This report describes the approach to estimating the benefits and analysis results for the Heavy Vehicle Technologies activities of the Vehicle Technologies (VT) Program of EERE. The scope of the effort includes: (1) Characterizing baseline and advanced technology vehicles for Class 3-6 and Class 7 and 8 trucks, (2) Identifying technology goals associated with the DOE EERE programs, (3) Estimating the market potential of technologies that improve fuel efficiency and/or use alternative fuels, and (4) Determining the petroleum and greenhouse gas emissions reductions associated with the advanced technologies. In FY 08 the Heavy Vehicles program continued its involvement with various sources of energy loss as compared to focusing more narrowly on engine efficiency and alternative fuels. These changes are the result of a planning effort that first occurred during FY 04 and was updated in the past year. (Ref. 1) This narrative describes characteristics of the heavy truck market as they relate to the analysis, a description of the analysis methodology (including a discussion of the models used to estimate market potential and benefits), and a presentation of the benefits estimated as a result of the adoption of the advanced technologies. The market penetrations are used as part of the more » EERE-wide integrated analysis to provide final benefit estimates reported in the FY08 Budget Request. The energy savings models are utilized by the VT program for internal project management purposes. « less


Introduce working mechanism,advantage and technical indexs of hydraulic telecontrol belt filter press YDYY-3000.According to comparing the effect of those two presses,take the conclusion that YDYY-3000 has higher efficiency,great effect in continuous operation and large handling capacity,all those promise the good running of production.This filter press has helped save flocculant cost 30800 yuan per year,achieve the purpose of downsizing staffs and improving efficiency,saving electricity and energy,get remarkable economic benefits.


Neighbourhood built environment and infrastructure influence health status. Greater walkability, green spaces and healthy food accessibility can enhance healthy lifestyles. While health promotion programs (HPPs) have been shown to improve population's health, little is known about the reciprocal influences between the built environment and quality and distribution of HPPs across a city.

 HPPs operating in Jerusalem focusing on healthy diet and physical activities were located and evaluated for quality using the European Quality Instrument for Health Promotion (EQUIHP) in 2017. HPPs location, intervention type and characteristics of the target population were documented. Using Geographic Information System (GIS), we combined infrastructure data from the Jerusalem Municipality and socioeconomic score (1 lowest - 10 highest) from Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics. Associations between distribution and quality of HPPs and the built environment at the neighbourhood (n = 115) level and municipal planning area level (7 areas) were assessed.

 Overall 93 HPPs operating in 349 locations and serving 582,500 adult residents, were identified in Jerusalem. Higher HPP quality, at the municipal planning area, was associated with higher density of HPPs, longer bike or walking lanes and fewer food stores. Positive significant (p < 0.05) correlations, at a neighbourhood level, were found between neighbourhood EQUIHP median scores and HPPs targeting women (0.262), participants < 60 years old (0.324) and the Arab ethnicity (0.473). Linear regression showed a significant (p = 0.01) decrease of 0.015 in median EQUIHP score at a neighbourhood level for each increase in socioeconomic status score (p = 0.036).

 A comprehensive evaluation of HPP quality, spatial and sociodemographic information demonstrates an association of HPP access and quality with the built environment. Fortunately, in Jerusalem high quality programs are designed for populations at need.

 In Jerusalem, the quality of health promotion programs measured by the EQUIHP score, was positively associated with infrastructure features promoting physical activity and lower neighbourhood SES. In Jerusalem, higher quality of health promotion programs focusing in nutrition and physical activity were designed for populations at need.


Studies of the land use/land cover are the basis to research the changes of ecological environment in Three Gorges reservoir Area. At present the Three Gorges reservoir area has become a regional research hot spot of land-use change. Current research has confirmed the construction of the Three Gorges Project which has brought some influence on land use and land cover. The main land use change is the transformation of arable land to construction land,and its surface area of river increases obviously. However,there still lacks of sufficient awareness of spatial pattern and spatial variability of the land use/land cover change and the ecological environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area. More attention should be paid to the comparative study of land use/cover before and after the impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir,the land use change in comparison with the evaluation of land ecological security in resettlement area,as well as the simulation study of future land use/cover patterns and changes,in order to forecast and control the future trend of land use/land cover change,and on this basis to further clarify the relations among the land use/land cover,soil erosion,reservoir water environment,land use ecological safety,global change and the Three Gorges reservoir sustainable use.


In order to efficiently remove NOMs in natural surface water and alleviate membrane pollution at the same time, a flat microfiltration ceramic membrane (CM) was modified with MnFeOX (Mn-Fe-CM), and a coagulation–precipitation–sand filtration pretreatment coupled with an in situ ozonation-ceramic membrane filtration system (Pretreatment/O3/Mn-Fe-CM) was constructed for this study. The results show that the removal rates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) and NH4+-N by the Pretreatment/O3/Mn-Fe-CM system were 51.1%, 67.9% and 65.71%, respectively. Macromolecular organic compounds such as aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products (SMPs) were also effectively removed. The working time of the membrane was about twice that in the Pretreatment/CM system without the in situ ozone oxidation, which was measured by the change in transmembrane pressure, proving that membrane fouling was significantly reduced. Finally, based on the SEM, AFM and other characterization results, it was concluded that the main mitigation mechanisms of membrane fouling in the Pretreatment/O3/Mn-Fe-CM system was as follows: (1) pretreatment could remove part of DOC and SUVA to reduce their subsequent entrapment on a membrane surface; (2) a certain amount of shear force generated by O3 aeration can reduce the adhesion of pollutants; (3) the loaded MnFeOX with a higher catalytic ability produced a smoother active layer on the surface of the ceramic membrane, which was conducive in reducing the contact among Mn-Fe-CM, O3 and pollutants, thus increasing the proportion of reversible pollution and further reducing the adhesion of pollutants; (4) Mn-Fe-CM catalyzed O3 to produce ·OH to degrade the pollutants adsorbed on the membrane surface into smaller molecular organic matter, which enabled them pass through the membrane pores, reducing their accumulation on the membrane surface.


Propagations models are tools to emulate the behavior of electromagnetic waves when propagating through a specific type of terrain. Frequency of transmission, height of the transmitting and receiving antennas, constructions, traffic, uneven ground, density and type of vegetation are all factors with influence over a propagating signal and they appear on the propagation models with different contributions. There is a extensive research in this field, with different models made to specific areas, such as outdoor urban, suburban or rural areas and indoor type of areas, such as offices, auditoriums and halls.
In order to study the mobile radio signal coverage in a vegetation environment such as parks and parking lots, a measurement campaign was made in Clube Naval Charitas, Niteroi city, Rio de Janeiro, in the frequency bands of 850 MHz and 2600 MHz, for fixed heights of the transmitter and receiving antennas.
Through the data processing of the measurements, several models were adjusted to the experimental curve of the received signal with the goal to decide what propagation model is best adequate to the sounded environment.


In this study, the vibration of functionally graded porous truncated conical shell reinforced with graphene platelets (GPLs) is investigated. The GPLs nanofillers and pores are considered to be uniform and nonuniform throughout the thickness direction. Using Hamilton's principle, the governing equations are derived based on Love's first approximation theory. The generalized differential quadrature method is applied to solve the governing equations of motion and to obtain the natural frequencies of the shells for various boundary conditions. Applying the Halpin–Tsai model and the rule of mixture, the effective elastic modulus, the Poisson's ratio and the density of nanocomposite shell reinforced with GPLs are computed. The effects of porosity coefficients, distribution patterns of porosity, GPL weight fraction, geometry and size of GPLs, semi-vertex angle as well as boundary conditions on the natural frequency of the system are analyzed. It was observed in the results that the shells with symmetric porosity distribution reinforced by graphene platelet pattern A predict the highest natural frequencies. Furthermore, it was found that the natural frequencies of nanocomposite conical shell can be decreased by increasing the porosity coefficient. Besides, the geometry and size of GPLs as well as weight fraction of GPLs have significant effects on the natural frequencies.


This study of the chief executives of large corporations over the period from 1900 to 1950 introduces specific evidence both to support and explain the thesis, hitherto vaguely entertained by many students of business, that administration of such corporations is rapidly becoming a profession.


The world becoming a global village comes with its challenges. One of such challenge is that both local and international manufacturing firms are engaged in fierce competition of winning customer's loyalty through Total Quality Management (TQM). The methodology of this paper used both questionnaire and statistical tools like t-test, F-test, ANOVA, regression and correlation analysis to study the components of TQM and how they affect effective delivery of manufacturing projects. The result of analysis indicates that staff training, staff empowerment, genuine quality culture, top management support, quality-based custom design and product improvement are critical to effective delivery of manufacturing projects. It is therefore very important that for the transformation of the nation, manufacturing sector of the Nation must imbibe the culture and practice of Total Quality Management in their product development and delivery.


An efficient configuration method of a biogas-fuelled cogeneration system (CGS) in a sewage treatment center was investigated. The efficient configuration was clarified by classifying a relationship between exhaust heat recovery efficiency ( η ehr ) of a micro gas turbine CGS, and the ratio of average heat demand to biogas production of the facility ( Q h.d /Q b.p ). It was found that on the point of view of biogas energy recovery, reduction of unutilized biogas and electrical power demand efficiencies, the most efficient CGS was obtained under Q h.d /Q b.p = η ehr condition. If a CGS with lower η ehr such as a fuel cell is used under Q h.d /Q b.p < η ehr condition, or a CGS with higher η ehr such as a steam turbine is used under Q h.d /Q b.p > η ehr condition, more efficient system can be obtained. On the other hand, suggestion for more efficient system when η ehr cannot be conformed to the Q h.d /Q b.p value was also presented.


