The decision maker's perception of regret affects a company's inventory control and pricing decisions. In this paper, we investigate how regret aversion behaviors affect the inventory control and pricing decisions under a newsvendor setting. To capture the regret aversion behaviors of the newsvendor, we provide a regret aversion utility function. Based on the built regret aversion utility function and the classic inventory control and pricing model, we construct utility function by integrating the profit utility and the regret aversion utility, and then analyze the conditions of optimal solution on the inventory and pricing policy under additive and multiplicative demand in details. Further, by the analysis of properties and numerical study, we show that the optimal policy for regret-averse newsvendor deviates from the one for regret-neutral newsvendor and changes with the regret aversion parameters to varying degree. We also show the impact tendency of newsvendor's regret aversion behaviors on the optimal inventory and pricing policy under the additive and multiplicative demand.


Objective To investigate a more pedect method for a nice outward appearance of a reconstructed thumb.Methods A free one-stage plasty second toe transfer for thumb reconstruction by interchanging the whole skin-nail flap from the great toe with another one from the second toe.Results There were 12 cases in this group,following-up 6-9 months in 8 cases,7 cases was excellent and 1 cases was good.The reconstructed thumb got a nice looking and more normal function while no blight to the great toe occurred.Conclusion It is an effective new procedure in ameliorating outward appearance of the reconstructed thumb by transferring the free moulded second toe.

Key words:
Toe; Transfer; Skin-nail flap; Thumb; Reconstruction; Microsurgery


A simple derivation is given of the parabolic flow first described by John (1953) in semi-Lagrangian form. It is shown that the scale of the flow decreases like t−3, and the free surface contracts about a point which lies one-third of the way from the vertex of the parabola to the focus. The flow is an exact limiting form of either a Dirichlet ellipse or hyperbola, as the time t tends to infinity. Two other self-similar flows, in three dimensions, are derived. In one, the free surface is a paraboloid of revolution, which contracts like t−2 about a point lying one-quarter the distance from the vertex to the focus. In the other, the flow is non-axisymmetric, and the free surface contracts like t−5. The parabolic flow is shown to be one of a general class of self-similar flows in the plane, described by rational functions of degree n. The parabola corresponds to n = 2. When n = 3 there are two new flows. In one of these the scale varies as t12/7 and the free surface has the appearance of a trough filling up. In the other, the free surface resembles flow round the end of a rigid wall; the scale varies as t−4·17.


Digital test fields for automated and connected vehicles have become increasingly important in recent years. Smart roadside infrastructure sensors, which digitally record the surrounding traffic, are used in this context to transmit traffic data for real-time and offline applications. The challenge in using such infrastructure sensors in real traffic lies in determining optimal locations and orientations for the best possible coverage of the observed road elements. Previous optimization approaches usually consider only one sensor per location and have only been evaluated on simplified 2D road geometries. We present an approach that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) to automatically optimize multiple sensor locations on a 3D digital map. Our approach is generic and applicable to any real-world road geometry. By defining separate priority areas within the digital map, we provide the GA with additional requirements and constraints to enable real-world deployment of automated vehicles on the investigated road elements. We evaluate modularly adaptable sensor setups consisting of two LiDARs and two cameras per site. The results of two different positioning modes are plausibilized with the help of a final sensor accuracy analysis and comparison with an already real existing setup. The evaluation shows that our algorithm is fully suitable for future use in the planning of digital test fields for automated and connected mobility or smart city applications.


The story of Afro-Americans in Atlanta politics in the late nineteenth century provides rich and fascinating insights into the question of black political progress in those important years. The initial impression from evidence concerning city campaigns and elections seems to corroborate C. Vann Woodward's suggestion that "Forgotten Alternatives" existed in the South of that period. Indeed, a formidable amount of data can be amassed to demonstrate that black Atlantans were prominent participants in local politics generally from 1868 until the early 1890's. Their role became more pronounced later. The purpose of this article is to present that story. The major argument of this article, however, is that the appearance of black political progress largely was an illusion. This can best be documented by centering on the critical issue concerning race and politics in Atlanta-the direct representation of blacks in city government.1 Afro-Americans were active in the Atlanta political arena; that is incontestable. The black proportion of registered voters, in the years for which we have data, ranged from 10%o to 39%0. From Reconstruction to 1889, at least, integrated political meetings and rallies occurred, with both black and white politicians addressing them. Such gatherings frequently had a carnival atmosphere, complete with a band and fireworks. Newspapers often alleged that the effort to attract a large audience to these rallies was directed especially at the black voters.2


Temperature dependence of polaron in quantum ring was studied by solving the time-independent Schrodinger equation and using LLP unitery transimision method.The numerical calculation results showed that the ground state energy of polaron was const in lower temperature and increused with rising temperature in higher temperature.The numerical calculation results also showed that the ground state energy of polaron decreased with increasing coupling strength between electron and LO-phonon,and increased with increasing the confinement strength of quantum ring(increasing the inner radius or decreasing the outer radius of quantum ring),which showed the quantum size effect in quantum ring was very obvious.


As a result of market economy driven situation, entertainment trend of news has become a general phenomenon in today's mass communication. Since 90s of 20th century, such a phenomenon has been becoming stronger and fiercer in China. However, one can find different forms and degrees for such an entertainment trend in the news column of the Chinese newspapers. Some giant newspapers are also of such an entertainment feature, but this trend is mainly embodied in their representational forms, such as the character types for the titles of news coverage and the genres adopted for reporting. With regard to the selection of the reported objects and the covered information, they are still insisting at the objective and rational principle of news reportage.


Electrical measuring instruments play an important part in the generation, distribution, and sale of electrical power, and in the development and testing of electrical machinery. The accuracy of electrical measuring instruments depends as much on the quality of the control springs as on the design of the torque producing elements. Unstable effects found in the application of spiral springs to electrical instruments arise from aging in service and hereditary hysteresis in the spring material. There is little available information in the technical literature on these effects. In order to produce the most satisfactory spring controlled instruments for the electrical industry, there should be recorded in the technical literature a considerable body of detailed information on springs. Information is needed on such subjects as the effect of composition, condition of material, forming methods, stabilizing treatments, design details, residual stresses, service conditions, and temperature on the performance of spiral instrument springs. The information presented in this paper resulted from torsional pendulum tests, hardness tests, spring uncoiling tests, Various forming and stabilizing treatments, and measurements of hereditary hysteresis with the grid glow micrometer. The results of these tests are presented graphically, showing that moderate temperature heat treatment has an important effect on hereditary hysteresis, that the softening range of cold worked spring ribbon is very critical, that the forming temperature and forming time have a controlling effect on residual stresses, that a stress relief anneal reduces aging and hereditary hysteresis. The nature of the action of hereditary hysteresis is defined.


Feature selection is a key research direction in the current big data era, which can effectively reduce the dimension of data, simplify the time of model training and improve the prediction effect, attracting the attention of researchers in the field of statistics and informatics. In recent years, with the expansion of the application scope and field, the research on the feature selection method gradually approaches to the comprehensive index of time and efficiency. This paper applies the idea of Gibbs sampling based on the random search strategy, and improves the feature selection method based on the Gibbs sampling algorithm, analyzes the frequency of each feature as the important degree value of the corresponding feature, and selects a suitable threshold value to realize the feature selection according to the size of the important degree value.


Soybean hulls or Sugar cane bagasser in ovine feedlot as fiber souces of high concentrate diets Twenty Santa Ines lambs were distributed in a complete randomized block design to evaluate the apparent digestibility and nitrogen metabolism on lambs fed a high grain and sugarcane bagasse or soybean hull as fiber source. Sugar cane bagasse or soybean hulls were added at 10 and 20% levels to a control, all concentrate diet. There was an increase (P<0.05) in dry matter intake, DM, OM, NDF and ADF digestibility in soybean hulls containing diets, whereas crude protein digestibility decreased (P<0.05) and as a result nitrogen retention also decreased.


The aim of this study was to measure the performance and intake of dry matter, crude protein, fiber in neutral detergent by confined ovine fed with elephant grass silage alone (control) or mixed with by-products of the fruit industry of west Indian cherry(7%), cashew(10,5) and dehydrated pineapple(10,5%). A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and four replicates consisted of one ovine(sheep). For dry matter intake, the silages with cashew resulted in a consume higher than control, while for fiber in neutral detergent there was higher intake of silage with addition by-products. and all silages with co-products have higher NDF intake than the silage of napier grass alone. Higher body weight gains were observed for animals fed with silages containing cashew and pineapple when compared to control silage but there were no differences in feed conversion among treatments. It is concluded that cashew and pineapple by-products used in the form of silages mixed with elephant grass increased body weight gain of sheep when compared with silage of elephant grass solely.


