Abstract The paper begins with a brief introduction to the technology of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and a review of current literature in the field of tourism based GIS (T-GIS). This is followed by a discussion of the theoretical possibilities of using T-GIS for traditional marketing purposes and a review of the related literature. The use of T-GIS for marketing is then considered both from the demand and supply sides. The second half of the paper provides a detailed account of the use of the Internet to incorporate GIS-based models and graphics as a marketing tool for the Alberta Ski Resort industry. Further developments and prospects using this technology are also described.


This study aims to analyse the relationship between farmers characteristics and the level of adoption innovation in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste in Cukurgondang village Grati subdistict Pasuruan regency. This study was conducted in Cukurgondang village Grati subdistict Pasuruan regency. The study's method using survey methods with quantitative descriptive data analysis. Sample determination according Arikunto (2012) that samples are 25% from population. Determination of sample use Simple Random Sampling technique and sampling of this study are 49 people. Independent variable is farmer's characteristics (include age, formal education, nonformal education, experience, land area and income) and the dependent variable is the adoption innovation in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste. Data analysis using Spearman Rank correlation test to determine the relationship between farmers characteristics and the level of farmers adoption in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste. The result showed that the level of adoption innovation in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste in Cukurgondang village Grati subdistict Pasuruan regency is low. Farmers characteristics which have significant related to the adoption in making bokashi fertilizer from cow waste are age, formal education, nonformal education and experience.
Keywords: Adoption, Inovation, Farmer characteristics, Bokashi fertilizer


When talking about soft robots, softness is considered the most important feature, which brings dexterity and safety in interactive tasks with humans and environments. Such softness sometimes limits the real application of soft robots because load capability and rigidity are widely needed on many occasions. Often the inspiration for soft robots, soft animals such as octopus and sea cucumbers still preserve the ability to turn rigid when needed, and, more importantly, they can rapidly turn rigid at any deformed states. Intrigued by these capabilities, differently from existing stiffening technologies that do not adapt to soft robots' variety of morphological changes, we explored a new approach to create a flexible layer that can easily stiffen soft robots without affecting their original flexibility. We built an extensible chain of particles with a peculiar geometry, which can jam and stiffen. We enclosed it in a flexible membrane so that we can stiffen the structure by removing air. The overall structure is flexible enough and can withstand large elongation. So, it can be used around a soft robot arm for stiffening it in different deformed states. Experimental results show that such a stiffening layer does not affect the flexible motion of the soft robot, the stiffening function works even under the robot's 90% elongation state, and the stiffness can be increased by 15 times. By adopting the stiffening layer and different end effectors, we show that an assistive soft robot can simultaneously have the flexibility to collect food and the rigidity to hold it and help in feeding a participant. The results from this work may provide new design and application insights into the creation of soft robots with both flexible and rigid features.


Hydrodynamics and aerodynamics start as one science and retain an extensive common base, including, for example, a wealth of fundamental theory and observation of streamline flows, boundary layers and vortical motions, (Plate 1). But research and design have opened up the two frontiers in different directions, to support and often to lead the evolution and development of the respective fields of application — ships and aeroplanes, or ships and helicopters, or helicopters and other marine structures. We are reminded of how far the helicopter has become an integral and indispensible part of the maritime scene and of so many maritime operations, and this is one of the best tributes to the great pioneering genius, drive and enthusiasm of Raoul Hafner who is very much in our minds as we consider the possibilities and prospects for cross fertilisation.


For the difficulty that the classical algorithms are unable to obtain many solutions to convex feasibility problem,the smoothing algorithm,differential evolution algorithm,for convex feasibility problem is proposed in this paper.First,reformulated convex feasibility problem as a system of nonsmooth equations via a projection function,given a smoothing approximation to the nonsmooth equations by smoothing function,furthermore,convex feasibility problem could be transformed into unconstrained optimization,then using the differential evolution algorithm to solve this problem.The objective function of the algorithm does not require analytical nature and easy to obtain,numerical results show that the method is effective in solving convex feasibility problem.


Composite structure consists of a system of layers bonded together. The layers can have different mechanical properties and thicknesses. The main task is to predict the behavior of a laminate as a system of layers with given properties. We suggest advanced kinematic scheme for structural calculation and heuristic numerical algorithm of prediction behavior of a multilayer structures with essentially diverse layer's stiffness. Kinematic scheme can be compared in adequacy with three-dimensional approach of structural calculation of thin multilayer laminate, but is more economical in view of required resource for numerical calculation.© 2011 ASME


Introduction: The Rh system is very complex, polymorphous and the most significant for clinical practice, along with the ABO blood group system. The D antigen is the most important antigen in the Rh system and the most immunogenic one, following the ABO antigens. The D antigen, which consists of a mosaic of epitopes, is determined in all the blood donors and patients. Most people are either RhD positive or RhD negative, but there is a certain number of people who have a variation of the D antigen, which are called weak D, partial D and DEL phenotypes. Aim of the Study: The objective is to use molecular methods to determine whether blood donors in the Republic of Srpska (with whom a serological weak D antigen has been detected) really have the weak D antigen, partial D, a combination of these two variants or if their D antigen is normally present, but the used anti-D serum tests did not have the avidity needed to prove the presence of this antigen in blood donors. Patients and Methods: Blood samples were used from regular blood donors, who had been determined as persons with a weaker D antigen (based on the agglutination strength) using serological techniques, the test tube method, the microplate method and the gel method. To determine the blood groups and red blood cell/erythrocyte antigen typing, the following methods were applied: a) test tube method or agglutination in an aqueous environment, b) gel method, c) microplate method and d) molecular determination of blood groups. Results: Blood group samples were collected from April 2016 to February 2017 in the Institute for Transfusion Medicine of Republika Srpska. During this period, blood was collected from 8153 voluntary donors. It was serologically proved that 40 donors (0.49%) had the weak D antigen. All results where the weak D antigen was determined serologically were confirmed by molecular testing. 23 respondents were proved to have weak D type 3 (0.28%), while 17 had weak D type 1 (0.20%). Conclusion: The results from the first molecular testing of our population is in accordance with the results of frequency of weak D antigen in the populations of other European countries, though it did show a small advantage of weak D type 3 over weak D type 1.


Objective To explore rationality of prophylactic use of antibiotics during perioperative period in department of general surgery and to evaluate the effect of intervention measures.Methods By retrospective study,the data of drug used for thyroid surgery,breast surgery and hemia repair surgery(3 cleaning operations) during January-June 2011 and January-June 2013 were collected and analyzed.Results After intervention,application rate of antibiotics decreased from 100% to 19.3%.Reasonable application rate of antibiotics increased from 0% to 78.0%.Conclusions Intervention measures are feasible and effective,which can improve the rational application of antibiotics.But surgeons do not attach importance to the economical aspects of drugs in prescription,which needs further training and monitoring.


The function of the linea alba is to maintain the abdominal muscles at a certain proximity to each other. In the case of long‐lasting increased intra‐abdominal pressure, the linea alba widens. Yet, as the existence of the linea a priori implicates a physiological distance between the two rectus muscles, the question arises as to what the normal width of the linea alba is. To evaluate the normal width of the linea alba, we examined 150 nulliparous women between 20 and 45 years of age with a body mass index < 30 kg m−2 by ultrasound at three reference points: the origin at the xiphoid and 3 cm above and 2 cm below the umbilicus. The examination revealed a broad range of widths at the three reference points. The linea was widest at 3 cm above the umbilicus (−35 mm), followed by the reference point 2 cm below the umbilicus (−31 mm) and the origin at the xiphoid (−31 mm). The mean width was 7 ± 5 mm at the xiphoid and 13 ± 7 mm above and 8 ± 6 mm below the umbilicus. For the definition of the normal width of the linea, the 10th and 90th percentiles were taken. The linea alba can be considered "normal" up to a width of 15 mm at the xiphoid, up to 22 mm at the reference point 3 cm above the umbilicus and up to 16 mm at the reference point 2 cm below the umbilicus in nulliparous women. Clin. Anat. 22:706–711, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


In Pakistan, wheat used as a staple food that provides necessary nutrients and has a wide adaptation in different environments. A set of 18 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were tested at 23 different locations (Environments) in all over Pakistan. The AMMI biplot analysis was used to identify the genotypes performance across the environments and Genotype Environment Interaction (GEI). The G5 and G6 genotypes performed excellent across the 23 environments, therefore their yield performance are stable at all locations of Pakistan during 2015-16. While, G4, G5, G11, G17 performed very well at all locations during 2016-17. The performance of G5 genotype remains stable in both year of study at all locations so we strongly recommend for cultivation in any region of Pakistan. The G1 (E13), G16 (E14), G11 (E2), G3 & G5 (E18), G14 (E15, E19), and G7, G10 (E10) these genotypes perform well in specific environment and so respective genotypes recommended for specific region where performance remains excellent. The selection of ideal environment in which performance of genotypes are excellent. The three environments (E4, E1 and E10) are best environment in which all genotypes perform very well during both years of study


