant changes were seen in the median and ulnar motor nerve amplitude.


For the light intensity modulation recording process of magnetooptical (MO) disks, we have investigated the thermal response of the recording layer for high linear density recording. By means of a computer simulation, we found that the thermal response is improved by using a 6-layer structure which has an extra thermal flow control layer composed of a thermal buffer and an extra heat sink layer, unlike the conventional 4-layer structure. The thermal response improvement was also confirmed experimentally. It is possible to optimize both the thermal response and the optical requirements separately using our 6-layer structure which will be useful when designing higher density recording MO disks.


This study was conducted to examine the influence of worker environment, organizational commitment and job satisfaction on work performance among the workers in manufacturing industry in Batu Pahat, Johor. The objective of this study is to identify the dominant influence of workplace environment, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction that effects the job performance in manufacturing industry and to determine the relationship of workplace environment, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction towards job performance. To achieve the objectives, the data were collected through a questionnaire that investigated various performance aspects. Quantitative methods used to achieve the objectives of the study. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) will be used to calculate the data obtain from the soiled questions that were presented to the respondents. The aim of this study is to train researching developers from universities in view of the transfer, interpretation and scientific knowledge. This study contributes to educate and raise awareness of management, employers, and employees. The result of this study shows there are relationship of workplace environment, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction towards job performance.


Simultaneous catalytic removal of soot particulate and NO_x in the presence of excess oxygen was investigated over Nd_2O_3-based metal oxides by using temperature programmed reaction (TPR).The catalytic performance depended significantly on loaded metal oxides, in which the catalyst containing potassium oxide-and manganese oxide-supported neodymium oxide(K/Mn/Nd_2O_3) was the best catalyst in the study. As a result, the ignition temperature of soot was reduced from 500℃ to 330℃, and the conversion efficiency of NO_ x to N_2 was increased to 75.4%. Potassium oxide promoted obviously the catalytic activities, especially in decreasing the ignition temperature of soot. The amount of potassium oxide had an optimum [2 mmol·(g rare earth oxide) -1 ], and too much loading of potassium oxide might cause the covering of active sites of the rare earth oxide.


In this paper, we describe a protocol stack to enable communication between biological nano scale (bio-nano) devices. We identify key design considerations and protocol components and suggest suitable molecular computing mechanisms to create these components. Finally, we introduce a modeling and simulation framework for bio-nano communication networks.


In this paper, the reservoir characteristics and fluid properties of a low permeability sandstone reservoir of the Chaoyanggou oil field was taken as the research platform. The gemini sulfobetaine surfactant with low critical micelle concentration was evaluated. The microemulsion was formulated using the oil/water ratio 1:2 and 0.5 wt%~3 wt% surfactant. The interfacial tension, microemulsion content and adsorption of this surfactant was measured, compared with other types surfactant. The viscosity and particle size of microemulsion was given to evaluate its mobility control ability. The relative permeability curve of microemulsion was measured to analyze its flow behavior in low permeability sandstone reservoir, and displacement efficiency of microemulsion was obtained by the displacement experiment. The results show that: compared with other types surfactant, this surfactant has lower CMC (Critical micelle concentration) and interfacial tension, its CMC is 0.5%, and it has low-cost economy. It can be applied in microemulsion flooding. When microemulsion content is 30%, the viscosity of microemulsion can reach about 4 mPa•s. The recovery efficiency of microemulsion flooding increases by about 7% when the concentration of gemini sulfobetaine surfactant is 1.5 wt%. This paper has important guiding significance for selection of chemical reagents in low permeability reservoir.


Some scholars used to study Li Shangyins poem "No Title"with eisegesis so as to destroy the whole beautiful image of it. To truly understand his "No Title", one not only has to analyze it in the historical point of view, but also has to study it in the aspect of its existing artistic image and the authors creative personality, ect. Only so can one grasp Li Shangyins connotation of thought better.


In image guided surgery, a patient registration process is a critical process for the successful operation, which is required to use pre-operative images such as CT and MRI during operation. Though several patient registration methods have been studied, we concentrate on one method that utilizes 3D surface measurement data in this paper. First, a hand-held 3D surface measurement device measures the surface of the patient, and secondly this data is matched with CT or MRI data using optimization algorithms. However, generally used ICP algorithm is very slow without a proper initial location and also suffers from local minimum problem. Usually, this problem is solved by manually providing the proper initial location before performing ICP. But, it has a disadvantage that an experience user has to perform the method and also takes a long time. In this paper, we propose a method that can accurately find the proper initial location automatically. The proposed method finds the proper initial location for ICP by converting 3D data to 2D curvature images and performing image matching. Curvature features are robust to the rotation, translation, and even some deformation. Also, the proposed method is faster than traditional methods because it performs 2D image matching instead of 3D point cloud matching.


This paper deals with the organizational change in the provision of care for rare diseases, and the creation of a new structure: the centre of reference for rare diseases (CRMR). It aims to show that this new organization of care introduces a new authority within the healthcare organizational structure, by referring of the Transaction costs paradigm and its recognition of hybrid forms. It tackles then several conditions this authority has to fulfill in order to complete CRMR missions and awaited results.


Aiming at the problem that the protection is prone to misoperation and refuse to operate when the single-phase disconnection and grounding fault occurs in the parallel power supply line of the distribution network neutral ungrounded system, and it is difficult to determine which of the parallel lines is in fault, a line selection method based on multi-information fusion of CNN-BP neural network is proposed. This paper makes full use of the fault zero-sequence current and phase current waveform information, the fault line selection method based on multi-information fusion of CNN-BP neural network is applied to the parallel power supply line of distribution network.


The invention relates to a flexible material disc for a feed and discharge mechanical arm of a numerical control machine tool. The flexible material disc comprises a main gear driving shaft (1), a tray (4), cylindrical positioning rods (5), a middle disc body (8) and a supporting plate (11). Supporting columns (10) are arranged on the supporting plate (11) and fixedly connected with the lower ends of gear shafts (3). Driven gears (9) are arranged on the gear shafts (3). The middle disc body (8) is arranged on the driven gears (9). A driving gear (13) is arranged at the center of the middle disc body (8). The driving gear (13) is meshed and connected with the four driven gears (9) on the periphery. The upper ends of the gear shafts (3) penetrate through the middle disc body (8) and are then fixedly connected with a positioning block (7). The tray (4) is arranged on the positioning block (7). The cylindrical positioning rods (5) penetrate through the tray (4) and are then connected with the positioning block (7). The size of the material disc for the feed and discharge mechanical arm of the numerical control machine tool can be adjusted, and the machining time of the numerical control machine tool is prolonged.