A timely contribution, given the rapid surge of interest in social movements, Paolo Gerbaudo's Tweets and the Streets explores the mobilizing role of social media through a qualitative ethnographic study. In 2011, Gerbaudo participated in and investigated the following uprisings: the Egyptian revolution in Cairo; the indignados movement in Madrid and Barcelona; Occupy Wall Street in New York. This book, a culmination of his research, interrogates how the activists utilized social media for political gain. Effectively, his use of ethnography allows Gerbaudo to speak of the movements with an insight normally attributed to an "insider"; an important distinction that typifies this research method. From the outset, Gerbaudo is clear in his opposition to both Shirky's (2008) brand of "techno-optimism" as well as Gladwell's (2010) and Morozov's (2011) "technopessimism." So instead of being limited by this paradigm, he proposes "a cultural and phenomenological interpretation of the role of social media as means of mobilisation" (p. 9). More specifically, Gerbaudo explores the role of leadership within contemporary popular movements. Gerbaudo posits that all three movements were not leaderless and instead employed "soft forms" of leadership "which exploit the interactive and participatory character of the new communication technologies" (p. 13). This sentiment runs contrary to public perception, mainstream media propaganda, and even contemporary social movement theories. In other words, Gerbaudo contends that hierarchies did exist within the movements that he investigated and provides evidence for his assertion. But perhaps an even bigger contribution to the study of activism is his invocation of the term choreography of assembly, which highlights the importance of social media in the formation of a collective aggregation (Melucci, 1996). Gerbaudo is meticulous in documenting the use of social media in actualizing the choreography of assembly in the three movements. However, he is just as quick to point out that "street-level agitation" and oral communication were equally (if not moreso) necessary and effective in bringing together and coordinating countless individuals in the course of the three uprisings. As well, this study includes very few explicit references to the use of mobile technology for communication by the groups. Instead, the use of mobile phones in accessing social media is implied and alluded to continually. In fact, the strong connection between the ownership of smartphones and the use of Twitter in the various uprisings resonates throughout the narrative. Perhaps the most enjoyable aspect of the book is also what separates it from other academic works. Tweets and the Streets is an engaging narrative which is written in a 503743 MMC0010.1177/2050157913503743Mobile Media & CommunicationBook reviews 2013


The article presents current conditions for the implementation of the services of electronic identification and authentication with the application of modern ICT systems that can be used in the healthcare system. Their implementation is both a milestone and a condition for the provision of real information security to patients and healthcare sector employees.


@natalieasis California is experiencing our annual 2 weeks of rain or what I call "winter". Otherwise it's 70+ and sunny.


Crystal structure of Ba 5-5X Y 10X/3 Nb 10 O 30 was tried to determined by Rietveld analysis using powder X-ray diffraction data. This compound has tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) structure with general formula, (A1)₂(A2)₄(B1)₂(B2) 8 (O1) 8 (O2) 8 (O3)₄(O4)₂(O5)₄(O6)₄. However, it was difficult to determine the distribution of Ba and Y in A1 and A2 sites by the analysis only. Combination of Rietveld analysis and site potentials calculation as well as lattice energy calculations helped to determine the distribution. As the result, it was clarified that Ba 2+ cations occupy A2 (pentagonal tunnel site) and Y 3+ cations occupy A1 (cubic site). The distribution of cations at each site coincides with the distribution estimated by the difference of ionic radii. This supports the formation condition of TTB which was proposed in our previous report. Ba 5-5X Y 10X/3 Nb 10 O 30 shows ferroelectric characteristics. In this compound, remanent polarization decrease slightly with the composition X. On the other hand, the result of crystal structure determination reveals that atomic positions along c-axis for A1, A2, B1 and B2 cations are also decreased with the composition X. This would suggest that the dependence of remanent polarization composition X is derived by the dependence of atomic coordinates on composition X.


A review of paediatric nursing, presented in outline format. It ia accompanied by a disk including more than 250 questions.


This paper discusses the methodological analogies and differences of the systems theoretic and the knowledge-based approaches to modelling and simulation of dynamical systems. This comparison is based on the notion of the dynamical system as defined in systems theory, in particular on the concept of state. Two examples show that these notions are relevant for quantitative models as used in systems theory and for qualitative models that are given in the knowledge base of a rule-based system. Moreover, a formalisation of rule-based systems within the concept of dynamical systems is given. It shows that the main motivation for using the knowledge-based approach in control engineering is given by the lack of online information about the state of the physical system.


The paper shows development prospects of solar studies with small-sized sensitive radio telescopes such as the GURT active antenna which is an element of the phased array of the GURT radio telescope. Starting with GURT active antenna sensitivity calculations for solar observations, we compare our solar radio emission observations with the records of other radio telescopes. We discuss the potential of using this single antenna as an instrument for studying the active Sun manifestations from the lunar surface and suggest its possible adjustment to observe poor studied solar bursts under the terrestrial ionosphere cutoff. © 2019 BBSCS RN SWS. All rights reserved


Contents: Jean-Pierre Gern: A Key Condition for Enhancing Social Welfare: Reconsidering the Axioms, on Which the Teaching of Economics is Based - George Chobanov: The Process of Approaching Market Equilibrium - Galina V. Mikhaylova: Accounting Procedures in Assessment of the Regional Economic Equilibrium - Henrik Egbert/Andreas Hildenbrand: Financing Early Childhood Education and Care: Rising Allocative and Productive Efficiency by Using Tradable Vouchers - Desislava I. Yordanova/Tsvetan P. Davidkov: Determinants of Entrepreneurial Orientation: Evidence From Bulgaria - Neli Iltcheva: A Methodology for the Economic Analysis of the Energy Efficiency Policy in the Republic of Bulgaria - Mariya Neycheva: Some Aspects of the Impact of Education on Output Growth in Bulgaria - George Chobanov/Luben Toshkov/Tatyana Madjarova/Tzvetan Ignatov: Middle Stratum Measurement Based On the Lorenz Curve - Libero Mario Mari/Francesca Picciaia (I): "Doing social" in Italy: The Social Reporting in the Social Enterprises - Michael Sauer: Welfare in South-Eastern Europe. Setting the Scene for Research on Long-term Care - Dieter Flamig: Sustainability as a Global Chance for Europe - Christophe Hug: Decentralised Waste Water Treatment. Approaches for a Low Budget Strategy - Paul Kleppe/Alfons Kuhles: Energy Production by Hydrothermal Carbonisation as a Future Business - Yu Li: The Future Solution and Central Nerve for Modern Power Supply: Smart Grid and Global Networks.


The stress-strain responses and oxidation properties of cold-rolled Zr-1.5Nb-O and Zr-1.5Nb-O-S alloys were studied. The U.T.S. (ultimate tensile strength) of cold-rolled Zr-1.5Nb-O-S alloy with 160 ppm sulfur (765 MPa) were greater than that of Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.1Fe alloy (750 MPa), achieving an excellent mechanical strength even after the elimination of Sn, an effective solution strengthening element. The addition of sulfur increased the strength at the expense of ductility. However, the ductile fracture behavior was observed both in Zr-Nb-O and Zr-Nb-O-S alloys. The beneficial effect of sulphur on the strengthening was observed in the cold rolled Zr-1.5Nb-O-S alloys. The activation volume of cold-rolled Zr-1.5Nb decreased with sulfur content in the temperature region of dynamic strain aging associated with oxygen atoms. Insensitivity of the activation volume to the dislocation density and the decrease of the activation volume at a higher temperature where the dynamic strain aging occurs support the suggestion linking the activation volume with the activated bulge of dislocations limited by segregation of oxygen and sulfur atoms. The addition of sulfur was also found to improve the oxidation resistance of Zr-Nb-O alloys.


Objective: To introduce a video-assisted modification of Weder method for accelerated treatment of postpneumonectomy empyema (PPE) without bronchopleural fistula. Methods: Three men (52, 58, 64 year old) with late PPE were treated by our modification. It follows the principals of original method: pleural cavity radical debridement and packing with wet dressing of povidone-iodine, repeated every second day until the pleural cavity is macroscopically clean and finally obliterated with antibiotic solution. We do not open the former thoracotomy. The debridement is carried out through a muscle-sparing minithoracotomy or in initially drained patients through the totally excised tube port. These 4-5 cm incisions are used for inserting the telescope and the working instruments into the cavity. General anesthesia is used only for the first session, because more extensive surgery might be required. Thoracic epidural via catheter with preserved self-ventilation is the anesthesia for the remaining sessions and for postoperative pain relief. We never put a tube drain into pleural cavity and the last is closed with soft tissues interrupting suturing. Parenteral antibiotics started preoperatively is continued until discharge. Results: PPE was successfully treated in all patients after three sessions. The mean hospital stay was 10 days. The long-term functional and cosmetic results were excellent. Conclusions: Although our modification is based on a limited clinical experience we believe that it might be a valuable approach for PPE patients without a bronchopleural fistula. It is minimally invasive, well tolerated, anesthesia-sparing and no pleural tube drainage used.


The incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) has been increasing throughout the world, in pregnancy it has different etiologies, however its main cause is of biliary origin, usually followed by alcoholic and hyperlipidic, although multiparity and maternal age are linked.Pancreatitis is currently one of the diseases with the highest prevalence of nutritional risk, because it increases the morbidity and mortality of the patient, for the reason it is believed that a timely and adequate nutritional intervention to the needs of each hospitalized patient would reduce the mortality figures.


Control of milk composition is of importance in dairy ewes because milk is mostly used for cheese making. Besides numerous factors that alter milk composition, knowledge on the effects of nutrition is useful for it concerns both yield and milk content. Furthermore, modification of nutrition is a powerful and short-term means of altering milk composition. Global effects of nutrition are to be separated from specific effects of some nutrients, for they may be combined in order to finely control milk composition. Level of nutrition is a main factor affecting milk yield and milk composition in dairy ruminants : i.e. milk yield increases with level of nutrition and vice versa, but effects on milk composition are less clear. Milk fat content is in general negatively correlated to energy balance, whereas with protein content the correlation is positive. In consequence, in most cases, a high level of nutrition in dairy sheep will depress fat content and slightly increase milk protein content. On the other hand, an increase in dietary protein supply will increase milk protein yield, if the ewe has not reached its potential yield, but this response is not associated to changes in milk protein content. An easy means of increasing energy supply is to use high quantities of concentrate. As a result of rumen acidosis, this may directly depress milk fat and protein content and secondarily change energy partitioning from milk to body fat depots. The use of specific nutrients such as protected fat, or amino acids appears to be of interest as a mean of improving milk fat and/or protein content in dairy ewes. Limited experience is, however available, nowadays and advantages or drawbacks are not fully known.


