Strain Rx was screened from shallow-beach shrimp pond of Jinzhou,Dalian.Its pure culture has been identified through morphological,cultural,physiological,biochemical characteristics,and G+C mol% value tests.Strain Rx is Gram negative,(0.5-0.7) μm×(1.0-1.2) μm in size,single poplar flagellum.Its intra-cytoplasmic membranes are of vesicular type,and mode of reproduction is division.A pure culture of strain Rx contains bacteriochlorophy a,and its carotenoids are of sphaeroidines type.It can grow either aerobically in the dark or anaerobically in the light.The range of salinity and that of pH value for its growth are 5-100 g/kg and 5.8-8.4 respectively.It can not use sulfide as electron donor and its growth is inhibited by higher concentration of sulfide.It can use Glutamine as its organic carbon sources but not Citrate and Tartrate.It needs t,b,p-ABA and n as its growth factors.Its DNA G+C mol% is 64.18%.Based on the above biological characteristics,and according to the Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (first edition,2002) and Berger's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology volume 3 (1989),strain Rx is identified as Rhodovulum euryhalinum.


Background: Patients with reduced renal function are often encountered in clinical practice. The presence of reduced kidney function in any patient alters drug disposition. This alteration necessitates appropriate individualization of drug therapy to avoid unnecessary drug accumulation and adverse drug effects. There are limited local studies on the pattern of antibiotic use and dose adjustments in renal patients and hence the basis of the current study. Objective of the study: The objective of the study was to determine the patterns of antibiotic use and dose adjustment practices in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH). Methodology. The study was hospital-based retrospective cross sectional study. A preformatted data collection form was used to collect data from patient files who met the eligibility criteria. Data was collected on antibiotics prescribed to patients with CKD between. January. 2006 and December. 2010 and the laboratory parameters of renal function. The antibiotic dosage for systemic administration, which ought to have been adapted depending on the GFR. was determined from the dosing guideline and this was compared with the prescribed dosages to determine the appropriateness of the prescribed doses. Eligibility criteria: Chronic kidney disease patients, with antibiotic prescription and aged 18 years and above during the time of antibiotic prescription attending KNH during the study period were eligible for the study.


Methods: Archived serum samples from experimentally infected and known seronegative swine were tested using three M hyopneumoniae ELISAs, including a Tween20 ELISA and two commercially available ELISA tests, the HerdChek Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Idexx Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine) and the DAKO Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ELISA (DAKO Corporation, Carpenteria, California). Statistical analyses, including kappa coefficients, receiver operating characteristic curves, and covariance of tests, were used to compare the three assays.


A reclosable package for a consumer product includes a zipper strip having male and female interlocking profiles. The former has a male interlocking member having a cross section in the shape of an asymmetric arrowhead. The latter has a female interlocking member in the form of two mutually curving members defining a channel therebetween. The male interlocking member is snappingly engaged into the channel to reclose the package. The asymmetric male interlocking member has an acute edge outward of the interior of the package, and a rounded edge facing the inside of the package. This asymmetry makes the package easier to open from within than from without.


Macrophages from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice showed depressed capacity to increase the phagocytosis in the presence of a high bacterial load, due to a reduced involvement of these cells in phagocytosis and to a deficient ability to increase the number of phagocytosed bacteria. Normal and Salmonella-infected mice increased their phagocytic capacity when exposed to a high bacterial load. Antibody to Salmonella increased the phagocytic capacity of macrophages from Schistosoma-infected mice due to an increase in the number of bacteria phagocytosed but caused no modification in the number of macrophages engaged in phagocytosis. Our data indicate that macrophages from Schistosoma-infected mice work close to their functional limit, since no increase in phagocytosis was observed after increasing the bacterial load. Specific antibodies can improve their phagocytic capacity and, therefore, could help clearing concurrent infection.


Microwave sound of discrete frequencies has been generated by the irradiation of a solid with the uniformly spaced, ultrashort optical pulses produced by a mode‐locked Nd:glass laser. The sound, rich in harmonic content, has its fundamental frequency fixed by the repetition frequency of the laser pulses. Believed to be thermally generated in the optical skin depth where the energy is absorbed, the sound has been detected at room temperature up to 2 GHz, the tenth harmonic of the fundamental repetition frequency. Such high harmonic content indicates that the acoustic pulses have rise times significantly less than 1 nsec and demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing ultrashort laser pulses to produce ultrashort acoustic pulses.


The degradation of dextran in aqueous solution by Co/sup 60/ gamma radiation is examined by measuring the amount of acid formed and the changes in optical rotation and reducing power. Chromatographic and isotope dilution methods reveal that the main products are glucose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glyoxal, erythrose, and glyceraldehyde. These products are considered to arise from at least two independent degradation processes: (a) hydrolysis to glucose, isomaltose, and isomaltotriose, while secondary reactions involving glucose give ntse to erythrose, glyoxal and glyceraldehyde; (b) the formation of gluconic acid and glucuronic acid. The irradiated solution shows an absorption at 265 m mu due to dihydroxyacetone, which is also formed during the irradiation of glucose solutions. (auth)


Objective To supply the morphological basis for the research of renal plexus and aorticorenal ganglia. Method The anatomic observation of the location, shape, length, width and thickness of the aorticorenal ganglia was performed on 75 adult specimens. The experiment traced the fibre which stopped and started from the ganglia. Result The aorticorenal ganglia is located in the lower part of celiac ganglia, next to the renal artery. According to its morphology, it can be classified as oval, long stripe, star, circular and triangular; its length is 6.89+2.35rmn, width is 3.24±0.94mm, thickness is 1.29+0.64mm. The fibre started from the ganglia formed part of the renal plexus, abdominal aortic plexus and testicular plexus.


This article analyzes the major geopolitics in the Asia Pacific Region, relations between Japan, China, Russia, two Korean States, territory dispute and others problem.


This short paper concentrates on three powerful ideas introduced by three important theorists, namely, Merton's interpretation of anomie in America, Fromm's critical aesthetics regarding man's consciousness in relation to nature, and finally Du Bois' concept of the "racial wage" (Lemert, 2004, pp. 218-240). Those theories are then applied to the Japanese phenomenon of the "compensated date" and the Thai "sex industry".


At first, the impeller power generate equipment was introduced in this paper. Second, the instantaneous velocity that the wave got into the equipment and the movement of the wave in the equipment was illustrated. At last, the stress, deformation and coefficient of safety were calculated by ansys under three different height of wave.


A coefficient of friction tester (CFT) for the cross-tensioned prestressed concrete pavement (CTCP) sliding layer was designed and developed basing on the Amonton law. The CFT can obtain precise values of the CTCP sliding layer coefficient of friction. Meanwhile, the sand and polyethylene plastic film (SPPF) sliding layer which has already been used in CTCP experimental road was tested using the CFT. The best testing speed (1mm/min) for CFT was obtained with applying regression analysis method to the results. The optimum material parameters for the SPPF are the combination of 2.6 fineness modulus of sand, 10mm thickness of sliding layer, and 3 μm thickness of polyethylene plastic film (PPF). The optimum materials combination of the SPPF provides minimum coefficient of friction to the CTCP sliding layer which can reduce the stress and deformation of the CTCP slab.


Vehicle Make and Model Recognition (VMMR) has emerged as a significant element of vision based systems because of its application in access control systems, traffic control and monitoring systems, security systems and surveillance systems, etc. So far a number of techniques have been developed for vehicle recognition. Each technique follows different methodology and classification approaches. The evaluation results highlight the recognition technique with highest accuracy level. In this paper we have pointed out the working of various vehicle make and model recognition techniques and compare these techniques on the basis of methodology, principles, classification approach, classifier and level of recognition. After comparing these factors we concluded that Locally Normalized Harris Corner Strengths (LHNS) performs best as compared to other techniques. LHNS uses Bayes and K-NN classification approaches for vehicle classification. It extracts information from frontal view of vehicles for vehicle make and model recognition.


In order to evaluation of rice genotypes response to drought stress and identify those tolerant and susceptible to this stress, the number of fifteen rice genotypes were investigated in completely randomized block design in thrice replicates under nonstressed (flooded, waterlogged) and late-season drought stress in agronomical year 2010 in research farm of university of Gonbad Kavous. Results of variance analysis showed that genotypes vary significantly in all studied traits under both environmental conditions so that landrace cultivars showed better drought stress responses. Mean separation analysis showed that under flooded condition, highest yield mean was related to Domsiah followed by Sorkho and Gardeh genotypes respectively and under drought stress, the genotypes Gardeh, Sang jo and IR83752-B-B123 respectively showed the highest yield. Stepwise regression analysis showed that under flooded and stressed conditions, 100 kernel weight and number of filled grains accounted for 79.6 and78.3% of grain yield variations as a the most important agronomical traits in selecting higher yield cultivars under flooded and drought stresses. In the present research, Given to biplot analysis and indices correlation, it was found that stress tolerance indices, geometrical mean, yield mean and harmonic mean indices were introduced as best criteria to select productive cultivars under both stressed and non-stressed conditions. Based on abovementioned indices and biplot graphs, the cultivars Gardeh, Sorkho, Sangjo, IR83752-B-B123, TaromAmiri and local Tarom were yield productive and drought stress tolerant whereasgenotypes of Shahpasand, Brsbonanc and Graldo were less productive and drought susceptible among others.


