Tor bridges are undocumented relays which are supposed to help censored users access the Tor network when all public relays are blocked. They serve as a stepping stone into the public network. Their effectiveness relies on them not leaking to censoring countries. If this happens, they get blocked and become useless in this particular country. Bridges are distributed over HTTPS, e-mail and (physical) social networks. It is reported that at least China was able to get an exceeding amount of bridge descriptors distributed over HTTPS and e-mail [2]. Distribution over social networks is more robust but less effective. Basically, the problem of bridge distribution boils down to a secret which has to reach censored users but must not reach censors. This is impossible by definition since censors can always act like legitimate users and, worse, can launch sybil attacks.


Characterization of host factors affecting heterologous protein secretion in Lactococcus lactis. Lactococcus lactisis the model organism for Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and is a GRAS bacterium. It is therefore a good candidate for the secretion of heterologous proteins of therapeutic interest. In order to investigate new potential uses for LAB, we study host factors involved in the production, the stability and/or the secretion of heterologous proteins in L. lactis. Our strategy uses a random insertional mutagenesis performed on a L. lactis MG1363 derivative strain carrying a uspnuc cassette in its chromosome. The uspnuc cassette encodes a hybrid precursor composed of the signal peptide of the Usp45 secreted protein and the staphylococcal nuclease (Nuc) which is used here as a reporter protein for the secretion process. Nuc activity of bacterial colonies is readily detectable in vivo and this provides an efficient screening for the selection of secretion mutants. We thus selected and analyzed six L. lactis mutants affected in Nuc secretion. Five out of the 6 corre- sponding genes were identified. Three of them seem to be involved in the production and/or secre- tion of proteins: 2 genes are homologous to unknown peptidases and one is homologous to a gene located downstream of a transcription regulator. Combination of different strategies should provide new insight of the secretion process in L. lactis and could result in the construction of secretion mutants with enhanced capacities. Lactococcus lactis / secretion / heterologous protein / random mutagenesis


imaginably preserved. Unlike in the closed chronotope of the Greek romance, characters in the open chronotope of realism possess agency—even if their field of action is highly circumscribed. The interplay of different chronotopes in individual texts discussed by Beaton is a problem taken up by Rachel Falconer, who traces the conflict between epic and novelistic world-views in the various discursive responses to 9/11. Like Bakhtin, Falconer holds that heterochrony generates new chronotopes, as exemplified by the heterochronic and heteroglossic "counter-narrative" of Don DeLillo's novel Falling Man. In her essay, Nele Bemong develops the chronotope as a methodological tool that may give Even-Zohar's polysystems theory a firmer purchase on its objects: works and genres. Noting that the Belgian literary polysystem had to be created from scratch in 1830, Bemong maps the functions that the Belgian historical novel was called upon to fulfil onto a number of chronotopes considered as prototypical genres. Bemong then shows that these chronotopes were appropriated either from neighbouring literary polysystems or from an indigenous cultural substratum, unearthing linkages between the generic system of the Belgian historical novel and adjacent genres. Joy Ladin contributes the finding that it is the evanescence of chronotopes that is meaningful in non-narrative poetry—unlike prose, where chronotopic stability sustains meaning, thereby rounding out what is surely a landmark contribution to the study of the chronotope concept and its potential applications.


The abundance of flowers and their shades in nature and in the sphere mediated by human life made it necessary to add additional, complex colors to the language. The names of natural prototypes were used more often as a material for the formation of new color designations: raspberries, blood, etc. Additional tokens, in turn, differ from the main color names in special compatibility, often quite limited. This can be seen in fairy tales, folklore of the country.


Innovation is an interactive learning process that is facilitated naturally by geographic proximity. Innovation intermediaries can serve as an extra catalyst to and facilitator of interaction and collaboration. With today's more globalized knowledge and innovation landscape, companies and research organizations seek complementary competencies and partners with whom they can collaborate on a much broader geographical scale. Although linkages with other actors internationally can offer related knowledge to help secure continuous dynamism and long-term competitiveness, engaging in internationally-collaborative innovation processes requires conscious efforts and capabilities. Innovation actors – particularly small companies – may lack the internal capacity or network connections to pursue international innovation activities. Such barriers may prevent or limit the effectiveness of their engagement in international innovation processes. Within the field of innovation policy, one of the current issues is how policymakers can address actors' barriers to the internationalization of innovation – helping to catalyze increased (and more efficient) international knowledge sourcing and collaboration. If innovation processes are increasingly transnational, how are public policies designed to facilitate cross-border interaction? Could innovation intermediaries be leveraged in this regard? Existing literature focuses on the role that innovation intermediaries (cluster organizations or similar) have in facilitating interactive learning and knowledge creation within a particular local innovation node or national geography. There is relatively less written about innovation intermediaries' role in facilitating international interactive learning processes. This thesis aims to improve understanding of how innovation intermediaries foster firms' and research organizations' transnational innovation processes – facilitating learning and serving as an input for future policy development in this area. This thesis uses a case study approach to investigate factors driving innovation actors' need for intermediary support, and support functions innovation intermediaries fulfill in relation to these needs. 59 innovation actors (i.e. research organizations, large/medium companies, and small companies) and 14 innovation intermediaries – grouped in five transnational innovation networks – were the objects of study in the StarDust project case. Data was collected through interviews, surveys and participant observation over the course of the three-year project. Results highlight three key conclusions. First, transnational innovation processes drive a relatively stronger demand for external support to bringing dispersed knowledge sources together in collaborative development of innovative solutions. Second, innovation actors' differentiated interests in external support imply a need for tailored support functions, and highlight the possibilities for leveraging the system in support delivery. Third, research results point to the expanding role that innovation intermediaries take on to foster globalized innovation processes – without necessarily having corresponding mandates or skills. These findings contribute to the research field by providing more detailed insights on the type of intermediary support functions that may be useful in internationally-interdependent innovation processes, and by providing a comparative perspective of different innovation actors' support needs in relation to the services provided by innovation intermediaries. The research helps take a first step to substantiating the role that innovation intermediaries could play in strengthening international linkages in research and innovation activities – contributing to ongoing policy development in this area. (Less)


The fully developed turbulent momentum and heat transfer Induced by the square-ribbed roughness elements on both the Inner and outer wall surfaces In concentric annuli are studied analytically based on a modified turbulence model. And the heat transfer in the both heated walls was calculated using influence coefficient method. The analytical results of the fluid flow is verified by experiment. The study demonstrates that certain artificial roughness elements may be used to enhance heat transfer rates with advantage from the overall efficiency point of view by Investigating tubulent flows and heat transfer in Fig. 1.


Facial diagnosis,which can diagnoses human body and the partial pathological changes by inspecting the changes of the face,is an important part of inspection in TCM.In recent years,objective research on tongue and pulse diagnosis in TCM,which using artificial intelligence,image processing has been the hot topic.But few people focus on the information processing technological objective research of facial diagnosis,which is an important part of diagnosis in TCM.This article summarizes technical means,including the acquisition of face image,face detection and localization,facial feature localization,the recognition of facial complexion and other characters of face,and dialectical deduction in facial diagnosis systematically.Finally,it discusses the existent problems and describe the prospects for the future developing tendency of the facial diagnostic in TCM.


Description : The application allows users to walk around in a virtual home. When you do certain actions or encounter some objects, they emit an odor. For example, if one opens the door of the washing machine she can smell the odor of clean cloths.


In recent decades there has been an enormous growth of interest in the notion of social network and the methods of Social Network Analysis (SNA). The methodology developed in the field of network analysis has been categorized into descriptive methods and statistical methods. The statistical methods may be organized into two parts; the first group consists of dyadic and triadic methods which represent statistical models for subgraphs and the second group of statistical models for entire graphs and digraphs. In this work we pay attention to the Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs), the statistical models which provide a general framework for modeling dependent data where the dependence can be thought of as a neighborhood effect. The present manuscript is based on two main motivations. Firstly, we are interested to examine model diagnostics and check for degeneracy of ERGMs using different methods and functions. Secondly, we aim to evaluate and compare results obtained for networks of various sizes from three different estimation procedures such as Newton-Raphson, Robbins-Monro and Stepping.


The onset of life-threatening or chronic illness irrevocably changes the trajectory of the lives of individuals and their families. The beliefs held about the illness may affect the way individuals and family members cope with the illness as well as the illness itself. The illness beliefs model proposes that a therapeutic conversation that includes the identification of, assessment of, and intervention with constraining beliefs about illness may have a powerful and sustaining influence on individuals' and family members' ability to integrate illness into their lives. The authors present a therapeutic conversation that occurred during two sessions in the Family Nursing Unit at the University of Calgary, with a woman experiencing "feeling overwhelmed and stressed" 6 weeks following the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction. Highlighted is one family nursing intervention, commendations, which shows promise in challenging constraining beliefs that may diminish the perception of strengths and increase suffering.


Atmospheric convection is a process which involves the more or less vertical motion of air currents. During the discussion of winds (Part II), the writer indicated that winged insects inactivated by low temperatures, or wingless insects within any temperature zone, required vertical currents for support, and for assistance in horizontal transport, rather than horizontal currents alone, regardless of the strength of the latter currents. In the following pages, the process known as thermal convection will be considered as a means for the vertical and horizontal distribution of insects.