THE terms "coronary occlusion," "coronary thrombosis," and "cardiac infarction" are often indiscriminately employed as if these expressions were terms synonymous. This is in fact not the case, and differences are well marked between them. Cardiac infarction is the result of the coronary occlusion, and represents the pathological change which has occurred in the myocardium as a result of the arterial block, and may take some hours or even days to develop. It may also be completely absent if the patient should die, after the acute occlusion, before time is allowed for these changes in the muscle to take place. Coronary thrombosis is often used to denote coronary occlusion, although it is only a special type of it. It presupposes a knowledge of the cause of the occlusion, which from clinical examination it is impossible to have, and which may even be refuted by future pathofogical examination. Thus, although coronary thrombosis is the commonest cause of the final occlusion, it is by no means the only cause. It is therefore safer to employ the non-specific term, coronary occlusion, for the clinical concept. The clinical importance of coronary occlusion cannot be overstressed. It is a condition which causes death and much disability in middle age and late adult life, and, as it usually afflicts those of a dynamic, forceful personality, its economic importance is great. It also is a disease of great personal importance to medical men, for it ranks highest as a cause of death in medical men in America and possibly also in this country. There is an opinion also, abroad, that the incidence of the disease is increasing. Although statistical evidence fails to confirm this, it suggests that this increase is more apparent than real, and is due to better diagnosis, the more full investigation of cases of acute thoracic pain, and the recognition of minor coronary episodes and their differentiation from so-called "acute indigestion." The facts which have been utilised are derived from a personal survey of the case records of 121 cases of coronary occlusion admitted to the Royal Victoria Hospital over a twelve-year period, and all factors were critically analysed. No attempt to discuss oetiology or prognosis will be attempted, but only a presentation made of some aspects of the clinical picture. Apart from the rare accident of coronary embolism, coronary occlusion seldom occurs except in a heart with diseased coronary vessels, and the predisposing disease …


Between 2014 and 2021 a series of seven test light-balloon stratospheric flights took place, with the objectives to test various aspects of vertical electric antenna systems for the Very Low Frequency range. These missions helped to define important risks associated with free-flying large antennas and create effective ways to mitigate them, allowing the successful implementation of a stratospheric VLF transmitter.


Indian apparel retail market has faced a tremendous growth. The recent successful developments in the apparel retail sector are private label brands. Many of the retailers are increasing the percentage of pri- vate label brands in their product portfolio as the store brands will leave higher margins to them. The consumers are now-a-days preferring store brands heavily because they can save on money. The sale of private labels has increased exponentially in the past few years, which has enabled the retailers to be a strong competitive force against the nation- al brands or the brands developed by manufacturers. Private label brands which were first introduced over 100 years ago in few product categories, had seen an impressive growth in past few decades. Hence an attempt has been made in the present study to identify the consumer awareness about private label brand apparels. The structured question- naire was used to collect primary data. The collected data were then coded and analysed using SPSS 16.


Technology has continuously been a crucial influence which acutely tangled with the progress of urban cities. Online Social networks are interesting and valuable datasets that can be leveraged to improve understanding about society and to know inter-personal choices. Smart Cities seeks to assimilate technical and citizen-centric vitality into urban and municipal operations, from making governance decision to transportation and more. The research aims to focus on localize properties of known influential stakeholder (nodes) i.e. citizen such as Politician, Actor and Sports person in terms of links from online social networks data i.e. Twitter. In addition, identify top-k influential nodes from network graph of stakeholder using centrality measures and iterative ranking approach i.e. PageRank. These measures normally based on their ability to adapt the existing positioning or ranking indicator approaches with intent on relationships among nodes. The identified stakeholders can be either persons, groups or organisations on Twitter which can creates positive vicissitudes and novel insights in the notion of a smart city. The research also covers the applications, challenges and open research issues of influence analysis on social media for smart city.


Roger Shattuck reaffirms literature as a central field of study and personal reward. With incisive analysis, he explores the nature of intellectual craftsmanship, defends art's moral anti-intellectualism and philistine pretension. He argues that, in recent years, American literary studies have embarked on a wayward course, and he shows how politics and theory have grown increasingly dominant. Looking to the past for guidance, Shattuck offers a powerful vision of a common literary and philosophical heritage. Whether commenting on Flaubert, Foucault, "Pulp Fiction", Georgia O'Keeffe or V.S. Naipaul, he presents a stirring, humane synthesis of the principles and values by which we can live at peace with diversity.


The occurrence of death in a sow from a pig farm in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, presenting lesions of cystitis at post mortem examination, conducted to laboratory examination of preputial liquid of boars and male weaned pigs (piglets and finishing pigs) and vaginal "swabs" of gestation sows. It was isolated Actinobaculum suis from 5 among 12 boars and from 2 between 12 weaned pigs, respectively 34 and 45 days old. A, suis were not isolated from 24 sows examined. It is confirmed the occurrence of male pigs as carriers of the microrganisms in that farm and the infection of piglets early in their lives. There was no evidence of carrier state in sows.


We are developing new media at Burroughs. The preliminary test results are very encouraging, and our media appear to have better sensitivity and lifetime than the existing Te media. The media are compatible with an overcoat.


This invention relates to an apparatus and an image processing device for temporally modulating a sequence of source images with a modulation image comprising at least one anti-copy pattern. According to the invention it is proposed to generate the modulation image from the source image to be modulated so as to place the patterns of the image areas likely to interfere with the person viewing an illegal copy of the video sequence ( filmed by a camcorder for example). The modulating image is such an image side of the image contours. The patterns are therefore placed in areas of low gradient of the source image.


Abstract Background: This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of citalopram for the treatment of patients with post-stroke depression (PSD). Methods: We will comprehensively search Cochrane Library, PUBEMD, EMBASE, WorldSciNet, Web of Science, VIP Database, CBM database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The search period is limited from the construction of each database to the February 1, 2020. No language and publication status are limited. Two investigators will independently carry out study choosing, data extraction, study methodological quality assessment, and quality of evidence. A third investigator will help to resolve any disagreements between 2 investigators. RevMan 5.3 software will be employed for statistical analysis. Results: This study will summarize the up-to-date evidence and synthesize the data to explore the efficacy and safety of citalopram for patients with PSD. Conclusions: The results of this study may present helpful evidence to determine whether citalopram is an effective management for patients with PSD. PROSPERO registration number: PROSPERO CRD42020171015.


The apparatus includes circuitry for obtaining a video image of an individual's face, circuitry for electronically locating and tracking a first feature, such as the nostrils, of the facial image for use as reference coordinates and circuitry responsive to the reference coordinates for locating and tracking a second facial feature, such as the mouth, of the facial image with respect to the first feature. By tracking the location of the nostrils, the apparatus can follow the movement of the mouth, and thereby automatically recognize speech. In a preferred embodiment, the video image is grayscale encoded and the raster lines are smoothed to eliminate noise. The transitions between gray levels of the smoothed image are encoded and the resulting transition code is used to form a contour map of the image from which region parameters are computed which can be compared against stored speech templates to recognize speech. In the preferred embodiment, acoustic speech recognition is combined with visual speech recognition to improve accuracy.


Consumption of a high‐iron diet by previously iron‐deficient rat dams causes copper insufficiency; however, pathophysiological outcomes in their offspring are unknown. We hypothesized that high‐iron consumption by dams would also lead to copper depletion in suckling pups. Accordingly, 8‐9‐week‐old, pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomized and initially fed a low‐Fe diet for ≍7 days (to induce iron deficiency), and then switched to one of five AIN‐93G‐based diets, with variable iron levels (normal [80 ppm] to high [up to 1600 ppm]) and marginal copper content (2 ppm; normal is 6‐7 ppm). Dams were fed these diets throughout the remainder of pregnancy and during lactation, until the termination of the experiments (when suckling pups were 13‐15 days of age). Subsequently, hematological parameters and serum and tissue iron concentrations were measured, and copper biomarker analyses were performed. Intestinal 64Cu absorption and tissue distribution in dams, and 64Cu delivery to the suckling pups, were also assessed. Results showed that serum para‐phenylenediamine (pPD) oxidase activity (reflecting serum ceruloplasmin [Cp]) was suppressed (p<0.05) in dams consuming 5‐fold excess iron and in pups suckling dams that consumed iron at 10‐fold excess. Hepatic nonheme iron concentrations increased in dams and pups (p<0.05) as dietary iron levels increased (possibly due to inhibition of Cp activity, which is required for iron release from hepatocytes). When dams consumed iron at 20‐fold above requirements, pup growth was impaired (p<0.05), possibly due to copper depletion, as also indicated by decreases in erythrocyte SOD activity (which accurately reflects copper status) (p<0.05). Moreover, in iron‐supplemented dams, intestinal copper (64Cu) absorption and 64Cu activity in blood, liver, and spleen were all decreased (p<0.05). A similar trend was also noted in pups suckling dams consuming exces iron, with 64Cu accumulation in blood, liver, and spleen (p<0.05) being lower than in controls. We conclude that maternal intake of excessive iron (~10‐fold above the dietary recommendation) impairs absorption of dietary copper and concomitantly depletes copper in neonatal pups. Low milk copper content was the most likely explanation for this outcome, although this remains to be experimentally proven.