Software Industries become one of the leading industries now days. With the objective of producing best quality of software, testing is one of technique to judge the quality and the reliability of the software. Since prevention is always better than the cure, so testing must be supplemented with root cause analysis (RCA).The goal is to identify the root cause of defect and initiate actions so that the source of defect can be eliminated. The qualitative analysis provides feedback to quality manager that eventually improve both quality and the productivity of the software organization. When RCA is analyzed with cognitive parameters, it helps to improve the job satisfaction component among the employee there by increasing the product quality as well as quality of life. This paper aims with such objective. Various errors that are generated during SDCL are classified and organized as per RCA applicable to IT industry. RCA are further defined with respect to cognitive science.


A new model air energy heat pump water heater includes compressor (1), heat exchanger (23) water tank (2), indoor heat exchanger (3), outdoor heat exchanger (4), throttling device (5, 6), cross joint (7) and two tee joints (8, 9). The compressor (1) is connected to one of the inlet pipes (71) on the cross joint (7) which links inlet pipe of heat exchanger (23) through one of the pipes (72). The heat exchanger (23) connects two pipes through tee joint (8). One of the pipes connects outdoor heat exchanger (4) through throttling device (5). And the outdoor heat exchanger (4) is connected to another pipe (73) on the cross joint (7). Another one pipe is connected to indoor heat exchanger (3) through throttling device (6). The outlet pipe of the cross joint (7) is connected to two pipes through tee joint (9). One of the two pipes is connected to outlet end of indoor heat exchanger (3), another one with inlet end of compressor (1). A new model air energy heat pump water heater comfortably integrates air conditioning and water heater.


The drawing of interior design is an important bridge between designer with client.On the basis of regarding practice,it should not only incarnate design intent and style,but also do its best to increase aesthetic feeling of design.The drawing of interior design including two aspects:one is technological factor,the other is aesthetic factor.


Mid Day Meal (MDM ) is a well-known name for school meal programme, it provides free lunch on working days for the children of primary and upper primary class e . In this study, we try to assess the Nature and impact of MDM on Enrollment, and academic achievement of student in four selected upper primary schools of Howrah Distr ict in West Bengal. The study based on both primary and seconda ry ta. The secondary data collected from various reputed government and other web sites, and for the collect ion of Primary Data, we select four schools of Howr ah district and head Teacher and office Authorities provide data fo r this study. The result of field study reveals tha t MDM plays a significant role in the development of enrollment o f student and academic achievement of student in th is sc ool.


The primary cause for the increase in lightning-stroke trip-out rate is deduced based on the statistical data and computation formula of lightning resisting level and lightning-stroke trip-out rate.Further theoretical analysis is made and the inner key problem of leading to the increase in lightning-stroke trip-out rate is determined.With focus on the inner key problem,the sensitivity analysis is made and the control measures are proposed in a most systematical and thorough manner.Through analyzing the present computation formula of lightning-stroke trip-out rate,the existing problems are figured out and modification suggestions are put forward.


Basic composition,principle and main characters of a RV drive with large percentage of teeth in contact is introduced.The RV drive with new structure is proposed,and the speed ratio is calculated according to design principle of the closed planetary gear.The analysis of the dynamical balance is stated by making use of the dynamical balance method,and the theory analysis shows that the RV drive with new structure has better performances.


Behavioral studies are fundamental to understanding how animal populations face global change. Although much research has centered upon the idea that individuals can adaptively modify their behaviors to cope with environmental changes, recent evidence supports the existence of individual differences in suites of correlated behaviors. However, little is known about how selection can change these behavioral structures in populations subject to different environmental constraints. The colonization of urban environments by birds has been related to their inter-individual variability in their fear of humans, measured as their flight initiation distance to an approaching human, such that urban life would select for fearless individuals. This behavior has been demonstrated to be heritable and highly consistent throughout the adult lifespan of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia). Here, we experimentally assessed, in field conditions, whether urban life involves changes in other behaviors such as exploration and antipredatory response through their correlation with fear of humans. Breeding urban birds were more fearless toward humans and were quicker to explore a new food resource and defend their nests from predators than their rural counterparts. However, while fear of humans positively correlated with exploration and antipredatory response in the rural population, it only correlated with exploration in the urban one. Predator release in urban environments could relax - and even counterselect - antipredator behaviors, thus dismantling the behavioral correlation existent in natural populations. Altogether, our results suggest that rural and urban animals may differ in some behavioral aspects, may be as a consequence of the selection processes acting during the colonization of urban areas as well as the different ecological environments encountered by individuals.


Leachate treatment in a landfill in municipal solid wastes is the key and difficult point for feasible demonstration due to some problems such as the present index evaluating the leachate quality couldn′t properly reflect its feature,the state of the art for dealing with leachate is not effect enough and where for final disposal of the treated leachate.In this paper the problems mentioned above were discussed based on the author′s experience from evaluation works concerning effect on environment of landfill of municipal solid wastes.


Aim
Our research attempts to provide an explicit explanation of human–biome interactions during the last glacial period and how these have influenced current human population genetics at the global scale. Publications to date have not addressed this topic.

Location
World-wide.

Methods
Using climate, terrain, hydrographic, fossil pollen and plant-macrofossil data we developed a model of the distribution of biomes during climate deteriorations of the last glacial period. Subsequently, we analysed current human genetic diversity, the origins of genetic lineages and Palaeolithic human sites in relation to the inferred biomes.

Results
Our analyses indicated that: (1) current human Y-DNA diversity, the places of origin of human Y-DNA lineages and the distribution of Palaeolithic human settlements are best explained by distance from savanna and dry woodland during a series of glacial maxima, and (2) during periods of relatively benign climate conditions, humans dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.

Main conclusions
In a metapopulation of Palaeolithic humans, the biome of savanna and dry woodland supported source populations and other biomes acted as sinks. Present-day genetic, phenotypical and linguistic differences are largely related to discontinuity of and impeded migration between human source populations during glacial periods, rather than simply geographical distance, and in the post-glacial period there has not been enough time for displacements and admixture of human populations to completely blur these differences.


General situation on the project of south bridge approach of the DaMaoGang bridge which lies in the Shanghai Gangxin Section of Tong-San national highway was introduced. Based on the specific project, quality control, construction technics and adaptability of construction method about EPS lightweight embankment were discussed and relevant values were presented. Results of practice demonstrate that as an excellent filling agent EPS has superb performances of engineering mechanics that can greatly help reduce the settlement of foundation and enhance the overall stability of road embankment.


Corresponding author: S.H. El-Gioushy firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT: Two field experiments were conducted in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 cropping season, at the Experimental Farm of Heliopolis Univ., El-Sharqea Governorate, Egypt, in cooperation with the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University to study the influence of licorice aqueous extract at 0, 10, 20, and 40 g/l concentrations and Moringa ethanol extract at 0, 50, and 100 g/l concentrations and their interaction on essential oil content, essential oil composition, and chemical constituents of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) under sandy soil conditions, in a split plots design of 12 treatments with three replications for each treatment. The main plots were the concentrations of licorice aqueous extract, the subplots were the concentrations of Moringa ethanol extract. The results demonstrated that treating ajwain plants by spraying with the licorice aqueous extract at 40 g/l and Moringa ethanol extract at 100 g/l (L3 × M2) scored the highest values of the essential oil percent, oil yield/plant, and oil yield/fed. The same treatment (L3 × M2) was recorded the greatest values of the content of the pigment (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), also treating ajwain plants by the same treatment was given the highest carbohydrate in the two seasons. However, ajwain plants sprayed with licorice aqueous extract at 0.0 g/l or Moringa ethanol extract at 0.0 g/l (L0 × M0) lead to the lowest values of all the above-mentioned traits. In general, the main chemical constituents of ajwain essential oil were γ-terpinene, followed by thymol and p-cymene, along with αand β-pinenes, αthujene, myrcene, and Limonene.


The relative theory of labour relationship in nowadays is analyzed.There exists the system shortage,which makes the impossibility to explain the disharmonious of labour relationship.The system shortage in theory induces the institutional malfunction in practice,which is incarnated by the interior and exterior institutional malfunctions.The actuality of institutional malfunctions is analyzed.


Over the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in research on teacher knowledge about technology integration, namely Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). However, few studies have investigated how teachers transform their teaching with technology. To fill this gap, the present study adopted the Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition (SAMR) model to investigate the degree to which four Taiwanese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers enacted their TPACK in the context of teaching English with iPads, as well as identified contextual factors that might influence the levels of their TPACK enactments. Results suggested that, although some of the teachers' iPad-based teaching indicated their competency in transforming their teaching, their teaching was predominantly enhanced by the tablets as a substitute to deliver linguistic input to their students in conventional teacher-centred classrooms. In addition, students' access to iPads and a wireless network was considered essential. This technological problem might constrain the teachers from enacting TPACK towards the higher levels of the SAMR scale. This study contributes to the literature on TPACK by providing empirical evidence on investigating the levels of TPACK enactments using the SAMR model.


This article describes a performance comparison between different multi-core architectures while processing an image segmentation algorithm which is often used in computer vision and medical imaging. STI Cell processor, Graphic Processing Units (GPU) and SIMD architectures were benchmarked. Key bottlenecks of the application have been evaluated for each architecture showing which kind of approach best fits each one of them. GPU implementation was made through fragment pipeline in a data-parallel paradigm using NVidia's Cg language. Cell's implementation used SIMD, parallelism and double-buffering techniques. Mean segmentation times for a 256x256 RGB were: 3.3 ms in a CPU, 2.4 ms in a CPU with SIMD extensions, 1.0 ms in a GPU (8 pixel shaders), 0.87 ms in a PS3 Cell processor (6 SPE's) and 0.4 ms in another GPU (32 pixel shaders), which encourages the adoption of parallel approaches in this application. The main bottleneck has been identified as memory transfers. Source code has been made available at http://code.google.com/p/ps3hacking/.