The purpose of this study is to examine validity to Soeum scales by QSCC II. For this study, the objects are 336 patients who were made a diagnosis of Soeumin and 422 patients of other constitutions in Oriental Medicine & Western Medicine Cooperative Health Examination Center KyungHee University Medical Center. A systematic analysis has been made and the results are as follows. 1. We made a frequency analysis in 758 examinees' questions and concluded that 35 questions, among which 30 questions were existing and 5 were new, had statistical significance in making a diagnosis of Soeumin by more than 10% in comparison with answer frequency of other constitutions. 2. Because confidence coefficient of 0.8011 revised Soeum scales(35) rises up as compared with that of 0.6319 existing Soeum scales(51), I think revised Soeum scales reflect trait of Soeumin well and it is liable to shorten question time by controling questions. 3. Soeumin's discrimination probability in Soeumin was 55.4% by QSCCII, but that rises up to 64.3% by discriminant function made by revised Soeum scales. So there is statistical significance in discriminant function. 4. When questions in QSCCII are divided into body-spirit(體形氣像), looks-attitude(容貌詞氣), temper- talent(性質才幹), continuous mind(恒心), avarice(心慾), physiological symptoms(生理的 證) and pathological symptoms(病理的 證), response frequency and constitution discrimination probability falls in questions about avarice and pathological symptoms.


Since the economic crisis of 2008, and more recently with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen an active involvement of the state in economic recovery. Consequently, there is growing interest in analyzing the degree of government involvement in economic development and market regulation, as well as in reviving the "developmental state" (DS) approach, in particular.Aim. To update the concept of the "developmental state" in the light of the new circumstances inherent in the 21st century. This step will allow us to take a fresh look at the model and determine the main trends of its development.Tasks. We seek to outline the classical version of the "DS" concept proposed by Ch. Johnson, to present the challenges faced by the states, to correlate the classical version with the new "possible" version of the "DS" concept, to analyze the relevance of the model in relation to the development of the EAEU.Methods. We use the systematic approach and general scientific methods of retrospective, comparative analysis, induction and deduction, generalization, grouping of information.Results. We present several bases that may become the impetus for the model transformation.Conclusion. The "21st century developmental state" must retain the bureaucratic capacity, "embedded autonomy" and now assume greater social responsibility. Human capacity, empowerment and digitalization of state functioning will be fundamental elements of a new developmental state model. The EAEU has all the possibilities to apply the model at the supranational level. Its implementation depends on the readiness of the countries for such a transformation.


X-ray diffraction experiments have been performed for liquid tetrachlorides SiCl4, GeCl4, SnCl4 and special binary mixtures including isoelectronic species. They were analysed to yield experimental evidence regarding the question of a common liquid structure that is essential for separating partial structure factors by isomorphic substitution.—The scattering intensity obtained at 20°C using CuKα and AgKα radiation was corrected for background, absorption, polarisation, multiple scattering, Compton scattering, and for the wavelength distribution of the incident beam. The intramolecular contribution calculated from best fit molecular parameters was separated from the coherent differential cross section. The molecular model parameters compare excellently with those of the literature.—Based on the comparison of the properties of the intermolecular scattering functions, the experimental results point to a common type of short range order but establish that the structure factors are affected by the different intramolecular bond lengths.


Aims The international-normalized-ratio (INR) is typically used to monitor patients on warfarin or related oral anticoagulant therapy. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of the INR with mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients not on oral anticoagulant therapy. Methods and results Between 1997 to 2000 the LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study enrolled 3316 patients of German ancestry that had been referred for coronary angiography. We excluded patients on coumarin therapy (n = 222) and patients with an INR more than 5 standard deviations (SD) away from the mean (n = 30). During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 884 patients died, 547 patients from cardiovascular causes. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors the INR was associated with all-cause mortality in all patients and the CAD positive group with HRs (95% CI) of 1.14(1.07–1.21) and 1.16(1.09–1.23) per 1-SD increase, respectively. Adjustment for NT-proBNP rendered the association insignificant. Conclusion In LURIC, the INR was positively associated with mortality in patients with prevalent CAD not on oral anticoagulant therapy as well as in patients without CAD. Adjustment for NT-proBNP abolished the association suggesting clinical or subclinical heart failure strongly contributing to increased INR and higher mortality.


This paper considers the impacts of"finance blending"whereby climate finance is added to international carbon markets for offset trading. The paper first discusses climate finance and the carbon market as free-standing finance solutions by high-income countries to increase mitigation in low-income countries. Climate finance solutions have advantages for high-income countries due to their greater flexibility and general efficiency. A favorable aspect of well-functioning offset markets is that all participating countries face a similar and robust carbon price. With finance blending and"all attribution to the carbon market,"the market equilibrium is inefficient, as mitigation is excessive in low-income countries and too low in high-income countries. Instead, mitigation outcomes in the offset market should be attributed to the two finance types in proportion to their finance shares provided to the low-income countries through this market. When climate finance is added to the carbon market, the ambition level for emissions reductions for donor countries should be raised equivalently; otherwise, the added climate finance leads to no increase in global mitigation. When low-income country market participants have limited access to credit markets, climate finance can increase mitigation by supplying the capital required to implement efficient mitigation projects.


We show that balls, circles and 2‐spheres can be identified by generalized Riesz energy among compact submanifolds of the Euclidean space that are either closed or with codimension 0, where the Riesz energy is defined as the double integral of some power of the distance between pairs of points. As a consequence, we obtain the identification by the interpoint distance distribution.


The presence of regional lymph node metastases has a major influence on the prognosis of patients with oral cancer. Modern imaging techniques play a major role in the diagnosis of lymph node metastases. The characteristics of metastatic lymph nodes that can be depicted are increased size, a rounder shape, and heterogeneity caused by central necrosis, cystic degeneration, or tumor keratinization. Abnormal internal structure of the lymph node is a reliable criterion for diagnosing metastases rather than size or shape. Central necrosis and/or cystic degeneration are corresponding to the focal area of low attenuation with or without rim enhancement on post-contrast CT, whereas the predominantly hypoechoic with heterogeneous internal echogenicity on ultrasonography. On the contrary, tumor keratinization is corresponding to a focal area of high attenuation on non-contrast CT, whereas a focal hyperechoic area not in continuity with the surrounding fatty tissue on ultrasonography. Although central necrosis or tumor keratinization is a very reliable criterion for lymph node metastases, it is unfortunately not visible in every metastatic lymph node. The minimal axial diameter is a better criterion than the maximal axial diameter and a round shape is considered more suspicious than an oval or flat shape. Additionally, watchful observation of individual lymph nodes is essential. We recommended the use of follow-up examination of ultrasonography at an interval of 1 month for at least one year and a half after treatment of the primary tumor. In this article, the comparison between imaging and histopathological findings on a side-by-side basis was described.