According to the function and operating characteristics of water hydraulic relief valves in a high-pressure water pipe system, a novel one-stage relief valve with a one-way damper was designed and analyzed in this study. The one-way damper consists of a damping chamber and a check valve. Moreover, a damping orifice is bored along the axis of the check-valve spool. When the main spool moves to open the valve port, the check valve is fully open, and the damping orifice generates no damping force on the main spool; otherwise, the check valve is completely closed, and the damping orifice produces a damping force on the main spool. Furthermore, based on a mathematical model describing the dynamic characteristics of the relief valve, the effect of the one-way damper on the dynamic characteristics of the relief valve was simulated and analyzed, and certain optimal parameters of the one-way damper were obtained (e.g., the diameter and length of the damping orifice and the initial volume of the damping chamber). Lastly, the experimental results obtained from a prototype of the relief valve, which was manufactured to the optimal dimensions, demonstrated that the pressure overshoot was 7.5%, the response time was 1.43 × 10−2 s, and the transition time was 3.9 × 10−2 s. Thus, the one-way damper could significantly improve the dynamic characteristics of the relief valve.


The quality of underwater video photography is limited by the visibility of the water column. Generally speaking, it is difficult to tell the dimension of the target directly from the underwater images. To overcome this problem, one may project a laser stripe onto the target and measure the displacement of the laser scan lines relative to a straight baseline. The displacement reveals the profile of the object at that location. With a calibrated CCD camera, the displacement expressed in pixels can be converted into the dimension of the target in physical units. To obtain a broader view at a closer distance to reduce the influence of suspension particles, a wide-angle lens is usually used. Therefore the image is non-linear and distorted in the corners. Rather than finding out the optical and geometrical parameters of the CCD camera and the environment, the authors propose building several mappings between the world coordinate system and the image frame to cover the scope of the CCD. The authors lay vertical and horizontal grid lines of 5 cm span on an acrylic plate that is aligned with the laser beam scan plane. These grid lines serve as the "longitudes" and "latitudes" of the map. On the captured image, the authors curve-fit the controlled points of the grid lines in pixels. A pair of interpolated longitude and latitude which passes through the target point are used to estimate the location of the point in the world coordinate system. Coins and one bottle of known sizes are used for verification of this approach. The results indicate that the error varies between 1/spl sim/2% measured from a distance of one metre.


Entrepreneurs in cities are prone to direct market change and urban growth in a country. Those who do not possess strong business network and strategic alliance are likely out of the game immediately. Building community entrepreneurship thus becomes critical to provide collective business network and learning, particularly for smaller entrepreneurs and new entrants, through the mobilization of social capital. This paper aims to examine how urban community institutionalizes the embedded stock of social capital in the neighborhood to cultivate sound entrepreneurial ambience parallel with the individual pursuit of profit maximization. The multiple strategies of incorporating traditional and informal inherited values into the contemporary dynamics of market and urban growth are quite successful to sustain the continuation of home-based industry in the neighborhood. The case study approach was undertaken to observe the re-emergence of local batik industry in Kampung Laweyan of Surakarta Municipality, Indonesia. The result demonstrates that social cohesion safeguarding is the key to encourage collective entrepreneurial skills development in the community albeit it does not affect much the building of stronger inter-firm cooperation.


This study aims to determine differences in emotional and social intelligence assessment between public and private school students using Android-based PKES (Penilaian Kecerdasan Emosional-Sosial or Social-Emotional Intelligence Assessment) application in strengthening student character during the pandemic. This survey study with a quantitative approach was analyzed using a comparative model. The subjects were 120 parents and students of public and private elementary schools in Yogyakarta chosen by purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and Likert scale tests with the PKES application and analyzed by t-test. It reveals that state elementary school students' emotional and social intelligence emphasizes the psychomotor aspect or good behavior with the habituation method. Meanwhile, private elementary school students emphasize the cognitive aspect of character knowledge through the lecture method. The affective aspect of social-emotional intelligence in public and private elementary schools is still low. Students have not been trained to feel the good character impact with various methods, so good behavior will not last until they are old because it has not been embedded in their hearts. Different tests with t-test obtained 0.378>0.05, so the difference is insignificant. The emotional and social intelligence of public and private elementary school children during the pandemic is not much different. Because students study at home during the pandemic, their character is more influenced by parents than teachers. It implies that parents and teachers should more often train students to feel happy doing good deeds, so good character is embedded in the heart and lasts for a long time.


Contents: Introduction The 'Turke' and 'Turkishness' in England, 1529-71 Receiving 'great affection' from 'the Turke': Anglo-Ottoman relations and the stage George Peele and English perspectives on 'Alcazar' 'Mighty hath God and Mahomet made thy hand': Tamburlaine and Islam 'The troublers of all Christendome': dramatizing the Ottomans in the 1590s Conclusion: 'All of our nation that knowe Turkie': the Ottomans and English culture Bibliography Index.


This study investigated the role of word knowledge in metaphorical interpretation. Forty sixth-grade subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: 1) a control group in which practice interpreting similes was provided; 2) a general word knowledge group in which general attributes and a line drawing were provided for words which later served as metaphorical vehicles in the criterion task; and, 3) a specific word knowledge group in which the critical attribute and a line drawing of the attribute were provided for words which later served as metaphorical vehicles in the criterion task. All subjects were then asked to interpret a set of similes and list attrib- utes of the metaphorical vehicles in each one. Results revealed large differences favoring the specific word knowledge group on both the interpretation and attribute listing tasks over the other two conditions, p < .01 in both cases. No statistically significant differences were found between the general word knowldge and practice groups. The data support the position that specific word knowledge is a powerful factor in the ability to interpret metaphor.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of Mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) in the treatment of MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Methods 12-week female mice were given MMF (90mg·kg -1·d -1, po), methylprednisolone(MPS,25mg·kg -1·d -1, ip)or cyclophosphamide(CTX,25mg·kg -1·w -1, ip) for 6 months. Proteinuria was determined, and suppressive effect of the drugs on serum anti-dsDNA antibody level was measured by radioimmunological assay. Immunohistological analysis was used to quantify the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) in renal tissue. ICAM-1 gene expression in renal cortex was examined by RT-PCR. Results Mice treated with MMF, MPS or CTX had their weight increased more than those in the control group (P0.05) (MPSCTXMMF). Compared to the ones in the control, mice with MMF, MPS or CTX treatment had a lower levels of proteinuria (P 0.01) (CTXMPSMMF), anti-dsDNA antibody (P0.01) (MMFMPSCTX), and mortality (MMFMPSCTX). Pathological microscopy showed that these three drugs ameliated tubulointerstitial intrafiltration of inflammatory cells and glomerular injuries (P0.01) (CTXMPSMMF). Immunohistological results revealed that expression of PAI-1 and ICAM-1 in the renal cortex of mice treated with the drugs was reduced compared to that of the control. ICAM-1 mRNA was less in the renal tissue of mice treated with the three drugs (P0.01) (MMFMPSCTX). Conclusion MMF reduces proteinuria, prolongs life span, ameliates renal injuries in lupus MRL-lpr/lpr mice. This protective effect might be explained by its immunosuppressive action, which leads to reduced-expression of PAI-1 and ICAM-1 in the kidney of MRL-lpr/lpr mice. MMF also has the advantages of routine therapy of MPS or CTX in prolongation of life span in this model.


We propose a first-order fast algorithm for the weighted max-min fair (MMF) multi-group multicast beamforming problem in large-scale systems. Utilizing the optimal multicast beamforming structure obtained recently, we convert the nonconvex MMF problem into a min-max weight minimization problem and show that it is a weakly convex problem. We propose using the projected subgradient algorithm (PSA) to solve the problem directly, instead of the conventional method that requires iteratively solving its inverse problem. We show that PSA for our problem has closed-form updates and thus is computationally cheap. Furthermore, PSA converges to a near-stationary point of our problem within finite time. Simulation results show that our PSA-based algorithm offers near-optimal performance with considerably lower computational complexity than existing methods for large-scale systems.


The invention discloses a method for preparing a multi-component zirconia-based thermal barrier oxide ceramic material, which solves the problems that the prior zirconia-based thermal barrier oxide ceramic material has poor agglomeration resistance, higher heat conductivity, lower thermal expansion coefficient, complicated preparation technique, and high cost. The method comprises the following steps that: 1. the surface active agents are added in the Ln3+ solution and Zr4+ solution to stir them after the Ln3+ solution and Zr4+ solution are mixed with each other to obtain the mixed solution; 2. the precipitator is added into the mixed solution drop by drop to obtain the precipitate; 3. the precipitate is centrifuged and washed; 4. the centrifuged and washed precipitate is dried, milled and calcined to obtain the multi-component zirconia-based thermal barrier oxide nano-powder; 5. the multi-component zirconia-based thermal barrier oxide nano-powder is molded to obtain green bodies; 6. the green bodies are agglomerated to obtain the multi-component zirconia-based thermal barrier oxide ceramic material. The method for preparing a multi-component zirconia-based thermal barrier oxide ceramic material has the advantages that the technique is simple and the cost is low, and the product is characterized by good agglomeration resistance, low thermal conductivity, and high thermal expansion coefficient.


An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of system lag on head tracking performance when positioning a cursor on a stable target. Seven values of lag were tested: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 msec. To assess potential interactions, the effects of lag were examined in combination with movement distance and direction. The task was to move a head-tracked cursor to a target that appeared on a six-inch CRT screen in an analog of time and that lag was linearly related to acquisition time, accounting for an increase in target acquisition time of approximately 7 millisecond of lag. Furthermore, the effects of lag on performance were evident with lags as brief as 20 msec.