Dispatches from the battleground of black ideas and identity From the lone outcry of Richard Wright's Black Boy to the chorusing voices of Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March, Critical Memory looks across the past half-century to assess the current challenges to African American cultural and intellectual life. As Houston A. Baker recalls his own youth in Louisville, Kentucky, and Washington, D.C., he situates such figures as Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Shelby Steele, O.J. Simpson, Chris Rock, and Jesse Jackson within such issues as the embattled state of African American manhood and the ""financing and promotion of black intellectuals."" The ""memory"" of the book's title is doubly ""critical."" It is imperative, Baker says, that we keep alive the ""embarrassing, macabre, and always bizarre"" memory of race in America. In another respect, the remembering must be pointed and keen enough to discern truth from its often highly politicized, commercialized trappings. Throughout the book, Baker returns again and again to the triad of race, ""likability"" (the compromises by which one gains credibility in white America), and ""clearance"" (the separation of blacks from the ""rights, spaces, and privileges of American citizenship""). These concepts, Baker argues, gird the meritocracy, still in force, that claimed progress in granting black men like his father the freedom to work themselves to death behind a desk instead of a mule.


A generic synopsis is provided for Galvezia Dombey ex Juss. (Plantaginaceae: Antirrhineae), a genus of shrubs with red to white, tubular flowers endemic to coastal Ecuador and Peru and the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Galvezia elisensii M.O. Dillon & Quipuscoa, a new cryptic species, is described from southern Peru, bringing the total number of species to four.


An advisory research for Company X which by establishing a model and fundamental problems uses key performance indicators to advise on future improvement and measurement.


We present the first observation and cross section measureme nt of exclusive photon pair production in proton-antiproton collisions at p s = 1.96 TeV taken by the Run II Collider Detector at Fermilab. We select events with two electromagnetic showers, each with transverse energy ET > 2.5 GeV and pseudorapidity jηj< 1.0, with no other particles detected in −7.4 < η < +7.4. The two showers have similar ET and have Δφ � π. A subset of those events having charged tracks are consistent with the QED process p ¯ p ! p+ e + e − + ¯ p by two-photon exchange, giving confidence in the selection methods for the exclusive diphoton events. A subset without any charged tracks are candidates for the exclusive process p+ ¯ p ! p+ γγ + ¯ p. Data from wire chambers near electromagnetic shower maximum shows that a possible background from exclusive π 0 π 0 production is consistent with zero, as expected, and other backgrounds are negligible. The events are explained as the double pomeron exchange process (D IP E): IP + IP ! γ+ γ, observed here for the first time. The measured cross section is in agreement with a perturbative QCD calculation. This process is closely related to exclusive Higgs bos on production p+ p! p+ H+ p, that could be observed at the LHC.


Rosmarinic acid, a caffeic acid ester and a component of several members of the Lamiaceae family including Rosmarinus officinalis, Perilla spp., and Salvia officinialis, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is used for the treatment of asthma and reactive airway diseases, allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis, otitis media, chemical sensitivity and multiple allergen reactivity. Rosmarinic acid can be used alone or in combination with other agents such as antioxidants, essential fatty acid supplements and other plant derived products. Rosmarinic acid can be administered orally and no adverse drug interactions have been reported. Nausea or mild stomach upset has been reported in sensitive patients in association with its oral intake and it is therefore recommended that Rosmarinic acid be ingested with food. Rosmarinic acid has shown free radical scavenging ability and suppression of allergic immunoglobulin and inflammatory responses of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which may underlie its effectiveness in the treatment of allergic disorders, as demonstrated in clinical trials. Rosmarinic acid is a valuable agent for the treatment of allergic conditions, which is of importance considering the recent increase in the incidence of allergies, asthma and lung diseases associated with airborne pollutants.


This thesis will investigate the option to implement onsite renewable and efficient energy systems in an urban area in the UK. This is in order to lower the carbon dioxide emissions for a resid ...


With the rapid development of the Computer-To-Plate (CTP) technology, the detection and control of the dot area coverage on the plate become one of the key technologies to control quality during printing and copy processes. With regards to the characteristic of low contrast in plate image and fuzzy dot edge, the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm is proposed to segment the microscopic image on the plate in this paper. In order to obtain better result, the comparison among the FCM clustering algorithm, the weighted FCM clustering algorithm based on two-dimensional histograms, and the weighted FCM clustering algorithm based on two-dimensional histograms and adaptive smoothing factor m is carried out. Experimental results are given to demonstrate more accurate segmentation of the plate microscopic image with the help of specially designed pre-processing method on the weighted FCM clustering algorithm based on two-dimensional histograms and adaptive smoothing factor m.


Novel foods have been the object of intense public debate in recent years. Despite efforts to communicate the outcomes of risk assessments to consumers, public confidence in the management of potential risks has been low. Various reasons behind this have been identified, chiefly a disagreement between technical experts and consumers over the nature of the hazards on which risk assessments should focus, and perceptions of insufficient openness about uncertainties in risk assessment. Whilst previous research has almost exclusively focused on genetically modified foods, the present paper investigates plant varieties developed by means of mutation breeding, a less‐debated class of novel foods. Two studies were conducted that investigated the mental models of experts and laypeople. The results revealed that the mental models of both groups differed in terms of scope, depth and the role of uncertainty. Furthermore, a number of misconceptions became apparent in the study of laypeople's mental models, often related to the regulatory system governing risk assessments of novel foods. Critical issue are outlined and communication needs are discussed.


Bioactive peptides play an important role in targeting cancer cells. Venom protein from Naja sumatrana can be explored as a source of bioactive peptides. This research aims to identify and study the molecular docking of bioactive peptides (BPs) from trypsin hydrolysate of N. sumatrana venom protein which was fractionated using an SPE C18 column. The venom of N. sumatrana was hydrolyzed with trypsin enzyme. The protein hydrolysate was then fractionated using an RP-SPE HyperSep Retain PEP column, and the peptide fractions were tested for their anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Identification of peptides in the active fraction was carried out through high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identified peptides were molecularly docked with the EGFR receptor using AutoDock Vina. The results showed that the degree of hydrolysis was 74.7%. The 75% methanol fraction is the active fraction against MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value of 4.80 μg/mL and a selectivity index of 5.00. Peptide-active anticancer fractions with the sequence of NSLLVK, SSLLVK and TVPVKR were successfully identified and exhibited high binding affinity values, good RMSD values, and the most suitable model for the epidermal growth factor receptor.


The zoeae of mud crab Scylla paramamosain were infected with bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V.alginolyticus in 5 L containers at water temperature of 25~26 ℃,and a salinity of 30.1 by bath and oral challenge of Srtemia carrying pathogenic Vibrio.The results showed that 24 h median lethal concentration(LC50) of V.parahaemolyticus was found at 4.03×105 cfu/mL for zoea stage 1,7.67×105 cfu/mL for zoea stage 2,8.56×105 cfu/mL for zoea stage 3,1.98×106 cfu/mL for zoea stage 4 and 8.99×106 cfu/mL for zoea stage 5,and 24 h median lethal concentration(LC50) of V.alginolyticus was found at 5.76×106 cfu/mL for zoea stage 1,7.64×106 cfu/mL for zoea stage 2,7.92×106 cfu/mL for zoea stage 3,1.02×107 cfu/mL for zoea stage 4 and 6.02×107 cfu/mL for zoea stage 5.In the oral administration,the mortality was shown to be increased as extension of test time and increase in feeding frequency.The mortality was lower in the zoeae infected by Vibrio in the mixed infection group(concentration ratio= 1∶1) than in the V.parahaemolyticus infection group at the concentration of 5×106 cfu/mL,and higher than in the V.alginolyticus infection group.


In this paper we present a direct computational method for calculating thermal transfer impedances between two separate locations of a given physical structure aimed at the implementation into a field-solver based on the SUNRED (SUccessive Node REDuction) algorithm. The paper describes a further reduction method in complex frequency space based on Hankel singular values. We tested the method on a typical MCPCB assembled LED structure in 2D. With that model we were able to comparise the results from analytical calculations and from that approximations. The results show that the approximation method is very accurate, the calculated error were below 2 %.


This volume focuses on the development of methods, for predicting the behaviour of materials, so as to be able to design materials having specific properties. This requires a multi-scale material modeling framework that is based upon the fundamental laws of physics and links the electronic modeling hierarchy all the way from the atomistic and mesoscale modeling regimes up to macroscopic material behaviour. It is evident that such a framework cannot be based upon rigid formal parameterizations alone, but must emerge from a detailed understanding of the mechanistic behaviour of materials, a profound knowledge of material properties and metallurgical trends, and must take account of the processing of materials as the basis of dynamic structure/property relationships.