This paper explores the challenges of developing and assessing generic and vocational skills in distance learning. It is argued that distance learning is a somewhat neglected issue in the literature of generic and transferable skills, as most discussions assume a classroom context, where many key skills are able to be modelled, practiced and assessed with the observation and oversight of a teacher. How do we know our distance learners are developing skills in areas such as collaboration and teamwork when they work largely in isolation from their peers? Can we be assured that students have gained vital information retrieval and management skills, when all their core learning materials are pre-packaged and supplied to them? What can we say of their oral communication skills when all assessments and communications have been conducted by pen and paper or with computer mediation? Other contributions to this edition have dealt extensively with the theoretical underpinnings and current practice of embedding generic skills into the curricula. It is not intended to replicate those discussions here. Rather, it is the author's intention to focus on the particular issues and concerns as they relate to distance education. The appropriate development and assessment of generic and vocational skills in distance learning, it is argued, requires considerable planning and forethought. The first part of this paper explores the skills agenda in distance learning and the traditional barriers that have tended to inhibit the development of a broad repertoire of skills in learners. New opportunities, particularly those created by the Internet and web-based delivery of programs, are also considered. The second part of this paper explores how learners acquire generic skills at a distance, and the kind of features and strategies in distance programs that can promote the development of a broad range of skills. The third and final section of the paper focuses on assessment of generic skills, the particular difficulties that distance educators commonly experience and offers suggestions of how these might be overcome. The skills referred to in this paper include both generic and vocational skills. Generic skills are those broad academic and lifelong learning skills expected of any graduating learner in higher education, including thinking, research and communication skills. Vocational skills refer to the variety of skills specific to one's discipline, profession or vocation that enable students to make the transition to and function competently in the workplace. Traditional barriers to skills development in distance learning Over the past twenty years, distance learning has become an increasingly important vehicle for the delivery of both higher education and technical and vocational education across the globe. In its traditional form of correspondence education, educators relied heavily on printed materials, pen-and-paper assessments and a 'self-study' approach. Of more recent times, the philosophy of open learning, supporting wider participation in all forms of education, together with new educational technologies such as teleconferencing, video, CD-ROMs, and particularly e-learning, have combined to transform the landscape of distance learning. Distance education now provides the possibility of a more interactive, vibrant, accessible and contemporary learning experience. Its delivery methods and pedagogies are now profoundly influencing mainstream face-to-face education and creating new hybrids of mixed or flexible modes of delivery (Thorpe and Grugeon, 1993; Wade et al, 1994). However, in relation to skills development, old paradigms and pedagogies are still apparent. Evans and Nation (1989) and Morgan (1993), for example, have roundly criticised those distance education arrangements that package large volumes of content in a way that is not negotiable by students, and leading to the adoption by students of survival or reproducing strategies rather than a deep engagement with material. These kinds of programs tend to neglect the development of key skills such as problem solving and critical and reflective thinking. Gibbs et al (1994) point to the many programs in higher education that are overburdened with content driven by the requirements of accrediting bodies. In such programs it is unrealistic to expect any systematic embedding of generic skills unless some considerable components of content coverage are able to be traded for process-oriented activities that actively develop skills. Traditional assessment practices in distance education have also militated against the development of a broad repertoire of skills. In the interests of equity and parity, given the geographic dispersal and differing circumstances of students, educators have tended to opt for standard, 'respectable' assessment tasks such as essays (Morgan and O'Reilly, 1999). Although essays may provide excellent vehicles for skills development in critical thinking and written communication, there are a variety of other skills that the essay does not commonly address, such as planning, problem solving, collaborative work, oral communication, disciplinary procedures and techniques, self-directed learning abilities, and so forth. Distance learners' commonly-expressed concerns that they are turned, during their studies, into 'essay processing machines' (Morgan and O'Reilly, 1999) reflect a certain malaise in assessment at a distance – particularly so, given the variety of new assessment opportunities available to us through the Internet, which are briefly considered later. A further barrier to skills development in distance education lies in the effective transfer of skills into the workplace – indeed the whole purpose of generic skills is that they are able to transfer from academic and study contexts to work contexts and from one work context to the next. As Gibbs et al (1994) outline, skills are acquired through an experiential cycle that entails practicing, reflecting, forming an understanding of the principles of proficiency, and then further practice. It is also necessary that conditions for practice of skills are as lifelike as possible, to enable transfer to take place. It is not likely that students become proficient in the use of a skill simply by having it explained, discussing it, or thinking about it. Without the kinds of regular supervised practice in simulated environments available in educational institutions, distance students are often profoundly disadvantaged in the acquisition of skills. The next section of this paper considers the variety of arrangements such as work-based learning, mentoring and other schemes that help to overcome these problems for distance learners. Developing Generic Skills in Distance Learning Given the kinds of barriers to skills development in distance education discussed above, it is argued that distance programs must be planned and delivered explicitly for the purpose of generic skills development, alongside – but not subservient to the academic content of the program. Conventional content-led subjects, where skills development is tacked on as an afterthought, or is implicit and unexplained, or where students are left to practise skills in isolation without feedback, are highly unlikely to succeed in meaningful skills development. A study by Morgan, Dingsdag and Saenger (1998) found that many distance learners gained confidence in key academic skills such as critical thinking and developing arguments through a tedious process of trial and error. Rarely were these skills actively and explicitly taught to students – rather, they were gleaned in a piecemeal fashion from feedback to essays and other assignments. Students also experienced confusion relating to the differing expectations and idiosyncracies of individual markers, which rendered skills development even more problematic. Efforts to develop generic skills in distance learners, it was found, must be purposeful, consistent and commence early in a student's pathway through a program of study. Attention is now directed towards a range of key features in the delivery and pedagogy of distance education programs that allows for the successful development of a broad range of generic and vocational skills, including delivery models, appropriate pedagogy and use of media, effective student support networks, authentic assessment and purposeful evaluation.


Chemometrics is related to all those processes which transform analytical signals and complex data to useful information. In this issue, chemometric methods were applied to identify concentration of each single compound in a mixture. The processed information is contained in measurements of steady-state fluorescence spectra emitted by different substances (antifreezes and edible oils). The measurements were performed with a home made experimental system. A program was written in the graphical language G of the LabVIEW 8.2, to acquire spectra data and to perform several chemometrics techniques (multivariable analysis). The program calculates the concentrations of individual compounds present in a mixture. The results were compared to determine the most effective method. For edible oils, it is possible to find out the extent of adulteration of olive oil with lesser quality oils.


The aim of this study is focus on the role of positive and negative monetary incentives in stimulating infra and inter-regional mobility in UK (through commuting behavior). We consider a simple theoretical model and develop an empirical application using data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) 2004-2011. According to the theory, workers who commute from one labor market to another should require earning grants able to compensate, at least, monetary and non-monetary moving costs and individual evaluation of the trade-off between the latter and the value of the monetary incentive. First, we estimate the predicted wage in the region of current residence through OLS and then we verify the increase in the probability of moving to other UK GORs (Government Office Regions, representing the UK regions and the six Metropolitan Areas) due to greater hourly wages w.r.t. that predicted for the region of current residence through a Multinomial Logit model (MLM). We consider four different cases: living and working in the same region (or territorial agglomeration) which represent the baseline outcome of the MLM; working in a region whose travel distance is less than 30 minutes from the residence; working in a region whose distance is between 30 and 45 minutes from the residence; working in a region at 45 minutes of travel distance. In our analysis, we find that earnings, sex differences and individual characteristics play an important role in explaining commuting behavior, as well as the length of the employment within the same workplace. We find that ? on average ? wages 20% greater than those for the region of residence lead to an increase in probability of 2.2-3.2% (according to gender differences) to move to other regions commuting more than 45 minutes. Moreover, we find support also for the ?household responsibility hypothesis, confirming that women are less willing to commute longer and to move outside their own region of residence compared to their male counterparts. Finally, for robustness check and for taking into account possible biases in the model due to the role played by the capital, we develop the two-stage model without considering the region of Greater London, concluding. We find that, excluding the region of Greater London from the sample, there is a raise from 1% to 1.6% in the gender gap in the probability of commuting more than 45 minutes, with the consequence that female workers working in London are more willing to commute than their national counterpart.


Having recently been on a course entitled "How does the NHS work . . . quick before it changes again" (yes, really), I am worried about the impact of the latest changes on doctors' training and doctors' and medical students' ignorance of how the NHS …


Well-defined "single" Pd(0) atoms were encapsulated in Pd-mediated multiporphyrin arrays and used as a catalyst. Compared with the Pd(0) nanoparticles prepared from dilute K2PdCl4 solution, the encapsulated Pd(0) atoms showed much higher catalytic activity for photoinduced hydrogen evolution.


Studies on Macassan activities in northern Australia have focused on the intensive industrial trepang processing site complexes on the Cobourg Peninsula and in northeast Arnhem Land (Clarke 2000; Macknight 1976; Mitchell 1995). Less attention has focused on sites at the eastern and western geographical peripheries of Macassan contact and how the less intensive and more irregular presence of Macassans in these areas impacted local Aboriginal people. Recent archaeological work in the South Wellesley Islands reveals new evidence of Macassan pottery sherds, tamarind trees and stone lines (Figure 1). A comparative study is undertaken between Macassan sites in the South Wellesley Islands and selected Macassan sites across northern Australia, focusing on elements such as artefacts, features, language, genetics and material culture. These data sets are analysed in terms of the degree of cross-cultural contact between Macassans and Aboriginal people in each region by categorising certain elements as present, observed or shared to show low, medium or high degrees of interaction. Results provide the basis to characterise the degree of cross-cultural interaction between Macassan and Kaiadilt people in the South Wellesley Islands. Historical, archaeological and ethnographic evidence of Macassan activities in the South Wellesley Islands are examined along with studies on Kaiadilt culture, language, genetics and behaviour (Best 2013; Evans 1995; Tindale 1960; Ulm et al. 2010).