To reduce the probability of commutation failure (CF) of a line commutated converter based high-voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) transmission, a DC chopper topology composed of power consumption sub-modules based on thyristor full-bridge module (TFB-PCSM) is proposed. Firstly, the mechanism of the proposed topology to mitigate CF is analyzed, and the working modes of TFB-PCSM in different operation states are introduced. Secondly, the coordinated control strategy between the proposed DC chopper and LCC-HVDC is designed, and the voltage-current stresses of the TFB-PCSMs are investigated. Finally, the ability to mitigate the CF issues and the fault recovery performance of LCC-HVDC system are studied in PSCAD/EMTDC. The results show that the probability of CF of LCC-HVDC is significantly reduced, and the performances of fault recovery are effectively improved by the proposed DC chopper.


Abstract does not appear. First page follows.
 Kendrick(6) has described a serious seedling blight of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) occurring in the Sacramento Valley and delta region, caused by the fungus, Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler. He showed that the disease was favored by high temperatures during
 the period of seedling emergence and observed that cowpeas (Vigna sinensis L.) under similar conditions appeared to escape infection. In order to learn more
 about the temperature relations, the mode of infection, and the apparent resistance
 of cowpeas, cultures of Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler isolated from various hosts have been compared as to cultural characters
 and effect of temperature on growth and pathogenicity to bean and cowpea seedlings.
 Sources of Cultures
 The cultures of Rhizoctonia bataticola from beet were isolated from a root-rot of sugar beet—A, B, and C, from beets collected
 near Walnut Grove, California; D and E near Marysville; and F near Stockton. The cultures
 from bean (A, B, C) were isolated by J. B. Kendrick from bean seedlings—A and B at
 Davis, C near Lodi. The culture from cowpea was isolated from herbarium specimens
 of older diseased Blackeye cowpea plants collected at Modesto, California, by W. W.
 Mackie. The two cultures from sweet potato were isolated from a rot of sweet potatoes
 near Atwater, California. The culture from begonia was supplied by M. R. Harris of
 the California State Department of Agriculture. The culture from citrus was supplied
 by H. S. Fawcett, Riverside.


This article considers some q-analogues of classical results concerning the Ehrhart polynomials of Gorenstein polytopes, namely properties of their q-Ehrhart polynomial with respect to a good linear form. Another theme is a specific linear form {\Psi} (involving Carlitz' q-analogues of Bernoulli numbers) on the space of polynomials, for which one shows interesting behaviour on these q-Ehrhart polynomials. A third point is devoted to some related zeta-like functions associated with polynomials


The purpose of the study was to compare the adjustment variables between Judo and Wrestling male players of Hisar District in Haryana. The samples of the study were conducted on 60 male players (30 Judo male and 30 Wrestling males) players who had participated at least in the national level tournaments of the Judo and Wrestling games. Adjustment means analyzing two things interval make-up and internal personal or social behavior. Adjustment is a dynamic process by which organizes mart their needs. The age ranged between 17-24 years. Only Social adjustment and Emotional adjustment was measured for the study. To carry out any type of research Bell adjustment inventory by (S.M. Mohsin Hindi version) 1934 was used to measured total adjustment and data was analysis by 't' test.


I read with interest Jaeger et al.'s [1] study on physicians' knowledge of interpretation of post-anoxic median nerve somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) recordings. The authors demonstrate a learning curve which is to be expected with increased experience leading to more accurate interpretation. Their study emphasizes that, while the accuracy of physician interpretation of post-anoxic SSEPs can be improved with continuing education, in less skilled hands misinterpretation is possible and can lead to inaccurate prognostication of these critically ill patients. Use of multiple modalities such as neuron specific enolase levels, electroencephalograms, SSEPs in a serial fashion ensures more accurate prognostication.


Purchasing maintainability maintenance strategy the specification of maintainability maintainability and reliability the maintenance engineering process maintainability review maintainability demonstration design disclosure the costing of maintenance maintenance as a profit centre maintenance in the field technical support inventory and maintenance.