Chromosome abnormalities influence prognosis and tumour progression in B‐cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL). This study sought to determine whether these different disease subgroups were associated with unique gene expression patterns. Thirty‐four cases of CLL were screened for the 11q23, 13q14, 17p13 deletions, and trisomy 12 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Expression of 205 cell signalling and apoptosis genes were compared by cDNA array among cases with different chromosome abnormalities. A majority of the statistically differentially expressed genes were present in the 11q23 deletion group by hierarchical clustering. CDC2, a serine/threonine kinase, was overexpressed in the 11q23 deletion group (P = 0·0004) and confirmed by TaqmanTM real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Several other genes associated with cell signalling were overexpressed in the 11q23 deletion group. A strong overall correlation existed between the presence of different chromosome abnormalities and a number of prognostic factors including immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutation status (P = 0·011), time to treatment (P = 0·025) and lymphocyte doubling time (P = 0·034). This study confirmed the prognostic impact of chromosome abnormalities identified by FISH in CLL, particularly the 11q23 deletion and trisomy 12. In addition, the 11q23 deletion group was associated with a unique gene expression pattern involving cell signalling and apoptosis genes.


The Haniwa belong to one kind of terracotta figurines made in ancient Japan, which have been scanned and saved as 3D models composed of point cloud and triangular meshes for archaeology research. In order to align and analyze the face parts of the Haniwa, this paper proposes an ellipsoid-fitting-based segmentation method to extract the nose points, and a hole detection method to locate the contours of eyes and mouth. Our experiments show the proposed methods can be used to achieve the face alignment for the Haniwa with high precision, and make the corresponding face analysis a reality.


The objectives of this research are: 1) to develop of learning book based on guided inquiry; (2) to investigate the feasibility of learning book based on guided inquiry; and (3) the effectiveness of learning book based on guided inquiry for the students achievement on the topic Water Cycle for Grade V of Elementary School. The research used the Research and Development (R&D) method, which referred to the model claim by Thiagarajan (4D), namely: (1) Define; (2) Design; (3) Development; (4) Disseminate. The respondents of learning book development included field testing respondents consisting 2 validates and 2 practitioners, limited-scale main field testing respondents consisting 8 students, and operational field testing respondents consisting of 28 students in class existing learning. The data of research were gathered through questionnaire, observation, in-depth interview, and test. They were analyzed by using the descriptive qualitative method. Meanwhile, the result of cognitive learning was analyzed by using normalized N-gain to investigate the effectiveness of the developed learning model; Paired Sample T test to investigate the students achievement prior to and following the model use; Independent t test and Anava, to investigate the difference of the result of existing learning class, module class, and that of aggregation class. The results of research are as follows: 1) The product developed is the learning book which is in accordance with guided inquiry, it has student's work sheet, and it is contextual; 2) The result of learning book based on guided inquiry is feasible to be applied on the topic of Water Cycle. Therefore, it is feasible to be used in Elementary School. 3) The results of the effectiveness of the developed learning book based on guided inquiry are indicated by the average scores of the knowledge learning result obtained by the existing control class and book class. In term of attitude learning result, the control class has more students who obtain the very good score (72,65) than the learning book class (65,65) in each aspect. In term of skill learning result, the average score of the students of the control class is higher than that of the book class. Based on the results of research a conclusion is drawn that the characteristics of the developed by guided inquiry-based learning book, it has student's work sheet, and it is contextual. Therefore, it is feasible and effective to improve the student's achievement on the topic Water Cycle for Grade V of Elementary School.


On April 20, 2015, the US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG), the Association of Healthcare Internal Auditors (AHIA), the American Health Lawyers Association (AHLA), and the Health Care Compliance Association (HCCA) jointly released an educational resource for governing boards (Boards) titled Practical Guidance for Health Care Governing Boards on Compliance Oversight (Compliance Oversight Guidance).


The article studies the local and the temporal lexis paradigm in «The war poetry» by O. Honchar. There are analyzed the artistic functions, peculiarities of usage, the stylistic connotations, the expression and the potential, the variation of the local and the temporal lexis paradigm in the poetry. The usage of the paradigm first of all depends on the contents and the theme of the belle-letter, the author's idea that leads to certain functioning of the local and the temporal lexis paradigm, the organization of peculiarities of the paradigm in the poetry. The using of each lexeme well thought out by the author, and every lexeme illustrates the wide range of imaginative transformations, as well as close interaction with other lingual and extralingual factors. The study establishes the frequency dynamics and paradigm scope amplitude depend on linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The figurative potential of each of the lexeme used by the author was described in ths article with figurative transformations and symbolism being the most frequent. The dynamics and the amplitude of the paradigm preferences in his every collection and his creative activity on the whole were determined. Being bright, significant and active indicators of the specific nature of O. Honchar's writing, the lexeme s reveal the subtext and the author's conception.


With the good performance of real-time,network rate,reliability and flexibility,FlexRay bus is increasingly applied in automobile control bus.The messages transfer between FlexRay and CAN or LIN need to be solved urgently.This thesis presents a bus adapter based on the Seeming Frame Header which used to realize the protocol conversion between FlexRay and CAN or LIN.The adapter encloses the data or ID information directly with Tunneling Technology.The function and the effect were proved by the application on the hybrid electrical vehicle.The paper can reduce processing complexity of the software in adapter and the delay of the whole network.


College student Party construction is a systematic work involving selecting,education,cultivation,determination,management and construction,should be finished by different stage,step and level.With the development of society and the deepening of higher education reform,there have been some weak points in college student Party construction.Universities and colleges should update work mode to improve the effectiveness in accordance with the reality of the world,the country and the Party.


T his year's World Water Day focused on the food-water nexus with the theme "Water and Food Security: The World is Thirsty Because We are Hungry." While much of the emphasis under this theme focused on the quantities of water used for food produc tion, the quality of water is also important to that function. Water quality can also have sig nificant effects on health. In this context, the quality of irrigation water can have profound impacts on the microbiological integrity of food. Irrigation water has been implicated as a


This authoritative, over-sized biographical history of our national pastime offers personality profiles and original summaries of the contributions made by more than 1,500 players, managers, owners, front office executives, journalist/writers, and fans to the development and enjoyment of baseball.


Coalition formation is a key topic in multi-agent systems. Coalitions enable agents to achieve goals that they may not have been able to achieve on their own. Some previous papers have shown problems in coalition games to be computationally hard. Woolbridge and Dunne [10] studied the computational complexity of several natural decision problems in Coalition Resource Games (CRGs) games in which each agent is endowed with a set of resources and coalitions can bring about a set of goals if they are collectively endowed with the necessary amount of resources. However such hardness results consider the entire input as one and we lose out on using structural information hidden in input. In case of coalition resource games this bundles together several distinct elements of the input e.g. the agent set, the goal set, the resources etc. Shrot, Aumann and Kraus [6] examine the complexity of coalition formation problems in the CRG model as function of distinct input elements using the theory of Parameterized Complexity. Their refined analysis shows that not all parts of input act equal some instances of the problem are actually tractable.


Developing predictive models is a complex task since it deals with the uncertainty and the stochastic behavior of variables. Specifically concerning commodities, accurately predicting their future prices allows us to minimize risks and establish more reliable decision support mechanisms. Although the discussion on this question is extensive, there is academic attention being paid to the construction of nonparametric models applied to energy markets, as they have presented promising predictive results, what justifies the present study. This paper applies classical statistical models and Dynamic Time Scan Forecasting (DTSF) to the short-term electricity market prices, in Brazil, from 2006 to 2019. DTSF consists of scanning a time series and then identifying past patterns (so-called "matches"), similar to the last available observations. We predict Brazilian electricity spot prices, according the most similar matches, using aggregation functions, such as median. Recent research on the electricity spot market is increasing, indicating research significance. Our predictive approach exhibited greater accuracy than seminal statistical models. Our approach was designed for a high frequency series. Its predictive performance remained robust when other models presented both high predictive errors (spring), as well as when those models are highly accurate (winter). For future research, we recommend a more finely-tune study on DTSF parameters.


The Yuan Dynasty was one established by Mongolian nobles. Racial discrimination determined that intel-lectuals of the Han nationality received extremely unfair treatment in the Yuan Dynasty. During this specific historical time, literati were burdened with heavy hearts. The mentality of literati of the Yuan Dynasty has been a hot issue for aca-demic research recent years. Their mentality was given display in the variety plays of the Yuan Dynasty.


Education is one of the duties of museum.Museum takes the superiority and has also played an important role in juvenile education,although,on the whole,it is still in the stage of exploration and with gaps between museums,especially in the aspects of youngsters-oriented service,network propaganda,volunteer organization and financial input,etc.Therefore,in the new era,museum should take some actions such as improving youngsters-centered service,taking education suited to each individual,encouraging participation,innovating exhibition,developing network education,increasing financial input through various channels,so as to promote the juvenile education.


The research clarifies transition strategy towards sustainable Eco urbanism, and what spinoff the reliable Universal Criteria, in addition to concept the managing of sustainability transition in cities. The aim of the research is to present and elaborate a proposed model for managing the sustainable transformation of Egyptian cities, so that they are suitable to deal with and apply to most existing and new urban communities, with a view to transforming them into sustainable environmental cities and communities, by working to develop a future vision for the sustainable image that the city will reach, dependent on Scientific foundations and an understanding of the problems these regions suffer from, to explain sustainability strategies in light of the general data for these areas and the current and future needs of the population and the available capabilities. The proposed paradigm consists of ten consecutive stages of operations and is related to each other, where the subsequent stage is based on the data of the previous stage, and the success of the previous stage has a positive impact on the success of the subsequent stage and vice versa.