This study aims to determine how the competence of teachers in the management of SDN Tampar-ampar Praya. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The research location is SDN Tampar-ampar Praya Tengah, Central Lombok Regency. Primary data sources are teachers and school principals, secondary data sources are the results of documentation. Data collection techniques using interviews and documentation. The data collected is in the form of words and pictures. Data analysis used Miles, Humberman, and Saldana models, namely data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and data verification. The results showed that the form of classroom management at SDN Tampar-ampar is (a) planning, compiling learning tools (b) implementing classroom management in supporting learning effectiveness, namely by motivating students to concentrate, conditioning students to be ready to learn in class, providing stimulus so that students are active in the classroom, using appropriate and varied methods, using media that is in accordance with the material presented (c) the constraints found in the classroom are that teachers still use monotonous learning methods.


The method of the present invention provides a treatment for rosacea using a topical formulation of dapsone. The method of the present invention also provides a treatment for rosacea that combines topical dapsone with other active agents, including metronidazole. The method of the present invention avoids hematological side effects including hemolysis and hemolytic anemia associated with oral administration of dapsone.


Biomarkers have tremendous potential in different phases of treatment such as risk assessment, screening/detection, diagnosis and patient's response prediction. In this paper, we present an approach for development of a generic tool for an end to end analysis of expression data to identify the probable biomarkers. We follow machine learning as well as network analysis approaches in parallel. We use statistical techniques as preliminaries for quality analysis, followed by the feature (gene) selection approach. For network analysis techniques we use measures such as eigen centrality, closeness centrality and betweenness centrality to filter the most influential mutated genes which act as biomarkers.


Excerpt Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is a rare disease beginning more often in childhood or adolescence. In 1952 Steinberg and Waldron1reviewed 51 cases of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and report...


We demonstrate control of the photoluminescence spectra and decay rates of water-soluble green-emitting conjugated polyrotaxanes by incorporating them in polystyrene opals with a stop-band spectrally tuned on the rotaxane emission (405–650 nm). We observe a suppression of the luminescence within the photonic stop-band and a corresponding enhancement of the high-energy edge (405–447 nm). Time-resolved measurements reveal a wavelength-dependent modification of the emission lifetime, which is shortened at the high-energy edge (by ∼11%, in the range 405–447 nm), but elongated within the stop-band (by ∼13%, in the range 448–482 nm). We assign both effects to the modification of the density of photonic states induced by the photonic crystal band structure. We propose the growth of fluorescent composite photonic crystals from blends of "solvent-compatible" non-covalently bonded nanosphere-polymer systems as a general method for achieving a uniform distribution of polymeric dopants in three-dimensional self-assem...


Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) a deadly disease that affect human and apes like gorilla, chimpanzee antelopes and so on. The causative virus is found mostly in Africa. It had been uncovered first in mid 1970s on the brink of the River of Ebola village. Since from the primary inception of the strange disease in Democratic Republic of Congo, there has been a periodic outbreak of the disease in some African countries, affecting many people within the region. A systematic review was conducted using Google search Engine, Cochrane database systemic review (CDSR), Centre for Disease Control and prevention and World Health Organization EVD report Databases. The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreaks in West Africa were the most important and most complex, which began in Guinea and spread to Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Before the disease is contained, it kills about 11,000 people and quite 28,000 people being affected from it first mid 1970s detection to late 2016. The virus is transmitted from fruit bat in touch of with other animals and passes on the infection to humans through handling infected, dead or sick animals found within the forest or through direct contact with bats. Human to human transmission occurs through direct contact with the blood, secretions and other body fluids. Symptoms of the virus are: sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and bleeding from body openings. Recent advancements have been carried out in the form of effective Ebola Virus Vaccine Inmazeb and Ebanga for Zaire Ebola Virus and anti-Ebola virus drug rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo). However, the rapid geographic propagation, non-specific clinical presentation, lack of adequate vaccine and specific diagnostic assay are the possible challenges to combat the dreaded public health menace of Ebola Virus Disease. Key Words: Ebola Virus, Disease, Transmission, Treatment, Vaccine


In a vehicle front end panel, a horn cover for defining a passage of sound generated by a horn is formed integrally with a panel body to which a front end member such as a radiator is assembled. Further, the panel body and at least a part of the horn cover are integrally molded by resin. Therefore, the horn structure including the horn and the horn cover is readily manufactured in a low cost.


Algorithm evaluation provides a means to characterize variability across image analysis algorithms, validate algorithms by comparison with human annotations, synergize results from multiple algorithms for performance improvement, and facilitate algorithm sensitivity studies. High-resolution pathology images contain rich micro-anatomic information. An enormous amount of data can be derived from these images – e.g., 10-10 objects and features from a whole slide image with 10 pixels resolution. The sizes of images and analysis results pose significant challenges in validating and comparing pathology imaging algorithms. Addressing these challenges requires a high performance computing approach for managing and querying spatial objects and features. Our work proposes and develops a high performance, database-supported framework to support algorithm validation and comparison.


Energy router (ER), as the core equipment of energy internet (EI), can realize the regulation, conversion, and storage of multiple energy carriers. The conversion efficiency of ERs is important which is affected by load or temperature varying with actual operating environment. But, the efficiencies of conversion devices are assumed to be constant in the conventional ER model, which results in unreasonable operation schemes. Then, the key factors affecting the economic dispatch of the ER is the accuracy of the model. Therefore, an improved energy hub (EH) dynamic model is proposed for representing complex power flows of the physical layer, where conversion efficiency varies with temperature or load rate. Besides, to further improve the flexibility of the model, energy storage and region exchange matrix are added to the proposed model. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified based on the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) in a residential area.


We read the interesting article of Dr Iannuzzi and colleagues [1] and would like to illustrate the extent of fluid shifts induced by anaphylaxis, the necessity of volume support and catecholamine therapy. A 35-yr-old male (ASA I) presented for elective operation of the paranasal sinuses. Five minutes after induction of anaesthesia with propofol (200 mg), fentanyl (0.3 mg) and rocuronium (40 mg), the patient developed acute hypotension (systolic blood pressure below 40 mmHg), tachycardia (130 beats min 1) and a general grey complexion. Bronchospasm did not occur. H1and H2-antagonists, methylprednisolone (500 mg) and norepinephrine (titrated 1.2 mg) were given. Two arterial blood samples taken 10 and 25 min after the beginning of this acute phase revealed an elevation of haemoglobin (Hb) concentration from 15 g dL 1 preoperatively to 19 g dL 1 (haematocrit, from 45.0 to 59.4%), an elevation of PaCO2 to 8.7 kPa (PaO2 10.1 kPa, SaO2 89%) and a decrease of pH to 7.19 with a base excess of 5 mmol L 1. This elevation of Hb concentration and haematocrit occurred because approximately 1.5 L of fluids had left the intravascular compartment (according to the formula of Nadler and colleagues [2]), although 1 L of colloidal and 2 L of crystalloids were given. Epinephrine, the preferred catecholamine in anaphylaxis [3], was not given because of tachycardia. Norepinephrine was the catecholamine of choice for cardiovascular stabilization. Skin prick testing and a leukocyte histamine release test [3] performed 6 weeks later revealed a type I allergy to rocuronium. We want to emphasize that in anaphylaxis massive fluid shifts can occur and must be treated adequately (as was done by Iannuzzi and colleagues [1]). Furthermore, it may be of benefit to use those catecholamines that differ from epinephrine for cardiovascular therapy.


In the process of economic circle building of Yunnan central city group,Qujing city has abundant resources,basic resources such as water,soil better combination;relatively more resource per capita,and obvious rich energy resource.These make Qujing play a key role in Yunnan central urban agglomeration development.Qujing is the base of agriculture,energy and chemical industry of Yunnan central city group,it promotes fast,steady,healthy,and efficient development as the engine and the accelerator.At the same time,it should be noted that some of the mineral resources and the resource of forest are deficient.These are limiting factors in its development.These limiting factors make Qujing face serious ecological pressure resulting from water and soil loss and acid rain from large consumption of coal,and the tight man-land relationship.The resource-environmental basis of Qujing city was finally analyzed to give reference for fast,steady,healthy and efficient development of Qujing city and Yunnan central urban agglomeration and also for the relevant policies.


SINCE West 1 vividly described the syndrome of infantile spasms with progressive mental deterioration 125 years ago, the condition has been known under a variety of names, such as nodding spasms, salaam seizures, jack-knife seizures, "lightning majors," and massive myoclonic epilepsy. In 1954 Gibbs and associates 2 coined the terms, infantile spasms and hypsarhythmia, to denote respectively the type of seizure and the characteristic electroencephalographic pattern associated with the seizures. These authors also emphasized the unsatisfactory response to treatment and the poor prognosis for mental development (87% of their 237 patients were left mentally defective). New hope for better treatment and a better outlook in infantile spasms was evoked in 1958, when Sorel and Dusaucy-Bauloye 3 reported dramatic results with use of corticotropin (ACTH). These observations were quickly confirmed in the United States. 4,5 Subsequently, however, studies on children observed for longer periods after treatment with corticotropin or corticosteroids, revealed


Aim To estimate the proportional contribution of influenza viruses (IV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), adenoviruses (AV), and coronaviruses (CV) to the burden of severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). Methods The review of the literature followed PRISMA guidelines. We included studies of hospitalized children aged 0-4 years with confirmed ALRI published between 1995 and 2011. A total of 51 studies were included in the final review, comprising 56 091 hospitalized ALRI episodes. Results IV was detected in 3.0% (2.2%-4.0%) of all hospitalized ALRI cases, PIV in 2.7% (1.9%-3.7%), and AV in 5.8% (3.4%-9.1%). CV are technically difficult to culture, and they were detected in 4.8% of all hospitalized ALRI patients in one study. When respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and less common viruses were included, at least one virus was detected in 50.4% (40.0%-60.7%) of all hospitalized severe ALRI episodes. Moreover, 21.9% (17.7%-26.4%) of these viral ALRI were mixed, including more than one viral pathogen. Among all severe ALRI with confirmed viral etiology, IV accounted for 7.0% (5.5%-8.7%), PIV for 5.8% (4.1%-7.7%), and AV for 8.8% (5.3%-13.0%). CV was found in 10.6% of virus-positive pneumonia patients in one study. Conclusions This article provides the most comprehensive analysis of the contribution of four viral causes to severe ALRI to date. Our results can be used in further cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccine development and implementation for a number of respiratory viruses.