The top-down pressures that are mandating the delivery of web-based distance education courses are creating a problem because the responsibility for developing and delivering these courses is bottom-up and has fallen on the shoulders of unprepared University faculty members. In response to the political and market-place pressures, institutions must find a way to train and encourage more faculty to develop web-based courses. The experiences and concerns of faculty members who have already developed and taught a web-centered distance learning course have great value to administrators and other instructors following in their footsteps. To collect this data a survey was mailed to the 71 instructors who had a WWW course listed on the Southern Regional Electronic Campus (SREC) site for Spring 1998. Data about their perceptions, practices, concerns, and the institutional norms under which they work were collected. The data collected from the survey yielded a prioritized list of faculty concerns and needs. Institutions must develop the infrastructure to provide: technical training, technical support, administrative support, time for faculty to develop and teach these courses, a revised faculty reward system, and reliable computer hardware. Faculty concerns about web-based distance education were universal and not significantly different based on the discipline (humanity, social science, science/tech, or business) or type of postsecondary institution (large university, regional university, community college or technical school, or correspondence studies). The delivery of distance education on the WWW has great potential that can not be realized until the needs and concerns of the faculty that will develop the courses are meet. Background There are many factors mandating the delivery of distance learning on the WWW (World Wide Web): school restructuring, the Federal government's commitment to the development of the NII (National Information Infrastructure) as well as the connection of every classroom to the Internet, and the creation of virtual universities by state governments. However, these top-down pressures are creating a problem because the responsibility for developing and delivering web based distance learning courses is bottom-up and has fallen on the shoulders of unprepared University faculty members. In response to the political and market-place pressures, institutions must find a way to train and encourage more faculty to develop web-based courses. In order to develop effective training and support programs for these faculty members, researchers should first assess the experiences and concerns of the pioneering faculty members who have already developed and taught a web-centered distance learning course. The experiences of the early-adopters have great value to administrators and other instructors following in their footsteps. Forces outside of the university and university administrators "express hope and expectation that digital technology will improve higher education and make it more cost effective" (DeSieno, 1995, p. 1). However, faculty members are not currently incorporating technology into their existing courses. In a recent study by the University of Southern California, "less than 5 percent of college and university faculty use computing to aid classroom instruction or enrich student learning" (DeSieno, p. 1). Why? The learning curve is steep, there is limited technical support, and there is no direct reward or motivation for the faculty member to make the effort to incorporate computer technology into a course. This type of activity rarely counts toward promotion and tenure. A national survey of higher education institutions (National Center for Educational Statistics, 1997) reported that a third of higher education institutions offered distance education courses in fall 1995 and another quarter planned to offer such courses in the next 3 years. An estimated 25,730 distance education courses were offered in fall 1995 to 753,640 formally enrolled students. Two-thirds of these courses were developed by the institution's subject area departments or schools. (National Center for Educational Statistics, 1997, p. 4). These facts point to a very serious situation. The plans to offer distance education courses are increasing dramatically. These plans are top-down mandates from government and university administrators. The actual development of DE web courses is being left to classroom faculty. Course development is bottom-up. If distance education is to be successful institutions must provide instructors with administrative and technical support as well as incentives to develop the courses. Elrod and Kelly (1998) discussed the issues facing faculty members. These included: the impact of DE on workload, the changing role of the teacher, the quality of instruction, evaluation of faculty performance, and intellectual property rights. The added workload, even with added resources, is probably among the toughest issues in DL, because the load is ultimately on the person on the firing line, the faculty member. Usually there is no recognition for the extra effort needed to teach in this format, meaning it doesn't contribute to promotion and tenure decisions. Further, spending time in developing DL courses can even be so demanding on junior faculty members as to detract from their ability to be competitive. If the faculty are to embrace distance education, the administration must consistently address traditional faculty issues with fresh ideas and innovative approaches. (Sherron, 1998, p. 47) Gabany (1996) conducted an on-line survey of 35 faculty members who were offering a full Internet course to study their experiences and determine if there were any development and implementation patterns. Thirty-two of the respondents reported doing all of the development work themselves. The least amount of development work reported was 85 percent. "Sufficient time to develop and maintain the course material was the most common concern, noted by 12 of the respondents" (Gabany, 1996, p. 5). The second leading concern was support, both technical and administrative. Sherry (1998) emphasizes the critical importance of teacher training to the success of distance education. The ultimate success or failure of the distance education enterprise is inextricably tied to the enthusiasm and continuing support of the faculty. This support must begin with faculty training, as it is critical to the success of any distance education program. In fact, designing, creating, and implementing effective in-service training of the faculty is the most efficient pathway to the long-term success of distance education." (Sherron, 1998, p. 44) Because instructional delivery on the Internet is such a new application, there is no existing body of research available. For the most part, journal articles address broad policy issues or are anecdotal, describing the implementation of a particular course. The few surveys that have been done are mainly concerned with quantifying the number of courses and the number of students. There is a need for basic research in the delivery of distance education on the Internet. A logical place to start is to survey the pioneering instructors who have developed and delivered a course on the WWW to learn from their experiences and identify their needs and concerns. Research Questions 1. What are the needs and concerns of the instructors who have already developed web-based DE courses? A survey of the instructors can provide a snapshot of the needs and concerns of instructors who have developed and are currently teaching a distance education course delivered via the WWW. 2. Will instructors in different disciplines have different concerns? 3. Will instructors from different types of institutions have different concerns?


Commentary on : Nordanstig J, Taft C, Hensater M, et al. Improved quality of life after 1 year with an invasive versus a noninvasive treatment strategy in claudicants: one-year results of the Invasive Revascularization or Not in Intermittent Claudication (IRONIC) Trial. Circulation 2014;130:939–47[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2].

In cases of severe intermittent claudication (IC), successful revascularisation provides significant symptomatic improvement. In cases of mild IC, revascularisation has exceedingly high risks. The choice between invasive revascularisation and non-invasive treatments for moderate severity IC is often difficult. Treatment benefits may be relative in terms of the effects on quality of life (QoL).

This trial randomised consecutive patients with moderate IC into two equal groups to compare the effects of revascularisation and non-invasive treatment on health-related QoL assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) and Vascular Quality of Life Questionnaire (VascuQoL). Self-reported maximum walking distance (MWD) and IC distance (ICD) on a …

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Introduction: Age is an essential factor in establishing the identity of a person. Age estimation through dental parameters can be of valuable assistance in human identification as teeth can survive in most conditions encountered at death and during decomposition. Tooth cementum annulations are one of the many methods for determination of an individual's age. Incremental lines in cementum are counted in this method. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between chronologic age and estimated age and to find the most accurate method of calculating cemental annulations using different types of microscopes (light microscope, phase contrast microscope, polarized, and stereomicroscope). Methodology: The extracted teeth were cleaned and polished. Block was prepared by embedding two third of each tooth root horizontally in self-cure acrylic. Using a hard tissue microtome (SP 1600) longitudinal sections of 100 μm thickness were made. The sections were cleaned in alcohol and were mounted on a glass slide. These sections were observed under different types of microscopes (light microscope, phase contrast microscope, polarized, and stereomicroscope) to count cemental annulations. Results: The relationship between chronological age and estimated age using light microscope, phase contrast and polarized microscope showed stronger correlation while stereo microscope showed a weaker correlation. Conclusion: The use of polarized microscope increases the accuracy and thus, can predict the near estimate of the age for all the age groups.


Vibrational spectroscopy is used in Earth science for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. This report focuses on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, although similar efforts are on-going in Raman spectroscopy. Qualitative studies utilize the fact that the vibrational spectrum is a characteristic of a material: hence comparison to a set of standards allows for identification of the phase. Most of these types of studies in Earth science involve macrosamples, but measurements of microsamples from meteorites are on interest in order to identify the structure of SiC inclusions and the type of organic compounds in interplanetary dust. As most of these samples are micron sized, which is below the diffraction limit for the mid-IR, the approach has been to compress the sample using a diamond anvil cell (DAC) into a disk of sub-micron thickness, adhere the sample to a KBr plate, and to subsequently remove the disk from the DAC and obtain spectra with the aid of an FTIR microscope.


