Treatments that postpone hypoxic spreading depression (SD)-like depolarization (also called anoxic depolarization) facilitate recovery of function after transient cerebral hypoxia. Hypertonia reduces cerebral excitability, and we tested whether it also offers protection against SD-like depolarization and hypoxia. Oxygen was withdrawn from hippocampal slices bathed in normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and, simultaneously, from slices cut from the same hippocampus but bathed in strongly hypertonic ACSF. Extracellular osmolarity (πo) was increased by adding 100 mM mannitol or fructose to ACSF. Slices in normal πo underwent SD-like negative extracellular voltage shift (ΔVo). The hypertonic slices usually showed no SD-like ΔVo but only a small, gradual negative voltage shift. Hypertonia also prevented the precipitate drop of interstitial calcium level ([Ca2+]o). When oxygenation and normal osmolarity were restored, synaptic transmission in the previously hypertonic slices recovered completely, but 3 h after reoxygenation orthodromically transmitted population spikes of the control slices recovered only 25.1% of the initial control amplitude. We conclude that hypertonic treatment during hypoxia improves subsequent recovery of synaptic function. The protection is probably due to the prevention of calcium uptake by blocking the SD-like depolarization, with the prevention of hypoxic cell swelling playing a lesser role.


Background The objective of this study was to compare the central corneal curvature and astigmatism measurements obtained with three different systems in healthy eyes and to assess the level of interchangeability between them. Methods This was a comparative study examining 30 healthy eyes of 30 patients (age 15–53-years). A complete eye examination was performed in all cases including analysis of anterior corneal curvature and astigmatism with three devices: the colour‐LED topography system Cassini (i‐Optics) (CAS), the Scheimpflug‐based system Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte) (PTC) and the optical biometer IOL‐Master 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec) (IOLM). Differences between devices in terms of curvature in the flattest (flat K) and steepest meridians (steep K) as well as in the magnitude (AST) and power vector components of astigmatism (J0 and J45) were evaluated. The interchangeability between devices was evaluated with the Bland–Altman method. Results Statistically significant differences between devices were found in steep K and flat K (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences between devices were found in AST (p = 0.057) and J0 power vector (p = 0.185). However, differences between devices in J45 did reach statistical significance (p = 0.039). Ranges of agreement for curvature measures ranged from 0.123 (flat K, CAS‐PTC) to 0.165-mm (steep K, CAS‐PTC). Ranges for the magnitude of astigmatism were 0.868, 1.059 and 0.739 D in CAS‐IOLM, PTC‐IOLM and CAS‐PTC comparisons, respectively. For J0 and J45, ranges of agreement were below 0.522 D. Conclusions Measurements of central corneal curvature and astigmatism obtained with the three devices evaluated cannot be used interchangeably.


This work considers centralized detection in distributed RF sensor networks. We present a comparative analysis of GLRT detection in active and passive networks including active multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar (AMR), passive MIMO radar (PMR), and passive source localization (PSL). Our results demonstrate that PMR generalizes AMR and PSL in that PMR detection sensitivity may approximate that of AMR or PSL depending on the average direct-path-to-noise ratio (DNR). At high DNR, PMR sensitivity equals AMR sensitivity. At low DNR, PMR sensitivity approximates PSL sensitivity. At intermediate DNRs, PMR sensitivity transitions from PSL to AMR sensitivity with increasing DNR. Thus, PMR may be regarded as the link between AMR and PSL sensor networks that unifies them within a common theoretical framework.


Urban heat island effect becomes more evident and has impact on the climate and environment.According to long series measured rainfall data with short duration of Kunming City,this article analyzes the effect of urban heat island on rainfall qualitatively and quantitatively.The results indicate that the urban heat island effect has some influence on rainfall;but its impact does not change the consistency of data series,which provides references for studies of urban storm characteristics,the future direction of urban heat island effect and urban flood control.


Theoretical approaches to international migration for employment largely ignore the role of government policies in shaping both migratory flows and the functioning of international labor markets, despite empirical evidence that such policies exist. To facilitate considerations of policy in migration theory this article examines politics and ideology in the evolution of migration policy in Kuwait. Policy determinants are found to include not only changes in economic conditions, but also shifts in power among political actors and the salience of issues on the political agenda: security issues, regional political events, demographic changes and perceived social costs of immigration. Future prospects for the Gulf are also considered.


Taking a shield hydraulic support as the study object,the paper analyzed all possible postures of the support,and established a kinematic math model of one posture of the support.In addition,it calculated the space positions of key points of support components,and conducted the kinematic simulation of the support based on 3D modeling software UG.The simulation results showed that the variation of obliquity of the top girder had some influence on the distance between girder ends of the support,central distance between connecting lugs of the balancing jack as well as the column obliquity.


The selection rule DELTA Q = DELTA S means that leptonic decays of strange particles are allowed only when the difference in charge between the initial and final strongly interacting particles in the decay is equal to the difference in strangeness. The rule was tested by means of experiments on the leptonic decays of neutral K mesons in the exposure of a propane bubble chamber to a separated K/sup +/ beam. It is concluded that the DELTA Q = DELTA S selection rule is not valid. (D.L.C.)


The present study was to investigate the extent to which clear speech is an effective intelligibility enhancement strategy for non-native speakers of Korean. Ten Chinese advanced learners were participated in speech production test. Acoustic differences between clear speech (CL) and conversational speech (CON) of Korean monophthongs were measured on durations, f1 and f2 values, vowel quadrilateral spaces, and the vowel identification test was evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) the paired t-test on durations showed a statistical significance between CL and CON, which means the durations of CL were longer than those of CON. (2) The two-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted that examined the effect of vowels and utterance levels on vowel quadrilateral area (Hz²). The vowel spaces of CL were even larger than those of CON across all seven vowels. (3) the vowel identification scores of individual tokens demonstrated the similar error rates for both CL and CON. Although it is important to understand speech accommodation effect for speech clarity, these results suggest that the expanded temporal and spectral properties may not guarantee the accuracy of listeners' identification of vowels. Other factors (e.g., learners' anxiety) affecting second language acquisition should be discussed for further research. (Daegu Cyber University)


The aim of this review is to provide the state of the art about the psychology of sport injury rehabilitation by analyzing the most recent literature and research on this field. In the first part we provide theoretical models contextualizing the sport injury, the motivational process underlying the recovery, and the influence of social and contextual factors. In the second part we analyze the possible psychological interventions and their effect on the rehabilitation process. In conclusion we highlight some gaps in the current literature and we propose directions for future research.


Objective To evaluate the accuracy and uniformity of the routine examination with the same brand but different type hematology analyzers in daily work. Methods The KX-21A was chosen as the target analyzer.A sample of fresh whole blood was tested ten times independly with the five hematology analyzers in order to gain the precision and the correction coefficient.Nine fresh whole blood samples of three levels of the WBC,RBC(Hb),and PLT were examinated three times respectively on each of the five analyzers.The original parameters of the WBC,RBC(Hb),PLT were calibrated with the correction coefficient,then repeating the above progress with the nine samples. Results ①The precision of the five hematology analyzers are fine.②Before being corrected,the correlation coefficient of the target analyzer and the other analyzers were no less than 0.9990 with 11 difference percentage exceeding the acceptable limit in the comparison tests.③After being calibrated the correlaion coefficient between the target analyzer and the others were no less than 0.9999 with all difference percentage being in the acceptable limit in the comparison tests. Conclusion ①The systematic error between machines timely can be found through comparison tests of hematology analyzers with fresh whole blood.②It can improve the accuracy and uniformity of results of the hematology analyzers in the same laboratory through correcting the parameters of the hematology analyzers with fresh blood.


A probability limit property is proposed for the weight vectors W of feed-forward neural networks when both the input data and output data contain noise or when only the output data contains noise. By theoretical analysis of the energy function of a feed-forward neural network, the paper points out that a least square energy function isn't a good choice. The result is good enough for future research.


Light field capture and multi-layer light field displays are increasingly concerned topics for academia and industry. However, an integrated discussion connecting capture and display has been long neglected. Therefore, this paper proposes a duality analysis of capture and display to comprehensively analyze and define two basic attributes; depth range and angular resolution. The main contribution of this paper is to discuss the display properties based on the configurations of light field capture and its effect on displayed image quality rather than focusing on the display itself.


Identification of the location and magnitude of harmonic sources in an electric power system through the use of limited number of measurement can be achieved via harmonic state estimation. Measurement location greatly influences the region of observability and measurement cost. However, finding the optimal measurement location via exhaustive search is difficult due to the size of the problem. This paper focuses on the effect of transformer winding configuration on measurement placement and its influence towards the overall system observability. Singular value decomposition technique is used for the harmonic state estimation and the observable region of a partially observable system is determined by looking at the positions of non-zero entries in the null space vector of the measurement matrix.


We report on a novel technique for hardening micro-optical resist elements, like beam-shaping elements or micro lenses, with large profile depths before proportional transfer into the fused silica substrate. This technique allows to harden the resist with only small distorsions of the height profile. For demonstration a refractive beam shaper was designed and fabricated in photo-resist using gray-tone lithography. This element was transfered into fused silica with high etch rates using an optimized set of parameters in an ICP-etcher.


