A Schottky barrier height of 0.82 eV is reported on n‐InP. This is obtained by a new technique which may have much more general applications. In order to control the Fermi level at InP interfaces, we propose a new method using Sb interlayers at metal‐InP interfaces. The deposition of two monolayers of Sb followed by annealing near 300 °C gives nearly the flatband condition for both n‐ and p‐type InP indicating that there is no significant density of Sb‐induced states in the gap. Au and Ag are nonreactive on these Sb‐passivated surfaces, while Pd, Cu, and Al are reactive. Although Schottky barrier heights on n‐InP without Sb interlayers range from 0.3 to 0.55 eV, those with Sb interlayers fall in a range from 0.45 to 0.85 eV. The modification of the Schottky barrier heights by the Sb is striking especially in nonreactive cases (Au and Ag). In this case, the surface Fermi level shows a tendency to converge at about 0.55 eV (±0.05 eV) above the valence‐band maximum for both n‐ and p‐type InP. A defect model ...


The kinetics of two-dimensional phase transitions of sulfide, iodide, bromide, and chloride ions on Ag(111) was investigated at anionic concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-4 to 1 × 10-3 M by measuring the time dependence of the charge following steps from a potential negative enough to exclude anionic adsorption to a potential in the range of stability of either the first or the second, more compressed, ordered overlayer of the anions. The kinetic behavior is interpreted by a model that accounts for diffusion-controlled random adsorption of the anions, followed by progressive polynucleation and growth. When stepping to the potential range of stability of the second overlayer, the kinetic behavior is accounted for by assuming that the passage from total desorption to the second overlayer occurs via the intermediate formation of the first one.


Pump / motor (12) and the drive assembly for the reproduction drive system incorporating the electro-hydraulic control system (13) (11) (10). Incorporated in lorries, when the lorry is decelerating assembly second clutch portion (10) (20) is engaged with the first clutch part (19), whereby the pump / motors ( 12) to drive. Pump / motor (12) is inoperable by the operation of the clutch (18).


Let ${\mathcal L} A(H)$ be the Lebesgue-Fourier space of a hypergroup $H$ considered as a Banach space on $H$. In addition ${\mathcal L}A(H)$ is a Banach algebra with the multiplication inherited from $L^1(H)$. Moreover If $H$ is a regular Fourier hypergroup, ${\mathcal L}A(H)$ is a Banach algebra with pointwise multiplication. We study the amenability and character amenability of these two Banach algebras.


To study the effects of using superabsorbent polymers on physiological  two hybris of maize  in deficit Irrigation condition .an experiment carried out in split plot factorial based on  completely Randomized Block design (RCBD) with three replication in 2012years. Deficit Irrigation was applied by three different Irrigation amount . Super absorbent polymers in 3 levels were and two veriety of maize allocated in sub plots. there was significant difference between Irrigation  levels in all experimental Traits by increasing in deficit irrigation. Results of this research showed water stress significantly decreased  relative water content (RWC) LAI,Ash percentage  in both hybrids, and increased Cell membrane percentage and SPAD,ADF percent.whereas the application of super absorbent polymer compensated the negative effect of drought stress, especially in high rates of polymer application .These mentioned rates of polymer had the best effect to all of the studied traits. These findings can be suggested that the irrigation intervals of corn could be increased by application of super absorbent polymer.


In the area around Kalpintag thrust system, earthquakes occurred frequently and intensively. The fundamental data and detailed investigation about active tectonics and the law of earthquake recurrence in this region are desiderated. So, 12 scenes of Landsat-7 ETM digital images are chosen and processed exclusively for the active tectonics. Then, two color composite images of 30m-resolution over the region are portrayed with bands 3-2-1 and bands 7-4-3 as R-G-B respectively, while two color composite images of 15m-resolution over the field workaround are fused with bands 3-2-1-8 and bands 7-4-3-8, respectively. With these resulting images, we designed some geological interpretation criteria for active tectonics of Kalpintag thrust system. According to these criteria, active tectonics of the area around Kalpintag thrust system are interpreted with scales of 500000, while those of three sites on the field workaround are interpreted in detail with scales of 50000, by means of contrastive interpretation with two kinds of different images at one time. At last, the field investigation confirmed that the used techniques of processing and interpretation in this research were resultful.


TWO HUNDRED years ago Benjamin Franklin, by vocation a printer and journalist, and by avocation, a politician, diplomat, philosopher, and scientist, was spending his "avocation time" experimenting with static electricity and the newly invented Leyden jar. He presently came to the conclusion that the discharges from a Leyden jar were similar in general character to those occuring during a thunderstorm. But how to prove this conclusion experimentally? With a little shed in a small field near Philadelphia as a laboratory and with his precious Leyden jar and a kite as experimental equipment, and a thunderstorm as a source of electricity, Franklin in 1752 proved his theory. He thereby demonstrated conclusively that a lightning discharge is neither a display of the power or wrath of deities nor of the arrogance of devils, but rather is a large-scale demonstration of the silk cloth and glass tube experiment. Franklin's experimental work was of necessity of a qualitative nature. However, he blazed a trail that has been assiduously followed and greatly widened and extended by the man who has been awarded the Edison Medal for 1949, the highest honor bestowed by the Institute for meritorious achievements in "electrical science, electrical engineering, or the electrical arts."


Two functionally different memory T cell subsets were originally defined based on their different CCR7 expression profile, but the lineage relationship between these subsets referred to as central memory T cells (TCM) and effector memory T cells (TEM), is not resolved. A prevalent model proposes a linear progressive differentiation from TCM to TEM. Our results demonstrate that on activation, human CCR7−CD62L− peripheral blood CD8+ and CD4+ TEM cells exhibit a dynamic differentiation, involving transient as well as stable changes to TCM phenotype and properties. Whereas the larger fraction of TEM cells increases expression of effector molecules, such as perforin or IFN-γ, a smaller fraction first acquires CCR7 expression. We demonstrate that this acquisition of lymph node homing potential is associated with strong proliferation similar to that of activated TCM cells. After proliferation, most of these cells lose CCR7 expression again and acquire effector functions (e.g., perforin production). A small proportion (∼6%), however, maintain phenotypic and functional TCM properties over a long time interval. These results suggest that TEM cells provide immediate effector function by a fraction of cells as well as self-renewal by others through up-regulation of CCR7 followed by either secondary peripheral effector function or long term maintenance of TCM-like properties.


Abstract Gaining knowledge of tidewater glacier (TWG) margin evolution, solid ice flux and their responses to climate over large spatio-temporal scales provides valuable context for the projection of future Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) change. Although studies of sector-wide responses of TWGs exist, studies at an ice-sheet-wide scale have only just become feasible. Here, we present a dataset of 224 annual TWG margins for 1984–2017 (n = 3801), showing that averaged over regional scales, normalised terminus change is linear. Regionally linear retreat trends were identified across most sectors of the GrIS starting in the mid-1990s, although in contrast to previous studies, the northeastern sector is shown to have experienced sustained retreat since the mid-1980s. Through cointegration analyses, individual glaciers are shown to have differing sensitivities to potential climate drivers, though on a sector-wide scale the northwest and southeast are shown to be especially sensitive to annual sea surface temperature and June–July–August air temperature, respectively. Although 92% of the analysed glaciers experience retreat across the GrIS, observed increases in absolute flux for the entire ice sheet can be explained by changes in just 11 of these TWGs.


The history of a patient is presented in which severe carbon dioxide narcosis and right heart failure resulted from long standing pulmonary emphysema. The usual cardiac regime was ineffective and relief was obtained by the use of simple intermittent positive pressure therapy on compressed air. It is suggested that pulmonary hypertension from the hypercapnia may be the controlling factor in patients of this type.


The spring-induced compression of water-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under an electric field is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Due to the incompressibility and polarity of water, the mechanical property of CNTs can be tuned through filling with water molecules and applying an electric field. To explore the variation of the mechanical property of water-filled CNTs, the effects of the CNT length, the filling density and the electric field intensity are examined. The simulation results indicate that the water filling and electric field can result in a slight change in the elastic property (the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio) of water-filled CNTs. However, the yield stress and average post-buckling stress exhibit a significant response to the water density and electric field intensity. As compared to hollow CNTs, the increment in yield stress of the water-filled CNTs under an electric field of 2.0 V Å−1 is up to 35.29%, which is even higher than that resulting from metal filling. The findings from this study provide a valuable theoretical basis for designing and fabricating the controlling units at the nanoscale.


The paper elaborated the scientific spirit and humanistic value of mathematics with large number of examples.In the process of teaching mathematics,we should display the beauty of mathematics,and reveal the mathematical thinking and mining the mathematical spirit.The practice shows that focusing on the development of mathematics,cultural and educational function can help to shape the students'sound personality,to develop their innovation and practical ability,to enhance their mathematical literacy and scientific literacy.


The known prolinol ether (Ia) and the new derivative (Ib) are tested in the enantioselective domino Michael—Knoevenagel reaction of aldehyde (II) with diester (III).


