University College Dublin (UCD) has implemented the Output-Based Research Support Scheme (OBRSS) since 2016. Adapted from the Norwegian model, the OBRSS aims to incentivise research and publications by disbursing research support funds based on research outputs including publications and PhD supervision. This paper examines the coverage of UCD publications in Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and the OBRSS list. The analysis shows that the OBRSS list has a more comprehensive coverage in all disciplines and has a significant advantage in the coverage of SSH disciplines compared to Scopus and WoS. It is also evident that the development of the OBRSS list is more transparent about its indexing practices and procedures. Further, the list offers opportunities for academic and research community to co-construct the list and to justify the prestige of publications, which allows the inclusion of novel, non-commercial, and open access publications without track records of citations and journal impact factor. The OBRSS has also encourages regular updates of publication records by academic and research staff, which leads to mostly complete information about publication activities useful for bibliometric analysis, research management, and strategic planning.


Lipids are a major component in the process of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical significance of plasma lipid profiles during COVID-19 has been described in several studies to date. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize previous research studies regarding the association of plasma lipid profile with the clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This edition presents mini-review reports on research studies related to LDL and TG levels that can predict severity in patients with COVID-19. Atherogenic dyslipidemia that occurs during infection is reported to be very strongly correlated with a more severe prognosis in COVID-19 infection. Therefore, lipid profiles should be performed to indicate acute and measurable inflammation in COVID-19 patients, and fish oil and statin therapy should also be considered to improve the condition.


In cases of meningoencephalocele, brain tissue, which is enveloped by the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, herniates through the skull defect. Atretic cephalocele, on the other hand, is a congenital malformation in which small meningeal and vestigial glial tissue herniates through this defect; a benign nodular lesion is found near the midline of the scalp. Atretic cephalocele can occur in the parietal or occipital area; in cases involving the latter, the prognosis is poor. We report the radiologic findings of two cases of atretic cephalocele confirmed by surgery and pathologic findings.


This chapter examines how the CBD benefit-sharing (BS) provisions were implemented in the EC through Directive 98/44/EC, as well as their transposition in individual Member States. It then gives an evaluation of the disclosure requirement and makes suggestions on other means of achieving the BS objective and obligation of Article 15.7 of the CBD.


The COVID-19 has dramatically affected mental health and work environment of many labor sectors, including the educational sector. Our primary aim was to investigate preschool teachers' psychological distress and work engagement during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, while examining the possible protective role of participating in mindfulness-based intervention (C2C-IT) and emotion regulation. Emotional distress, work engagement and COVID-19 concerns' prevalence were evaluated among 165 preschool teachers in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Israel, using self-report questionnaires. Findings show that preschool teachers have experienced increased emotional distress. Teachers who had participated in the C2C-IT intervention six month before the pandemic outbreak (N=41) reported lower emotional distress, higher use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies and higher work engagement, compared to their counterparts that had not participated in the mindfulness training (N = 124). Emotion regulation strategies mediated the link between participating in the CTC-IT intervention and emotional distress and work engagement. Teaching is a highly demanding occupation, especially during a pandemic, therefore it is important to invest resources in empowering this population. According to the findings of the current study, implementation of mindfulness-based intervention during the school year, may benefit teachers' well-being, even during stressful events such as the COVID-19 pandemic.


Text data include all kinds of natural language text such as web pages, news articles, scientific literature, emails, enterprise documents, and social media posts. As text data continues to grow quickly, it is increasingly important to develop intelligent systems to help people manage and make use of vast amounts of text data ("big text data"). As a new family of effective general approaches to text data retrieval and analysis, probabilistic topic models, notably Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA), Latent Dirichlet Allocations (LDA), and many extensions of them, have been studied actively in the past decade with widespread applications. These topic models are powerful tools for extracting and analyzing latent topics contained in text data; they also provide a general and robust latent semantic representation of text data, thus improving many applications in information retrieval and text mining. Since they are general and robust, they can be applied to text data in any natural language and about any topics. This tutorial will systematically review the major research progress in probabilistic topic models and discuss their applications in text retrieval and text mining. The tutorial will provide (1) an in-depth explanation of the basic concepts, underlying principles, and the two basic topic models (i.e., PLSA and LDA) that have widespread applications, (2) a broad overview of all the major representative topic models (that are usually extensions of PLSA or LDA), and (3) a discussion of major challenges and future research directions. The tutorial should be appealing to anyone who would like to learn about topic models, how and why they work, their widespread applications, and the remaining research challenges to be solved, including especially graduate students, researchers who want to develop new topic models, and practitioners who want to apply topic models to solve many application problems. The attendants are expected to have basic knowledge of probability and statistics.


The cathodic protection of prestressed concrete cylinder pipe is gradually applied to prevent prestressing wire from corrosion.But,for prestressing wire susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement,safe and effective cathodic protection criterion has not been established yet,particularly for that in new PCCP.In the paper,the protection potential range of prestressing wire is preliminary ascertained by measuring breaking potential and rehabilitation and hydrogen evolution potential of prestressing wire in mortar and steel in concrete with different Cl-contents,protection potential range for uncorroded steel in PCCP is-0.40~-1.10(vs SCE),that for corroded steel is-0.75~-1.10(vs SCE),and its protection degree is over 90% within the protection potential range.


The subject of the paper are basic principles for the responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity and consolidation of these principles in the procedural legislation. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the basis of principles for imposing the responsibility for the legal costs on co-plaintiff or codefendant includes substantive criterion (the nature of the disputed material relationship) and procedural criterion (the procedural status of the co-participant). The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognition and the resulting private-scientific methods, in particular: the system-structural method and the method of comparative law. The main results and scope of their application. Civil and commercial procedural legislation does not regulate the issue of responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity. The mechanism of such a responsibility has a significant influence on the formation of legal bodies'  position in resolving the issue from whom and in what amount the costs of the of the case consideration are to be recovered in the case of several claimants or defendants participating in the dispute. The author proposed four principles to imposing the responsibility for the legal costs on the parties in civil and arbitration proceedings due to the content of the controversial material legal relationship. 1) The principle of equal share distribution of legal costs among the parties is the main principle for recovering legal costs in the case of procedural complicity. This principle is applicable in all cases arising from legal relations with a shared plurality of persons on the creditor's or the debtor's side. 2) The principle of joint collection of legal costs is applicable for disputes in which joint debtors or joint creditors take part. 3) The exclusion from the principle of equal imposing the responsibility for the legal costs is allowed by the court in case of a violation of procedural rights by one or several parties. 4) The inadmissibility of imposing the responsibility for the legal costs to the plaintiff in favor of improper co-defendant in the case when this co-defendant appeared on the court's initiative. It is unreasonable to use the criterion of the actual procedural behavior of the parties during the imposition the responsibility for the legal costs, because this criterion is vague and evaluative, it depends on the will of the person who claims to reimburse legal costs and on the opinion of the judge resolving this issue. The proposed principle of legal costs equal sharing among the parties will not affect the adversarial character in the civil and arbitration procedure. Conclusions. In order to unify approaches of courts and to prevent a discretionary attitude to this issue, it is necessary to develop basic principles for imposition of responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity and consolidation of these principles in the procedural legislation. The nature of the controversial material relationship is put on the basis for the joining of the parties in the civil and commercial proceedings. This criterion should also be taken into account by the court when deciding on the court costs distribution among the parties involved in the case.


Sutherland's two stage theory of discrimination learning is briefly described. Three experiments on overtraining and its effects on reversal and non-reversal shifts which were carried out by Mackintosh (1962, 1963a, b) and which are held to support this theoretical approach are discussed. The interpretation of these results is criticised in terms of possible differences between the nominal stimulus and the functional stimulus. Mackintosh assumes the identity of these two categories in his interpretations which are claimed to support Sutherland's formulations and to provide difficulties for other theoretical approaches. Control studies of a training and transfer type which might have indicated the effective stimulus were not carried out and, so it is argued, the experiments fail to provide unambiguous support for Sutherland's approach to discrimination learning problems. The identity of the mechanisms mediating transfer along a continuum and the effects of overtraining on reversal and non-reversal shifts is questioned. The lack of compelling evidence to support the notion of sensory dimensional analysers is suggested. Reinterpretation is made in terms of generalizations from a range of learning experiments, and differences between the implications of this approach and that of Sutherland are indicated.


different societies (Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992). If the chances of interand/or intragenerational mobility are very low in a society, this is generally seen as an indicator for a closed social structure reflecting a high level of persisting inequalities. Our essay is structured as follows: First, we briefly summarize the recent developments in the field of social inequality and mobility research. Here, we will not only refer to new theoretical concepts, but also to methodological advances. Second, we will then address the widely held view that new inequalities must be understood primarily as a consequence of the progressive integration of world markets (see also Goldthorpe 2007). The central argument here is that traditional social inequality structures are fundamentally eroding in the globalization process, so that modern societies can no longer be characterized as class societies. In this section, we will present not only theoretical concepts, but also the latest empirical evidence from research examining the distribution of labor market risks in an era of increasing uncertainty. We close with a short summary and our outlook for the future.