Objective To study the misdiagnostic cause and MRI findings of radiatimyeloencephalic lesion.Methods Clinical and MRI characteristics of 38 cases with radiation myeloencephalic lesion fyom 1995 to 2000 in our hospital were reviewed.Results Among the 38 cases,there were 26 cases with radiation encephalic lesion;12 cases with radiation myelonecrosis lesion,including 20 cases with misdiagnosed by clinical;16 cases were misdiagnosed by CT;2 cases were misdiagnosed by MRI.Conclusions The diversify of clinical manifestion is characterize of radiation myeloencephalic lesion.MRI is a reliable technique in diagnosing radiation myeloencephalic lesion.It is a measure to reduce misdiagnosis by combining clinical and image.


This paper introduced the definition and significance of computational thinking. Aiming at the training objectives of Lu zhou Medical College, we analyzed the problems in the experiment teaching in the course of university computer foundation. Using computational thinking, the experimental reform and innovation methods were proposed, including the attention to the teaching idea, the increase of the design type, comprehensive experiment, hierarchical teaching, improvement of experiment evaluation system, etc. Thereby, this new teaching model will improve students computational thinking pattern,innovation consciousness and practical ability.


1 online resource (PDF, 62 pages). Submitted as a Plan B paper in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Arts degree in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL), Second Language Education Program, Department of Curriculum & Instruction from the University of Minnesota.


Abstract A review of patents and the literature addressing the in ection blow molding (IBM) technology specific to PET bottles and containers is presented. Fabrication and polymer modification issues were cited. It was found that there is no model that includes all factors which enables a complete a priori prediction of in ection blow molded PET container performance, but there are several which cover certain aspects of the preform blowing step. Hot fill capability for PET is currently managed by both the control of crystallinity and container design considerations (i.e., wall profile, ribs, etc.). Depending on the desired result, both processing routes to enhance the level of crystallinity (generically referred to in the industry as heat set technology), and molecular modification to disrupt crystallinity have been patented, some quite recently. A number of patents address technologies that can be used to modify melt elasticity for blow molding. The modification of PET with PEN presents some new challenges due to transesterification during processing and fabrication. Biaxial stretch ratios of 18 are usually required for the blow molding of PET/PEN blends, and maximum filling temperature noticeably decreases only one day after fabrication.


Flexible substrates have been increasingly studied in recent years. This paper proposes natural rubber as a new substrate material for flexible antennas. In our work, prototype antennas were built using rubber formulated with different filler contents. Carbon black was used as the filler where its amount was varied to yield different dielectric properties. Prototype inset-feed microstrip patch antennas with outer dimensions 7.52mm × 10.607mm × 1.7mm and copper as its conducting material were fabricated to operate at 2.45GHz. The prototypes were measured and their performance analyzed in terms of the effects of filler content on Q, return loss and bending effects on their gain and radiation characteristics. The return loss and gain were found to be comparable to those built on existing synthetic substrates, but these new antennas offer an added feature of frequency-tunability by varying the filler content. Under bending conditions, these new antennas were also found to perform better than existing designs, showing less changes in their gain, frequency shift and beamwidth, in addition to less impedance mismatch when bent.


The subject of life meaning has been discussed since ancient times, and several works have been developed on its relation with other constructs, including values. Values contain universal and transcultural content but life meanings haven't appeared, in the studies, as a goal to all cultures. According with the literature, the search for life meaning influences the values that guide human behaviors. Regarding the role that values play on the management of organizations, this study aimed to identify the difference between the life meanings of Brazilian and Portuguese managers. The research was exploratory descriptive and had used a quantitative method with a qualitative approach. The results highlighted the differences between life meanings of the two samples: the Brazilians being more guided by the self-achievement, and the Portuguese by the solidarity with the social groups that surround them


Raj Rewal is a famous Indian architect,as many Indian architects,his view of architecture design subject to both the Modernism and Indian traditional building,this paper reviews his view of architecture design and his design methods by the first of his Chinese design work——the Indian embassy.


The elemental composition of organisms belongs to a suite of functional traits that change during development in response to environmental conditions. However, associations between adaptive variations in developmental speed and elemental body composition are not well understood. We compared body mass, elemental body composition, food uptake and fat metabolism of Drosophila melanogaster male fruit flies in relation to their larval development speed. Slowly developing flies had higher body carbon concentration than rapidly developing and intermediate flies. Rapidly developing flies had the highest body nitrogen concentration, while slowly developing flies had higher body nitrogen levels than flies with intermediate speed of development. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was therefore lower in rapidly developing flies than in slow and intermediate flies. We also had a group of flies grown individually and their body mass and elemental body composition were similar to those of rapidly developing individuals grown in groups. This suggests that rapid growth is not suppressed by stress. Feeding rates were lowest in the slowly developing flies. The amount of triacylglycerides was highest in the flies with intermediate developmental speed which optimizes development under many climatic conditions. Although low food intake slows down developmental speed and the accumulation of body fat reserves in slowly developing flies, their phenotype conceivably facilitates survival under higher stochasticity of their environments. Rapidly developing flies grew with less emphasis on storage build-up. Overall, this study shoes that a combination of bet-hedging, adaptive tracking and developmental plasticity enables fruit flies to respond adaptively to environmental uncertainty.


SUMMARY In testing an hypothesis that a population has a specified distribution against the alternative that its distribution belongs to a separate family it is well known that the likelihood ratio test does not apply. We propose a test based on the difference between the sample moment generating function and its theoretical counterpart under Ho. The argument of the moment generating function is chosen to maximize the test's largesample power. Small-sample properties of the test in two applications are studied by simulation.


Chinese investors are often blamed for Australia's escalating house prices but a number of factors might mean the demand will drop off in coming years. In 2015, Chinese investors ploughed approximately A$6.8 billion into Australian commercial and residential real estate. Current Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) policies channel international real estate investment funding into new dwellings, creating additional jobs in construction and supporting economic growth.
Pull factors include Australia's stable financial institutions, compared to China, well regulated land title system, buoyant real estate market, high capital gains rates in major cities and lower deposit requirements when compared to China.
Low rental yields in China, restrictions around land and building ownership, fluctuating Chinese currency and high deposit rates are all motivating forces investing outside China. New Chinese regulations also inhibit the amount of funding that Chinese citizens can take out of China. However, this is not expected to significantly impact on the amount of funding flowing into Australia.


Based on what is seen (i.e. visual input), humans are able to visually predict (i.e. regress) what the scene will look like after taking a certain action. Further, humans are able to take advantage of such predictions to select optimal actions for the task they are working on. Using example videos, robots can also learn to visually imagine the future consequence of taking an action. This can be viewed as learning a function mapping a raw image frame (conditioned on a particular action) to the future image frame. Once learned, the future regression function can be combined with an action policy learning framework (e.g. reinforcement or imitation learning), enabling better robot action learning for given tasks.


Preliminary results of a search for the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed D{sup +} decays D{sup +} {yields} {Kappa}{sup +} {pi}{sup {minus}} {pi} {sup +} D{sup +} {yields} {Kappa}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}, in the MarkIII detector at SPEAR are presented. Theoretical arguments suggest that these decays may be enhanced relative to Cabibbo-allowed D{sup +} decays. Use of hadronically tagged D{sup +}D{sup {minus}} events produced in the decay of the {psi} (3770), reduce backgrounds significantly, allowing the isolation of three candidate events in the {Kappa}{sup +}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} final state and a limit on the relative decay rate of the {Kappa}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}channel. 4 refs., 2 figs.


Breathing mode is an ionization instability which is observed ubiquitously in the operation of Hall thrusters. It is recognized as a relatively low frequency (10–30 kHz) longitudinal oscillation of the discharge current and the plasma parameters. Although breathing instability is widely studied in the literature, the conditions for its origin are not fully understood. In this work we investigate the mechanisms responsible for the origin of the breathing mode in Hall thrusters by using a numerical model, allowing us to highlight the importance of electron mobility fluctuations for the onset and self-sustenance of the instability. Our one-dimensional, fully fluid model of the thruster channel is calibrated against the measured discharge current signal for a 5 kW-class Hall thruster operating in a condition where breathing mode is fully developed. The corresponding steady, unstable configuration (base state) is numerically computed by applying the Selective Frequency Damping (SFD) method. Then, a series of numerical tests is performed to show the existence of a feedback loop involving fluctuations around the base state of the neutral density, electron mobility, and electric field. We show that oscillations of the electron mobility are mainly caused by variations of the neutral density and are in phase with them; this, in turn, induces oscillations of the electric field, which are in phase opposition. The electric field acts simultaneously on the electron temperature and on the ion dynamics, promoting the depletion and replenishment of neutrals in the chamber.


Final year college students are required to create the essay that can cause anxiety. One way to reduce anxiety is salat tahajud therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of salat tahajud to anxiety's level of students who worked on the essay. Subjects in this study were two final year students were working on the essay, 21 years old, and had high anxiety's level. This research method using single case experimental design. Methods of data collection using a scale TMAS, interview, and behavioral checklist. Data were analyzed using chart analysis and statistic analysis Paired Sample Ttest. The results of the chart analysis showed that the two subjects a decrease in the level of anxiety. The results of the statistic analysis Paired Sample Ttest showed significance level of Pre-Post1 = 0.430 showed no decline, Pre-post2 = 0.156 showed no decline, Pre-Post3 = 0.052 showed no decline, Pre-Post4 = 0.135 showed no decline, Post1- post2 = 0.090 showed no decline, post2-Post3 = 0.386 showed no decline, Post3-Post4 = 0.330 showed no decline. However, from a mean value show a decrease, Pre mean: 39.0, Post1: 34.0, post2: 27.0, Post3: 20.5, Post4: 13.5. The conclusion of this study is to pray tahajud can reduce anxiety a fanal year students who worked on the essay. This is supported by the results of a behavior checklist and the interview of the subjects claimed to feel calmer after salat tahajud routine.