Since the project of undergraduate teaching quality and teaching reform is a system project,how to achieve "Three Further" and give full play to the benefit of Quality Project is worth studying.Based on an analysis of the problems in the construction of Quality Project during the past six years,and taking into consideration the implementing situation of the project,the essay elaborates the issue from the aspects of discipline specialty construction,teaching staff,talent training mode,teaching content and curriculum system,practice teaching,etc.,and proposes that the connotation construction of Quality Project should be paid enough attention to and the quality assurance mechanism should be improved to promote the sustainable and healthy development of Quality Project.


Thus, the underlying disease process may well have progressed considerably before symptoms appear. Also, oesophagus is one of those organs which can't be palpated by the surgeon. Hence suspected lesions of oesophagus, either congenital, inflammatory or neoplastic, have to be evaluated by either symptoms or investigations only. Various causes/factors lead to obstruction of oesophageal lumen in the form of strictures, leading to dysphagia.


HIV/AIDS infection is a major public health problem in India. Indian community health nurses assume a major role in the care of people with HIV/AIDS. This article provides a brief overview of the HIV problem in India. It illustrates how a partnership between an Indian community health nursing department in a college of nursing and the community they serve addresses the community's HIV/AIDs care needs. Using a case study of a husband and wife, both infected with AIDS, the article follows how community health nursing staff, faculty and students effectively used the Johnson's Behavioral System Model to assess the couple's needs and develop a care plan that allowed this couple to meet their mental and physical health needs over a 10-year period within the community. The four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm with relevance to the Johnson's Behavioral System Model are also discussed.


Halogen can be abstracted electrochemically from organic compounds by reaction with anodic cadmium metal; with a mixture of R1COX and R2X the products is the unsymmetric ketone R1COR2, and hydrocarbons (R12) and ditin species R13SnSnR13 have also been prepared in this way.


The aim of the present study was to estimate the risk of local recurrence in an audited cohort of patients, with a particular focus on patients with upper rectal cancer treated by partial mesorectal excision without neoadjuvant therapy.


MERTIS (MERcury Thermal infrared Imaging Spectrometer) is an advanced infrared remote sensing instrument that is part of the ESA mission BepiColombo to planet Mercury. The enabling technology that allows sending the first spectrometer for the thermal infrared spectral range to Mercury is an uncooled microbolometer. With this detector the instrument can be operated in the hot environment of Mercury without the need of a cryogenic cooling system. The challenge is the calibration of the instrument. A radiometric and a spectroscopic breadboard model of MERTIS were used to develop proper calibration methods and to derive system parameters that support the setup of an end-to-end simulation which can process spectra of planetary analog materials from the DLR Planetary Emissivity Laboratory (PEL) as input signal in order to create a realistic representation of the MERTIS output signal. In the context of the calibration we are reporting on the ongoing efforts to remove the background signal which is contained in the raw image data sets and actually being the dominating signal portion. A background measuring method with using a shutter together with a noise reduction method based on a pixel-by-pixel correlation approach - are discussed and related to the remaining errors of the emissivity spectra which were calculated from raw images of laboratory experiments using onground calibration data sets. The results of the error evaluation and new emissivity spectra from the PEL for high temperatures of planetary analog materials are input parameters for the end-to-end simulation of MERTIS. Regarding the instrument´s SNR a comparison of the simulation results and the experimental data is given and the effect of the noise reduction method.


ABSTRACT— Seventy‐five outpatients with major depressive disorder (RDC) were randomly referred to treatment with a dominant serotonin (5‐HT) reuptake blocker (zimeldine, 100 mg, b.i.d. n= 40) or a dominant noradrenaline (NA) reuptake blocker (maprotiline, 75 mg, b.i.d. n= 35). Seven patients on each drug were non‐responders after up to 4 weeks of treatment and were after a washout week crossed over to the other drug for up to another 8 weeks of treatment. There was a significant and similar improvement after 4 weeks of treatment with the second drug. After up to 8 weeks of treatment all patients but one in each group were much improved with the second drug. The existence of two biochemical subgroups of depression is discussed.


Thermal treatments in the laboratory were conducted using unburned and burned samples of two soils affected by low- or high severity fires in order to study their impact on forests ecosystems with different fire regimes (severity, recurrence). Soils samples were heated in a furnace for 15 minutes at 50 ºC, 75 ºC, 100 ºC, 125 ºC, 150 ºC, 175 ºC, 200 ºC and 300 ºC to simulate different fire intensities; the process was repeated after a 1 month incubation of the burned, rewetted samples in order to simulate fire recurrence. The soil temperature was measured with thermocouples at the surface and 1 cm depth. The maximum temperature reached (Tmax) and the amount of heat supplied to the samples (degree-hour, DH) were calculated from the temperature-time curves. A total of 128 temperature-time curves (4 soil field samples x 8 heating temperatures x 2 depths x 2 successive heat treatments) were analyzed and the estimation of several soil physical and chemical properties (color, moisture content, pH, total C, total N, soluble C) was carried out in the different soil treatments. High-severity burning provoked significant changes on these physical and chemical properties, whereas slight modifications or even no changes were due to low-severity burning or soil heating under laboratory conditions. The thermal properties exhibited a higher sensitivity for the detection of the fire regime impact than the physical and chemical properties. The results showed that the temperature-time curves and derived parameters (slope, Tmax, DH) can be successfully used to quantify the impact of thermal shocks at low and high temperatures and to evaluate the effect of fire/heating recurrence on forests ecosystems.


Because dedicated hardware implementation for sophisticated video processing algorithms, especially for H.264, are costly and inflexible, Samsung wants to establish a computing intensive processing platforms for Home/Mobile solution, capable of adapting to a range of specific applications and standards through reconfigurability. For this study, we experiment the PACT XPP for the reconfigurable architecture implementation. The XPP enables a software-based acceleration of streaming data-intensive tasks. By incorporating an array of processing elements with runtime reconfigurability capabilities, a software based, parallelize processing of critical data-intensive streaming tasks is achieved.


THEATRE LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF ARDEN, OSBORNE, PINTER, WESKER. By John Russell Brown. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1972; pp. 256. $9.95. DIALOGUE AND DISCOURSE: A SOCIO‐LINGUISTIC APPROACH TO MODERN DRAMA DIALOGUE AND NATURALLY OCCURRING CONVERSATION. By Deirdre Burton. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980; pp. xii + 210. $30.00. FORGING A LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF THE PLAYS OF EUGENE O'NEILL. By Jean Chothia. London: Cambridge University Press, 1979; pp. 243. $29.50. DIALOGUE IN AMERICAN DRAMA. By Ruby Cohn. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971; pp. 340. $10.95. THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DRAMA. By Gareth Lloyd Evans. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977; pp. xx + 252. $17.50. THE MAKING OF MODERN DRAMA: A STUDY OF BUCHNER, IBSEN, STRINDBERG, CHEKHOV, PIRANDELLO, BECKETT, HANDKE. By Richard Gilman. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1974; pp. xii + 292. $4.50 paper. SIX DRAMATISTS IN SEARCH OF A LANGUAGE. By Andrew K. Kennedy. London: Cambridge University Press, 1975; pp. xiv + 271....


The presentation is based on the comparison analysis of the ethno-national identity of Hungarian minorities living in Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine, including the identifications to majority community and the relationship with Hungary, respectively.
We comparatively analysed the way in which ethnonational belonging and the identification to the citizen's status functions among different ethnic Hungarian minority communities inside or outside of the European Union: Slovakia, Romania, Serbia (Vojvodina) and Ukraine, the effect of (ambivalent) mobilisation coming from Hungary in relation to the unity of the Hungarian ethnocultural nation. Second, we also aim to understand how citizenship and the relationship toward the state of residence is framed and reflected in the ethnonational identity of Hungarian minorities, and we are interested if this is affecting majority–minority relations and patterns.


01ïijL'Localization of LPJ-DGVM The plant functional types (PFTs), such as boreal, temperate and tropical forests, originally defined by LPJ, could not perfectly match the geographical characteristics of forests in China. Therefore, we take the Vegetation Map of the People's Republic of China on a scale of 1:1000000 as a reference (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, 2007). The modified plant functional types include cold temperate and temperate deciduous coniferous forests, cold temperate and temperate mountainous evergreen coniferous forests, temperate evergreen coniferous forest, subtropical evergreen coniferous forest, subtropical and tropical mountainous evergreen coniferous forests, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical deciduous evergreen forest, tropical seasonal


Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) is one of the recommended programs to optimize the prudent use of antimicrobials, particularly in the hospital settings. The successful ASP implementation is determined by numerous factors, including communication among healthcare workers, and the availability of human resources and facilities. There is limited evidence available regarding the ASP implementation in Asia, particularly in the low- and lower-middle income countries. This systematic review aimed to identify the type of ASP interventions implemented in Asian countries according to the income status and to describe the impact of ASP implementation on the clinical, microbiological, and financial outcomes. The search strategy was undertaken using PUBMED, and the search terms were "antimicrobial stewardship" and "Asia" which were combined with the use of a Boolean operator "AND". In total, 28 articles from nine countries were included in the final review. No article from Indonesia could be found in this systematic review. There was only an article from a lower-middle income country that was conducted in a tertiary health institution. Most of the articles (22 articles) were from high-middle income countries and 18 of them were conducted either in the tertiary care or university affiliated hospitals. Prospective audit with intervention and feedback was the most frequent ASP used in which positive outcomes on the clinical, microbiological, and financial outcomes have been evidenced. The positive impact of ASP implementation should suggest the needs to initiate the program in the healthcare facilities in Indonesia while taking into account the available resources and the local cultures.