In this study, a frequency-agile Butler matrix is proposed and designed to operate from 1.92 to 2.7 GHz, which can therefore be used in several different wireless applications, including the universal mobile telecommunications system, the wireless fidelity (WiFi) and the world interoperability for microwave access. Measured results show that the amplitude imbalance of this Butler matrix is less than 2 dB, while the average insertion loss is less than 2.7 dB. Meantime, the return loss is better than 15 dB, together with the isolation between input ports better than 17 dB. In addition, an antenna array fed by this frequency-agile Butler matrix is investigated. It exhibits good out-of-band suppression especially at the lower band, showing the advantages over other multiband and wideband counterparts. For example, when the multiple beam antenna operates at 1.95 GHz, the received power levels of 2.14, 2.35, 2.44 and 2.6 GHz are only 0.02, 0.46, 0.19 and 0.87%, respectively, compared with the reference received power level of 1.95 GHz.


Creative education is good for schools to cultivate high-quality talents and promote the educational system reform.Extracurricular activity is one of the important carriers for the creative education and it is the necessary supplement for the in-class education.The Information Engineering College of Fuzhou University has done a lot of practice in this area and achieved quite positive effects on the cultivation of college students.This essay will introduce its research and ways of extracurricular activity.


College students move from comfortable homes to dormitories with multiple people. Individuals' lifestyle, behavioral habits, and their mentality will be affected by changes in the environment. Also the use of dormitory furniture will directly affect the student accommodation experience. This study takes the dormitory furniture of H University in Hainan, according to the accommodation requirements, lifestyles and behavioral status of dormitories of college students, from human centered perspective to explore and analyze the dormitory furniture that meets the needs of college students. Through theoretical research and design practice, the current types of furniture is summarized. According to the current status, functional requirements, and deficiencies of dormitory furniture, the design elements, design principles, and design schemes for the dormitory furniture of H universities are proposed. Through this study, dormitory furniture had a significant influence on the structure and lifestyle and behavioral patterns of students and guests using the dormitory, and design of furniture based on research and analysis was essential. Also, the result through the proposed furniture design satisfies the user's needs.


Abstract This study examines how presentation of immunization information in a positive or a negative light – also known as message framing – alters attitudes and behaviors associated with parental decisions to vaccinate children. Specifically, the efficacy of attribute frames (characteristics of the vaccine itself) and goal frames (characteristics of outcomes) within a single preventive health messages were questioned using a field experiment employing a 2 (±attribute frame) × 2 (±goal frame) × 2 (high/low involvement) design. Four hundred and seventy-six adult female participants were exposed online to one of four experimental message manipulations or a control condition. The main effect, consistent with previous research implications, found that the combination of the positive attribute frame and the negative goal frame was the only condition that was significantly more persuasive than the control condition. Participants who had children or were pregnant, for whom vaccination was more relevant and meaningful, did not react to message framing differently. However, general pre-existing attitudes toward vaccines, perception of vaccine safety, perceptions of vaccine efficacy, vaccine dread, and vicarious experiences with vaccine side effects were associated with antecedents of vaccination behavior. Overall, this study's methodology emphasizing ecological validity contributes to the evidenced-based applicability of framing theory within the context of health communication.


North Dakota has the least extensive total area of forested habitats of any of the 50 United States. Although occurring in limited area, forest communities add considerably to the total ecological diversity of the State. The forests of the Pembina Hills region in northeastern North Dakota are one of only three areas large enough to be considered of commercial value. During 1981 the authors studied the avifauna of the upper valley of the Pembina River in the Pembina Hills. Field work extended from 20 April to 23 July; breeding bird censuses were conducted 7 June to 2 July. Of the 120 bird species recorded during the study period, 79 species were recorded during the breeding season. The total breeding population was estimated at nearly 76,000 breeding pairs. The wood warblers (Parulidae) were the most numerous family, accounting for about 28,000 breeding pairs. The yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) was the most abundant breeding species, making up 19.4% of the population. American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) was second in abundance, accounting for 10.5% of the breeding population. Largest breeding densities occurred in the willow (Salix sp.) shrub community.


The study of nonlinear dynamics or chaos theory has emerged in the last three decades or so as an important interdisciplinary area of research encompassing a wide range of fields like: fluids, plasmas, biomedical sciences, finance, turbulence, astronomy, material sciences, etc. In plasma chaos was first experimentally observed by Boswell. Different other nonlinear dynamics related phenomena like, the intermittency route to a chaos, Homoclinic chaos, Period adding route to chaos and period subtracting, mode locking, period pulling, etc., had been observed by several researchers.
In this thesis, we have presented (a) anode glow related observation of chaos to order transition and homoclinic bifurcation; (b) coherence resonance and stochastic resonance; and self organized criticality behavior in glow discharge plasma.


The history of imperialism continues to thrive as one of the most exciting fields of historical inquiry. Yet one of the most important limits of this flourishing sub-discipline is the relative lack...


If a deep freezer fails, a substantial dollar value in frozen foods may be spoiled, the value of the food may be greater than the cost of replacing the freezer. This project will greatly increase the odds of successfully salvaging the entire frozen food contents of a freezer in the event of freezer malfunction. Notification of deviation from acceptable freezer temperatures will be provided to the users via cell local alarm, cell phone text, or email notification. This project will by nature open other opportunities for remote notification and possible interaction with household devices, as well as active monitoring of household conditions. This type of interaction is commonly referred to as "Home Automation". This type of "Smart Technology" is being increasing included in consumer and commercial products of all kinds, requiring homes and businesses to be linked through the World Wide Web or internet. This project is to be a functional product as well as an exploration of technology interfaces, taking physical measurements, making decisions based on those measurements, and communicating necessary information to the user/owner.


—Farmers' primary concern is to reduce crop loss because of pests and diseases, which occur irrespective of the cultivation process used. Worldwide more than 40% of the agricultural output is lost due to plant pathogens, insects, and weed pests. Earlier farmers relied on agricultural experts to detect pests. Recently Deep learning methods have been utilized for insect pest detection to increase agricultural productivity. This paper presents two deep learning models based on Faster RCNN Efficient Net B4 and Faster R-CNN Efficient Net B7 for accurate insect pest detection and classification. We validated our approach for 5, 10, and 15 class insect pests of the IP102 dataset. The findings illustrate that our proposed Faster R-CNN Efficient Net B7 model achieved an average classification accuracy of 99.00 %, 96.00 %, and 93.00 % for 5, 10, and 15 class insect pests outperforming other existing models. To detect insect pests less computation time is required for our proposed Faster-R-CNN method. The investigation reveals that our proposed Faster R-CNN model can be used to identify crop pests resulting in higher agricultural yield and crop protection.


This paper describes an experiential learning activity to promote skill development in first year engineering students. The exercise involves the assembly of a remote-control car using readily available part kits. Students work in small teams under the mentorship of experienced faculty members from a variety of engineering backgrounds. The goal of the exercise is to introduce engineering design into first year engineering by providing students with an engaging, hands-on experience. The exercise is one of several new activities being incorporated into the Ideas Clinic Experience for engineering students at the University of Waterloo.


ACTIC DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) HAS BEEN L found elevated in the serum of patients suffering from malignant tumors.2, 6-8, 11, 13, 14-*9 Although it has been found that in cases of leukemia the degree of elevation of serum LDH closely reflects the clinical status of the patient,l the question whether the increased LDH in serum originates in the neoplastic tissue itself or in some other organ is still a matter of conjecture. Operative removal of the malignant tumor has no effect on the serum LDH concentration.9 In cancerous tissue of humans the LDH concentration is generally higher than in the tissue in which the tumor originated.9~ 13 Simultaneously with the investigations in this laboratory Goldman et al.6 found in an extensive investigation that, although the mean LDH activity in tumors is generally higher than in the corresponding normal tissues, these differences are statistically significant only with thyroid, kidney, large bowel and uterine cancers. By the use of the coenzyme analog ratio method they found a consistent shift in the LDH isoenzyme pattern, in that the component designated as "muscle type LDH" was significantly elevated in all groups of malignant tumors except in tumors of the ovary and prostate. In the experiments presented, we used the estimation of lactic dehydrogenase to study the following questions:


In designing a Witricity Device, it is quite challenging to achieve highly efficient transferrable power with the consideration of size reduction. The planar type Witricity device is designed to be thin and small in size but posses an adequate efficiency of transferrable energy. This paper investigates the slot variation influence of capacitor plate to the Witricity device performance. Slot is introduced to the varied number of capacitor plate, which initially designed in planar rectangular shape. In addition, the effect of non-rectangular-shaped capacitor is studied. The best design with two rectangular-shaped slotted capacitors is fabricated and measured that achieve more than 70% coupling efficiency for 20 mm distance with its 40 mm x 40 mm dimension and 0.67 mm thickness.


