Among 511 patients with therapy‐related myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia (t‐MDS/t‐AL) and balanced chromosome aberrations, 162 (32%) had translocations involving 11q23. The recurring translocation partners were 9p22 (48%), 19p13.3 (11%), 19p13.1 (10%), 4q21 (9%), 6q27 (6%), 1p32 (2%), 16p13.1 (2%), 10p13 (1%), and 17q25 (1%); in 9%, the translocations were seen only once. The remaining 349 patients were divided into five subgroups based on the balanced aberration: 21q22, inv(16), t(15;17), Rare, and Unique aberrations. Patients in the 11q23 subgroup had a sole cytogenetic abnormality more often than those in the 21q22, inv(16), Rare, and Unique subgroups, and a complex karyotype or −5/del(5q) and/or −7/del(7q) less often than patients in the 21q22, Rare, and Unique subgroups. Clinically, 11q23 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) more often as their primary disease and a shorter latency from start of treatment for the primary disease to their t‐MDS/t‐AL diagnosis, except when compared with the inv(16) subgroup. The 11q23 subgroup demonstrated a younger age at t‐MDS/t‐AL diagnosis, but this finding was not significant when patients with AL as their primary diagnosis were excluded. Survival from the time of diagnosis of t‐MDS/t‐AL was significantly shorter for the 11q23 subgroup compared with that of the 21q22, inv(16), and t(15;17) subgroups (median 8 vs. 14, 28, and 29 months, respectively). Inferior survival occurred even though 11q23 patients were younger and more often received blood or marrow transplantation (BMT). Even among patients receiving BMT, 11q23 patients had a shorter median survival (9 vs. 12–31 months for the other subgroups). However, among 11q23 patients, those receiving BMT survived longer, with 1‐ and 5‐year survivals of 43% and 18% compared with 23% and 7% for patients not transplanted. With regard to prior therapy, 11q23 patients, compared with other patients, received radiotherapy less often as their sole therapy and chemotherapy more often. They had received VP16, methotrexate, 6MP/6TG, L‐asparaginase, daunorubicin, cytarabine, and VM26 more often, likely attributed to the high frequency of AL as their primary disease. More patients in the 11q23 subgroup had received doxorubicin, except in comparison with the 21q22 subgroup; more vincristine, except in comparison with the Rare and Unique subgroups; and more prednisone, except in comparison with the Unique subgroup. Patients in the 11q23 subgroup more often received alkylating agents (AAs) (86% vs. 59–82% for the other subgroups), and topoisomerase II inhibitors (TIs) (84% vs. 49–75%), and they more often reported exposure to AAs plus TIs without radiotherapy (33% vs. 12–21%), except in comparison with the 21q22 subgroup (36%). We performed a multivariate analysis to determine whether the adverse survival of 11q23 patients compared to other Workshop patients was explained by factors other than the presence of the 11q23 abnormality. Covariates in the final model were the five cytogenetic subgroup indicators, where the 11q23 subgroup was the referent (P < 0.0001); age at t‐MDS/t‐AL (P = 0.0036); previous exposure to lomustine (P < 0.0001) and mitoxantrone (P = 0.0225); BMT for t‐MDS/t‐AL (P = 0.0006); and karyotype complexity (P = 0.0114). The risk of death for 11q23 patients relative to patients in the 21q22, inv(16), t(15;17), and Unique subgroups was significant, even after adjustment for other risk factors (relative risks 2.3, 3.6, 3.1, and 1.5, respectively; P < 0.0001 for the first three comparisons and P = 0.0125 for the last). When a multivariable model was constructed, excluding patients with AL or MDS as their primary diagnosis, the relative risk of death for 11q23 patients was significantly higher than that of all five other cytogenetic subgroups. We conclude that among t‐MDS/t‐AL patients with balanced aberrations, 11q23 translocations are an independent adverse risk factor. Although BMT is the current therapy of choice, new treatment is required. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The article is aimed to answer the question 'Who creates the electric field inside a wire supporting an electric current?'. By means of a simple model it is shown that a surface charge distribution varying linearly along the wire creates an uniform electric field inside it. The utilized model is that of a closed at both ends coaxial cable, whose walls are kept at conveniently chosen potentials. This study allows us to bridge the way from Electrostatics to Electrodynamics, historically so important in the development of the electromagnetic science.


The rationalism on the Western ethics considers that the essence of universe is rational and justifiable,human being as "small universe" is the copy of"big universe",its natural instincts also have rationlity and conscience.Human being ought to live according to one's intuitive and so submitting and using the rationality is where life significance lies as well as the safeguard of happy life."Submitting to rationlity"is including to submit to objective rationality——"the law of universe","the ideal of virtuous","the legal principle of natural" or"absolute order" as well as to submit to direction of one's rationality and not to govern life by their emotions and desire."Using rationlity" is that looking upon the rational activities of probing truth and knowledge as the only way of improving human being rational and raising life state,as the promise and basis of rational moral conduct.


The in situ study of the diffusion dynamics of fluorescently tagged proteins or dextrants within cells or biologically relevant fluids is a customary practice in the field of biophotonics @1,2#. Normally, dyes which bind to specific macromolecules or proteins are employed as tracers to follow the particular dynamics of the latter. The dyes can be resonantly pumped by an external laser which is usually focused by a microscope objective. The fluorescence emitted by the tagged molecules can be collected by the same objective, to be subsequently filtered and detected. If photobleaching of the dyes takes place within the focal region of the objective, a decay of the fluorescence signal is observed in the early stages of laser illumination. The decay time produced by photobleaching depends on the input power, specific laser wavelength, and peculiarities of the absorption spectrum of the dyes. On the other hand, if the laser is turned off for a given period of time, a recovery of the fluorescence signal can be observed when the laser illumination is reinstated, for diffusion of new molecules takes place from the neighboring regions into the focal volume of the laser spot. In this manner, the diffusion process of the tagged molecules themselves can be studied. Diffusion of biomolecules is, in fact, one of the most basic an important mechanisms in cell biology @3#, and can be microscopically studied in this manner. The term fluorescence photobleaching recovery spectroscopy ~FPRS! has been coined as a general description of this method. The technique has different variations according to the details of the specific experiment. In particular, the geometrical aspects of the illuminating optics and the imaging method to monitor the fluorescence emission ~normal, confocal, etc.! determine the type of experiment under consideration. Very recently, the usage of two-photon scanning microscopy in addition to FPRS has been proposed @4# as a method for creating a flat, almost two-dimensional, distribution of photobleached molecules, allowing a better control of the initial conditions before diffusion takes place. Liquid crystals ~LC's ! are complex fluids with intrinsic long range orientational order and intricate hydrodynamic properties @5#. Dye molecules can be diluted within a LC to take advantage, in this manner, of the intrinsic molecular order of the liquid crystalline phases, and become oriented along particular directions. The induced macroscopic order of the dyes was called guest-host interaction by Heilmeier, Castellano, and Zanoni, who observed it for the first time@6#. Since the absorption of the dyes is normally very anisotropic, dye doped LC's are ideal systems where dichroism can be controlled by external parameters like temperature and magnetic or electric fields. Furthermore, the addition of dyes to nematic liquid crystals has been shown to be the source of several very interesting and complex nonlinear optical properties. In particular, the observation of enhanced optical torques @7,8#, unusual reorientation dynamics upon ultrashort laser illumination @9#, and permanent holographic recording of patterns @10# are a few incomplete examples of the rich optical properties of these systems. From the viewpoint of applications, dye doped LC's seem to be promising substances for electro-optic devices with enhanced contrast ratios in the visible @11#. The diffusion process of dyes in LC's has heretofore been poorly studied. In this paper, we shall concentrate on the study of dye diffusion through both oriented and unoriented nematic liquid crystal hosts. In particular, the application of FPRS, the effect of temperature, and a direct view into the diffusion process by means of digital imaging of the fluorescence emission will be demonstrated. Dye diffusion within an ordered nematic LC cell takes place in an anisotropic manner, which ensures the long term preservation of the dichroism. A direct view into the diffusion process of photobleached dye molecules will be shown by virtue of a twobeam FPRS technique. The interplay between photobleaching and diffusion will be explicitly shown, as well as the effect of temperature on a planar oriented LC cell where dye molecules are locally photobleached. Moreover, we show that Raman rather than fluorescence signals could be used to study the interdiffusion of transparent substances like binary mixtures of nematogens, where intrinsic fluorescence cannot be used. The paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the experimental setup for the forthcoming experiments, the sample preparation, a description of the interpretation of the data, and the experimental findings. The necessary theoretical background is also supplied in Sec. II, whenever it is relevant for the interpretation of the data. Finally, in Sec. III, a brief discussion is presented and a few conclusions are


Portulaca grandiflora is a herbaceous succulent plant that grows widely in many parts of the world especially in temperate climate regions. It is generally planted commercially as an ornament due to its variety of flower colours such as yellow, red, orange and white. However, its other importance is not extensively discovered. Thus the study aimed to determine and compare the phenolic composition of the different parts of the plant that are leaf, stem and root and therefore could help widen the importance of P. grandiflora. The study was divided into two parts; qualitative and quantitative. Ferric chloride test was done for qualitative phenolic screening while Folin-Ciocalteu test was done for quantitative phenolic determination. Gallic acid was used for standard curve preparation. The results of former test indicated that leaves and stems extracts showed positive reaction towards aqueous iron (III) chloride through the change of colours from green into greenish black. Root extract indeed reacted positively from brown to greenish black. Other than that, through Folin-Ciocalteu method, it is known that among the three extracts, leaves extract contain the highest phenolic content that is 85.9222 ± 0.0192. This is followed by stems with 21.9347 ± 0.0300 and roots with 10.1927 ± 0.0081. Further analysis then proved that there were significant difference between leaves and stems, leaves and roots as well as stems and roots. Thus, it is concluded that different parts of Portulaca grandiflora contain secondary metabolites that is phenolic compound with the highest concentration found in leaves.