Introduction: The spread of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) increases risks of environmental pollution and human exposure, either accidental or following a targeted use of the products known to contain them, making the assessment of potential hazards of Se NPs particularly relevant.
Objective: To examine published data for subsequent assessment of potential hazards of selenium nanoparticles as a risk factor in both occupational and environmental settings at different levels of organization of living things.
Materials and methods: We have analyzed the results of studies published in 2001–2022 in English and Russian languages and found in PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, and Scopus databases using the following keywords: selenium nanoparticles, toxicity, cytotoxicity, pathology, hazard, and risk. Forty-five original research articles were considered eligible for inclusion in the review out of more than 100 papers screened for information of interest.
Results: We have noted that health benefits of using Se NPs are discussed more frequently than their adverse effects. Yet, the ability of Se NPs to generate free radicals, exhibit a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells, and interact with proteins, although without changes in their secondary structure, has been established. Some authors also report acute and subacute toxicity of Se NPs observed, inter alia, in warm-blooded animals, as well as their accumulation in agricultural plants.
Conclusion: Additional in-depth studies of physicochemical, toxicological, and hygienic characteristics of selenium nanoparticles are necessary to specify the extent of their potential hazard for living things.


The UK has adopted a hands-off approach towards the provision of legal aid amongst the Overseas Territories (OTs), allowing the government of each OT to make such provision as it deems necessary. The effect of this policy has been that the provision of legal aid amongst the OTs is a somewhat patchwork affair. There is no consensus about the extent of the responsibility to support publicly funded legal services, or how it is to be discharged. In this article an outline of the key elements of legal aid provision in those OTs with active legal aid schemes is provided, and a number of key issues that the authors identify as crucial to the development of legal aid amongst the OTs are discussed.


The social inquiry is both he major means for outside monitoring the quality of higher education in the guarantee system of the quality of higher education and the assessment on the college-and university's carrying-out of the eternal management system by the direct or indirect means of the citizens or social organizations,so as to improve the education qualities and establish the guarantee system of the quality of higher education.In order to conduct the social inquiry about qualities of higher education,some issues must be resolved on the evaluation standard,the inquiry subject legal position,the information publicity and the response system.


High-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on ZnON channels were fabricated using a dc reactive sputtering method. To improve the photoinduced bias stability, a postannealing process was carried out at a low ambient pressure (~100 mTorr, air ambient) at 250 °C for various annealing times (1-5 h). The transfer characteristics of the postannealed ZnON TFTs exhibited an improved subthreshold swing ranging from 0.60 to 0.42 V/decade. Other transport properties remained similar including a high mobility (μsat) of 50 cm2/Vs, a threshold voltage (Vth) of -2.5 V, and an ON-OFF drain current ratio of 108. In addition, photoinduced bias reliability under a gate bias stress (VG = -20 V) was significantly improved from -10.88 V (1 h) to -2.28 V (5 h). These results can be explained by the enhancement of bonding properties between Zn metal and two different anions (O, N) as stable N-Zn-O states.


Herbal medicine has plays an importance in both medicinal and economic. The usage of herbal medicine has increased the utility, safety and efficacy. Herbal medicine also increases patient compliance as they devoid of typical side effects of allopathic medicines. The present research has been undertaken with aim to formulate and evaluate the herbal gel containing turmeric rhizomes extract. The gel formulations was designed by using aqueous extract in varied concentration and also evaluated by using various physicochemical parameter. The gel was prepared by the using carboxymethylcellulose, triethanolamine, turmeric extract, glycerin and rose water. The skin PH was maintained by dropwise addition of the triethanolamine. The physicochemical parameter of the formulation are carried out by different properties i, e PH, viscosity, spreadability, etc.


Triple test cross is one of the best design for detecting and estimating genetic components of variation for quantitative traits. So many wheat breeders have been used T.T.C analysis in wheat that proposed by Kearsey and Jinks (1968). Information of the type of gene action involved in the inheritance of traits is helpful in deciding the breeding procedures to be followed for plant improvement and is necessary for efficient utilization of available germplasm in a plant breeding programe. Therefore, the presence of epistasis (additive × additive, additive × dominance, dominance × dominance) should be studied precisely before deciding any breeding programe. T.T.C is considered one of the most efficient model as, it provides not only a precise test for epistasis, but also unbiased estimates of additive and dominance components if epistasis is absent (Singh and Youns, 1986). ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 11 (2015) pp. 79-87 http://www.ijcmas.com


Given a number field $K$, a finite abelian group $G$ and finitely many elements $\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_t\in K$, we construct abelian extensions $L/K$ with Galois group $G$ that realise all of the elements $\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_t$ as norms of elements in $L$. In particular, this shows existence of such extensions for any given parameters.
Our approach relies on class field theory and a recent formulation of Tate's characterisation of the Hasse norm principle, a local-global principle for norms. The constructions are sufficiently explicit to be implemented on a computer, and we illustrate them with concrete examples.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between middle school students' physical competence information and satisfaction with physical education class. To achieve the goal, survey data for a total of 416(male; 210, female; 206) students from six middle schools in Gyeonggi-do were collected by using random sampling. Exploratory factor analysis, item analysis and inter-item consistency test (Cronbach's α) were applied to verify the validity and reliability of instruments. The results were as follows. First, depending on gender, there was significant difference in both physical competence information and satisfaction with physical education class. Specifically, there was significant difference in feedback/efforts, vicarious experience, internal information/skill improvements, and satisfaction of accomplishment among sub-factors of physical competence information depending on gender. In addition, there was statistically significant difference in physical education grade among sub-factors of satisfaction with physical education class depending on gender. Second, depending on grade levels, there was significant difference in physical competence information as well as satisfaction with physical education class. To be specific, there was significant difference in vicarious experience, performance/compliments, victory/interests, and comparison with classmates among sub-factors of physical competence information depending on grade levels. In the case of satisfaction with physical education class, there was statistically significant difference in instructional behaviors, physical education grade, physical education environment, and exercise capacity depending on grade levels. Third, the results of multiple regression analyses showed that physical competence information had a statistically significant and positive correlation with physical education class satisfaction.


This paper presents a new hardware architecture designed for protecting the key of cryptographic algorithms against attacks by side-channel analysis (SCA). Unlike previous approaches already published, the fortress of the proposed architecture is based on revealing a false key. Such a false key is obtained when the leakage information, related to either the power consumption or the electromagnetic radiation (EM) emitted by the hardware device, is analysed by means of a classical statistical method. In fact, the trace of power consumption (or the EM) does not reveal any significant sign of protection in its behaviour or shape. Experimental results were obtained by using a Virtex 5 FPGA, on which a 128-bit version of the standard AES encryption algorithm was implemented. The architecture could easily be extrapolated to an ASIC device based on standard cell libraries. The system is capable of concealing the real key when various attacks are performed on the AES algorithm, using two statistical methods which are based on correlation, the Welch's t-test and the difference of means.


The investigation of Holocene glacier chronologies in high mountain regions is important for use of glaciers as indicators for climate change. Only detailed Holocene glacier chronologies offer the opportunity to improve our knowledge on the relationship between glaciers and climate factors, and to verify models of the future glacier development. The Southern Alps of New Zealand represent the southern hemispheric study area within the complex comparative current research project "MaMoGla" (Holocene and recent dynamics of maritime mountain glaciers). Among other goals, new methodological attempts to date the dominating lateral moraines in the Southern Alps in order to revise existing glaciers chronologies have been integrated in this project.


This study examined associations between temperament at age 3 and maternal reports of youths' depressive symptoms at ages 7 and 10. Fifty-three preschool aged children were assessed for positive emotionality (PE) and negative emotionality (NE) using maternal reports of temperament and laboratory and naturalistic home observations. Neither PE nor NE at age 3 predicted depressive symptoms at age 7 after controlling for children's anxious/depressive symptoms at age 3. However, both observational and parent-report measures indicated that lower PE at age 3 predicted greater depressive symptoms at age 10 after controlling for NE and anxious/depressive symptoms at age 3. Moreover, mothers' reports indicated that children with both lower PE and higher NE at age 3 exhibited the greatest increase in depressive symptoms at age 10. Our findings are consistent with models asserting that low PE and/or low PE in conjunction with high NE is a temperamental risk factor for depressive symptoms.


Stochastic processes are expressive mathematical tools for modeling real-world systems that are subject to uncertainty. It is hence crucial to be able to formally analyze the behavior of these processes, especially in safety-critical applications. Most of the existing formal methods are not designed for continuous-time processes, and those that are typically suffering from state explosion in practice. This article introduces a theoretical framework and a scalable computational method for formal analysis and control synthesis for switched diffusions, a class of stochastic models with linear dynamics that are continuous in both time and space domains; the focus is on safety with possible extensions to other properties. The proposed framework first constructs a finite abstraction in the form of an uncertain Markov process through discretization of both time and space domains. The errors caused by the discretization in each domain are formally characterized and cast into the abstraction model. Then, a strategy that maximizes the probability of the safety property and is robust against the errors is synthesized over the abstraction model. Finally, this robust strategy is mapped to a switching strategy for the stochastic processes that guarantees the safety property. The framework is demonstrated in three case studies, including one that illustrates the tradeoff of the error contribution by the time and space discretization parameters.