This study aims to identify the improvement of students' creative thinking skills through the Project Based Learning model. The method used was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest one group design. In this case the test before treatment and after treatment was used and did not use the comparison class. The research subjects were 36 students of class XI IPS 2 in the 2019/2020 academic year, with research material on balanced nutrition practices. The research data obtained came from the analysis of the observation sheet during the learning process and the description questions in the pretest-posttest. The data collected were analyzed using the percentage technique and processed descriptively. From the analysis process, it was shown that there were differences in students' creative thinking skills before and after being treated with PjBL. There is an increase in the percentage of all indicators of creative thinking skills consisting of flexibility, fluency, originality and elaboration. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the Poject Based Learning learning model can improve students' creative thinking skills in balanced nutrition practice activities.


Stable prediction of prognosis is significant for better individualized treatment of patients with breast cancer. Different methods have been proposed to predict the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Traditional classifiers were mostly based on gene signatures, which were less practical due to their poor stability. Recently, a classifier based on deep learning improved this problem, but there were still other shortcomings. In this paper, we proposed the classifier based on gene synergistic network. Firstly, we considered the fact that one single gene had no effect on the clinical outcome in breast cancer patients but that two genes may work together to affect the clinical outcome, and we used the uncertainty coefficient to measure the relationship between the two gene and the clinical outcome. Based on three kinds of synergistic relationships, we constructed three gene synergistic networks. Then each community in the networks was used to establish a weak classifier. Finally, using majority voting strategy, the weak classifiers with great classification ability were integrated into an ensembled classifier. The predicted results of different data sets showed our classifier was superior to the traditional classifiers and had great stability. In addition, the result of function annotation showed that the genes involved in our classifier were of biological significance and related to cancer, indicating that the gene synergistic networks were meaningful. In conclusion, a community in gene synergistic network can reveal a specific biological process in the prognosis of breast cancer patients, and several communities can contribute to studying biological mechanism in cancer metastasis, thus the ensemble classifier based on gene synergistic network performed well in both accuracy and stability.


We propose a new approach to model costly international trade, which includes the standard approach, the "iceberg" transport cost, as a special case. The key idea is to make the technologies of supplying the good depend on the destination of the good. To demonstrate our approach, we extend the Ricardian model with a continuum of goods, due to Dornbusch, Fischer and Samuelson (1977), by introducing multiple factors of production and by making each industry consist of the domestic division, which supplies the good at home, and the export division, which supplies the good abroad. If the two divisions differ only in the total factor productivity, our model becomes isomorphic to the DFS model with the iceberg transport cost. When the two divisions differ also in the factor intensity, globalization changes the relative factor prices in the same direction across the countries, in sharp contrast to the usual Stolper-Samuelson effect, which suggests that the relative factor prices move in different directions in different countries.


Video data mining is an emerging research area and some of the existing classifications are unable to highlight the "novelty" nature of the data mining.This paper attempts to clarify these problems.According to the characteristics of data mining and video sequences,concept of video data mining is defined in a narrow sense and a broad sense respectively.The broad definition is classified into two categories:descriptive video data mining and predictive video data mining.This paper proposes a technique taxonomy framework,discusses some existing approache.It makes an expectation on valuable future work in this area.


The shielding effectiveness (SE) of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite is investigated by a set of pulsed field generator considering the low-frequency magnetic near field produced by lightning. The incident filed is produced with a loop antenna driven by 12kA pulsed current and the field inside a 1m×1m×1m CFRP cavity is measured. Frequency domain transfer function of the shielding layer is analyzed based on time-domain measured waveforms. The result show CFRP has very small SE below 1MHz. The effect of such low frequency magnetic field within CFRP structure should be paid more attention in lightning protection.


The article "Yellowstone rising again from ashes of devastating fires" by Richard Stone (Research News, 5 June, p. [1527][1]) describes the struggle to rationalize the official burning of the forests of Yellowstone in 1988. Independent observers who know the status of the park today say that the rosy picture of renewal presented by the National Park Service and by ecologists quoted in this article is not accurate. The photograph shown of young trees sprouting among the blackened tree stumps does not typify 90% of the previously forested areas decimated by the all-consuming fires.

![Figure][2]

Yellowstone forest, after the fire

Ecologists who defend the controversial "let forest fires burn" policy that could well destroy the rest of our national parks if it is applied inappropriately do not fully take into account the vast cemetery of burned, rotting, and bug-infested tree stumps that is all that remains of 320,000 hectares of once-beautiful Yellowstone forests, the millions of small animals that were incinerated, and the thousands of tons of topsoil that have washed into stream beds because the stabilizing vegetation was destroyed. The ecologists quoted imply that those who latter struggled to stop the Yellowstone fires in 1988 were misguided, ecologically ignorant souls (this includes most of the general public, leaders of Congress, and the president of the United States at the time).

The "miraculous" forest renewal that is described also occurs after controlled burns during off-peak fire season; these burns clean up the forest and make it fire tolerant. Controlled burns at the proper time generally do not incinerate the entire forest and all living things. The cruel irony is that the Park Service has spent more money in the last 10 years to rationalize what it did to Yellowstone than would have been required to carry out a program of controlled burns that could have saved the Yellowstone forest that was destroyed.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.280.5369.1527
 [2]: pending:yes


Proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)is a common sequel to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment,and it is also the leading cause of failure in surgery.Connective tissue growth factor plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of PVR.This article briefly reviews there search advances on PVR and connective tissue growth factor in recent years.

Key words:
Connective tissue growth factor; Vitreoretinopathy, proliferative; Retinal pigment epithelium


The magnetization dynamics of single-crystalline Fe 001 thin films with Cr cap layers has been studied by an all-optical time-resolved pump-probe technique. The system is characterized by a fourfold in-plane magnetic anisotropy. We observed long-lived 1 ns magnetization oscillations caused by the ultrafast 0.15 ps optical pulse excitation. The oscillations are associated with the temporal variation of the magnetization component Mz normal to the film surface. The phase of the oscillations is independent of the polarization state of the pump beam giving evidence for a predominantly thermal origin of the excitation. The amplitude of the oscillations considerably depends on the in-plane orientation and magnitude of the magnetic field. The azimuthal variation of the oscillation frequency at constant magnetic field follows the fourfold in-plane magnetic anisotropy. Angle and field variations of the frequency are well described by a uniform precession mode known from the theory of ferromagnetic resonance. Our analysis indicates that the precession amplitude is determined by the frequency of the uniform mode and an in-plane tilting of the effective magnetic field directly caused by the pumping light beam.


—Demands for higher data rates is an inevitable fact. Therefore, the effect of the frequency selectivity and time variation of communication channels will be more significant. One effective technique to combat the doubly dispersive channels is generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) scheme. Nevertheless, nonorthogonality of the used prototype filter can deteriorate the GFDM performance. On the other hand, intelligent reflecting sur- face (IRS) is a new revolutionary technology for future wireless networks. IRS can smartly reconfigure the propagation environment in order to improve the efficiency of the communication systems. In this article, IRS is applied in a GFDM communication system to enhance the system's performance. In this way, an IRS-assisted GFDM communication system model is proposed. The goal is to design the reflecting coefficients of the IRS such that the total noise powerataGFDMblockisminimized.Inordertoobtainaneffectivesolution,theoptimizationproblemisconvertedtoaquadratically constrainedquadraticprogram(QCQP).ThedevelopedQCQPproblemisconvex,whichcanbesolvedbyusinganiterative algorithm.Ananalyticalderivationofthemaximumachievablerate(MAR)andbiterrorrate(BER)oftheproposedIRS-assisted GFDMsystemisprovided.Also,insimulations,theperformanceoftheproposedmethodiscomparedwiththeconventionalGFDM systemintermsofMARandBER.SimulationresultsconfirmthatusingIRSbyemployingtheproposedmethoddramatically improvestheperformanceofaGFDMsystem.


In spite of the high amount of recent interest in the content based retrieval of images and video little attention has been directed towards audio. This paper will initially review the existing indexing, retrieval and browsing techniques for audio. A brief survey of the existing data models used for audio data will be performed and their propensity for content based retrieval evaluated. Since it is likely that the most effective methods for these tasks would be perceptually congruent some salient psychoacoustic and neurocognitive attributes will be presented. Following this a new representation specifically catering for compressed retrieval and browsing of audio will be discussed.


In view of the importance of quality control to highstrength concrete in winter construction the selection of concrete materials as well as construction control measures in winter are discussed in depth.Author points out that resolving the influences of the selection and use of raw materials and additives to concrete is a major research job in the future.


Review of 40-year energy development and energy analyses in Yugoslavia mostly oriented in the basic principles. Analysis of basic elements of energy development and of the evolution of energy expert's views. Energy future perspectives and dilemas


Fractographic examination revealed that the pistons in question have failed by fatigue. Multiple fatigue crack initiation was detected at the crack origin region. Microstructural study indicates that the premature fatigue crack initiation was due to presence of defects in the material such as high amount of MnS inclusions and incipient melting. In view of the above, it is recommended to use cleaner steel and ascertain close control over the secondary processing parameters.


"This paper reviews the literature on occupational diseases in 19th-century France published in the first three series of Annales d'Hygiene Publique et de Medecine Legale (1829


The invention relates to flexographic printing elements which can be digitally imaged, for producing flexographic printing plates which can be developed using hydrocarbon-including washout products, and which have a polar, ultra-thin oxygen-blocking barrier layer between the photopolymerizable layer and the layer that can be digitally imprinted. The invention also relates to a method for producing flexographic printing plates using said flexographic printing elements which can be digitally imaged, by imaging, exposure, washout, drying and post-treatment, the washout being done by means of hydrocarbon-including washout products.