Land-based gas turbines are significantly different from automotive gas turbines in that they are designed to operate for 50,000 h or greater (compared to 5,000--10,000 h). The primary goal of this research is to determine the long-term survivability of ceramic materials for industrial gas turbine applications. Research activities in this program focus on the evaluation of the static tensile creep and stress rupture (SR) behavior of three commercially available structural ceramics which have been identified by the gas turbine manufacturers as leading candidates for use in industrial gas turbines. For each material investigated, a minimum of three temperatures and four stresses will be used to establish the stress and temperature sensitivities of the creep and SR behavior. Because existing data for many candidate structural ceramics are limited to testing times less than 2,000 h, this program will focus on extending these data to times on the order of 10,000 h, which represents the lower limit of operating time anticipated for ceramic blades and vanes in gas turbine engines. A secondary goal of the program will be to investigate the possibility of enhancing life prediction estimates by combining interrupted tensile SR tests and tensile dynamic fatigue tests in which tensile strength is measured as a function of stressing rate. The third goal of this program will be to investigate the effects of water vapor upon the SR behavior of the three structural ceramics chosen for the static tensile studies by measuring the flexural strength as a function of stressing rate at three temperatures.


We have successfully obtained photoacoustic image using LED light source instead of Solid-state laser. We explain how we capture the higher S/N image almost equivalent to one using the laser.


Cerebellar diseases are recognized by a combination of clinical findings consisting of gait ataxia, dysarthria, incoordination and eye movement abnormalities. The patient with a cerebellar syndrome can be classified by age of onset of symptoms and course of illness. In general, an acute presentation is more likely to have a symptomatic cause whereas a chronic, progressive course is likely to represent a neurodegenerative condition. Increasingly, the spectrum of cerebellar degeneration is being elucidated as molecular techniques identify genetic causes. This review synthesizes the clinical features of cerebellar dysfunction and presents a method for classifying the cerebellar disorders. Evaluation would then follow according to this classification and prognosis and treatment based on specific etiology determined.


Previous studies that have utilized the Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety Scale (FLSAS) have performed their studies with the assumption that Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety is negatively correla ...


Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the large intestine. This study was designed to Estimation of interleukin 8 and 10 in human suffering from irritable bowel syndrome and the relationship with age and period of disease. A total of 88 men participated in this study, including 57 men as patient, and 31 as healthy, who were collected from Al-Fayhaa Hospital in Basrah. The patients was classified according to age into (30-40), (41-50) and (51-60), and according to the disease period into (1-5) and (6-10) years. The healthy were aged (30-60 years).IL-8 and IL-10 were measured using ELISA technique and The data statistical analysis software (One-way Anova) and Mann-Watny test. The results showed a significant increase of interleukin-8 (IL-8) for patients at P≤0.001, while there was a significant decrease in the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) at P≤0.001. Regarding the age groups, the results did not show variation of IL-8 levels .while, the level of IL-10 in the (41-50 years) was significantly lower. As for the relationship between the duration of the disease there is no significant differences. The study concluded that inflammations play a role in inducing irritable bowel syndrome and the age group (41-50) was more affected.


In this paper, we present a new biclustering algorithm to provide the geometrical interpretation of similar microarray gene expression profiles. Different from standard clustering analyses, biclustering methodology can perform simultaneous classification on the row and column dimensions of a data matrix. The main object of the strategy is to reveal the submatrix, in which a subset of genes exhibits a consistent pattern over a subset of conditions. However, the search for such subsets is a computationally complex task. We propose a new algorithm, based on the Hough transform in the column-pair space to perform pattern identification. The algorithm is especially suitable for the biclustering analysis of large-scale microarray data. Our simulation studies show that the method is robust to noise and computationally efficient. Furthermore, we have applied it to a large database of gene expression profiles of multiple human organs and the resulting biclusters show clear biological meanings.


AS is an inflammatory disease which exists in "healthy" people as a dormant syndrome.Qi-deficiency and Blood-stagnation is the main pathogenesis of AS.C-reactive protein(CRP) participates in the occurrence and progress of AS.It is the independent risk factor and prognostic index of AS.We propose that high sensitivity CRP(hs-CRP) should be the screen marker of pathogenesis of Qi-deficiency and Blood-stagnation.If the high hs-CRP case have abnormality in routine examination of AS,We suggest that use the treatment based on syndrome differentiation based on replenishing Qi and activating blood circulation which combined with the pathogenesis and the physic of the patient.This work would help to prevent and therapy AS with TCM and deepen the principle of "preventive treatment before the occurrence of diseases".


Abstract OBJECTIVE. The aim of the study was to evaluate the endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with some particularities and its advantages over external DCR. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We evaluated 3 female patients (age range 35-84 years) diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis - lacrimal sac abscess (2 cases) and lacrimal sac fistula (1 case). All patients presented a history of repeated episodes of acute dacryocystitis initially treated with broad spectrum antibiotics by the ophthalmologist. The evaluation protocol consisted in cranio-facial CT scan or MRI for the evaluation of the lacrimal sac and nasal structures, an ophthalmologic examination with the catheterization of the superior and inferior lacrimal punctum with a light probe to verify the permeability of the lacrimal pathway, and the Jones test with fluorescein to receive information about the common lacrimal path. Lacrimal syringing with regurgitation of fluid from the opposite punctum was the only criteria to decide the surgery. In all three cases we performed an endoscopic DCR, with stent insertion in two cases and a laco-dacryo-rhinostomy in one case. In only one case a reintervention was needed 12 months later. CONCLUSION. The endoscopic DCR, with its different particularities, is a safe surgical procedure with a low rate of complications, being the treatment of choice for the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction.


The patterns of the NH stretching vibrations in the solid-state IR spectra of a series of 5-pyridylmethylenehydantoins revealed the presence of various modes of hydrogen bonding: intermolecular NH&4nldr; &4nldr;OC and intermolecular or intramolecular NH&4nldr; ‥‥N(py). These variations are related to the orientation of the pyridyl nitrogen and to stereochemistry. A distinction between intramolecularly and intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded compounds was also provided by comparison of the 1H NMR spectra in (CD3)2SO and in CDCl3.


When people are hit by crime they are often blamed for the victimization by others, e.g. they are held responsible for the incident. This paper is focused on the motives behind this well-known social reaction of 'victim blaming'. In fact, based on qualitative research about the impact of and reactions to adolescents' victimizations of violence and property crime, I came to the conclusion that victim blaming cannot only be explained by the fundamental attribution error and the will to preserve faith in personal invulnerability and a just world: I observed that parents often blame out of a concern of revictimization and that peers often blame to stress their own social status. These findings do not only suggest that there might be different forms of victim blaming, but also that the relation with the victim might have an influence on the extent of and motive behind victim blaming.


This paper presents a methodology to simulate the reverse characteristics of realistic 4H-SiC pn junctions. The physical bases behind methodology of the simulation have been analyzed. The extensive collection of reported 4H-SiC pn junction diode data formed the basis of calibration of SYNOPSYS MEDICI for 4H-SiC pn junction simulation. Relevant parameters in the trap and photogeneration models are modified for realistic simulations. Motivation and justification of the modifications are presented. A universally applicable model parameter set for simulation of the reverse characteristics of practical 4H-SiC pn junction is proposed and verified against reported independent data not needed in the calibration step.


A review is presented of the anomalous magnetic and superconducting properties of the heavy-fermion compound UPt 3 that has been a subject of extensive study during the past twenty years. The normal-state and superconducting properties of the compound were evaluated from magnetic, transport, and thermodynamic studies. In addition, neutron-diffraction and muon spin relaxation experiments were performed in the normal and superconducting states. The compound is characterized by a multiple superconducting phase diagram and by the coexistence of superconductivity and short-range antiferromagnetic interactions with quasi-static moments of the order of 10 - 2 μ B /U-atom. Upon substituting Pt by Pd, the short-range magnetic interactions give way to long-range antiferromagnetic order with a maximal ordering temperature of 6 K for the 5 at.% Pd alloy and a magnetic moment of 0.6 μ B /U-atom. Superconductivity and long-range antiferromagnetic order are in competition resulting in a critical composition of 0.6 at.% Pd. At this concentration, non-Fermi liquid behaviour is observed.


Reviews the current uses of IT in the independent sector of the hotel industry by means of a survey in south Wales in 1994. Reveals that only 50 per cent of this sector uses IT and that use is essentially clerical. There are some inherent demographic factors creating a barrier, and a potential market for suppliers of hardware and software in the independent sector which is, so far, not met. Concludes that education, training and advice in the application of IT for independent hotels is urgently needed to compete in the "information age".


AbstractLimit of World Health Organization standard for safe amount Cu(II) in drinking water is 5 mg/L. The large usage of this material is reported to be the cause of various environmental and health hazard. Adsorption process that stands for the most common techniques due to its low cost and relative high efficiency, could perform its removal from wastewater. However, the most common adsorbents remain expensive compared with other potential natural and available adsorbents. In this work, natural and synthetic phosphates are tested for their efficacy to remove Cu(II) from contaminated water solution. Results were compared with those found with activated carbon used as reference. Effect of pH, adsorbent doses, temperature, and initial concentrations on the uptake of Cu ions by the adsorbent were examined based on statistical experimental design. Physical treatment was made to increase adsorption capacity of the tested adsorbents. The thermodynamic parameters such as free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and ...


Objectives:  To describe symptoms during an episode of dizziness in a sample of patients suffering from peripheral vestibular disorders and to compare them with the items in the Vertigo Symptom Scale.


AIM
To determine whether gene polymorphisms of the major genetic risk loci for age-related macular degeneration (AMD): ARMS2 (rs10490923), the complement factor H (CFH) (rs1410996) and HTRA1 (rs11200638) influence the response to a treatment regimen with ranibizumab for exudative AMD.