Double-blind randomized cross-sectional study. Sixty patients with oncologic pain were included. Codeine (Co) and tramadol (Tra) were administered in equivalent doses (individually titrated). Analgesic effectiveness was measure d using a VAS and safeness was assessed according to the incidence of nausea, vomiting, sleep disorders, constipation and mood changes. Finally, patient pre f e rence for one of the two drugs was determined. Wilcoxon and Chi-square tests were conducted for non-parametric data, as well as the t-test for parametric data. R e s u l t s :


Limiting factors of fast and effective classifiers for large sets of images are their dependence on the number of images analyzed and the dimensionality of the image representation. Considering the growing number of images as a given, we aim to reduce the image feature dimensionality in this paper. We propose reduced linear kernels that use only a portion of the dimensions to reconstruct a linear kernel. We formulate the search for these dimensions as a convex optimization problem, which can be solved efficiently. Different from existing kernel reduction methods, our reduced kernels are faster and maintain the accuracy benefits from non-linear embedding methods that mimic non-linear SVMs. We show these properties on both the Scenes and PASCAL VOC 2007 datasets. In addition, we demonstrate how our reduced kernels allow to compress Fisher vector for use with non-linear embeddings, leading to high accuracy. What is more, without using any labeled examples the selected and weighed kernel dimensions appear to correspond to visually meaningful patches in the images.


From the cerebrospinal fluid of 32 patients with different neurological diseases immune complexes were isolated using protein A‐Sepharose. The isolated heavy and light chains and their constituents were analyzed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition to immunoglobulins, some proteins such as albumin, apolipo‐protein A‐I and a number of unknown proteins were detected in all preparations. A complex consisting of three proteins with molecular masses between 52–55 kDa reacted slightly with polyclonal antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein, Whether the linkage between these antigens and the Ig is due to the Fab region or the Fc region remains unknown in our study. In some immune complexes of neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, astrocytoma and multiple sclerosis, differences are easily recognizable in the gel pattern.


The low rate of organ donation in the United States has created a severe shortage that results in the premature death of thousands of men, women, and children every year. Two frequently made propos...


To demonstrate the phase evolutions of direct visualization of short transverse relaxation time component (ViSTa) matches with those of myelin water.


In a concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking study, we explore the specific neural responses associated with saccadic eye movements. We hypothesise that there is a distinct saccade-related neural response that occurs well before a physical saccade and that this response is different for free, natural saccades versus forced saccades. Our results show a distinct and measurable brain response approximately 200 ms before a physical saccade actually occurs. This response is distinctly different for free saccades versus forced saccades. Our results open up possibilities of predicting saccades based on neural data. This is of particular relevance for creating effective gaze guidance mechanisms within a virtual reality (VR) environment and for creating faster brain computer interfaces (BCI).


This study was undertaken to elucidate the role of thrombosis in blood vessels less than 0.1 mm in diameter in skeletal muscle after an ischemic episode. Capillaries were examined after normothermic ischemia using intravital video microscopy of the cremaster muscle of an anesthetized rat. Histologic sections of the cremaster muscle and silicone rubber intravascular casts were also analyzed. Our model demonstrates that, after 3 hours of warm ischemia, up to two‐thirds of capillaries are clotted, as is most of the venous system. Our findings also indicate that capillaries may reopen during 30 minutes of reperfusion. These findings suggest that ischemia may cause thrombosis in the microvasculature of skeletal muscle but the thrombosis appears to be partially reversible.


This work was supported in part by Project No. 3.2637.2017/4.6 (A.A.P.) of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, by Project No. 220.127.116.115 of Saint Petersburg State University (E.V.Ch.), and Grant No.
IT-756-13 of the Basque Country University (E.V.Ch.).


Over the past few years, global positioning systems (GPS) have been increasingly used in passenger and commercial vehicles for navigation and vehicle tracking purposes. In practice, GPS systems are prone to systematic errors and intermittent drop-outs that degrade the accuracy of the sensor. In this work, we describe an approach to localizing vehicles with respect to the road given erroneous sensor measurements using only aerial images. Our method works on both urban and rural areas, while being robust to a number of occlusions and shadows. The spatial tracker incorporates multiple measurement models with varying constraints, automatically detecting and switching to the appropriate model. We demonstrate our technique by correcting in real-time highly inaccurate GPS readings collected while driving in diverse areas.


The present invention for cancer diseases (both primary tumors and tumor metastasis), stage determination, diagnosis and treatment, specifically mediated cytotoxicity of tumor cells, and most particularly the start of cytotoxicity the use of cancerous disease modifying antibodies as a means for the (CDMAB), also relates to the use in combination with one or more CDMAB / chemotherapeutic agents as desired. The present invention further relates to binding assays which utilize the CDMAB of the present invention. Anticancer antibodies, toxic, enzymatic, radioactive compounds, cytokines, interferons, target or reporter moiety and hematogenous cells can composite.


Part 1 of this work traces the development of titanium since its discovery and deals with the properties of titanium and its alloys. Part 2 deals with the heat treatments which can be applied to titanium and its alloys, the transformations resulting from them and the properties which are obtained. Finally the article gives an overview of the present state of development of titanium and its alloys and their applications


Simple Summary Bovine colostrum (BC) is known to exert immunomodulatory activity by stimulating mucosal immune responses as well as providing the passive transfer of immunoglobulins. Despite the evident role of BC-derived immunoglobulins for protection of the calves, the multifaceted BC activity on neonate calves could not be fully explained by passively acquired immunoglobulins. Therefore, it is critical to better understand the role of other, non-immunoglobulin-derived bioactive constituents on the growth and development of neonate calves. Our data demonstrated that colostrum administration is important for the growth performance of dairy calves as well as changes in major blood biomarkers. The timing of colostrum administration results in a decremental effect on the body mass growth in calves. Abstract Bovine colostrum (BC) is the first milk produced by lactating cows after parturition. BC is rich in various amino acids, proteins, and fats essential for the nutrition of the neonate calves. Despite the evident beneficial effect of BC on calves, the effect of BC on blood biomarkers is poorly understood. Calves that received BC showed significantly higher body mass at days 7 and 30 (38.54 kg and 43.42 kg, respectively) compared to the colostrum replacer group (p = 0.0064). BC induced greater quantities of blood neutrophils (0.27 × 109/L) and monocytes (4.76 × 109/L) in comparison to the colostrum replacer (0.08 and 0.06 × 109/L, respectively) (p = 0.0001). Animals that received BC showed higher levels of total serum protein (59.16 g/L) and albumin (29.96 g/L) in comparison to the colostrum replacer group (44.34 g/L and 31.58 g/L, respectively). In addition, BC induced greater intestinal mucus production in the Wistar rat model. Collectively, these results demonstrate that BC is important for the growth of calves and that it provides a significant beneficial effect on morphological and biochemical blood parameters.


As chair of the candidate's graduate committee, I have read the thesis of R. David Norton in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and biblio-graphical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library. ABSTRACT Liquid State Machines (LSMs) exploit the power of recurrent spiking neural networks (SNNs) without training the SNN. Instead, a reservoir, or liquid, is randomly created which acts as a filter for a readout function. We develop three methods for iteratively refining a randomly generated liquid to create a more effective one. First, we apply Hebbian learning to LSMs by building the liquid with spike-time dependant plasticity (STDP) synapses. Second, we create an eligibility based reinforcement learning algorithm for synaptic development. Third, we apply principles of Hebbian learning and reinforcement learning to create a new algorithm called separation driven synaptic modification (SDSM). These three methods are compared across four artificial pattern recognition problems, generating only fifty liquids for each problem. Each of these algorithms shows overall improvements to LSMs with SDSM demonstrating the greatest improvement. SDSM is also shown to generalize well and outperforms traditional LSMs when presented with speech data obtained from the TIMIT dataset.


The book is not uniformly strong. The passages on the war in Acadia are short and, while reliable enough on the comings and goings of military expeditions, are seriously weakened by stereotyped representation f Acadian and Indian roles. Suffice it to say that essential works in the field such as Jean Daigle's unpublished but well-known 'Nos amis les ennemis: relations commerciales de l'Acadie avec le Massachusetts, • 67o-• 7 • •' (PH r) thesis, University of Maine, •975), and Kenneth M. Morrison's The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations (Berkeley 1984) have not been consulted. When Williams turns to Newfoundland, however, his writing takes on a much more authoritative tone. The events of the 'winter war' are


OBJECTIVE:To make clear the antimicrobials used for inpatients in our hospital from September 1999 to March 2000 METHODS:We sampled the records of discharged patients at the ratio of 1/3 of sickbeds in our hospital,and filled in "the questionnaire of antimicrobials used in clinical department" item by item,finally,we carried out comprehensive analysis RESU_LTS:More than half was administration of single and basic antimicrobial Combined use of antimicrobials for severe and mixed infections was rational The rate of using antimicrobials was high(79 64%),especially in preventing perioperative infections,reached nearly 100% The starting-point was high in choice of drug and the newly-developed,special and expensive drugs occupied the front place in order of consumption Combined use of drugs was unduly prevalent Most of treatment depended on experience The rate of bacterial drug resistance test was only performed in 10% of patients CONCLUSION:Rational use of drugs is the main trend,however,the measure directed against existing problem should be worked out


Noticeable developments have lately been achieved on designing automated multimodal smart processes to increase security in every-day life of people. As these developments continue, proper infrastructures and methodologies for the aggregation of various demands that will inevitably arise, such as the huge amount of data and computation, become more important. In this research, we introduce a multimodal framework with support for an automatic surveillance application. The novelty of the attempt resides in the modalities to underpin data manipulation as a natural process but still keeping the overall performance at high levels. At the application level, the typical complexity behind the emerging distributed multimodal systems is reduced in a transparent manner through multimodal frameworks that handle data on different abstraction levels and efficiently accommodate constituent technologies. The proposed specifications includes the use of shared memory spaces (XML data spaces) and smart document-centered content-based data querying mechanisms (XQuery formal language (S. Bong et al., 2006)). We also report on the use of this framework in an application on aggression detection in train compartments.