The fiscal position of local and regional self-government units (especially of the City of Zagreb) is significantly influenced by the operations of their utility firms. The debt of the utility firms is often higher than the debt accumulated by the local government units. For this reason the liabilities of utility firms have become a threat to the financial stability of local and regional self-government units, especially of the City of Zagreb.


A survey of 124 students in computer applications classes was conducted to determine students' perceptions of computer learning in the following areas: promptness, listening, computer obsession, computer anxiety, anger, frustration, enjoyment of computers, importance of computer knowledge, and relative importance of computer skills and people skills. Results indicated that there were behavior problems involving promptness, listening, obsession, computer anxiety, anger, and frustration in the classroom. However, a majority of the students enjoyed working with computers. Additionally, they agreed that computer knowledge will be useful to them in the future; and most agreed that people skills and computer skills are equally important.


NMR spectra of highly saddled Mn(III) porphyrinates such as Mn(OETPP)(CD3OD)2+ have been measured. The extraordinarily upfield shifted meso-13C signals, which reach as much as −492 ppm at 298 K, ar...


where A(x I t) is a functional depending on the function x and the number t and satisfying certain smoothness conditions. (The number t ranges over the interval 0 < t < 1, and the function x ranges over a measurable subset r of the space C of continuous functions on 0< t <1 which vanish when t = 0.) The smoothness conditions on A(xf t) require in particular that it have a Volterra derivative K(x It, s) such that


BACKGROUND
Medium-chain monoglycerides (MG) are a group of 1-monoglycerides of medium-chain fatty acids with strong antibacterial activity, which may influence the gut microbiota in the diet of broilers. The present study evaluated the effects of mixed MG on the community and function of gut microbiota in broilers. A total of 528 newly hatched male yellow feathered broiler chicks were weighed and randomly assigned into four groups, including a basal diet (CON), a basal diet containing 300 mg kg-1 MG (MG300), 450 mg kg-1 MG (MG450), or 600 mg kg-1 MG (MG600).

RESULTS
The cecal acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid and total short-chain fatty acid of broilers in the MG-containing groups were notably increased compared with CON group. Dietary MG selectively increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae, Bacteroides and an unclassified genus of Lachnospiraceae family, but decreased the proportion of an unclassified genus of Barnesiellaceae and a norank genus of Flavobacteriaceae family in the cecum of broilers. Functional prediction revealed that MG supplementation enriched the microbial gene abundance of amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, while depleted the gene abundance of fat metabolism and energy metabolism. Moreover, the modulation of gut microbiota by MG supplementation was closely correlated with the alteration of muscle amino acids.

CONCLUSION
Dietary MG altered the gut microbiota community structure and metabolites, and modulated the gene abundance of microbial metabolism pathways in the cecum of broilers, which may further influence the growth performance, nutrient utilization and meat quality of the host. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


This paper consolidates two previously disconnected literatures. It integrates R&D-based innovations into a unified growth framework with micro-founded fertility and schooling behavior. The theory suggests a refined view on the human factor in productivity growth. It helps to explain the historical emergence of R&D-based growth and the subsequent emergence of mass education and the demographic transition. The model predicts that the erstwhile positive correlation between population growth and innovative activity turns negative during economic development. This "population-productivity reversal" explains why innovative modern economies are usually characterized by low or negative population growth. Because innovations in modern economies are based on the education of the workforce, the medium-run prospects for future economic growth—when fertility is going to be below replacement level in virtually all developed countries—are better than suggested by conventional R&D-based growth theories.


A field experiment was conducted at ARS, Repoli (18 0 .18' North latitude and 73 0 .32' East longitude), to study the bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of Carfentrazone-Ethyl40 % DF in direct seeded rice during Summer (January) of 2018. The field experiment was laid out in randomised block design with 14 treatments consists of Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 12.5 g ml -1 a.i. ha -1 at 20 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 25 g ml -1 a.i. ha -1 at 20 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 50 g ml -1 a.i.ha -1 at 20 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 12.5 g ml -1 a.i.ha -1 at 30 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40 per cent DF @ 25 g ml -1 a.i. ha -1 at 30 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 50 g ml -1 a.i.ha -1 at 30 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 12.5 g ml -1 a.i.ha -1 at 40 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 25 g ml -1 a.i. ha -1 at 40 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 50 g ml -1 a.i. ha -1 at 40 DAS, Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 25 g ml -1 a.i. ha -1 at 30 DAS (market product), Oxyflourofen 23.5% EC @ 150-240 a.i. ha -1 at 30 DAS, Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 20 g ml -1 ha -1 at 30 DAS, Untreated control and Hand weeding at 20 DAS and 40 DAS and three replications. Application of Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF @ 25 g ml -1 a.i. ha -1 at 30 DAS recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield as compared to rest of the treatments under study as well as more weed control efficiency (86.19%) at harvest. No phytotoxicity effect was observed in any treatment after testing Carfentrozone ethyl 40% DF in direct seeded rice. Bioefficacy, phytotoxicity, carfentrazone-ethyl, rice


Wind energy forecasting is a very challenging task as it involves many variable factors from wind speed, weather season, location and many other factors. Its accurate prediction can be quite helpful in maintaining the balance between demand and supply, and issues related to the reliability of a power system. In this article, the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based forecasting algorithm is used for the three day-ahead predictions of energy generation from wind sources in Estonia. Then a comparison is made between the predicted energy generation of Estonian energy regulatory authority's algorithm and this RNN based algorithm. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm has lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value and it gives better forecasting.


This paper analyzes the strongpoint and shortcoming of VC++ and MATLAB programming separately,and lists various combined programming ways between VC++ and MATLAB roundly.MATLAB engine applied the efficient method in sound processing are introduced significantly.The results indicate that the efficience of programming is enhenced obviously.


Perenniporia eugeissonae sp. nov. is described from Malaysia, growing on palm tree. Phylogenetic inferences based on ITS and nrLSU regions revealed that it nested within the Perenniporia s.s. clade. Perenniporia eugeissonae is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiocarps, a white to cream hymenophore, small circular pores (6–8 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system with strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal hyphae, presence of dendrohyphidia at the dissepiments, and ellipsoid, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous basidiospores, and growing so far exclusively on the palm Eugeissona tristis.


In this commentary on "Motor skill depends on knowledge of facts" by Stanley and Krakauer (2013) (henceforth, S&K) we aim to sketch an apparent contradiction in S&K's argument on the dependence of skills on knowledge of facts. We contend that S&K's plea for this dependence stems from another form of independence of knowledge and skills—namely an "ontological" independence. We show what this means by introducing the difference between theories that are hierarchically organized, where one level has priority over another level, and theories that do not assume such an organization. We believe neuroscience and psychology have a lot to gain by taking note of these distinct attitudes, as they lead to radically different directions of inquiry and explanation. We shall show this by explicating the attitudes throughout S&K's argument, as that will go toward resolving the apparent contradiction.

In their thought provoking article S&K call into question the generally accepted view that skills are independent of knowledge of facts. After sketching a historical and philosophical context, S&K provide clarification of often confusingly applied notions as propositional or declarative knowledge, perceptual acuity, and the likes. The authors carefully argue against giving necessary and sufficient conditions for either skills or knowledge. To make their claim against independence S&K propose, to our delight, to look for knowledge and skill within the situation in which they are shown.

In making their claim, S&K seem to draw an analytical distinction between knowledge of facts and skills. As agents always need to "know what to do to initiate the actions that manifest a skill" (p. 5) (1), S&K assert that skills cannot be said to be independent of knowledge of facts. Neuroscientific data too, such as those from studying HM, are taken to show that HM always needed "explicit" instructions and needed to "use that knowledge each time" (p. 8) in order to learn a skill. In fact, because HM did not show his skills without these instructions, he cannot be properly said to have skill at all. Rather, he has what S&K call "motor acuity."

With this reasoning S&K however, do not only argue against the independence of knowledge and skill, they make the stronger claim that knowledge is always prior to skill. They assert that knowledge is minimally a state with propositional content used for guiding actions (p. 1). Together, knowledge thus, works as a distinct state that first initiates and subsequently guides motor acuity. As such knowledge is treated as an isolated state that, together with motor acuity, underlies skill. So although S&K claim knowledge and skill should not be taken to be independent, their account shows that the dependence is a superficial one. That is, S&K argue for physical dependence by creating ontological independence. Not only are knowledge and skill thus, still independent entities, ontologically knowledge is even prioritized. It is this perspective that prompts S&K's conclusion that skills depend on knowledge of facts.

Although we are sympathetic to the claim that skills and knowledge of facts are strongly dependent notions, it is this ontological priority we aim to argue against here. We will start with a brief correction of S&K's historical overview, as we believe it both shows and propagates a misunderstanding at the heart of their view. Subsequently, we will argue for a point that S&K did not recognize, namely that the tradition of Merleau-Ponty, Wittgenstein, and Dreyfus was aimed at overcoming exactly the tendency to find ontological priorities. That is, for them knowledge and skills stand on equal footing, rather than the one underlying the other. Once we showed this, S&K's reading of these philosophers is easily identified as inappropriate. On a proper reading the question of (ontological) priority should not come up. Finally, we assert that taking Dreyfus seriously indeed makes a good argument against the independence of skills and knowledge of facts, and from this perspective S&K's re-interpretation of HM and other neuroscientific data offer a new look at neuroscientific literature. However, we shall argue that this is not, as S&K suggest, because we finally free neuroscience from the influence of the "predominant" 20th century tradition. Rather, it is by finally embracing such a tradition that neuroscientific data can be seen afresh.