METHODS
This study included 100 patients (100 eyes) with exudative AMD. Patients underwent a treatment with ranibizumab injections monthly during three months. Reinjections were made when the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) decrease five letters (ETDRS) or central subfield retinal thickness gained 100 µm in optical coherence tomography image. Genotypes (rs10490923, rs1410996 and rs11200638) were analyzed using TaqMan probes or polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphisms analysis.

RESULTS
There were no statistically significant differences in allelic distribution of CFH (rs1410996), ARMS2 (rs10490923) and HTRA1 (rs11200638) polymorphisms regarding to response to ranibizumab treatment.

CONCLUSION
Ranibizumab treatment response is not related to CFH (rs1410996), ARMS2 (rs10490923) and HTRA1 (rs11200638) poymorphisms.


This book provides a comprehensive analysis and explanation of why weak actors often fail to effect changes in the regimes that govern several aspects of their international relations. One such failed attempt is the quest for a new international maritime order (NIMO).


The change of dry and wet states in low pavement subgrade affect the properties of roadbed about strength and deformation due to the soil matrixes suction on groundwater.The characteristics of roadbed about strength and deformation should be explained by the theory of unsaturated soils for the roadbed soil is unsaturated.The main researchs achievement of the characteristics of strength and deformation of roadbed under water capillary are discussed in this paper.


A repulsive-force out-of-plane large stroke translation micro electrostatic actuator is presented. A model of the actuator is presented and is used to relate the applied voltage to the out-of-plane displacement. Prototypes of the actuator are fabricated using the surface micromachining technology PolyMUMPs. The measured results show that the actuator can achieve a static out-of-plane translation of 86 µm for a driving voltage of 200 V. The measured static performance matches well with the results predicted by the model. The measured bandwidth (–3 dB) for the out-of-plane translation of the micro actuator is 80 and 200 Hz for input sinusoidal driving voltages varying in the ranges of 75–125 V and 125–175 V, respectively. The translation micro actuator can also achieve 2D rotation along any direction within a mechanical rotation range of ±1.5°. Vector display based on the actuator is also demonstrated.


The aims of this research are to record and analyze the goals scored during the 64 matches in the 21st World Cup in Russia in 2018, to highlight those factors that are directly related to the teams' effectiveness in scoring, to record the goals approved after the use of the new technologies, video assistant referee and goal line technology, as well as their effect on the outcome of the game. Chi-square and univariate general linear methods were used for the data analysis. Statistical difference is observed in the number of goals scored between the two halves (X²=8.699, p<0.005). A comparable percentage of scoring in most of the periods with exceptions of the periods in over time, the period 16th to 30th min, the addition time of the first and second half and the period 76th to 90th min of the game is determined (p<0.01). The teams that scored first won 71.4% matches, lost 9.5% and had a tie 19% of the matches (X²=42.000, p<0.001). Most of the goals were scored following a corner kick (24), penalty (22) and free kick scored non-directly (16), which were significantly different from free kick scored directly (6) and throw in (2) (X²=26.857, p<0.001). 19 goals were scored from cross, 19 from a long-range shot (8 of them with the "inner foot"), 18 from a forward pass and 12 from cutback. Statistical differences between the first four groups and all of the others are determined (X²=27.818, p<0.01). Significant differences were found between the goals that "began" from the offensive third, the middle and the defensive third (X²=73.645, p<0.001). 58.9% of the goals are scored following positional play, which is significantly different compared to counter attack (29.5%) and direct play (11.6%) (X²=32.611, p<0.001). Over 59 goals were scored from "the inner part of the foot" or "place", and 31 from header, which were significantly different from the other types of shot (X²=89.254, p<0.001).


Navigational Safety in maritime operations is a high priority issue. In a recent collaboration between IHPC and SP, an AI-based Behaviour Competency Assessment Tool prototype was developed to aid instructors in assessing soft-skill competencies of watchkeepers conducting navigation, and a proof-of-concept demonstration was performed for Situational Awareness at SP's Singapore Maritime Academy (SMA) training simulator. Use of our tool can help remove human bias by providing detailed behaviour-specific analysis to aid instructors in making their assessments.


The interest of land stability and its´ calculation due to the ecological stability and long term use of land as an entity is under pressure not only from ecological activists but the whole society at all. To calculate these kind of unknown values, which are interpreting many land possibilities and characters needed for many others calculations. That is the reason to find effective way to calculate the ecological stability index. The calculation of this index directly depends on character of area and its´ size. In Slovakia, there are many map bases with possible use for this purpose on whole territory. This paper is focused on the map base and their possibilities to be used.


Objective: To evaluate the intensity of the femoral diaphysis fracture while using a plate fixation, which own a bony defect on the opposite side of plate and to make sure of the importance of reduct contra lateral cortical fragment. Methods: Six femurs of fresh corpse were taken and made fracture with a buttress defect. The vertical compression, bending and torsion intensity in normal femur (team A), plate-fixated femur with or without reduction of the contra lateral cortical fragment (team C and team B) were measured. All results were analyzed with statistic method. Results: In team A the vertical displacement with 500 N load, bending displacement with 300 N load and angular displacement of rotation with 10 N·m were 0.82 mm, 1.56 mm and 0.82°(team B:8.29 mm, 10.59 mm,9.11°;team C:1.78 mm, 5.15 mm, 6.75°) respectively. The results showed an obvious statistical difference between three teams. The femur with plate fixation was stronger than the normal (vertical compression intensity: 10.28 times, bending intensity: 6.82 times; torsion intensity: 5.00 times). The plate-fixed femur with reduction of the contra lateral bony fragment was stronger than the team of bony defect (Vertical compression intensity:2022 times, bending intensity:3.30 times; torsion intensity: 3.76 times), especially the vertical compression. Conclusions: While using an internal fixation plate, in order to prevent the failure of fixation, it is necessary to reduce the contra lateral cortical fragment so as to recover the supporting intensity.


Influencing more environmentally friendly and sustainable behaviour is a current focus of many projects, ranging from government social marketing campaigns, education and tax structures to designers' work on interactive products, services and environments. There is a wide variety of techniques and methods used—we have identified over 100 design patterns in our Design with Intent toolkit—each intended to work via a particular set of cognitive and environmental principles. These approaches make different assumptions about 'what people are like': how users will respond to behavioural interventions, and why, and in the process reveal some of the assumptions that designers and other stakeholders, such as clients commissioning a project, make about human nature. In this paper, we discuss three simple models of user behaviour—the Pinball, the Shortcut and the Thoughtful—which emerge from user experience designers' statements about users while focused on designing for behaviour change. We characterise these models using systems terminology and examine the application of each model to design for sustainable behaviour via a series of examples.


This panel presentation will focus on our latest efforts in developing and disseminating interactive lessons for pre-university power engineering education. The focus of our most recent work has been on two concepts that are becoming increasingly important in power system operations — wind integration and time-of-use pricing — and are likely to become even more important over the next several decades. We will provide both a detailed description and a demonstration of the new materials and discuss the major concepts addressed within each. In addition, we will provide an overview of our dissemination activities and topics we would like to explore in the future.


This article synthesizes questions of sovereignty in shariʿa scholarship today with parallel challenges in the nascent field of space law. Space law's focus on regulating political, economic, and social factors related to outer space particularly its focus on the "peaceful uses of outer space" against its prevalent military applications— makes space law especially relevant to the "Muslim world," where Euroamerican dominance of this military high ground represents a specific differential of violence, power, and authority. Using a comparative approach to bring together these two perceived ends of law in their social, political, technological, and religious interactions with modern legal structures, this paper investigates the nature of law and its relationship to sovereignty and the state through differentials of power. Focusing on each field's debated notions of "law" as opposed to "governance," the veracity and multiplicity of shared or parallel legal contentions illustrate the challenge (for some, the crisis) of modernity as a legal (and broader) project of differentials of power across legal scopes. This shows that further comparative interrogations of space law and shariʿa can continue to produce, and perhaps resolve, similar and pressing questions about the problem of sovereignty in modernity.


The concept of dimension is connected with vector space,a linear algebraic method for dimensional analysis is proposed,some examples are given.


This invention discloses a method for manufacturing aluminum alloy tapered sheets used in aviation industry, which are composed of Si 0.5 wt.%, Fe 0.5 wt.%, Cu 1.2-4.9 wt.%, Mn 0.15-0.90 wt.%, Mg 1.2-3.0 wt.%, Zn 0.3-7.1 wt.% and Al as balance. The method comprises the steps of: (1) smelting the raw materials, (2) casting into ingots, (3) annealing, (4) heating, (5) rolling into roughcasts, (6) rolling into tapered roughcasts, (7) tempering, (8) shearing the tapered roughcasts, (9) rolling the tapered roughcasts with a double rolling machine controlled by an automatic control system, (10) annealing or quenching the tapered sheets, and (11) refining to obtain the final products. The aluminum alloy tapered sheets in this invention can meet the requirements of aviation industry and have a yield of the final products.