The study navigated insights and foresights of adolescents towards sexuality and HIV/AIDS, premised on Zimbabwean context. 147 secondary school learners (72 females, 75 males, age range 13-20 years) were the randomly sampled participants. Questionnaires based on a 5 point Likert scale written on a continuum of SA-SD and focus group interviews were the main data generating tools. It was found that adolescents are well informed on issues relating to sexuality and HIV/AIDS; however this knowledge was not reflected in their behaviour. Irresponsible sexual behaviour is noted through the information that the adolescents gave. A large number (47.7%) of the adolescents have had sex, 32% of them without any protection, 11% with prostitutes and 2.1% with older people. Participants regarded the school as giving the most reliable information on HIV/AIDS. However, it was revealed that the school was found wanting pertaining to educating
adolescents on sexuality and HIV/AIDS. Guidance and Counselling lessons were noted to be few and erratic, in some instances the lessons were not given at all. It was concluded that the learners need more education on sexuality and HIV/AIDS that also includes issues regarding attitudes and behavioural change. Methods and techniques of learning HIV/ AIDS by learners must be changed to a more lucrative visual participatory approach.


We compute optical galaxy luminosity functions (GLFs) in the B, V, R, and I rest-frame bands for one of the largest medium-to-high-redshift (0.4 0.1 at 0.65 < z < 0.90. The blue GLFs have a steeper faint end (alpha(blue) ~ -1.6) than the red GLFs, that appears to be independent of redshift. For the full cluster sample, blue and red GLFs intersect at M(V) = -20, M(R) = -20.5, and M(I) = -20.3. A study of how galaxy types evolve with redshift shows that late type galaxies appear to become early types between z ~ 0.9 and today. Finally, the faint ends of the red GLFs of more massive clusters appear to be richer than less massive clusters, which is more typical of the lower redshift behaviour. Our results indicate that our clusters form at redshifts higher than z = 0.9 from galaxy structures that already have an established red sequence. Late type galaxies then appear to evolve into early types, enriching the red-sequence between this redshift and today. This effect is consistent with the evolution of the faint end slope of the red-sequence and the galaxy type evolution that we find. Finally, faint galaxies accreted from the field environment at all redshifts might have replaced the blue late type galaxies that converted into early types, explaining the lack of evolution in the faint end slopes of the blue GLFs.


Not only are lean production and logistics, including their principles and tools, widely published in many books, journals and conference anthologies but also many business practitioners devote world widely their time to these issues. Scientific research Lean logistics system and measuring of its productivity in condition of 2nd decade of 21. century in processing industry, conducted by the Department of logistics at the University of Economics in Prague, was focused on analyzing lean logistics system productivity. The first step of the research was the definition of logistics value added and waste, of which reduction is critical for lean logistics system productivity. The authors considered that as a fundamental precondition for full understanding of the difference between lean logistics productivity and mass oriented logistics system. Analysis of value added logistics was based on questionnaire survey pursued among logistic experts of the processing industry in the Czech Republic. On the basis of the first step, the authors were able to step into the second one by analyzing productivity metrics commonly used for evaluation of logistics process performances with emphasis on searching for lean logistics productivity metrics. During the second step another questionnaire survey was carried out. Its aim was to verify measures of productivity and performances of lean logistics tools and principles. In addition to that, the core logic of lean productivity (reduction of all waste in supply chain processes) was analyzed in comparison to mass oriented logistics system (the productivity is gained by minimizing unit costs achieved by maximizing utilization of available resources). The outputs of the survey are the followings: (1) The importance of logistics added values is especially considered on a theoretical level (how should the logistics be?) rather than how does the current logistics really look like. (2) Only 2 out of 13 predefined logistics processes were considered by more than 50 % of respondents as customer value added process by means of delivery time, cost reduction, widening of offered assortment or quality increase of products and services. (3) Metrics of mass oriented logistics system are mistakenly considered to be lean logistics system metrics. (4) Shift to lean logistics productivity metrics usage is unfortunately only on the theoretical level. Scientific research of the lean logistics practice has proved fundamental logical imperfection in evaluation of lean logistics productivity caused by the fact that optimization encompassing lean logistics tools and principles are still measured by productivity metrics of mass oriented logistics system.


ABSTRACT The ignition of a stoichiometric ethylene−oxygen mixture diluted with argon was experimentally and computationally studied to gain new insights into the nature of the chemiluminescence that accompanies this process and to obtain some of its quantitative characteristics. The experiments were performed behind reflected shock waves at temperatures of 1270−1820 K and a pressure of ~1 bar. The time evolution of the luminescence intensity of the electronically excited C2*, CH*, and OH* radicals and CO2* molecule was monitored photometrically. The measured temperature dependence of the ignition delay time was found to be in satisfactory agreement with the published data and the results of simulations within the framework of the ChemphysMech_v.1 (Tereza et al., 2010) and AramcoMech_1.3_C4 (Metcalfe et al., 2013) reaction mechanisms. The possible reaction pathways of formation of C2*, CH*, OH*, and CO2* were analyzed. It was shown for the first time that, along with the recombination reaction CO + O → CO2*, CO2* is formed by the reaction CH + O2 → CO2* + H, which dominates during fuel burnout, whereas the former becomes the main channel of CO2* formation at later stages. The contribution from the reaction C2H + O2 was demonstrated to play a minor role in the formation of CH* as compared to the C2H + O reaction, at least under the conditions tested.


Simultaneous observations of 8 Seyfert 1 type active galactic nuclei (Fairall-9, Mrk 590, NGC 4051, 3C 273, NGC 5548, Mrk 841, Q1821+643 and 3C 390.3) obtained with IUE, ROSAT and, for 5 targets, with Ginga are presented and analysed with the aim to describe the ultraviolet to soft X-ray spectral component in these sources. The unobservable far ultraviolet spectra are described in two ways, by using a power law fitted to the (1200-3200 A) ultraviolet or by assuming that all sources have the same spectral slope in the extreme ultraviolet. Both descriptions indicate that the fraction of the luminosity of the ultraviolet spectral component emitted at soft X-rays is very similar in the different sources. This can be expressed by similar maximum temperatures of the bump components (5 10 5 K)


Purpose The systemic immune in�ammation index (SII) has acquired prominence as a cancer patient prognostic factor and has been utilized as an essential biomarker. Many malignant tumors' prognoses are correlated with SII, and its function in glioblastoma (GBM) is unclear. In this investigation, we sought to determine the prognostic value of SII in newly diagnosed GBM and to develop a nomogram in accordance with these �ndings. Methods The information of patients with newly operable GBM was analyzed. We identi�ed the statistically ideal threshold values for cancer-specic death with the highest sensitivity and speci�city based on Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. To account for any potential imbalance in confounding factors, Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was utilized. Based on the �ndings, a nomogram was developed. The performance of the nomograms in terms of calibration, discrimination, and clinical utility was evaluated.


Several interrelated strands of research in linguistics, acoustic phonetics, and cognitive neuroscience suggest a host of new directions for the development of end‐to‐end computational models of speech perception and recognition. Natural candidates for exploration include (i) phonological representations in terms of distinctive features; (ii) nonlinear detectors for distinctive feature landmarks (or any other set of perceptually salient acoustic events), which define a sparse point process representation of the speech signal; (iii) syllable‐metered temporal processing and/or syllable‐sized integration windows; and (iv) point process models and hierarchical strategies for recognizing words, syllables, phonemes, and features. A computational framework around these ideas has been developed and has led to phonetic recognition and keyword spotting performance that is competitive with equivalent hidden Markov model‐based systems. This framework thus connects a computational platform for benchmarking competing s...


Summary Acid accumulation in the gut occurs when a number of dietary factors and animal digestive responses interact to deliver readily fermentable carbohydrate to parts of the digestive tract colonised by bacteria capable of rapid fermentation and multiplication. Lactic acidosis is a well documented condition characterised by the absorption of lactic acid from the rumen or hind gut, the slow metabolism of D-lactic acid, and the effect of these processes on the acid-base balance in the animal's tissues. It is suggested that a new condition, 'acidic gut syndrome' (AGS) should be recognised. This is characterised by the accumulation of acid in the gut at concentrations that have not previously been considered harmful to animals or humans. The detrimental effects initiated by lactic acid and low pH may be mediated through direct action on the gut wall, through the production of bacterial endotoxin, through the combination of acid and endotoxins or through other factors. The adverse effects associated withAGS are not conclusively defined but may include behavioural changes, increased risk of gut infections, skin and respiratory conditions and a range of other problems which have traditionally been attributed to food allergies or reactions to stress. It is likely that acidic gut syndrome acts through the immune system and in this way may form a basis for understanding a range of secondary diseases of previously unknown origin. These factors are discussed to highlight the possibility of acid accumulation in the gut of at least a proportion of animals and humans, under a wide range of dietary conditions. Acute lactic acidosis is still acknowledged as a serious problem in extreme circumstances, but it is possible that acidic gut syndrome may be more common and that it may affect production, health and welfare in significant ways.