With the three-dimensional deformation survey system composed of the high accuracy lightwave electronic tachometer combined with reflecting film,the three-dimensional displacements at fault F7 and slate with sandwiched Phyllis section of Silurian have been tested and analyzed in Wushaoling tunnel.Meanwhile,the response characteristics and deformation character of excavated strata of tunnel are presented through three-dimensional deformation revelation that is developed by European scholars.Result shows that the displacement vector orientation trend line at the place,which is 1.0 time of the tunnel diameter or less from working face,can be used to reveal the distribution and change trend of rock mass stiffness at certain region,and it can predict the change trend of soft and hard rocks or unfavorable geological structure at excavated strata.At present timei,t is still under its initialization for underground construction engineering,and the information related to displacement is analyzed,which is obtained by exaction with that of the practical geological condition of surrounding rock.With the help of other geological forecast facilities or methods,the geological conditions of the unexcavated ground around cavern can be properly predicted.


The Covid-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic is a virus that causes disease in humans and animals. The virus that has spread since the beginning of 2020 more or less in March, all residents are shocked by this Covid-19 Pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed everything, from lifestyle and caused a lot of losses for everyone. This study aims to determine the impact of Covid-19 on Poverty in Tirto, Pekalongan. The research method used is qualitative research and library studies to support this research. From the results of research that has been carried out, the impact of Covid-19 is very large. Everything changes and there is not a single person who is not harmed by this Pandemic. Starting from rich entrepreneurs, employees, traders, even online motorcycle taxi drivers. Covid-19 makes everyone have to be able to rack their brains to think how to survive during this Pandemic. However, on the other hand, the government participates in assisting the community in tackling poverty by providing social assistance. Such as providing subsidy funds for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through BRI bank.


Rheological property of the aqueous solution, which was made of branched partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and water from Daqing Oilfield, was studied at 45 ℃ with HAAKE rheometer. The results showed that when polymers with similar molecular weights were studied, solutions of those with more branches showed higher viscosity. Viscoelasticity of the solution of branched polyacrylamide and that of commercial samples were also measured and compared.


This paper reports on a small-scale action research project conducted by two university-based researchers using a visual arts method. The seven-week drawing programme was the second cycle of an action research project. The participants were nine boys of primary school age variously identified by their teachers as reluctant readers and/or as struggling with print literacy. The thematic concerns addressed in the paper fall into two broad categories: motivating learners by drawing on their popular cultural capital and interests, as well as tracing the construction of visual texts as data in action research. Findings are presented in response to the following research questions: What happens to those students who do not or cannot meet the required standards in literacy? What kind of research approach can be utilised or adapted to respond to the literacy practices and behaviours of young people?


Objective
To investigate metabolite changes in the brain of patients with nondementia vascular cognitive impairment (VCIND) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

Methods
Twenty-five patients with VCIND,21 ones with MCI and 30 normal controls (NC) were participated in this experiment.The absolute concentrations of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA),choline (Cho),myo-inositol (MI),creatine (Cr) and the metabolite ratios of NAA/Cr,Cho/Cr,MI/Cr,NAA/MI and NAA/Cho were measured bilaterally in the posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG),white matter of the occipital lobe (OLWM),dorsal thalamus (DT),and white matter of the frontal lobe (FLWM) by multivoxel MRS.The metabolite concentrations were quantified and post-processed using SAGE 7.0 and LCModel software.

Results
(1) Compared with the NC group,VCIND patients displayed higher Cho level in the left FLWM[ (1.9±0.4) mmol/L,P<0.05],MCI patients displayed an elevated concentration of MI in the right PCG[ (6.2±1.1) mmol/ L,P<0.05]and lower NAA level in the bilateral PCG[left (6.9±1.1) mmol/ L,right (7.0±1.4) mmol/L,all P<0.05) ].The NAA/Cr ratio in the bilateral DT and bilateral FLWM with VCIND patients (left DT of 1.3±0.3,right DT of 1.2±0.3,left FLWM of 1.3±0.2,right FLWM of 1.1±0.2,all P<0.05) and in the bilateral PCG with MCI patients (left 1.2±0.2,right 1.3±0.3;all P<0.05) showed lower than NC subjects. (2) The patients with VCIND displayed lower NAA/Cho ratio in left OLWM and right DT (left OLWM of 4.6±1.0,right DT of 5.2±1.4,all P<0.05) than either NC or MCI subjects,while it displayed a significantly lower NAA/Cho ratio in the bilateral FLWM (left 4.3±1.1,right 4.2±0.9,all P<0.01) than NC subjects. (3) The NAA/MI ratio in the bilateral OLWM (left 1.6±0.3,right 1.3±0.4,all P<0.05) with MCI patients showed lower than either NC subjects or VCIND patients,while the MCI patients display a significantly lower NAA/MI ratio in the bilateral PCG (left 1.2±0.3,right 1.2±0.4,all P<0.01) than NC subjects.

Conclusions
Both VCIND and MCI patients may have metabolite dysfunctions in different regions of the brain,it may provide efficient information for clinical diagnosis,preventing and treating in the early stages of dementia.

Key words:
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Quantitative evaluation; Vascular cognitive impairment no dementia; Mild cognitive impairment


The author expounded the concept of biomass energy,gave an analysis of the significance of developing biological energy sources,reported the status quo and pattern of international and national biological energy sources development,and brought forward views in how to develop the local biomass energy sources industry


Abstract What are thoughts, or propositions, exactly? I develop an answer to this question in relation to the Russellian and Fregean views – propositions as facts and propositions as contents –, defending a Kantian alternative: propositions as acts. I move from natural or naïve Russellianism and its difficulties to more sophisticated and promising Fregeanism, which can respond to these difficulties but only at the expense of leaving open serious explanatory gaps of its own. Along the way, I develop Kantianism as incorporating what is promising in Fregeanism while closing the gaps this view left open, and present it more systematically at the end.


Bucket foundations, which are used in the foundations of offshore wind turbines, should be able to withstand large amounts of horizontal and moment loads. Tripod bucket foundation, which combines three single buckets, has been used to increase horizontal and moment capacities. This study performed numerical analysis using ABAQUS (2010), to analyze the group effect and the bearing capacity of a tripod bucket in clay. Parametric studies were performed varying the bucket spacing ratio S/D (S=spacing between the centers of the bucket and the tower; D=diameter of the bucket) and depth ratio L/D (L=embedded length of skirt). The applied constitutive models were a linear elastic perfectly plastic model with Tresca yield criteria for normally consolidated clay and an elastic model for buckets. Loading in the vertical, horizontal, and moment directions was simulated with an increase in each movement at a reference point. The bearing behavior and the capacities of a single and a tripod bucket were compared. Capacity evaluation method of the tripod bucket was suggested using the capacity of a single bucket.


Since 2013, when human infection with the novel influenza A(H7N9) virus was first recognized in China, more than 550 cases and 210 deaths have been


To provide a rotor shaft support disk for a rotor-type open-end spinning frame with which a fiber bundle is continuously towed, twisted, and formed into a yarn at a high speed while restructuring the fiber bundle into a more even fiber layer by means of a centrifugal air stream formed by a high-speed rotator, more specifically, a technique for producing a disk that holds and supports the rotor shaft of a rotor-type open-end spinning frame, the rotor shaft rotating at a high speed. The rotor shaft support disk for a rotor-type open-end spinning frame is a disk for supporting the rotor shaft of a rotor-type open-end spinning frame, and is characterized in that the peripheral edge surface of the disk has been bonded to and covered with a rubber member through an adhesive and that the rubber member is constituted of a rubber member obtained by vulcanizing, with a peroxide, a hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) having a combined-acrylonitrile content of 18-44 wt% and/or a modification product thereof.


For an interpolation pair $(E_0,E_1)$ of Banach spaces with $E_1 \hookrightarrow E_0$ we use vectors $b_1,b_2,\ldots \in E_1$ that satisfy an extremal property with respect to the $J$- and $K$-functional to construct sub-spaces that are isometric to $\ell_q^{(\theta)}$. The construction is based on a randomisation using independent Rademacher variables. We verify that systems obtained by re-scaling a function with a certain periodicity property share this extreme property. This implies the sharpness of natural embeddings of Holder spaces obtained by the real interpolation into the corresponding Gaussian Besov spaces.


According to the features of the heat supplying in large factory room,it puts forward various heating ways and makes a technical and economic comparison.And it points out that hot stove lateral warm air-curtain heating is a suitable heat supplying way for the machining processing work shop of medium and small enterprises,and it solves the thermal stratification in large factory room.


In order to intensify the demulsification of water-oil emulsions, various types of separation elements for the settling tanks are proposed, namely, the corrugated plates with different orientation of corrugations, located at an angle of 45°, 135° and the cross-corrugated plates. The experimental studies of water-oil emulsion demulsification by means of a laboratory unit, using the developed separation elements were conducted. The conducted studies showed that the use of various separation elements inside the settling tanks allows intensifying the process of water-oil emulsion demulsification. The separation elements, considered in this paper, allow the performance of demulsification process with minimum 62% efficiency at the average rate of emulsion movement of more than 0.04 m/s. In the course of studies, it was found that the most effective of the considered separation elements are the corrugated plates with an orientation of corrugations, located at an angle of 45°, allowing the process of water-oil emulsion demulsification with an average efficiency of 80.1% at the movement rate within the range of 0.04–0.053 m/s. It is also shown that for the various separation elements, there are the most effective ranges of emulsion rates, at which the maximum values of demulsification efficiency are achieved.


A new pattern solid hydroponic system which was named as spile - pole hydroponic system was introduced. The system was mainly composed of cultural pole that was mainly made up of polystyrene. The structure, the making process, the technique of management and the cultural results of the system were introduced and anarysizad. At the same time, the organic eco - hydroponic technique was introduced into the cultural process of spile - pole hydroponic system, so that the cost was reduced, and the yield and quality of the vegetables were improved.