The objective of this research is to develop a strategic planning that allows the livestock sector in the Cajamarca region move from a current state to a desired future state, its development this based considering its livestock potential, existing market conditions, in the availability of various resources in the region, as well as interest from the government in developing the sector. The development of the strategic plan has considered an internal and external analysis, it has identified a situational framework with which strategies that contribute to achieving short-term and long-term focused primarily on the development of the sector. It should be noted that the current situation of the sector presents complex situations such as the fact that livestock production is atomized, in addition to the strong presence of contrary activities such as mining, however the potential and interest in developing the region as livestock area, It presents an opportunity that will achieve development and prosperity for the different stakeholders. Finally, the situation is favorable for the implementation of measures to boost the sector's development, improved production processes, its position in the local market, alternative expansion to markets in the region, the implementation of standards international in their production and marketing chain will be the basis for concrete development, with all the intervention of the main actors it will be promoted, standardizing and regulating the operation of informal producers in order to incorporate them into a development proposal jointly in the region.


Objective:To explore the changes of plasma endothelin-1 (ET-I) and serum nitric oxide (NO) levels in pregnant women with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) and their neonates.Methods:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to determine the levels of plasma ET-1 and serum NO in pregnant women with HDCP and their neonates.Results:The plasma ET-1 level in pregnant women with HDCP was significantly higher than that in normotensive pregnant women, while the serum NO in pregnant women with HDCP was significantly lower than that in normotensive pregnant women; the plasma ET-1 level in neonates born by pregnant women with HDCP was significantly higher than that in neonates born by normotensive pregnant women, while the serum NO level in neonates born by pregnant women with HDCP was significantly lower than that in neonates born by normotensive pregnant women.Conclusion:Abnormal high level of plasma ET-1 and abnormal low level of serum NO in pregnant women with HDCP and their neonates indicate that they have common pathophysiological changes, the pathological significance for neonates need further exploration.


Web usability and User Experience (UX) play a vital role in the success and failure of web applications. However, the usability and UX measurement during the software development life cycle provide ...


Objective To detect serum HBV DNA in patients with hepatitis B by quantitative fluorogenicprobe polymerase chain reaction.Methods Serum HBV DNA in 1992 patients with hepatitis B was detected by using quantitative flurogenicprobe polymerase chain reaction. Results The serum HBV DNA level in patients with hepatitis B ranged from 6.79×102 to 1.95×109 copies/ml. After lamivudine treatment, HBV DNA load in the peripheral blood significantly decreased. Conclusion Quantitative fluorogenicprobe polymerase chain reaction is an accurate, highly sensitive, specific and simple technique for detection of serum HBV DNA .


What is the "content" of second or foreign language teaching? A visitor to a second or foreign language class might observe the teacher teaching a grammar point such as relative clauses, students working in pairs to give directions from a map, or a small group listening to a taped folk tale. In a class at another school, the visitor might find the class reading an article about wildlife trafficking one day, and, in the next class session, participating in an activity in which they read biographies of wildlife traffickers, then state their opinions, using expressions such as "I think _________ should go to jail because __________." At the end of the two-week unit, students prepare a poster and make presentations about endangered animals, displaying information on the causes of endangered status and current conservation efforts.

Keywords:

esl/efl;
educational linguistics;
language for academic purposes


Background: Beside the primary goal of complete eradication, the cosmetic result is an important aspect of the treatment of non‐melanoma skin tumors especially in the head and neck region.


In this article, we propose a flux simulator based field oriented control scheme in suitable combination with a classical compensation network, based on generalized proportional integral (GPI) output feedback control, for the robust output feedback trajectory tracking task defined on the angular velocity of a simplified model of an induction motor subject to a completely unknown, but bounded, load torque perturbation input. The robustness is under stood in the satisfactory trajectory tracking performance of the closed loop system with respect to an entire family of local polynomial models of the perturbation input virtually substituting, only for design purposes, the actually bounded but totally unknown load torque perturbation input. The proposed output feedback control scheme is implemented via a multilevel sliding mode based Sigma-Delta modulator.


The primary goal of the GlueX experiment at Jefferson Lab is to search for and map the spectrum of light hybrid mesons. Many experiments have studied and reported evidence of exotic mesons decaying into $\eta\pi$ and $\eta'\pi$ final states. With a large acceptance to both charged and neutral particles, GlueX has access to both the neutral, $\gamma p\to\eta^{(')}\pi^{0}p$, and charged, $\gamma p\to\eta^{(')}\pi^{-}\Delta^{++}$, exchanges. These proceedings will give an overview of the current studies being performed at GlueX in $\eta^{(')}\pi^{-}$ final states. It will discuss early physics goals and outline the strategy for an amplitude analysis as GlueX begins its quest to illuminate the light hybrid meson spectrum.


subject of its animadversions. The Commission, indeed, in discussing Sir William Babtie's short period of administration as Director of Medical Services in India, refers to the atmosphere whiclh he found at Simla-,, very unfavourable to reforming innovation "-as diminishing the weiglht of any censure he may deserve. The whole report confirms the exactness of Sir Victor Horsley's summary of the facts in the letter whiclh he wrote to the Editor of this JOURNAL ten days before his lamented death at Amara. He said that the appalling failures in the medical arrangements in Mesopotamia were due to the utterly defective transport, and that these failures were bound up with the question of the presenit extremely unsatisfactory relation between the Financial Department of the Indian Government -and the Medical Services; he went on to express the fear that the case of the responsible medical officers in Mesopotamia might be prejudiced, by which we understood him to mean that there would be an endeavour to make the Medical Services the scapegoat, to bear the sins of other departments.


Research suggests that students are likely to seek out employment opportunities within large organizations first and often view small businesses as a second choice (Teo & Poon, 1994; Moy & Lee, 2002). The purpose of this paper was to compare U.S. undergraduate business students' perceptions towards employment with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) and to determine if academic major, gender, or personality influenced these perceptions. The results indicated that accounting, finance, and marketing students preferred employment with MNCs, while the primary employment choice for management students was SMEs. In addition, males preferred employment with SMEs and females favored MNCs. No significant relationships were found between personality dimensions and employment preference. Findings did, however, indicate that several of job factors were significantly related to gender.


This work was originally published as Meeks, M Douglas. 2001. "The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism." Journal of Religion 81 (4): 647 - 48.


The objectives of this research included the following: 1) evaluation of measures and procedures that will alter or control the speed of motorists in work zones, 2) investigate the feasibility of using automated equipment to replace flaggers in work zones, 3) develop policy and guidelines for use of elevated platforms near traffic, and 4) evaluate the safety issues associated with mobile and short-term work activities. In an attempt to determine the effectiveness of various speed control measures in work zones, speed data were collected for several strategies including signs, radar displays, and police enforcement. It was determined that the largest reduction in speed can be achieved with the presence of police enforcement at the work site. The use of automated flagger devices were investigated, and it was determined that these devices have potential for application in long-term lane closures at work zone locations such as bridge deck repairs. Flashing STOP/SLOW paddles were purchased and provided to maintenance personnel for evaluation. The paddles were used by employees with mixed results in terms of their practicality and durability. Guidelines for use of aerial lifts/elevated platforms were developed, in conjunction with a typical application drawing for aerial work within an intersection. Application of the guidelines and drawing were reviewed and discussed with representatives of the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, with one area of focus being work over an open lane of traffic. A handbook was developed to provide guidelines for traffic control in short duration and mobile work zones, with additional examples provided for short-term maintenance on two-lane and multi-lane roads.


Bioaccumulation o f chemical substances depends on two main factors. First, pollutants must be available fo r uptake by organisms. This bioavailability is strongly influenced by the chemical properties o f the pollutant, by several physical and chemical processes and by environmental characteristics o f the surrounding water and sediment, which can be highly variable in certain environmental systems like estuaries. These characteristics determine the chemical spéciation and d is tribu tion o f pollutants over the environmental compartments. Secondly, bioaccumulation is influenced by the exposure route. Which exposure route is im portant fo r an aquatic organism is h ighly dependent on its physiology, habitat preference and feeding strategy.


A power transmitting apparatus (100) transmits power in the wireless manner to a power receiving apparatus (200), which rectifies a voltage by a rectifying circuit (61), said voltage having been received by a power receiving unit (40), and which supplies the rectified voltage to a load circuit (220). The power transmitting apparatus (100) is provided with: a power transmitting unit (30), which is capacitively coupled to or electromagnetically coupled to the power receiving unit (40) of the power receiving apparatus (200), and which transmits power to the power receiving unit (40); a power supply unit (54), which generates power to be transmitted to the power receiving apparatus (200), and which supplies the power to the power transmitting unit (30); a load impedance detecting unit that detects the load impedance of the power receiving apparatus on the basis of electric signals detected in the power transmitting apparatus (100); and a control unit that controls, on the basis of detection results obtained from the load impedance detecting unit, power to be generated by the power supply unit (54) such that the output voltage of the rectifying circuit (61) of the power receiving apparatus (200) is a predetermined voltage or less.


An extensive field experiment was conducted from May-early October, 2002 at the heavily instrumented USDA-ARS OPE3 test site to acquire data needed to address active/passive microwave algorithm, modeling, and ground validation issues for accurate soil moisture retrieval. Vegetation cover consisted of a corn crop which was measured from planting through senescence and harvesting. Dual-polarized passive microwave data at 1.4 GHz were recorded continuously throughout the season using a new automated microwave radiometer deployed on an 18-m tower. These measurements were supplemented with weekly dual- frequency (1.6 and 4.75 GHz) quad-polarized radar backscatter data from a truck-mounted radar system. Ground measurements consisting of soil temperature (both physical and infrared), soil moisture (measured both gravimetrically and using portable and in situ probes), surface roughness, vegetation height and biomass, and vegetation geometry were routinely collected on a daily or weekly basis.