Based on the inhibitory effect of ceftriaxone sodium on the oxidation reaction of K2S2O8 for berberine in acid medium, an inhibitory-kinetic fluorimetric method is developed for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium.The detection limit for ceftriaxone sodium is 3.8×108 g·mL-1 and the relative standard deviation is 1.29%.The linear range of the determination is 1.0×10-6~1.3 ×10-5 g·mL-1.This method is simple,rapid,and sensitive,and can be used for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium in pharmaceutical formulation.


Momentary assessment data collection methods can capture information about constructs that vary greatly throughout the day. The Measuring Youth Media Exposure methodology implemented multiple momentary measures of media use in addition to a time use diary (TUD), allowing evaluation of the convergent and divergent validity of these momentary assessment methodologies relative to the TUD. This article presents the reliability and validity of momentary questionnaires and momentary video recordings of media use in relation to conventional TUD using an adaptation of the multi–trait-multi-method matrix. Both momentary measures show good reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity for assessing TV, video game, computer, and cell phone use in adolescents relative to the TUD.


Most antenna applications require maximum gain in a single direction resulting in a pencil beam solution. For some applications antennas are required to provide service with some minimum gain over an angular beam area. Gain-area product (minimum antenna gain within the beam area times the beam area in square degrees) is a useful figure of merit for beams designed to cover an area. Maximizing the minimum gain over the area is obviously beneficial. An aperture of infinite size can achieve the ideal gain-area product (GAP) value of 41,253 square degrees. This paper develops the maximum achievable GAP for finite apertures. We start with the one- dimensional case to find the best line-source distribution to maximize the minimum gain over a specified angular beamwidth. This result can then used with separable distributions to provide an optimal gain over a rectangular area. The approach is then extended to a circular beam shape. Coverage of these simple shapes offer useful bounding results on achievable gain as well as the onset of diminishing returns in gain with increasing reflector size. In all cases the maximum available GAP is shown to be a function of the beamwidth times the aperture diameter in wavelengths. The results provide a useful tool to select antenna size for particular applications.


Structural lightweight concrete is a construction material composed primarily of lightweight aggregates (LWA), cement and water. Most LWA are produced by thermal treatment of natural raw materials such as clay and shale today. In addition to the high energy costs thereby incurred, the availability of suitable raw materials is limited. An alternative is the use of recycling LWA made from Mineral construction and demolition waste. Recycling LWA made from masonry rubble and rubble-clay mixtures were studied in two different research projects. The technology pursues the idea of feedstock recycling, which means the recycling is based on the chemical and mineralogical composition of the masonry rubble and clay. The recycling LWA are produced in a multistage manufacturing process by thermal hardening in laboratory and pilot scale. Their particle bulk densities and particle strengths vary between 600 and 2000 kg/m³ and 1.5 and 13 MPa, respectively. Their equivalence to traditional LWA was proven in comprehensive tests of the aggregates themselves as well as the mortars and concretes made therefrom. Our contribution reports on the results of the characterization of the recycling aggregates compared to expanded clays and the studies on LWA concretes.


For the sake of enhancing safety and achieving more economic benefits, it is very important to timely and correctly identify the transients during the operation of nuclear power plants. There are thousands of monitoring signals in a nuclear power plant. It is difficult to complete the calculations timely if all the related signals are chosen for an algorithm of transient identification. Moreover, the irrelevant state variables may also do harm to the correctness of the identification process. Thus, one of the key tasks for transient identification is to figure out effective methods to extract the features from state variables. In this paper, we will address an efficient method for feature selection and transient identification based on principal component analysis (PCA). The effectiveness of the method are illustrated by the tests based on the data from the simulator designed for the High Temperature gas-cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Module (HTR-PM), which is under construction in China and the construction will be completed around 2017.


' Donaldson VH, Evans RR. A biochemical abnormality in hereditary angioneurotic edema: absence of serum inhibitor of C'1 esterase. Am J Med 1963 ;35 :37-44. 2 Rosen FS, Charache P, Pensky J, Donaldson V. Hereditary angioneurotic edema: two genetic variants. Science 1965;148:957-8. 3Frank MM, Gelfand JA, Atkinson JP. Hereditary angioedema: the clinical syndrome and its management. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:580-93. 4Landerman NS. Hereditary angioneurotic edema. I Case reports and review of the literature. J Allergy 1962;33:316-29. Pearson KD, Buchignani JS, Shimkin PM, et al. Hereditary angioneurotic edema of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1972;116:256-61. 6 Johnson TH, Caldwell KW. Angioneurotic edema of the colon. Radiology 1971 ;99:61-3.


Doubly Fed induction Machine (DFIM) has a very versatile application with rating ranges from a few kW in wind power applications to hundreds of MW in hydropower applications. The rotor circuit of this machine is connected to the grid through a back-to-back voltage source converter. If the frequency and order of exciting EM force conflicts with natural frequency of the machine structure, high level of vibration may result into mechanical resonance. The stator vibration of electrical machine is generated by the electromagnetic forces acting on the surface of the stator tooths. In this paper, a comparative analysis of stator vibration has been presented for DFIM with its rotor winding excited through pure sinusoidal excitation (an ideal case) and voltage source converter. Parameters selected for comparison are vibration acceleration and the associated deformation. Since converters are also a source of harmonics, electromagnetic forces so generated have been analyzed here. Modal analysis has also been done in addition to finding out the machine's natural frequencies.


This publication summarizes building energy simulation test for existing homes (BESTEST-EX): instructions for implementing the test procedure, calibration tests reference results, and example acceptance-range criteria.


Methodological individualism is the doctrine that economic or social phenomena are ultimately grounded in individual knowing and choice. Recently numerous collective concepts have been introduced into our thinking about the firm - absorptive capacity, communities of practice, dynamic capabilities, social capital, organizational routines, and so on. As far as we can tell these are neither theoretically nor empirically well grounded. In this talk I consider what might be meant by the statement that 'only individuals can know'. I contrast notions of knowing as having and holding data, or a frame of meaning, or a skilled practice. I conclude that all manner of social entities can know in all respects save that of creating the knowledge that is then known.


These are exciting times for old age psychiatrists, and their patients, not least because we stand on the threshold of useful symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer's disease. These treatments are largely the result of pioneering work examining structural and biochemical changes in the post mortem brain. However, over the past few years great progress has been made towards understanding the basic pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and it is to hoped that this will yield compounds to treat the condition itself.


Unless satisfactory answers to these questions can be provided, programs that serve superior students will be extremely vulnerable to both critics of gifted education and to persons who, though sympathetic with this area, feel such special services are essentially a luxury item that schools can easily get by without. But more importantly, answers are necessary for those who experience pangs of conscience when they can defend programs for gifted youngsters philosophically, but not in terms of day-to-day experiences.


Today, borrowing that has become a common problem of almost all countries has a great importance in the developing countries, for example Turkey, rather than developed countries. The reason is while internal debt is considered as provisional public revenue to balance the current economy in the developed countries, it is considered as consistent public revenue such as tax in the developing countries. From this view, internal debt that has increased over the years causes an accumulation called "snowball effect". Public internal debt at high levels is negatively affected by macro economic factors such like manufacturing, investment, inflation, distribution of income. Uncontrollable increases of the internal debts make sustainability matter of debts a current issue. In the study, it has been analyzed if internal debts were sustainable in Turkey's economy between the years of 2000 and 2014 by using the method of proportional analysis and it has been concluded that internal debts cannot be sustained especially in crisis periods.


 Of the 243 sexual assaults, all but three were reported to the police.  After the initial report, the sexual assaults were assigned to a detective for investigative follow up. The average amount of time from initial reporting to the first investigative activity on the case was 5 days.  Victims were not (or not able to be) contacted in at least 40% of the cases. When victims were contacted, in half of the cases, the contact occurred within a day or less of the start of the investigation.  Initial investigations remained open for an average of 40 days, with approximately a quarter of the investigations remaining open one day or less and half remaining open for one week or less.  Over half of the cases that were investigated were closed due to police being unable to locate the victim or the lack of victim follow up.  Less than half of all cases that were investigated were referred to the City Prosecutor. Of the cases that were referred, over 75% were ruled "no prosecution" and closed by the City Prosecutor.  None of the cases reviewed resulted in an indictment.


Abstract. The intake of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), two essential micronutrients, is deficient worldwide both in humans and in livestock. This deficiency could be alleviated through agronomic biofortification, a practice that increases their concentrations in edible parts through mineral application. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in a 2-year field experiment (2017/18, 2018/19) the suitability of field peas to increase Zn and Se grain concentration after soil Zn application (50 kg Zn ha−1; no Zn) and foliar application (0; 10 g Se ha−1; 8 kg Zn ha−1; 10 g Se ha−1 + 8 kg Zn ha−1). Zinc bioavailability (estimated by the molar ratio phytate/mineral), grain yield, thousand grain weight, grain crude protein and mineral status (magnesium, calcium and iron) of the grain were also evaluated by following a split-split plot design. For biofortification purposes, the combined foliar application of Zn (8 kg Zn ha−1) and Se (10 g Se ha−1) increased Zn and Se concentrations in grain by around 30% and 73%, respectively, as well as Zn bioavailability, decreasing the molar ratio phytate/Zn by 30%. The additional soil application of 50 kg Zn ha−1 increased grain yield by 16%. Other nutritional parameters, such as content of protein or other essential minerals, were also improved (or at least not negatively affected) by the combined application of Zn and Se. All of these aspects evidenced the suitability of field peas for use in biofortification programmes through the simultaneous application of Zn and Se, which might also cheapen application costs.