CONCLUSION In the light of our findings and the above discussion we suggest that the adult human thyroid is susceptible to the carcinogenic action of comparatively small doses of therapeutic irradiation when the gland undergoes subsequent hyperplasia. We further suggest that, when primary hyperthyroidism occurs in a patient known to have had previous irradiation to the lower neck, treatment with antithyroid drugs should be avoided, unless covered with thyroxine in order to prevent increased thyrotrophic hormone (T. S.H.) secretion. Maintenance on thyroxine would equally be recommended if subtotal thyroidectomy or therapy were alternative treatments chosen, but the production of the longacting thyroid stimulator that occurs in untreated or treated primary hyperthyroidism (Adams, 1965) will continue for a long time, possibly years, in spite of thyroxine treatment. The risk of malignant change in the thyroid could be totally eliminated by complete ablation of the thyroid with radioactive iodine.


We measured 253 GHz sub-terahertz (THz) channel by a wideband channel sounder in a street canyon environment. The channel measurements were collected by rotating horn antennas for high power gain and angular resolution. Omnidirectional channel characteristics were analyzed by synthesizing the measurement data. The path loss, power-delay profile, and power-angular profile were computed from the synthesized data. The measurement results of path loss, delay spread, and angular spread according to the distance were provided in this paper.


The algorithms to evaluate the quality of the received speech and the parameters of speech signals on the output of telecommunication systems necessary to classify psycho-emotional state of a speaker in the presence of acoustic interference are offered.


The Republic of Serbia was, after World War II, amongst the countries whose population underwent intensive BCG immunization, and the doctor who immensely contributed to the widespread application of the BCG vaccine in the territory of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was awarded the Legion of Honor in 1952. It was only in 2020. that the public learned that this doctor was Dr. Smilja Kostić-Joksić, renowned pediatrician, Professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade, scientist, honorary member of the Serbian Medical Society and the Association of Pneumophthisiologists of Yugoslavia, member of the Association of Pediatricians in Paris, the first woman to become an assistant professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade, wife of the well-known scientist, Professor Aleksandar Đ. Kostić, and the mother of eminent composer and gastronome Vojislav Voki Kostić. During her successful career, in addition to her efforts in teaching pediatrics, she also worked as Chief Physician at the outpatient department of the Children's Hospital and as a doctor at the Counselling Center for Infants. She published over 120 papers in Serbian and French, in national and international journals, amongst them a large number of popular articles in the field of pediatrics. Half a century after her removal from the Faculty of Medicine and 20 years after her death, she was posthumously morally exonerated in 2001. The public was reminded of the importance of Dr. Kostić-Joksić and her work when work started on her husband's bequest. In 2018, the Dr. Aleksandar Kostić Legacy in the Municipality of Grocka was presented as a part of the newly restored heritage site Gročanska čaršija, within a gallery space adapted for this purpose at the Ilija GarašaninLibrary, where, just like in life, Dr. Smiljka Kostić found her place alongside her distinguished husband. Some of her few remaining personal belongings are on display, amongst them handbooks and other clinical laboratory diagnostics titles published in Serbia, as well as photo documentation that was compiled during her clinical work on tuberculosis issues in children.


Every city, regardless of its size, must provide jobs for its residents or residents of the surrounding areas (its territory). These uses share the spatial space within the inhabited land of the city, and we rarely find a city whose land occupies one use or one function, and even if it is like the cities of al-Mashati, summer resorts, or universities, its main function will bring other functions, and therefore the functions and uses of such cities multiply. The city of Al-Abbasiya, located within the Kufa district in Al-Najaf Governorate, is no different


While considerable resources have been expended in attempting to educate the public about the concept of a standard drink and how to count standard drinks (which have limited validity), many drivers are still unsure whether their BAC is under the legal limit or not. Improving drivers' ability to estimate their BAC as a basis for deciding whether or not to drive has potential for further reducing the incidence of drink driving, and thus, road trauma. Public breath testing equipment in licensed premises provides one source of this information. Two studies were conducted which interviewed drinkers in licensed premises. The first estimated the benefit-cost ratios needed to decide whether public breath testing should be promoted as a road safety initiative and to what extent. The second study aimed to determine: (1) whether any promotional acitivity or combination of activites will result in 10% or more of drivers with BAC greater than 0.05% testing themselves; (2) the relative effectiveness of different promotional activities; and (3) the commercial viability of breath test machines charging 20 cents, $1 or $2. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 893732.


Bats are the second largest group of mammals and the most versatile of them, the diversity in their diets is not found in any other kind of mammals. Brazil holds 167 species, most has insectivorous feeding habits (70%) and the other species are distributed in frugivorous, nectarivorous, hematophagous, omnivorous and piscivorous. Bats that live in urban areas are widely favored by the large supply of food and shelter present in big cities. The human buildings are often used by these species as day roost and the easy adaptation makes bats synanthropic animals. The proximity to people and also domestic animals may represent risk of rabies transmission. The Center for Zoonosis Control in Sao Paulo maintains a service to attend the population that claim having problems caused by bats and a rabies laboratory that performed diagnosis by Direct Fluorescent and Mouse Inoculation tests in all bats collected. This paper presents and analysis attendance data as well as the rabies diagnosis for the period between 2004 and 2013. In this period 6945 requests were made and 4248 bats from 43 different species were captured in Sao Paulo City. Rabies virus was isolated in 38 bats: 33 insectivorous, four frugivorous and one nectarivorous. As for the location where positive bats were captured, most of them were found in atypical situation for their species. Programs of continuing education, aiming at instructing the population on the importance of bats and demystifying the common sense for the bats among people, as well as a technical guindance and support are necessary to stimulate the harmonious coexistence between people and these animals. Preventive measures to avoid or eliminate their shelter in buildings are essential to lower the risk of accidents with bats.


The field of exoplanets is one of the fastest growing and most novel in astrophysics, with hundreds of planetary discoveries and thousands of candidates waiting to be confirmed. Many of these planets are very different from the planets in our Solar System, yet at present we do not have an explanation nor a clear understanding of this diversity. The atmospheric composition of these remote worlds may provide a key to interpreting this diversity. Spectroscopic measurement of transiting exoplanets is the only viable technique we can use today to sound these exotic atmospheres. EChO, the Exoplanet Characterization Observatory is a Medium class ESA mission candidate, currently being assessed as part of the COSMIC VISION programme. EChO will be the first mission fully dedicated to the systematic study of the physics and chemistry of a large portfolio of exoplanet atmospheres. The targets will cover a wide range of planets: from hot planets to temperate ones, from large, gaseous Jupiter-like planets to small telluric planets. The baseline mission design is a 1.2 m off axis telescope with one instrument composed of several channels covering the spectral range 0.4-16 μm with a spectral resolution in the 300-30 range. The satellite is optimised for stability and is based on the legacy of previous successful ESA missions. EChO will observe primary transits and secondary eclipses, and also phase curves of some non-transiting planets. We present updated results for secondary eclipses, based on methods from previous studies and incorporating the evolution of the payload design.


The modelling of condition based maintenance strategies is described and aspects of the model concerning the evaluation of condition are dealt with.


In recent years, surgical robotic systems (SRS) have been employed to great effect in a wide range of minimally invasive procedures [1]. Yet despite the increasing use of these devices in clinical practice, there exists to date no definitive, objective system of measurement of the skill level of a surgeon using an SRS. Assessments of patient outcomes, surgical speed and instrument docking time have shown that improvement in skill using an SRS requires in-depth training, with exposure to as many as 20 cases of a given procedure to attain proficiency [2]. The model employed for the certification of a surgeon in the practice of minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery has addressed a parallel problem since its inception by establishing a set of exercises comprising what is now known as the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) assessment [3]. This high stakes examination tests the surgeon's psychomotor skills in the crucial subtasks involved in the successful execution of laparoscopic surgery. The foundations of robotic surgery (FRS) project is an ongoing collaborative effort to create a similar, high-stakes assessment for surgical robotics undertaken by an international consortium of authoritative surgeons from multiple specialties. This consortium has conceptually identified and built consensus for the general system concept, subtasks, and objective performance metrics for robotic surgery, but does not intend to design or prototype working models [4]. We herein present an instrumented, electro-mechanical design and prototype of the overall system and two of the seven subtasks developed for eventual inclusion in the complete FRS high-stakes assessment [4]. The first subtask, the ring tower transfer, requires that the surgeon move a small ring positioned at the base of one tower to the base of another tower while avoiding contact between the ring and the tower along the way. The second subtask, knot tying, requires the test taker to use a provided silk suture to draw together two metal rings and secure them with a surgical knot. In both cases, our system provides automated, objective evaluation of the required performance metrics.