As governmental participation in economic activity, especially in relation to the undertaking of public works, becomes more pronounced, so does public procurement in terms of goods and services increase. Indeed, according to calculations made by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (the OECD) recently, public procurement, for example, in the OECD member countries accounted for 5 to 14 percent of the Gross National Product (GNP).' Among states, the idea or practice whereby governments restrict or favor only their own nationals in the award of contracts for public works, is deemed, on economic grounds, to be unwise. This is because, from an international business transactions point of view, effective competition tends to be forestalled or distorted when public supply contracts are awarded by public authorities with favors or preferences for their own national producers or enterprises. It is noteworthy, therefore, that in this respect the European Economic Community (the EEC) realized a few years ago, the need for the progressive and effective opening up of all public and semi-public contracts as part of a general move towards the "completion of the Internal Market and Industrial Policy."" It was, indeed, made quite clear then that supplies for the public sector represented a considerable and increasing share of EEC consumption. Consequently, measures were initiated for the gradual and effective extension of the right to tender for public and semi-public supply contracts within the business and the commercial system of the EEC.3 However, it is not to be assumed that when states decide to throw open their invitations for tenders for public supply contracts the situation becomes


Sixtynine percent of China's land area is of the hilly and upland type, and 39 percent of the national population is inhabited in the hilly and upland areas, where an abundance of natural resources exists enriched with a wealth of biological diversity. The hills and mountains that are covered with trees and other plants are like living water towers. In the new century, it is believed necessary and possible for the industrial construction in those areas to be developed at a striding speed. For this end, the general guidelines, contents, methods and requirements of ecoindustrial construction in those areas are proposed.


Identifying and matching the best job candidates to those successful attitudinal and behavioral traits most appropriate for a specific job are classified through personality-based testing, generally categorized as psychometric testing. A subcategory of these personality-based tests assess job applicants for honesty and conscientiousness–coined " integrity testing. " While integrity testing implies matching candidates who perform their work ethically and honestly, when combined with cognitive behavioral screening, they can help identify the best candidates for sales and customer service and other positions. Stated another way, broad personality tests look for positive behaviors that would exclude negative behaviors; more appropriate for sales and customer-facing job classifications, whereas, integrity tests look at only negative character and resulting behaviors to identify applicants with entitlement mentality and lack of conscientiousness. Interestingly, between 25 percent and 30 percent of applicants completing integrity tests self-disclose undesirable behaviors such as on-the-job illicit drug use, theft and violence in the workplace. These negative characteristics have a direct impact on the frequency and severity of an organizations workers' compensation claims. Between 25 and 30 percent of applicants completing integrity test self-disclose undesirable behaviors such as on-the-job illicit drug use, theft and violence in the workplace.


Noncommutative spectral geometry succeeds in explaining the physics of the Standard Model of electroweak and strong interactions in all its details as determined by experimental data. Moreover, by construction the theory lives at very high energy scales, offering a natural framework to address early universe cosmological issues. After introducing the main elements of noncommutative spectral geometry, I will summarise some of its cosmological consequences and discuss constraints on the gravitational sector of the theory.


Experiments on intact retinae from the eyes of the deep-sea fish Diretmus argenteus show that the region of the retina that receives light from above and possesses very long rods has different photosensitive pigments from the region that receives light from below. In both of these regions the retina has several banks of rods. The optical densities of the photosensitive pigments in the retina at the peaks of absorption are almost the same (about one) in these two regions. However, the region of the retina with very long rods also contains a stable yellow pigment that absorbs heavily in the blue and near ultra-violet (optical density about three at the wavelength 390 nm). If, as seems certain, this stable pigment is largely in the long rods it will filter the light reaching the other layers of rods and act, for this region, as yellow lenses do for whole retinae in other fish. The lens of Diretmus was shown to be transparent in the visible and near ultra-violet.


Automatic fingerprint identification system includes fingerprints collecting,image preprocessing,minutia points extracting and minutia points matching normally.Thinning is an important step in image preprocessing.If it does not have a well thinning result,it will be very difficult to extract minutia points from fingerprint image by a normal extraction algorithm.There is much trouble in thinning at present,such as thinning not to one pixel,ridge swallowing,thinning skeleton not in ridge center and so on.All trouble affects extracting minutia points from fingerprint.Several thinning algorithms presently were combined and applied in fingerprint image thinning.Effectiveness of the new algorithm could be improved.


The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus (Baker) adjusts its intracellular free amino acid (FAA) content to regulate cell volume following osmotic stress. The near absence of either proline or alanine in the medium and increase in oxygen consumption suggests that these free amino acids are oxidized during hypoosmotic stress. The theoretical costs associated with the production of typical levels of proline and alanine following hyperosmotic stress (50 to 100% seawater) were estimated to be 116% of daily energy use. However, a decline in oxygen consumption rate following hyperosmotic stress was recorded, and thus supports the view that proline synthesis can interfere with Krebs cycle turnover. The rate of alanine accumulation under anoxic conditions was nearly the same as that following hyperosmotic stress but no accumulation of proline was observed. When hyperosmotically stressed under anoxic conditions, nearly 50% more alanine was accumulated by T. californicus than when only experiencing anoxia. In contrast, T. californicus under anoxic conditions accumulated only 13% of the proline normally produced following hyperosmotic stress. Copepods having high lipid levels showed a greater reliance on proline than alanine (5:1) following hyperosmotic stress compared with copepods with little or no lipid reserves (1:1). This shift in FAA accumulation from proline to alanine under restricted energy supply (i.e. anoxia and low-lipid level) would be energetically advantageous since alanine is much less costly to synthesize. The proportion of proline and alanine produced during hyperosmotic stress may be regulated at the pyruvate branch point. * Present address: Dr E. M. Goolish, School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. Key-words: Free amino acids, osmoregulation, Tigriopus californicus, anoxia, bioenergetics, oxygen consumption, salinity, alanine, proline


The properties of screening designs for constrained mixture experiments derived from classical two-level screening designs are investigated. A slightly modified version of the XVERT algorithm is discussed and illustrated for eight- and eleven-component ..


The oxygen recombination mechanism which allows lead batteries to be sealed, and causes of water loss, have been closely studied in order to make the large-scale manufacture of this battery possible and to ensure that it develops into a safe mass-consumer product. A detailed theoretical description of the recombination mechanisms is presented.<<ETX>>


Current published information on the Australian student mobility offshore is reviewed as part of a long-term project aiming to determine the current propensity of Australian higher education students to study overseas and the return on investment that they can expect to achieve. It was found that limited data are available on the current extent of Australian student mobility offshore and that rationales to encourage offshore study tend to focus on broader aspects of personal development, rather than on the curriculum-specific learning outcomes. In an attempt to identify stronger incentives for investment in offshore mobility, this review considers mobility in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, the so-called science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. Since a graduate career in science and innovation frequently involves international collaboration, the return on investment in an international study experience should be readily measurable from the curriculum-specific learning outcomes and subsequent graduate employment outcomes of internationally mobile STEM students.


A procedure of simulating the processes of impulse oscillating TE-polarized plane electromagnetic fields penetration through the superconducting thin-shelled plane screen is developed. The shielding boundary-value problem for Maxwell's equations in the frame of Gorter – Kazimir model for superconducting materials with time dispersion is formulated. Two-sided boundary conditions connecting the electromagnetic fields on both sides of the screen are used. Impulse plane oscillating exponentially damped fields with millisecond and microsecond front time are considered as primary fields acting on the screen. The impulse field behind the screen is presented analytically in the integral form. A program for numerical investigation of impulses structure and their spectral composition depending on the temperature of the screen is developed. For quantitative estimation of shielding the coefficient of shielding efficiency, indicating how much impulse field weakens when passing through the screen, is calculated.


Radar sensors have many advantages compared to traditional vision-based sensors for gesture recognition. They work in poor lighting and weather conditions, come with less privacy concerns than vision-based sensors, and can be integrated into everyday objects. However, due to the size and complexity of radar data, most radar-based systems rely on deep-learning techniques for gesture recognition. These systems take time to train and make it challenging to support quick customization by the user, such as changing the gesture set of an application. In this thesis, we want to investigate whether we can create efficient and customizable radar-based gesture interfaces, by reducing the size of raw radar data and relying on simple template matching algorithms for gesture recognition. We have already implemented a pipeline that handles these steps and tested its performance on a dataset of 20 gestures performed by three participants in front of a cheap, off-the-shelf FMCW radar. The next steps include developing a software environment for testing recognition techniques on radar gestures, optimizing our pipeline for real-time gesture recognition, and investigating two new use cases: environments where the radar is obstructed by some materials (wood, glass, and PVC) and breathing patterns recognition.