Range-gated underwater laser imaging system is a kind of underwater photoelectric imaging system which is based on the principle of time label for target. Through controlling the imaging time of photoelectric equipment precisely, it can effectively restrain the backscatter of water, having longer detective distance than generic ones. A range-gated underwater laser imaging system consists of pulse laser illumination system, photoelectric imaging system (ICCD) and control system commonly. When the moment and the time of ICCD opening gate are given, the lights that could be received by ICCD include the backscatter of water, the direct component and forward scatter of reflected light of the target in the imaging processing of range-gated underwater laser imaging system. Computing model of light energy received by ICCD was built in this paper. The direct component and forward scatter of reflected light energy were analyzed and the calculation methods based on PSF theory were studied. The backscatter light energy of water was calculated through water layering. The signal to noise ratio of range-gated underwater laser imaging system was defined. The impact of target range, target reflection ratio, ICCD gating width and water attenuation coefficient on the signal to noise ratio were analyzed and simulation results were given.


ABSTRACT Using cross-country data for 1999–2019, we investigate how bank capital structure and institutional environment affect bank competition. Banks with a higher Tier 1 ratio have greater market power, and lowering activity restrictions and bank entry requirements enhances competition. Banking systems with greater capital stringency and official supervisory power tend to be more competitive. During financial crises, higher Tier 2 capital corresponds with greater market power. Foreign banks' market power is sensitive to Tier 2 capital.


This paper uses SIPP, an underutilized data set to analyze the occupational mobility in the U.S. from 1988 to 2003. Exploiting SIPP's detailed information on workers' occupation, I propose and calculate various extended versions of occupational mobility rate to do robustness check, with careful treatment of the coding error. Unlike works that treat occupational mobility homogeneously, I classify all occupational switches into three categories: horizontal, vertical and special. Numerous mobility rates are computed according to different definitions, categories, time intervals, and subgroups. I find that, in terms of shares, horizontal switches dominate vertical and special ones at all times; that the mobility level and trend are generally consistent with other empirical works; and that aging decreases the occupational mobility while education's role ambiguous. Moreover, I examine the interaction between occupational mobility and labor market status, taking advantage of SIPP's high interview frequency and rich labor market information recording. I develop an algorithm to extract nonemployment information between jobs from SIPP. I find that most occupational switchers do not experience nonemployment between jobs, very similar to job changers without involving an occupational switch, but the duration variation is less in the former group than in the latter group. As time goes by, the employment-to-employment mobility fraction is declining for both groups.


A numerical stimulation for the three dimension fluid field of the air agitated seed precipitation tank is conducted The results are well consonant with the practical situations The scab is easily formed in the corner of pyramidal and wall connection, and the bottom of tank because of the low flowing velocity of the slurry The short circuit phenomenon that always appears in the upper of the tank is restrained by settling the baffle near the inlet of fluid The results of the simulation can be used as the foundation of the technical innovation and operation parameter optimization of the air agitated seed precipitation tank


The present review analyzes and compares three types of dissipationless spin transport: (1) Superfluid transport, when the spin-current state is a metastable state (a local but not the absolute minimum in the parameter space). (2) Equilibrium spin currents, i.e., genuine persistent currents. (3) Ballistic spin transport, when spin is transported without losses simply because sources of dissipation are very weak. In any case simplest models were chosen for discussion in order to concentrate on concepts rather than details of numerous models. The various hurdles on the way of using the concept of spin current (absence of the spin-conservation law, ambiguity of spin current definition, etc.) were analyzed. The final conclusion is that the spin-current concept can be developed in a fully consistent manner, and is a useful language for description of various phenomena in spin dynamics.


ABSTRACT : Lasers were introduced in Pediatric Dentistry to replace the conventional drill and prick methods and to make the dental visits a less traumatic experience for the child patient. Over the years it has been seen that Lasers are well accepted by child patients due to their various advantages such as little to no use of local anesthesia prior to using lasers, less per-operative bleeding, easy hemostasis, reduced operator chair time etc. The current case reports describe the use of Diode Laser in treating Mucocele and in exposing unerupted permanent maxillary Central incisor thereby guiding it into the oral cavity in two child patients successfully


Objective:To investigate the cause of children with chronic abdominal pain.Methods:110 cases with chronic abdominal pain underwent endoscopy and rapid urease test.Results:Among 110 cases in children,there were 78cases(70.9%) of superficial antral gastritis,11 cases(1%) of nodular gastritis,75 cases(68.2%) of duodenal inflammation,10 cases(9%) of duodenal ulcer,1 cases(0.9%) of pyloric ulcer on the kiss and 92(83.6%)cases of HP infection,7-14-year-olds accounted for 77.3%.Conclusion:The main causes of children's chronic abdominal pain are superficial antral gastritis,nodular gastritis,duodenal inflammation and peptic ulcer,company with high HP infection rate in children aged 7-14.Children electronic endoscopy is an irreplaceable means of a clear cause.It should be promoted that the individual serving or the spoon fetches dishes to have a dinner together,improve food hygiene,to eliminate the source of infection.


Abstract : Thin film bicrystals have been created using gold, silver, palladium and platinum epitaxially grown single crystals. Low angle twist boundaries in all systems consisted of orthogonal sets of lattice dislocations, who character is in agreement with the O-lattice theory and earlier less general predictions. High angle boundaries in the Au-Pt system were seen to relax into dislocation networks at temperatures in excess of 600 deg. However, the dislocation directions and spacings could not be interpreted in terms of CSL and NCSL relaxations. All the experiments were rendered more difficult than anticipated because of the difficulties of making the continuous flat single crystals. A critique of the general method of thin film welding for the study of grain boundaries is included. (Author)


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to enhance the mechanical properties of milkweed floss (MW)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites by compatibilizing the interface between MW and PLA. MW floss is a natural fiber exhibiting a wide lumen and a thin cross-section. The addition of high specific surface area MW fibers to polymer matrices can lead to significant improvements of composites' mechanical performance. However, MW floss presents a poor bonding with PLA. This study evaluates the improvement of the adhesion and, consequently, of the composites' mechanical properties after MW modification with alkaline treatment or grafting of epoxy-silane. First, the influence of both treatments on the geometry, mechanical properties and roughness of MW fibers was investigated. Injection-molded composites made of 1wt.% treated MW were then characterized. Results showed that the mechanical properties of treated MW significantly decreased. Diminutions of 68 and 60% of Young's modulus (E) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) were respectively measured for alkali treated MW (NaOH-MW). Reductions of 30 and 60% were respectively calculated for E and UTS of epoxy-silane treated MW (Si-MW). Still, improvements in the composites' mechanical properties were measured, such as increases of the UTS of 9 and 17% for PLA reinforced with NaOH-MW and Si-MW, respectively.


1. A method of modifying FAD2 gene in soybean cell, comprising: splitting a site-specific manner to a target site FAD2 gene soybean cells to generate gap FAD2 gene, wherein the FAD2 gene is modified after rasschepleniya.2. A method according to Claim. 1 further comprising a gap integration posledovatelnosti.3 nucleotide of interest. A method according to Claim. 1 or 2, wherein the FAD2 gene is the gene FAD2 2.3, 2.6 or FAD2 oba.4. A method according to Claim. 1 or 2, wherein the cleavage site-specific manner comprises administering a fusion protein containing the DNA-binding domain and cleaving domain or splitting poludomen, a cell, or a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein wherein the fusion protein specifically binds to a site , is achieved and cleaves at or near the target site to create thereby razryva.5. A method according to claim. 4, wherein the DNA-binding domain is selected from the group consisting of DNA-binding domain meganucleases, the DNA-binding domain leucine "Lightning", such activator of transcription (TAL) DNA-binding domain, RNA-directed CRISPR-Cas9 , recombinase, the DNA-binding domain of the protein with a "zinc finger", and chimeric combinations of any of the vysheperechislennyh.6. A method according to claim. 4, in which a splitting or cleaving poludomen domain is selected from the group consisting of poludomena cleavage of type IIS restriction endonucleases and homing endonukleazy.7. A method according to claim. 4, wherein the fusion protein is a nuclease with "zinc fingers" 8. A method according to claim. 7, wherein the nuclease with "zinc fingers" contains from three to six domains "zinc fingers", each domain "zinc finger" comprises a helical region of recognition, and a protein with "zinc fingers" comprises a helical region


Pebble counts were made on a single end- and ground-moraine unit following a grid-sampling plan. The data are presented by a series of maps on which the percentage of each major lithologic type is entered. The resulting distribution patterns indicate that the percentage of a rock type of index grade at a given point in a moraine is dependent upon the provenance of the rock type, its lithologic properties, the nature of the glacial processes, and the dilution it has undergone by the addition of other rock types. The occurrence of striae and facets on pebbles appears to be determined largely by hardness, brittleness, cleavage, grain size, and distance of transport.


A multichannel photodiode-array spectrometer was used to monitor the transient multielement atomic-emission signal generated by an inductively coupled plasma utilizing flow-injection sample introduction. The linearity, dynamic range, sensitivity, and precision of the technique were assessed for three different sample-loop volumes (110,290, and 500 µL). With a fixed, optimized integration time, a linear dynamic range of 3.5 orders of magnitude was established for five elements—Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, and Zn—when the 290- and 500-µL sample loops were used. Because the lateral dispersion of the transient sample plug was low and because efforts were made to optimize the signal-to-background ratio by synchronizing the integration period of the photodiode-array detector with the transient signal, detection limits for the flow-injection system were comparable with those obtained with the use of continuous-nebulization sample introduction. An interface is described which enables temporal synchronization of the transient flow-injection signal with the signal integration period of the photodiode array.