This anthology highlights possible systematic interconnections between the approaches of construction grammar and interaction-oriented studies on the grammar of spoken language. The empirical analyses focus on fixed constructions of varying complexity in German and English communicative situations. "


SERiOUS PSYCIIIATRIC complications of childbearing are not common, but minor emotional reactions are, of course, frequently seen by the セ ・ ョ ・ イ 。 ャ practitioner and obstetrician. To distinguish between them is of the greatest importance for, in the former, there may be a risk of suicide or infanticide and admission to a psychiatric unit is usually necessary. Toxic delirium, formerly the commonest psychotic reaction, has virtually disappeared since the introduction of antibiotics and thus the incidence of puerperal psychoses has diminished and their usual forms are now affective or schizophrenic. Most of the surveys published before the end of the ,,:ar refer to cases in pre-antibiotic days and give a picture of puerperal psychotic reactions which is no longer correct. All authors have found it difficult to agree on diagnosis. Some セ I ・ ャ ゥ ・ カ ・ that there are no special forms of mental Illness related to childbearing and others that puerperal psychoses have at least some special features. Nearly all studies have been made of セ ウ ケ 」 ィ ッ エ ゥ 」 patients in mental hospitals and very lIttle attention has been paid to mental illness and factors believed to be responsible in normal women confined in maternity hospitals or at home. A survey of 37,000 confinements in the Bristol maternity hospitals between 1938 and 1948, Hemphill (1952), showed that the incidence of mental illness was 1'7 per 1,000 of which 1'4 per 1,000 were admitted to mental hospital, and of 44,000 women confined at home or elsewhere the incidence in the same period was 1·8 per 1,000. Therefore the psychotic reactions that occurred in 0'4 per 1,000 of confinements were brief and cleared up with the treatment and supervision that could be provided in the maternity hospitals. Thus about 14 cases of severe puerperal psychosis can be expected in every 10,000 confinements. On the question of diagnosis there is now evidence that, in addition to ordinary manicdepressive illnesses, there is a form of puerperal depression with special characteristics. Schizophrenia in the puerperium is seen either in a pure and very malignant form or with an affective mixture of much better prognosis. Psychosis ante partum is rarer than post partum, but the opposite is true for minor psychoneurotic disturbances. I t is convenient to consider ante partum and post partum conditions separately.


Mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose a major health problem globally and have had a significant impact on human life and economy. Consequently, many countries have implemented national vector control programs in an effort to suppress/eradicate mosquitoes contributing to spread of diseases including Malaria, Dengue, Yellow fever, Rift valley fever, West Nile fever, Zika, Chikungunya etc. Of these endemic diseases, Dengue fever is an arbovirus and transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquito that has become a rapidly emerging infection, especially in the tropical countries. Insecticides spraying remains the main method to control the transmition of dengue virus. However, the overuse and misuse of insecticides can result in negative consequences such as the development of insecticides resistance. This, in part, has led to the development of a more eco-friendly measures to suppress mosquitoes e.g. genedrive based controls and Wolbachia-based approaches. The latter approach has the ability to block the dengue virus transmission by inhibiting virus intracellular replication in mosquito. In addition, Wolbachia decreases adult mosquito lifespan and can be naturally passed from one generation to the next. In recent years, Aedes aegypti mosquitos infected with Wolbachia released and tested in the field in several countries and have achieved very promising results. In this review, we focus and discuss the emerging Wolbachia-based biocontrol approaches that are already being deployed, evaluated and tested in the field.


This chapter examines a moment of literacy at an educational nonprofit called Family Scholar House (FSH) to understand the multiple dimensions underlying literacy practices, including material conditions, social relationships, and institutional ideologies. Based on interviews with both low-income single mothers who are full-time college students as well as FSH staff, this chapter analyzes an application for government assistance using Actor-Network Theory. By examining this literacy moment as a process of translation in which diverse elements interact with the goal of achieving a successful application, this study shows how this population of college students are made (in)visible in specific ways by the negotiated power dynamics of the application itself, the individual applying, and her social support relationships.


The study of children's prospective memory has gained new momentum over the past 20 years and is now an active area of research in cognitive development. Yet this resurgence has been accompanied by significant challenges that offer important lessons and insights for other areas of developmental science. In this article, I provide an overview and theoretical accounts of the development of children's prospective memory. I then describe three puzzling findings that remain unresolved in children's development of this kind of memory: 1) the contradictory effects of delay length on prospective memory performance, 2) why reminders sometimes fail to improve prospective memory performance, and 3) why parent reports and behavioral measures of prospective memory might fail to correlate. I discuss how each challenge can be applied broadly to other areas of children's development. I conclude by highlighting challenges and opportunities as the field moves forward.


This study aims to determine the contribution of Adversity Quotient and perceptions on the teachers' teaching strategies and the parents' consent to the students' mathematics learning outcomes. This study utilises a quantitative research methodology implementing the ex-post facto research method as the independent variables are the events that have occurred. The population in this study was mathematics teachers and high school students in Buleleng Regency. A random sampling technique is used to determine the sample of the study. The data collection technique to measure (1) the contribution of Adversity Quotient and perceptions on the teachers' teaching strategies, and (2) the parent's consent are collected through validated and reliable questionnaires. Furthermore, the students' math results are obtained from their daily test results. The collected data were analyzed by using a path analysis technique. The findings conclude that there is a direct relationship between teacher's teaching strategies and the students' mathematics learning outcome by 52.9% and the parents' consent to their children's mathematics learning outcome by 23.3%. The difference of the total percentage in the findings is influenced by other factors which are not included in this study. All of these factors affect student learning outcomes either directly or indirectly.


Andreas Vesalius. On the Fabric of the Human Body. Book III, The Veins and Arteries. Book IV, The Nerves. Translated by William Frank Richardson, in collaboration with John Burd Carman. Norman Anatomy Series, no. 3; Norman Landmarks Series, no. 4. San Francisco: Norman Publishing, 2002. xxxi + 286 pp. Ill. $250.00 (0-930405-83-8). (Available from Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 867, Novato, CA 94948-0867; tel.: 415-892-3181; fax: 415-821-6810; e-mail: dianah@ jnorman.com; URL: www.normanpublishing.com.)


Background and Objective : This study aims to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards tuberculosis (TB) amongtreatment partners seen at the out-patient department (OPD) of the Lady Hill Urban Health Care Centre, KMC, Mangalore fromApril to May 2009. Methodology: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitudes andpractices towards TB among treatment partners (age more than 12 years old; pediatric age group was excluded) seen at the OPD. Apre-validated questionnaire, which consisted of 20 questions, was distributed to treatment partners of these patients. Results: Outof the 184 respondents, 154 (83.70%) were aware of and had good knowledge about TB. Eighty-one percent of the respondentshad acceptable attitudes and practices toward the disease. 96% were aware that TB is a highly infectious disease, while 79.3%believed that it is a curable disease. The main source of information about tuberculosis was the mass media (newspapers, televisionand radio) in 42.5% of the respondents. In the survey, only 16.3% patients were aware about DOTS and only 42.4% knew aboutfree treatment services. Conclusion: There is still a need to strengthen the educational activities on TB through mass media; theyare excellent venues for information-dissemination, thus, leading to better case detection.


Using student-generated questions for examinations enhances student currency in readings, is involving, and reduces test anxiety. The conscious evaluation of each question and attention to test composition results in better, more involving, learning-assessment tools. This article reviews related literature, details and discusses the methodology, and summarizes current wisdom on effective question writing.


Wang Bi′s Annotation of Lao Tzu formed in the period of the academic turning from the classic Learning to the metaphysics between the Han-Wei dynasties.In Annotation of Lao Tzu,by wedding the needs of the then society,Wang Bi creatively put forward the concept of "advocating noumenon and restraining end" and the rationale of "ethic being derived from nature".And based on the concept and the rationale,Wang Bi systematically expounded and proved the relationship between Taoism and Confucianism.This not only theoretically solved the problem of the amalgamation of Taoism and Confucianism at that time,but also had an important methodological significance in promoting Lao Tzu hermeneutic and development of the research on the history of Taoism.


Together with pronounced blood eosinophilia an endomyocardial biopsy is the method of choice in diagnosing and assessing the severity of the systemic disorder hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Eosinophilia is not uncommon in several connective tissue diseases which may share clinical manifestations with HES. We report a case of HES, investigated and followed up with cardiac biopsies. A missing right radial artery pulsation gave rise to several differential diagnostic considerations.


Objective: To observe the repair effects of combined graft of nervous tissue on adult rat's spinal cord injury.Methods:A total of 36 adult,female Wistar rats were used in this study.A 5 mm cord defect of the left lateral column was made at T 1~3 vertebral level,and then these 36 rats were divided into 3 groups. The defects were grafted respectively 14 days em bryonic fetal spinal cord (Group FSC,15 animals ) or vascularized peripheral nerve and fetal spinal cord (Group V+F,15animals),and another 6 animals were kept as the control group.8 weeks after surgery,the survival,differentiation of the grafts,and the ability of repairing host spinal cord were checked.Results:In the cograft group,the fetal implant was intimately fused with the host CNS parenchyma,few glial scar partition were presence.The volume,nerve fibers and neurons density of the fetal implant were significantly higher than Group FSC(P0.01).The majority of neurons in this group were well differentiated,including some clusters of large neurons resembling ventral horn cells of the intact spinal cord,well developed synapses were scattered throughout the neuropil.SEP showed that the latency of P 1 and N 1 waves was significantly decreased in this group (P0.01) .Conclusion:The combination method could prompt the development of fetal implant and the regeneration of central injured axons to certain degrees.


Coals from the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky were obtained from the R-series cores and from Kentucky Geological Survey collections. The coals span the stratigraphic section from the Bruin coal near the base of the Breathitt Formation to a coal near the top of the Conemaugh Formation. The Princess District coals are high volatile C and B bituminous. High volatile A bituminous coals occur in southern Lawrence County. Reflectance highs and reactive maceral lows were noted in the Princess 3 and Princess 7 coals in along a north-south trend which may be parallel to the Waverly Arch.