This article aims to discuss the concept of professional education in the Reform of High School, in order to understand the meaning of the insertion of professionalism in the curriculum of regular high school. It starts from the perspective that the High School Reform promotes a generalized professionalization in Basic Education. It analyzes how changes in educational policies for high school are related to the world of work. The adopted methodology consists of theoretical discussion, documentary analysis of the norms for high school and field research with a qualitative approach. As an intervention proposal in view of the reformulation of high school, it describes and analyzes the data obtained with the development of a training course, aimed at discussing the professionalization and specialization in regular high school, conducted with education professionals from a state school in Pocos de Caldas / MG.


It is difficult to discover Walkable Path for a doctor going to the targeted patient basis in the confused calamity spot. Applying a sensor network to an emergency lifesaving system called triage which makes a lifesaving order decision is an active area of research. Although research which saves the energy and the traffic in the case of the information gathering to a sink node is done, they do not inquire about offer of Walkable Path to the patient for a doctor treating. It is indispensable to support discovery and its navigation of Walkable Path in the calamity spot. In this paper, we propose the Walkable Path Discovery technique of using bandwidth efficiently at the same time it supports navigation of Walkable Path. Walkable Path and a Network Route are held simultaneously and sudden change message transfer is performed using the Network Route. Simulation evaluation is performed and we show effectiveness of our proposal.


PURPOSE: A composition for improving visual acuity containing ginseng extract or compound K is provided to effectively defense oxidative stress and treat or prevent cataract. CONSTITUTION: A composition for improving visual acuity contains ginseng extract fermentation or compound K as an active ingredient. A composition for preventing or treating cataract contains ginseng extract or compound K as an active ingredient. The ginseng extract is ginseng extract processed by fermentation. The composition further comprises bilberry extract, vitamin A or their mixture. The ginseng extract processed by fermentation contains the compound K, compound Y, ginsenoside Rh2 or their mixture.


Abstract. Knickpoint, gully or head cut is called the erosion that is formed because of the sudden change in water level or bed level in the river and after concentrating the flow lines the local shear stress increase, bring about the bed erosion rate be intensified in a location where sudden change bed takes place. This erosion causes the riverbed in the location of sudden slope change to migrate to the upstream and makes the width of the river change. This erosion creates irreparable damages. Destruction of upstream structures caused by the bed migration and also roads destruction, residential areas, tourism - recreational areas, farmlands and good vegetation cover can be mentioned. In this paper, we have studied the effect of particle size and various hydraulic conditions to the rate of Knickpoint erosion progression. In this paper to create the relations of migration rate to the upstream according to the hydraulic parameters a laboratory hydraulic flume with dimensions 3 meters in length, width 30cm and height 50 cm was used. The main purpose of the paper is to creating relations for predicting the rate of Knickpoint erosion rates increase in the non-cohesive soil.


of Ghana's ten regions. Fifty-schools were randomly assigned to the treatment condition and another 50 schools were randomly assigned to the control condition. Sixty students were randomly selected from each school for a total of 3,000 youths in the treatment and 3,000 in the control condition with oversampling to take attrition into account. This process yielded a sample of 6,252 youth. Data from this brief are from baseline surveys with 6,252 youth and 4,576 parents and guardians of these youth. The youth are from three grade levels, Primary 6 (equivalent to grade 6 in the US), Junior High School 1 (equivalent to grade 7 in the US), and Junior High School 2 (equivalent to grade 8 in the US). Nearly equal numbers of girls (51%) and boys (49%) were interviewed. Youth were also fairly evenly divided by grade level, including Primary 6 (36%), JHS1 (32%), and JHS2 (32%).


This paper deals with control in fault operation of a seven-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine supplied by a seven-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). Using a multi-machine description, a seven-phase machine which presents a special ability to be controlled with only five phases supplied has been designed. The machine is presented and experimental results are provided when two phases are opened. In a first case of no change of classical control, high torque ripples are observed. In a second case, a specific control deduced from the multi-machine modelling is suggested for reducing torque ripples


Integrating Information Communication Technology (ICT) with Agriculture is identified as one of the most important tasks in order to achieve sustainable development in the agriculture sector in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this research is to suggest more suitable and proper approach to empower Sri Lankan farmers through ICT. As entry criteria for the main objective there will be a fact finding session, which measures the current level of ICT knowledge of Sri Lankan farmers and identifies the information needs, the pattern of use of ICT and factors that hinder the use of ICT by farmers. The research started with a literature survey to identify the factors that affect the use of ICT in agriculture sector. A structured questionnaire was used as the research instrument to collect data from farmers in Southern province. Galle, Matara and Hambantota districts were selected to collect data and farmers from diversified agriculture segments were interviewed. According to the result shown in the survey the farmers are ready to receive information. They are using ICT equipment mainly for entertainment purposes and they are not educated about the importance and how they can use ICT for their agricultural business related activities. The results of the study shows that Television, Radio, Mobile phone and Land phone are the most popular ICT tools that farmers are using and willing to use for the personal and business activities. The most highlighted barrier that discourages farmers using ICT is the fear to embrace new technology due to lack of knowledge. High cost of the equipment, technology and language limitation are the other main issues to be addressed in order to introduce ICT to the rural agriculture community. Results have shown that younger generation is willing to adopt and interested in the new technology while farmers above 45 years are still prefer the old system. It is found that information sharing on peer was wide accepted and popular among the farmers. It could also be proven that usage of social networking applications specific for the farmers was highly satisfactory and widely accepted by the farming communities. The research end-up by recommending the actions to be taken such as conducting ICT awareness sessions, introducing social media that enables the farmers to communicate each other, introducing easy payment systems for the farmers to buy ICT tools and introducing reward system to early adoption of ICT for agriculture related activities.


We have developed a radioimmunoassay technique to measure the fragment Eneo-antigens in plasma and applied this technique to healthy persons and patients. The Eneo-antigen level of 174 normal subjects was 2.2±1.9ng/ml. Analyzing on ages, the older persons were found to show higher Eneo-antigen levels. In 42 diabetes mellitus, Eneo level was 9.8±3.3ng/ml which was significantly higher than those of healthy. Hemodialyzed patients showed higher Eneo-antigen levels than healthy and, however, there was no significant change during the dialysis.


PURPOSE: To help an operator to create a phrase inquiry for search of language materials of a document by selecting a next non-stop word adjacent to word data coinciding with a search key as a new inquiry word. CONSTITUTION: One or more inquiry words are inputted to a data processor by a user input device 32. A microprocessor 10 determines a search key based on these inquiry words and discriminates all of language materials of the document coinciding with the search key. They are displayed on a monitor 36, as phrases including word data coinciding with the search key, next non-stop (contents) words adjacent to word data coinciding with the search key, and all stop words interposed between word data coinciding with the search key and next adjacent non-stop words. An operator examines one or more displayed phrases to use one or more next adjacent non-stop words as a new inquiry word. This processing is repeated until a proper document is found.


SETTING
Taif Chest Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES
Non-compliance with anti-tuberculosis drug therapy is recognised as a major cause of treatment failure, drug resistance and relapse. In Saudi Arabia, the problem of non-compliance is frequent and has serious implications which need urgent attention from the health-care authority. The objectives of this study were to define factors that affect compliance rate and to determine the appropriate methods to modify these factors.

DESIGN
We designed and tested a retrieval system to improve patient return for follow-up and drug collection after an initial hospital admission period in a large chest hospital in the western region of the country.

RESULTS
Of 628 patients, 358 (57%) did not attend the first out-patient clinic visit. The retrieval system was successful in bringing back only 83 patients, reducing the default rate by only 13.2%. Various factors that may affect compliance were analysed in the remaining 275 (43.8%) non-compliant patients.

CONCLUSION
Because many of these factors are difficult to change, we strongly support implementation of the WHO-recommended directly observed treatment (DOT) strategy in Saudi Arabia and other countries facing similar problems with tuberculosis control.


This paper works on research of computer networks curriculum architecture for graduated students, including course contents and teaching methods. According to the teaching practice, a subject-oriented organizing method of computer networks course contents is presented, and the teaching activity is divided into three stages, including teaching reading, course projects and discussion. We also explore the method of the organic integration of theoretical teaching and practical teaching. Teaching practice shows that the cultivation of scientific literacy integrated in the curriculum process can help to improve the research and innovation capabilities of graduated students in the field of computer networks.


The elevated temperature has negative effect not only on semiconductor components, but on discrete capacitors as well. Both the electric parameters and the lifetime can be significantly affected by the temperature. In this paper a new measurement setup is presented that enables the widely used thermal transient characterization method to be used also for the discrete capacitors. This measurement method enables the measurement of the thermal impedance of the capacitor devices allowing to construct dynamic thermal models based on measured results. Finally the capabilities of the measurement approach are demonstrated with two application examples.