In this thesis, we present three different randomized algorithms that help to solve matrices, compute low rank approximations and perform the Fast Fourier Transform. Matrix probing and its conditioning When a matrix A with n columns is known to be well approximated by a linear combination of basis matrices B1,... , Bp, we can apply A to a random vector and solve a linear system to recover this linear combination. The same technique can be used to obtain an approximation to A-'. A basic question is whether this linear system is well-conditioned. This is important for two reasons: a well-conditioned system means (1) we can invert it and (2) the error in the reconstruction can be controlled. In this paper, we show that if the Gram matrix of the B,'s is sufficiently well-conditioned and each B, has a high numerical rank, then n oc p log2 n will ensure that the linear system is well-conditioned with high probability. Our main application is probing linear operators with smooth pseudodifferential symbols such as the wave equation Hessian in seismic imaging. We also demonstrate numerically that matrix probing can produce good preconditioners for inverting elliptic operators in variable media. Skeleton decompositions in sublinear time A skeleton decomposition of a matrix A is any factorization of the form A:CZAR: where A:C comprises columns of A, and AR: comprises rows of A. In this paper, we investigate the conditions under which random sampling of C and R results in accurate skeleton decompositions. When the singular vectors (or more generally the generating vectors) are incoherent, we show that a simple algorithm returns an accurate skeleton in sublinear 0(f3) time from f ~ k logn rows and columns drawn uniformly at random, with an approximation error of the form O(2cxk) where 0k is the k-th singular value of A. We discuss the crucial role that regularization plays in 3 forming the middle matrix U as a pseudo-inverse of the restriction ARC of A to rows in R and columns in C. The proof methods enable the analysis of two alternative sublinear-time algorithms, based on the rank-revealing QR decomposition, which allow us to tighten the number of rows and/or columns sampled to k with an error bound proportional to 0-k. Sparse Fourier transform using the matrix pencil method One of the major applications of the FFT is to compress frequency-sparse signals. Yet, FFT algorithms do not leverage on this sparsity. Say we want to perform the Fourier transform on x E CN to obtain some , which is known to be S-sparse with some additive noise. Even when S is small, FFT still takes 0(N log N) time. In contrast, SFT (sparse Fourier transform) algorithms aim to run in O(S) time ignoring log factors. Unfortunately, SFT algorithms are not widely used because they are faster than the FFT only when S < N. We hope to address this deficiency. In this work, we present the fastest known robust O(S)-time algorithm which can run up to 20 times faster than the current state-of-the-art algorithm AAFFT. The major new ingredient is a mode collision detector using the matrix pencil method. This enables us to do away with a time-consuming coefficient estimation loop, use a cheaper filter and take fewer samples of x. We also speed up a crucial basic operation of many SFT algorithms by halving the number of trigonometric computations. Our theory is however not complete. First, we prove that the collision detector works for a few classes of random signals. Second, we idealize the behavior of the collision detector and show that with good probability, our algorithm runs in O(S log 2 log N) time and outputs a O(S)-sparse ' such that 1' XI12 < (1 + e)| 11: 2 where X, is the best exact S-sparse approximation of k. Thesis Supervisor: Laurent Demanet Title: Assistant Professor


ABSTRACT
This study examined farmers' knowledge, information flow and media usage in the control of Avian Influenza (AI) in Lagos State. Systematic random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used in selecting 268 respondents comprising 200 poultry farmers, 66 Agriculture Extension Agents and two state Head Desk Officers of Information and Animal Components of AI Control Project. Structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to elicit information from the respondents. Data were analysed using frequency, percentages, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Chi-Square. The result showed that majority (76.1%) of the poultry farmers were male and 23.9% female. The mean age of the farmers was 37.6 years. The farm size of the farmers ranged from 300 to 200,000 birds. As regards education, graduate farmers were 45.7%. Farmers' experience in poultry farming ranged between 1 and 46 years (x =11.5). Majority (87.8%) of them owned radio sets and TV sets were owned by 89.9%. Most (70.7%) of the poultry farmers used these media regularly. All the farmers were aware of AI. A third of the 200 farmers identified radio as the most widely used medium of information on AI. Most (75.0%) of the farmers had knowledge of the symptoms of the disease and 65.4% of them were Knowledgeable about its prevention. As regards Agricultural Extension Agents, more than half (57.6%) of them were male and female 42.4%. Majority (98.5%) were aware of AI. Majority (86.4%) of the agents were not trained on prevention and control of the disease before the outbreak. Also, majority (89.4%) of the extension agents did not participate in preparing and designing messages which they transmitted to farmers. Only 9.1% of the agents were involved in information dissemination through the radio. Significant relationship existed between the poultry farmers' income(r=0.14, p<0.05) and their knowledge of AI. Result of the Chi-square analysis showed a significant relationship between the farmers' media usage and adoption of preventive practices (Radio  2 =94.41, df=70, P=0.02; Magazine  2=92.67, df=70, P=0.036; Poultry Association Nigeria (PAN)  2 =125.05, df=80, P=0.00). All the information sources had significant associations with the poultry farmers' knowledge of AI (Min. of Agriculture,  2=33.747, df=10, P=0.00; Min. of Health,  2=22.06, df=10, P=0.01; Min. of Information  2 =28.64, df=10, P=0.00). The significant information sources were Ministries of Agriculture, Health and Information. Others were Mass Media, Poultry Association of Nigeria, Opinion Leaders and fellow poultry farmers. However, the non-training of extension agents before the outbreak of the disease means that they lacked adequate knowledge to educate the poultry farmers. Also, their non-participation in message design and poor extension contact affected the quality of information disseminated to the farmers and consequently flawed information flow. The study recommended that Agents should be trained and highly sensitized about AI to put them in good stead to face future challenges. Lagos State should also have a well planned information dissemination programme against which objectives can be measured. There should be improved and continuous awareness programme on A1 by the state government through effective media utilization.


Anatomical and histological structure of digestive system of Botia reevesae was studied.The results showed that B.reevesae is a typical stomach-possessing fish with a U-shaped stomach.Its digestive tract is relatively short,being 1.02±0.05 times of its body length.Taste buds in the mucous layer of pharynx are developed.Only annular striped muscle is present in the muscle layer of esophagus and longitudinal muscle lacks.The stomach comprises of three portions: cardia,blind sac and pylorus.Gastric glands are observed just in cardiac stomach.The inner annular smooth muscle layer is very thick in fundic stomach,and the muscle layer of pyloric stomach is formed by longitudinal-annular-longitudinal three layers.Sphincter pylori are developed in the end of the pyloric stomach.The various sections of the intestine are not significantly different in their histological structure.Liver is divided in two pieces and the left one is more developed.The pancreas tissues scatter in mesenterium around liver,spleen,stomach and intestine or disperse into liver along blood vessel.


The operation of diffusion step recovery diodes (dSRD) as current interrupters in high-power nanosecond pulse generators was studied in detail by the methods of numerical computer simulation for the first time. One of the necessary conditions that minimize the loss in dSRD was specified. Dependences of pre-pulse voltage, front duration, amplitude and duration of pulse formed on the active load, and the energy of switching losses in the dSRD on the device area and the break current density are obtained. It is shown that simulation results can be described by simple analytical formulas obtained in the second part of the work, with an accuracy of 10-20% if the pulse amplitude does not exceed the avalanche breakdown voltage of the dSRD. The generalized figure of merit which can be used for optimization of dSRD parameters, a mode of its operation and comparison of efficiency of current interrupters of various types was offered.


law. Professor Anenson seeks to advance that thesis by fixing upon what she identifies as a battle still waging in various courts in the US respecting the unclean hands maxim; despite "the merger of law and equity, a majority of courts deny the application of unclean hands in actions at law" (p. 106). She advances, for acceptance by the courts, what is identified as a "process-based" theory of unclean hands (Ch. 6). It is apparent that in doing so the author gives the maxim significantly broader scope than it has had in equity. There, the misconduct, however gross, had to be sufficiently connected with the matter in litigation – a point emphasised by Pomeroy. Thus, the new theory of unclean hands not only catches up actions at law for legal remedies, but expands the scope of the doctrine as hitherto understood in equity. This "process-based" theory has four "phases". Phase 1 (pp. 196–98) concerns misconduct in the present litigation that potentially interferes with due process. Examples given include destruction of evidence, witness tampering and the tainting of the potential jury pool. Phase 2 (pp. 198–200) deals with "non-litigation misconduct" that has the potential to affect the court's ability to control the process or ensure a fair outcome. An example is the falsification of documents relevant to later litigation although not created for the purpose of interfering with that litigation. Phase 3 (pp. 200–03) concerns misconduct and fraud in earlier litigation even though it does not interfere with the ability of the court to hear and decide the present case. Phase 4 (pp. 203– 06) usually involves illegal or unethical business practices prior to the instant commercial dispute. An example is the development of unclean hands into the defence of "copyright misuse" (further discussed at pp. 84–85). The author notes (p. 212) possible overlapping with principles of in pari delicto, estoppel and fraud on the court, but views unclean hands as "more expansive in application". In considering a work such as this, distinctive features of the legal system in the US are to be borne in mind. There is the absence of a national court of final appeal in all matters, federal and state, and the consequent absence of universally accepted, for example, doctrines and principles of equity. This gives an important role for scholarship in seeking to draw private law subjects into a coherent national whole. This book is an example of scholarship which is devoted not to stating the present state of the law but rather, this being unsettled across the nation, to advocate how the law should be developed by the courts. The author has collected an impressive amount of case law and academic writing from the US and beyond. It is to be regretted that the publisher has not included at least a table of cases. The interest of the book for readers outside the US is principally in the contrast it presents both in the approach to equitable doctrines and remedies and in the advocacy of equitable remedies as an instrument of due process in a broad sense.