The type-2 (AT2) angiotensin (Ang) II receptor has been characterized as potentially counterregulatory to the actions of Ang II at its type-1 (AT1) receptor. We investigated the effects of Ang II and CGP-42112A (CGP), a selective peptide AT2 receptor agonist, on blood pressure (BP) in rats with or without pharmacological blockade of the AT1 receptor with losartan (LOS) or valsartan (VAL). In anesthetized rats (n=5 per group) receiving normal sodium intake, Ang II (200 pmol/kg per minute IV) alone increased BP from a control of 112±3 to 168±7 mm Hg (P <0.001) and LOS (30 mg/kg) alone decreased BP to 89±7 mm Hg (P <0.0001 from control). Ang II administered together with LOS decreased BP further to 71±4 mm Hg (P <0.00001 from control and LOS alone). AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123,319 (PD) completely blocked the hypotensive response to LOS combined with Ang II (P =NS from control). In conscious rats (n=5 per group) receiving normal sodium intake, VAL (10 mg/kg) alone decreased BP from a control of 98±5 to 86±3 mm Hg (P <0.00001). Ang II combined with VAL induced a consistent, highly significant decline in BP for 6 days to a nadir of 69±3 mm Hg (P <0.01 versus daily VAL alone). PD completely blocked the chronic hypotensive response to the combination of Ang II and VAL to control levels before VAL administration. In another study in conscious rats (n=5 per group), CGP (70 &mgr;g/kg per minute) also decreased BP in VAL-treated conscious rats. BP was 119±3 mm Hg during the control period, decreased to 86±6 mm Hg during 3 days of VAL alone, (P <0.00001) and decreased further to 65±7 mm Hg (P <0.001 from daily VAL alone) with 7 days of CGP in the presence of VAL. In the absence of VAL, CGP decreased BP for 4 consecutive days, and this response was blocked by PD. Also, the CGP-induced decrease in BP over a 7-day period was blocked by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of NO synthase. The results strongly suggest that the AT2 receptor induces a systemic vasodilator response mediated by NO that counterbalances the vasoconstrictor action of Ang II at the AT1 receptor.


Smoking behavior is an activity where someone uses cigarettes. One of the factors that influence smoking habits in adolescents is to increase self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about self-esteem in adolescent smokers at South Tangerang in 2021. The research method is descriptive using a qualitative study design. The sample in this study were four adolescent active smokers with an age range of 19 – 23 years who came from different universities by conducting in-depth interviews and conducting document reviews. This interview transcript was evaluated using content analysis, namely a one-by-one analysis of the pure interview results. The results of the interview showed that the informant felt the physical influence or the symptoms felt, namely coughing and enjoyed. Informants do not consider smoking behavior to increase self-confidence, but relationships and interactions in the family are considered the most valuable, valuable, and important for the development of individuals as members. Smoking can be a way for teenagers to look free and mature when they adjust to their smoking peers even though smoking can encourage the emergence of diseases that can lead to death. Based on this, it can be concluded that smoking behavior does not affect a person's level of self-confidence (self-esteem). Smoking can also encourage the emergence of types of diseases that can lead to death because smoking will release about 4,000 chemical components which not only affect active smokers but also those around them who feel the dangers of passive smokers.


Despite being a damaging foliar disease of Pinus species, little research has characterized spatial variation in disease severity of Cyclaneusma needle cast at a macroscale. Using an extensive data set describing Cyclaneusma needle cast (Ssev) on plantation-grown Pinus radiata D. Don stands distributed widely across New Zealand, the objectives of this research were to (i) develop a regression model describing Ssev, (ii) use this model to identify key drivers of Ssev and their functional form and relative importance, and (iii) develop spatial predictions of Ssev for New Zealand P. radiata under current climate. Using an independent validation data set, the final model accounted for 73% of the variance in Ssev using four significant (P < 0.001) explanatory variables and an isotrophic exponential model to account for the spatial covariance in the data. Ssev was most sensitive to elevation followed by mean winter air temperature, mean relative humidity during July, and then stand age. Ssev increased to a maxi...


Yeast contains trehalose (Myrback, 1949) and at least three polysaccharides (Whistler & Smart, 1953): glycogen, mannan and an insoluble glucan. Trehalose and (in part) glycogen function primarily as an energy reserve, whereas mannan and glucan are structural components located in the yeast-cell wall (Northcote & Home, 1952; Kreger, 1954). Chitin is another constituent of the cell wall, but as hexosamines do not react with the anthrone reagent (Chung & Nickerson, 1954) its estimation is not considered here. The polysaccharides are usually isolated by methods described originally by Salkowski (1894), though some workers are critical of the drastic chemical treatments involved (Sevag, Cattaneo & Maiweg, 1935). Trevelyan & Harrison (1952) applied Dreywood's anthrone reagent (Dreywood, 1946) to the determination of yeast carbohydrates. The four yeast carbohydrates mentioned were assumed to be the sole source of anthrone-positive material. On the evidence provided by paper chromatography, and later corroborated by ion-exchange chromatography of borate complexes (Forrest, Trevelyan & Harrison, unpublished work), trehalose was estimated as carbohydrate extracted by cold trichloroacetic acid. Mannan was separated as an insoluble copper complex hydrolysable to mannose. Carbohydrate remaining in the cell debris after extraction with H2S04 until the cells failed to react with a periodic acid-Schiff stain was taken to be glucan. All other polysaccharide, which gave glucose after hydrolysis, was reported as glycogen. This material actually appeared in two separate fractions. Its partition into alkaliand acid-soluble forms, though reproducible, is, however, of doubtful significance, in view of the chemical identity of glycogen extracted from yeast in different ways (Northcote, 1953). Trevelyan, Forrest & Harrison (1952) subsequently simplified this procedure, and similar methods have recently been described by Chung & Nickerson (1954) and by Yemm & Folkes (1954). One drawback of the method, however, remained: the sum of carbohydrate recovered in the separate


The effect of different Cu-P admixtures and cooling rates on microstructure and wear behavior of hypereutectic Al-50Si alloys were studied systematically in this work. The growth patterns and the modified as well as over-modified mechanisms of primary Si crystals under various P contents are also illuminated in detail. It was found that the optimum content of the modifier in Al-50Si alloy is 3 wt%. At this modifier content, the mean size of Si crystallite is the smallest and the distribution is also the most homogeneous. Vickers hardness and wear test were employed to detect the mechanical performance of materials. The maximum value of hardness and the minimum value of average friction coefficient obtained under the modifier content of 3 wt% are 198 HV and 0.407, respectively.


ABSTRACT A content analysis of print and online sources was conducted to assess the performance of the Ghanaian news media in reporting about agricultural biotechnology. The findings show the dominant presence of food security and food safety issues in the coverage of genetically modified organisms that was overwhelmingly negative toward genetic engineering and its agricultural products. Members of the food industry and government officials (mainly politicians) were the most commonly cited information sources. A qualitative examination of news discourse suggests ways to strengthen the effectiveness of communicating agricultural information that will enhance public literacy and foster intelligent decision making about this controversial topic.