Abstract The paper explores ways in which Broome's annual festival, Shinju Matsuri has been 're-moored' since it began in 1970. The commercial imperative that has driven this festival since seems set to continue. However, Shinju Matsuri has also nurtured the cultural identity and cultural development of 'Broome people', who briefly 're-moored' it in the 1990s and successfully reclaimed its traditional roots. This paper is partly based on longstanding ties that I have with the Japanese community in Broome and its sister-town, Taiji, in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.1 In 1969 I was an invited guest to the traditional O'Bon, the Hung Seng and the Mederka festivals in Broome; and I have observed Shinju Matsuri, the hybrid version of these festivals, in 1982 and 2004. I have also observed various Buddhist festivals in Taiji and Tokyo in Japan. My methodology for this paper is largely informed by my role as a participantobserver, as a resident and visitor to Broome and Japan from the 1960s until 2004. Local newspapers,2 newsletters and festival programs, archived by the Broome Historical Society, also provided a rich source of information. 1 I worked in indigenous affairs in Broome in the late 1960s; my former husband was a 'hard hat' pearl diver in Broome from 1963 until 1970 and my daughter has worked as a culture pearl technician in both Taiji and Broome. 2 [Page numbers and full date entries for newspaper clippings were not always recorded. Where this is the case, the article title is cited (Editor).]


Formation of the four title compounds has been found to be strongly dependent on substituents: 1,2,3-Triazolium salts 6 do not arise from nitrilimines 2 that have an electron-acceptor attached to either the C- or the N-phenyl group. Likewise tert-butyl and aryl isocyanides do not afford this class of compounds; from the former isocyanide, dequaternization products 7 are obtained instead, whereas from the latter 1,2,4-triazolium salts 11 are formed. Compounds 11 with tert-butyl group at the ring are unstable too, giving rise to triazoles 13. Pyrazole formation (analogues of 14) is completely suppressed when both tert-butyl and aryl isocyanides are used, whereas access to this ring system works best with see-alkyl isocyanides (the influence of substituents of 2 being almost negligible in this case). Formation of quinoxalines 23 which arise from intermediary 1,2-diazets 22 by ring expansion is much favoured on employment of 2 that bears a donator substituent at the N-phenyl group, and under this premise ring closure to 22 is virtually independent on the nature of the isocyanide. Formation of 23 is not observed with 2 having acceptor groups.


Survival analyses are greatly used in medical research especially frailty models which are mostly used to account for heterogeneity in time-to-event. Over the years treatment of cancer has progressed with some patients being cured from different type of cancer. Survival analysis is more focused on subjects that are less at risk of recurrences, metastasis or death after the first treatment as these set of subjects are regarded as being cured. The general assumption of standard frailty model is that all subjects have the same frailty. These assumptions ignore the heterogeneity of such frailties and will lead to incorrect results and conclusions. To address the identified deficiencies in previous studies, this research will propose a shared frailty cure model. Shared frailty assumes that within a cluster the value of frailty term is improved with constant and common frailty to all subjects in the same group clusters by measuring the correlation between event times within the cluster, hence representing changes over time in clusters or population heterogeneity. These structures can be achieved by introducing covariates that are rank specific by the process Shared frailty model, addressing the weakness of the cure frailty model by considering the homogeneity in groups or clusters were failure can be similar by having the same frailty.


To the Editor: We read with interest the Letter entitled "Letter: Thrombotic Neurovascular Disease in COVID-19 Patients"1; it is a case series on stroke presentation over COVID-19 patients. We are particularly interested in patient 8, the one and only central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) case due to internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, who was also highlighted by the authors. CRAO and ophthalmic artery occlusion (OAO) are both blinding ocular emergencies presenting with acute visual loss, and examinations would find end organ ischemia, ie, whitening of the retina on ophthalmoscopy. Their difference lies barely on the site of occlusion, and they are the ocular equivalent and harbinger of ischemic cerebrovascular stroke.2 From our basic understanding of the neuroanatomy and vascular supply, ICA supplies the ophthalmic artery, which then branches out the central retinal artery. Patient 8 described by Sweid et al1 had ICA occlusion, and the ophthalmic artery should be underperfused. Based on the vascular anatomy, the retina ischemia should be caused by a more proximal obstruction, and OAO should likely be the diagnosis instead of CRAO. Ocular manifestation of COVID-19 has recently been a hot debate and research topic with evolving case reports published on both arterial (CRAO,3-5 OAO6) and venous (central retinal vein occlusion)7-9 retinal vascular diseases induced by COVID19 hypercoagulability, thromboembolic pathology, and vasculitis tendency. As ophthalmologists operating a hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) center to treat acute CRAO,10 we are interested to knowmore on the correlation of COVID-19 and CRAO. For background knowledge, HBOT is useful only for CRAO but not OAO, because OAO compromised the posterior ciliary arteries, which supply the eye's choroidal circulation.11 Without intact choroidal circulation, HBOT could not help reperfusing the ischemic neurosensory retina.12,13 Global literature on the incidence and correlation of CRAO with COVID-19 is limited. There were only 3 case reports for COVID-19 related CRAO,3-5 and 1 case of COVID-19 related OAO,6 after a comprehensive search over PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar with the terms ["central retinal artery occlusion" OR "CRAO"] and ["COVID" OR "coronavirus"] as on January 16, 2021. Clarification of this special case within the COVID-19 stroke series would help concrete the evidence available between CRAO and COVID-19, and guide ophthalmologists' treatment plan. HBOT is indicated for CRAO during the COVID-19 pandemic to salvage vision as supported by the position statement from European Committee for Hyperbaric Medicine.14 Our tertiary CRAO referral center serving >7 million population has treated 15 acute CRAO cases with HBOT under the COVID-19 local outbreak, but there were no cases tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 before or after their CRAO episodes, mean follow up period was 5.0 mo. In practice, clarification of the difference between CRAO and OAO is essential for treatment implication as mentioned above.


Slater, R. J. and Bryant, J. A. 1987. RNA polymerase activity during breakage of seed dormancy by low temperature treatment of fruits of Acer platanoides (Norway maple).—J. exp. Bot. 38:1026-1032. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity has been characterized in nuclei isolated from embryo axes of Acer platanoides. Optimal activity was recorded at 40 mol m~3 MgCl2 and 50 mol m~3 (NH4)2S04 and total activity could be inhibited by up to 30% by a-amanitin. Stratification of fruits leads to a stimulation of RNA polymerase activity. A minimum of 3 d cold treatment is required with at least 3-fold stimulation recorded after 10 d at 4 °C. The increased enzyme activity is resistant to a-amanitin


The Special Section features Jordan's 'essay' on the Irish Famine of 1845-49 (p 216). Issues discusse include quality of life; families; government aid; philanthropy; population changes; literacy; emigration; and public policy. The theme of changes in eating habits is highlighted in the research paper on Ramadan (p 231). >, # The Health and Safety Commission (Britain's watchdog on workplace health and safety) carried out its largest consultation exercise with small firms in 1996. As a result, the Commission produced a strategy for small firms. The article by Borley (p 211), the author of the strategy, describes the background and envi-


This paper proposes a technique to reduce OFF state leakage current of SiGe PMOSFET by three orders of magnitude with marginal reduction in ON current by introducing doped tubs under the source /drain regions. The wells in the valence band are introduced by doped tubs under the source /drain regions which increase the depth of the valence band energy. The simulation results show that the device has high ION to IOFF current ratio ION/IOFF $\sim 2.5\times 10^{5}$ and Subthreshold Swing SS ∼ 97 mV/decade


Purpose: A large quantity of cashew nuts is lost between harvesting and consumption. Nut quality which determine price in the world market cannot be compromised and this harvesting period is detrimental, therefore the need to evaluate the effects of post-harvest handling practices on quality. Methodology: A survey was conducted in ten cashew growing districts in five regions of Ghana in 2009 and 2010. A total of 247 farmers, 3 buyers and 3 processors were sampled and interviewed using a questionnaire. Samples of raw nuts and kernels were collected from the cashew farmers, buyers, processors and mother trees and assessed for their processing and nutritional qualities. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Correlation. Findings: Results from the survey showed that 45.3% of farmers picked their nuts daily from the fields, 53.8% dried the nuts between 3-4 days and 76.1% had no storage facilities and these affected the quality of the nuts. Quality assessment using kernel analysis indicated that 41.2% of samples collected were within the standard grade with Original Research Article Gyedu-Akoto et al.; JSRR, Article no. JSRR.2014.006 954 the average nut weight ranging from 5.1 to 7.0 g. However, assessment of nuts collected from trees selected for germplasm establishment on farmers' farms nationwide showed that 73.9% of the nuts were of excellent grade. Conclusion: Improper harvesting and post harvest practices may result in poor nutritional and processing quality of cashew nuts.


Natural hazards, such as earthquake and hurricanes, impose great risk to the residents in communities of all sizes, and impair the normal function of built environment. Consequently, increasing attention has been cast on the emergency capacity of communities and the rapidity of their recovery process following a hazard event. The concept of community resilience has been raised, accepted and valued by researchers and policy makers and significant efforts have been conducted to define and quantify the community resilience [2,7,9,14,16]. The gist of community resilience is reflected by four characters: robustness, rapidity, redundancy and resourcefulness [2], as shown in Figure 1. .


Objective: To study the mRNA expression of 14-3-3σ、P53 and IKKα gene and to investigate the role of these genes in sporadic breast cancer. Methods: The mRNA expression of 14-3-3σ、P53 and IKKα gene were detected by SYBR green Ⅰ real time PCR. Results: △△C(subscript T) of 14-3-3σ、P53 and IKKα gene was 0.77、1.96 and 0.02 in turn by the relative amount analysis. According to the sample average relative amount%=2(superscript -△△CT), the average expression level in cancer was 58% of 14-3-3σ、25% of P53 and 98% of IKKαgene in non-cancer. The difference was not significant. Conclusion: The expression level of 14-3-3σ and P53 gene were low in breast cancer. The expression of IKKα gene is not affected. The three genes influence each other in breast cancer.