With the development of avionics, MIL-STD-1553 will be superseded in favour of Fabre Channel s. The technic which can enable continued use of 1553 -based boxes on a Fibre Channel Network plays an important part in the smooth upgrading of avionics. This paper describes three methods for bridging from FC -AE -1553 Networks to MIL -STD -1553 Buses, and has already been applied in the practical project.


Abstract : Traumatic Brain Injury is a major health issue that is hard to diagnose because it often happens without external injuries. While it is well known that exposure of biological cells to shock waves causes damage to cell membranes, it is currently unknown how blast waves generated by an explosion cause the cellular structural injury. It is still unclear by which mechanisms damage is caused, and how it depends on physical parameters such as shock-wave velocity, shock-pulse duration, or shock-pulse shape. Used in this computational study is a coarse-grained model of the lipid vesicle as a simplified model of a cell membrane to elucidate the general principles of the cellular damage induced by blast waves. The results show that the cellular membrane permeability is altered even for a relatively mild blast wave (the Mach number M is less than 1.5) in the negative pressure phase. The simulation findings suggest that the small negative pressure approximately 5 psi may lead to the cellular damage by changing the ion influx. The faster-moving shock waves (M 1.9) that have higher overpressure peaks cause the cellular damage in the positive pressure phase if peak overpressure is greater than 60 psi.


One of important research branches of communication networks is to evaluate their link importance, since the network vulnerability is of great importance in the presence of unexpected disruptive events or adversarial attacks targeting on critical links. As is well known, most of existing methods only consider one factor, but not the integration of multiple factors in evaluating critical links. In this paper, we first present three criteria to evaluate the link importance, and then adopt the gray relational analysis technique to combine these criteria to give an overall index to describe the link importance. Simulation results based on several test networks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.


Abstract COVID-19 rendered the availability of exercise facilities sporadic and online exercise programs subsequently became more common. This research explored online exercise classes delivered to older adults during the pandemic from the perspective of service providers. Sixty-seven service providers completed the survey (88% female). The majority (54%) of respondents had worked in the fitness industry for greater than 10 years, and 66% were fitness class instructors, while fewer were managers (9%) and personal trainers (8%). Three participants had experience providing online exercise classes prior to the pandemic, while 43 more had experience providing online exercise classes since the pandemic began. Of these 46 service providers, 87% offered classes live through Zoom. The majority (64%) offered classes through an organization, and 61% charged a fee for participants to take part. The most common type of class was a general fitness class (63%), followed by yoga and flexibility classes (39%), and strength training (17%). Regarding equipment used, weights were most frequently required (69%), followed by resistance bands (49%) and mats (44%). Most classes lasted 40–60 minutes (59%) and were low intensity (74%). Of the 21 respondents who did not provide online exercise classes, 43% indicated this was because of a lack of interest, and 19% cited not knowing how to use technology to deliver classes online, though most (71%) indicated they would consider offering online classes in the future. This research reveals the adaptability of service providers and may serve to inform the continued development of online exercise programs for older adults.


This study examines the social capital of impoverished students who possess limited economic resources. To thrive in school, these students heavily rely on strong social capital. Social capital is crucial for impoverished students as it enables them to interact effectively with teachers and peers. The study was conducted in four high schools located in Temanggung, Cilacap, Purbalingga, and Kebumen Regencies, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The study respondents were students from impoverished families, selected through a simple random sampling method, comprising 30% of the impoverished students in those schools. The findings revealed that a significant majority of the respondents exhibited high social capital. This was evidenced by the extent of their social networks, which encompassed close relationships with peers from both their own and other schools. Consequently, they felt accepted and integrated within their social groups. Furthermore, these students adhered to prevailing social norms within their school and peer circles, further facilitating their acceptance. Impoverished students also managed to gain the trust of both their friends and teachers. This was exemplified by their frequent involvement in assisting classmates with school assignments. However, despite possessing these positive social attributes, they were rarely allowed to hold specific positions within the class or organizational structures. Additionally, they were seldom selected to represent the school in various competitions.


Lardiere suggests that second language acquisition (SLA) researchers should pay more attention to the distribution of a given feature in source and target languages, using the distribution of [plural] in English, Chinese and Korean to illustrate. I argue that the distribution of [definite] in English shows a similar complexity, and that this has largely been ignored in existing second language studies. I propose that it is distributional complexity of this kind that underlies the gradual development and variability observed in second language (L2) performance. A four-stage model is outlined, attributing gradual development/variability (partly) to optionality in the numeration.


A study by the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) looked at the best mix of grasses to use on highway roadsides with an eye toward native seed varieties and the stresses and hazards that roadside plantings encounter. Ground preparations for paving projects often make the soil inhospitable to natives that rely on re-seeding in natural cycles, and highway rights of way must be mowed at least three times a year, which can interfere with growing cycles. Test plots were planted, and soil samples were analyzed to see how the existing seed mix could be amended for a more native approach. One test plot was mowed at the same frequency and height as the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) requires. Grass strips were also studies for their ability to act as filters to catch sediment from highway runoff. Swales, which are shallow depressions that carry water mainly during storms, can be planted with grass and used to filter out toxic and other pollutants. The article provides a chart with terminology and some basic facts about soil and vegetation research.


An analytical framework for characterizing the performance of cellular mobile radio systems that employ a smart antenna to suppress a few dominant cochannel interferers (CCI) out of a total of L CCI signals using a fast null steering algorithm is developed. Closed form expressions for the moment generating function, probability density function and the cumulative distribution function of the sum of uncancelled interfering signals subject to independent and non identically distributed Rayleigh fading statistics are derived. Outage probability analysis in the presence of receiver noise is also investigated. Average error probability performance of a multitude of coherent and non-coherent digital modulation schemes is studied while the desired user signal is subject to Nakagami-m fading.


Mobile nodes in some challenging network scenarios suffer from intermittent connectivity and frequent partitions e.g. battlefield and disaster recovery scenarios. Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) technologies are designed to enable nodes in such environments to communicate with one another. A key feature of DTN technology is the late-binding capability that allows messages destined to a descriptive name to be resolved progressively until the messages are delivered to one or several recipients. In this paper, we describe a flexible security solution that allows messages destined to descriptive names to be sent securely such that unauthorized personnel is not allowed to eavesdrop on them. Our solution builds on the attributed based cryptography system. In addition, we describe our implementation of a late-binding router that supports our security solution. We also present our prototyping experience.


The aim of the project is application of archaeological experiments supported by interdisciplinary approach (using archaeology, ethnography, history and geology) for better understanding of medieval and post-medieval pottery in region of Bohemian-Moravian Highland. Experiments are based on archaeological finds, historical sources, ethnografic parallels and contemporary pottery experience. The project consists of finding and testing local clay sources, pottery making with different types of temper and firing it in medieval kiln replica. Participants of experiments are of Archaeology and Geology at Masaryk univerzity in Brno.


Smoke and toxic combustion products emitted as a result of natural fires are among the most hazardous factors, as they lead to poisoning and death of people, as well as environmental pollution. Only one hectare of a burning forest accounts for 80 to 100 tons of smoke particles and 10-12 tons of a mixture of gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein that are emitted into the atmosphere. The smoke of forest fires consists of tar drops, water vapor, gaseous substances and soot. Bulk emissions of ecotoxicants into the atmosphere generated during natural fires make an additional contribution to environmental pollution. The aim of the paper was to assess the contribution of forest and peat fires to atmospheric pollution in the Irkutsk Region. Based on statistical data as well as monitoring the consequences of forest and peat fires, studying procedural documents for investigating and describing fires, we calculated quantitative indicators of burnt natural materials in the territory of the Irkutsk Region for 2011-2018. When comparing pollution indices from stationary sources (the calculation was made according to the annual reports on the state of the environment in the Irkutsk Region) as well as forest and peat fires, it was found that the contribution of forest and peat fires reached 23.0-9.6%, the average value for 8 years was 16.8%. We found that for the period 2011-2018 as a result of forest and peat fires on average up to 259.12 thousand tons of pollutants were released into the atmosphere annually. Forest and peat fires make a significant contribution to atmospheric pollution in the Irkutsk Region. In addition to atmospheric pollution, other unfavorable environmental consequences are realized. In particular, during peat fires, burning is slow due to the lack of oxygen and fire does not propagate as fast as on the surface, it forms burnt voids and there is a chance of falling into burnt peat. Forest and peat fires lead to the destruction of forests in vast territories and may be one of the possible causes of the catastrophic flood in the Irkutsk Region in June 2019.


The profound transformations of the national higher education system are the result of a combination of various factors. The process of creating a knowledge society puts the field of higher education at the center not only of the development of basic and applied science, the formation of future social and professionalelites, it makes it generally responsible for the interpretation, dissemination and use of new knowledge. The ethics of higher education, the values that underlie its scientific and educational activities, the principles and rules of relationships in each institution, in teaching staff, in relationships with students are the basis of the academic corporation's ability to effectively self-regulate and meet society's demand. Thus, conscious moral choice, concern for reputation become one of the main mechanisms of internal self-regulation of the professional community, determine its ethical priorities, balance of power and logic of professional communications. Academic integrity, as a certain social ideal, must counteract the excessive commercialization of universities, their intensive bureaucratization, which destroys not only the ability to fulfill their social mission, but also the logic of their existence. Violation of the principles of academic interaction, undermining of corporate solidarity and trust, reduction of professional involvement, low interest in the active work of the academic community - all this is a consequence of the limited autonomy of the academic space. The activities of the academic community can be effective only if it is based on a certain set of values that unite very different people into one team and give meaning to their joint activities. Academic honesty in this situation significantly affects the formation of common approaches to the organization of work, the definition of job competencies and trust, decision-making procedures, perception and resolution of conflicts, and so on. The article presents the basic principles and experience of implementing academic integrity in the educational and scientific space of Zaporizhia State Medical University in the framework of the implementation of European standards of higher education institutions in Ukraine.