According to the characteristics of tunnel construction and the structural form of traditional lining formwork trolley, this paper analyzes the shortcomings of the traditional lining formwork trolley structure, and designs a portal lining formwork trolley at both ends. The arched formwork structure is used as the bearing concrete The core component of pouring pressure, innovatively adopts the new frame structure form of "two-end portal + middle truss", which optimizes the structure of the trolley, reduces the manufacturing cost, improves the construction efficiency and quality of the lining construction, and reduces the space occupied by the trolley, which expands the working space, improves ventilation and worker working environment. And through the Midas software, the displacement analysis and check calculation of the key parts of the lining formwork trolley frame, formwork and screw are carried out. The results show that the structure design of the new lining trolley is reasonable. Compared with the traditional lining template trolley, the structural strength and bearing capacity are improved. Under the most unfavorable load, the displacement of key components of the trolley meets the construction requirements. It provides a reference for the optimization and upgrading of the traditional lining formwork trolley.


The transition from cash to accrual accounting is said to change a government's perception of its budget quite fundamentally. Although an exorbitant number of governments have reformed the mode of accounting at high costs in past years, reliable empirical evidence of consequences on their financial situation and decision-making is still scarce. In this paper, budget variables are analysed which are hypothesized to react to the reform: investment expenditure and revenue from asset sales. Microdata from 1,100 local governments in the German state of Baden-Württemberg over the period 2005-2016 is exploited with different matching techniques combined with the conditional DiD estimator. Results imply a robust effect on municipal investment behaviour; evidence for sales revenue remains weak. The findings corroborate recent empirical results. For the first time a common understanding of the budgetary effects of the accrual accounting reform seems to be emerging.


The recent emergence of the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with large numbers of mutations has raised concern about a potential new surge in infections. Here we use molecular dynamics to study the biophysics of the interface of the omicron spike protein binding to (i) the ACE2 receptor protein, (ii) antibodies from all known binding regions, and (iii) the furin binding domain. Our simulations suggest that while there is significant reduction of antibody binding strength corresponding to escape, the omicron spike pays a cost in terms of weaker receptor binding. The furin cleavage domain is the same or weaker binding than the alpha variant, suggesting less viral load and disease intensity than the extant delta variant.


After sketching the main features of Moore's version of legal moralism, and its connection to the type of retributivism that he espouses, I note its expansiveness, both as to the kinds of wrong and as to the range of agents that we have in principle reason to criminalise. I argue that we should instead ground a more modest legal moralism in the traditional idea of crimes as public wrongs and (in response to Moore's criticisms of that idea) that we can begin to give it substantial content by beginning with the idea of the public realm that any polity must determine for itself; the way in which codes of professional ethics are developed on the basis of an account of the proper scope of the profession provides a useful illustration of this method.


The diagnostic significance of WFA+-M2BP was assessed for establishing the degree of liver fibrosis and predicting the risk of developing liver chirrosis. We examined 41 naive patients with chronic viral hepatitis and viral liver chirrosis. The results of the conducted studies indicate that the serum LF marker WFA+-M2BP is useful in chronic viral hepatitis for assessing the degree of liver damage.


Prefabricated assembly technology has become an important direction for the development of subway underground stations. Comprehensively considering the three factors of stress, waterproof and construction environment, this paper proposes a set of prefabricated and cast-in-place assembly plans for subway stations. On the premise of ensuring that the overall stress form of subway station frame does not change significantly, the detailed prefabricated joint structure is designed, which effectively solves the waterproof problem of underground structure. The combination of permanent column and temporary column is realized, the investment of formwork support is reduced, and the assembly construction process of subway station is greatly simplified.


However, by presenting the findings as unimportant also feels like a disservice to the paper findings? As so much recent research into the climate system illustrates, the simultaneous interannual variability of Earth System components does reveal much about potential long-term changes under global warming. Indeed the entire Emergent Constraint concept is based on such an approach. Hence, when placed in that context, the quite specific findings of this analysis become particularly important. I would encourage the authors to at least consider talking about this in the Future Directions part of the manuscript. When parts of ENSO are in a particular phase, what does it tell us about the terrestrial carbon store response, should general climate warming be in that state in a persistent way?


Organizational and technical system of a manufacturing enterprise was identified, which includes three subsystems: main production, industrial and social infrastructure. Based on the results of cognitive modeling, significant system concepts were identified that reduce the risks of incidents. The internal control influences formed in accordance with level of competence of heads of services, departments, sections, dispatchers, acting on the basis of regulations, job profiles. The second concept influencing the enterprise management system is personnel, which is assessed by the compliance of competencies of crane operators, loader operators, slingers, loaders, and acceptance/delivery agents to job responsibilities and labor functions. At a low level of professional competencies, the personnel does not fully comply with job duties and labor functions, the risk of an incident is maximal. The application of cognitive modeling allows us to identify the essential elements that ensure stable functioning of the system as a whole.


Allen, Jeremiah. Anti Sealing as an Industry ........ ................ 423 Arnott, RichardJ., and Lewis, Frank D. The Transition of Land to Urban Use ....................................................... 161 Ashenfelter, Orley, and Ham, John. Education, Unemployment, and Earnings .................................................... S99 Ashenfelter, Orley, and Smith, Robert S. Compliance with the Minimum Wage Law ................................................... 333 Auerbach, Alan J. Inflation and the Choice of Asset Life ..... ....... 621 Bailey, Martinj. The Possibility of Rational Social Choice in an Economy ....................................................... 37 Bardhan, Pranab K. Wages and Unemployment in a Poor Agrarian Economy: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis ..... ........... 479 Barro, RobertJ. On the Determination of the Public Debt ..... ...... 940 Baum, Christopher F. See Stern, Robert M. Baumol, WilliamJ. Quasi Optimality: The Price We Must Pay for a Price System ...................................................... 578 Becker, Gary S., and Tomes, Nigel. An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility ..... ........ 1153 Benjamin, Daniel K., and Kochin, Levis A. Searching for an Explanation of Unemployment in Interwar Britain ...... ................... 441 Bentick, Brian L. The Impact of Taxation and Valuation Practices on the Timing and Efficiency of Land Use ........................ 859 Berglas, Eitan. Preferential Trading Theory: The n Commodity Case 315 Berndt, Ernst R., and Khaled, Mohammed S. Parametric Productivity Measurement and Choice among Flexible Functional Forms .... ..... 1220 Blanchard, OlivierJean. Wage Indexing Rules and the Behavior of the Economy .................................................... 798 Blomquist, Glenn. Value of Life Saving: Implications of Consumption Activity ................ 540 Brenner, Reuven. Unemployment, Justice, and Keynes's "General Theory" ........ 837 Bryant, John, and Wallace, Neil. The Inefficiency of Interest-bearing National Debt ........ 365 Calvo, Guillermo A.; Kotlikoff, Laurence ].; and Rodriguez, Carlos Alfredo. The Incidence of a Tax on Pure Rent: A New (?) Reason for an Old Answer ......... 869 Calvo, Guillermo A., and Wellisz, Stanislaw. Hierarchy, Ability, and Income Distribution ............. ............................... 991 Carlton, Dennis W. Contracts, Price Rigidity, and Market Equilibrium 1034 Crazwford, Vincent P. On Compulsory-Arbitration Schemes .......... 131 Deardorff, Alan V. One-Way Arbitrage and Its Implications for the Foreign Exchange Markets .......... .......................... 351 Fair, Ray C. An Analysis of the Accuracy of Four Macroeconometric Models ...................................................... 701


We introduce SNMCC, a NACK-based multicast congestion control mechanism that suppress "unnecessary" NACks on the receiver side according to the congestion state measured by each receiver. Since SNMCC is not based on representatives to adjust its transmission rate, both salability and fairness of SNMCC are achieved by using this self-suppressed scheme. In addition, the two adaptive algorithms are developed to compensate the decrease of rate, as there are multiple bottleneck links in the session. We evaluate the design using simulation, and demonstrate that SNMCC is TCP-friendly, free from drop-to-zero problem and responsive efficiently to the variance of bandwidth and group member. In the meantime, we also investigate SNMCC's weaknesses and point out the future direction.


Abstract Kleene's second recursion theorem provides a means for transforming any program p into a program e(p) which first creates a quiescent self-copy and then runs p on that self-copy together with any externally given input. e(p), in effect, has complete (low level), self-knowledge, and p represents how e(p) uses its self-knowledge (and its knowledge of the external world). Infinite regress is not required since e(p) creates its self-copy outside of itself. One mechanism to achieve this creation is a self-replication trick isomorphic to that employed by single-celled organisms. Another is for e(p) to look in a mirror to see which program it is. In 1974 the author published an infinitary generalization of Kleene's theorem which he called the operator recursion theorem. It provides a means for obtaining an (algorithmically) growing collection of programs which, in effect, share a common (also growing) mirror from which they can obtain complete low-level models of themselves and the other programs in the...


The present invention discloses a method of maximum power point tracking photovoltaic system based on the virtual control resistor, a photovoltaic array IV curve intersects the resistive characteristic of the load matching system according to this feature of the operating point, to match the load resistance characteristics of the resistance variable PV array through a virtual control algorithm changing the output power of the array, and the hill-climbing method using dichotomy combined search determines the maximum power point of a photovoltaic array, maximum power of the PV array for fast tracking control. The method of the present invention is applicable to various characteristics of the maximum power curve of the PV array tracking.