A substantial body of thought about language supports the notion that written and spoken language differ most with respect to the contexts in which each is created and must function. Writers, unlike speakers, do not produce language in the company of a language receiver. And written texts, unlike spoken, must function apart from the context of their produc tion. Unlike spoken discourse, which is said to be 'context bound,' written texts must be 'autononous' and 'explicit' in or der to function 'acontextually.' Indeed, current research distinguis hes composition from writing a priori in precisely these terms. Bereiter and Scardamalia's distinction is typical: Writing is use of the written medium and entails such skins as handwriting, spelling, and punctuation. People who could converse by pa notes back and forth to one another would be said to know how to write, If that were all they could do, however, they could not be said to know how to co mpose. . . . [Composition] involves producing . . . "autonomous text" . . ., a coherent piece of language that can accomplish its rhetorical purpose without depending on context or on interaction between sender and receiver. One does not, in principle, need to know how to write in order to compose. Compo can be done by dictation (pp. 3-4). This contrast between 'context-bound utterance and 'autonomous' text is often defined in terms of exophoric and endophoric referencing. Exophoric references 'point away from' the text either to things in the speaking environment (e.g., Put it here) or to ideas which exist as presumed, shared knowledge and require no elaboration (e.g., I don't believe it). By contrast, endophoric references point to other parts of the text where they are elaborated, illustrated, or defined. Consider the following example:


The stability and dynamics of a cantilevered cylinder in axial flow are investigated. The discretized ordinary differential equation of motion is derived by using a four-mode expansion of Galerkin's method with the eigenfunctions of a cantilever beam. The effect of some key parameters, such as the fluid velocity u, the free-end shape parameter f, on the stability is studied and discussed. The diagram of the stability regions and dynamical behavior of the system is presented in a parameter plane. Some complicated dynamical behavior that is found for a higher fixed value of f with increasing u is as follows: (1) the system loses stability by first-mode divergence, (2) it regains stability, (3) it becomes subject to second-mode flutter, (4) it becomes subject to second- and third-mode flutter, (5) the second-mode flutter disappear, and it develops third-mode flutter only, (6) together with divergence instability more complex dynamical behavior then follows.


The western literature is imporant to the development of Chinese literature in the 20 th century, but it is the traditional literature that really made the changes of it, especially the Movement of Literature Improvement in late Qing Dynasty.There are latent psychological causes why the vanguards of the new literature tried to avoid tradition.But we must realize that the influx of Western Literature and the development of the traditional literature, and the tension between them are the charm of the development of the 20 th century's Chinese literayure.


This study addresses the pressing need to comprehensively manage air pollution by examining the roles of local and national public agencies from the perspective of the general public. Air quality poses a critical challenge that profoundly impacts various aspects of human life. To enhance our understanding and generate both theoretical and practical insights for public management, this research introduces several key variables: the engagement of authorities in mitigating air pollution, citizen involvement in pollution reduction efforts, financial incentives for individuals and businesses to adopt air-friendly behaviors, urban green investments, the communal consequences of air pollution, and the necessity for industrial participation. Employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) as the research approach, data was gathered from residents of Indonesia's largest cities, where pollution significantly affects society and governing bodies. The findings are pertinent for public managers at both local and national levels, providing valuable input to enhance strategies for curbing air pollution, enhancing air quality, and ultimately improving the well-being of inhabitants.


A new improved quark mass density-dependent model including u, d quarks, σ mesons, ω mesons and ρ mesons is presented. By employing this model, the properties of nuclear matter, neutron matter and neutron star are studied. After introducing the isovector ρ mesons, the isospin effect for asymmetric nuclear matter is considered. Under mean field approximation, we find that our model can describe the properties of asymmetric nuclear matter, in particular the neutron matter, successfully. The results given by the new improved quark mass density-dependent model and by the quark–meson coupling model are compared.


The Ontong Java Plateau (OJP), north of the Solomon Islands, Indonesia, is a submerged seafloor platform, larger than Alaska and full of intricate systems of channels, atolls and seamounts. This area has remained relatively unstudied because of both the area's remote location and low number of ships carrying advanced sonar systems. The OJP is believed to have been formed by one of the largest volcanic eruptions in Earth's history. This study uses EM302 multibeam sonar data collected on the R/V Falkor in 2014 by the University of Tasmania's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies to better understand relationships between the seafloor geomorphology and tectonic processes that formed numerous unexplored seamounts. The area surveyed is situated along the OJP's central northeast margin, and includes a small chain of six seamounts that range from 300 to 700 m in vertical relief. These seamounts are situated within the axis of a major 14 km wide submarine channel that was likely formed by a sequence of turbidity currents. Using CARIS HIPS and SIPS 9.0 post-processing software, seamount and channel morphology were characterized with 2 dimensional profiles and 3 dimensional images. Backscatter intensity was used to identify relative substrate hardness of the seamounts and surrounding seafloor areas. Scour and depositional features from the turbidity flows are evident at the base of several seamounts, indicating that the submarine channel bifurcated when turbidity flows encountered the seamount chain. Figure 1: The OJP is located north of the Solomon Islands, east of Papa New Guinea and Indonesia (Fig. 1a). The focus area for this study is on the northeastern extent of the Kroenke Canyon (Figs. 1b and 1c). The white box in Fig. 1c indicates the area used in backscatter (Fig. 6). Seamounts A, Bi, Bii, C, and D follow a very linear rise that cuts the canyon into two major forks. Seamounts E, F, G, and H are located on the outward end of the channel fan and appear to have tails of sediment off toward the northeast. D D' Background The Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) is a large submarine plateau, largely un-explored and whose origins are not fully understood. The OJP occupies an area of about 1,900,000 km2, roughly the size of the Continental United States. The area around the Solomon Islands is very tectonically active, and the plateau was formed from a massive magma plume (Mann and Asahiko, 2004). The Australian-Pacific Boundary is complex but generally convergent with the Pacific Plate subducting under the Australian. The OJP is now broken up due to the complexity of the region, including translational faults and movement of small microplates independent of the two major tectonic plates (Mann et al., 2004). Multibeam sonar surveys conducted in 2014 on the R/V Falkor (led by Mike Coffin from the University of Tasmania's Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies) were primarily aimed at finding a window to the OJP basement that would allow drilling to collect deep samples at the base of the overlying sediment. One area surveyed was the Kroenke Canyon and adjacent Kroenke Channel (Figure 1b). This study focuses on the seamounts on the northern end of the Kroenke Canyon, using profiles and 3D images to study their morphology and relationship with the canyon, as many are in linear succession. Little is known about the formation of these canyons, though Coffin hypothesized a process called dewatering carving of the canyons, where water that had squeezed out of sediments during lithification flowed along small paths eventually carving out a large canyon.


Introduction Librarians know that ICT facilities are tools for the information era, like the printing press in its day. There is an awareness of the importance of the application of ICTs in university libraries. The question now is how to use ICTs with their full potential and benefits. ICTs can bring a challenge and a change that should result in the digitized library of the 21st century (UNESCO 2001). The university environment in Nigeria is changing and there is renewed recognition of the roles of universities in national development in the vast web of telecommunication (Awe, 2005). University libraries in Nigeria form a significant part of the nation's transformation and development by providing quality education. There are investments by the government in network technology infrastructure and connectivity in universities in Nigeria, including the libraries. Including libraries ensures that they are standard bearers in the use of network technologies. University libraries should be the best information providers in the nation (Awe, 2005). Introducing ICTs in Nigerian university libraries is associated with challenges, setbacks, and obstacles peculiar to each library and its environment and infrastructures, including geographic location, socio-economic factors, and perceptions of the value of information by the parent institution. There is general acceptance of ICTs as vital to the effectiveness of academic library functions, but there are obstacles such as years of working experience and the ICT knowledge and skills of librarians. The volume and speed of access to worldwide information in a networked environment are clear evidence of the globalization of information. Librarians must have a wide range of skills to manage the changing environment. University libraries and librarians must face the challenges that come with ICTs and the globalization of scholarly information, and the growth of scholarship in a local and international Internet context. Libraries must be transformed into information service units, with fully automated processes. Ideally, all university libraries in Nigeria would experience the full benefits of modern ICTs that would transform them to nearly paperless libraries (Baridan 2006). Background The Implication of Librarians' ICT Knowledge and Skills ICT is the engine that runs the library environment. ICT skills for the information professional are no longer debatable; they are now professional imperatives. It has been noted by the UNDP that: Developing the capacity to integrate computer ICT into the national economy (in order to ensure) intersectional links (network) depends on skilled people and skilled people are the product of massive investment in education (library and training) (UNDP Report 2000/2001) Education and learning are now more oriented toward the training and inculcation of skills, rather than the values and ideas of a liberal education (Obikeze, 2003:9). Modern society is essentially a knowledge society, with skills and performance and dominated by ICTs, and with information processing moving toward a computerized global society. ICT and digital libraries have been variously defined. The most comprehensive is that provided by the Digital Library Federation, which describes "organizations that provide the resources, including specialized staff, to select, structure, and offer intellectual access to interpret over time, collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities" (Rait, 1999 quoted in Zhou, 2005:433). From the definition above, it is clear that the training of librarians must concentrate on ICT and digital libraries. This means that about 70 percent of a librarian's training must be ICT skills needed for a digital library. Zhou (2005) describes the responsibilities of an ICT/digital librarian as follows: * select, acquire, preserve, organize and manage ICT/digital collection; * design the technical architecture of ICT/digital library; * plan, implement, and support ICT/digital services such as information navigation, consultation and transmit services; * establish friendly user interface over network; * set up relative standards and policies for the ICT/digital library; * design, maintain and transmit added-value information products; * protect digital intellectual property in network environment; and * ensure information security. …


The sustainable power source has huge potential which can meet the worlds energy demand easily by utilizing the easily accessible Renewable energy source. International energy agency (IEA) shows, in a relative report on the world energy utilization that in 2050 sun based exhibit establishment will give around 45 % of world vitality request. Sun powered vitality is a standout amongst the most essential sustainable power source which assumes an incredible part in giving energy arrangements. As known there is wide assortment of sort of authorities and utilizations of sun powered energy. This paper expected to make a short audit on sun oriented energy framework, as indicated by kinds of collectors and application utilized. Sun oriented energy is the best sustainable power source. Photovoltaic cells are utilized to change over sunlight-based energy to electrical energy. Photovoltaic can create power for an extensive variety of use. The solar based subsequent framework in the interest for sustainable power source is planned as a consequence to collect free energy by the sunlight. save it in battery and convert this energy so for exchanging current. This paper presents a review of the accessible writing covering the different types of PV modules based on generation of solar cell and their application in regarding electrical as well as thermal.