Abstract Fire can be happened everywhere at anytime, including to building which use reinforced concrete construction. As consequense of the fire. a heating and cooling cycle by turns happen which cause complex fisis and chemical phase chenge. Considering that concrete has teracity againts high temperature without having chemical compound coposition change because of the high  silica, which is until 1000  EC of  temperature Keyword The  concrete after fire


A pulping technology without discharge of concentrated black liquid and a process for reclaim the black liquid are disclosed. It features that the traditional technological condition for pulp digestion is such weakened that alkali dosae is reduced to 3-5% and the temp is lowered to 100 deg.C and after digested, the grass material is mechanical broken for fully separation of cellulose and lignin from carbonhydrate to obtain qualified pulp. All the black liquid is reclained. The lignin can be physicochemically separated from concentrated black liquid and the filtrate can be added with chemical and then pumped back to digister.


Design of CMOS high-speed self-regulating voltage-controlled oscillator (HSSR VCO) using negative skewed delay scheme is presented in this paper. With a SMIC standard logic 0.18-/spl mu/ 1.8V CMOS process, the simulation results show that the HSSR VCO can work at 2.2 GHz with good linearity in frequency-voltage space as over an acceptable tuning range as well as a built-in compensation for the delay variation caused by supply fluctuation.


Summary

Sustainable consumption is a complex, multifaceted area requiring a partnership approach across the food chain to reduce the environmental impacts of the food we choose to consume. Communicating the environmental benefits of products and the importance of wasting less food, supporting honest environmental labelling and defining methodologies for sustainable food will help inform these choices. Government initiatives to support sustainable fish species consumption, reconnect people with food and work towards a zero-waste economy will help to tackle environmental and climate change impacts. The Government is committed to addressing global challenges identified by Foresight to meet increasing food demand with less environmental impact. Evidence to underpin sustainable food policy requires a joined-up approach across funders, industry and the third sector to strengthen research activity and maximise impact. The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs' research and development targets the whole food chain from production to consumption. Activity addresses sustainability and resource efficiency; environmental impacts; supply chain and consumer drivers, behaviours and practice; explores synergies, trade-offs and tensions; and ways to promote availability and take up of sustainable healthy food.


Sub-arcsecond observations revealing the fine sub-structure of penumbral filaments and new properties of their dynamics, provide both the basis and constraints for novel models of the penumbra. Even more severe conditions are imposed on models by new data obtained with the SOT instrument on Hinode, showing e.g. direct connection between the dynamic changes in penumbra and appearance of bright transients in the overlying chromosphere. We propose the mechanism that not only explains the observed properties of individual filaments, but is part of the physical process that determines formation of penumbra and its impact on the overlying atmosphere. Complex geometry of sunspot magnetic fields, intensity variations and unsteady motions have been challenging researchers during many decades. Requirements to penumbral models have significantly increased with recent highresolution observations that unveiled new properties of penumbra and its dynamics (Scharmer et al. 2002; Sütterlin et al. 2004; Langhans et al. 2005; Ryutova et al. 2008a). Key additional properties that call for explanation can briefly be summarized as follows (Fig. 1): (1) Filaments consist of a dark core surrounded by bright "walls." (2) They are adjacent to bright points. (3) Filaments with or without dark cores may branch into several filaments anywhere in the penumbra. A branching region is always brighter than the surroundings. (4) Filaments exhibit twist along their lengths, resembling cylindrical helices having various pitches. (5) The lifetime of individual filaments is 1-2 h. (7) The magnetic signals are lower in the dark, cooler, cores than in the bright, warmer, walls. Observations with the SOT on Hinode have led to the discovery of frequent transient brightenings in the penumbral chromospheres with lifetimes of ∼ 1 min (Katsukawa et al. 2007), referred to as penumbral microjets. In our observations with the SOT instrument obtained during the disc passage of AR 10923 (November 10-20, 2006), along with the jetlike features we find other kinds of bright elongated transients abundantly pervading the entire penumbra and drifting as a whole in a direction almost perpendicular to their long axes (Ryutova et al. 2008b). Transients are always associated with the bright points located at the filament branching regions (Fig. 2). None of the earlier models offer a unified mechanism that could explain the fine structure of filaments and their impact on the overlying atmosphere. We propose the mechanism that not only explains the observed properties of individual filaments, but is part of the physical process that determines formation of penumbra and its impact on the overlying atmosphere.


The recurrence rates in patients with esophageal cancer who are treated by curative esophagectomy is reported to be 29-43%. Recently, the concept of oligometastasis recurrence (OLR) has gained attention.
 To clarify the relationship between treatment strategy and prognosis of patients with OLR after esophagectomy. We included 124 patients with recurrence among 446 patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.
 OLR was defined as five or fewer recurrences in a single organ or five or fewer recurrences in a single lymph node. Patients were divided into two groups: OLR and non-OLR group. Recurrence within 6 months after surgery was defined as early recurrence. The relationship between early recurrence and prognosis was examined. We focused on liver and lung metastases and examined treatment methods and prognosis.
 Of the recurrence patients, 40 (32%) were in the OLR group and 84 (78%) were in the non- OLR group. The overall survival was 49 months in the OLR group and 17 months in the non-OLR group (p < 0.001). Survival after recurrence was 26 months in the OLR group and 6 months in the non-OLR group (p < 0.001). In comparison of the early relapse and non-early relapse groups, both OS and survival after recurrence tended to be worse in the early relapse group (p = 0.05). The prognosis was better in the lymph node recurrence group and worse in the liver recurrence group (p = 0.05).
 Oligometastasis is related to prognosis in patients with recurrence after esophagectomy, and patients with early recurrence or liver recurrence may have a poor prognosis.


It is overviewed the method of reducing OFDM PAPR and analyzed the feature of the 802.11 .g. We then conclude that the oversamples clipping could reduce the PAPR of the 802.11.g. Because of the large PAPR, this system requires the analog devices have high performance. The feature of ADC/DAC and amplifier will affect the performance of DSP systems. We analyze their feature and simulative models, with which we investigate the performance of wireless local area network system based on IEEE 802.11g standard implemented with fix point DSPs. The amplifier and Effective Number Of Bits (ENOB) model are used to simulate the fix point performance of DSP. We will provide the test results with different device's parameters which are important for system designers.


Wind functions are often used to describe the effect of wind on airwater heat or mass transfer when the rate of transfer is controlled by resistance on the air side. Wind functions have been thoroughly studied for large surface areas, but the relationships developed may not apply well to sheltered streams. Wind functions were back‐calculated from 47 cases of near steady‐state longitudinal temperature profiles in a sheltered stream. Water temperatures were artificially elevated; thus, natural convection was significant. Four formulations often used to predict wind functions were fit to the measurements with roughly equal results. The natural convection term in the formulation by Ryan and Harleman (11) was virtually duplicated by the sheltered stream, while the forced convection term was lower for the sheltered stream, as would be expected.


This is a brief commentary on the value of optimism in therapy. It draws on the philosophical writings of Schopenhauer and Aristotle. It suggests that the modern preoccupation with optimism may be as extreme as the bleak pessimistic outlook favoured by Schopenhauer.


The Costs of Accidents has a somewhat misleading title.' There are no data here to interest the National Safety Council or Nader's Raiders. In fact, there are no data at all, and thereby hangs one of the interesting questions about this book. Calabresi's stated object is to lay a "theoretical foundation for accident law," 2 by explicitly employing a body of conceptual and analytical material drawn from the province of economics. Indeed, the book may to law-trained readers seem more a treatise on economics than a "law" book. Yet its particular ways of focusing, refining, and expressing3 economic material clearly reflect a lawyer-like earthiness, compulsion to detail, and concern for institutional function. Others must say whether The Costs of Accidents will be interesting to economists. It would not surprise me to learn-though I am breathtakingly unqualified to say-that Galabresi is operating well within the frontiers of economic theory. It would, however, surprise me greatly to be told that he sheds no new light on ground already worked over. My guess is that, by training theory on a problem-that of accidents-which I believe has not been prominent in economic discussion, Calabresi will have done enough in the way of reformulating concepts, revealing unsuspected relationships among them, and pressing certain arguments


In the modernizing of the educational system, perhaps no subject group has had more to do to justify its existence in the highschool curriculum than have the modern languages. With this fact in mind, an experiment, based on the precept that the unit of instruction is not the class as a whole but the individual pupil, is being conducted in the French classes of the high school at Houghton, Michigan. The ultimate aim of the experiment as herein outlined is to give the pupil a reading knowledge of French. Coupled with this, of course, is the ability to speak or to understand such French as might be used in simple conversation. It is necessary to understand at the outset that there are two sections in this field of work: the beginning, or first-year French, and the advanced, or second-year French. Although the method used in this experiment is, in general, the same for both sections, it differs in detail according to the section involved. As we learn to write by writing or to talk by talking, so we learn to read by reading. There are various ways in which this reading might be accomplished, but in this experiment we have confined ourselves to the one method by which all reading is done in class under the direct supervision of the teacher. No books, with the exception of the grammars, which are used as reference books and for verb study, are ever taken from the classroom. This procedure is facilitated by the fact that we have free texts. Any pupil is privileged to ask the teacher any question which may occur to him concerning the translation. Pupils are encouraged to ask questions, and they respond very well. All absences, excused or unexcused, must be made up; the pupil must spend in the French classroom a period of time equivalent to the amount of time missed. All pupils who are entering upon the study of a foreign language like to feel that they are accomplishing something, especially the first


In the light of some problems in recovery,supply and use of converter gas of Weiyuan Iron Steel Co,a series of gas reconstruction and optimum measures were car-ried out,which increased recovery utilization rates and promoted environmental protection and energy saving and consumption reducing work of Weiyuan Iron Steel Co.


Ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVA1) copolymer was evaluated as a controlling membrane for the release of anticancer agents, 5-fluorouracil and ftorafur. The effect of comonomer ratio modifications on the drug permeation was studied. EVA1 copolymer membranes of ethylene contents of 32, 44, and 47 mol% were used. An increase in ethylene content of EVA1 copolymer decreased the drug permeability through the copolymer membranes.


In this paper, the design of half sample delay IIR filter is presented. First, the continued fraction expansion (CFE) and its recursive computation are reviewed briefly. Then, the CFE of square root function is applied to design half sample delay IIR filters with various orders. Next, the comparison with conventional maximally flat IIR allpass filter is made and implementation issue is also addressed. Finally, several design examples are illustrated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method


This paper presents an overview of the development of analysis software for the optical characteristics and daylighting performance of conventional and tubular skylights. The software is useful to skylight manufacturers, building designers and fenestration rating councils. The software development process spans over a four-year period, and includes development of prediction models for optical and daylighting performance of different skylight shapes, experimental and analytical validation of the prediction models, and software design. This paper focuses on the software structure, inputs, outputs and analysis modules. Preliminary results from the prediction models are also shown for the beam transmittance of barrel vault skylights, diffuse transmittance of domed skylights under different sky conditions, and average Daylight Factor on internal room surfaces. BACKGROUND The skylight market has been booming in recent years. Skylights are found in many modern or retrofitted buildings. In commercial and institutional buildings, skylights are used to simulate the outdoors and to bring natural light and solar heat into the indoor space. In residential buildings and houses, skylights are used mainly for illumination. Recently, tubular skylights have emerged as a new technology in commercial buildings and houses, potentially eliminating some of the drawbacks of the excessive solar heat gains of conventional skylights and extending the application of skylights in areas not reached by conventional skylights and windows (Bajda and Carter 2000; Salih et al. 2000; Shao et al. 1998). Skylights have the inherent potential to save electrical lighting, cooling and heating energy, beside their psychologically positive effects on building occupant satisfaction (HMG 2001, 1999; Heschong and McHugh 2000; Allen 1997; AAMA 1987, 1981; Cassidy 1986; Treado et al. 1983). However, despite these amenities, skylights integrated in building design may result in high-energy consumption if not properly designed. Skylight manufacturers lack design tools to assess the optical characteristics and daylighting performance of skylight products owing to complex skylight shapes that change with design requirements, and large sizes that impede fitting skylight products into measurement facilities. Furthermore, while measurements on some skylight products are possible, they can not be generalised for other products. In addition, fenestration simulation software such as VISION4 (CANMET 1995) and WINDOW (LBL 1992) deal with only planar geometry, such as windows and flat skylights. OBJECTIVES The Institute for Research in Construction, PERD (Panel for Energy Research and Development), and NRCan have started a four-year project to develop software to analyse the optical characteristics (transmittance, absorptance and reflectance) and daylighting performance of conventional and tubular skylights. The project is accomplished through three main tasks. The first task is devoted to developing prediction models for skylight optical characteristics and indoor daylight availability. The second task is the experimental and analytical validation of the prediction models. The third task focuses on the design of the software. The software will enable skylight manufacturers to prototype and characterise skylight designs before building them, and will aid building designers in skylight selection to meet design criteria for energy savings. The software will also help fenestration rating councils to rate the optical and daylighting performance of skylight products. The specific objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the software structure, analysis modules, and input and output parameters with some preliminary results from the first task of the project. SOFTWARE STRUCTURE Figure 1 shows a flow chart of the software structure. The main components of the software are the inputs, databases, analysis modules and outputs.


An LED strip for use in a backlight module, manufacturing method thereof, and backlight module and keyboard using the same. The LED decorative strip comprises a substrate layer (1), an electrically conductive layer (2), a circuit coating layer (3), and an adhesive backing layer (4). The electrically conductive layer (2) is a sliver paste circuit layer formed by printing, and has one face including a non-solder region and several solder regions. Each of the solder regions is provided with an LED silver paste solder bump (5) protruding from the electrically conductive layer (2), and an LED lamp (6) is soldered to the LED silver paste solder bump (5). The non-solder region is covered by the circuit coating layer (3). In the LED decorative strip, a silver paste is used to form an electrically conductive layer and to provide a protruding LED silver paste solder bump, so as to increase an impedance of a loop where an LED lamp is located without adding a protective resistor connected in series, thereby reducing a manufacturing cost, simplifying the manufacturing process, and improving a product pass rate.


The application of scanning densitometry to the analysis of dyes extracted from transferred fibers is examined. The Camag high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)/thin-layer chromatography (TLC) scanner can provide all of the information normally available from visual examination of the TLC plates. The position, color, and relative proportions of the various components are obtained in a semiquantitative form. The instrument can provide useful data in both the visible and fluorescence modes with greater sensitivity than is available from visual observations. The potential of the instrument for examination of dyes from pale-colored fibers is demonstrated. The data obtained are objective and do not suffer from the variations that can occur when using subjective visual observations.


An analysis of laser interferometry. The papers address approaches (including sinusoidal wavelength-scanning inferometers), techniques and algorithms (including feature extraction from interferograms for phase distribution analysis).


Information is at the centre of every hospital activity including clinical decisions and healthcare service delivery systems. Although information is an important hospital asset, several issues related to its management and organization needs to be addressed within the hospitals. The management of healthcare information is a strategic goal related to the reduction of healthcare service provision costs, and to the improvement of quality and safety of healthcare services. By discussing the rather obvious necessity for information organization and management in the healthcare domain, this work aims at the role of healthcare information services, i.e. hospital libraries and patient medical records. Finally, a typology of information services' contributions to hospital environment is presented.


The invention provides a ceramic microcrystalline thermal insulation system. According to different crystal synthesis formulas, the ceramic microcrystalline thermal insulation system can isolate 97% of 0.2 micrometer to 3 micrometers sun (atmosphere) radiant heat and 85% to 90% of 7 micrometers to 10 micrometers (manual heating device) radiant heat. Compared with a traditional material, equivalent heat resistance of the ceramic microcrystalline thermal insulation system exceeds 1.1k.m /W. Meanwhile, the ceramic microcrystalline thermal insulation system is composed of three layers of structures which sequentially comprise a ceramic microcrystalline matrix thermal insulation layer, a metal material coating layer and a seal primer layer from outside to inside. Ceramic microcrystalline is arranged in the ceramic microcrystalline matrix thermal insulation layer. Through the original ternary structures, the thermal insulation effect is enhanced greatly, the ceramic microcrystalline matrix thermal insulation layer can effectively prevent 'Gibbs' free energy, a thermal equilibrium state trend is prevented from intruding into a building envelope system, atmospheric environmental thermal radiation is prevented from intruding into a building envelope, blocking of total quantity of heat flow entering material points for conduction is reduced, and therefore the ceramic microcrystalline thermal insulation system is suitable for the outer surface of a building maintenance system, meanwhile is suitable for heat partition in a building, and protects independence of thermal environment of unit space. The ceramic microcrystalline thermal insulation system is simple in production process, economical and reasonable in use, convenient to construct, resistant to radiation, obvious in reflective insulation and energy-saving effect and good in development prospect.


SUMMARY A technique was developed for evaluating the flavor of freshly crushed onion. The method consisted of grinding the onion and extracting the juice with solvent. The solvent extract was reacted with cysteine to form an amino acid derivative of the flavor compound and finally the derivatives were separated by thin-layer chromatography with solvents containing large amounts of hydrochloric acid. The principal advantage of the method is that it can measure the relative concentration of the lacrimator and other products of the action of alliinase on the flavor precursor, S-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide. Apparently, this is not measurable by the usual gas-liquid chromatography technique because of decomposition in the column.


This book is an atlas with descriptive letterpress of the cancerous and precancerous conditions of the skin, in the aetiology of which sunlight is supposed to play a part. The majority of the plates illustrate the features of rodent ulcers, but in addition chronic solar dermatitis, cutaneous horn and epithelioma are illustrated, whilst xeroderma pigmentosum is described but not illustrated. The illustrations


The theory we have designed the idea of economic development which remain associated with main elements that consists of two main development area, firstly is Health and secondly, Education development. The main factor of this idea to provide Human development that enormously influence on economic development which resulted from different perspectives. Many researches explained by analysis of focus variables of economic growth which have relationship to lead the economic development. In addition, there are further economic factors are playing crucially related with economic growth. in this study, the hypothesis concern to seriously influence on private investments in economic factors which are, therefore mainly discussed in researches, human development, awareness of education, infrastructure of economic reforms, Trade and industrial expansions.