To adjust our behavior based in goals is a core human ability that allows us to rapidly adapt to new demands or new environments. Cognitive control, that is, the mechanism that regulates our thought and actions upon internal representations of our goals (Norman & Shallice, 1980), is thought to underlie this ability. Due to its central role in our cognitive activity, control is involved in a plethora of phenomena, and therefore it can be analyzed from different perspectives. Specifically, this thesis takes advantage of a temporal classification: reactive versus prospective control. While reactive control refers to the immediate deployment of control upon conflict detection, prospective processes allow the anticipation and corresponding adjustment to forthcoming demands (Braver, 2012). The main aim of this thesis is to advance our knowledge about proactive control. The Experimental Series I of the present thesis aimed at assessing the relationship between preparatory processes and consciousness. While some studies point to an unconscious bias in the selection of different action schemas (e.g. Reuss et al., 2011), other studies suggest the need for a conscious experience to effectively exert proactive control (Kiefer et al., 2012; Kiefer & Martens, 2010). To answer this question, we employed a cuing paradigm together with visibility manipulations to alter the conscious experience of cues. Results show a clear effect of subliminal cues on task setting, even when visibility of cues was extremely restricted. Crucially, this unconscious effect depended on conscious intentions, insofar a correct executive setting had to be configured consciously for these unconscious influences to take place. Last, this experimental series revealed a distinct pattern of results when using an objective threshold of consciousness compared to a subjective one, suggesting that these two measures might be indexing different phenomena (Snodgrass & Shevrin, 2006). Another aim of this thesis was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using fMRI in the quest for the neural correlates of cognitive processes. This was crucial given the predominance of fMRI evidence in this thesis. Thus, we reviewed the most relevant considerations regarding fMRI use prior to carrying out our fMRI studies. In Experiment I of the thesis we studied the neural correlated of preparatory processes. Preparation, defined as the adjust to task rules prior to the onset of a target (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), can be elicited by showing cues that signal to-be-presented demands. At the neural level, these cues engage both control and selective processing brain regions. However, previous studies did not control for interference between tasks, which is known to confound preparatory effects. Thus, it remained unknown whether preparatory mechanisms are domain-specific or domain-general. In this experiment, we found that even in a context with low interference between tasks, preparatory cues can elicit anticipatory activations both in control and selective processing regions. More specifically, some of these selective processing regions were later on engaged by targets, revealing the proactive nature of preparatory activations. Last, in the Experiment II of the present thesis we assessed the neural indexes of preparation in a different context. Most of preparation studies employ paradigms that capitalize on the alternation between two task sets. However, control demands are thought to be larger in novel situations (Norman & Shallice, 1980). In these contexts, a new task set has to be created from scratch rather than merely being reactivated (Cole et al., 2013). Despite a profound involvement of control in this type of situation, the correlates of preparatory mechanisms in complex, novel task sets remain unclear. In this experiment, we thus assessed the neural indexes underlying the implementation of verbal instructions, insofar they require the formation and execution of novel task sets (Hartstra et al., 2011). Our results reveal, first, an initial effect of instructions that engaged frontal regions, and, second, an involvement of frontal together with parietal areas during active preparation for implementation. Moreover, our results are the first to show how different brain regions carry information in their patterns about the category of the instruction seconds before its implementation. These regions include both control and selective category regions during the preparatory period. Crucially, the quality of these representations had a direct influence on subsequent behavior, illustrating the important role of proactive control in novel contexts. All of our experiments highlight the predominance of top-down influences in preparatory mechanisms. However, bottom-up elements also play a role in control demanding context. The biggest piece of evidence in this line comes from Experimental Series 1, which revealed an unconscious bias in task set selection. This result is coherent with previous studies showing unconscious influences in high-level processes (van Gaal et al., 2012). It therefore shows that at least some proactive control mechanisms can be altered by bottom-up information. Subsequently, in conjunction with previous similar studies (e.g. De Pisapia et al., 2011), they suggest the dissociation between proactive control and consciousness (Hommel, 2017). Experiments I and II also show how some stimuli, such as instructions, can elicit control processes automatically (Liefooghe, Wenke, & De Houwer, 2012). The evolutive relevance of fast learning (Cole et al., 2013) can underlie this automatic effect of instructions. Despite the relative automaticity described before, our data show an overwhelming predominance of top-down effects in proactive control. First, in Experimental Series I, the unconscious effect is only found when the executive setting is configured properly according to conscious expectations (Kiefer, 2012). Therefore, subliminal perception can affect but not initiate control processes (van Gaal et al., 2012). Moreover, in Experiment I, conscious expectations regarding future demands were shown to modulate brain activity during preparation. In the proactive control framework (Braver, 2012), the reported category specific activations can be understood as the outcome of a top-down influence, originating in control regions, on incoming information. Last, Experiment II reveals how actively preparing to implement novel task sets involves a large set of control areas. Moreover, category specific information could be decoded from selective processing regions seconds before target onset, which shows again a bias in the processing of incoming information based on internal goals. Altogether, our results suggest that proactive cognitive control sets up our information-processing system in a top-down manner to allow some extent of automaticity (Dehaene & Naccache, 2001; Kiefer, 2012; Kiefer & Martens, 2010). This, in turn, would make our control systems more efficient by reducing costs associated to maintained monitoring, and therefore, optimizing the consecution of our goals (Kiefer, 2012). In sum, the present thesis reveals a dynamic relationship between bottom-up and top-down processes. We interpret this relationship within the predictive coding framework (Friston, 2005), which suggests that our psychological experience is the result of an iterative interaction between bottom-up information and top-down predictions that bias this information to guide perception. Such mechanism would allow the evolutive development of a proactive control system (Buschman & Miller, 2014).


Accurate and timely information for decision-making and advocacy is a key system component in strengthening human resources for health toward achieving the goals of AIDS-Free Generation, Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Deaths, and Family Planning 2020. However, indicators used to measure efforts and progress in HRH have been limited and often unreliable, especially in countries with weak or no monitoring and evaluation (ME World Health Organization [WHO] 2006) and the health workers reach index, which incorporates the SHPDR and measures of access to and actual use of services provided by health workers (Save the Children 2011) are two indicators that have increasingly been used to measure progress in improving the health workforce. Yet both indicators are limited by variable data quality and by the fact that they exclude certain cadres of health workers, such as auxiliary and community health workers. These limitations hinder the measures' utility in understanding the relationships between HRH inputs, service use, and health outcomes. CapacityPlus helped to bridge these gaps by developing a more robust measurement approach to assessing the complex framework for HRH—the HRH Effort Index—and by increasing capacity for M&E of HRH at the country level through improved measurement approaches and M&E skills.


AbstractThe dynamics of the Grand River plume, a major tributary of Lake Michigan, was studied in the vicinity of the Grand Haven coast on the east side of the lake. The river spread laterally from the mouth and formed a thin surface buoyant plume with various shapes that have not been previously reported. To understand the influence of different driving forces, primarily wind, buoyancy, and ambient currents, extensive field experiments were carried out over four periods in August and June 2006, and June and July 2007. They included aerial photography over the plume, acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) deployments, meteorological buoys, drifters, SF6 and Rhodamine WT tracer releases, three-dimensional (3D) CTD profiling over the plume, and CTD casts at the river mouth. The results showed more flow classes than included in previous studies. A modified classification scheme based on the relative magnitude of the plume-crossflow length scale and a Richardson number were devised that includes longshore c...