We present our results on soft gluon resummation in the invariant mass threshold applied to the associated production of a top quark pair with a W boson at the LHC in the Mellin space formalism.


Due to the influence of processing technology and environmental factors, there are errors in attitude measurement with the three-axis magnetometer, and the change of parameters during the operation of the magnetometer in orbit will have a great impact on the measurement accuracy. This paper studies the calibration method of magnetometer based on BP neural network, which reduces the influence of model error on calibration accuracy. Firstly, the error model of the magnetometer and the structural characteristics of the BP neural network are analyzed. Secondly, the number of hidden layers and hidden nodes is optimized. To avoid the problem of slow convergence and low accuracy of basic BP algorithm, this paper uses the Levenberg Marquardt backpropagation training method to improve the training speed and prediction accuracy and realizes the on-orbit calibration of magnetometer through online training of the neural network. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the neural network designed in this paper can effectively reduce the measurement error of magnetometer, while the online training can effectively reduce the error caused by the change of magnetometer parameters, and reduce the measurement error of magnetometer to less than 10 nT.


Despite the wealth of studies on bilingual education, there is a dearth of meta-research on the worldwide development and trends of this area of investigation over the past few decades. The occupation of this gap allows scholars to take stock of current states of research, get overviews of the contributions made to the field, foresee future research trends, and identify research needs and gaps that may be addressed in future investigation. This study analyses the evolution and trends of bilingual education research during a 50-year period (1969–2018) from a bibliometric perspective. The results show a steady increase in the number of publications, and was exponential in the last decade, mainly in the form of research articles, which makes bilingual education a truly consolidated and increasingly evolving research field. The US is the leading country with respect to the number of publications, affiliations, and sponsors, followed, primarily, by some other North American (e.g., Canada), European (e.g., UK and Spain), and Asian (e.g., China) countries, as well as Australia. There is a large research network cluster led by the US involving intercontinental interaction among institutions from Europe, Asia, and, to a lesser extent, South America. However, a scant level of internationalisation of scholars publishing works on bilingual education was observed, with most author collaboration being limited to different US institutions. The most influential authors belong to institutions from the US, Canada, Spain, and Israel, and, to a lesser extent, Australia. The main research topics in the field depend on the contexts and include regulations of language institutions, bilingual education models, language skills, pedagogical strategies, education levels, and ages, among others. These results may contribute to the identification of new research needs and therefore, to the development of future directions in bilingual education research.


Comparison of PE. spectroscopic data for four series of enamines (including azetidine and some aziridine derivatives) for studying the influence of amine-ring size on electronic structure show the pyrrolidino group to exhibit the strongest amine/double bond coupling in sterically unconstrained enamines. However, the azetidino group accommodates best steric congestion due to dialkyl substitution at the β-position of the enamine unit. Quantum-chemical calculations of equilibrium structures and energy profiles for amine rotations in model enamines by the PRDDO SCF method agree satisfactorily with experimental results. Notable exceptions are pyrrolidine derivatives for which PRDDO overestimates the amount of N-pyramidality.


Effect of Paecilomyces lilacinus on tomato plant growth and the management of root knot nematodes in tomato was studied. The research work was conducted in Microbiology & Bio-control Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh and in Net-house of Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from July, 2016 to October, 2017. In net-house pot culture experiment, four different treatments were used viz., T1: Inoculation of egg masses (10 egg masses/plant) of Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), T2: Application of P. lilacinus, T3: Application of egg masses of Nematodes and P. lilacinus simultaneously, and T4: Control (non-treated). Spore suspension (10×105 Conc.) of P. lilacinus was mixed with the soil before transplantation and Meloidogyne spp. was inoculated on three days after transplantation. Application of P. lilacinus in soil enhanced the plant growth parameters of tomato plants. Inoculation of Meloidogyne spp. reduced plant growth and the reduction was increased with the increase of inoculum density of Meloidogyne spp. Maximum plant growth reduction was recorded when Meloidogyne spp. was inoculated alone. The maximum plant growth was recorded in case of application of P. lilacinus to soil. A high percentage (85%) of egg masses of Meloidogyne spp. was infected by P. lilacinus when applied together
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(1): 9–13, March 2019


SUMMARY Groundwater reservoirs in Choshuichi alluvial fan were investigated by using combined direct current (DC) resistivity soundings at 172 locations with hydrogeological measurements from 48 wells. In addition, to optimize the information/cost ratio and avoid the discriminate and excessive use of drilling and pump testing to calculate aquifer transmissivity, an attempt was made to calculate aquifer transmissivity from surface DC resistivity measurements and geostatistically derived predictions of aquifer properties. The practical applicability of the method lies in the fact that if hydraulic conductivity is known for any reference point of a porous aquifer, one can get fairly good idea of the aquifer transmissivity of other locations in the alluvial fan, from surface DC resistivity measurements.


Human communication barrier is always one of the hottest issues in psychology research.The reasons for the formation of human communication barrier are complicated.The theory of human development ecology provides a new perspective for investigating human communication barrier.In this research,an individual who has human communication barrier is interviewed and the reasons for the formation of her communication barrier is analyzed from the ecological perspective.Though a case study lacks the universality,it provides implications for investigation of the formation of communication barrier in the young people leading to people's concern of ecology environment in young people's development.


"The whole is more than the sum of its parts" is a phrase that is attributed to the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC), who in his book Metaphysica compared a syllable with its individual letters. Applied to medicinal chemistry, it means that an active molecule is more than its parts and pieces. In this respect, we need not step down to the level of individual atoms, it is just enough to consider larger fragments of a protein ligand. More than 30 years ago, Green dissected the avidin ligand biotin into a methyl-substituted imidazolinone, hexanoic acid, and a sulfur atom. The binding affinities of the two organic fragments were several decades lower than the affinity of the original ligand or of desthio-biotin. This was a clear indication that the proper combination of fragments may lead to high-affinity ligands. However, the result corresponded to expectation and seemingly nobody concluded to go the other way, i.e. to combine fragments to a high-affinity ligand. Later, Page and Jencks formulated the "anchor principle": if two molecules A and B, both interacting with different pockets of the binding site of a protein, are combined to A–B, one molecule may be considered as a substituent of the other one. The entropy loss from freezing translational and rotational degrees of freedom can be attributed to one of the molecules; the other molecule contributes to affinity with its "intrinsic" free energy of binding, without an unfavorable entropy term. In this manner, a higher affinity of A-B is observed than expected from the affinities of the original molecules A and B. Of course, both fragments have to be combined in a relaxed manner and the final molecule has to fit the binding site without steric or other constraints. In the following years, several authors confirmed the observation that the affinity of a ligand is more than the "sum of its fragments". Surprisingly, only ten years ago this principle was used for a systematic design of protein ligands from fragments by the "SAR by NMR" method, developed by Fesik and his group at Abbott Laboratories. Several other techniques followed, using protein crystallography, NMR, MS, cysteine tethering, or the dynamic assembly of ligands, to mention only some approaches. Within a short time, fragment-based design became a hot topic in drug discovery and in experimental techniques, as well as in cheminformatics and virtual screening. In addition to drugand lead-likeness, desirable properties of fragment libraries were also defined and libraries for screening and XV


Surface profiles of deep levels in GaN sample grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and by hydride vapor phase epitaxy are measured by differential deep level transient spectroscopy (DDLTS). The concentration of acceptor defects at the surface are expected to be lower than the bulk defect concentration because of the shift in Fermi level at the surface, based on theoretical estimates of defect formation energies and the band bending at the surface from spontaneous polarization. Similarly, donor defects are expected to increase in concentration as the surface is approached. The measured concentration profiles of various traps are found to span the range of behavior, from constant, to increasing or decreasing at the interface. Deep level profiling is therefore seen as an important tool to assist in determining defect composition. Although the behavior is as expected, the change in concentration from bulk to surface, is larger than measured values for the defects with the lowest formation energies, based on a conservative estimate of band bending. The difference may reflect a band bending that is different at the growth temperature than predicted, or a consequence of non-equilibrium growth conditions. As growth proceeds, the defects incorporated at the surface are in a non-equilibrium concentration when covered by subsequent layers, unless there is a mechanism whereby equilibrium defects can be formed, e.g. VGa by forming interstitial Ga, or there is enough energy for defect diffusion to take place. Peaks in the defect profile were measured, as would be expected for a donor defect formed at the surface, but with a non-equilibrium concentration in the bulk, driving diffusion toward the surface.