This paper propose a novel configuration of star-connected cascade STATCOM with neutral line and corresponding structure of grid transformer. The proposed configuration are designed especially for industrial manufactory with 35kV grid voltage. On basis of this, this paper further put forward its control strategy of clustered voltage balancing based on zero-sequence current injection. The voltages of three clusters are firstly detected. Then the power flow need injecting of each phase are calculated through PI controller, and the relative zero-sequence current are derived according to the power flow reference. The proposed configuration and its clustered voltage balancing strategy will bring no negative or zero sequence current to 35kV grid. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed configuration and its control strategy.


Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which mainly damages the skin and peripheral nerves, and can also infect joints and bones. Clinical manifestations are complex, varied, and often underdiagnosed. The clinical manifestations vary and are called "the great imitator". musculoskeletal features are common in leprosy but infrequently reported. A case of borderline lepromatous (BL) type leprosy was initially suspected as rheumatoid arthritis in a 20-year-old Balinese male who complained of pain and swelling in small joints, accompanied by lesions in the form of multiple erythema macules, round-shaped geography, indistinct boundaries, with bilateral distribution is almost symmetrical in the face, thoracoabdominal, and extremity regions. The diagnosis of BL type leprosy is based on history taking, physical examination, and investigations in the form of Ziehl-Neelsen stain and blood tests.


Apricots in Thorns was indexed by both Xie Fangde and Yuan Haowen's corpus.By searching realted datas,it has been indexed by Yuan Haowen's corpus in 1270.Xie Fangde was still alive at that time,and twenty years later,he died.So it's a mistake in DieShan corpus,and should be deleated.


A negative-type chemically amplified photosensitive resist based on a novolac resin, 4,4'-methylenebis[2,6-bis(methoxymethyl)phenol] (MBMP) as a cross-linker, and (5-propylsulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)-(2-methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) as a photoacid generator has been developed. This resist showed the high sensitivity (D0.5) of 5.3 mJ/cm2 and good contrast (γ0.5) of 3.5 after exposure of 365 nm UV light, post exposure baked at 110 ° for 5 min, and developed with 2.38 wt% tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution. The 20 μm image was made in the polymer with 12 μm film thickness by using the resist consisting of novolac resin (90 wt %), MBMP (7 wt %), and PTMA (3 wt %).


Terra and Aqua MODIS have operated continuously for more than 12 and 10 years respectively and are key instruments for NASA's Earth Observing System missions. The 16 thermal emissive bands (TEB), covering wavelengths from 3.5 to 14.4 μm with a nadir spatial resolution of 1 km are used to regularly generate a variety of atmosphere, ocean and land science products. As the sensors age well past their prime design life of 6 years, understanding the instrument on-orbit performance is necessary to maintain consistency between sensors in the long-term data records. Recurrent observations of Dome C, Antarctica by both Terra and Aqua MODIS over mission lifetime are used to track the calibration consistency and stability of the two sensors. A ground temperature sensor provides a proxy reference measurement useful for determining the relative bias between the two instruments. This technique is most useful for the land surface sensing bands, such as bands 29, 31 and 32, but can be applied to all other TEB to provide a metric to assess long-term trends. A change in the TEB calibration approach for the MODIS Collection 6 reprocessing mitigate a cold scene bias previously observed for retrievals of brightness temperatures well below the on-board blackbody calibrator temperature range (270-315 K). The impact of the Collection 6 calibration changes are illustrated using the Dome C observations.


Summary This study complements a series of earlier studies which considered the expectations that headteachers and other staff in primary and secondary schools have of their educational psychologists (EPs). These studies noted that, while traditional models of service delivery which focused on individual children were still most strongly endorsed by schools, wider roles including a research contribution were also valued. Questionnaires were completed by headteachers in 48 primary schools situated in four of the new Scottish education authorities. The responses indicated that research in primary schools was viewed as being important, and that it should be included as part of service delivery by the EP. Implications for services are discussed.


Rural Development is one of the most important factors for the growth of the Indian economy. India is primarily an agriculture-based country. Agriculture contributes nearly one-fifth of the gross domestic product in India. In order to increase the growth of agriculture, the Government has planned several programs pertaining to Rural Development in India. It has witnessed several changes over the years in its emphasis, approaches, strategies and programmes. Rural development aims at improving rural people's livelihoods in an equitable and sustainable manner, both socially and environmentally, through better access to assets (natural, physical, human, technological and social capital), and services. The basic objectives of Rural Development Programmes have been alleviation of poverty and unemployment through creation of basic social and economic infrastructure, provision of training to rural unemployed youth and providing employment to marginal Farmers/Labourers to discourage seasonal and permanent migration to urban areas.The work has been evaluated three major programmes such as Indira Kranti Patham, MGNREGS and Indiramma Housing Scheme in Chittoor District of AP


Copyright information: Taken from "Regions of Diversity 8, 9 and 13 contribute to virulence"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/7/80BMC Microbiology 2007;7():80-80.Published online 27 Aug 2007PMCID:PMC2045101. RD mutants. Two days post-challenge, blood was collected from the tail vein of each mouse and the number of bacteria in the blood determined. Each circle represents the bacterial titer of an individual mouse. Bars indicate the median bacterial titer. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test


The main problems in the central air conditioner water system were presented.The influence of scales and corrision in water system on the running of air conditioner system as well as the importance of cleaning maintenance were analysed.


Abstract A phytic acid conversion coating was formed on AZ31B magnesium alloy and its optimum processing parameters were also investigated by hydrogen evolution method in this work. The surface morphology, element compositions and corrosion resistance of coating were examined by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy electrochemical measurements, and hydrogen evolution method. The results show that the optimum processing parameters of coating are pH value of 2, treating time of 40 min, treating temperature of 40°C and solution concentration of 4 g L−1. The conversion coating, composed of O, C, P, Mg, Al and Zn, consists of two layers, the compact inner layer and the outer layer with some fine cracks. The treated sample has better corrosion resistance and protection characteristic than the untreated sample.


One of the conditions for the convergence of Q-Learning is to visit each state-action pair infinitely (or at least sufficiently) often. This requirement raises problems for large or continuous state spaces. Particularly, in continuous state spaces a discretization sufficiently fine to cover all relevant information usually results in an extremely large state space. In order to speed up and improve learning it is highly beneficial to add generalization to Q-Learning and thus being able to exploit experiences gained earlier. To achieve this, we compute a state space abstraction with a combination of growing neural gas and Q-Learning. This abstraction respects similarity in the state and action space and is constructed based on information achieved from interaction with the environment during learning. We examine the proposed algorithm on a continuous-state reinforcement learning problem and show that the approximated state space and the generalization speed up learning.


By taking 40 volleyball players in a selective class as experimental objects,based on studies of their perception of distance,height,weight and time after 18 weeks' teaching,the paper analyzed the influence of volleyball teaching to players' sensory perception.The result showed that volleyball teaching could effectively improve the accuracy of players' sensory perception.


III. FEDERAL ACTS IMPACTING AND/OR PROTECTING NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES 49 A. Antiquities Act of 1906 49 B. National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 50 C. American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 51 D. Archaeological Resources Preservation Act of 1979 55 E. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1991 56


Aim:  Positive net work produced during cyclic contractions is partially limited by relaxation kinetics, which to date, have not been directly investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of relaxation kinetics on cyclic work.


If (X, τ) is a topological space (with topology τ) and A is a subset of X, then the topology τ(A) = {U ⋃ (V ⋂ A)|U, V ∈ τ} is said to be a simple extension of τ. It seems that N. Levine introduced this concept in (4) and he proved, among other results, the following: (A) If (X, τ) is a regular (completely regular) space and A is a closed subset of X, then (X, τ(A)) is a regular (completely regular) space. (B) Let (X, τ) be a normal space, and A a closed subset of X. Then (X, τ(A)) is normal if and only if X — A is a normal subspace of (X, τ). (C) Let (X, τ) be a countably compact (compact or Lindelöf) and A ∉ τ.


A stethoscope is provided which includes a stethoscope head and a pair of ear tips which are connected by tube means which provide individually separate air passages from the stethoscope head to the ear tips. The length of each of the air passages is selected such that the resonant peaks of sound transmitted from the stethoscope head to one ear lie in the resonant valleys of sound transmitted from the stethoscope head to the other ear. This is achieved by utilizing separate air passages which have a length ratio in the range of about 0.63 to about 0.73. The stethoscope is preferably utilized in conjunction with a dual stethoscope head having a bell receiver for transmitting low frequency sounds and a diaphragm receiver for transmitting high frequency sounds.


The behaviour of lipase has been investigated in resting and sprouting seeds of « Ricinus communis » with addition to the substratum of 3,4-benzopyrene in different concentrations. The carcinogenic hydrocarbon does not exert any remarkable influence, except for a slight inhibition of the lipolitic activity.


A fabrication process for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) suspended across metallic trenches is described. The process is versatile and allows the production of CNT-NEMS with singly or doubly clamped nanotubes at an adjustable height above a bottom electrode. When a voltage bias is applied between the nanotube and the bottom electrode, the devices act as very efficient electrical switches. Surface functionalization of the bottom electrode with a self-assembled monolayer is implemented to improve the switching reversibility. Moreover, it opens opportunities to use these CNT-NEMS as a vertical cross-bar junction for molecular electronics studies.


In this work analysis of boring process for HE 30 Aluminum automotive component is carried out experimentally. Surface roughness and circularity of bore are two most important parameters which decide the accuracy of boring operation. In this analysis surface finish and circularity are investigated in order to optimize cutting parameters (speed, feed and depth of cut), insert (uncoated carbide and PCD) and environment (wet/dry).Techniques like ANOVA and Taguchi are used for analysis.. Results predict that PCD insert generates very fine surface finish when wet machining is carried out but on other side environment and type of insert have very negligible effect on circularity of bore.