According to the invention, may be connected to the internal combustion engine (BKM) and the starter generator (ISG) connected mechanically includes a bi-directional AC / DC converter 1, the first switch battery (B1) through (S1), the through a second switch (S2) can be connected to the double-layer capacitors (DLC). The battery (B1) but also be connected to the double layer capacitor (DLC) by a control circuit (PWM), the third switch (S3) and the fourth bi-directional DC / DC converter with a double layer capacitor (DLC) via a switch (S4) ( 3) and the second is connected to the battery (B2).


This is the introductory chapter from the book "Complicity and the Law of State Responsibility", published by Cambridge University Press in 2011. It introduces the problem of complicity in international law and describes the approach of the book.


Purpose – This paper aims to examine the case of Canadian manufacturers involved in the Chinese market. In particular, it seeks to look at the challenges of entering a new export destination, including access to market intelligence. It also aims to analyze recent performance.Design/methodology/approach – A postal survey of Canadian manufacturers that examined the myriad challenges and strategies for manufacturers serves as the basis for this research.Findings – The findings show that, for these manufacturers, face‐to‐face contact is important in the Chinese market. The group of exporters, on average, was not as dependent on the US market. Perhaps most importantly, export success is not limited solely to larger manufacturers.Research limitations/implications – The small sample size and survey structure limited statistical analysis. Firm‐level interviews need to be conducted in order to examine unique export success strategies in this booming market.Practical implications – The findings show that in‐person ...


This paper examines employer-to-employer mobility by describing the individual wage trajectories along the working career. The model, which is designed to introduce optimal between-firm mobility, is based on the search, the matching, and the human capital theory. It is emphasized that hopping from one wage trajectory to another by mobility may be accompanied with wage losses. An empirical review of the model extracts information on whether the between-firm mobility wage trajectory exceeds the within-firm wage path. The results are in line with the optimal employer-to-employer mobility model derived in this paper. Furthermore, it is shown that downward mobility as well as upward mobility is very common in reality, and that both types of mobility are shown to cause wage losses.


The impacts of age structure on development reinforce the importance of investing in youth. When civil conflict breaks out it is more likely to occur in countries with young age structures. The connection lies not in young people themselves but in the opportunities that are available to them. It can be easier to stigmatize youth as dangerous than to tackle the underlying structural issues that provide opportunities and motive for conflict. For the growing number of young people in countries such as Haiti Uganda and Yemen education employment opportunities and information about reproductive health can allow them to foster and benefit from a demographic dividend as well as to promote political stability. Balanced age structures increase the chances for peace and prosperity in the parts of the world that most need it. (Excerpt)


THE PURPOSE. To evaluate the effect on the condensation process of contaminants contained in the steam and deposited on the surface of the cooled fins, for which to formulate a mathematical model of the process, to investigate its properties and to obtain quantitative estimates of the characteristics.METHODS. The equations of the mathematical model are based on the laws of conservation of energy and mass, their study and evaluation are carried out using analytical methods of the theory of differential equations, methods of similarity theory and dimensions, as well as numerical methods for solving boundary value problems.RESULTS. The formulation of the problem of condensation of vapor containing solid particles on the edge is formulated. The presence of a self-similar solution is revealed, which is represented as a dimensionless function of one variable, uniform for all sets of initial parameters. The relations describing the distributions of the thickness δ(x, τ) of the sediment and the temperature ϑ(x, τ) on a straight edge of unlimited height (l = ∞) with an initially clean surface (h0 = 0) are obtained. These relations also almost accurately describe the initial stage of such a process on a straight edge of a finite height l, until a sediment of noticeable thickness covers the entire surface of the rib, as well as the initial moments in the case of an edge on a round pipe, until the width of the sediment zone with a noticeable thickness is significantly less than the radius of the pipe.CONCLUSION. Using these distributions as the initial ones for edges of limited height instead of, for example, introducing a uniform initial layer h0, will allow achieving high accuracy of numerical calculations without excessive thickening of the grid in coordinate and time.


Effect of 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) and 􀄮􀒟naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on in- vitro propagation of Prunella vulgaris L.(Lamiaceae) was studied using shoot tip explants. Half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 15 μM BAP yielded the highestnumber (30±0.6) of shoots per explant, and was superior to MS full-strength medium with same level of BAP, which resulted in 15 ±0.4 shootsper explant. Medium with combination of NAA and BAP favored multiple axillary shoot regeneration accompanied by rooting. The shootsdeveloped on MS half-strength medium were healthier than those on a full-strength medium. The shoots rooted well on half-strength MS basalmedium with a mean of 8 roots per shoot. Plantlets transferred to field conditions showed 70 % survival.Key words: Shoot proliferation, Plant growth regulators, Prunella vulgaris.


The localized surface plasmon resonance positions and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) gain (GSERS) of an ordered array of gold nanocylinders with elliptic basis, embedded in a nematic liquid crystal (LC) media, are investigated using the finite-difference time-domain method. Structures are designed so that two resonances occur. The influence of the anchoring effects between nematic LC molecules and glass substrate on the shift of the double-resonance wavelengths is taken into account, and results are compared with the case of a perfect alignment of the LC molecules and an isotropic material.


It has been common practice to estimate ice-age climates by calculating the difference in temperature, at an assumed lapse rate, between the elevation of the present snowline and that represented by the lowest corries (cirques) in a region. Such a procedure not only ignores many other factors which may affect corrie glacierization, but is actually incorrect, because the change in snowline for a given temperature change does not depend only on lapse rate. This study suggests that the variation of equilibrium line altitude (ELA) with aspect provides a climatic "signature" supplementary to that of lowest ELA. A method of computing heat and water balances on glaciers from climatic data is described and tested against observations on Baffin Island glaciers. This model is used to estimate ELA as a function of aspect in the Okoa Bay area of Baffin Island, using 1963 to 1972 climatic data, and then for two contrasting climates which have been suggested for early and late stages in the last glaciation. The results are compared with distributions of corrie glaciers and ice-free corries in the area.


In today's world of ever increasing amounts of information, hospitals and medical groups must continually find ways to manage the myriad information that is gathered on patients. This reality makes the field of medicine well suited to benefit from integrative and online information systems. However, research reveals that at times physicians resist the use of information technology (IT) in the clinical setting. This paper seeks to develop a conceptual model for physician acceptance and test this socio-work structure model using a nationwide survey of physicians (n=141) conducted by the authors. The domain focus of this study is physician acceptance of an online disability evaluation system for generating and managing medical examination reports. The survey measured whether behavioral intention to use the new system varied as a function of IT infrastructure, organizational processes relating to IT, physician experience with computer use in clinical settings, and both specific and general attitudes toward IT use in clinical settings. Survey findings suggest that each of these factors affects behavioral intention to use online disability evaluation systems, and that these factors are more important than generalized attitudes toward online systems or socio-demographic predictors. These findings suggest that work-system variables are important when considering physicians use of online systems. This extends traditional use of TAM to consider organizational factors when analyzing the acceptance decision.


The study objects includes seven swine breeds: Minzhu, Sanjiangbaizhu, Yorkshire, Landrace, Junmuyihao, Duroc and Double muscle Yorkshire. According to the sequences of MyoG, MyoD and Myf5 of swine in GenBank, seventeen pairs of primers for MyoG, MyoD and Myf5 were designed. PCR-SSCP technology was applied to detect SNPs of the exons of the three genes. The results showed that no polymorphism was in MyoG and MyoD, and some SNPs were in three exons of Myf5. There was one mutant site in the first exon of Myf5 (G → C), three mutant sites in the second exon of Myf5 (C → A, A → G and G → A); in the third exon of Myf5, there was one base A deficiency at 3 387 bp, three bases T deficiency at 3 417 bp, one mutant site at 3 443 bp (T → C).This study obtained a tendency conclusion that gene frequency of allele M of Myf5 on the one hand is positively correlated with lean meat percentage, on the other hand is correlated with the orientation of selective breeding; it also deduced that allele F is possibly correlated with high lean meat percentage. Through statistical analysis, allele A, B, C of Myf5 have no obvious correlation with lean meat percentage of different swine breeds, In addition, the high polymorphism of Myf5 showed that seven swine breeds are rich in genetic variation, and have high selective competency.