It is argued that in the case of a (four-dimensional) smooth transition across a (dilaton-driven) curvature bounce growing vector fluctuations evolve continuously into decaying solutions at later times in the post-bounce epoch. Analytical examples of this observation are given. In the case of multidimensional bouncing models the situation is different, since the system of differential equations describing the vector modes of the geometry has a richer structure. The amplification of the vector modes of the geometry is specifically investigated in a regular five-dimensional bouncing curvature model where scale factors of the external and internal manifolds evolve at a dual rate. Vector fluctuations, in this case, can be copiously produced and are continuous across the bounce. The relevance of these results is critically illustrated.


[1] Previous particle-in-cell simulations have evidenced that quasiperpendicular shocks are nonstationary and suffer a self-reformation on gyro scale of the incoming ions due to the accumulation of reflected ions. In this paper, by separating the incoming ions into reflected and directly transmitted parts, we investigate the detailed mechanisms of ion acceleration in a nonstationary perpendicular shock. Test particle simulations are performed where the shock profiles are issued from self-consistent one-dimensional full particle-in-cell simulations. Both shell and Maxwellian incoming ion distributions are used. In both cases, most energetic particles correspond to reflected ions, and the associated acceleration mechanisms include both shock drift acceleration (SDA) and shock surfing acceleration (SSA). Two types of results are obtained. First, if we fix the shock profiles at different times within a self-reformation cycle, the mechanisms of particle acceleration are different at different profiles. SDA process appears as the dominant acceleration mechanism when the width of the ramp is broad (and overshoot amplitude is low) whereas both SDA and SSA contribute as the width of the ramp is narrow (and overshoot amplitude is high). For the different shock profiles concerned herein, SDA process is more efficient (higher resulting ion energy gain) than the SSA process. Second, in order to investigate ion acceleration in self-reforming shocks, not only the ramp but also the variations of the whole shock front need to be included. In the continuously time-evolving shock, SDA remains a dominant acceleration mechanism whereas SSA mechanism becomes more and more important with the increase of the initial particle energy. The percentage of reflected ions cyclically varies in time with a period equal to the self reformation cycle, which is in agreement with previous full particle simulations. The reflected ions not only come from the distribution wings of the incoming ions but also from the core part, in contrast with previous results based on stationary shocks.


Roughly eight hundred million youth are projected to enter the African job market by 2050. This presents both an opportunity and a challenge for urgently needed sustainability transitions on the co ...


We investigate the performance of a hybrid direct-sequence/frequency-hopping (DS/FH) scheme for spread spectrum systems over Rayleigh fading channels. In this hybrid scheme, the users are divided into a number of groups, where each group of users use one of a cyclic FH sequences designed to eliminate signal collisions among different groups. To improve the user-capacity, we assign to each user within a group a different DS sequence. Given this arrangement, our results show significant performance improvements relative to conventional DS/FH systems that employ randomly generated hopping sequences. The proposed frequency-hopping scheme is then investigated in a space-time convolutionally-coded system with two transmit and one receive antennas


Purpose:Kawasaki disease is a multisystemic inflammatory vasculitis and associated with neurologic features such as aseptic meningitis. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) is used to treat Kawasaki disease and generally considered to be safe, but rare cases of aseptic meningitis with unknown etiology have been reported. The aseptic meningitis associated with Kawasaki disease was compared with meningitis as the adverse reaction of high-dose IVIG. Methods:Sixteen Kawasaki disease patients with typical meningeal irritation symptoms were reviewed from January 1997 to July 2002. Group I(n=11) had meningitis associated with Kawasaki disease and Group II(n=5) had meningitis as the adverse reaction of high-dose IVIG therapy. The clinical features and hematologic and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) findings were compared between the two groups. Results:The duration of fever was significantly longer in group I than group II. Meningeal irritation symptoms were milder in group II than group I. Hemoglobin levels were lower in group II than group I. Monocyte counts were higher in group I than group II. In the CSF analysis, neutrophil counts were significantly higher in group II than group I. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in CSF protein and sugar levels between the two groups. Conclusion:Aseptic meningitis occurred in patients with Kawasaki disease after administration of high-dose IVIG. High-dose IVIG was considered to be safe in general. However, clinicians should be aware of the potential for neurologic complications such as acute aseptic meningitis in patients receiving high-dose IVIG for Kawasaki disease. (Korean J Pediatr 2004;47:561-566)


PurposeTo determine the value of taking simultaneous stereo photographs of the optic nerve head as a basis for identification of patients with glaucoma. MethodsTwo hundred fifty-eight patients received complete ophthalmological examinations and were ranked on a scale of 1–5 regarding the likelihood of their having glaucoma. Each eye was also photographed using the NIDEK camera, providing stereo pairs of the optic nerve head. The same patients were reclassified by two independent masked observers on the same scale of 1–5, based solely on examination of the photographs. ResultsExamination of stereo photographs alone provided maximum sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 95% in identification of glaucoma patients when photographic readings were compared with all available clinical information. ConclusionsStereo photographs of the optic nerve head can be used for glaucoma detection with an accuracy that is significantly greater than simple tonometry and with a sensitivity that is equivalent to screening with computerized perimetry.


This article examines the nuances of the 'farming ladder' through a case study of the Duffin farming family. It explores the circumstances in which they flourished and faltered; the internal and external determinants affecting their ability to maintain a grip on the 'farming ladder'; and the fluidity of the ladder. Drawing upon the personal archive of the family and complementary sources, the variable position of the family on the 'farming ladder' as they progress from agricultural labourers to farmers and then back to labourers is charted within wider historical and geographical frameworks. The social and spatial relationships forged are identified as being particularly important in the operation of the 'farming ladder'.


Concrete structures require periodic inspections and quality control to assess their structural integrity. For this task, several methodologies based on the use of different technologies have been previously proposed. In particular, nondestructive evaluations, based on the use of ultrasonic wave propagation, have proved to be attractive due to the possibility to perform reliable assessments of concrete structures. In this paper, an approach exploiting ultrasonic propagation characteristics is proposed. This approach is developed by using data obtained from numerical simulations, whereas proper simulation settings to perform the diagnosis are obtained by preliminary studies. Subsequently, an automatic inspection method to determine the position of defects is developed. The aim of the method consists of determining the position of a defect by the computation of flight times related to signals reflected by anomalies in the structure. Such computation is based on a preliminary classification of defect positions that combines a genetic algorithm for a feature selection and a statistical approach for classification. The performances of the proposed method are evaluated in a specific study case, showing satisfactory numerical results, which show that this approach can be used to identify the position of defects.