The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of online reviews on purchasing behavior(booking intention). This study hypothesized the valence of online reviews(positive and negative) about hotel&resort has significant effects on trust in information on official website and attitude toward hotel&resort which in turn, has influence on booking intention. This study used experimental design. To do this, online reviews was divided into two types: positive and negative review. The official website of hotel&resort and online reviews were manipulated. A total of 275 (positive: 149, negative: 126) was taken from university students who were randomly assigned to each type of online reviews. As results, being exposed to positive reviews resulted in the increase of trust in website information, but neither positive nor negative review did not increase attitude toward hotel&resort. The study also found significant impact of both trust in website information and attitude on booking intention.


In this paper, we focus on the vehicle-to-vehicle dynamic channel in tactical communication environments, which shows time-varying and nonstationary characteristics due to the fast mobility, directional antennas, and harsh terrain. These situations present great challenges for the channel state information (CSI) acquisition. To obtain an accurate CSI and reduce pilot overhead, we propose a CSI predictor based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) network. As an improved recurrent neural network (RNN), LSTM units have an excellent learning result on both long- and short-term inputs by adding the gating mechanism. Using the outdated sampling CSI sequence as input data of LSTM units enables the predictor to extract complex data characteristics and capture the temporal law of the nonstationary channel. Simulation results are demonstrated to verify that the LSTM-based predictor has better performance than conventional algorithms in IEEE 802.11p standard. Additionally, the key factors that affect the performance of the proposed predictor are further analyzed.


In recent years, a number of new photosensitizers have been proposed as alternatives to Photofrin II, for use in photodynamic therapy. Most studies in this area have targeted the absorption characteristics of the photosensitizer as the important parameter however there is currently no general consensus on where this absorption should be. In this article, the spectroscopic requirements for photodynamic therapy are examined with respect to generation of phototoxic species, penetration of light through tissues, tumor location and compatibility with available light sources. Finally, additional properties which may dictate the choice of sensitizer, such as stability, purity, hydrophobicity and biological lifetime are discussed.


PurposeThe novel coronavirus (COVID-19) remains a global public health emergency as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). The COVID-19 impacted educational institutions around the world, and they were shut down to minimize the fatalities and spread of the infection. Educational institutions around the world, including Bangladesh, started to conduct online classes as an alternative to physical classes. Therefore, this study assesses the effectiveness of online classes in terms of information and communications technology (ICT) readiness, online class assessment, online class participation, and convenience and flexibility for the educational institutions of Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachTo fulfill the objective of the study, data were collected from 817 teachers and students. Additionally, the partial least squares (PLS) regression method was adopted as a quantitative technique.FindingsThe study shows that online class participation, online class assessment, and convenience and flexibility have positive relationships with ICT readiness and the effectiveness of online classes. At the same time, the challenges of online classes have negative relationships with ICT readiness and the effectiveness of online classes.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that the government should ensure stable internet connectivity access across the country so that both students and teachers can participate in online classes effectively. Moreover, educational institutional authorities should extend support to the institutions for developing proper ICT infrastructure.Originality/valueICT infrastructure readiness is the backbone for effective online education; however, before the COVID-19 pandemic, online education was almost non-existent at the educational institutional level in Bangladesh. The country started developing the ICT infrastructure only when online classes were scheduled to start, and the development is still ongoing. Hence, this study used ICT readiness as a mediator factor. Moreover, primary data are used in this study. The findings of the study will help academicians and policymakers to better understand the effectiveness of online classes.


CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers system is modeled as integration between thermodynamic equilibrium between gas phase and an aqueous saline water phase without rock interactions over a range of pressure, temperature and salinity conditions and chemical speciation equilibrium is in aqueous solutions. The gas phase formed of a mixture of Supercritical CO2 and SO2 that are retained from the original flue gases. The equilibrium in this model based on equating the chemical potentials in the system, using Peng-robinson EOS and pressure-salinity adjusted Henry's law constant. Sensitivity analysis was established to allow simulation of the effects of SO2 in subsurface CO2 storage. A key advantage of the present model is that this model uses a fluid property module of mixtures of SO2 and CO2 under saline aquifers conditions for CO2 disposal which is not available in the most recent reactive geochemical transport codes as TOUGHREACT.


The assessment of the metal toxicity in sediment always is a complicated topic to tackle.In recent years,many researches showed that the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in sediments were not related with the total metal concentrations,but the metal speciation in sediments.Based on the recent research results,the sediment biotic ligand model(s-BLM) was established to assess the metal toxicity in sediments.The s-BLM is applied in oxic environments,based on the concentrations of the labile metals,acid volatile sulfide and organic carbon,along with the information on pore-water chemistry,to calculate the toxicity threshold of the metals.Combined with the AVS/SED model that is used for assessing the metal toxicity in anoxic sediment environment,the s-BLM can be used to assess comprehensively the toxicity of several metals(Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Cd,Ag) in sediments.This article present the origin and structure of the s-BLM,focused on its application,current research status and limitations.Currently,and the s-BLM has drawn many attentions and applications internationally,while in China,the study and application of it is still vacant.The study and development of the models should have the great value for establishing the better sediment quality criteria.


Two accidents of 500 kV capacitor voltage transformers are analyzed in this paper.The measures to avoid accidents of 500 kV capacitor voltage transformers are put forward.


In this paper, it is presented an experiment carried out with the objective of knowing the optimum roductionprocess in order to generate bio diesel by alkaline transesterification, from residual vegetable oils from theRestaurants in San Borja. In order to do so, first of all of the residual vegetal oil collected was analyzed, then itwas determined the concentration of methanol (%v/v), the concentration of potassium hydroxide (%p/p) andthe optimum reaction time, and lastly, it was determined the bio diesel quality produced.
The results showed that it is possible to generate biodiesel from the collected oil, due to its grade of acidity(1,56%) was lower than 3%. The optimum conditions to get the maximum conversion of the reaction wereachieved when it was used a methanol concentration of 30%, a concentration of potassium hydroxide of 0,4%regarding the weight of the oil and a reaction time of 3:30 minutes at a constant temperature of 60%. Under these conditions it was obtained a performance of biodiesel of 85,97%. Biodiesel obtained under the best reaction conditions will be analyzed four fuel properties, finding that the kinematic viscosity was 5,5 cSt, the acid number was 0,68 mg KOH / g, the sulfated ash was 0,0478% and Conradson Carbon was 0,142%.


In this paper we introduce the concept of analog sensor processing using exposure control, ASPEC. We give a number of our previous image processing applications which have utilized programmable exposure control. We also show a new application which is center of gravity calculation. This is demonstrated for one and for several objects.


Dopamine cytotoxicity is thought to contribute towards the selective loss of substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons and disease progression in Parkinson's disease. However, the long‐term toxicity of dopamine in vivo has not previously been established. The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) sequesters monoamines into synaptic vesicles, a process that, in addition to being important in normal transmission, may also act to keep intracellular levels of monoamine neurotransmitters below potentially toxic thresholds. The homozygous VMAT2‐hypomorphic mouse has an insertion in the VMAT2 gene (Slc18a2). Consequently, VMAT2‐deficient mice (VD–/–) have an ∼ 95% reduction in VMAT2 expression and an equivalent level of dopamine depletion in the striatum which results in moderate motor impairment. Here, we show that L‐DOPA induces locomotor hyperactivity in VD–/– mice and reverses the deficit in motor coordination and balance as tested with the rotarod. We report that evidence for cytosolic accumulation of dopamine in substantia nigra neurons in these mice is two‐fold: firstly, there is reduced phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at the residue associated with catechol feedback inhibition; and, secondly, there are increased rates of dopamine turnover at 6, 12 and 24 months of age. These animals exhibit a progressive decline in striatal monoamine levels and rotarod performance with increasing age. However, despite these data, there was no loss of nigral dopamine neurons as estimated by quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta of old VD–/– mice (24‐month‐old), implying that these age‐dependent manifestations may be due to senescence alone.


This article describes the methodological aspects of the advanced education of younger schoolchildren. The approaches to the problem of forming the language of personality based on timing.


Various design modifications were proposed for a torque actuator based on ferromagnetic shape memory alloy composites. These modifications were implemented into the design of the torque actuator, and prototypes were built and measured for their maximum torque, angle of twist, and work output characteristics. The design changes had an effect of increasing one or more of these characteristics with each iteration.


• Judicious promotion of vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) is a reasonable strategy to counter the rising caesarean section rate. • VBAC can achieve cost savings along with greater patient satisfaction. • Appropriate augmentation of labour with oxytocin is not associated with an increase in scar rupture rate. • Induction of labour with prostaglandin should be approached with caution as it is associated with an increased risk of scar rupture. • With careful selection and monitoring, VBAC can be considered in twin pregnancy.


Theoretical study of influence of electron-electron scattering on spin relaxation length in single layer graphene (SLG) and bilayer graphene (BLG) is done using ensemble semi classical Monte Carlo simulation. The comparison is made by including electron-electron interactions with electron-phonon interactions (acoustic and optical). The D'yakonov-Perel (DP) and Elliot-Yafet (EY) spin relaxation mechanisms are utilized in the Monte Carlo routines. The results are simulated with varying temperatures to show that e-e scattering holds significant importance as a scattering mechanism at low temperatures and gradually loses its importance in as we reach room temperature and above. We report highly contrasting effect of e-e scattering on SLG and BLG.