In their very reader-friendly five-part book, two divorce attorneys discuss the collaborative method of divorce which "allows each person in the couple to hire active legal representation. Stressing cooperation over confrontation and resolution over revenge . . . it gives the couple greater control . . . is generally less expensive and quicker . . . it benefits the children by keeping them out of the controversy" (pp. xiii-xiv). In the remainder of their book, they set out to demonstrate how this is so, but before they do, they give a bit of background about their own careers. Most pertinent for the reader is that Webb developed the collaborative approach to divorce in 1990, and Ousky has been working with him and this approach to divorce for a number of years. Webb and Ousky begin the substantive part of their discussion by outlining the basics of collaborative divorce in their first two chapters. These chapters, which comprise the first part of the book, compare the collaborative process to the more traditional, adversarial method of divorce. They discuss what types of couples might benefit from this approach to divorce and provide readers with a series of questions that will serve as a guide to determine whether this method is right for them. Important here is the fact that they emphasize that the collaborative divorce process is not for everyone and that certain criteria (e.g., there are no power imbalances in the relationship) must be met before embarking on this process. Readers are also directed to a Web site (www.collaborativepractice.com) which provides resources on collaborative divorce. The Web site itself is current, well organized, and contains a lot of useful information. Webb and Ousky also begin the introduction of cases to highlight the details of the collaborative divorce process. Unfortunately, the cases are brief, and there are little or no references to them in the main discussion. Part two discusses how to introduce the idea of collaborative divorce to your spouse and how to assemble a team of professionals to guide you through the process. Throughout their book, the authors focus on the welfare of the person and that is clearly seen in these two chapters. In their discussion of assembling a team of professionals, Webb and Ousky discuss the role of child specialists (e.g., therapists) and financial specialists, and how these individuals can assist families involved in the collaborative divorce process. The remaining nine chapters, in parts three and four, walk the reader through the collaborative divorce process. Here, they discuss the collaborative four-way meetings which are crucial to the divorce settlement process. Webb and Ousky discuss every imaginable aspect of these meetings. Once again, their focus on the person, and they highlight the importance of physical and psychological safety during the process, as well as the emotional aspects of the settlement process. The final section of their book is a series of appendixes. These appendixes include documents such as a collaborative law participation agreement, a sample budget to help with the financial settlements, and a list of questions to ask of attorneys that one might be interviewing as representation. This information is presented in a straightforward fashion and might be useful to those seeking a collaborative divorce. Although their writing quality is somewhat repetitive, I would direct a client or friend considering divorce to consider this approach, particularly if that individual has children. We are well aware as professionals, and for a good number of us, on a personal level, of the negative impact of divorce on those involved, particularly children. This approach, with its emphasis on cooperation, resolution, and the welfare of the person, may be a less detrimental one. Empirical evidence for the social science literature supports the authors' claims of the effectiveness of this method in terms of impact on the children and family finances (Greco, 2006; Warshak, 2003).


Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) has emerged as a flexible and cost-effective paradigm, enabling resource constrained mobile devices to offload, either partially or completely, computationally intensive tasks to a set of servers at the edge of the network. Given that the shared nature of the servers' resources introduces high computation and communication uncertainty, in this paper we consider users' risk-seeking or loss-aversion behavior in their final decisions regarding the portion of their computing tasks to be offloaded at each server in a multi-MEC server environment, while executing the rest locally. This is achieved by capitalizing on the power and principles of Prospect Theory and Tragedy of the Commons, treating each MEC server as a Common Pool of Resources available to all the users, while being rivarlous and subtractable, thus may potentially fail if over-exploited by the users. The goal of each user becomes to maximize its perceived satisfaction, as expressed through a properly formulated prospect-theoretic utility function, by offloading portion of its computing tasks to the different MEC servers. To address this problem and conclude to the optimal allocation strategy, a non-cooperative game among the users is formulated and the corresponding Pure Nash Equilibrium (PNE), i.e., optimal data offloading, is determined, while a distributed low-complexity algorithm that converges to the PNE is introduced. The performance and key principles of the proposed framework are demonstrated through modeling and simulation, while useful insights about the users' data offloading decisions under realistic conditions and behaviors are presented.


This paper will demonstrate how human-trafficking policy in the United States is a problem, even after various efforts throughout the government. By using public policy's rational model, this paper will provide alternatives to the current system in place on how to reduce the problem of modern day slavery. I will evaluate each alternative's degree of effectiveness, efficiency, administrative ease, and freedom. After evaluating all alternatives, this paper provides a policy for reducing human trafficking, which focuses on prosecuting the demand for human trafficking, as well as the providers. The implementation of this alternative would provide additional surveillance online, in working environments, and in medical facilities. Additional education on human trafficking would be required for doctors, law-enforcement agencies, and labor departments. REDUCING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES 3


A series of benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene derivatives substituted by electron-withdrawing imide and ester groups were systematically synthesized considering (i) number of imide and ester groups, (ii) five- and six-membered imide groups, and (iii) the peripheral positions. The spectroscopic, electrochemical, and photophysical properties of these molecules were investigated in full detail by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, quantum yield measurements of fluorescence and intersystem crossing, electron spin resonance (ESR), and density functional theory calculations. The synthetic introduction of proper substituents on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring therefore enables us to successfully control the electrochemical and photophysical behaviors. The steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra also become red-shifted and broadened as compared to those of reference unsubstituted benzo[ghi]perylene and coronene. Regarding the electrochemistry, with an increase in the ...


This catalog lists the holotypes of 66 species and allotypes of 18 species of Mallophaga deposited in the Bishop Museum. Locality data are provided, as are corrected or confirmed host identifications, for many ofthe types. The Mallophaga collection in the Bishop Museum contains approximately 500 named species identified by specialists, preserved on some 6000 slides and in alcohol. The actual number of identified specimens is many more than would be indicated by the number of slides because of the practice of mounting a specimen of each sex side by side on the same slide. Much additional material is identified only to generic level. The bulk ofthe collection derives from New Guinea and the Solomons, the Pacific Basin, and the Oriental Region. Particularly extensive collections from New Guinea are still being studied and a large collection of Philippine Mallophaga is virtually unworked. This catalog includes holotypes and allotypes of all species actually or reportedly deposited in the Bishop Museum. The type collection comprises holotypes of 66 species, with allotypes associated with 18 of these. Paratypes are not included herein; the collection houses paratypes of more than 75 species. Approximately 72% ofthe primary types are from New Guinea and the Solomons. The format follows that outlined in the Introduction to the Bishop Museum En tomological Type Catalog by Radovsky et al. (1976). Names are listed as originally published and are entered alphabetically under families, also arranged in alphabetical order. Locality and host information published in the original louse description has been supplemented with additional information where available. This was possible in many cases where hosts are deposited in Bishop. The most complete available collection data are listed on host catalog cards and, for the most part, locality data are added or corrected from that source. Information appearing in brackets ( ) herein was added by me and did not appear in the original description ofthe louse species. The section on Host Information in Tenorio (1976) described background, parasite collections, problems with field identifications of vertebrate hosts and other points relevant also to the Mallophaga Catalog. Only the essential points are repeated here. Hosts are given for each louse species and all host identifications are followed by the type host specimen number, where known. Host numbers prefixed by BBM or BM (usually followed by a geographic coding, as BBM-NG, signifying a Bishop New Guinea collection)


Mobile and wireless technologies have evolved beyond recognition since the first radio signals were transmitted by pioneers including Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi in the late nineteenth century. Radio waves have been used since then as a basis for telephony, audio and video broadcast, and navigation and radar systems. More recently, the advent of mobile phones and similar devices has transformed business and social interactions. Today, many of us use mobile access to the internet to communicate in real time across the globe, to access business and government services online, to shop, view, read, search, explore and even simulate physical activities. Internet access no longer depends on a wired system such as a modem connected to a telephone landline – rather, it can be achieved using a mobile enabled device whenever and wherever a mobile access point is available. Such access points or hot spots are now widely available in airports, hotels, educational institutions and other public buildings. Increasing numbers of wireless networks are being installed in commercial buildings and private homes. With increasing mobile access to wireless networks, the demarcation between public and private space is being redefined. This has important implications in terms of security for those who make a mobile access point available and for those who use it. The security and risk factors associated with mobile and wireless technologies need to be understood and addressed to ensure safe and secure business and personal use of mobile technologies.


This paper presents the free vibration analysis of the hard-coating splitter blisk (known as the splitter blisk deposited hard coating) and the damping-improved performance of the hard coating for vibration suppression of the splitter blisk. Based on the proposed energy-based finite element method by the energy considerations, complex modulus theory and composite Mindlin plate theory, the equations of motion of hard-coating splitter blisk are formulated. And, the complex solutions for free vibration problem are then solved, whose real and imaginary parts are closely related to natural frequencies and loss factors. Considering the academic splitter blisk deposited NiCoCrAlY+YSZ hard coating as the benchmark, the comparisons for vibration characteristics of hard-coating splitter blisk originating from different sources are performed for model validation, and the influence of hard coating on the dynamics of splitter blisk are also investigated. The numerical results reveal that the vibration amplitudes of splitter blisk are suppressed remarkably by the hard coating without altering natural frequencies significantly.