Six new species of the Thinodromus ferrugineus species group (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) are described: T. carltoni (Belize: Orange Walk District), T. dryophilus (USA: Indiana), T. fractus (Brazil: Amazonas), T. minusculus (Paraguay: Paraguarí), T. rubiginosus (USA: Arkansas) and T. vernicatus (French Guiana: Cayenne); with the description of T. dryophilus, the distribution of the T. ferrugineus species group is extended northwards to Indiana and Virginia; T. carltoni is currently the smallest known species of the genus Thinodromus KRAATZ, 1857. The habitus and certain additional morphological details of the new species are illustrated by colour photographs, the terminalia and genitalia by line drawings.


We examine general trends of the ground-state structure and the order-disorder behavior in spinel oxides. We first determine the cation ordering in the ground state and investigate the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in IV-II spinel oxides by combining calculations based on the density-functional theory with the cluster-expansion method. We predict that ${\text{Mg}}_{2}{\text{SnO}}_{4}$, ${\text{Zn}}_{2}{\text{SnO}}_{4}$, and ${\text{Zn}}_{2}{\text{TiO}}_{4}$ have the inverse configuration while ${\text{Mg}}_{2}{\text{TiO}}_{4}$ has the normal configuration. On the basis of the results for IV-II spinel oxides and those for II-III spinel oxides, the spinels are then classified. The ground-state structure and order-disorder behavior can be classified using the parameters evaluated from the cluster expansion analysis.


In this research we employ an inter-disciplinary project that uses active learning theory to help bridge the gap between a university's extensive liberal arts core and its business program. We believe this project will improve and enrich classroom discussions of the more complex and nuanced issues found in the application of business principles. To redress the fact that many undergraduate students do not have extensive work experience to draw on when discussing the application of business ethics principles, we present a project that uses a classic novel, Hard Times, to improve students' abilities to contextualize and apply common business ethics frameworks. The project focuses on active learning and non-linear thinking, and aims to immerse the student in a fictional environment that models the complexity of, without being identical to, a real world business setting.


It is shown that dilution of precision terms for relative positioning, using double-difference processing of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite signals, are bounded by the corresponding dilution of precision terns for point positioning. This result is valid for the case of four satellites, with a common reference satellite.


In 1986 a 4-year, $4 million research project named CLOUTERRE was initiated in France by the French Minister of Transport. The main objective was to develop recommendations on soil nailing for temporary and permanent nailed soil walls in excavation, with special emphasis on safety and durability. The results and the subsequent recommendations for seven selected important topics are presented. The behavior of a nailed soil wall during construction, in service, and near failure was studied on three full-scale experimental walls pushed to failure according to three modes of failure. A design method based on Schlosser's multicriterion is recommended to account for all possible modes of failure. The classical definition of the global factor of safety is abandoned, and a new procedure using partial safety factors and weighing factors is recommended. A new method is proposed to design the facing thickness as a function of the nail spacings. More than 450 in situ pullout tests were collected to create a unique data base allowing correlations between the nail and soil types and the soil-nail interface frictional resistance. Detailed recommendations are developed to calculate the extra thickness of steel required in permanent nailed soil structures depending on the characteristics of the soil. Limitations of soil nailing are clearly defined for different situations. CLOUTERRE recommendations are a major contribution to the status of knowledge on soil nailing in excavation. They will allow the increasing use of soil nailing for temporary and permanent structures.


The article undertakes a case study of A Ling's experience with labor mobility to show the relationships between the self-disciplining of her body and the condition of factories, including the rules and disciplines of the factory, the different levels of organization, and the formation of informal groups. This examination reveals that her body is shaped by her social surroundings, which include the sexual divisions of labor in the family, and the corporate culture. What is revealed is the existence of alienation of the laborers at the workplace and the colonization of life world in society. The article suggests the rise of class consciousness through the daily expression of resistance among women who move from jobs to jobs, especially with respect to their recruitment based on "voting with their feet" as their weapon of activism.


The digital technologies represented by digital processing programs, local data bases and satellite receivers system is a set of technologies made to organize the process of building descriptive field database, and conveying them to computers, in order to store, analyze and manifest data as well as upgrade and extract it in the form of digital maps, which represent an asset in any engineering and planning study. For a variety of types of mixed land uses and others land uses in the urban city, which cause great difficulty in how to build spatial Geodatabase in terms of frequency of the land use and overlap between land uses, the paper will find the proposed standard Geomatics techniques to get rid of these difficulties. The paper will tackle the engineering and survey methods which could reinforce manifestation of uses of logical database in urban areas. Lastly, the research concludes that relying on important field survey and digital references in preparing suggested criteria for field uses, in addition to the recommendations provided in this field for the post graduate and undergraduate students as well governmental specialized departments.


Abstract We consider the Banach algebra consisting of linear operators T which are defined on the simple functions and have bounded extensions Tp on LP for all values of p ∊ [1, ∞]. We show that the 'integral' operators in this algebra form a right ideal, and that each Tp associated to an integral T is regular. When the underlying measure is finite or special discrete we show further that every Tp is regular for every T in the algebra. Algebraic techniques together with interpolation results are then used to get relationships between the spectrum and the order spectrum of the associated Tp 's.


This study took the form of qualitative interviews with both CS and LA actors involved in local-level food policy development: five actors from Bath and Northeast Somerset were interviewed (three LA actors and two CS actors), and six from Devon (one LA actor and five CS actors). The interviews focused on the beliefs of the actors relating to local-level food production and how it can foster sustainability objectives.


The underwater spherical robot has a spherical pressure hull which contains power modules, sensors, and so on. It lacks robot arms or end effectors but is highly maneuverable, for the simplest symmetrical geometry is the sphere. This paper analyzes the spherical robot's hydrodynamic model with CFD software, concludes the spherical robot's hydrodynamic characteristics, and compares these characteristics with the hydrodynamic model of another underwater robot which has a streamlined hull. The effect of sphere hydraulic resistance on the control of the robot is analyzed with some examples.


This paper presents a methodological proposal to carry out the measurement of student outcomes (SO) recently published by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of ABET. Up to the end of 2017 the set of student outcomes were 11, the so-calle A-K, but the adopted a new system of seven SOs, the now-called 1-7. Therefore, the academic programs seeking the ABET evaluation must adopt the new system and adapt their program assessment processes to that system. On the other hand, the proposal presented here involves the use of the SOLO (Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes) of Biggs to identify the cognitive processes: uni-structural, multi-structural, relational and broadened abstract, as well as its deployment in relation to the student outcomes employed by ABET.


Bacterial decays of onion bulbs have serious economic consequences for growers, but the aetiologies of these diseases are often unclear. We aimed to determine the role of Rahnella, which we commonly isolated from bulbs in the United States and Norway, in onion disease.


EFFECTIVE NOISE CONTROL - INCREASINGLY NECESSARY DUE TO INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS BY THE PUBLIC AND ENVIRONMENT - LEGISLATION - DEMANDS SPECIALIST KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE. THE ASSISTANCE OF EXPERTS IS THEREFORE NECESSARY, IN ORDER TO DEVELOP APPROPRIATE MEANS FOR NOISE CONTROL. AN EXPERT'S REPORT SHOULD ENABLE THE UNINITIATED TO FORM AN OPINION. THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A FREELANCE SPECIALIST OR OF A SPECIALIST ORGANISATION ARE: NEUTRALITY AND OBJECTIVENESS. IN THE FEDERAL GERMAN GOVERNMENT'S ENVIRONMENT PLAN FOR 1971, PROFESSIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A NOISE CONTROL SPECIALIST ARE LAID DOWN, WHICH ARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SPECIALISTS OF THE TECHNICAL SUPERVISORY ASSOCIATION (OF WEST GERMANY). COOPERATION WITH HIGHER INSTITUTIONS ENSURES THAT THEIR KNOWLEDGE IS KEPT UP TO DATE.


To mitigate the asynchronous ICI (Inter-Cell Interference), SCM (Spatial Covariance Matrix) of the asynchronous ICI plus background noise should be accurately estimated for MIMO-OFDMA (Multiple-input Multiple-output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) system. Generally, it is assumed that the SCM of the asynchronous ICI plus background noise is estimated by using training symbols. However, it is difficult to measure the interference statistics for a long time and considering that training symbols are not appropriate for OFDMA system such as LTE (3GPP Long Term Evolution). Therefore, noise reduction method is required to improve the estimation accuracy. Although the conventional time-domain low-pass type weighting method can be effective for noise reduction, it causes significant estimation error due to the spectral leakage in practical OFDM system. Therefore, we propose a time-domain sinc type weighing method which can not only reduce noise effectively minimizing estimation error caused by the spectral leakage but also can be implemented using frequency-domain weighted moving average filter easily. We also consider the iterative CFR (Channel Frequency Response) and SCM estimation method which can effectively reduce the estimation error of both CFR and SCM, and improve the performance for LTE system. By using computer simulation, we show that the proposed method can provide up to 2.5dB SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) gain compared with the conventional method, and verify that the proposed method is attractive and suitable for implementation with stable operation.