【Objective】 The study was done to know the influence of different SO2 and alcohol concentration treatments on the species and quantities of main wine yeast floras in spontaneously fermenting musts.【Method】 SO2 treatment concentration was 60,80,100 mg/L,and alcohol treatment concentrations were 5%,10%,15%(V/V).The main wine yeast floras were isolated during different spontaneous fermentation phases.These yeasts were identified by RFLP analysis of the amplification fragments of 5.8S-ITS which has been used broadly in wine yeasts identification,combining with the yeasts colonial morphology and color on WL medium.【Result】 Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the main yeast strain during final stages of fermentation under both SO2 and alcohol treatments.SO2 had a great effect on SO2 sensitive yeast strains,and the yeast floras were affected by not only SO2 but also the alcohol produced during the fermentation.Few resistible SO2 yeast floras were isolated during the middle stage and final stage of fermentation,such as Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Saccharomyces bayanus.During beginning stages of fermentation under the alcohol treatments,the mainly yeast strains were Kloeckera apiculata and Candida albicans.And S.cerevisiae,Cryptococcus and Pichia fermentans were the main yeast strains during middle fermentation.In the final stages,S.cerevisiae was the main yeast.【Conclusion】 The non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the main yeasts which started the fermentation in both SO2 and alcohol treatments.Resistible SO2 and alcohol wine yeast floras,such as S.cerevisiae,which maintained fermentation and fermented to the end.


Various approaches have been proposed to verify the performance of 3D printers including the so-called hole plate. However, there is an obvious drawback in printing a 2D artefact on a machine that is being used to print 3D parts. Conclusions regarding the performance in the third axis are not available. This paper sets the foundation for understanding the thermal behavior of the fused deposition modelling process so that in the future, an approach for 3D verification based on printing towers on a base plate can be developed. This foundation is set by means of an analysis of possible errors introduced by thermally induced residual stresses from material shrinkage during deposition. 3D printing, Verification, Tolerances, Fused deposition modelling


This article attempts to bridge the missing link in states narrative and intercultural dialogue in North-East India which has for long been informed respectively by the "law and order" approach and monological discourse. It does this by revisiting the tradition of knowing a complex and diverse region, and by unravelling the post-colonial anxieties not only of the Indian state-nation but also that of the diverse tribal communities in the region in grappling with ethnonational diversities. It problematises the monological discourse and "law and order" approach of the Indian state-nation building project and invokes the imperative of recognising the multicultural overtones of ethno-nationalist manoeuvres especially that of the Nagas and the Zo. The article also examines the challenges and opportunities opened up by India s Look East Policy and addresses evolving issues like double citizenship and transnational citizenship.


A fundamental issue in the rapid prototyping of next generation control systems for high speed machines relates to the system decomposition. Genericity, reusability and real-time performance criteria of control software are paramount design considerations. This paper outlines collaborative work undertaken at the Manufacturing Systems Integration (MSI) Research institute at Loughborough University (LU) and the Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering at Aston University (AU) in the design of control systems for high speed machines. MSI's emphasis has been on the integrated modelling and design of high level machine control software by using device independent instructions and data to perform the control. Work at AU has concentrated on optimising the dynamic performance of the machine at the lowest levels by developing detailed physical models of the system components and hence resolving stability and robustness issues. A discussion of the integration of these high and low level models to enable the prototyping of control system software for high performance machinery is presented.


The aim of this study is to examine the factors that drive students' self-disclosure on Social Networking Sites (SNSs). A total of 215 undergraduates from two public universities in East Malaysia were recruited as respondents. This study adapts self-disclosure model by Elmi, A.Iahad and Ahmed (2012), where the model proposed trust as one of the factors that complementing other existing factors in online self-disclosure. This study proved that privacy concerns (r = -.212, p < .01), perceived trust (r = .22, p < .01), perceived ease of use (r = .213, p < .01), and perceived enjoyment (r = .28, p < .01) are significantly related to students' online self-disclosure on SNSs. In addition, as trust plays a vital role in moderating the users' online self-disclosure behavior, this study formulated students' trusts on SNSs based on three dimensions which are individual, institutional and online trust. Findings of study suggested that there is a significant difference between online trust based on male and female respondents.Keywords: Formulation of trust, online self-disclosure, privacy concern, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, perceived trust


Kinetics of the butylaminolysis of substituted phenyl acetates in chlorobenzene in the presence of a variety of crown ethers obey the following rate law. Rate =kb[BuNH2]2[Ester]+kc[BuNH2][Crown][Ester]. The individual rate constants fit Bronsted-type relationships: log kb=–0.75 pKa+ 4.21, log kc=–0.58 pKa+ 3.41 [18-crown-6], log kc=–0.61 pKa+ 3.18 [12-crown-4] where pKa refers to the ionization of the phenol in aqueous solution.The Bronsted β1g values for kb and kc are calibrated with the value of βeq recently determined for acetyl transfer between phenolate ions in chlorobenzene. The sensitivity, β1g, of kc is consistent with the ratelimiting formation of a crown ether–zwitterion adduct with subsequent fast (non-rate-limiting) ArO–C bond fission. The Bronsted data for kb when calibrated by βeq is consistent with rate-limiting proton transfer from zwitterion to base.18-Crown-6 enables proton transfer to occur between phenol and butylamine in chlorobenzene according to the equation: BuNH2+ ArOH + Crown ⇌ Bu–NH3+·Crown + ArO–. The equilibrium constant (K) for the above reaction with a series of substituted phenols has a Bronsted selectivity (β) of 2.1 compared with that for the ionization of phenols in water.


Modern markets force companies to implement new production and marketing paradigms. Companies striving for attracting and retaining customers see service provision as a new path towards profits and growth. However, efficient management of product life cycle for such solutions requires significant changes both in business processes and in information systems. The paper investigates the problem of product-service system engineering information management in a customer-oriented way and the way it has been solved. It shares the vision of the authors of the required improvements in business processes and information systems at the considered company related to life cycle management for product-service system configurations. Though the research results are based on the analysis of one company, the presented work can give significant input to achieve benefits for component manufacturers that tend to become system vendors in general.


Sensitivity analysis is a key part of a comprehensive energy simulation study. Monte-Carlo techniques have been successfully applied to many simulation tools. Several sampling techniques have been proposed in the literature; however to date there has been no comparison of their performance for typical building simulation applications. This paper examines the performance of simple random, stratified and Latin Hypercube sampling when applied to a typical building simulation problem. An integrated natural ventilation problem was selected as it has an inexpensive calculation time thus allowing multiple sensitivity analyses to be undertaken, while being realistic as wind and temperature effects are both modeled. The research shows that compared to simple random sampling: LHS and stratified sampling produce results that are not significantly different (at a 5% level) with increased robustness (less variance in the mean prediction). However, it should not be inferred from this that fewer simulation runs are required for LHS and stratified sampling. Given the results presented here and in previous work it would indicate that for practical purposes Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis in typical building simulation applications should use about 100 runs and simple random sampling. INTRODUCTION The field of sensitivity analysis is becoming more commonplace in building simulation. Early work by Lomas and Eppel (1992) compared the performance of three techniques (differential, Monte-Carlo and stochastic sensitivity analysis). Following on from this Macdonald (2002) embedded sensitivity analysis in ESP-r and de Wit (2001) applied the Monte-Carlo technique to the analysis of natural ventilation and thermal comfort. Since then several authors have used the Monte-Carlo technique on a diverse range of building simulation applications (for example: Hyun et al 2007 and Kotek et al 2007). To date the effect of sampling technique on the results has not been analysed in the above publications. It is known that stratified sampling can introduce an unknown bias into the results of the analysis (discussed briefly by Macdonald (2002) and de Wit (2001)) and that there can be varying degrees of success with Latin Hypercube (Saltelli et al 2000). This paper will examine three sampling techniques (simple random, stratified and Latin hypercube) and compare their performance. Sampling techniques It is standard statistical procedure to use sampling techniques to improve the coverage of the sample, especially when the function being analysed is expensive. The aim of a sampling strategy is to reduce the variance in the estimate of the mean. When applied to building simulation this is attractive as the evaluation of the simulation results (e.g. building energy consumption) can be costly, therefore any reduction in the number of simulations required for a Monte-Carlo analysis will result in a reduction in computational effort. Three sampling techniques will be described: simple random sampling. Stratified sampling and Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS). Simple random sampling This is the most basic sampling technique described here and will be used as the basis for comparisons. The method works by generating a random number and scaling this to the target variable via its probability distribution. The method conforms to the laws of statistics. The mean of the estimate is:


In global navigation satellite system (GNSS) precise positioning, some residual systematic errors inevitably exist in GNSS observations. These residual systematic errors can be regarded as the unmodeled errors that cannot be easily mitigated by traditional parameterization, modeling or other methods, mainly due to their spatiotemporal complexity. In a multi-GNSS scenario, there are enough redundant observations to reveal the unmodeled errors to a great extent, according to the behaviors of observation residuals. However, in the case of single frequency, the first-order ionospheric delays cannot be eliminated by the ionosphere-free combination in terms of two or more carrier phases with different frequencies, thus resulting in significant unmodeled effects more frequently. We therefore propose a method for real-time mitigation of the unmodeled errors in single-frequency multi-GNSS precise positioning. The proposed method has two main aspects. First, considering the estimability and property of unmodeled error parameters, the method of multi-epoch partial parameterization is proposed. Second, an iterative procedure is given, which can be applied in real time. The experiment is conducted using a four-station network of real single-frequency and combined global positioning system (GPS) and BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) observations, with baseline lengths from approximately 5 to 25 km. The results show that the GPS/BDS unmodeled errors are indeed mitigated and the positioning precision is improved after using the proposed method, where the precision of the up direction can be improved by a maximum of 56.90%.