Hierarchical, modular specification of discrete-event models of fers a basis for reusable model bases and hence for enhanced simulation of truly varied design alternatives. We describe an envi ronment which realizes the DEVS formalism developed in Zeigler (1984) for hierarchical, modular models. It is implemented in PC-Scheme, a powerful Lisp dialect for microcomputers contain ing an object-oriented programming subsystem. Since both the implementation and the underlying language are accessible to the user, the result is a capable medium for combining simula tion modelling and artificial intelligence techniques. The envi ronment is developed in an object-oriented manner which lends itself to model base organization using the entity structure knowl edge representation. It also serves as a medium for developing hierarchical distributed simulation models and architectures.


Agriculture is the foundation of national economy. Therefore, countries all over the world—developed and developing countries—attach great importance to the sustainable development of agriculture. With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, advance applications are being designed to enhance agricultural economy. With the application of IoT, the production mode of traditional agriculture has been restructured and rationalized. Based on the applications of IoT in agriculture, this paper presents a method to automatically classify and recommend agricultural information. The standard domain-related theories and information service system are exploited to promote IoT technology in the construction of agricultural informatization. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model is used to classify agricultural information based on the vector file generated after preprocessing textual agricultural data. With the clustering method, the influence of unbalanced number of documents in the dataset is minimized. Finally, an information recommendation method based on multimodal interaction behavior is proposed for agricultural information recommendation. Potential features from textual information are extracted which are then fed to long short-term memory (LSTM) in connection with the interaction behavior. LSTM is used for the prediction of the possibility of interaction with respect to the information recommendations system. The experimental results show the feasibility of CNN in agricultural information classification problem. A commendable clustering accuracy is obtained for the agriculture category containing a large number of documents. However, the category with fewer documents is less clustered. The model may be used to effectively extract and classify agricultural information and has great significance in structuring and shaping agricultural information for convenient use in agricultural decision-making.


It is not known whether the histopathology of the liver allograft can be predicted from biochemical measurements in serum with the same confidence as in the native liver. To answer this question we compared the histopathological diagnoses in 170 biopsy specimens from 70 adult transplant recipients obtained during the first 180 days, with the concentrations of the serum bilirubin and the activities of AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase measured at the same time. The most frequent diagnosis was cholestasis (n = 45), which was mild, moderate or severe and which may have been complicated by rejection (n = 28) or ischemia (n = 14). Hepatitis (n = 14), ischemia with rejection (n = 6) and spotty focal necrosis (n = 6) were diagnosed less frequently. Fifteen biopsy specimens were reported as histopathologically normal. In general, biochemical measurements discriminated poorly between different histopathological diagnoses. The histopathologically normal liver often showed an abnormal pattern of enzymes and an increase in the serum bilirubin level. As a result histopathologically normal biopsy specimens were indistinguishable biochemically from those with hepatitis. When two pathological conditions were found to coexist (e.g., cholestasis with either rejection or ischemic necrosis, or ischemic necrosis with rejection), the effect on the serum biochemistry was usually not additive and in some instances returned the biochemical abnormalities toward normal. With the exception of the serum bilirubin level, which increased with the severity of uncomplicated cholestasis, we could not identify a specific pattern of biochemical changes corresponding to a given histopathological diagnosis. We suggest that until more specific noninvasive methods of monitoring the transplanted liver are developed protocol liver biopsies offer the best means of identifying significant pathological conditions in liver allografts. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:688–693.)


In this paper a new approach to image watermarking in wavelet domain is presented. The idea is to hide the watermark data in blocks of the block segmented image. Two schemes are presented based on this idea by embedding the watermark data in the low pass wavelet coefficients of each block. Due to low computational complexity of the proposed approach, this algorithm can be implemented in real time. Experimental results demonstrate the impercepti-bility of the proposed method and its high robustness against various attacks such as filtering, JPEG compres-sion, cropping, noise addition and geometric distortions.


offer an elegant technique for representing the levels of details present in an image. When an image is decomposed using wavelets, the low pass components carry more information than the high pass components. The possibility of better elimination of high pass components gives higher compression ratio for wavelet based techniques. To achieve higher compression ratio, various coding schemes have been considered. The study of 2-D Discrete Wavelet Technique (DWT) architectures reveals that there are two schemes for implementing DWT, one is based on convolution and other based on lifting scheme. . In the present paper a detailed study of the lifting compression scheme for satellite imageries has been carried out. A comparison between the performance of the lifting scheme and SPHIT technique has been made in the context of satellite imageries. For a given compression ratio, the PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) values are estimated for both the schemes to achieve better quality of the reconstructed image. The results of the analysis demonstrate that for both the schemes, the PSNR values increases with the level of decomposition. The results of the analysis further indicates that for satellite imageries, the lifting scheme is more efficient for obtaining higher compression ratio ~8 and better PSNR values ~29 for achieving good quality of the reconstructed image.


A recent article of Leon Livingstone rightly calls attention to the importance of Pérez Galdós' assimilation of Cervantine irony as a forerunner of the concern of modern Spanish novelists about the autonomy of their characters. The unreality of rationalism, which Livingstone holds to be the germ of El amigo Manso, the imagination's capacity to create reality at the heart of Misericordia, lead to the even bolder experiments in the artistic representation of reality undertaken by Unamuno, Azorín, Valle-Inclán, and Pérez de Ayala. Anomalous for his time yet so pervasive in his work is Galdós' employment of "interior duplication" that a separate study would contribute to our fuller understanding of his art as well as to our measure of the advances in the Spanish novel of the latter half of the nineteenth century. The present essay focuses on Galdós' developing skill with internal repetitions from La Fontana de Oro (publ. 1870), through the rich complexities of the novels written between 1886–89, to their almost stylized simplicity in El abuelo (1897). Always related to Cervantine irony, the variety of verbal echoes, the mirroring of one character in another, the unconscious illumination each may offer the other, underscore the increasingly intimate wedding of form and matter with which Galdós came to unfold his narratives.


Environment has been exploited by companies in different ways; it becomes their responsibility to compensate for this damage. Producing environment-friendly products and creating awareness among consumers conserve nature. This study compared the attitudes of consumers in urban and rural reveals that there does not seen any significant difference in attitudes of gender-wise people except after-use features of environment-friendly products. Urban people have more favorable attitude than rural.


This chapter addresses Article VI of the Colorado Constitution, which explains the judicial department and its powers. All aspects of trial and appellate judgeships are defined. Section 3 requires the supreme court to give advisory opinions "upon important questions upon solemn occasions when required by the governor, the senate, or the house of representatives." Sections 20 and 24 establish the system for filling vacancies in the courts. Judicial nominating commissions choose candidates from whom the governor appoints judges to two-year terms. Section 25 provides for elections on whether to retain judges after two years for full terms or after expiration of a full teem. Section 23 sets rules for retirement or removal of judges.


This article analyzes the long-run relationships linking long- and short-run interest rates for the Euro-wide aggregated variables. To this end, we extend the set of variables traditionally involved in the Campbell and Shiller (1987) framework for the term structure to add external macro variables (the exchange rate, U.S. inflation, and U.S. short-run interest rates). Our results support the expectations hypothesis and also stress the importance of accounting for foreign economy influences on European monetary policy, namely, the real exchange rate of the American dollar as well as real interest rates.


Novel monoalkyl end-capped poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (POXZ-C12 and POXZ-C18), with molecular weights varying from 5500 to 8500, were synthesized by the use of the "initiator method". The micellar behavior of these polymers in water was investigated by the fluorescence technique. Critical micelle concentrations are in the range of 0.007−0.4 g L-1 and are dependent on the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance. An aggregation number of 11 was determined for POXZ-C12. The structural properties of the aggregates have also been investigated by viscometry. Intrinsic viscosities of these polymers have been compared to the ones of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (POXZ). The POXZ-C12 aggregates show similar compactness as POXZ precursor chains, whereas POXZ-C18 aggregates are more expanded. Addition of β-cyclodextrin (CD) has dissociated the aggregates, and the intrinsic viscosities of the CD end-capped chains have become comparable to the ones of POXZ precursor chains.


Totalitarianism and individualism in psychology do not simply reflect two different schools. Rather, they embody entire philosophies which have political ramifications. Indeed, the psychological issues take on significance only when understood in this larger context. Herbert Marcuse devotes a good deal of Negations to an examination of the cultural and philosophical aspects of individualism and totalitarianism. In the lead essay, "The Struggle Against Liberalism in the Totalitarian View of the State," he describes individualism, or liberalism, in the following manner: "Liberalism was the social and economic theory of European industrial capitalism in the period when the actual economic bearer of capitalism was the 'individual capitalist,' the private entrepreneur in the literal sense. Despite structural variations in liberalism and its bearers from one country or period to another, a uniform foundation remains: the individual economic subject's free ownership and control of private property and the politically and legally guaranteed security of these rights."


Moderate cold weather areas in Colombia is characterized by different production systems highlighting avocado crops, tree tomato, pastures and forages for animal feed. Among the most limiting factors for its production is the weed plants. This study has as objectives to recognize associated weed and management practices, in addition to identifying the relations of these with the yield and the costs of production in avocado, tree tomato, pastures and forages crops. Municipalities were selected with moderate cold weather in Antioquia and in each one, three lots. With theses systems, all weeds were identified taxonomically, also management, yield and production costs were determined for each one. With the data of incidence, diversity, and practices of management of weeds and through a logistic regression model was evaluated its relation with the yield and costs of production. This work found that weeds associated with tomato crops, pastures and forages, present a greater imbalance with respect to the production system avocado, which gives rise to the lower diversity and high incidence of a few species for these systems. Meanwhile the practice is more widespread and higher cost generated was chemical control, although under avocado production system there are other management measures, as the use of mulches, mechanical control, among others. It is necessary to determine an integrated management plan for the weeds, in search of greater ecological sustainability and an economic and environmental use of the secondary species within agroecosystems.