Realtive toxicity of some insecticides viz., acetamiprid, fipronil, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin, malathion and thiamethoxam to apterous adults of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was evaluated in the laboratory using leaf dip method of bioassay. The LC50 values of these insecticides were calculated to be 17, 16.5, 4.5, 15.4, 362.2 and 4.1 ppm, respectively. On the basis of LC 50 values, thiamethoxam was found to be the most toxic insecticide with LC50 value of 4.1ppm, closely followed by imidacloprid with LC50 value as 4.5ppm. Malathion was found to be the least toxic with LC 50 value of 362.2ppm.


Memory is undeniably subjective. In fact, as Astrid Mania has noted, "The retention and recollection of experiences are among the most unreliable and unpredictable of cerebral functions, and our ability to accurately recall events is affected by neurological, psychological and cultural factors.'" Yet our desire to resist the inevitable and preserve the integrity of our memories guarding our experiences and discounting revisions and editions-is so ingrained that rather than accept the malleability of our memories, we unconsciously forget, invent, and edit, resulting in a loss (or gain) of detail, a re-contextualization of experience, and a re-shuffling and re-combination of fragmented words, images, and knowledge In the work of two contemporary video artists, Omer Fast and Kerry Tribe, three manifestations of this process are exposed and deconstructed, demonstrating several ways we unconsciously access the past and construct a coherent representation from incongruent or even incompatible fragments. Specifically, to organize and rationalize memories we piece together available information; to broaden the appeal and significance of our memories we recontextualize our experience in imagined space or time; and to clarify and confirm foggy or undocumented memories, we intersubjectively correlate verbal, visual, and mental clues. In turn, upon finding that both external cues and internal gauges arc in fact subjective, malleable, and unreliable, we may acknowledge the difficulty of collating memory with reality and venture beyond a harmonized and structured illusion toward a more collective interpretation of the past. In Fast's video installation "The Casting" (2007) interviews based on personal experience arc- reconstructed so that each successive retelling or invented sequence of imagery distances itself from the original source (an American soldier's recollection of two unrelated and traumatic experiences in Germany and Iraq). Although core elements or details are retained for the sake of recognition, memories transition from private to public, prompting peripheral change. According to Fast, this process is analogous to a piece of fruit, which starts with "a hard, indigestible heart" surrounded by perishable "good stuff," and a seed that "if swallowed comes out the other end pretty much the way it started."- Applied to identity, this theory illuminates the multiple roles that constitute subjectivity. To install "The Casting," Fast projected two two-channel films back-to-back onto suspended screens, forcing viewers to choose between a "front" and "back" perspective. In The Casting (Back), set in an anonymous production studio, an actor playing Fast interviews another actor impersonating an unidentified United States Army sergeant. In The Casting (Front), the same interview is voiced over a series of what appear to be film stills, but are actually tableaux vivant images that restagc the sergeant's memories of domestic scenes in southern Germany and highway checkpoints in Iraq. Viewers encountering The Casting (Rack) for the first time might assume that they are watching an exchange between the artist and a real soldier. Specifically, the brunette actor, playing Fast, looks vaguely familiar, brooding, and scruffily dressed (as a stereotypical artist might, be), while the "all-American" type, cast as a soldier, appears self-assured, aggressive, and physically strong. Further enhancing such credibility, the soldier's tone is sincere, so that even in 'The. Casting (Front), his disembodied voice is convincing. In this sense, our trust in the soldier is not determined by the believability of his story, but is instead related to our media-based notions of authenticity and character, physically or visibly expressed through gesticulations and/or facial expressions. In other words, analogous to the experience of watching reality television, Fast collapses the so-called "back" and "front" regions of his work so viewers are exposed to and then denied access to a secret world, making that which is "hidden" all the more seductive. …


A simplified methodology is proposed to reduce numerical oscillations in transient responses when transmission lines are represented by a lumped parameter approach employing a π -circuit cascade. These oscillations cause erroneous peaks in electromagnetic transient simulations, which may lead to incorrect interpretations for users. A modified π -circuit cascade, which consists of inserting a damping resistance in series to the capacitor in the traditional π -circuit cascade, is a known topology in the literature, but its influence on transient responses has not been fully studied. In this study, a methodology is shown for selecting an appropriate adjustable factor to reduce the numerical oscillations for a given transmission line of length l without distorting the transient response. The proposed methodology is applied directly in line modelling, facilitating the selection of the damping resistance. The results obtained from the proposed methodology are compared with inverse numerical Laplace transform responses, which is a well-established technique, and with the traditional lumped parameter model, showing an expressive attenuation of the numerical oscillations in the electromagnetic transient responses.


There are two major sources to produce sintered refractory magnesia over the world. One is to concentrate Mg2+ from seawater or natural brine and to obtain the sintered dense magnesia at normal temperature of 1600-1700°C after calcining the precipitated magnesium hydroxide.1 The other is to calcine natural magnesite (MgCO3) and to sinter the compacts of caustic calcined magnesia at extremely high temperature of 19002100°C, to obtain top-grade quality grains with more than 98% MgO in purity, 3.45 g/cm3 and higher in bulk density, and with large grains crystals containing few pores, low boron oxide (B2O3 < 0.05%) and the correct CaO/SiO2 molar ratio. 2 During the last three decades, the sintered natural magnesia, from Liaoning area, has been one of the prevailing raw materials for worldwide refractory manufacturers. It is called as dead burnt magnesia (DBM97) with the bulk density of 3.26-3.30g/cm3. With the increasing demand for higher purity-grade magnesia, it became necessary to make use of reverse flotation to remove SiO2 carrying portion and to upgrade caustic magnesia to 98% MgO, calcined by either multi-hearth furnace or suspension calciner. Recently, a magnesite reserve of ~200 million tons in Riwoqe county, Tibet, has been considered.3,4 In this investigation, both types of magnesite, from Liaoning and Tibet, are studied to compare their main characteristics after calcining and sintering in a Received: 25 July 2020 | Revised: 13 August 2020 | Accepted: 25 August 2020 DOI: 10.1002/ces2.10068


Multilayered monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) have been proposed with a view to reducing the size and increasing the degree of integration of the MMIC. It has been demonstrated that new circuit configurations can be realized and the design capability can be improved. By the use of a multilayered MMIC, the circuit can be laminated so that the circuit size can be made smaller. However, since the circuit is laminated, qualitative evaluation of the crosstalks between the upper and lower transmission lines becomes important. Most of the previous analyses on the microstrip line crossover focused on the case where the two lines cross orthogonally.

In this research, the finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method applicable to an arbitrary coordinate system is used for the analysis of the crosstalk when two transmission lines cross at an arbitrary angle.

First, the FD-TD method that can be applied to an arbitrary coordinate system is summarized. Next, it is confirmed that the results of the present analysis for a single microstrip line do not depend on the mesh shape and that the present analysis results agree with those by other methods for a microstrip bend with an arbitrary angle. Finally, a three-dimensional crossover of micro-strip lines with an arbitrary angle is analyzed. the normalized frequency characteristics, cross-angle dependence, and the interdistance dependence of the s parameters are presented.


This paper describes how, when compared to mainlanders, islanders face many restrictions to their movements because they can't use road or rail transport to link with other islands or with the mainland. That's why the islands depend on public transport, mainly ferry services for their communication with the outer world. Ferry operators will focus on the high-profit areas that are supposed to provide the necessary demand to cover the costs and yield the appropriate profit. Consequently, the areas in which services can be provided at a loss or at a net cost which falls outside normal commercial standards will rarely be serviced at a sufficient level. To address this problem of limited transportation the authors have identified the need for "Universal Service" in island regions which are affected by the hurdles of remoteness and insularity.


A decision support system that makes it possible to diagnose root causes of performance deviations, in a timely manner, would be an attractive way to improve project performance and meet or exceed project performance goals. The diagnostic context investigated in this paper is construction performance reasoning. Performance diagnosis intends to isolate the cause(s) of a performance deviation by collecting and analyzing information on performance indicators using field measurements, subjective judgments, and other information sources (e.g., time-cards, weather data, etc.). Due to the complex interrelationships between performance variables, the diagnosis of construction performance has become a complicated undertaking. Since a number of different approaches to diagnosis have been explored over the years by other industries, it is useful to establish the appropriate circumstances for their use, and specifically identify suitable approaches for construction performance diagnosis. This paper reviews a range of diagnostic approaches to identify a suitable model/s that can actually be applied to the construction management domain for performance reasoning. The relative advantages and disadvantages of these models are highlighted. This paper also identifies the issues and challenges that need to be addressed in terms of developing a robust diagnostic model for reasoning about construction performance. Key issues are categorized into four different aspects (1) data and information related issues, (2) knowledge acquisition and representational issues, (3) input-output mapping issues, and (4) reasoning issues. This paper concludes with a summary providing a match between issues identified and techniques that possibly can be used to solve the issues, to develop a robust diagnostic model for reasoning about construction performance.


The Stein-Rokk an-TV adit ion furthers a terri torial approach by which aggregate data analysis and historical comparisons are combined. Essentially, it points to the historical dimensions of contemporaries opportunity structures. Several pros and cons of this kind of reasoning are discussed and an empirical exam ple concerning the electoral history of Imperial Ger many is given. Rokkans' last ?geoeconomic-geopolitical model? is shown to be of great value for the explanation of variations within processes of European develop ment.


A microscopic description of the pressure dependence of intramolecular vibrational modes in simple molecular crystals has been formulated using a classical perturbation theory. Quantitative agreement with experiment is demonstrated and it is shown that frequency changes at phase transitions are large enough to be observed optically.