Dysprosium substituted Pr-Fe-B permanent magnet samples with Pr11, 76-xDyxFe82B6 (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3) composition were made up by compacting the crystalline fine powders prepared through mechanical milling and successive high power ultrasonic irradiation. The (Pr,Dy)-Fe-B alloys with designated compositions were obtained from arc melted the charges that consisted of respectively Dy-Fe, Fe3B alloys and pure Fe and Pr metals. Results of the xrd analysis are permanent magnetic samples confirmed that the mass of the compound fraction formed is 90.07%. A change in lattice parameter of Pr2Fe14B phase occurred when Pr was partially substituted by Dy. Furthermore, the effect of dy partial substitution on magnetic properties can increase the coercivity value, but with a decrease in saturation magnetic. Dy = 3 substitution produces coercivity and remanence values of 160 kA/m and 0.275 T respectively in the permanent magnet category.


In this paper, a coaxial cavity gyrotron with inner-outer corrugation is researched. The electron kineto-equations and the first order transmission line equations of the gyrotron are derived from Lorentz force equation and the transmission line theory, respectively. And then, a 2 MW, 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron with inner-outer corrugation is designed. By means of numerical calculation, the beam-wave interaction of the coaxial cavity gyrotron with inner-outer corrugation is investigated. Results show that the efficient and the outpower of the gyrotron are 42.3% and 2.38 MW, respectively.


Sandpile is a class of conservative discrete dynamical systems, where cubic sand grains move around according to local rules. One naturally wants sand heaps to be decreasing, as conical heaps formed in hourglasses. This extended abstract introduces convenient tools towards a characterization of emergent regularities in decreasing sandpile models: recurrence automata. Interestingly, the technic presented here allows to deal with very regular sand patterns emerging from an initial phase of apparent disorder, without necessitating a precise understanding of this latter. It generalizes earlier works presented in [17, 18], and asks how far can we go following this track?


Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and the histopathological changes that occur in the gall bladder including the wall (mucosa, musculosa and serosa) and the lymphoid tissue. And to evaluate how far these changes (varying from atrophy, metaplasia or dysplasia). Methods : From June 2011 to June 2012, 50 patients recruited from National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute and Surgical Department Cairo University were operated upon for chronic cholecystitis. The patients were subdivided into two equal groups (each includes 25 patients). H pylori +ve group who do have H. Pylori in their gall bladder mucosa detected by Giemsa stain and H. pylori –ve group. In pathological examination of the gallbladder, were evaluated the presence and the degree of mucosal erosions, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, lymphoid infiltration, musculosa hypertrophy and fibrosis. The histological findings were compared between the two groups and the collected data was analyzed using a Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's Exact test (p<0.05). Results : When comparing the histological findings of the H. pylori infected gallbladders with the non-infected ones, the gallbladders with mucosal hyperplasia, metaplasia/dysplasia and lymphoid infiltration showed statistically significant differences, with a p-value of 0.028, 0.049, 0.022 respectively. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the degree of mucosal erosions (p=0.299), atrophy, musculosa hypertrophy (p=1.000) and fibrosis (p=1.000). Conclusion : The above mentioned results suggesting the role of H. Pylori infection in aggravating the mucosal hyperplasia, metaplasia and lymphoid infiltration.


Using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies, we analyzed changes in ecosystem boundary conditions in the Yellow River Delta. We investigated variations in soil water, bulk density, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter, as well as concentrations of soluble Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and Na+, under different ecosystem conversions. Results indicated that from 1992 to 2006, boundary characteristics became more complicated and ecosystem conversion was mainly from farmland to a mixed ecosystem supportingTamarix chinensis-Phragmites communis. These ecosystem conversions may be attributed to a combination of urban expansion, oil exploration and extraction, water interception, and soil salinization. Ecosystem conversion also affected soil properties. Organic matter differed among the ecosystems, as did the concentrations of the soil base cations. Ca2+ concentration was higher than concentrations of other cations, and significant differences existed in Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations among ecosystems. While the concentration of K+ and Mg2+ showed similar concentrations, mostly increasing, among different ecosystem conversions, Na+ concentrations decreased. In summary, the concentrations of soluble minerals were significantly influenced by ecosystem conversions.


This paper considers stochastic hybrid stress quadrilateral finite element analysis of plane elasticity equations with stochastic Young's modulus and stochastic loads. Firstly, we apply Karhunen–Loève expansion to stochastic Young's modulus and stochastic loads so as to turn the original problem into a system containing a finite number of deterministic parameters. Then we deal with the stochastic field and the space field by k−version/p−version finite element methods and a hybrid stress quadrilateral finite element method, respectively. We derive a priori error estimates, which are uniform with respect to the Lamè constant λ∈(0,+∞). Finally, we provide some numerical results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Behavioural economics has come far in the past decade, and is being used increasingly to help inform public policy. A new theme for British Politics and Policy at LSE blog will, according to Adam Oliver, serve as a forum for ideas and debate in this most topical area.


In this paper, we report on a controlled experiment, in which we compared two different requirements specification styles. Following the traditional black-box style, a system is described by its externally visible behavior, any design detail is omitted from the requirements. Following the white-box style, which was popularized by object-oriented analysis, a system is described by the behavior of its constituent entities, e.g., objects. In the experiment, we compared the understandability of two requirements specifications of the same system each written in a different style. The appropriate choice of a specification style depends on several factors including the project characteristics, the nature of the requirements at hand, and the intended readers. In this paper, we focus on the last factor, and investigate understandability from the viewpoint of a customer. The results of the experiment indicate that it is easier to understand black-box requirements specifications from a customer point of view. Questions about particular functions and particular behavior of the specified system were answered by the participants faster and more correct. This result suggests using the black-box specification style when communication with customers is important.


Dynamic sky-line view arthrography at 30, 60, and 90 flexion degrees was carried out on 1,242 knees of 621 cases who claimed trouble with at least one knee. The patient's age range was from 15 to 35 years. Alignment of the patello-femoral joint was classified into four groups; Grade I: The patello-femoral joint is congruent in all the three views. Grade II: The view taken at 30 degrees shows the joint space open in the medial facet but closed in the view at 60 degrees. Grade III: The medial interspace is open at 60 degrees but closed at 90 degrees. Grade IV: The medial joint space is open in all three views. Grade distribution of all cases studied was: Grade I, 62.1%; Grade II, 25.8%; Grade III, 6.7%; and Grade IV, 5.4%. Clinical disorders thus occur at high percentages in the groups of Grades III and IV. Based on this observation, the mechanism of the malalignment disorders of the patello-femoral joint is discussed.


News of economy are now paid more attention to.But how to make the type of the news much more popular?In this article the auther gives emphasis on the cultural factors in the economic news reporting and presents some ways on how to report the comenic news.


The number of multilingual websites and interfaces grows as the world becomes more globalized. However, there is a lack of heuristics available to easily evaluate these websites and interfaces. While well-known usability heuristics like Nielsen's 10 Heuristics have served as an industry basis for heuristic evaluations, they fall short of providing full considerations for multilingual systems. This paper proposes multilingual usability heuristics that can be used with existing usability heuristic sets to conduct heuristic evaluations on multilingual websites. We used U.S. Internal Revenue Service applications accessed in Korean and English to test the proposed Multilingual Usability Heuristics. We updated the Multilingual Usability Heuristics based on the results these evaluations. Our final set contains 6 heuristics that can be used in tandem with other heuristic sets, like Nielsen's 10 Heuristics. Though they are not yet empirically validated, these heuristics are useful in evaluating multilingual website and graphical user interfaces.


In the USA, adhesive technologies company Meridian Adhesives Group that is based in Houston, Texas, has acquired American Sealants Inc (ASI) of Fort Wayne, Indiana, which specialises in product assembly adhesives and sealants.


A system which allows signal transmission between circuit locks is constructed promptly by automatically generating an I/F circuit in response to the adjustment of a timing relationship and to a modification in a waveform on a GUI and automatically inserting the I/F circuit between the circuit blocks or adding the I/F circuit to any of the circuit block. A circuit for outputting an operation enable for a receiving side is generated automatically between a plurality of blocks operating with different frequencies, whereby the use of the circuit blocks is expanded in spite of the different frequencies. Further, the design of a large-scale system is performed efficiently by automatically generating a desired waveform by a simple editing operation, generating a desired signal waveform by forming a combinational circuit of signals in the circuit block, and automatically generating a logic synthesis script.


The grand vision of Islamic Economics to provide a just and equitable alternative to Capitalism, has been transformed into a minor variant of capitalism. The paper starts by explaining the many reasons for the failure of Islamic Economists to create a genuine alternative to conventional economic theory. It then goes on to spell out the many contrasts and oppositions between Islamic views and the secular modern worldview which underlies modern economic theory. Some of the points of opposition discussed in the paper are the following. Human free will means that deterministic models of behavior creating mathematical laws for choices cannot be correct. Human motivations are complex, conflicting, and diverse, and not reducible to maximization of any single function. Foundations of economics involve hidden value judgements while pretending to be objective and positive. For example, the Pareto criteria gives precedence to property rights over basic needs. Economists argue that their job is to satisfy all wants, regardless of origin. This fails to differentiate between needs and idle desires, a distinction crucial in Islamic teachings. Whereas the market economy is based on competition among greedy participants, and Islamic economy is based on cooperation between generous participants. There is substantial empirical evidence that the economists' model of homo economics has no correspondence with the reality of human behavior, which is far more social. Similarly, the failure of economic theory to prevent crises, or to ameliorate them has been widely noted. The paper argues that Islam offers solutions to our collective economic problems which are far superior to those offered by conventional economic theory.