In this paper qualitative research has been done in order to identify current problems with investing in corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds. There are several reasons to why this is an important subject. While CSR and different ethical aspects is something discussed more frequently these days, there still is a fairly low interest in ethical investments. People often state how highly they prioritize ethical aspects; still in comparison to statistics of people actually making such investments, the number is far less. As CSR investments contributes to sustainability we believe that finding solutions to the current low interest would be highly valuable. With this background, our aim with the thesis is as follows: A number of scientific articles and papers have been used in this process, giving insight to both problems somewhat obvious, but also less known. Three interviews have been conducted with people holding various positions and different expertise, in both CSR and the Swedish fund industry, providing us with valuable insight and knowledge. Most of the information gathered covers the Swedish market conditions. Some of the theory used is however based on international studies, but as there are similarities to how fund companies work with CSR we see no reason for this lowering the quality of our results. Our findings show that:


A fiber-optic intrinsic Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometric sensor was inscribed in a standard single mode fiber by inducing refractive index change in the core. It was written directly by using a femtosecond laser. The reflection spectrum of the fiber-optic F-P interferometric sensor was measured and was investigated as a temperature sensor. The sensitivity of the sensor is 9.2 pm/°C in the temperature range of -20~80°C.


Nectin-4 is a member of the Nectin family that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily(IgSF),which is a new component of adhesion molecules.The abnormal expression of Nectins would lead cells to lose their stability and contribute to the occurrence and development of malignant tumors.Nectin-4 is indeed not detected in normal adult tissues,but highly expressed in tumor cell lines.The relationship of Nectin-4 with tumors is described,and the fact that Nectin-4 would provide new scientific evidence for diagnosis and treatment of human tumor is presented.


Shallow models have limited ability to express high-dimensional nonlinear complex functions. Based on deep learning, a Gaussian radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is proposed, which is an analysis method of nonlinear complex function approximation based on the Gaussian-RBFNN model. The proposed method can approximate single-variable and binary complex nonlinear functions, and the approximation error is less than 0.1, which can achieve the ideal approximation effect. Finally, the proposed method is applied to analyze the nonlinear complex stock prediction approximation problem, and the effectiveness and practicality of the method are further verified. It can be seen that compared with the BP neural network model, this model performs better in average training time, training standard error, Ratt, RATR, and trmse For RBFNN; the training only needs 50 iterations, while the traditional BP needs 7100 training to gradually converge. In the actual function test, after 275 times of training, the convergence speed gradually tends to be stable, and the predicted value is closer to the actual value. Therefore, the model can be used to analyze practical nonlinear complex function approximation problems.


Background— Mast cells have gained notoriety based on their detrimental contributions to IgE-mediated allergic disorders. Although mast cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), it is not clear to what extent 1 α ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1 α ,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), or its predominant inactive precursor metabolite in circulation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25OHD 3 ), can influence IgE-mediated mast cell activation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in vivo . Objective— We sought to assess whether the vitamin D 3 metabolites, 25OHD 3 and 1 α , 25(OH) 2 D 3 , can repress IgE-dependent mast cell activation via mast cell-CYP27B1 and -vitamin D receptor activity. Methods— We measured the extent of vitamin D 3 suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and mediator production in vitro , as well as the vitamin D 3 -induced curtailment of PCA responses Results— Here we show that mouse and human mast cells can convert 25OHD 3 to 1 α , 25(OH) 2 D 3 via 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 α –hydroxylase (CYP27B1) activity, and that both of these vitamin D 3 metabolites suppressed IgE-induced mast cell-derived pro-inflammatory and vasodilatory mediator production in a VDR-dependent manner in vitro . Furthermore, epicutaneously applied vitamin D 3 metabolites significantly reduced the magnitude of skin swelling associated IgE-mediated PCA reactions in vivo ; a response that required functional mast cell-VDRs and mast cell-CYP27B1. Conclusion— Taken together, our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D 3 on mast cell function by demonstrating that mast cells can actively metabolize 25OHD 3 to dampen IgE-mediated mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo . IgE-activated mouse and human mast cells. Essential to this negative regulatory function of vitamin D 3 is mast cell expression of VDRs, and for 25OHD 3 , the hydroxylase activity of CYP27B1. Our results in C57BL/6J- Kit W-sh/W-sh and WBB6F 1 - Kit W/W-v mice show that epicutaneously applied vitamin D 3 metabolites, working via mast cell-associated VDR and CYP27B1 activity, can restrain mast cell-driven passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo . The nature of the mast cell's responses to vitamin D 3 may vary in different species and depend on metabolite concentrations readily available, not only in terms of serum levels in circulation but also the local levels of biologically active 1 α ,25(OH) 2 D 3 in tissues, derived from either external or mast cell-intrinsic sources. However, our findings suggest that optimal levels of vitamin D 3 may contribute to the homeostatic regulation of mast cells, and that a deficiency in vitamin D 3 may result in dysregulation of this vitamin D:mast cell regulatory axis. These findings also highlight the possibility of employing certain low-calcemic agonists of VDRs, or perhaps even dietary supplementation with 25OHD 3 itself, for the management of mast cell-driven allergic responses and perhaps other inflammatory disorders in which mast cells are implicated.


Flame spread in fuel spray near the flame base and subsequent excitation of group combustion of the whole spray are necessary for stable combustion of continuous burning of liquid fuel such as in aero engines or gas turbines. In order to elucidate the flame spread mechanism, flame spread experiments of a fuel-droplet array in microgravity have been undertaken. Based on the past short-duration microgravity experiments and a percolation model to describe group combustion excitation of randomly distributed droplet clouds, the droplet cloud combustion experiment named "Group Combustion" is planned as the first combustion experiment in the Japanese Experiment Module "KIBO" on the International Space Station. The objective of this experiment is to verify the flame spread hypotheses regarding the effects of droplet interaction, droplet motion, and radiative heat loss from the flame. The Group Combustion Experiment Module (GCEM) has been developed as experiment-dedicated apparatus. This paper will provide an overview of the experiment. Keyword(s): Microgravity combustion experiment, Droplet cloud, Flame spread, Group combustion, KIBO/ISS. Received 30 September 2015; Accepted 28 November 2015; Published 30 April 2016


The editorial team is honoured to publish six scholarly articles in the new issue of the"Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets & Institutions" journal (volume 12, issue 4). As business owners are trying to manage domestic and international risks related to their operations and academics are collaborating with businesses to find a feasible solution to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, we observe few trends and future expectations of academic research.


Rechargeable metal-iodine and metal-bromine batteries have been pursued as potentially effective, low-cost, and mass-producible alternatives to current transition-metal-based batteries due to highl...


To provide a method and apparatus for measuring the viscosity of the sample solution. Capillary (2) is filled with a carrier solution having first and second spaced apart detection window (W1, W2). Sample solution plug (4) or continuous volume (4) is injected into the capillary (2), said pumping at a first pressure through the capillary (2) first and second detector window (W1 and passes W2). At least a portion of each of the detection window (W1, W2) is irradiated by a light source. Light from the light source passing through the carrier solution or the sample solution in each of the detection window (W1, W2), is detected using an array detector (6) comprising a two-dimensional array of detection positions, which each producing an array detector output signal indicative of the profile of the light absorption of the plug of the sample solution through a detection window (W1, W2) (4) or flow front (4). From the time difference between the sample solution plug (4) or flow front (4) of the detection time in each of the detection window (W1, W2), specific viscosity eta


In order to implement the low-power design of Gamma correction for image signal processing circuits of CMOS image sensor SoC and ensure the calibration accuracy at the same time,a new gamma correction method is presented.The proposed algorithm combines the look-up table and linear fitting to correct images.To ensure the accuracy,this method uses the look-up table to emend low-value pixels.For high-value pixels,a method of combining look-up table and linear fitting is put forward.When linear fitting,the outer and inner sub-section methods are used to achieve sub-optimal.Simulation results with real images proved that the propose method is effective.A design of 8 bit input/8 bit output is implemented with VLSI technique,and in order to achieve the design flexibility,the registers that save lines′ slopes can be accessed by external user,which can amend gamma values for different application requirements.By FPGA validation,the module takes up 723 LE and 195 LC registers,which reduces hardware resource consumption than full look-up table method.This module can work with maximum frequency of 148 MHz,wihch can meet the real-time processing requirements.


Fertilizer is commonly applied as a band in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fields, resulting in complex spatial and temporal variation in soil inorganic N concentration, and in soil test P and K. The objectives of this study were to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of soil inorganic N in red raspberry fields receiving different N fertility treatments, to use the data to determine the most appropriate sampling strategies for estimating the quantity of soil inorganic N at various times during the growing season, and to evaluate the same sampling strategies for soil test P and K. Treatments were a control that received no manure or fertilizer N, 55 kg N ha-1 as urea or as Duration T60, a slow release N fertilizer, banded in mid-April, or 100 kg total N ha-1 as solid broiler manure broadcast or banded in early March, or banded in mid-April. Soil inorganic N was sampled at 10 inter-row locations 8, 23, 38, 53, 68, 83, 98, 113, 128, and 143 cm from the crop row, and for 0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm...


The intention of this paper is to defend that the zoomor phic metaphor s in speech ver bs of czech language r ep r esent the illocutionar y for ce thr ough two differ ent linguistic dimmentions. Fir st, they extend -metaphor ical ly- the animal char acter istics to the human lexical domain, and second, these ver bs r epr esent lexically differ ent manner s of speaking, ther efor e their lexical meanings r eflect the illocutionar y for ce or speech intentions.