COPD patients may remain breathless despite optimal medical treatment. Recently hand held fans (HHF) have been suggested to relieve breathlessness, but no recommendations exist for the choice of the ideal fan. In addition, the impact of HHF properties on patient perceptions remains unexplored. Subjects with COPD (n=33) randomly trialled 5 HHF and completed numerical rating scales (NRS) for perceived airflow, pleasantness of airflow, noisiness, and ease of use. Subjects ranked each HHF from best (5a.u.) to worst (1a.u.) which were then added to produce total HHF scores (T-HHF; maximum 160a.u.). Objective measurements made of sound intensity (dB meter) and airflow (anemometer; at 15cm from HHF). Data analysed with linear regression of T-HHF scores against mean NRS values (Pearson correlation coefficients; p Subjects were 68.7±8.9 years (mean±SD), 63% male, with FEV 1 of 1.1±0.5L. HHF 5 scored highest (140a.u.) and HHF 3 lowest (58a.u.).
 T-HHF positively correlated with perceived airflow (r=0.90;p=0.04), pleasantness of airflow (r=0.96;p=0.01), and inversely with noisiness (r=-0.97;p=0.01). Perceived airflow correlated with actual airflow (r=0.90;p=0.04). HHF 5 was the overall preferred fan. Patient preference was related to increased intensity and pleasantness of airflow and reduced noise. Future research should explore the relationship between HHF characteristics and breathlessness relief.


In the present experiment ultra-weak photon emission/ chemiluminescence from isolated neutrophils was recorded. It is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the "respiratory burst" process which can be activated by PMA (Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate). Commonly, the reaction is demonstrated utilizing the enhancer luminol. However, with the use of highly sensitive photomultiplier equipment it is also recorded without enhancer. In that case, it can be hypothesized that photon count statistics may assist in understanding the underlying metabolic activity and cooperation of these cells. To study this hypothesis leukocytes were stimulated with PMA and increased photon signals were recorded in the quasi stable period utilizing Fano factor analysis at different window sizes. The Fano factor is defined by the variance over the mean of the number of photon within the observation time. The analysis demonstrated that the Fano factor of true signal and not of the surrogate signals obtained by random shuffling increases when the window size increased. It is concluded that photon count statistics, in particular Fano factor analysis, provides information regarding leukocyte interactions. It opens the perspective to utilize this analytical procedure in (in vivo) inflammation research. However, this needs further validation.


The purpose of this study is to determine the economic role of housewives as workers in the informal sector and to recognize the economic characteristics of households related to the role of housewives as workers in the informal sector. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research methodology approach with a case study. The results of the study prove that: 1) The economic role of housewives as workers in the informal sector is to meet family needs; flexible informal sector employment allows housewives to prioritize the work of their domestic sector; positive values that support the economic role of housewives according to the concept of Islamic economy  is  the  level  of  consumption  satisfaction not on desires, but on the needs and considerations of benefit. 2) Economic characteristics of family households related to the economic role of housewives as workers in the informal sector are as follows; suppressing primary needs for allocation in prioritized secondary needs, such as education and transportation, saving is saved not for investment purposes but for the reserve of extra expenses, current expenditure is not always equal to current income, but is also based on expectations of future income.


Thank you for downloading nuclear power and the energy crisis politics and the atomic industry. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite readings like this nuclear power and the energy crisis politics and the atomic industry, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious bugs inside their laptop.


Figure 1. Molecular structure of trans-[Ru(depe)2Cl2][PF6] in the crystals. Displacement ellipsoids are shown at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity. Redox chemistry of oxo and nitrido Ru or Os complexes containing polypyridine, Schiff base, or porphyrin ligands has been extensively studied. Especially the polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium have been known as excellent photosensizers in the use of photovoltaic cells based on nanocrystalline TiO2 films as well. Multiple bonding with O and/or N atoms of the oxo/nitrido ligands bonded to the metal stabilizes oxidants and promotes the conversion of organic and inorganic substrates via electron transfer, oxygen or nitrogen atom transfer, hydride transfer, and proton-coupled electron transfer pathways. Many researchers have endeavored to find out other sources of chelating ligands. We have been developed the synthetic chemistry of the reactive complexes of the diphosphine ligands coordinated to the ruthenium metal. One of general methods for the preparation of reactive Ru-oxo complexes is using the oxidation of the corresponding Ru-aqua complexes, which can be obtained from the reaction of Ru-chloro complexes with Ag in water. We applied it to the synthesis of the Ru-dioxo complexes surrounded by the diphosphine ligands. [Ru(dmpe)2Cl2] and [Ru(depe)2Cl2] complexes were isolated by the reactions of [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] with dmpe (1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) and depe (1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane), respectively, in acetone under refluxing, then aquated the corresponding Ru-dichloro complexes by AgClO4 in H2O. We tried to prepare Ru(II) diaqua complexes, which have been known as the precursor to lead to Ru-dioxo complexes, however it turned out to be unsuccessful.


Optical routing technologies will surely be the key to creating future bandwidth abundant and green networks. Considering future services and the need to create virtual fiber networks, the introduction of wavebands is a next important step.


Creative Process of Berteater on Student and Value of Character built in it (Descriptive-Analytical Study of Creative Process of Berteater on Student of Semester VI at Department of Education of Indonesia University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa and Its Application in Drama Learning Model in High School). In facing the development of science knowledge and technology with all its positive and negative implications, we need strong fences and strongholds to keep ahlak, character, and personality based on virtue values. Based on the description, an alternative method is needed to organize and develop character education for to respond to the changing times. On the basis of this description, this research tries to offer an alternative method for character planting, especially for the younger generation who will become the heir to continue the nation's sustainability. The method offered, namely the character value recording through the process berteater. This result is based on the assumption that the creative process of the theater will make human beings aware of the process of creation. The result of this research is a new finding about the description of the creative process done by the students of semester VI of the Department of Indonesian Education, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa to provide an alternative method in the cultivation of value- the value of characters through the learning of drama in High School through the creative process berteater.


A study of the sheet resistance and stress of electrochemically deposited (ECD) blanket copper layers on a TaN barrier shows that the time dependence of these two parameters are not necessarily the same. This indicates that they are not simply interconnected through the grain size distribution changes occurring at room temperature. The plating bath composition and the resulting contaminant incorporation in the Cu layer during ECD has been identified as an additional important parameter in the explanation of the self-annealing behavior.


The iterated prisoner's dilemma is an ideal model for the evolution of cooperation among payoff-maximizing individuals. It has attracted wide interest in the development of novel strategies since the success of tit-for-tat in Axelrod's iterated prisoner's dilemma competitions. Every strategy for iterated prisoner's dilemma utilizes a certain length of historical interactions with the opponent, which is regarded as the size of the memory, in making its choices. Intuitively, longer memory strategies must have an advantage over shorter memory strategies. In practice, however, most of the well known strategies are short memory strategies that utilize only the recent history of previous interactions. In this paper, the effect of the memory size of strategies on their evolutionary stability in both infinite length and indefinite length n-person iterated prisoner's dilemma is studied. Based on the concept of a counter strategy, we develop a theoretical methodology for evaluating the evolutionary stability of strategies and prove that longer memory strategies outperform shorter memory strategies statistically in the sense of evolutionary stability. We also give an example of a memory-two strategy to show how the theoretical study of evolutionary stability assists in developing novel strategies.


: This study examines the effects of the sea urchin Diadema setosum on algal composition, coverage and biomass on barren ground. In cage experiments, the effects of D. setosum density were examined at 5 levels over the range of 0–8 ind. m − 2 . Algal coverage and number of species, densities and lengths of Sargassum spp. on experimental blocks in each cage were measured monthly. In the cage without D. setosum , algal coverage and biomass were higher than in cages with D. setosum . For D. setosum density of 1 ind. m − 2 and higher, decreased algal coverage and decreased biomass and density of Sargassum spp. were observed. D. setosum at a density higher than 2 ind. m − 2 had a negative effect on algal species numbers. Consequently, algae could grow when the D. setosum density was fewer than 2 ind. m − 2 . This study revealed that grazing by D. setosum has a great effect on the seaweed bed ecosystems along the coast of central Japan.


The synergistic effect of two anticancer drugs can significantly overcome the multidrug resistance of tumor cells and improve the drug bioavailability. Herein, two different anticancer drugs, camptothecin and chlorambucil, are successfully connected together by a disulfide linkage to get a novel drug-drug conjugated prodrug (G). Using water-soluble pillar[6]arene (WP6) as a host molecule, a supramolecular host-guest complex WP6⊃G is formed, which can further self-assemble into supramolecular vesicles in aqueous solution. In the specific microenvironment of cancer cells, the disulfide linkage is destroyed and the two anticancer drugs can be released efficiently to achieve a better synergistic effect than a single anticancer drug. Notably, these prodrug nanocarriers can not only effectively kill the cancer cells but also obviously reduce the undesirable side effects on normal cells.


Little is known about the biology of deserticolous noctuids compared to noctuids from temperate regions. To address this disparity, a three-year survey was conducted during which 141 noctuid species were collected using automatic light traps at six different sites representing three kinds of habitats (referred to in this paper as extreme desert, oases, and settlements) in the Arava Valley desert in southern Israel. Most of the collected species were highly specific to either extreme desert or oases, and displayed different seasonal specific ity. The oases fauna was generally comprised of bivoltine or multivoltine polyphagous species of Palearctic or tropical origin. Most of these species were on the wing in oases and settlements in May and October. Some oases species were on the wing during the hottest months, from June to September, though none showed peak occurrence during that period. The extreme-desert noctuids were on the wing generally once a year (monovoltine) in March or in November. The March-flying species were predominantly monophagous, whereas the November-flying species were polyphagous. These two different types of lifecycle adaptation to extreme desert conditions are discussed.