Studies have focused on social presence and its meaning in both traditional face-to-face classroom settings as well as an online learning environment. Technology usage is increasing in classrooms, making opportunities for learning available to many more people than in prior years. The theme of social presence continues to be studied as an important element in fostering student learning and growth. In particular, the focus is on the meaning of social presence, how to develop it as an instructor or learner in the learning community, and how social presence can positively impact all members of the learning community. The main questions that this chapter addresses are: Why study social presence? What is the meaning of social presence? What is the research behind social presence? How does an individual cultivate and project social presence in a learning environment?


In this paper, a new behavioural model is proposed for calculating power losses in power semiconductor switches. In contrast to models existing in literature which mostly model losses only in terms of Ic/f , Vdc and Tj, this paper also takes into account Rg and Vge which heavily affect the losses but are generally neglected. Moreover, the model also calculates losses as a function of the chip area per switch, which makes this model ideal for calculating the optimum chip area for a given application. The accuracy of this model is experimentally demonstrated on a HybridPACK Drive FS820R08A6P2 power module from Infineon, and the model is found to offer significantly better accuracy compared to the existing models.


This study sought to determine if a high sodium (HS) intake attenuates upper limb flow mediated dilation in response to reactive (RH‐FMD) and sustained (SS‐FMD) hyperemia, and the role of oxidative stress in this response. Our hypothesis is HS intake will similarly impair upper limb vascular function when assessed as both RH‐FMD and SS‐FMD, and that this dysfunction will be reversed following acute antioxidant consumption.


Timpanaro recommends systematic use of pituitary preparations in the postpartum and postpartum periods. The author sees no contraindications to their use.


This book addresses the research into current hydraulic fracturing efforts occurring in Northeastern Pennsylvania, the evaluation of the data gathered, and the attempts to identify the environmental impact and affect on public health. Methane gas hydraulic fracturing in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale can provide a large economic benefit to the state, but the process can also bring health dangers and environmental changes that affect the human and wildlife populations. Hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation technique that is used to maximize the production of oil and gas in "unconventional" reservoirs such as shale, coal-beds, and tight sands. Specially engineered fluids with chemical additives are pumped into the well under high pressure to create and hold open fractures in the target formation. The process increases the flow of natural gas (or oil) to the wellbore for recovery. The chemicals used, the waste created, the disposal requirements, and "new" occurring illness in animals and humans in target areas are evaluated in this work.


This article explores the problems presented in educational reform litigation where plaintiffs disagree over the remedial objectives of the suit. Relying on reported decisions, interviews, and case histories, the paper first examines the conflicts that have surfaced within plaintiff classes, such as disputes over busing, mainstreaming, and deinstitutionalization. Discussion then focuses on the inadequacies of existing procedural mechanisms for coping with such conflicts. Of particular concern are information and incentive structures that prevent courts, counsel, and litigants from addressing or accommodating the full range of class interests. The article concludes by describing the bounded potential of procedural solutions in coping with class conflicts.


Report giving tables of the specific heat, cp, and the enthalpy of 28 metals, 3 alloys, 8 other inorganic substances, and 8 organic substances in the temperature range, 1o to 300o K.


Abstract : The ignition of heptane in mixtures containing oxygen and argon was studied behind reflected shock waves in 56 mm i.d. and 26 mm i.d. single-pulse shock tubes. The measurements covered the temperature range 1100-1700 K and reflected shock pressures varying from 2 to 12 atmospheres.


A remote displacement sensing system consists of two Fabry-Perot cavity and white light source is presented in this paper. A multimode optical fiber provides a link to the distance sensing cavity. A relative simple control electronics is used to adjust the reference cavity gap and make the system lock in the central coherent peak when the power turns on.


Mao Zedong's early education thought is the ideological system intact, with inherents logic connection of a structure abundant in content. Its main content is: Educate and save the nation, education is pursued strongly, educates the education purpose improved; Educate common people and pay attention to the education thought of running the school with democracy; Reform the old structure of education, innovate and run a school; Morally, intelligently and physically all-round developing policy for education; Method of pursuing scholarly work of the ones that study in all things all over the world. Its main characteristics are: criticizing, leading, class nature and practicality. Educational reform and development to study Mao Zedong's early education thought have played an important inspiring role for China.


Physical layer security (PLS) in wireless communication systems has attracted extensive research attentions in recent years. Unlike cryptography-based methods applied in upper-layer in network, PLS methods are applied in physical layers and can provide information-theoretic security by utilizing the randomness of signals and wireless channels. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review in the domain of physical layer authentication (PLA) in wireless communication systems, including the concepts, several key techniques of typical PLA architectures as well as future challenges and research trends in more sophisticated communication systems. The survey begins with an overview of the background and basic concepts of PLA, such as the general model of wireless security communication system, typical frameworks of key-based/less PLA systems, and the common attack models. We then discuss the major concerns and key techniques that are applied in PLA systems, where three types of authentication schemes are considered, i.e., the authentication based on channel information, radio-frequency and identity watermarks. Basic models and representative research results about key approaches and techniques applied to the authentication systems above are subsequently covered. Finally, the associated challenges and potential research trends of PLA in future communication systems are presented at the end of the survey paper.


Enacting a software process requires a dynamic generation of the next activities to be peiformed (based upon a static predefined model). Most real software processes can only be: coded effectively if new object types can be created dynamically, and if existing types can be altered dynamically (new sub-processes have to be created and must be linked in dynamically). Che may argue that statically defined models are preferred by software project managers. However, it is very difficult to foresee the object types which actually fit the requirements of software engineers. The great amount of proposed models in the litterature shows also that it is very hard to get an agreement on the useful type of objects. That is why we suggest to offer flexilbility in adapting existing shells to specific needs. Such a high degree of dynamism requires the availability of detailed and manipulable informations concerning the objects and their interrelationships, so that changes can be precisely specified and the ripple effects of changes can be accurately determined and compensated for. Hence, we suggest representing the software process through a multiform object encapsulating the various data items generated by this process (i.e specifications, prototype, documentation, test cases, code,...). In order to allow an accurate analysis of actual experiments, we propose recording both the semantic operations performed on such objects and their inter-relationships [RLL88,RuM90]. There is a general agreement of products centred software processes but most approaches focus rather on large grain components (e.g. modules [Naf90]). We argue that effective controlling of the modifications and refinements of process models instances need to pay careful attention to fine level components of process models.


Osteoporosis is an age‐related chronic condition characterized by low bone mineral density, especially in postmenopausal women. Certain nutritional factors can reduce the risk of osteoporosis and thereby reduce the risk of fractures. Isoflavones are compounds found in plants such as soy that are structurally similar to estrogen. Geniestein and daidzein are the two important soy isoflavones which may play a role in prevention of bone loss. These isoflavones may have superior health benefits in presence of prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS). The current study was designed to examine the bone protective effects of genistein and daidzein in the presence and absence of FOS in an ovariectomized (Ovx) rat model of osteoporosis. For this purpose, three month‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were either sham‐operated (Sham) or Ovx to induce bone loss. Rats were divided into seven groups with 12 rats per group: group 1 (Sham, control diet), group 2 (Ovx, control diet), group 3 (Ovx, daidzein‐rich isoflavones; 5 μg/g body weight), group 4 (Ovx, genistein‐rich isoflavones; 5 μg/g body weight), group 5 (Ovx, genistein‐rich isoflavones + FOS; 5 μg/g body weight), group 6 (Ovx, daidzein‐rich isoflavones; 10 μg/g body weight), and group 7 (Ovx, genistein‐rich isoflavones; 10 μg/g body weight). Animals were fed a semi‐synthetic‐powdered AIN‐93M diet. The dietary treatments began immediately after surgery and continued for 50 days, a period sufficient to detect treatment effects. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of whole body, tibia, femur, and 4th lumbar vertebra were measured using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Additionally, serum osteocalcin, serum total alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) were assessed. As expected, Ovx resulted in significant bone loss compared to the Sham. Ovx rats that received genistein plus FOS had significantly higher whole body BMD (P<0.05) in comparison to Ovx control rats. Additionally, genistein plus FOS completely prevented loss of 4th lumbar vertebral and left tibial BMD (P<0.05). The results suggest that genistein plus FOS prevented bone loss, in part, by maintaining high rate of bone formation as evidenced by higher serum levels of ALP and osteocalcin. The overall findings of this study suggest that beneficial effect of genistein on bone is profoundly affected by FOS; however, the mechanism of action needs further investigation.