A system subject to internal defects and external shocks is analyzed in this paper. Internal defects initiate following a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) and they grow according to deterioration processes modeled as gamma processes. A corrective replacement is performed when the deterioration of a defect exceeds a failure threshold. The system is subject to external shocks. After an external shock, the system is replaced with probability 1 – p and is minimally repaired with probability p. The system is preventively replaced at the age of T. Costs are associated with the maintenance actions. The value of T that minimizes the expected cost rate is obtained analytically. Numerical examples are showed to illustrate the theoretical results.


Aiming at the characteristic of obstacles on the pole,tower and line(such as damper,crimping pipe,suspension clamp,etc.)and their unfixed relative position and shape in patrol of over head power transmission line,designs a sort of patrol robot which can independently move and span obstacle on the pole,tower and line.By the application of key technology such as the layout of the body control system,the design of sensor identification system and supplementary power supply,the test of patrol robot on-line independence move makes success,The result shows that data traffic between body and ground control station are fluent,return images are clear,thereby verifies the validity of the patrol robot's mechanism parts and the control system.


Summary

With the aim to maximise phytic acid removal and minimise losses of dry matter and minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn) in faba bean, fractions of faba beans (whole faba beans, dehulled faba beans, hulls) and flours, were soaked in demineralised water at 10 °C (SDW), NaAc buffer of pH 3.5 at 10 °C (SAB), and 500 U L−1 phytase of pH 5.5 at 50 °C (SPS). In whole seeds and flour, SAB removed 20–51% phytic acid from seeds, and SPS 100% from flour depending upon different preheating treatments; dry matter, Ca, Fe, and Zn losses were 1.8–18%, 20–61%, 33–61% and 8–51%. In dehulled seeds flour, phytic acid could be removed 100% by SPS treatments. In dehulled seeds and flour, losses of dry matter, Ca, Fe were 2.4–18.6%, 12–63%, 11–43%, and Zn apparent gain was 12–73% respectively. In hulls flour, SPS removed 80–82% phytic acid, and SAB 48–50% depending upon different preheating treatments; dry matter, Ca, Zn losses were 6.4–28.7%, 16–46%, 60–72%, and Fe apparent gain was 2–73%, respectively. Phytase application is an effective method to rapidly remove phytic acid while preserving relatively more dry matter and minerals than other soaking approaches in faba bean fractions.


This chapter discusses the design of taxonomies to be used in dynamic taxonomy systems. Although the only actual requirement of dynamic taxonomies is a multidimensional classification, i.e., objects are classified under more than one concept, an organization by facets is normally used. In the first section, we provide guidelines for the design of DT taxonomies, which include the automatic construction from structured data, and the retrofitting of traditional monodimensional taxonomies. In the second section, we show how a faceted taxonomy can be automatically extracted from the infobase itself when objects are textual or are described by textual captions or tags.


To the Editor:

We read with interest the article by Davis et al1 about the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HF) in the patients included in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). In ALLHAT, 42 418 high-risk hypertensive patients were randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, or doxazosin. The analysis was limited to the sample of 910 patients who had been hospitalized with HF and in whom left ventricular ejection fraction was objectively measured. Interestingly, the results of this analysis showed that chlorthalidone significantly reduced the occurrence of new-onset HF hospitalization compared with amlodipine and …


Background: Using titanium alloy with gallium and silicon could speed up the process of osseointegration, which would mean that titanium-silicon-gallium alloy could be used in more therapeutic situations. Objective: To evaluate the osseointegration and histological features of a newly fabricated Ti-Si-Ga alloy implant. Methods: Samples were fabricated utilizing the powder metallurgy technique. The titanium matrix was augmented with alloying components. The composite materials were produced by the compaction process at a pressure of 900 MPa, followed by sintering at a temperature of 800°C. For the in vivo test, ninety cylindrical specimens (3x6 mm in diameter and height, respectively) were prepared by using a wire-cut machine to cut the mentioned measurements from a sintered cylinder (15 mm in diameter and 6 mm in height) (6 cylinders for each group). Results: The Ti-Si-Ga group showed the highest bone formation area and higher push-out values than the commercially pure Ti and Ti-Si groups in this study. Conclusion: The use of gallium as an alloying element improved osseointegration.


We present phase-resolved optical spectroscopy and CCD photometry of the faint eclipsing polar EP Dra (H1907+690). A revised ephemeris is derived which connects all 32000 binary cycles since its discovery by Remillard et al. (1991). We found no difference between spin and and orbital periods of the white dwarf. Changes in the light curve morphology are attributed to a different beaming behaviour which might change on timescales as short as one or several orbital periods. Optical light curve modelling was used to estimate the co-latitude of the accretion spot, which must be larger than 40 degrees. We have detected Zeeman absorption lines of Halpha originating in an accretion halo in a field of 16MG. The low-resolution spectra reveal no indication of resolved cyclotron harmonics, which is also suggestive of a relatively low field strength in the accretion region. The Balmer emission lines contain significant contributions from the UV-illuminated hemisphere of the companion star, whereas the HeII4686 emission originates predominantly from the accretion stream. The emission lines have a multi-component structure and we could single out a narrow emission line in the Hbeta and Hgamma lines. Its radial velocity amplitude suggests a low mass for the white dwarf, if the lines are interpreted as being of reprocessed origin from the whole illuminated hemisphere of the companion star.


International Year of the Nurse and Midwife 2020: Implications for Cardiovascular Nurses The World Health Organization, International Confederation of Midwives, International Council of Nurses, Nursing Now, and United Nations Population Fund have joined forces to declare 2020 as the "International Year of the Nurse and Midwife." This yearlong commemoration seeks to celebrate the work of nurses and midwives, highlight the challenging conditions they often face, and advocate for increased investments in the nursing and midwifery workforce.


SUMMARY In this study, the detrimental effects of in ovo administrated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the immune system of chickens in the post-hatching period were investigated by enzyme histochemical and serological methods. For this purpose, 730 laying hen eggs were divided into 7 groups [3 control groups (nottreated, drilled-sealed and 30% ethanol (solvent)-injected groups) and 4 assay groups in which eggs were injected with increasing AFB1 doses (2.5, 7.5, 12.5 and 17.5 ng/egg)] then conventionally incubated. The chickens were vaccinated against the Newcastle Disease (ND) and the Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) viruses on days 2, 5, 20 and on days 10 and 15 post-hatching, respectively. The serum antibody titres were assayed at the 1st and 28th days using Haemagglutination-Inhibition Test and ELISA respectively. The proportions of the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and the ANAE (alphanaphtyl acetate esterase) or ACP-ase (acid phosphatase) positive lymphocytes / PBL ratios were determined on the days 1, 10, 20 and 28. The AFB1-treatment caused significant decreases in both the ANAE and ACP-ase positivity ratios of PBL depending on the AFB1 dose, during the post-hatching period, but the PBL counts were significantly depressed at the end of the experimental period only in chickens treated in ovo by the highest AFB1 dose (17.5 ng/egg). The anti-IBD antibody titres measured on the hatching day (maternal antibodies) and the anti-ND and IBD antibody titres measured on the day 28 posthatching were significantly reduced in chicks treated with 12.5 and 17.5 ng AFB1/egg compared to the controls and have also gradually declined according to the AFB1 dose. The results clearly evidenced that AFB1 transferred into the fertilised eggs has caused deficiency in cellular and humoral immunity and particularly in the embryo transfer of the maternal antibodies, that can partially explain the observed immunosuppressive AFB1 effects in poultry.


IN NO. 247, vol. xli. of the Proceedings of the Royal Society, just published, there is a preliminary report on the pathology of cholera asiatica, by Messrs. C. Roy, J. Graham Brown, and C. S. Sherrington, in which these gentlemen describe and figure the occurrence, in the tissue of the intestinal mucous membrane of persons dead of cholera asiatica, of hyphæ or mycelial threads and "granules." Messrs. Vines and Gardiner have, we are told, declared these to be Chitridiaciæ. We are further informed that these Chitridiaciæ were found, by Messrs. Roy, Brown, and Sherrington in the intestinal mucous membrane of the twenty-five cases of cholera they have examined, as also in the kidney, and in the blood-vessels of some of these cases.


We investigate the temperature dependence of the electron densities inferred from various spectral line diagnostics for the quiet Sun, two active regions, and the 1973 June 15 flare, all observed by NRL instruments on Skylab. We find that the common assumption of constant pressure in these solar regions is very poor, especially for the quiet Sun and the active regions, and that a constant density assumption is much closer to the observations. Such a conclusion is not contradicted by the morphology of these regions, as observed by the HRTS instrument. We also investigate the variation of the nonthermal mass motion with departures of the line formation temperature from that corresponding to ionization equilibrium


AbstractData from a large-scale mark–recapture study were used in an open-population model to determine the cause for long-term trends in growth and abundance of a Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss population in the tailwater of Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona. Reduced growth affected multiple life stages and processes, causing negative feedbacks that regulated the abundance of the population, including higher mortality of larger fish; lower rates of recruitment (young of the year) during years when growth was reduced; and lower rates of sexual maturation in the following year. High and steady flows during spring and summer 2011 resulted in a very large recruitment event. The population had declined tenfold by 2016 due to a combination of lower recruitment and reduced survival of larger trout. Survival rates for 225-mm and larger Rainbow Trout in 2014, 2015, and 2016 were 11, 21, and 22% lower, respectively, than average survival rates between 2012 and 2013. Abundance at the end of the study would have been thre...