"The three fatal constitutions" is a basic course of art design profession,which emphasizes bringing up students' "abstract power" and "creativity".The current teaching system of the constitution,however,lays emphasis on theory and principle,and abandons the cultivation of real abilities. While discussing the course's abuse,the text introduces the method of innovation of teaching mechanism from the aspects of teaching contents,course design,evaluation system and so on,to put the course back on track of focusing on ability cultivation.


The free energy of the spin-½ Heisenberg antiferromagnet (HAF) on a squagome lattice is calculated within the Suzuki–Takano quantum decimation technique. The resulting specific heat exhibits an additional peak in the low-temperature region.


Nowadays, biodiesel is an alternative energy that is widely used to replace fossil fuels because of its high heat value comparable to fossil fuels. Biodiesel was easily oxidized within air. It is commonly blended with diesel fuel to have the proper properties and increase shelf life. Partial hydrogenation is one of the processes used to enhance the properties of biodiesel. In this research, bimetallic PdNi on nanoporous carbon (NPC) support derived from cattail leaves was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation. The prepared nanoporous carbon has a high surface area of 2002 m2g-1, obtained by activation process with 4 M of potassium hydroxide at 900 °C. Optimal condition and deactivation of PdNi/NPC in partial hydrogenation at various temperatures (80, 100, 120 and 140 ° C), pressure (3, 4 and 5 bar) and stirring rate (150, 200 and 300 rpm) were investigated. It was found that an operation at 100 °C, 4 bar and a stirring speed of 150 rpm offered the biodiesel with increased oxidation stability to 18.34 h. Furthermore, the results indicated that the deactivation of catalyst occurred from two main factors: poisoning of sulfur molecules in biodiesel feedstock and carbon residue covering on the surface of the catalyst. The addition of nickel in the bimetallic form led to increased cis-C18:1 selectivity and decreased the catalyst deactivation in the partial hydrogenation process.


Highlight: In 1960 and 1961, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata] on four cattle ranges in the Bighorn Mountains was sprayed with 2,4-D. By 1971, the canopy cover of big sagebrush was 8~42% of the pretreatment levels, seedling density ranged from 5.7-11.3 plantsfl20 ft', herbage production was below the pretreatment levels with the proportion of graminoids about equal to that prior to spraying. Effects of grazing deferment for as long as 3 years after spraying could not be detected.


Lateral ptosis of the eyebrow is a major part of the complex changes that patients are seeking to improve with an upper blepharoplasty. Two hundred and eight patients have undergone a browpexy procedure at the time of blepharoplasty. This operative maneuver, which is performed through the blepharoplasty incision, prevents the brow from dropping below the superior orbital rim and creates a defined tarsal sulcus to produce a sculptured upper eyelid.


This research aimed at assessing climate trends and adaptation strategies to the impacts of climate change on rice producers in Nghe An province. For the first objective, multiple graphs, the Mann–Kendall test, and Sen's Slope test were employed to analyze the secondary data of rainfall, temperature, and rice yield in Nghe An from 1995 to 2019. The results showed that the rice productivity of Nghe An increased over the 25-year period, annual rainfall decreased in the winter-spring season, and annual temperature increased in the summer-autumn season. For the second objective, primary data were collected by conducting household surveys of 396 households in Nghe An province. Sixty-two percent of farmers did not adopt any adaptive strategies, while other strategies included changing the planting schedule, growing stress-tolerant crops, improving irrigation practices, and utilizing fertilizer and other good practices. Multivariate probit regression (MVP) was employed to analyze the factors affecting the adaptation strategies of households in the study area. The results of MVP showed that age, education, gender, household size, farm size, cooperative, farmer organization, extension services, access to credit, access to irrigation, rainfall, and living in Quynh Luu or Dien Chau significantly affected the farmers' choice. The results implied that farmers can obtain advanced technology, social learning, and community practices by participating in farmer organizations and cooperatives. In specified area, local authorities should invest in improving irrigation systems, practicing land consolidation, practicing special farming techniques, and providing timely weather forecasts for enhancing farmers' resilience.


Introduction: Neuroimaging plays an important role in the assessment of meningitis, but conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is insensitive for early and specific diagnosis. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) can illustrate disturbances in white matter integrity before they become obvious on conventional MRI. Aim: To determine DTI parameters, specifically Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), in patients with meningitis and compare them with controls. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted over a period of 18 months at Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study included a total of 61 clinically diagnosed meningitis patients, aged 18 years and above, who were referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis for an MRI Brain. Additionally, 61 controls were included. Conventional MRI images were obtained followed by DTI. FA and ADC values were calculated by placing Regions Of Interest (ROI) at different levels for both groups. DTI parameters for different causative organisms (bacterial, viral, tubercular, and fungal) were compared. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24.0, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to identify significant differences. The p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: FA values were significantly lower in cases compared to controls at all levels in the brain (mean whole brain FA value of 0.30±0.036 in cases vs 0.43±0.030 in controls). ADC values were significantly higher in cases at the cerebellum, brainstem, and whole brain levels compared to controls (mean whole brain ADC value of 0.812±0.095 in cases vs 0.758±0.026 in controls) (p-value<0.05 considered statistically significant). These differences were evident in patients with clinically proven meningitis who had a normal appearance on conventional MRI, demonstrating the superiority of DTI over conventional MRI for the diagnosis of meningitis. Statistically significant differences were also found among different aetiological agents, highlighting the potential utility of DTI in the differential diagnosis of meningitis cases (mean whole brain FA of 0.31±0.038 in bacterial cases, 0.029±0.037 in viral cases, 0.299±0.034 in tubercular cases, and 0.27±0.00 in fungal cases vs. 0.43±0.030 in controls (p-value <0.01) and mean whole brain ADC values of 0.80±0.051 in bacterial, 0.85±0.14 in viral, 0.79±0.058 in tubercular, 1.03±0.00 in fungal cases vs. 0.758±0.026 in controls (p-value <0.01)). Conclusion: DTI is more sensitive than conventional MRI and is a useful early indicator of inflammatory process in patients with meningitis.


With the end of the cold war, the above terms (First and Second World) as originally used have lost their function. If the term &dquo;Third World&dquo; was originally thought of as not allied to either the First or Second World, then it has lost its function, too. What has happened instead, is that its sense has evolved in a way that allies the idea of &dquo;Third&dquo; with that of &dquo;third class.&dquo;


Aims: Based on theories of dimensionality and fractionation of the autistic triad, this study investigates the role of autistic traits in adaptive functioning. The suitability of current diagnostic thresholds and classification criteria are explored with particular interest in partial and mild sub-threshold autistic presentations. Method: Seventy-two young people (mean age = 11.03 years), referred for assessment at a specialist autism spectrum disorder (ASD) clinic were administered the Vinelands Adaptive Behaviour Scales; parent report and direct observational measures of autistic symptomatology; intelligence tests; and the Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised. Participants were initially compared according to diagnostic group. Correlational and regression models were then used to investigate relationships between IQ, autistic symptomatology and adaptive functioning. Results: Compared to population norms, adaptive functioning was impaired in all diagnostic groups. Compared to Asperger's disorder (n=25) and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (n=10), the autistic disorder (n=24) and broader autism phenotype (n=13) groups showed the greatest difficulties. IQ and parent-reported reciprocal social interaction impairments were predictive of adaptive functioning difficulties in this clinical sample. Agreement between parent-report and direct observational measures of autistic symptomatology was low. Conclusion: Partial and sub threshold presentations show significant adaptive functioning disabilities at comparable levels to diagnoses with full triad of impairments. Further prospective studies are required to account for and explore intervention and longitudinal trajectories.


gated whether central city or suburban school districts are in better fiscal positions. A study by Sacks [1972] concludes that large city school districts are becoming financially subordinate to suburban districts.' Treacy and Harris [1974] argue that this conclusion is not warranted for 14 Ohio SMSAs.2 Both of these studies assume that per pupil (or per capita) property values are an adequate measure of school district financial ability, that non-school expenditures do not impinge on the resources available for schools, and that equal expenditures per pupil is an appropriate standard of comparison regardless of the characteristics of the students.


the index date in either groups were excluded from the analysis. Then, we used a propensity-score– matched design by including 14 covariates to minimize the bias from confounding variables. And the Charlson comorbidity index score did show comparability in both stain and control groups. Finally, the follow-up duration was also matched between the two groups. With these measurements, we believed that the two groups were balanced at baseline characteristics and in follow-up period. Then, the impact from selection bias can be minimized. Actually, besides the two studies (including the current one) showing beneficial effects of statin in reducing decompensation rate among hepatitis B– and hepatitis C–related cirrhosis, a recent population study also revealed similar beneficial effects of statin in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Furthermore, a recent prospective study showed that adding simvastatin to standard therapy was associated with a survival benefit for patients with ChildPugh class A or B cirrhosis. Nevertheless, we agreed that there may exist unmeasured confounders that would impact on our results. Future prospective studies are necessary to clarify whether statin can be beneficial in patients with cirrhosis in decreasing the decompensation incidence. Regarding the interval between the date of diagnosis of cirrhosis and date of first statin prescription, we are able to provide such data. However, we do not believe such data would have any significant impact on our measured outcomes.