Introduction The face of virtual on-line museums is entering another period of change. While the emphasis has been on expanding access to museums via the use of interactive web-based presentation, the next generation of virtual on-line museums will seek to create immersive environments that place the museum patron in a representation of the museum, not just viewing information about the collection. The use of state-of-the-art real-time rendering software on low-cost personal computers and next generation console game systems that support Internet access will allow students and instructors to have a 'lean-forward' seamless educational museum experience. (Jones 2002)


The Spherical Accretion Shock Instability (SASI), in which a supernova shock wave stalls and produces a turbulent post-shock flow, has generally been accepted as an important phenomenon in core-collapse supernovae. However, the effects of the turbulence caused by SASI have not yet been thoroughly investigated; indeed, recent literature presents contradictory results about the evolution of this turbulence on different length scales. We therefore use high-resolution two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of core-collapse supernovae to study the growth of the SASI-driven turbulence. We produce and analyze Fourier transform power spectra in order to quantify energy conversion (i.e. gravitational potential energy to the kinetic energy of turbulent flow) on different length scales, as well as to determine which scaling laws best describe this turbulence. Finally, we present observations on the effects of resolution on the two-dimensional SASI. Subject headings: core-collapse supernovae — SASI, 2-D turbulence, kinetic energy spectra


Laboratory Analysis of the types and rate artificial dyes lollipop candy branded and unbranded around in Medan city. Lolipop candy is a popular product of snack to eat with variously types, have a prominently colors, that many people like it. In order to attract the consumer mostly the dyes substance as used to the product known as restricted formula due to the product may cause a dangerous impact over the human health. The objective study is to determine the sort and grade of artificial dyes rate on the lollipop branded candy and lollipop non-branded candy on Medan City for 2012. To view whether the uses of the artificial dyes on lollipop candy fulfilling the requirement for health. The method used study in survey research with descriptive one. The sample taken from Petisah Market, Thamrin Plaza, Medan Fair Plaza, Palladium Plaza, and also from Supermarket operation on this city, bring it to laboratory for examination. The result showed that from 7 types of the market lollipop candy existed on market and in examination found that it contained an artificial dyes as not permitted that is Ponceau 3R and another 7 samples of lollipop non-branded candy in examination, 1 samples containing artificial dyes not permitted that is Ponceau 3R. The rate noted on 7 samples of lollipop branded candy found at least 3 samples not fulfilling the requirement that is 441 mg/kg, 450 mg/kg, 451 mg/kg and 1 sample of  lollipop non-branded candy not seemly fulfilling the requirement because used an artificial dyes not permitted. It is suggested to Balai POM is seriously to make a strictly control and supervision into the uses of additional substances for producing foods. Keywords : lollipop candy, artificial dyes, the rate


reappearanceçin guise, this time as 'girls'çin the fourth chapter, under the subject of education (p. 49), remains invisible to the users of the index. Though not always searchable there is a great deal of information here. Crossovers between topics and themes are not uncommon. (Music education has a chapter of its own, but related material also appears in chapter 2; yet neither education nor learning is listed in the index.) Given that unindexed material is often contained within large bulks of collected data, and given the benefits for archival preservation and distribution it is likely that book projects such as this will increasingly be published online. Incidentally, in the Foreword, Budds thanks the internet for providing unprecedented accessibility to limitless raw materials. Where, then, does the value of this book lie? In Faucett's selection and compilation skills? Budds answers (without unpacking the hows and wheres): 'By painstakingly collecting, carefully considering, and preparing for publication this sampling of significant commentary and criticism. . . .No other comparable collection concerning this particular subject exists' (p. xi). Is this really a one-of-a-kind book in American music studies? Looking at its assembly of excerpts from the serial musical publications of its time and place, it is. However, there are comparable volumes, including Gilbert Chase's American Composer Speaks (Baton Rouge, La., 1966), Jack Burton and Larry Freeman's The Blue Book of Tin Pan Alley (Watkins Glen, NY, 1950), and Karl Koenig's Jazz in Print (1856^1929) (Hillsdale, NY, 2002). These are not unrelated histories and can be regarded as spin-off volumes with overlapping contents, narratives, and contexts. Faucett's compilation focuses more on critics and musicians than composers and musical compositions. While he is more than aware that 'one cannot include everything in a single book', he admits to having selected his materials through 'the most critical and interesting topics' as he found them, and especially targeting 'many that have escaped the notice of scholars' (p. 2). While there is nothing wrong with some degree of subjectivity and despite lengthy sections that are far from 'rare coverage' in secondary literature, we end up having to guess Faucett's intuitive value basis for his selection process. His confessional note concerning his fondness for Chadwick's humourous temperament may partly explain the book's generosity towards the composer's writings; however, Faucett otherwise seems to forget the significance of humour in our appreciation of American music. Twainian humour links Chadwick with two other 'forefather' personalitiesçIves and John Philip Sousaç but also with John Alden Carpenter (who does not appear in the book). Like Sousa's paradoxical synthesis of lavishness, commonalism, humility, and showmanship, and Chadwick's Yankee-French-German amalgamation and multifaceted (realist-humorist-impressionist) personality, the panorama of American music as presented in this volume is a cluster of traits and leanings. (Chadwick was sometimes Wagnerian, sometimes Dvor› a¤ kian, and also a 'Negrophile' with eclectic interests that ranged from vernacular musics to Beethoven.) The element of humour and the warm-hearted realism support the 'Americanness' that oozes out of this book. So which history is this? Faucett leaves it to us to decide. With its minimal musical or aesthetic content, Music in America, 1860^1918 is less about music and stylistic evolution than the sociocultural sphere out of which they arose. One hopes that student readers of this book will be inspired enough to look further, dig deeper, and put together the missing links and fill overlooked holes. But for those who are keen on the subject, this volume will still be much fun to dip in and out of time after time, reflecting the perplexing enormity and multiplicity of 'American art music'. Whether or not the assemblage of texts in this volume constitutes a comprehensible historical narrative, the inclusion of overlooked sources and a generous number of handsome photographic materials ensures its vitality. And this is where the key strength of the book lies. DENIZ ERTAN University of Nottingham


Training data sparsity is a common problem for many real-world applications in Search and Recommendation domains. Even for applications with a lot of training data, in the cold-start scenario we usually do not get enough labeled data. Transfer Learning is a promising approach for addressing this problem. In addition, features might interact with each other in a complex way that traditional approaches might not be able to represent, Deep Transfer Learning, which leverages Deep Neural Networks for Transfer Learning, might be able to catch such deep patterns hidden in complex feature interactions. Due to these reasons, recently Deep Transfer Learning research has gained a lot of attention and has been successfully applied to many real-world applications. This tutorial offers an overview of Deep Transfer Learning approaches in Search and Recommendation domains from the industry perspective. In this tutorial We first introduce the basic concepts and major categories of Deep Transfer Learning. Then we focus on recent developments of Deep Transfer Learning approaches in the Search and Recommendation domains. After that we will introduce two real-world examples of how to apply Deep Transfer Learning methods to improve Search and Recommendation performance at LinkedIn. Finally we will conclude the tutorial with discussion of future directions.


Objective To master and raise the test abilities of salt iodine labs and urinary iodine labs of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) areas in Shandong. Methods Samples for external quality control are national first-class standard material. Reference value±uncertainty and Z value are used to evaluate the test abilities. Result The feedback rate of 128 labs in Shandong is 100%. At the provincial level, the qualified rates of salt iodine labs and urinary iodine labs are all 100%; At the prefecture level, the qualified rate of salt iodine labs is 100% and the rate of urinary iodine labs is 92.9%; At the county level, the qualified rate of salt iodine labs is 98.0%. Conclusion The test abilities of different level labs in Shandong are very good, but it is essential to make further improvement on the test quality of some labs.


Regular menstrual cycle is a healthy sign in a woman's reproductive life. Currently change in women thinking lead to treat menses as a burden and will try to postpone it temporarily to attend important events or to improve performance in duty period. Prolonged or frequent menstrual suppression may lead to short term or long term side effects due to disturbed physiology of menstruation. Thus a pilot study was conducted with 100 participants in an urban area to know the prevalence of use of medication for postponement of menstrual cycle. The practice of postponement of periods is very common as 53% in this study. 62% of users are taking over the counter drugs and 32% with doctor's prescription and 4% with old prescription. Among the users of drugs, 83% gave reason that there was no need to use. The practice of menstrual suppression is common among Indian women by unsupervised use of medicines. This pilot study stresses the need of involvement of health workers in providing requires awareness to women in India for better health conditions of women. Thus, there is a need for a well designed, large sample detailed study to assess the amplifications of the practice of menstrual manipulation in Indian context.


Since the Shī'ī response to constitutionalist notions of government is potentially a very large subject, for the purposes of this discussion Shī'ī will be taken to mean the members of the orthodox 'ulamā, those most committed to the sharī'a and learned in its precepts. Whilst even within this group there is a wide diversity of opinion, it is hoped that, by looking at works written over a longer period, the discussion will show that the response by a particular 'ālim to constitutionalism is to some extent influenced by the political conditions prevailing at the time of writing. These form a factor together with the restrictions imposed by the sharī'a in shaping the views of particular writers. The ideology under consideration is constitutionalism, but it will be observed that for a large part the subject matter treated consists of ideas such as representation, consultation, legislation, freedom and equality, which are allied to the constitutionalist theory of government, rather than the complete theory itself.


Streak cameras are frequently used in plasma physics for recording processes requiring ns tinle resolntion and high spatial resolution. This technique has been applied to ion beams from the GSI experimental storage ring (ESR) and the heavy ion synchrotron (SLY). First experiences with this npplicntion of the streak cnmern diagnostic are discussed. The method allows for high-resolution quantitative analysis in two dimensions, simutaneously. Its application to studies of beam instabilities appears promising.


This article seeks to establish a reflection concerning the representation of migrant in the tale "O Profeta" e "Gringuinho", which integrates the work Contos do Imigrante by Samuel Rawet. So, our theoretical references is based on some studies concerning the writings of this author, among which stands out Silva (2009), Brasil (No Date) Kirschbaum (2002), Chiarelli (2005), Engellaum (2006). In addition, to discuss the subject of the migrant presented in the tales, we based ourselves in the analysis of the category identity, as in the debate about migration. Thus, we observe that the fact of Rawet being a migrant, an outsider or someone moved from the literature believed as canonical somehow interfered in the constitution of the characters of the tales, being this interference an element capable of introducing the possibility of use the representations that forms the fictional work to discuss aspects related to the question of migration.