For 2003, the Austrian manufacturing industry as well as the electricity, gas, water and public transport sectors plan to invest € 6.8 billion at current prices. The plans indicate a minor increase in investment spending, up 1.8 percent compared to 2002, but slower than foreseen in October-November 2002, when a plus of about 5.7 percent was forecast for 2003. The reason for the decline is that industries producing non-durable consumer goods substantially cut back on their investment plans. Another reason for the poor overall investment performance is that investments in buildings will decrease sharply by about 30 percent. In contrast, investment in machinery and equipment including ICT investment will grow by 6.4 percent. This increase will be substantial enough to offset the decline in investment in structures.


The pyroxene-based slag glass ceramics were fabricated with the iron-rich tailing from Bayan Obo west mine and fly ash by a conventional melting method. The effect of Cr2O3 on the microstructure and strength of this pyroxene-based glass ceramics was investigated by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry, respectively. The results show that Mg Fe0.9Cr1.1O4 spinel is the heterogeneous nucleus of augite main crystal phase. Augite dendrite grows preferentially along the normal direction of the spinel surface. The Mg Fe0.9Cr1.1O4 spinel nuclei increase with the increase of Cr2O3, leading to the formation of augite particles. The sample with interlocked augite dendrite formed at 0.25% Cr2O3 shows the optimum mechanic property, and the bending strength of the glass ceramic can reach 218.84 MPa.


In university mathematics education courses, messages about the pedagogy and content of teaching mathematics are conveyed to student teachers. During the teaching practicum, mentor teachers also have their own set of messages about mathematics teaching. My research investigates the messages conveyed to student teachers and the ways student teachers acknowledge these messages and incorporate them into their teaching using the notion of recontextualisation. The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching mathematics is generally viewed positively in the university and by mentor teachers. In this paper I share some data and analysis of the messages about ICT, and how one student teacher recontextualises these messages into his own teaching of mathematics.


The firing process is the core of the tiles production, currently the single-cycle firing is the most widespread method in ceramic industries. Moreover, the increasing demand of technological improvements and technical diversifications of ceramic products, leads the firing process to continuously adapt to new operative conditions. The physical mechanisms that occur in roller kilns have to be understood, mainly those involving thermal performance of the equipment and technical characteristics of the ceramic tiles. In this work, a mathematical model and an experimental procedure has been applied to determine the shrinkage kinetics. The kinetic parameters have been experimentally determined using industrial powder to obtain test pieces of 80 x 20 x 2.3 mm3 fired in laboratory electrical roller kiln. Activation energy, Ea=178 kJ/mol, parameter "n", n=0.26285 and frequency factor, k0=44768 s-1 were determined after several firing conditions 30, 40 and 50 min cold-to-cold and temperatures from 1000 to 1150 oC (steps of 30 oC).


According to the actual business target,the key content of product family design is to translate the product attributes into all kinds of parameters and gain reasonable configuration by solving mathematical programming.As the intermediary between real problem and mathematical programming model,conceptual model is an analysis framework servicing mathematical modeling.The decomposition of product family design process has a basic status to build the conceptual model.In dealing with the requirement of mathematical modeling during product family design optimization process,the meaning and function of the conceptual model has been explained.Furthermore,to obtain a competitive advantage,the impact of product family design on mathematical programming model is studied in depth.Finally,through the BUM product family optimal design case of a PCB manufacturer,the mechanism of the conceptual model is described vividly.


The utility model relates to the technical field of a water saving closet. The existing closet uses tap water, the water using amount of the existing closet is large, and the cost of water is high. The utility model puts forward a water saving closet which can use living waste water. The water saving closet which can use living waste water is composed of a hand washing basin, a bowl washing basin, a hand washing water inlet pipe, a bowl washing water inlet pipe, a time delay valve, a water discharge pipe, a closet, a water overflow opening, a coarse filtering net, a thin filtering net, a slideway, an observation window, a waste discharge valve, etc. Not only can living waste water be used for flushing the closet, but also one tank of water can be used for many times. The water saving closet which can use living waste water can save a good deal of water. The water saving closet which can use living waste water is suitable for being used for a toilet of a family.


The solvolytic reactivity of arylmethyl tosylates can be well correlated by simple full-overlap treatments of the SCF Mulliken type. These types of theories balance more adequately the energetic contribution due to effects which can be classified as 'charge–dipole' and 'delocalization' derived, than the corresponding zero-differential overlap theory, CNDO/2. The sensitivity of the predictions to the parameters used in the theories gives indications of the nature of the qualitative interactions present in the arylmethyl systems.


With the rapid development of e-commerce, security issues have attracted more and more attention. In this paper, PKI-based electronic commerce security key escrow technology and protocol are studied, the role of PKI in e-commerce security and the application characteristics of PKI are explained, and the design scheme of a digital authentication system based on PKI is described.


The aim of the paper is to analyse a possible teleconnection of AO (Artic Oscillation), SO (Southern Oscillation), PDO (Pacific Decade Oscillation), NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and QBO (Quasi Biennial Oscillation) phenomena with long-term streamflow fluctuation in Hron River basin (Central Slovakia). The spectral analysis shows that for the series of AO, NAO, SO, and PDO indexes we can identify the ca 2.4-; 3.6-; 7.8-; 14-; 21-;30- and 36-yr cycles. The coincident cycles were found in the monthly discharge time series from the Hron basin (period 1931–2000) using combined periodogram method. As these periods were found in almost all discharge series analysed within very different geographical zones, it can be considered as the general regularity on the earth. The regularity is related to general oceanic and atmospheric circulation, part of which are also the SO, AO, PDO and NAO phenomena.


Inconsistent reports are available on the role of testosterone in end organ damage caused by endotoxemia. Here, pharmacologic, surgical, and molecular studies were employed to assess the testosterone modulation of cardiovascular and autonomic derangements caused by endotoxemia and the role of peripheral and central inflammatory pathways in this interaction. Studies were performed in conscious male rats pre‐instrumented with femoral indwelling catheters for hemodynamic monitoring and subjected to castration or pharmacologic interventions that interrupt the biosynthetic cascade of testosterone. Compared to the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg i.v.) in sham operated rats, 2‐week castration significantly reduced the LPS‐evoked: (i) falls in blood pressure, (ii) decreases in time‐ and frequency domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV), (iii) shifts in cardiac sympathovagal balance towards parasympathetic dominance as evidenced by decreases in low‐frequency to high‐frequency ratio of spectral powers, and (iii) increases in protein expressions of toll‐like receptor 4 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in the heart as well as in medullary neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla. The favorable influences of castration on inflammatory and cardiovascular abnormalities of endotoxemia were replicated in intact rats pretreated with degarelix (gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor blocker) or finasteride (5α‐reductase inhibitor), but not formestane (aromatase inhibitor). The data signifies the importance of testosterone and its biosynthetic enzymes in cardiovascular and autonomic insults induced by the endotoxic inflammatory response. Clinically, the interruption of testosterone biosynthesis could offer a potential therapeutic strategy for endotoxemia.


he zeolites are an interesting and quite pleasing group of minerals from the collector's standpoint, with many species occurring rather commonly in good to exciting T specimens. Unfortunately, several of the most common zeolites (such as natrolite, mesolite, and scolecite) can be similar in appearance, occurring as sprays and groups of white to colorless prismatic crystals, generally in a basaltic host rock. The ease with which historical misidentification of these look-alike minerals can occur is illustrated by Colorado's most famous and best studied zeolite occurrence, North Table Mountain. Fine scolecites have been available for several decades from the famous Deccan basalt quarries of India, and, in keeping with the zeolite theme of the 2004 Denver Gem and Mineral Show, one of these has been chosen as this issue's Connoisseur's Choice specimen. Scolecite is typically seen as a colorless to white, transparent to translucent mineral with a vitreous to sluty luster. It has perfect { l l O } and { l l O } cleavages, is brittle, and exhibits an uneven fracture. Its hardness is 5-5.5, and its measured density is 2.25-2.29. Scolecite is monoclinic (m) and typically occurs as slender prismatic crystals with a squarish cross section. The crystals are elongated along [ O O l ] , are striated parallel to the elongation, and are known to reach lengths of 40 cm. Twinning on { loo} is common, the twins typically showing intersecting V-shaped striations on { O l O } (Tschernich 1992). Scolecite is commonly seen as radiating sprays, jumbled prismatic aggregates, and fibrous and nodular masses. Scolecite is a hydrated calcium aluminum silicate with the Mahavashtva, India


A discrete delta method is applied to estimation of the standard error of the logistic scores estimator of ED50 in quantal bioassay. Results of a simulation study suggest that the standard error estimator is useful for assessing the precision of the ED50 estimate and for interval estimation of ED50.