This study aims to determine the relationship between subjective well-being and the prosocial behavior of adolescents who participate in student council activities at the high school level. This study uses a non-experimental correlational quantitative method and the sampling technique uses a purposive sampling technique; convenience sampling. Participants in this study involved 387 student council members at the high school level. The measurement tools used in this study are the subjective well-being scale and the prosocial behavior scale adapted by the Faculty of Psychology, University of Tarumanagara. The analysis used in this study is non-parametric analysis and using the Spearman rho correlation through the SPSS version 15 program. Based on the analysis , the results obtained are r: .215** and p: <.005, the results of this study are that there is a significant relationship between subjective well-being and prosocial behavior in adolescents who participate in student council activities at the high school level.


GaN microcrystalline grains were grown by hot-wall chemical vapor deposition on Si(111)substrate.These grains with diameters of 2-4 μm were detected by scanning electron microscopy.X-ray diffraction,Fourier transformation infrared transmission spectroscopy and photoluminescence were used to analyze the structure, composition and the optical properties of the samples.The results show that the microcrystalline grains are hexagonal wurtzite GaN,and the property of the grains was greatly affected by the growth time.


s / Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 20 (2012) S54–S296 S99 related to high articular cartilage TF T1rand T2. Peak external extension moment was related to low articular cartilage T1rand T2 and high T1rand T2 in 4 of 6 meniscus compartments. Greater Q:H CSA ratio was related with greater TF T1r (r 1⁄4 0.327) and T2 (r 1⁄4 0.401). Greater M:L Q ratio was associated with greater M:L ratio of meniscus T1r (r 1⁄4 0.337). Greater M:L Q ratio was associated with greater KAM peaks (r1⁄40.357) and impulse (r1⁄40.461), and greater frontal ROL (r1⁄4 0.303). Greater Q:H ratio was associated with greater peak frontal (r1⁄4 0.645) and sagittal moments (r 1⁄4 0.360) and greater dynamic frontal malalignment (r 1⁄4 0.330 Conclusions: These are the 1st results to show relationships between static/dynamic alignment, muscle balance and cartilage composition in young health subjects. Based on these data, young subjects with varus show worse medio-lateral balance of cartilage composition likely progressing to OA. The impact of static and dynamic loading is more pronounced on the meniscus than the articular cartilage indicating a more important role of meniscus in pathogenesis of knee OA than previously thought. These data also show for the 1st time that muscular imbalance (high Q:H and M:L CSA ratios) is related to high knee loads (high KAM impulse) and worse cartilage composition (high T1rand T2). Overall, these data suggest the need for development of preventive programs that emphasize muscle retraining and strategies to alter medio-lateral balance of cartilage composition. We continue to process the data to assess relationship of functional mechanics with articular cartilage laminar T1rand T2 relaxation times and texture values. We are also in the process of doing subregional analysis of articular cartilage in light of the findings of different relationship of flexion and extension moments with T1rand T2 relaxation times. 184 RECOVERY IN HORIZONTAL GAIT AFTER HIP RESURFACING VS. TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY AT 6-MONTH FOLLOW-UP A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL C. Jensen , P. Aagaard , S. Overgaard . Orthopaedic Res. Unit, Odense, DENMARK; 2 Inst. of Sports Sci. and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark Standard total hip arthroplasty (THA) is the established surgical treatment for patients older than 65 years with progressive osteoarthritis. However, implant survivorship curves decline more rapidly in patients younger than 50 years. Resurfacing hip arthroplasty has therefore been suggested as an alternative for younger more active patients. Walking ability is one of the most common and useful outcome measures used in hip replacement patients, and the ability to safely ambulate is considered a pre-requisite for discharge frommost orthopedic facilities. Improvements inwalking ability and kinematics have been suggested after hip resurfacing, but no study sofar has objectively assessed this aspect in a randomized trial including standard THA. Purpose: To test the hypothesis that (i) a superior recovery in gait would be observed following resurfacing total hip arthroplasty compared to standard total hip arthroplasty and (ii) to investigate the hypothesized relationship between mechanical hip and knee muscle performance and horizontal gait function in patients with total hip replacement. Methods: Forty-three patients were randomized into either standard or resurfacing THA. Three-dimensional gait data were collected at selfselected normal and maximal walking speed. Primary outcome was gait speed while secondary outcomes comprised selected temporospatial and kinematic parameters obtained during horizontal walking. Explorative outcome was the relationship between isolated mechanical hip and knee muscle performance and horizontal gait function in younger THA patients 56 6 years (range 44-64). Data was collected pre-operatively, 2 and 6 months post-operatively Results: There was no effect of treatment on horizontal self-selected normal speed, however an effect of treatment was observed on maximal walking speed where standard THA subjects walked faster than the hip resurfacing subjects (P 1⁄4 0.03). No differences in the recovery of spatiotemporal parameters were observed. Also, peak hip flexion and peak hip adduction angles recorded during the stance phase were similar in both groups. Maximal isometric knee and hip muscle strength were positively associated with gait speed, step length and cadence during maximal walking (R21⁄4 0.13-0.37, P < .05). Conclusions: The present data could not provide evidence to support the hypothesis that resurfacing total hip arthroplasty should lead to a superior recovery in gait and hip kinematics compared to standard 28-mm hip arthroplasty in younger hip arthritis patients. Maximal isolated leg muscle strength was a predictor of horizontal gait performance, and thus provides an important and valid functional outcome measure for individuals undergoing total hip arthroplasty. 185 WALKING WITH INCREASED FOOT PROGRESSION ANGLE CAN REDUCE JOINT COMPRESSION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH KNEE OA K. Manal, T.S. Buchanan. Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Purpose:The knee adduction moment is an often used surrogate measure to infer joint contact force. Treatments and/or gait alterations to reduce the magnitude of themoment are sought for thosewith knee OA, since smaller moments are believed to be associated with less joint compression. Previous work suggests there is little change in peak adduction moment whenwalking with an increased foot progression angle (FPA). We propose that greater FPA can decrease joint contact for some people, even though it may not reduce the peak adduction moment relative to normal walking. The purpose of this study is to present data in support of this thesis and to suggest that walking with greater FPA may be an effective strategy for reducing joint loading in persons with knee OA. Methods:Ten subjects (six male, four female) with mild to moderate medial compartment knee OA (KL-grade I-III) were referred by an area orthopaedist. Average subject age was 64 years ( 8), body weight 81.8 kg ( 12.7), height 1.68 m ( 0.08), and body mass index 29.0 ( 5.6). Subjects were pain free at time of testing. A six-camera motion capture system and a force platform were used to compute joint moments and reaction forces at the knee for normal gait and walking with a 15 degree increase in FPA. Subjects performed 5 trials for each condition. Joint moments and reaction forces were normalized by body weight (BW) and height, and BW respectively. Walking speed was monitored using photoelectric timers. Results:Therewas no difference inwalking speed for the normal and toedout conditions (1.28 0.23 m/s & 1.26 0.24 m/s). The average toe-out angle during normal walking was 2.0 6.8 degrees and 18.6 8.9 degrees with increased FPA. The average peak adductionmoment for all 10 subjects was almost identical for the 2 conditions, while the extensor moment was approximately 5% smaller when walking with increased FPA. Subjects were then grouped into those who had a larger than average decrease in peak extensor moment and those who did not. The knee extensor moment was smaller for 6 of 10 subjects when walking with increased FPA (0.028 vs. 0.024 N-m/(BW*Ht), p < 0.05); there was no difference in peak adduction moment (Fig.1). Conclusions:Peak contact force occurs at approximately 25% of stance, the same time the extension and adduction moments reach their peak. A decrease in peak adduction does not guarantee a reduction in peak contact force if there is a concomitant increase in extensor moment. This has been shown for a patient with a instrumented knee prosthesis while walking with a medial thrust gait. We propose the opposite is also true. That is, reduced joint compression is possible when the extension moment is smaller and the adduction moment does not increase. This pattern was seen for 6 of 10 subjects walking with increased FPA (Fig. 1). The clinical relevance of this work is twofold. Firstly, we suggest that it is important to consider the knee extension moment when inferring changes in joint contact force estimated from the adduction moment. This is not common practice as most studies focus on the adduction moment in isolation. Secondly, walking with a toe-out gait may be an effective strategy to reduce joint compressive forces in some patients with knee OA. Future work will involve predicting joint contact force for subjects walking with increased FPA using an EMG-driven musculoskeletal model. Acknowledgements: NIH P20-RR016458


The mechanisms of motor function recovery after cerebral infarction have not been clarified yet.This study showed that the re- covery of motor function after stroke was related to the plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex.In this article,the research results of bilateral hemi- spheric activation after unilateral cerebral ischemia has been discussed in recent years.


NOAA hydrographers have been using CARIS HIPS and SIPS to process bathymetric and sonar imagery data since 1997. Since that time advances in the software have been numerous. With every change in technology and software capability the need arises to prove a system works and the desired results are produced. The release of CARIS HIPS 5.4 introduced tools which allow hydrographers to make more informed decisions when processing the ever-increasing volumes of data. With Total Propagated Error (TPE) and the Bathymetry Associated with Statistical Error (BASE) users address surfaces based on uncertainty and standard deviation. These surfaces visually direct the hydrographer to discrete areas of sonar blowouts and systematic or navigation errors. Less time is spent tediously cleaning data line by line and in turn that time is better utilized focusing on specific areas of interest. In 2004 NOAA's Hydrographic Surveys Division did a comparison between a data set processed in an older version of CARIS HIPS and HIPS 5.4. This presentation will outline the methods used and the findings of the comparison.