In the last four decades the Black Sea has suffered important changes induced by human activities. Some 162 million people live in the catchment area of the Black Sea and they make extraordinary demands on its resources. Waste from towns and cities, farms and factories pours into the Black Sea; some comes directly from the coast, but most flows relentlessly from the region's major rivers, River Danube, Dnieper and Dniester. Hence, coming trends will depend largely on human-related menaces. Depending on place and time ecologists have been principally interested in eutrophication, heavy metals, synthetic chemicals, radionuclides sedimentation, acid-rain and hot water. Airborne pollution also contaminates the sea; while the consequences of a changing climate brought about by greenhouse gases building up in the atmosphere seem certain to add to the stress already suffered by the Black Sea environment. A special threat comes from the many big ships or petrol tankers. Coupled with the unremitting pressure from the effects of the fishing industry, and the tourist developments that are destroying the natural life that attracts thousands people to the region every year, it is not surprising that the Black Sea is one of the world's most threatened marine ecosystems. This review is to make a general assessment of the pollution of the Black Sea coast of Turkey.


As the more variety of products that the consumers can choose, the corporate demanded to improve the quality of its products. In addition to create a good impression on the consumers, the effort will decrease the failure costs and facilitate the marketing process of products. The facts showed the problems of quality must be appreciated in the assessing, controlling, and reporting process. The aim of research was to examined the reporting of quality costs as a tool to asses the performance of business. One-year trend analysis used to examine the problems. Documentarily, data were collected in the 2005 and 2006's quality report of UD. Sunny Boy Bedali Lawang. The results concluded the effort of quality improvement were complied with the objectives, in which the trend of failure costs were decreased. Yet, the firm still not achieved the zero defect level.


Reduction of amylin content and secretion in rat islets was attempted by transduction with an adenovirus bearing a 0.2-kb fragment of rat amylin cDNA inserted in the antisense orientation (AdCMV-$aLamylin). Exposure of islets to AdCMV-$aLamylin at a multiplicity of infection (moi) of 200 (1.2 × 107 pfu/ml) reduced amylin mRNA levels by 37 ± 5% (p <0.005), whereas infection with an adenovirus expressing the reporter gene of β-galactosidase (AdCMV-lacz) did not modify amylin expression. Transduction with the antisense construct was specifically associated with the decrease (30 ± 6%; p <0.001) in the amylin content. Insulin content was unaltered in AdCMV-$aLamylin islets compared to AdCMV-lacz-transduced or untransduced cells. Basal amylin secretion (2.8 mM glucose) was 36 ± 3% (p <0.005) lower in AdCMV-$aLamylin islets than in untransduced or AdCMV-lacz-transduced islets. In contrast, no difference in amylin secretion in response to high glucose concentrations (16.7 mM) was detected in AdCMV-$aLamylin-transduced islets. Thus, a reduction of amylin content and basal secretion in islet cells can be achieved by the adenovirus-mediated expression of antisense RNA.


We have investigated how maternal infant-directed speech shows age-related change, and which acoustic features of maternal infant-directed speech elicit an infant's vocal response effectively during the prelinguistic period. Voice samples of 50 Japanese mother and infant dyads were recorded during the first 9 months of the infant's life longitudinally. Fundamental frequency (fo) from the mother's speech and the infant's vocalization during mother-infant interaction were extracted and analyzed using an acoustic analyzer. The acoustical features measured in this study were the mean f 0, f 0 -range, and the intonation contour. We found age-related change in the prosodic features of mother's speech. The mothers changed fo in their infant-directed speech during months 3-5, and 7-9 postnatally, and they changed fo-range during months 5-7 postnatally. They showed a falling pattern of intonation contour most frequently during age 3 and 7 months and a rising pattern appeared most frequently at the ,infant was 9 months old. The infant's response also showed age-related change. Three-month-old infants tended to respond to the maternal speech with any value of f 0 and f 0 -range. In contrast, 9-month-old infants tended to respond to the speech with higher f 0, more exaggerated f 0 -change, and a rising pattern of intonation contour selectively. The results suggest that the change in acoustic features of maternal speech reflects the infant's perceptual and linguistic development.


In the investigative work it is analyzed if the decisions of the Coactive Judges are administrative or judicial decisions, if the Protection Action proceeds because there is violation of constitutional rights, for that reason a study on the Action of Protection and the trials of coercions was carried out. The Protection Action is a jurisdictional guarantee granted by the Constitution for the direct and effective protection of the rights established in it, that before any tort, violation or threat of rights can be filed the Action of Protection before Constitutional Judges of the different Courts from the country. We also have that the trial of coercion is a special process of the Public Administration, which was born with the purpose of only making effective the collections that are owed to the State Institutions, leaving indefinite persons affected in administrative procedures, with The only way of appealing before a Judge of the Administrative Contentious, not being the ideal route before the violation of fundamental rights. Finally, in a judicial decision, the court must be impartial that its function is to apply justice, issue judgments and execute them, these judges being empowered by the Judiciary Council, whereas the Coactive Judges are Authorities of the same Institution do not pronounce sentences or Declare rights in dispute, their function is to make effective the collection of what is owed to the State Institutions, in conclusion the decisions in the Coactive Judgments are administrative decisions.


Background: Burnout has been defined as an occupation stress, result of continues and long-term stress exposure, particularly related to King Saud Medical City (KSMC) in Saudi Arabia. Of burnout among critical care nurses at King Saud Medical City (KSMC) in Saudi Arabia has not been explored in previous research. Psychosocial factor at work. Burnout has significant effect on patient care and nursing performance. Objective: This study aims to explore level of burnout among critical care nurses at King Saud Medical City (KSMC) in Saudi Arabia-Riyadh Methods: A descriptive cross sectional design was utilized using a self-reporting questionnaire two sections contain demographic and Meslach burnout inventory (MBI) tool, obtain information from ICU nurses about level of burnout by measuring emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and depersonalization. The questionnaire was distributed to 300 nurses employed in King Saud Medical City (KSMC), which is one of the biggest tertiary hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 270 nurses responded to the questionnaire (90% response rate). Results and conclusion: The results showed sever level prevalence 65.9% of burnout among critical care nurses at King Saud Medical City (KSMC) in Saudi Arabia-Riyadh. Simple random method from four critical care department T1A1, T1A2, T1B1 and TRCU. The majority of the nurses were females, where (97%), median age 30.9- year, majority of staff (82.2%) their age range 25 yr -34 yr, around 60% married, 81.5% bachelor degree. Most of sample were staff nurse78.5%, staff selected in 68.5% of sample experience less 5 yr in hospital and their total ICU experience 48.5%. More than 5 year and less than 10 yr. 85.9% of them don't have any medical illness. 56.3% of sample they are not satisfy about their salaries most of them complain from non-financial reason. 67% of them satisfy about 12 h duty most Of them less than 5 year experience in KSMC but nurses more than 5yr they prefer return to 8 hrs. Shift they bind this with ICU workload.


Background: Consultants in emergency medicine have to deal with a wide range of problems, many of which they will not have encountered during their training. One way to assess the adequacy of specialist training is to ask recently appointed consultants whether or not they feel adequately prepared for their role. Methods: A questionnaire was sent out to 60 newly appointed consultants in emergency medicine in January and February 2005 and the results analysed. Results: Many respondents feel that there should be greater emphasis on acquiring clinical skills, partly by greater consultant supervision and partly by providing more experience of anaesthetics and intensive care. New consultants also feel inadequately prepared for their management responsibilities, and this is a source of great stress. Conclusions: Specialist training in emergency medicine needs to pay more attention to the acquisition of clinical skills and to preparation for management responsibility.


as well. And you can see the result—a rather lengthy, but hopefully informative paper. As the writing proceeded, I decided to become as inclusive as possible, identifying as many autophagy researchers as I could ferret out and inviting them to comment on the Guidelines and become co-authors. Some people have asked about the appropriateness of being an author when they did not contribute much in terms of the writing. In my own view, the Guidelines are similar in nature to a nomenclature paper. In either case one person, or a few people, may do the majority of the writing and then other members of the community are asked to comment, but more importantly to "sign on" to show that they agree with, and will conform to, the indicated guidelines or nomenclature. So I think it is perfectly appropriate to have a large number of authors who made varying contributions, even if the contribution is primarily to agree with the written guidelines. In many cases, however, people provided substantial input. I am tempted to acknowledge specific individuals but will refrain from doing so because I am concerned that I might unintentionally leave someone out. My point, however, is that these guidelines do not reflect just my point of view (although as the lead author I have probably influenced them in ways that might make others shake their heads in dismay). Rather, the Guidelines are the product of many (and I do mean many) rounds of revision and careful thought by a large number of people. In this regard, I think that one valuable aspect of these guidelines is that they have taken advantage of our—the community of autophagy researchers—collective knowledge regarding this subject. Finally, I will say that I had quite a lot of fun finding new members of this research community, interacting with them albeit in some cases briefly, and perhaps enabling others to pursue new interactions now that we know the names of most of the people currently working on some aspect of autophagy. One of my goals as Editor-in-Chief of Autophagy is to develop our community and keep it both friendly and interactive. Along these lines, I do apologize to any potential authors who were interested in being included on the Guidelines but for whatever reason were unintentionally left off. With a project of this magnitude (and with this number of authors) mistakes are bound to happen. Now that we know what methods are available for monitoring autophagy,4 and have some idea as to the appropriate ways to use those methods5 the next natural project is to provide a comprehensive set of protocols enabling people to try out these techniques. So be on the lookout for a volume (or two) of Methods in Enzymology devoted to autophagy research, and in the meantime, remember (when possible) to follow the flux! I want to say one word to you. Just one word. Are you listening? Flux. From The Graduate, the unauthorized autophagy version