Driving habits among recipients of ICDs have not been well characterized previously, yet such information may have implications for development of national policy. This study was undertaken to characterize driving behavior after defibrillator implantation in our patient population. From 1988–1993, 82 ICDs were implanted at the University of Florida. All patients received defibrillator teaching preoperatively and postoperatively with particular emphasis placed on driving restrictions. A standardized questionnaire was developed to ascertain driving behavior, compliance with restrictions, and occurrence of motor vehicle accidents following implantation. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not they had received a shock from their device since implantation. Group I patients did, and Group II patients did not. Fifty‐two out of 82 (63%, Group I) patients had at least one shock. The remaining 30 patients had received no shocks. Mean age and gender were no different between the two groups. Mean time since implantation was 6 ± 1.3 years in Group I, compared to 4 ± 1.5 years In Group II (P = 0.001). Forty‐seven out of 52 (90%) and 26 out of 30 (87%) in Groups I and II, respectively, resumed driving after defibrillator implantation. There was no difference in the amount of time that passed prior to resumption of driving. Group I patients drove more, 20.5 ± 27 miles/day compared to patients in Group II, 8.3 ± 9.7 miles/day (P = 0.02). No patient experienced device discharge during driving; likewise, no patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident secondary to their device firing. Sixty‐seven out of 82 (82%) patients complied with the instructions they thought they heard; seven patients in Group I and eight patients in Group II deliberately did not follow our advice. The majority of patients do comply with physician instructions, although the instructions they remember are not always the instructions given. If a national policy is created to prohibit driving after ICD implantation, effective enforcement may be difficult.


This paper describes a study investigating user experience (UX) evaluations from a user psychological perspective. The research specifically analyses the information contents given by end-users when qualitatively evaluating design products ranging from: 2D experience (mobile phone UI icons) and 3D experience (handheld/tangible items). The idea has been to observe the types and dimensions of mental information contents that are generated in users' mind when encountering designs. The information contents observed includes the following dimensions: cognitive, technical/practical, aesthetic and emotional. Currently, a framework of mental information contents is being developed, designed to assist designers in understanding generalized types of UXs triggered in relation to various designs and related characteristics. The goal of this framework is to provide designers with Copyright is held by the author/owner(s). CHI 2011, May 7–12, 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ACM 978-1-4503-0268-5/11/05. First Author


We observed an area of 10 deg² of the Large Magellanic Cloud using the Infrared Camera (IRC) onboard AKARI. The observations were carried out using five imaging filters (3, 7, 11, 15, and 24 ㎛) and the prism disperser (2 - 5 ㎛, λ/Δλ~20) equipped in the IRC. This paper presents an outline of the survey project and also describes very briefly the newly compiled near- to midinfrared point source catalog. The 10 ¾ limiting magnitudes are 17.9, 13.8, 12.4, 9.9, and 8.6 mag at 3.2, 7, 11, 15 and 24 ㎛, respectively. The photometric accuracy is estimated to be about 0.1 mag at 3.2 ㎛ and 0.06 - 0.07 mag in the other bands. The position accuracy is 0.300 at 3.2, 7 and 11 ㎛ and 1.000 at 15 and 24 ㎛. The sensitivities at 3.2, 7, and 24 ㎛ are roughly comparable to those of the Spitzer SAGE LMC point source catalog, while the AKARI catalog provides the data at 11 and 15 ㎛, covering the near- to mid-infrared spectral range continuously.


ABSTRACT This study reviews the literature related to regional entrepreneurship. It identifies the main topical perspectives, advancements and shortcomings, discusses several research gaps and proposes ways forward. The literature review is based on 170 peer-reviewed articles in the leading journals of entrepreneurship and regional science. The findings reveal that major debates occur within the disciplines of regional economics, sociology and economic geography, but discussions across disciplines are scant. While regional economists tend to overlook the role of contextualized agency, and thus neglect processes that may influence entrepreneurs' acting in distinctive localities, entrepreneurship scholars tend to overlook the role of the spatial and proximate contextual conditions in the entrepreneurial process. Future research should intensify its efforts on the interrelation between entrepreneurial agency and regional structuring in order to expand current understandings of which types of entrepreneurship prevail in different localities.


Believe in environmental reform is one of the sources of urban planning and probably is the most important and stable ideology of it. Urban rapid advancement in all realms especially during last two decades led various urban designs to reinforce harmony of urban development. On the other hand, emerge of some contexts such as sustainability and need of adoptability of urban designs with environmental factors caused new terms to create such as strategic environmental assessment.in this study; the origin of theoretical model of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) will be presented. Moreover the practical circumstances of mentioned model in sustainable urban designs will analyzed. Therefore, the process of urban development designs can be optimized and the appropriate system to reach sustainability can be introduced. Transportation and traffic comprehensive plan of Tehran is the case study of the research due to its importance and adoptability to the contents of sustainable development. So, the technique taken to gain information, categorize their factors which affect sustainability is the Delphi technique. In addition, ICOLD Matrix is used to analyze the strategies of transportation comprehensive plan of Tehran with the factors of sustainability. The results of present research conform that the Strategies of Transportation and traffic comprehensive plan of Tehran needs refinement to reach the factors of sustainability. On the other hand, the process of SEA in planning period to achieve sustainable and optimum strategies is considered inevitable.


Experiments were done on an industrial scale to measure the pol lost and ethanol producedduring cane deterioration. The cane mass and the mass of pol in cane were found to drop as deterioration proceeded. Pol % cane and the mass of pol in cane correlatedwellwith the ethanol producedand it was found that between 2 to 3% of the original mass of pol in canewaslost for every 1000 ppm of ethanolproduced. Since the average ethanol level found at Illovo over the last two seasons is about 4000 ppm on brix, about 10% of the pol in cane was lost because of cane deterioration. The fi nancial implications of this loss are presented.


The present article is intended as an analysis of the social division of work within Capitalism, the emergence of specialization - mainly psychology specialization - some productions of subjectivities and part of its effects. For such, we will initially appoint some ''forms'' that are being made for Man, Society, Psychology and Politics through the belief they have an existence of their own. Such belief has instituted an essencialist psychology, privatized/intimized and family-focused. Another prioritized aspect is the production of the ''individual-way-of-being'' and some of its effects: meritocracy and the psychologizing of social life. Finally, some escape routes will be pointed out and escape lines that will allow the thinking of Man, Society, Psychology and Politics not as self-excluding territories, but as interconnected fields that crisscross out and add together.


This paper examines the financing situations of rural small enterprises in Wuxi and Yangzhou.This investigation shows some common characters in the two cities: the formal credit is related to the scale and area,but the informal is related to relatives.Mortgage is the main credit method and the financing bottleneck exists in the two cities.


Category: Ankle, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Transfixing screw fixation is required after anatomic reduction of syndesmosis disruption. An accurate anatomic reduction is related to good functional outcome. However, there is a dispute over whether the transfixing screw should be removed, and little is known about the change of syndesmosis integrity after screw removal. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of transfixing screw removal on syndesmosis integrity with computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods: The study was done prospectively on 28 cases (28 patients) who had transfixing screw fixation for syndesmosis injury from September 2010 to August 2016. Mean age was 31.9 years (range, 17 to 55 years). There were 20 male patients and 8 female patients. Transfixing screws were removed after 3 months, and CT scans were done just before and 3 months after transfixing screw removal. Anterior and posterior measurement ratio (A/P ratio) of the syndesmosis was measured on axial CT images for radiological analysis of changes in syndesmosis integrity between before and after screw removal. Results: Malreduction was observed in 7 cases (25%) before transfixing screw removal. All 7 cases were anterior malreductions. Syndesmosis was spontaneously reduced after screw removal in 5 out of the 7 malreduction cases (71.4%). The A/P ratio in the 7 cases decreased from average 1.37 (range, 1.25 to 1.61) before screw removal to average 1.12 (range, 0.96 to 1.25) after screw removal. The decrease was statistically significant (p = 0.016). Syndesmosis malreduction rate decreased from 25% before screw removal to 7.1% after screw removal. All patients with adequate reduction of their syndesmosis continued to have a reduced syndesmosis after transfixing screw removal. However, this difference in malreduction rate was statistically insignificant (p=0.063). Conclusion: Although the malreduction rate is relatively high after transfixing screw fixation in disrupted syndesmosis, the malreduced syndesmosis was spontaneously reduced in 71% of cases after screw removal. Therefore, it is beneficial to remove the transfixing screw a certain period of time after transfixing screw fixation to achieve anatomic reduction of the syndesmosis.


ABSTRACT Eleven species are newly reported for the Finnish fauna of Phytoseiidae. Of these, the following three new species are described: Amblyseius (Pauciseius) valsoensis n. sp., Amblyseius (Amblyseius) tavasticus n. sp. and Proprioseiopsis (Amblyseiulus) savonicus n. sp. Subgroups in the genera Amblyseius, Proprioseiopsis and Typhlodromus are reviewed and keys for the identification of these species are presented.


Clustering a big distributed dataset of hundred gigabytes or more is a challenging task in distributed computing. A popular method to tackle this problem is to use a random sample of the big dataset to compute an approximate result as an estimation of the true result computed from the entire dataset. In this paper, instead of using a single random sample, we use multiple random samples to compute an ensemble result as the estimation of the true result of the big dataset. We propose a distributed computing framework to compute the ensemble result. In this framework, a big dataset is represented in the RSP data model as random sample data blocks managed in a distributed file system. To compute the ensemble clustering result, a set of RSP data blocks is randomly selected as random samples and clustered independently in parallel on the nodes of a cluster to generate the component clustering results. The component results are transferred to the master node, which computes the ensemble result. Since the random samples are disjoint and traditional consensus functions cannot be used, we propose two new methods to integrate the component clustering results into the final ensemble result. The first method uses component cluster centers to build a graph and the METIS algorithm to cut the graph into subgraphs, from which a set of candidate cluster centers is found. A hierarchical clustering method is then used to generate the final set of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="ruby-ieq1-3255003.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> cluster centers. The second method uses the clustering-by-passing-messages method to generate the final set of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="ruby-ieq2-3255003.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> cluster centers. Finally, the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="ruby-ieq3-3255003.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-means algorithm was used to allocate the entire dataset into <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="ruby-ieq4-3255003.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> clusters. Experiments were conducted on both synthetic and real-world datasets. The results show that the new ensemble clustering methods performed better than the comparison methods and that the distributed computing framework is efficient and scalable in clustering big datasets.