The paper discusses three main challenges that are mostly confronted when conducting sample surveys within the Caribbean: (i) the general lack of adequate sampling frames from which to select representative samples, especially when sampling noninstitutionalised populations; (ii) problems associated with administering survey instruments within the Caribbean (e.g., violence in inner city areas renders face-to-face interviews a useless tool of data collection in those communities, telephone interviews are in herently biased against people without telephones who form the majority, and the poor postal system in the region poses a challenge to mail question naires); and (Hi) cultural and linguistic diversity inherent both within and among Caribbean countries. The dilemma here is that a survey instrument needs to be culture-specific in order to collect reliable data, at the same time that it needs to be functionally equivalent in order to allow for comparison of survey results across cultures. The paper discusses the above challenges and, where possible, provides some suggestions for dealing with them.


In modern technical designs are widely used threaded fasteners appointment made from calibrated hire obtained by plastic deformation. They are subjected to quenching and tempering hardened steel fasteners. A considerable part of them performed in the form of long bolts, studs and scaffolding. They are produced from rolled bar with various technological operations cold deformation drawing, heading, thread rolling, followed by heat treatment. We have made a literary review of the impact degree of plastic deformation at drawing hot-rolled steel and heat treatment on its macro-and microstructural condition, plastic and strength characteristics. The disadvantage of the heat-treated rolled into existing technologies is the local heterogeneity of the mechanical properties in neighboring areas rolled like a small extent, and the entire length of the skein. Therefore requires a study of long bolts matter of getting hardened to strength class 9.8 of calibrated rolled strength and plastic characteristics that meet the requirements of standards, without subsequent quenching and tempering.


Conservative medical management leads to successful resolution of pancreatic ascites in about 50% of patients. Although surgical therapy often is


Queueing network performance modelling technology has made tremendous strides in recent years. Two of the most important developments in facilitating the modelling of large and complex systems are hierarchical modelling, in which a single load dependent server is used as a surrogate for a subsystem, and approximate mean value analysis, in which reliable approximate solutions of separable models are efficiently obtained. Unfortunately, there has been no successful marriage of these two developments; that is, existing algorithms for approximate mean value analysis do not accommodate load dependent servers reliably.
 This paper presents a successful technique for incorporating load dependent servers in approximate mean value analysis. We consider multiple class models in which the service rate of each load dependent server is a function of the queue length at that server. In other words, load dependent center k delivers "service units" at a total rate of f@@@@ (n@@@@) when n@@@@ customers are present. We present extensive experimental validation which indicates that our algorithm contributes an average error in response times of less than 1% compared to the (much more expensive) exact solution.
 In addition to the practical value of our algorithm, several of the techniques that it employs are of independent interest.


This talk will provide a brief introduction to modern synchrotron facilities and techniques for studies of magnetic structures, highlighting some examples, limitations and future directions. We will focus on the use of hard x-ray probes of single crystal samples. The talk will then move into less well-charted territory, highlighting some recent investigations where higher-order multipole resonances and induced charge scattering play important roles, along with new approaches to observing magnetoelectric sample properties.


It is difficult to be sanguine about Timor-Leste?s progress towards achieving the localized Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The share of people living under the national poverty line increased from 36 per cent in 2001 to 50 per cent in 2007. The maternal mortality ratio remains unacceptably high. About half of the children are underweight. In Dili, the capital, 58 per cent of the youth have no jobs (Government of Timor Leste and UN, 2009). Can Timor-Leste scale-up MDG-related investments? (?)


Cruise tourism is the fastest-growing branch of the tourism sector, and many have turned to it as a development strategy despite little systematic evidence of its equilibrium effects. I match 10.6 million automatic identification system (AIS) locations from 517 cruise ships arriving in 265 port destinations to 355,463 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) women's surveys in 23 countries to estimate cruise tourism's relationship with women's labor market participation and educational attainment. Using fixed effects to identify changes in tourism over time, I estimate that doubling cruise ship arrivals is associated with a 4.9-percentage point increase in labor participation and one-quarter more years of education. These results would be consistent with port cities offering more job opportunities for older women and increased opportunity and available income for education, possibly in anticipation of improved employment prospects. JEL Classifications : D50, I00, J21, O12, Z32


The degradations of p-type lateral extended drain MOS transistors with thick gate oxide are experimentally investigated. A novel structure is proposed with a low doped boundary of the drift region without additional process, which will be helpful in reducing the electric field, reducing the degradations of electrical parameters correspondingly. The effects have been detailed analyzed by the CP measurements and MEDICI simulations. Our of the simulations results, the length of the low doped boundary of the drift region is discussed and their effect on the degradation induced by hot carriers has been investigated. An optimization structure is proposed.


The publication of Gereffi and Korzeniewicz's (1994) path-breaking work on the Global Commodity Chain (GCC) stimulated a fertile and continuing debate on geographically dispersed systems of production increasingly evident in the 'globalised' era. Transnational productive activity was conceptualised as constituting either a Producer Driven Commodity Chain (PDCC) or a Buyer Driven Commodity Chain (BDCC). A signal advantage of the chain metaphor was that it permitted the abstract idea of globalisation to be realised concretely in terms of the relations surrounding tangible commodities.


The author discusses the development of the research in data mining, and studies deeply four data mining methods: association rule, outlier data mining, case based reasoning, support vector machine. Finally the framework and model of an intelligent decision support system based on data mining are proposed.


This review explores the Knowledge Discovery Database (KDD) approach, which supports the bioinformatics domain to progress efficiently, and illustrate their relationship with data mining. Thus, it is important to extract advantages of Data Mining (DM) strategy management such as effectively stressing its role in cost control, which is the principle of competitive intelligence, and the role of it in information management. As well as, its ability to discover hidden knowledge. However, there are many challenges such as inaccurate, hand-written data, and analyzing a large amount of variant information for extracting useful knowledge by using DM strategies. These strategies are successfully applied in several applications as data warehouses, predictive analytics, business intelligence, bioinformatics, and decision support systems. There are many DM techniques that are applied for disease diagnostics and treatment, for example cancer diseases that are investigated using multi-layer perception, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, Simple Logistic, K-Nearest Neighbor. As will be explored in this paper. Consequently, for future perspectives there is research in progress for real Iraqi data of Breast Cancer using Data Mining techniques, specifically the Tree decision and K-nearest algorithms.


Incretin‐based therapies are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. Although hypoglycemic actions of incretins are mostly due to their insulinotropic/glucagonostatic effects, they may also influence extrapancreatic metabolism. We administered exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), a long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide receptor agonist, at low dose (0.1 nmol/kg/day) for a short period (10 days), in obese nondiabetic fa/fa Zucker rats (ZFRs). Ex‐4‐treated ZFRs were compared to vehicle (saline)‐treated ZFRs and vehicle‐ and Ex‐4‐treated lean rats (LRs). Blood glucose levels were measured at days 0, 9, and 10. Ingested food and animal weight were recorded daily. On the day of sacrifice (d10), blood was sampled along with liver, epididymal, subcutaneous, brown adipose, and skeletal muscle tissues from animals fasted for 24 h. Plasma insulin and blood glucose levels, food intake, and body and epididymal fat weight were unchanged, but gross morphological changes were observed in insulin‐sensitive tissues. The average size of hepatocytes was significantly lower in Ex‐4‐treated ZFRs, associated with decreased number and size of lipid droplets and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) staining, a marker of oxidative stress (OS). Myocytes, which were smaller in ZFRs than in LRs, were significantly enlarged and depleted of lipid droplets in Ex‐4‐treated ZFRs. Weak HNE staining was increased by Ex‐4. A similar observation was made in brown adipose tissue, whereas the elevated HNE staining observed in epididymal adipocytes of ZFRs, suggestive of strong OS, was decreased by Ex‐4. These results suggest that incretins by acting on OS in insulin‐sensitive tissues may contribute to weight‐independent improvement in insulin sensitivity.


This research aimed at developing course design of Interview Preparation Class at The Bali Hotel School. This is a descriptive qualitative research applied Language-centered model by Hutchinson Waters, material development procedure by Jolly and Bolitho (1998) and criteria of a good material by Tomlinson (1998). The data was obtained through interview to Hotel authorities, questionnaire to students and analyzed quantitatively by using percentage of frequency and described qualitatively. The result of this study shows that the syllabus is compatible to need analysis of Hutchinson and Waters, the materials and the proposed evaluation are compatible to the criteria of good material by Tomlinson and evaluation procedure recommended by Hutchinson and Waters. The course design includes the syllabus, material of English Interview Preparation, and the proposed evaluation. Finally, the course design is effective in improving the students' score from the pre test average result of 60 and post test of 70.


Introduction. The influence of the force of gravity on the circulation is a question of very obvious importance, yet it is one curiously neglected by physiologists. The physician and the surgeon daily observe the effect of the position of the body upon the rate of the pulse, the sounds of the heart, diseases of the heart and lungs, hypostatic pneumonia, syncope, varicocele, erectile tumours, piles, varicose veins. The conditions of shock, anaemia, haemorrhage, chloroform poisoning, are also seen to be largely affected by the position of the body. But on turning to the text-books of physiology nothing is to be found within their pages upon so important a theme, and on seeking still further into physiological journals and archives few and imperfect are the researches there chronicled. History. One of the earliest observers in this subject was Piorryl, the distinguished French physician. He insisted on separating cerebral syncope from cardiac syncope. " In cerebral syncope," he writes, " the heart continues to beat, btut the beats have not force enough to overcome the resistance which is given by gravity." Therefore the activity of the brain is suspended. If the force of gravity is made to aid the heart in propelling blood to the brain the syncope will cease. Piorry observed several cases bearing on this point. In one instance he was suddenly called to a patient who had lost consciousness. The respiration was rare and stertorous, sensibility was abolished, the pulse very feeble, the heart very weak and irregular, and the face pale. The patient had been supported by his friends in the sitting posture for fifteen minutes. Piorry refused to bleed the patient and laid him down horizontally. Immediately his eyes opened, respiration was