ABSTRACT Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of steroid hormones which regulate a variety of essential biological functions. The profound anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of synthetic GCs, combined with their power to induce lymphocyte apoptosis place them among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Endogenous GCs also exert a wide range of immunomodulatory activities, including the control of T cell homeostasis . Dexamethasone is kind of glucocorticoid which is used to control some deseases. The purpose of this experiment is to know the effect of dexamethasone on B220. There are three different doses of treatment s applied: 0.0 mg/kg BW ( control ), 0.5 mg/kg B W , and 10 mg/kg B W.  Each treatment uses 6 mice (2 weeks old ) with intraperitoneal injection. The treated mice were observed for 7 days and spleen cells were isolated for flow cytometric immunophenotyping . The data were analyzed by BD CellQuest and tested using One-way ANOVA (p<0,05) then Tukey 's test with SPSS 16.0 for Windows program. The result of this experiment showed that the dose of 0.5 mg/ kg BW did not decrease B220 cell number significantly , but the dose of 10 mg/ kg BW did. Keyword : B220, Dexamethasone, Glucocorticoids


Nanobacteria(NB) is a new found organism,which has its own biology character and biomineralization compared with traditional bacteria.With the development of recognition about it,we found that NB has a close relationship with many kinds of disease.


The health of a people is about more than hospital beds and prescriptions. A country at war or internally demoralized by civil strife, a country out of work, a country with little sense of itself or its reason for existence as a nation is an unhealthy country no matter how well equipped, staffed or


In this paper we motivate and present a data model for conceptual design of structural and behavioural aspects of databases We follow an object centered design paradigm in the spir it of semantic data models The speci cation of structural aspects is divided into modelling of object structures and modelling of data types used for describing object properties The speci cation of object structures is based on an Extended Entity Relationship EER model The speci cation of behavioural aspects is divided into the modelling of admissible database state evolutions by means of temporal integrity constraints and the formulation of database trans actions The central link for integrating these design components is a descriptive logic based query language for the EER model The logic part of this language is the basis for static constraints and descriptive action speci cations by means of pre and postconditions A tem poral extension of this logic is the speci cation language for temporal integrity constraints We emphasize that the various aspects of a database application are speci ed using several appro priate but yet compatible formalisms which are integrated by a unifying common semantic CR


The utility model provides a metallographic polishing clamp, which comprises an upper clamping plate, a lower clamping plate, a fixed bolt, a movable bolt and adjusting bolts, wherein the upper and the lower clamping plates are arranged in parallel; a distance for clamping work pieces is reserved between the upper and the lower clamping plates; one end of the upper clamping plate is connected with one end of the lower clamping plate by the fixed bolt, and the other ends of the upper and the lower clamping plates are jointly penetrated by the movable bolt; the end part of each clamping plate is provided with an adjusting bolt; and the adjusting bolts are vertical to the movable bolt and the ends of the adjusting bolts are propped against the movable bolt. When the metallographic polishing clamp is used, a user only need to put the work pieces needing to be polished between the upper and the lower clamping plates, adjust the adjusting bolts, and push the movable bolt to move inwards to clamp the work pieces. The metallographic polishing clamp has a simple structure and can be lightly operated by one person with one hand; and ten samples can be simultaneously polished at one time, so the manufacturing efficiency of the metallographic samples is greatly improved.


The subjects of this report are identical (monozygotic) twin boys who differ in auditory function. One has normal hearing; the other has a profound hearing loss bilaterally. These boys offered a rare opportunity to study the effects of hearing loss on vocal development with reasonable control over environmental and genetic factors. This initial report focuses on their vocal development over the sampled ages of 8, 12, and 15 months. Acoustic-phonetic differences in the babbling of the two boys were evident in the 8-month sample (the first recording opportunity), and some differences between them became greater over the succeeding samples at 12 and 15 months. The major differences were in (a) the formant patterns of vocalic elements; (b) the frequency of occurrence of fricatives, affricates, and trills; (e) histograms of syllable type; and (d) variation in vowel usage. The data hold implications for the early identification of infants at risk for communication disorder and for the understanding of auditory-mot0r processes in phonetic development during infancy. It is important for clinical and theoretical purposes to know (a) if hearing-impaired infants babble and, in the case that they do, (b) if they babble differently from infants with normal hearing. Published reports offer a rang e of answers. Mowrer (1950} concluded from infor- mation he received from one teacher of the hearing impaired that hearing-impaired infants do not babble. Others have written that hearing-impaired infants may begin to babble in essentially the same way as normal hearing infants, but that the hearing-impaired infants cease to babble or at least diminish, rather than increase, their babbling vocalizations during the second half year of life (Anderson & Newby, 1973; Maskarinee, Cairns, Butterfield, & Weamer, 1981; Mavilya, 1972; Meers, 1976; Murai, 1961). Most reports based on reliable obser- vation methods indicate that hearing-impaired infants do in fact babble, so it is reasonably safe to draw this conclusion for the first question posed above. About two decades ago, Lenneberg, Rebelsky, and Nichols (i965) and Lenneberg (1967) suggested that the vocalizations of hearing-impaired and hearing infants are much the same in the first half year but diverge in phonetic character thereafter. Smith and Stoel-Gammon (1977) observed similarities between the vocalizations of four moderately-to-profoundly hearing-impaired infants and the vocalizations of infants with normal hearing. These similarities, apparent during the first year of life, included (a) a shift from a dorsal-consonant predom- inance to a predominance of coronal and labial conso- nants at about 6 months and (b) a relatively low frequency of occurrence of low and back vowels. Stark (1983) con- eluded from a study of 11 heating-impaired children, aged 15--'24 months, that the spontaneous vocalizations of these children resembled those of normal hearing infants in some respects but differed in other respects. The differences that Were observed between normal hearing and hearing-impaired infants judged to be at similar levels of vocal development were in the inventory of vowel-like and consonant-like elements rather than syl- lable shapes. Generally, the hearing-impaired infants had a smaller inventory of phonetic elements. Oller, Eilers, Bull, and Carney (1985) compared the speech-like vocal- izations of 1 hearing-impalred infant to those of 11 hear- ing infants and concluded that the hearing-impaired sub- jeet's vocalizations were strikingly different. Oller et al. concluded that the hearing-impaired infant's vocaliza- tions over the age period of 8-13 months were more like those of hearing infants at 4-6 months. Stoel-Gammon and Otomo (1986) described both qualitative and quanti- tative differences in the babbling of normally hearing and hearing-impaired infants. After 8 months of age, the hearing-impaired subjects were observed to produce a smaller repertoire of consonant sounds than the hearing infants. Moreover, whereas the number of consonant phones increased for the hearing infants, the number either was static or declined for the hearing-impaired subjects. It also was observed that the hearing-impaired infants younger than 18 months produced a smaller pro- portion of consonant-vowel (CV) strings with true conso- nants. Stoel-Gammon and Otomo concluded that "atypi- cal babbling patterns are associated with hearing impair- ment" (p. 40). It is difficult for several reasons to draw a decisive conclusion with respect to the second question: Do hear- ing-impaired infants babble differently from hearing in- fants? The issue is clouded by many factors, including (a) © 1987, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 64 0022-4677/87/5201-0064g01.00/0


Diabetes mellitus is a heterogenic disease occurring as a result of hereditary and acquired factors, hereditary factors and obesity. Obesity can cause insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. The employed method of TEStherapy in complex treatment of diabetes mellitus increased secretion of insulin and sensitivity of tissues to insulin.


CSR is moral responsibility and obligation of corporate world to contribute towards social cause and sustainable development of the community at large. Purpose of study was to find, compare, and analyze the extent of CSR activities undertaken and funds spent by selected nationalized and private banks in India, Maharashtra, and Pune.


The hardware implementation of a low complexity Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) decoder is described. The design of the LDPC decoder optimized on minimizing the amount of hardware resources necessary for implementation. In addition to implementation details, design tradeoffs considered in the development of the LDPC decoder are discussed. The intended application of the LDPC decoder is a nonlinear satellite communications channel. The nonlinearities and communications signal perturbations include Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), phase noise, phase imbalance, and a model satellite high power amplifier nonlinearity. The LDPC decoder performance is then characterized in the satellite channel.


Meaningful experiences in reading and writing have a major role in constituting subjects who see themselves as readers and authors. Early on, deaf children generally have little participation in social practices related to writing, which puts them at a disadvantage in relation to their expectations and hypotheses about this mode. Considering that children have their first contact with this language modality in the family and that the role of the school is to teach writing in its full diversity, this study aims to analyze and discuss literacy practices encountered at the home and school environments of a group of deaf children. The study was conducted with 12 teachers from regular schools and 12 parents, centering on deaf students who were registered at the Centro de Atendimento Especializado em Surdez (CAES), an in-service program in a neighbor city in the metropolitan area of Curitiba, Parana. Interviews were conducted with the parents focusing on aspects related to reading practices at home. Questionnaires (with open and closed questions) were used to collect data with the teachers, focusing on written language practices in the classroom. Results show that reading and writing practices are quite limited in the family environment. This raises issues about how deaf children are (or are not) being immersed in the world of writing in order to constitute themselves as literate beings. Likewise, in school environments, reading and writing practices are still mainly conducted using textbooks, revealing a lack of diversity in the kinds of written material that makes its way into the classroom.