Are there any tips that capitalists can offer former communists in introducing and managing a market economy? Russell Lewis reviews the dangers and opportunities.


The relative stabilities of L1 2 , D0 22 , and D0 23 structures in ZrAl 3 and HfAl 3 compounds are investigated employing the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). In ZrAl 3 and HfAl 3 compounds, the energetic effects related to the tetragonal distortion are important and lead to the stabilization of the D0 22 and D0 23 structures with respect to the L1 2 structure. The effect of the cell internal displacements of the atoms in the D0 23 structure is studied. In the case of the HfAl 3 compound, the D0 23 structure appears as the most stable structure after this last stage of relaxations. In the case of ZrAl 3 compounds, the D0 23 structure is the most stable structure in both distorted and fully relaxed stages of the relaxation. The results are discussed in the framwork of an antiphase boundary model.


The contribution aims to consider the dimension of sculpture at the Venice Biennial in 1950. It is an emblematic case study aiming to analyze sculptural research dynamics immediately after World War II in relation to its critical reception and, specifically, to this segment of the art market. The essay describes the literature about sculpture in the post war Biennials and previous studies which investigate the problem of the sales, analyzing original sources and documents. Along with the catalogue, many other materials kept by Archivio Storico delle Arti Contemporanee (ASAC) were considered, including copies of the sales registers compiled by head of Ufficio vendite Ettore Gian Ferrari, minutes of the commission for the visual arts chaired by Rodolfo Pallucchini and coeval press review. The study is a first analysis about the logic behind the market of contemporary sculpture, in a decade that saw the rising of a new concept of sculpture that overcome the traditional meaning of sculpture which still had its roots in the 19th Century


A body-worn, meandered flare dipole was presented for operation at UHF frequencies. Measurements and simulations provided reference for its performance and applicability. Some mounting options were discussed and additional configurations will be discussed at the conference. As is evident from the given patterns, the body-worn antenna is highly sensitive to its location and mounting. Moreover, considering the posture, clothing and human body variation it is clear that wearable antennas require a statistical approach for their analysis.


The author argues that engineers must at least understand formal research, and that engineers should be formally educated in how to do research. He argues that the only way to do this effectively is through a deliberate plan on education and hands-on exercises. A course on educating engineers in how to do research is described, with particular reference made to the application of Polya's paradigm and the essential tutorials.


Despite the general outcry for African Renaissance anchored on the spirit of Pan Africanism and the spirit of securing African solutions to African problems, the continues to suffer from multifaceted challenges including a democratic governance deficit. This paper seeks to explore the role of traditional institutions in enhancing democratic governance for African Renaissance. A qualitative research design was adopted, while data was collected mainly from secondary sources including published and unpublished works from the internet. Data was analyzed thematically based on inductive reasoning within the theoretical framework of Max Weber's theory of power and the theory of participatory democracy. Findings revealed that many Africans still strongly adhere to traditional leadership which they consider to be very legitimate, and indispensable in contemporary democratic governance processes. Their claims are backed by several positive practices associated with traditional authorities including that they act as promoters of transparent and accountable leadership, political mobilizers, peacemakers, symbols of unity, as well as architects of participatory governance and social justice. Hence, this paper argues that African traditional institutions should be revived and effectively integrated under an 'African House of Chiefs Secretariat' to enhance democratic governance for African Renaissance.


Floating point arithmetic fpga implementation described various arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. Floating point fpga arithmetic unit are useful for single precision and double precision and quad precision .This precision specify various bit of operation. In science computation this circuit is useful. A general purpose arithmetic unit require for all operations.  In this paper single precision floating point arithmetic calculation   is described. This paper includes single precision, double precision and quad precision floating point format representation and provide implementation technique of various arithmetic calculation.  Double precision and quad precision format specify more bit operation. Low precision custom format is useful for reduce the associated circuit costs and increasing their speed. Fpga implementation of Floating point arithmetic calculation provide various step which are require for calculation. Normalization and alignment are useful for operation and floating point number should be normalized before any calculation. I consider the implementation of 64/ 128-bit precision circuits.


The article considers the issue of correlation of centralization and decentralization process of off-budget university finance management and recommends regulations of university authorities and organizational departments interrelation in the area of formation, distribution and use of off-budget funds


War and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Judicial functions of Occupant — Jurisdiction of military court — Offences committed outside jurisdiction having no effect within jurisdiction — Whether military legislation sufficiently explicit — Geneva Convention relative to Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949 (Article 64) — Limitation of extraterritorial jurisdiction to security offences — The law of Israel


A detailed light scattering study of polystyrene (PS) in diethyl malonate (DEM) semidilute solution has been carried out. DEM is a theta solvent for PS at 32 °C. Dynamic light scattering measurements carried out at temperatures closed to the theta temperature show only a diffusion mode in the intensity autocorrelation function; no slow modes are found in the semidilute PS/DEM solution with concentration up to more than 18 times the overlap concentration. For this system, the mutual diffusion coefficient is found to be mainly determined by the osmotic modulus, with the solution stress modulus making a negligible contribution. A slowing down of the mutual diffusion coefficient as the temperature approaches the critical temperature (at the critical concentration) is observed. These results show that despite considerable chain entanglements existing in the semidilute/concentrated PS/DEM solution, no viscoelastic slow modes are found. These results are not in agreement with the existing literature data for the...


This work finished since 1999 but has never been technically published. It was conducted by a comparative morphological study. Both specimens collected from fieldwork in several regions and herbarium specimens deposited in several herbaria in Thailand were examined.


This paper is a continuation of Part I of the same title which has appeared at the last issue of this journal.


The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Impact and Clinical Significance of the Emergent Norovirus GII.4 Sydney Strain—United States, 2012–2013 Eyal Leshem1, Mary Wikswo1, Leslie Barclay1, Eric Brandt2, William Storm2, Ellen Salehi2, Traci DeSalvo3, Tim Davis4, Amy Saupe5, Ginette Dobbins5, Hillary A. Booth6, Christianne Biggs6, Katie Garman7, Amy M. Woron7, Umesh D. Parashar1, Jan Vinjé1, Aron J. Hall1 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; 2Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, OH; 3Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health, Madison, WI; 4Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI; 5Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN; 6Oregon Public Health Division, Portland, OR; 7Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN


The poly‐Si thin film transistor (TFT) shows large variations in its characteristics due to the grain boundary of poly‐crystalline silicon. This results in unacceptably large input offset of low‐voltage differential signaling (LVDS) receivers. To cancel the large input offset of poly‐Si TFT LVDS receivers, a full‐digital offset compensation scheme has been developed and verified to be able to keep the input offset under 15 mV which is sufficiently small for LVDS signal receiving.


The invention relates to the technical field of hydraulic lifting systems with a self-installed marine oil production platforms, in particular to a hydraulic lifting system of an oil production platform with excellent multi-cylinder multi-pile synchronous control performance in the lifting process of the marine oil production platform. The hydraulic lifting system is provided with sixteen hydraulic cylinders, a hydraulic control system and an electrical control system, wherein the hydraulic control system is provided with a plurality of sets of main oil pump motor sets, electromagnetic overflow valves with the same number as the main oil pump motor sets and four sets of electro-hydraulic proportional reversing valve banks; and the electrical control system is provided with a hydraulic cylinder stroke detection device and a programmable logic controller (PLC). By adopting the scheme that the oil pump motor sets, the electro-hydraulic proportional reversing valve, an inlet balance valve, an out balance valve and pile legs are rigidly, synchronously and closely controlled, the synchronous precision of the sixteen hydraulic cylinders of the platform is high and the production cost of the hydraulic lifting system of the oil production platform is low.


A series of TiO2 nanopowders doped with CoFe2O4 were prepared.The influences of CoFe2O4 doping on the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation of TiO2 were investigated,and the photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4-doped TiO2 nanopowders was evaluated by eosin degradation.From the XRD results,doping of CoFe2O4 can effectively inhibit the phase transformation of TiO2.According to the eosin degradation,the doping can obviously improve photoactivity under sunlight relative to TiO2-only nanopowders,suggesting that the CoFe2O4-doped TiO2 nanopowders could be a visible light-activated photocatalyst.The optimal concentration of CoFe2O4 dopant was about 0.5mol%.