The dispersion behavior of solute molecules injected as a sample plug into an ideal laminar capillary flow was experimentally analyzed by means of microscopic and microphotometric methods. The flow pattern in small-bore glass tubes was directly observed by the microscopic method using a camera. The peak responses obtained for the colored solutes by means of the microphotometric method consist of double-humped peak features which resulted from both laminar flow convection and the molecular diffusion of solute molecules at the parabolic interface between the sample plug and the carrier fluid. The influences of the diffusion coefficient of the solute, the flow rate, the tube length, the tube diameter, etc. were mainly investigated in order to guide the design and optimization of the flow systems of capillary liquid chromatography (CLC), capillary electrophoresis (CEP), flow-injection analysis (FIA), etc. The experimental results obtained here are in good agreement with the theoretical results obtained by the...


20 the age of 11-12 years. At the age of 13 the growth of pubic hair was in progress in 90 %. Development of pubic hair from stage I1 to stage IV took place, on the average, from age 113/4 years to 13'/2, i.e. in the course of about 2 years. In cases where pubic hair appeared late, i.e. after the age of 13, the development from stage I1 to IV took about 4 years. The distribution curve illustrating


【Objective】 The composition,diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Sophora alopecuroides L.in arid and desolate areas of Ningxia were analyzed,which could also provide research methods and theory on rational development and use of endophytic fungi from S.alopecuroides L.【Method】 The endophytic fungi were separated and cultivated from 25 samples of healthy seeds and plants of S.alopecuroides L.in five sample plots were sampled from different vegetations and soil types in Baijitan National Nature Reserve of Ningxia.Endophytic fungi were classified according to their cultural and morphological characteristics.Colonization rate,isolation rate,Shannon-Wiener index and Sorenson's similarity coefficient were calculated.A variety of antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungi were analyzed by agar block shift methods to 6 pathogenic fungus strains.【Result】 214 endophytic fungi were separated and cultivated from 25 samples of S.alopecuroides L.quantities of endophytic fungi from different parts of S.alopecuroides L.varied.The endophytic fungi from seeds were the most in its all parts and that of leaves for the same plant was the least.In different vegetations types,quantities of endophytic fungi were significantly more in the sandy weeds than in other desert steppes.These isolates 199 were sporulated and identified into 22 taxa by cultural and morphological characteristics.Oospora and Cephalosporium were the common taxas in the five sample plots.The endophytic fungi groups of sample plot Ⅰ,Ⅳ were related more closely to that of sample plot Ⅲ,Ⅴ.Antimicrobial ratio was different among 214 endophytic fungi from S.alopecuroides L.which tested different genera.And 167(78.0%) endophytic fungi had antimicrobial activities.【Conclusion】 There was rich diversity and bioactivity of endophytic fungi from S.alopecuroides L.in arid and desolate areas of Ningxia.


A previously developed particulate model has been extended to analyze transient and steady-state seepage through an unsaturated randomly-packed fine sand medium. First, Monte-Carlo simulation is used to pack discrete spherical sand particles from a specified Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and achieve a desired in-situ relative density and a degree of saturation. The interstitial pore water flow initiated by a sudden water pressure gradient is modeled using the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations which are modified to incorporate the drag forces acting between the sand particles and water and air. The NS equations are discretized using finite differences and applied to discrete elements in a staggered, structured grid. Water porosity changes in the unsaturated soil resulting from the water flow are updated using the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) of the soil. Furthermore, the drag resistance on water in unsaturated soils is determined based on their permeability characteristics. The model is applied to the problem of confined flow occurring in an unsaturated thin fine sand layer during the sudden rise of the groundwater table. The results show how the unsaturated soil gradually achieves saturation following the water porosity Vs suction trend defined by the SWCC. The time variations of the flow rate and the local hydraulic gradients are compared for different initial degrees of saturation. Finally, the undesirable effects due to water flow in unsaturated sands with non-uniform compaction levels are demonstrated.


This paper investigates the fault-tolerant control problem for heterogeneous vehicular platoons where input quantization and dead-zone nonlinearity are also involved. Due to the occurrence of actuator faults, the maximum acceleration changes, which may invalid the traditional quadratic spacing policy. To tackle the dilemma, an improved quadratic spacing policy with the lower bound of fault factor is proposed. Furthermore, the improved quadratic spacing policy removes the assumption of zero initial spacing errors. Based on the new spacing policy, an adaptive fault-tolerant platoon control scheme is developed, by employing radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) and PID-type sliding mode control method. The given scheme is proved to be capable of guaranteeing individual vehicle stability, string stability and traffic flow stability. The effectiveness of the scheme is verified through comparison simulation studies.


Abstract:
 Selective feeding and differential nutrient excretion by aquatic invertebrates plays a substantial role in nutrient recycling. Grazing larvae of the caddisfly Glossosoma intermedium construct a portable case for protection that also serves as a good substrate for periphyton colonization because it is constantly fertilized by larval excreta. We tested whether case periphyton was nutrient enriched compared to streambed periphyton and whether selective feeding by caddisfly larvae on case periphyton facilitates P remineralization. We measured total N, total P, and N:P in stream water and streambed cobble periphyton in 3 western Wisconsin streams. We collected larvae and measured N and P content and N:P of case periphyton, G. intermedium body, and G. intermedium excretion products. Cobble periphyton N:P at 2 streams suggested P limitation (368 ± 109 and 50 ± 10), but case periphyton N:P at those streams did not (11 ± 3 and 11 ± 0.8, respectively). Neither cobble nor case periphyton N:Ps suggested P limitation at the 3rd stream. Measured excretion N:P was more similar to the excretion N:P predicted for caddisfly grazing on case periphyton than for caddisfly grazing on cobble periphyton. Our results suggest that larval excretion alleviated P limitation of case periphyton and that case periphyton may serve as an important dietary resource for the grazing caddisfly larvae. Feeding on this P-rich case periphyton promotes P remineralization in P-limited, lotic ecosystems.


This study aims to identify and examine research trends relating to mothers' health information seeking behaviors from 1994 to August 2015. Eighty‐seven articles from multiple disciplines were selected systematically and reviewed in diverse aspects: characteristics of the articles, use of theories, information sources, and seeking strategies. This research topic has been given numerous attention since 1994. In particular, the number of publications skyrocketed since 2013. Twenty‐two different theories and models have been utilized in examining mothers' health information seeking behaviors. Furthermore, four seeking strategies of mothers were recognized as asking questions, utilizing multiple sources, borrowing medical literature from libraries, and sharing experiences with friends. Implications for future research in this topic are discussed.


IntroductionIt is generally agreed that writing is the most difficult skill to master for foreign or second language learners (Chaisiri, 2010). In addition, as Chaisiri noted providing writing instruction in L2 contexts particularly to those English as a foreign language (EFL) learners who are rarely exposed to English is considered difficult. A number of theories and approaches that intend to assist English language learners to develop their writing skills have been proposed, and implemented at different times. Among these approaches, product and process approaches have been widely used to teach second language (L2) writing. As Badger and White (2000) confirm the two approaches have dominated much of the teaching of writing that happens in the EFL classroom over the last 20 years. In the last ten years, however, a variety of genre-based methodologies, have been proposed as alternative approaches to teach writing (Badger & White, 2000; Chaisiri, 2010).Howatt and Widdowson (2004) believe that over the past ten years or so, there have been two developments in language description that allow for a much more precise account of language of different domains of use, and so provide for a more exact specification of ESP course objectives. One of these is genre analysis.The value of focusing on genres in various areas of the profession has been convincingly demonstrated by scholars such as Swales (1990), Bhatia (1991), Paltridge (2001), Hyland (2003, 2004, 2007), and others. Paltridge (2001), citing Swales (1990) points to the benefits of giving genre a more central classroom role when we teach language: a genre-based perspective focuses on language at the level of the whole text while at the same time taking into account the social and cultural context in which it is used (Paltridge, 2001).In foreign or second-language writing, Hyland (2003) has argued that genre-based approaches provide L2 learners with explicit instructions on how they can make use of language patterns to write coherent and purposeful compositions. She especially focuses on teaching particular genres that students need to gain control of in order to succeed in particular settings (Paltridge, 2004). A teacher who employs genre-based approaches is, therefore, required to get learners to produce texts (usually- academic essays) on the basis of purpose, organization and audience (Paltridge, 2001).Although there exist many studies in the area of EFL writing, only few deal with genre approaches to teaching L2 writing. This may be because genre approaches are relatively newcomers to the field of English language teaching (ELT) profession (Badger & White, 2000). The majority of these studies are qualitative studies concerned with the implementation of genre based pedagogies in EFL classroom settings.Based on the positive results found in these qualitative studies (e.g. Chaisiri, 2010; Gebhard & Harman, 2011 ; Walker, 1999), it could be stated that genre-based approaches have been demonstrated to be good instructional instruments to teach L2 students the skills necessary to write in ways that reflect particular genres within particular contexts. However, empirical research on the potential of genre-based approaches, as effective pedagogies for teaching L2 writing, has not been adequately carried out so far. Moreover, the idea of using genre-based writing instruction in the second language classroom in a non-native speaking country is yet to be explored in any satisfactory way.In Iran like many non-English speaking countries, academic writing has remained a problem for students (Martin,1998; Mynt, 1997). It is often seen that Iranian EFL students fail to write a coherent and fluent English composition although sometimes they show high performance on grammar tests. Therefore, when they are asked to write academic papers, most Iranian students either turn to writing handbooks for direction or imitate the format of published articles. …


This paper summarized the application situation of healthcare failure mode and effect analysis in nursing to improve safety management ability for nursing and reduce the incidence of complications.