1. Wechalekar AD, Gillmore JD, Hawkins PN. Systemic amyloidosis. Lancet 2016; 387: 2641–54. 2. Renker T, Haneke E, R€ ocken C et al. Systemic light-chain amyloidosis revealed by progressive nail involvement, diffuse alopecia and sicca syndrome: report of an unusual case with a review of the literature. Dermatology 2014; 228: 97–102. 3. Mancuso G, Fanti PA, Berdondini RM. Nail changes as the only skin abnormality in myeloma-associated systemic amyloidosis. Br. J. Dermatol. 1997; 137: 471–2. 4. Xu J, Tahan S, Jan F et al. Nail dystrophy as the initial sign of multiple myeloma-associated systemic amyloidosis. J. Cutan. Pathol. 2016; 43: 543–5. 5. Yoon SH, Cho JH, Jung HY et al. Exceptional mucocutaneous manifestations with amyloid nephropathy: a case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 2018; 12: 241. 6. Oberlin KE, Wei EX, Cho-Vega JH et al. Nail Changes of Systemic Amyloidosis After Bone-Marrow Transplantation in a Patient With Multiple Myeloma. JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152: 1395–6.


A number of questions are asked about food and dairy education, e.g., how are current needs of industry met by the colleges teaching dairying? The colleges are committed to programmes in which all intellectual skills are developed. This development can properly take place only within a practical environment.


This study examines the degree to which the world's largest slavery memorial and arts center enacts emerging theorizations of postcolonial memory to connect the Caribbean's colonial history to legacies of human exploitation both transnationally and transtemporally. Situated literally on top of the former Darboussier sugar factory site, the Mémorial ACTe is a lieu de mémoire that invites a palimpsestic approach to its symbolic location, architecture, and museography. Through a consideration of contemporary art, first in the ephemeral occupation by artists of the Darboussier ruins pre-demolition and then in the MACTe's permanent and temporary exhibitions, we argue that artists are not only uniquely positioned to preserve the memory traces of lesser-known histories, but that their work is particularly adept at articulating interconnections between various moments of racialized violence.


Five-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) are the most common types of multi-phase synchronous motors. Five-phase PMSMs have remarkable advantages such as reduced torque pulsation, higher fault tolerance capability and higher reliability compared to the three-phase counterparts. They also offer additional inherent degrees of freedom which can be used for fault-tolerant operation. However, stresses on the PMSMs such as electrical, thermal, and environmental are increasing and therefore lead to the total failure of these motors. The major faults of electrical machines can be classified as bearing, stator windings, demagnetization of the magnets, and eccentricity faults. The tolerable faults of rotating electrical machines which have the highest rate among the total faults are stator-related faults. Since drives of multi-phase machines consist more power switches compared to drives of conventional three-phase machines, the possibility of open-phase faults is higher than other type of faults. Therefore, fault tolerance of open-phase faults becomes more important nowadays. The fault-tolerant controller (FTC) is used to compensate the open-phase faults. An FTC is required to determine the type of fault and intervene immediately to implement appropriate control strategy to ensure the continuous operation. In this study, an FTC system is proposed for a five-phase PMSM under open-phase faults in one and two phases. Under faulty conditions of PMSM, the proposed FTC system improves the average output torque and reduces the ripples in the torque and speed significantly.


Steam turbine generating unit is the core equipment of thermal power plant.During its installation,the quality of its coupling alignment directly affects its safe operation and production and economic benefits of the power plant.Much technical details exist in its coupling alignment.This article introduces the coupling alignment method and points which are paid the attention to during the steam turbine installation.


Horse Hair Blight (HHB) is an epiphytic fungus which is not considered phytopathogenic. However, under the hot and humid conditions prevailing in the low country, its proliferation in a habitat like tea bush canopies can cause heavy physical hindrance in major operations such as plucking and pruning. The objectives of this study were to identify the major contributory factors that influence the incidence of HHB in tea gardens while assessing the level of adoption of the recommended remedial measures. This study was conducted in tea gardens that go under water during floods and that do not, in Nivitigala and Elapatha Tea Inspector Ranges in Ratnapura. Primary and secondary data were collected and a field survey using pre tested structured questionnaires by visiting 104 randomly selected tea-small-holder-farmers. The severity of the problem in each field was assessed using the field disease key index and categorized as per the severity of disease spread. Approximately 86% of the surveyed sample has recorded HHB at different intensities. However, a majority of the cases were at moderate levels. Environmental factors seem to be the most important determinants to the occurrence of HHB. Highly significant relationships were seen between the HHB and shade level, soil texture, age of the crop and the type of cultivar. No yield reductions were observed due to HHB. However, it was found to affect the bush health. More than the social standing of the individual, the economic reasons, extent of skills of the available labour and the lack of awareness has an effect on the prevalence of the HHB. Keywords: HHB-Horse Hair Blight; Tea; Low Country; Sri Lanka DOI: 10.4038/jas.v4i2.1645 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 2009, vol. 4, no. 2 pp.59-66


a survey of roberto rossellini's filmmaking career with particular emphasis on the continuities and differences between the World War II films of his early career and the later dramatization of an older scientific, religious, and political history. KeyWorDs roberto rossellini, Rome Open City, Paisan, Blaise Pascal, The Taking of Power by Louis XIV Filming The Taking of Power by Louis XIV in France Courtesy of Fondazione rosselini, rome. D ow naded rom http://online.ucpress.eduf/64/3/25/92000/fq_2011_64_3_25.pdf by gest on 03 June 2020


Objective To study the effect of Xuesaitong on peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) count and serum content of S-100B protein in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and to study the probable mechanism of Xuesaitong in treatment of ACI.Methods A total of 118 patients with ACI were randomly divided into group A and group B, and all of them received Xuesaitong and routine treatment, patients in group A additionally received intravenous infusion of Xuesaitong. Then peripheral blood WBC count and serum content of S-100B protein were determined and compared with those of 10 healthy adults being as normal control group. Changes in peripheral blood WBC count and serum content of S-100B protein in patients of both groups were observed after the course of treatment.Results ①Serum content of S-100B protein and peripheral blood WBC count in ACI patients were significantly higher than those of patients in normal control group (P0.01), moreover, at each time-point, the increment of serum content of S-100B protein and peripheral blood WBC count were positively correlated with scores of Clinical Neurological Deficit Degree Scale in patients with ACI. ②Serum content of S-100B protein was positively correlated with peripheral blood WBC count in ACI patients (r=0.6837,P0.01). ③Serum content of S-100B protein and peripheral blood WBC count in ACI patients were decreased after treatment for 30 days, and the decrement of patients in group A was obviously significant than that of patients in group B (P0.05) . Patients in group A had a favorable outcome when they discharged from the hospital.Conclusion Xuesaitong can decrease serum content of S-100B protein and peripheral blood WBC count in ACI patients, and its effect may probably be related to the abatement of inflammatory reaction of brain cells mediated by S-100B protein and peripheral WBC.


Objective To provide scientific evidences for Xinjiang educational department to implement and carry out sexuality and health education program among undergraduates on the basis of investigation about the current state of knowledge,attitudes and practice about sex among undergraduates in Xinjiang.Methods By adopting multistage sampling,an anonymous investigation was distributed to 5,110 undergraduates from seven colleges and universities in Xinjiang.Besides,factors which influence premarital sexual behavior was illustrated by non-conditional Logistic regression.Results The awareness of sexual knowledge was relatively inadequate among undergraduates of Xinjiang.78.2% of undergraduates hold a supportive and understandable attitude towards the premarital sexual behavior.17.3% of undergraduates have had premarital sexual experience in Xinjiang.The analysis of Logistic regression showed that the factors which influence premarital sexual behavior include whether or not having been in the relationship,intimacy behaviors and the attitudes towards the premarital sexual behavior,etc.Conclusion The sexuality and health education must be strengthened among undergraduates of Xinjiang,the cultural backgrounds of undergraduates of different nationalities being fully considered.Effective measures should be carried out.


The topoisomerase II (TOP2)-associated DNA cleavage activity and the DNA sequence preference of 20 antitumor drugs, including 15 TOP2-interacting compounds, have been defined. Four major classes of drugs have been identified: (i) those which enhanced the stabilization of cleavable complexes at a single major site (e.g. amsacrine, doxorubicin), or (ii) at many sites (e.g. etoposide, azatoxin), with chemically related compounds having very similar, although not identical, cleavage patterns (e.g. etoposide, GL331 and Top-53); (iii) those which inhibited DNA breakage (e.g. aclarubicin, actinomycin D); and (iv) those which did not visibly interfere with TOP2-mediated cleavable complexes (e.g. ICRF-187, camptothecin). All drugs tested induced similar overall patterns of sites of preferred DNA cleavage, in the presence either of the two known isoforms, TOP2alpha or TOP2beta, although relative intensities of signals at each position varied. It has been further shown that etoposide and its derivatives blocked the religation step downstream of the DNA cleavage step, whereas amsacrine, ellipticine, azatoxin and genistein acted upstream through enhancement of DNA cleavage. The information provided by this mechanistically based comparison can now be exploited in designing or synthesizing novel TOP2-interacting agents.