Purpose The effective relief of muscle spasticity requires prompt solutions in rehabilitation medicine. This study aimed to reveal that the highest region of muscle spindle abundance is the optimal target of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections for relieve muscle spasm. Methods Sixty adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats with lower limbs spasm caused by stroke after modeling, weighing (200 ± 20) g, were included in this study. The modelrats were divided into four groups: muscle spasm model group (group A), model rats treated with BTX-A injections into the middle of the muscle belly (group B), model rats treated with BTX-A injections into the center of the intramuscular nerve-dense region (INDR) (group C), and model rats treated with BTX-A injection into the center of the highest region of muscle spindle abundance (HRMSA) (group D). Groups B, C, and D were further divided into two subgroups: the 3rd and 6th days after BTX-A injection. The rats in each group were assigned modified Ashworth scale scores (MAS), and the changes in gastrocnemius muscle tone, wet muscle weight, and cross-sectional area of muscle fiber were detected. Results Muscle spindle abundance was the highest in the upper part of the INDR. Group B experienced no significant changes in MAS, muscle tone, wet muscle weight, or cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber. Conversely, groups C and D experienced a decrease in these indicators. Group C experienced the most significant decrease in wet muscle weight and cross-sectional area of muscle fibers. Group D experienced the most notable decrease in MAS and muscle tone. There were no significant differences in the indicators between the 3rd and 6th days after BTX-A injections in group B and there were significant differences in the improvement in the indicators between the two subgroups in groups C and D, with group D experiencing more notable intersubgroup differences. Conclusion The efficacy of BTX-A injections into the HRMSA is significantly superior to that of conventional BTX-A injections into the middle of the belly muscle or the INDR in the treatment of muscle spasms. Hence, HRMSA should be the optimal target of BTX-A to relieve muscle spasms.


When analysing the behavior of investors, the emphasis is usually on positive feedback and herding behavior, and the existing literature abounds with studies on the domestic strategy of mutual funds or on their impact. Due to the advantages in terms of the data, many studies investigate US data. However, with the increased flows of capital into emerging markets, studying the behavior of international mutual funds in emerging markets has become more and more important. Nevertheless, studies involving emerging markets are relatively rare. This study examines whether the positive feedback effect and herding behavior exist in Asian markets based on mutual fund data covering the period from 1996 to 2004. The long period enables us to test the sensitivities under the following four conditions, namely the capital volatility (volatile vs. stable), the degree of suffering during the Asian crisis (more suffering vs. less suffering), and the timing of the Asian crisis (pre-, during, and post-crisis), using the exchange rate regime. It was found in this study that mutual fund inflows into the Asian market were attracted by positive stock returns and currency appreciation. Furthermore, it was found that the positive feedback effect and herding behavior did exist in the Asian markets. However, the extent of the above behavior is not the same under different conditions.


In the evolution of Generative and Developmental Systems (GDS), the choice of where along the ontogenic trajectory to stop development in order to measure fitness can have a profound effect upon the emergent solutions. After illustrating the complexities of ontogenic fitness trajectories, we introduce a GDS encoding without an a priori fixed developmental duration, which instead slowly increases the duration over the course of evolution. Applied to a soft robotic locomotion task, we demonstrate how this approach can not only retain the well known advantages of developmental encodings, but also be more efficient and arrive at more parsimonious solutions than approaches with static developmental time frames.


ABSTRACT In 2005, the Intelligence Community Centers for Academic Excellence (IC CAE) grant was established to help strengthen and diversify the US intelligence workforce. Seed funds are provided for colleges and universities to establish academic programs and offer professional development opportunities. We surveyed grant recipients and compiled academic programs (degrees, minors and certificates) to gauge how well IC CAE is meeting stated objectives and to identify which program features are perceived as most valuable. We found 49 such academic programs, significant placements of IC CAE graduates in both governmental and non-governmental sectors, and high regard for most professional development opportunities.


This paper modifies the tree RAM (TRAM) architecture (Jarwala and Pradhan, 1988) of multimegabit dynamic random access memories using a tree-star (TS) interconnection topology. The modified TS-RAM design offers a reduced access time and an improved yield for the proposed TS-RAM architecture. We also propose an improved built-in self test (BIST) approach for the architecture.


has been reported. Trussel and Johnson (1941), reported the fermentation of carbohydrates and related compounds by Trichomonas vaginalis. Ninomiya and Suzuoki (1952), further extended this work by reporting the fermentative activity of Trichomonas vaginalis on compounds not previously investigated, as well as the optimum conditions for activity. However, to date, no account of the intermediary metabolism has been given. The studies reported in this paper deal with the demonstration of two enzymes which are involved in phosphorylative glycolysis. These enzymes are: hexokinase, which in vertebrate tissue and yeast catalyzes the transfer of phosphorus from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to glucose to yield glucose-6-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ; and aldolase, which catalyzes the breakdown of fructose1,6-diphosphate to yield 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The presence of these two enzymes in homogenates of Trichomonas vaginalis gives strong evidence for the existence of a phosphorylative carbohydrate degradation which is similar to that which is present in vertebrate tissue and yeast. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were used in this study. They were isolated from clinical cases of trichomonad vaginitis, and designated as strains 2A and 5A. They were freed from associated microorganisms with the aid of penicillin and streptomycin. Stock cultures were maintained in the CPLM medium of Johnson and Trussell (1943), at 37? C., and subtransferred every 48 hours. Organisms desired for homogenate studies were grown in a modified CPLM medium in which the agar had been omitted and 0.1% sodium thioglycolate had been added. Cultures were grown in flasks for 48 hours at 37? C. in 100 ml. of medium. To insure complete anaerobiosis flasks were incubated inside an evacuated desiccation chamber. Homogenates of Trichoimonas vaginalis were prepared by concentrating 100 ml. of a 48 hour culture by moderate centrifugation, washing three times by centrifugation, homogenizing the packed cells in a micro-homogenizer (of the type described by Potter and Elvehjem, 1936) for a period of three minutes, and suspending the homogenate in distilled water. Microscopic examination revealed that no intact cells remained after this treatment. The chemicals used in this study were obtained from commercial sources. Inorganic ortho-phosphorus was determined by the method of Fiske and SubbaRow (1925). Other details of methods will be discussed in appropriate context.


This study was funded by EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH CONTACT: Dr. Evelyn Walter IPF Institute for Pharmaeconomic Research Wolfengasse 4/7 1010 Vienna, Austria Tel +43-1-5132007-13 Fax +43-1-5132007-15 Email: email@example.com Web: www.ipf-ac.at Objectives Parkinson Disease (PD) is the second commonest cause of neurological disability. Approximately, 5,2 million men and women are affected worldwide. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine (CSAI) represents an alternative treatment option of advanced PD with motor fluctuation. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of CSAI compared with levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), Deep-BrainStimulation (DBS) and Standard-of-care (SOC).


Based on the field measurement and wind tunnel test for wind pressure on the surface of a super-tall building on the coast of Xiamen city,this paper discussed the wind pressure characteristics and its distribution on super-tall building during the passage of typhoon Megi.The results clearly demonstrate that the wind pressure characteristics(mean wind pressure coefficient and extreme wind pressure coefficient) and its distribution on super-tall building revealed by wind tunnel test are roughly agree with the field measurement.The mean wind pressure coefficient results of field measurement fit with wind tunnel test very well on the windward side,while the value of field measurement is smaller than wind tunnel test on the leeward side obviously.There is a relative large difference in extreme wind pressure coefficient results between wind tunnel test and the field measurement except for some single test point.


The authors have the basis for a reformulation of the BIC as we think of it now. This problem is both hard and important. In particular, to address it, the authors have put six incisive ideas in sequence. The first is the separation of parameters that are common across models versus those that aren't. The second is the use of an orthogonal (why not orthonormal?) transformation of the Fisher information matrix to get diagonal entries di that summarise the parameter-by-parameter efficiency of estimation. The third is using Laplace's method only on the likelihood, i.e. Taylor expanding the loglikelihood and using the MLE rather than centring a Taylor expansion at the posterior mode. (From an estimation standpoint the difference between theMLE and posterior mode is O(1/n) and can be neglected.) The fourth is the particular prior selection that the third step enables. Since the prior is not approximated by, say π(θ̂), the prior can be chosen to have an impact and the only way the prior won't wash out is if it's tails are heavy enough. Fifth is defining an effective sample size ni that differs fromparameter to parameter. Finally, sixth, is imposing a relationship between the diagonal elements di and the 'unit information' bi by way of the ni . (All notation and terminology here is the same as in the paper, unless otherwise noted.) Taken together, the result is a PBIC that arises as an approximation to −2 logm(xn), where Xn = (X1, . . . ,Xn) = (x1, . . . , xn) = xn is the data. This matches theO(1) asymptotics of the usual BIC. The main improvement in perspective on the BIC that this paper provides is the observation that different efficiencies for estimating different parameters are important to include in model selection. Intuitively, if a parameter is easier to estimate in one model (larger Fisher information) than the corresponding parameter in another model then ceteris paribus the first model should be preferred. (The use of ceteris paribus covers a lot of ground, but helps make the point about efficiency.) Neglecting comparitive efficiences of parameters is an important gap to fill in the literature on the BC and model selection more generally. The focus on the Fisher information I(·) – see Sec. 3.2 in particular – supports this view, however, one must wonder if there is more to be gained from either off-diagonal elements of I or from the orthogonal (orthonormal) matrix O. The constraint bi = ni di is also a little puzzling. It makes sense because bi is interpretable as something like the Fisher information relative to parameter i. (In this sense it's not clear why it's called the 'unit information'.) The prior selection is very perceptive – and works – but there does not seem to be any unique, general conceptual property that it possesses. Even though it gives an effective result, the prior selection seems a little artificial. The authors may of course counter-argue that one of the reasons to use a prior is precisely that it represents information one has outside the data. Setting aside such knit-picking, let us turn to the substance of the contribution.