Key words:
Healthcare failure mode and effect analysis; Nursing management; Beforehand preventing


Introduction: Given the background of the present limited scope of the GP contract for the provision of primary care in Ireland, it is unsurprising that an estimated 30% of referrals to ENT consultant services relate to caseload which could be managed in the community, given adequate support.  The majority of these referrals could be managed in primary care if GPs had access to equipment, and were accredited and resourced to perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. There are currently 55,329 patients awaiting an ENT outpatient appointment, with 15,104 waiting longer than 12 months. Description of Changes: This project will enable and accredit GPs with a special interest in Otolaryngology in a defined range of ENT procedures, with a view to these procedures being provided in primary care rather than in secondary care. GPs and ENT services will be formally linked, and appropriate learning and research opportunities will be explored and developed to enable GPs obtain accreditation in ENT procedures agreed and accepted as suitable for primary care surgery. Accreditation will include recognition of symptoms and cases which still require referral to Consultant ENT services. This process will enable GPs provide a defined range of procedures without referral to ENT consultant services. In due course, primary care resourcing as well as professional support will be required for the project to fully deliver its potential. Aim & Theory: The aim of this project is to provide a greater volume of care in communities, reduce numbers of referrals to ENT outpatient departments by 30%, to reduce the ENT outpatient waiting list, to support and enable GPs perform  procedures which are presently carried out in outpatients, to deliver efficiencies, and to minimize inappropriate investigations. Targeted Populations: The populations targeted are GPs with ENT special interest and patients awaiting ENT outpatient procedures such as irrigation of the ear, insertion of ear dressings, insertion of nasal packs, fibre optic nasal endoscopy. Other stakeholders include the Royal College of Surgeons, Training Hospitals, Hospital Groups, Primary Care Division, The Irish College of General Practitioners, and the Institute of Otolaryngology. Timeline: The project inception was in 2016. Planning Workshops will begin in January 2017, with reviews in July 2017 and January 2018. Highlights: The predicted outcomes are a Training Process and Accreditation for GPs in ENT Primary Care Surgery, a reduction in outpatient referrals, a reduction in existing outpatient waitlist, reduction in the return to new patient ratio by 4:1, and the creation of a scaleable process for roll-out across the country. It is also expected to improve integration of primary care and ENT  hospital services.  Sustainability & transferability: A National Educational Lead will be appointed to ensure consistency, validity and sustainability nationally. Attention will be given to costings for delivery of services in primary care, both in terms of the primary care re imbursement scheme, and in relation to clinic costs in primary care.The project is highly transferrable to many areas where GPs have a special interest. Conclusion: This service development project has the potential to assist in the transfer of care from secondary to primary care, reduce ENT consultant waiting lists and enable GPs to deliver a higher volume of ENT service in the Primary Care setting. Discussion: Following planned implementation across Acute Hospital in liaison with GPs this integrated care initiative is anticipated to reduce wait times and provide more timely and convenient access and treatment for ENT patients across Hospital Groups and Community Health Organisations. Lessons learned: Integrated care across Primary and Secondary Care can work by working collaboratively with GPs, HSE Outpatient Services and ENT Specialties in Acute Hospitals. Lessons learned: Integrated care across Primary and Secondary Care can work by working collaboratively with GPs, HSE Outpatient Services and ENT Specialties in Acute Hospitals.


A variety of school governance reform movements directly affected community participation within schools globally during the 1980s and 1990s. This article highlights some of the economic, social, and political undercurrents at the core of this trend. Utilizing historical information as a comparative and dialectic backdrop, the societal and political intricacies interwoven into the recent inception of School Community Councils in Saskatchewan, Canada are explicated. Throughout this article, an overview of the purpose and responsibilities of Saskatchewan's School Community Councils are compared to and contrasted with the governing persuasion and power of a number of international school councils. Résumé Une série de mouvements de réforme de la gouvernance scolaire a directement touché la participation globale des communautés dans les écoles pendant les années 1980 et 1990. Cet article met en évidence certains facteurs économiques, sociaux, et politiques sous-jacents au cœur de cette tendance. Utilisant les informations historiques comme toile de fond comparative et dialectique, les complexités sociales et politiques entrelacées dans la récente création des conseils de la communauté scolaire en Saskatchewan, au Canada, sont développées. Tout au long de l'article, une vue d'ensemble des buts et responsabilités des conseils de la communauté scolaire en Saskatchewan est comparée et mise en contraste avec la persuasion et le pouvoir régissant d'un certain nombre de conseils scolaires internationaux. Analyzing educational reform movements within international jurisdictions is irrefutably relevant when examining the school reform efforts that have taken place within Saskatchewan (Canada) within the last two years. A global perspective reveals that a diverse assortment of economic, social, and political motives undergird the inception of school councils; in turn, the impetus for incorporating School Community Councils within Saskatchewan can be situated with and compared to international causations. In this article, school councils within England, Wales, and the United States are specifically detailed because these areas share similar demographic and contextual components with Saskatchewan. For instance, Education canadienne et internationale Vol. 38 n 1 juin 2009 29 these countries are predominantly English-speaking, industrialized nations, with traditional rural roots. The United States, so close in geographic proximity to Canada and Saskatchewan, is of particular interest to Canadians because the United States influences many Canadian trends within educational domains and beyond. Research from the 1980s and 1990s is specifically chosen, because it was during this epoch that, worldwide, the restructuring of school governance was the focal point of many new policies. Furthermore, at the start of the 1980s, arguments for parent involvement gained intensity and momentum, and, it was in part for this reason, school councils obtained international popularity during the 1980s. In 2006, the Saskatchewan Government legislated the creation of School Community Councils. Analyzing why various forms of international school councils were created triggers an opportunity to reflect upon and discuss the contextual intricacies upon which School Community Councils were created. The purpose of this article is therefore twofold. First, I compare and contrast the historical precedents set by various international school councils with the onset and development of School Community Councils in Saskatchewan. Second, I analyze societal issues that endorsed school reforms both internationally and within Saskatchewan. Throughout the article, the purpose and responsibilities of the various forms of school councils are explicated. INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL REFORM MOVEMENTS OF THE 1980s AND 1990s Historically, economic and political reforms tend to go hand-in-hand with educational restructuring. Legitimacy of this statement can be found from Europe to North America; England, Wales and the United States are quality examples of how politics and education are often integrally connected. Moreover, school councils are an emergent component within the discussion of politics and education. Education Reform in England and Wales In many ways, the educational reform movements of England and Wales during the 1980s and 1900s were very centralized in nature. For example, The Education Reform Act of 1988 established a National Curriculum and National Assessment Tests (Fujita, 1999; Thomas, 1993). Shortly after these policies were implemented, public schools were forced to publish examination results, privileging parents to statistical results of student/school competence (Fujita, 1999; Thomas, 1993). The Education Act of 1992 established the Office for Standards in Education (Giles, 2006). This government organization was given the right to inspect educational activities and professional documents within any school of its choice. In addition, the quality of instructional deliverance, standards of student achievement, and management of school finances could be officially examined through the Office for Standards in Education. According to Bolton (1993), The Education Acts of the 1980s and 1990s reflected a "...Thatcher Government's macro-philosophy that efficiency and 30 Canadian and International Education Vol. 38 no. 1 June 2009 quality are best sustained and enhanced in situations where users and customers have choice and the information and the scope to use it as they decide – in other words, where there is a market" (p. 5). Under the Education Act of 1980, open enrollment and per capita funding systems were introduced (Fujita, 1999). This Act empowered parents to select schools reflective of their corresponding values and home practices. Allegedly by liberating parental choice and forcing schools to compete for students, schools were pressurized to improve their programs and deliver a higher quality of education to students. In short, schools during this time were seen as small businesses. In order to attract desirable clientele, schools needed to compete with other schools vis-à-vis the types of specialized resources and programs they offered. Thomas (1993) believed a market-place philosophy enhances the power of the client (parents/students) and decreases the power of the producer (educators/schools). Although England and Wales predominantly focused efforts on centralizing their education, conversely, other English and Welsh school reform policies were intended to strengthen the voice and power of local communities, an act of decentralization. The Education Act (No 2) of 1986 increased the responsibilities of Governing Bodies' (similar to School Community Councils) while reducing the power of Local Educational Authorities' (similar to Saskatchewan School Boards) (OECD, 1997). Members of the Governing Body were responsible for such things as the distribution of school finances for staffing and services (Giles, 2006; Thomas, 1993), the creation and implementation of school policies, and the management of programs offered at the school (OECD, 1997). Governing Bodies and head teachers were required to prepare a management plan depicting how they intended to allocate resources and meet national curriculum requirements (Thomas, 1993). The development of such a plan exemplified how the authority of the previously more centralized Local Educational Authorities was shifted to parents and community members. By decentralizing the control of local decision-making and the allocation of resources to Governing Bodies, educators needed to work more closely with parents and community members. Like the Governing Bodies in England and Wales, Saskatchewan's recent educational reforms also places renewed emphasis on close school-community relationships. As explained by Saskatchewan Ministry of Education (2008), School Community Council members are required to collaborate with the principal and school staff to develop, implement, and evaluate a Learning Improvement Plan, a written strategy definitively depicting how the school and its community intend to improve student learning and achievement. In fact, Endsin and Melvin (n.d.) described a formal and accountable eight-step process which needs to be undertaken by the School Community Council in an effort to assist in the production of the Learning Improvement Plan. These steps include: (a) review the school community profile; (b) establish beliefs and create a vision; (c) reassess needs based on the vision; (d) develop objectives; (e) create an action plan; (f) identify program supports; (g) submit the plan to the Board for approval; and (h) monitor/evaluate the communication (p. 22). Education canadienne et internationale Vol. 38 n 1 juin 2009 31 Upon first consideration, Saskatchewan's Learning Improvement Plan appears to be highly decentralized in nature. However, Saskatchewan Ministry of Education (2008) stated that each Plan needs to align with centralized divisional priorities and practices: "The goals of the LIP [Learning Improvement Plan] should align with the division's CIP [Continuous Improvement Framework] and provincial priorities. The LIP should be developed collaboratively by the Principal, school staff, and School Community Council" (p. 14). Therefore, although the Learning Improvement Plan is intended to reflect the localized needs of a student body, the Plan, itself, must fit within the dimensions of the school division's broader preset requirements. Furthermore, the origins of the school division's goals are heavily influenced by educational mandates predetermined by the provincial government (Saskatchewan Ministry of Education, 2008). Otherwise said, the local goals created within the Learning Improvement Plan need to be in compliance with the centralized educational platform produced by the provincial government. Based on this analysis, School Community Councils' involvement with a Learning Improvement Plan is n