Critical filter with a simple but effective job is one of the principal parts of an embankment dam which is able to immune the dam against erosion, prevent water escape and seal unfavorable cracks that may occur through the impermeable core. This paper covers almost all of the effective factors that influence the behavior and correspondingly the design of filter that are presented in the literature. According to these factors and some experimental comparisons, it is shown how laboratory simulation could be the best method to critical granular filter design.


In this study, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Consistency Method (IF-FUCOM) and Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) were combined to assess the effects of Bacillus subtilis bacteria on concrete properties, as well as to determine the optimal bacteria concentration and curing day. Three different concentrations of bacteria were added to the mortar mixes, like 103, 105, and 107 cells/ml of water. Mortar samples were left to cure for 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days to evaluate compressive strength, water absorption, crack healing. According to the proposed algorithm, 105 bacteria are the optimal concentration, while 28 days is the ideal curing time.


Direct airfoil optimization with single or multiple objectives is always required in preliminary aircraft design. Low fidelity flow methods like incompressible potential and incompressible boundary layer are still attractive when used under a genetic algorithm which although relatively slow, enables the identification of the global solution, naturally handling generic constraints. The work is focused on moderate angles of attack, for flows without large separations, where the current models provide a useful certainty degree. Free and constraint optimization methods are used, and it is shown that constraint optimization is fully consistent, bringing solution uniqueness according to the engineering level.  Two solvers are used, an in house panel code plus Xfoil.


In the recent work on the history of technology, little is known about the book ownership and reading habits of those artisans involved in the processes of machine design, construction, and implementation. This chapter seeks to shed new light on these subjects, through an examination of an important manuscript compilation of text and images on technical topics made in the early seventeenth century by the French architect-engineer Jacques Gentill?tre. It gives a brief foray into the rich sources available for studying of the reading and copying practices undertaken by individuals. Gentillatre's compilation takes us beyond the confines of library lists and probate records, greatly augmenting the slim evidence provided by the rare, surviving copies of printed books annotated by architect-engineers, and suggests that technical practitioners adapted and employed the humanist method of commonplaces for their own particular needs. Keywords:architect-engineer; construction; common place; Gentill?tre; machine design; reading practices; technical practitioners


This article examines the cultural and social-structural factors associated with assessments of child value patterns of differential child care and child survival among ethnic Tibetans in northwest Nepal. Factors implicated in this assessment include not only sex biases but also child sibling position parents marital stability child legitimacy and the state of the household economy. These patterns may be susceptible to change without altering traditions of extended families and support of the aged that serve positive social functions. The problem of discrimination against children at high birth orders might be resolved by easier access to modern contraceptives. The article evaluates the expressed rationales for discriminating between children and how they are supported by the notion that rights to limited household resources depend on the individuals value to that household and by a complex of folk beliefs that obscure responsibility for child illness and death. Because of the complex factors involved and intra-and intercommunity variations informant-orginated models of differnetial child care become especially valuable for identifying potential children a risk the mechanisms likely to be involved in differential care and the household members responsible for child value assessments andhousehold resource allocations.


Summary: Although the trademark registration system has been adopted by most countries in the world,it is undeniable that lack of the source of the legitimacy of pure trademark registration system,stimulate trademark cybersquatting,which brings a lot of junk trademarks. Despite the inherent defects of uncertain right in the use acquisition system,it can not be ignored that the supplement in registration system,which now also has been concerned by the coutries. Amendment of the Trademark Law in 2013,adhering to the registion system,absorbed the idea of use acquistion. For example,Article 59 of the act gave the influential unregistered trademark certain rights. But unfortunately,the provision was not able to accurately grasp the ideas of use acquistion,lack of the provision of subjective intent of the influential trademark owners. About trademark coexistence,the cases include"Hanover-united drug"in the US case law and the confusion principle of use acquistion can provide a reperence for our legislation.


A pathfinder designed to educate people about using the various programs within Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, Publisher, Excel, and Access).


Within a prospective longitudinal outcome study of the eating disorders with onset during adolescence, 26 former patients were reassessed at short‐term (19‐38 months) and intermediate‐term (48‐72 months) follow‐up periods. It was shown that the outcome was worse at short‐term follow‐up. In addition, the changes of diagnostic categories within the spectrum of the eating disorders were studied. It is concluded that outcome studies require repeated assessments to study the various patterns of course of the eating disorders.


Canadian Literature (Widely Abbreviated as Can Lit) is Literature originating from Canada .Canadian writers have produced a wide Variety of Genres .The First Writers of English in Canada were visitorsexplores Travellers and British Officers –Who Recorded their Impressions of British North America in Charts ,Diaries ,Journals and Letters .These Foundational Documents of Journey and Settlements Presage The Documentary Tradition in Canadian Literature in Which Geography ,History and Arduous Voyages of Exploration and Discovery Represent The Quest for Myth of Origins and for a Personal and National Identity Since Before European Contact and The Confederation of Canada, Indigenous People in North America have Occupied the Land and Maintained a Rich and Diverse History of Culture , Identity ,Language , Art and Literature .Indigenous Literature is a Problematic Term as Every Cultural Group has its Own Distinct Oral Tradition ,Language and Cultural Practices . After the Colonization of Canada the Dominant European Cultures were Originally English, French and Gaelic .By the Implementation of Policy of Multiculturalism With in Billingual Frame Work in 1971,Canadian Critics and Academics Gradually began to Recognize that there Existed a more Diverse Population of Readers and Writers .The Country's Literature has been strongly Influenced by International Immigration, Particularly in Recent Decades Since 1980's Canada Ethnic and Cultural Diversity has been Openly Reflected in its Literature, With Many of its Most Prominent Writers Focusing on Ethnic Minority , Identity, Duality and Culture Differences Margaret Laurence was one of the Outstanding Writers of Canadian Literature .The Stone Angel and The Diviners were the Manawaka Novels of Margaret Laurence . Her Novels became Memorable not only with the unique Canadian Voice, But also with the Depiction of her female Protagonists .In the Novel The Stone Angel ,It Presents The Life Story of Hagar Shipley , A Ninety Four Old Women Awaiting for Death, Reviewing Her Past Life And Relationships, A Concrete Expressions of Her Quest for SelfHood And Consequent Discovery of Truth About Herself. "The Diviners" is A Typical Work of Margaret Laurence, In Which the Issue of Human Identity , The Female Identity Becomes Synonymous With The Figure of A Woman as The Survivor . The Central Character is Morag Gunn ,Who is A Novelist who is Trying to Find her Own Voice as A Writer in A Patriarchal Set-Up .


The histologic features of 20 patients with cutaneous pseudo‐T‐cell lymphomas other than actinic reticuloid and lymphomatoid papulosis were investigated. Two histologic types of cutaneous pseudo‐T‐cell lymphomas were designated. The band‐like (MF‐like) pattern that simulated mycosis fungoides (MF) and a nodular pattern that mimicked cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL) other than MF. Both patterns showed histologic features that generally are not found in CTCL and thus may be helpful in the differential diagnosis from CTCL. However, at present the differential diagnosis between pseudo‐T‐cell lymphomas and CTCL should be based on a combination of clinical and histologic data.


The utility model discloses an air cylinder head of the forced-air cooling engine of the motorcycle. The utility model comprises a spark plug inserting hole, an air inlet opening, an air exhaust opening, an intake valve guiding hole, an exhaust valve guiding hole, and a combustion chamber, which are arranged at the main body of the air cylinder head. A forced-air cooling passage is arranged at the upper part of the spark plug inserting hole, the forced-air cooling passage is extended backward from the upper part of the spark plug inserting hole, and the outlet opening is extended near to the side of the air exhaust opening, a forced-air cooling channel which is extended backward from the upper part of the spark plug inserting hole and which outlet opening is extended near to the side of the air inlet opening is arranged at the upper part of the spark plug inserting hole, to cause the three forced-air cooling channels at the upper part of the spark plug inserting hole, beside the air inlet opening and the air exhaust opening to be connected, to form a Y-shaped passage. The forced-air cooling channels are added in the utility model, the airflow formed in the inner and outer engine air cylinder head is even, the flow speed is strong, and the cooling efficiency is good; the design of the four-valve cylinder head is reasonable, and the engine power and torque are enhanced; the combustion chamber is designed into a trapezoid-shaped structure, the spark plug is arranged at the middle of the combustion chamber, the oil and gas mixing is sufficient, and the deflagration phenomenon is not easy to be generated.


Post-synthetic modification (PSM) is an effective approach for tailored functionalization of metal-organic architectures, but its generalizability remains challenging. Herein we report a general covalent PSM strategy to functionalize the PdnL2n metal-organic cages (MOCs, n = 2, 12) via an efficient Diels-Alder cycloaddition between peripheral anthracene substituents and various functional motifs bearing a maleimide group. As expected, the solubility of functionalized Pd12L24 in common solvents could be greatly improved. Interestingly, concentration-depended circular dichroism and aggregation-induced emission could be achieved with chiral binaphthol (BINOL)- and tetraphenylethylene-modified Pd12L24, respectively. Furthermore, Pd12L24 could be introduced two different functional groups (e.g., chiral BINOL and achiral pyrene) through a step-by-step PSM route to obtain chirality-induced circularly polarized luminescence. Moreover, similar results were smoothly observed in a smaller Pd2L4 system.