Historically seismic data processing has relied on the acoustic approximation to process single component data under the simplifying assumption that the recorded wavefield consists mainly of compressional wave modes. With the advancement of multicomponent seismic technology there is an increased need for purpose-built processing tools to improve the quality of the data while considering its vector-elastic nature. Past research in this field resulted in the extension of several key processing steps from the scalar-acoustic to the vector-elastic case. These steps included elastic redatuming, noise attenuation, deconvolution, full waveform inversion and imaging. This thesis is focused on the extension of two other important processing steps to the vector-elastic case: regularization, which compensates for poor spatial sampling of receivers and sources at the earth's surface, and least squares imaging, which compensates for poor illumination of the earth's subsurface. These two topics approach the processing of multicomponent seismic data from two very different approaches. In the extension of scalar reconstruction to the vector case a mathematical representation of multicomponent data in the Fourier domain is achieved via hypercomplex numbers; more specifically, the quaternions. Following the algebraic rules of quaternions it is possible for Fourier regularization algorithms to be adapted to the vector case. A different approach is necessary to extend acoustic least squares migration to the elastic case. In this case the acoustic wave equation must be substituted for the elastic wave equation within the single scattering approximation. This allows elastic wave equation modelling and migration linear operators to be built, providing the necessary tools to approach elastic imaging as


Introduction: We present a case of Primary cytomegalovirus infection presented in midtrimester with itching and obstetric cholestasis like picture. to the best of our knowledge the similarities between primary cMV and obstetric cholestasis, when presenting during pregnancy, have not been highlighted before in the literature. case report: A 36 year old lady presented to antenatal clinic at 23+4 weeks gestational age with intense itching. bile acids and ALt were raised so she was treated as obstetric cholestasis whilst other results were awaited. cytomegalovirus (cMV) antibodies, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM were positive despite being negative at booking, suggesting an acquisition of cMV at approximately 18 weeks gestation. this article highlights the details of her case including the management and consequences of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy. conclusion: this case report highlights the importance of the awareness of the clinicians with the condition as a differential diagnosis to obstetric cholestasis. cMV should be considered


This paper is founded on the belief that the concept of Networked Learning, especially as defined by some of its key protagonists, deserves wider uptake and consideration, not least in the Networked Learning Conference. I will therefore attempt to provide a number of suggestions as to how this could be achieved. These will be based around two approaches.
Firstly, to explore what might distinguish a student who had 'Networked Learned', and secondly, to broaden the usual meaning of the key concept of 'promoting connections' to consider factors which influence the take-up of Networked Learning. The intention is to promote discussion of the place of networked Learning amongst the community of its researchers and practitioners.


Polycrystalline BiFeO3 and Bi0.97Y3Fe0.95Mn0.05O3 (BYFMO) thin films were prepared by sol-gel spin coating technique. Structural and electrical properties of both the material were investigated. X-ray diffraction reveals the stable structure of BiFeO3 with the appearance of additional impurity phases after Y-Mn co-doping. Raman spectroscopy analysis indicates structural distortion without changing the structure in the co-doped film. The optical band-gap enhanced up to 2.37eV for Y-Mn co-doped film from the vicinity of parent compounds and can be useful for increasing the photocatalytic activity. Local bipolar resistive switching behavior investigated in Ag/BYFMO/FTO device structure through typical I-V curves. The Ag/BYFMO/FTO device switches from high resistance state (HRS) to low-resistance state (LRS) and finally restores at HRS. The SET and RESET for the studied devices observed at 1.3 V and 2.7 V respectively. Possible mechanisms for resistive switching behavior was explained through space charge limited current (SCLC) conduction mechanism. The oxygen vacancies play a crucial role in switching mechanism, and the switching behavior may be due to formation and rapturing of conducting filament bottom top and the bottom electrode through the dielectric medium.


The iodine–lithium exchange reaction on the 1,1-diiodoalkanes 17 at –110 °C is initiated by the irreversible formation of yellow iodine ate-complexes, which are slowly transformed into the α-iodoalkyllithium compounds 21.


The aim of the present study is to feature subsistence poultry breeding around a poultry matrix farm located in Balsas County – MA, based on aspects associated with infrastructure, management, nutrition and sanitation. The research followed a cross-sectional design through situation diagnostics, based on the quali-quantitative methodology. The study counted on structured and non-structured interviews, as well as on direct observations. In total, 40 subsistence poultry breeders concentrated in a 10-km area around the poultry matrix farm were interviewed for the research. Based on the results, the hen houses were rustic, the birds were allowed to walk free throughout the properties and had straight contact with birds from neighbor breeders, as well as with wild birds and domestic animals. Water quality control was not observed, the water was provided by a well in 95% of the cases (n=38) and was stored in old tires or in plastic containers. It was also possible observing the use of fertilizer containers as feeders and water fountains for the poultry. In conclusion, the management system implemented in subsistence poultry breeding farms can lead to health issues, including the introduction of exotic diseases in these farms and in the poultry matrix farm. It is recommended to take actions to encourage small breeders in the area through public policies, mainly through policies focused on technical assistance, zootechnical guidance and education in sanitation procedures, in order to turn these subsistence activities into a new source of income to producer families.


In this paper, two mode-coupling analyses for the nonlinear excitation of the geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) in tokamak plasmas by drift waves are presented. The first approach is a coherent parametric process, which leads to a three-wave resonant interaction. This investigation allows for the drift waves and the GAMs to have comparable scales. The second approach uses the wave-kinetic equations for the drift waves, which then couples to the GAMs. This requires that the GAM scale length be large compared to the wave packet associated with the drift waves. The resonance conditions for these two cases lead to specific predictions of the radial wave number of the excited GAMs.


say he should be" (p. 146). This is not always true. Fictional literature, such as Shuo Yiieh chung-i chuan, the Feng shuang fei, and the P'i-pa chi, occasionally share with historiographies some of their conventions and prejudices. In fact, Mr. Ruhlmann himself indicates that "the later novels" and numerous ballads and plays do not show the degree of impartiality with which the historiographer, Ch'en Shou, handles the Three Kingdoms. Mr. Ruhlmann's use of the term ts'ai-tzu shu as the equivalent of yen-i or novel (p. 143) appears questionable. This term was coined by the ill-starred seventeendi-century writer, Chin Sheng-t'an, to serve as his stamp of approval for half a dozen works of widely divergent character, the Chuang-tzu (philosophical essay), the Li-sao (poetry), the Shih-chi (historiography), the poems of Tu Fu, the Shui-hu (novel), and the Hsi-hsiang chi (hsi or ch'u). Among these only the Shui-hu is a novel. In other words, while the Shui-hu is a ts'ai-tzu shu, not all the ts'ai-tzu shu are novels.


Through five international case studies, three Finnish and two Italian, some applications of territorial marketing adopted by the governments of Helsinki and Milan are identified and discussed. Support for the arts is generally cited as one of cities' investment priorities, one which requires careful planning if it is to fully develop benefits for residents and tourists. The cases studied concern contemporary art, and allow some of the causes of success and failure of implemented policies to be identified.


Summary form only given. Fuel Cell Energy (FCE), Inc. is a leading manufacturer of high-temperature internal reforming fuel cells for distributed power generation. FCE is currently developing a 625 kW power module fueled by naval logistics fuels for ship service applications. The design of this power generator includes provisions for desulfurization of NATO F-76 marine diesel fuel and preparation of methane-rich gas for use in the internal reforming Direct Fuel Cell/sup /spl reg// (DFC/sup /spl reg//). Non-thermal plasma technology provides an attractive alternative to conventional catalytic routes for steam reforming of high molecular weight hydrocarbon fuels such as diesel and naval distillates. The prospects for the development of the compact non-thermal plasma technology for the ship service fuel cell application are currently under investigation. We are using a plasma reactor with a large number of micro-rods, each of which generates a surface discharge that is similar to a dielectric barrier discharge. Each micro-rod consists of an inner conductor of small-diameter, which is connected to the discharge-sustaining high voltage. The inner conductor is surrounded by an insulating dielectric material. A bare wire, tightly wrapped around the insulated conductor, serves as the second electrode, which is typically grounded. A large number of these micro-rods are packed inside the plasma reactor. The surface discharges from the individual micro-rods overlap and form a more or less homogeneous plasma volume. The heated fuel/steam mixture is passed through the plasma reactor either in the direction of the micro-rods (parallel flow) or perpendicular to it (cross flow). Preliminary experiments indicate that this plasma reactor is capable of converting a significant fraction of the complex aromatic hydrocarbons in the diesel vapor into small, aliphatic hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane). Further details will be presented at the Conference.


OBJECTIVES/GOALS: My research aims to discover African American breast cancer genetic risk factors. Interested in genetic predisposition, I search for inherited variants that could explain why African American women are disparately diagnosed at younger ages and with aggressive subtypes compared to other ethnicities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our study cohort, the Alabama Hereditary Cancer Cohort (AHCC), consists of African Americans that have had a breast cancer diagnosis indicative of hereditary breast cancer. Whole genome sequencing is conducted for AHCC breast cancer cases. Hypothesizing that African American-specific protein-truncating variants explain inherited risk, our control cohort consists of whole exome sequencing data of (~2500) African Americans from the Type 2 Diabetes Exome Sequencing Project on dbGAP. Single variant and gene-based association tests are being conducted to identify risk variants/genes. Prime editing is conducted to introduce risk variants into cancer cell lines for functional analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary studies, involving 60 breast cancer cases, have already revealed multiple African American-specific genetic variants in the nuclear and mitochondrial genome that are statistically linked to breast cancer risk. We are in the process of increasing our breast cancer sample size, aiming for significantly higher confidence. Prime editing for selected novel variants has begun in breast cancer cell lines. Functional assays will then be carried out to observe differences in cell proliferation, cell migration, and spheroid formation in the genetically edited compared to unedited cell lines. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: African Americans are underrepresented in breast cancer research. This study reduces research participation gaps and identifies genetic risk variants, leading to better risk assessments and screening methods. Such discoveries can also lead to new therapeutic targets, reducing breast cancer deaths.