In order to improve the knowledge of rivet process,numerical simulation of countersunk head rivet was conducted through FEA.The establishing process of rivet model and big scale deforming of material were introduced in details.The rivet process was divided into six phases according to the stress/time curve.The result shows that numerical simulation can effectively applied to the rivet process and establish the foundation for future analysis of rivet strength and fatigue.


We propose a model of employee response to the use of customer big data. In particular we address the issue of avoiding disillusionment among employees when the real use of big data is known to be used to influence customers preferences in predatory ways. We review work done in the general literature on big data and the internet of things as well as customers views on collecting their data. We then conclude with a proposed model and determine that a predatory use of customer data will not necessarily lead to employee disillusionment as long as that real use is also clearly communicated to the customer.


The mode of "Four Studies" in audit case teaching,namely: Autonomous studying——taking autonomous studies as the core,some suggestion is made in the integrated teaching plan;tuition——giving good lessons in and out of class,expanding the counselling content,carefully organizing the group discussion;assisted studying——enriching the material on the net,carrying out activities on the net,reforming the middle-term examines,helping the student to obtain more knowledge and sharpening their ability;task-oriented studying——the standard of the processing assessment should be observed strictly and be divided into details to urge the student to study earnestly.


There is an extensive scholarship on separate spheres, the public/private binary, and family history that reveals a nuanced understanding of the interconnections and constructedness of these metaphors and rubrics traditionally used in family law history. In exploring the current understandings and limitations of these subjects as analytics for doing my own history of English family law, I turn to Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo's critique that we limit our subjects and reinforce power differentials when we use a lens of difference in our scholarship. I first explore the lessons learned about the enduring nature of separate spheres and the power imbalances of the public/private binary in terms of their implications for family law, and try to bring these diverse areas of scholarship together to reflect on the narrow project of family law history. Then I propose a new approach that focuses on the paths not taken, the reforms that were blocked, as providing one way to get around some of the limitations of separate spheres and reveal the stark relations of power in modern constructions of the family and the state.


Objective—Deletion of the lysophospholipid-sensitive receptor, G2A, in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR−/−) mice elevates plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and suppresses atherosclerosis. However, chemotactic action of G2A in monocytes/macrophages, in addition to its modulatory effect on HDL, may contribute to the proatherogenic action of G2A. Methods and Results—We determined that deletion of G2A in LDLR−/− mice increases the ApoA1, ApoE, and cholesterol content of plasma HDL fractions. Hepatocytes were shown to express G2A and hepatocytes from G2A-deficient LDLR−/− mice secreted more ApoA1 and ApoE in HDL fractions compared to their G2A-sufficient counterparts. The atheroprotective and HDL modulatory effects of G2A deficiency were dependent on the presence of ApoE, as deletion of G2A in ApoE−/− and ApoE−/−LDLR−/− mice failed to raise HDL and did not suppress atherosclerosis. G2A deficiency in bone marrow–derived cells of LDLR−/− mice had no effect on atherosclerosis or HDL, whereas G2A deficiency in resident tissues was sufficient to raise HDL and suppress atherosclerosis. Conclusion—These data demonstrate that the chemotactic function of G2A in bone marrow–derived monocytes does not modulate atherosclerosis in LDLR−/− mice and suggest an ApoE-dependent function for G2A in the control of hepatic HDL metabolism that might contribute to its proatherogenic action.


In order to develop a new resistance identification method of sugarcanes to smut disease,caused by the fungus Ustiliago scitaminea Sydow,and provide technical support to breeding of smut resistant sugarcanes,single teliospore of Ustiliago scitaminea Sydow was isolated and cultured,mating type of sporidia was also identified,by using a 1 ∶ 1 mixture(plus and minus) mating types as inoculum. Injection inoculation was carried out at the growing point or young stem below it in younger sugarcane seedlings,and the concentration of mating type(plus and minus) and injection volume were optimized in this study. The results showed that comparatively the most suitable mating type concentration was 5 ×105sporidia/mL,the relatively appropriate injection volume was 90 μL per plant in injection inoculation method. In comparison with common dipping inoculation,injection inoculation has a shorter latent period,high incidence,and it is possible to sufficiently evaluate resistance level of host and the type of physiological race. On this basis,twenty-two sugarcane varieties(materials) were inoculated by using the newly established injection inoculation and common dipping inoculation,the results showed that there were one susceptible variety,twenty-one high susceptible varieties by using injection inoculation method; however,one resistant variety,two moderately resistant varieties,eight susceptible varieties and eleven high susceptible varieties by using common dipping inoculation method.


Obtaining accurate and timely land cover information is an important topic in many remote sensing applications. Using satellite image time series data should achieve high-accuracy land cover classification. However, most satellite image time-series classification methods do not fully exploit the available data for mining the effective features to identify different land cover types. Therefore, a classification method that can take full advantage of the rich information provided by time-series data to improve the accuracy of land cover classification is needed. In this paper, a novel method for time-series land cover classification using spectral, temporal, and spatial information at an annual scale was introduced. Based on all the available data from time-series remote sensing images, a refined nonlinear dimensionality reduction method was used to extract the spectral and temporal features, and a modified graph segmentation method was used to extract the spatial features. The proposed classification method was applied in three study areas with land cover complexity, including Illinois, South Dakota, and Texas. All the Landsat time series data in 2014 were used, and different study areas have different amounts of invalid data. A series of comparative experiments were conducted on the annual time-series images using training data generated from Cropland Data Layer. The results demonstrated higher overall and per-class classification accuracies and kappa index values using the proposed spectral-temporal-spatial method compared to spectral-temporal classification methods. We also discuss the implications of this study and possibilities for future applications and developments of the method.


High pour-point oil reservoir in shallow layer of block Jing 35,Shenyang oilfield,was put onto production in 1995.Oilfield development is in a serious situation now.The major problem is that formation temperature is only 24℃higher than wax precipitation temperature.During oil recovery,wax precipitation may block the percolation path due to degassing.In accordance with this situation,starting with laboratory experiment and field practice,two necessities for keeping long term development of this block have been determined,including to keep the formation temperature higher than wax precipitation temperature,and to keep the formation pressure,especially in the immediate vicinity of wellbore,higher than or about the saturation pressure.Physical modeling of hot water plus solvent was thus conducted.The result of this research is of vital importance to full scale development of block Jing 35,and can be used as a reference for developing similar oilfields.