This paper tries to employ Bakhtin's Polyphony dialogue theory to interpret the Little Prince written by French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery.Based on the theory,it analyzes the dialogues between heros,readers,the author as well as themselves from the perspective of discourse and its dialogism.It can help readers better understand the novel and explore the rich meaning and its charm.It is also hoped to offer some useful help and enlightment on the interpretation of the novel from multiaspects.


Three classic multi-string matching algorithms such as AC, Wu-Manber and SBOM are researched and implemented in P2P traffic identification system based on Deep Packet Inspection in this paper. In order to adapt to the DPI technology, the code and parameter of these matching algorithm be make suitable adjustment. Three algorithms are used in DPI scanning under the same testing environment and the pretreatment time, analysis speed, degree of accuracy from this testing were compared. Based on these experimental data, the superiority-inferiority of these three algorithms in different conditions is discussed and their relative scopes of application are summarized.


This study reports a new phenomenon whereby the ionic content of a random ionomer was increased by the introduction of a hydrophobic modifier. In the current study, the ionomer synthesized from the solution polymerization of the three vinyl monomers, which are polar hydrophobic monomers acrylonitrile (AN), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and ionic monomer potassium 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPM), encountered an early phase separation problem when the ionic content exceeded a certain threshold value. However, the addition of a strongly hydrophobic monomer, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate (TFPM), during the copolymerization is able to restrain this phase separation trend, consequently allowing 50% more of SPM units to be incorporated and uniformly distributed in the ionomer and achieving a random copolymer chain. The ionic clustering of the SPM units, which is the cause for the phase separation, was reduced as a result. The resulting random ionomer was demonstrated to be a superior proton conducting material over its ternary originator. This is due to the fact that TFPM possesses acidic protons, which brings about an association of TFPM with SPM and GMA via hydrogen bonding. This study could impact the synthesis of random ionomers by free radical polymerization since monitoring ionic content and improving ionic unit distribution in ionomers are issues encountered in several industries (e.g., the healthcare industry).


Nonimaging optics is focused on the study of techniques to design concentrators or illuminators systems. The flowline optical design method, based on the definition of the geometrical flux vector J, is one of these techniques. The main property of flowline method is, its ability to estimate how radiant energy is transferred by the optical systems using the concepts of vector field theory, like field line or flux tube, overcoming traditional raytrace methods. This method has been developed only at an academic level, where characteristic optical parameters are ideal and the studied geometries are simple. The main objective of the present paper is the extension of the flowline method to the analysis and design of real 3D concentration and illumination systems by means of simulation. Using the concept of vector potential we can generalize flowline computations to real 3D systems. This new computation methodology provides, traditional simulations results like irradiance maps with higher precision and lower computation time, and new information as vector field maps produced by the system.


Youths constitute a significant and growing sector of the population living in South Africa. Dickson-Tetteh and Ladha (2000:2) state that there are currently about 18 million people under the age of 20 years, who constitute 44% of the total population. McWhirter, McWhirter, McWhirter and McWhirter (2004:4) suggest that the well-being and stability of society depend on our ability to prepare well-adjusted and responsible young people to step forward to take up their roles as the older generation passes. In contemporary society the youth face a host of challenges that can impact either positively or negatively on their ability to negotiate the transition from childhood to adulthood. During adolescence youths complete crucial life-tasks and as such are especially vulnerable to the effects of violence as both perpetrators and victims.


Advertising avoidance is considered one of the most serious concerns for advertisers and advertising agencies because consumers are likely to avoid advertisements. Previous studies on advertising avoidance have implied that consumers may choose between complete advertising viewing, incomplete advertising avoidance, and complete advertising avoidance after exposure to an advertisement. However, these studies have not answered the question why consumers choose a particular option. This study aims to solve the problem by using regulatory focus theory. We hypothesize that the consumer choice between the three actions depends on both the regulatory focus and the advertisement information. The results show that consumers with a promotion focus are more likely to choose a complete advertising viewing (/incomplete advertising avoidance) option if the advertisement provides information about the presence of positive outcomes (/the absence of negative outcomes). The results also show that consumers with a prevention focus are more likely to choose an incomplete advertising avoidance (/complete advertising viewing) option if the advertisement provides information about the presence of positive outcomes (/the absence of negative outcomes) in the situation that their regulatory reference is the presence or absence of negative outcomes. On the other hand, in cases in which the regulatory reference is the presence or absence of effort, they are more likely to choose a complete advertising avoidance option. Keyword : Promotion focus, Prevention focus, Complete advertising viewing, Incomplete advertising avoidance, Complete advertising avoidance 要約:消費者は,広告を回避する傾向にあるため,広告回避は,広告主や広告会社にとって最も深刻な懸念事項の 1つである。 広告回避に関する既存研究は,広告に露出した消費者が,完全広告視聴・不完全広告回避・完全広告回避の中からいずれかを選 択する可能性を暗示してきたものの,なぜ彼らはそのような選択を行うかという問いに解答を与えることができていない。そこ で本研究は,制御焦点理論に依拠したうえで,上記の問いに解答を与えようと試みる。より具体的にいえば,上述した 3つの行 為を巡る消費者の選択は,制御焦点や広告情報の訴求点から影響を受けるという仮説を導出する。本研究の知見は,(1)促進焦 点の消費者は,広告情報がポジティブ(/ネガティブ)な結果に関する情報であるならば,完全広告視聴(/不完全広告回避) を選択する点,(2)予防焦点の消費者は,ネガティブな結果に関する広告情報の有無を制御参照と見なす場合,広告情報がポジ ティブ(/ネガティブ)な結果に関する情報であるならば,不完全広告回避(/完全広告視聴)を選択する点,および(3)予 防焦点の消費者は,努力の有無を制御参照と見なす場合,完全広告回避を選択する点である。 キーワード:促進焦点,予防焦点,完全広告視聴,不完全広告回避,完全広告回避 Information : Received 15 June 2018; Accepted 15 July 2018


A simulation-based scheduling system for finite capacity scheduling of a facility in a process industry is described. The primary focus is on the modeling techniques and scheduling logic used in constructing the FACTOR simulation model embedded in this system. The construction of an MRP schedule to drive the simulation model is also discussed. Simulation-based, finite-capacity scheduling systems have been successfully implemented in the manufacture of discrete parts. This application illustrates the viability of such systems for scheduling in process industries. It demonstrates the adaptability of simulation modeling to the production constraints and continuous flows of materials found in process industries. It also provides an example of scheduling logic which is vital to producing an achievable schedule that coordinates the operation processing units with each other and with storage constraints.<<ETX>>


This paper analyzes the influence of operating conditions, such as mixing ratio of the waste ingredients and extension of the stabilization time, on the composting of sugarbeet molasses distillery slops (DS) and olive mill husks (OMH). The addition of 0–40% sugarbeet molasses DS to the starting mixtures and the treatment duration (40 d) were tested at the bench to optimize the process dynamics using the in-vessel composting method. Changes of compost stabilization conditions (organic matter, nitrogen losses, germination index) were also related to the characteristics of the different end products obtained. A second-order polynomial equation based on two independent process variables was developed to model the composting of sugarbeet molasses DS – OMH mixtures. Differences between experimental values and data derived by the application of the model never exceeded 10%. The best results in terms of biodegradation rate (i.e., degree of stabilization), maturity, and limitation of Kjeldahl-N losses were observe...


Indoor navigation has many practical applications. But since GPS device outputs are not available inside buildings, a new technology is needed. In our approach indoor navigation is image processing based, in a multi-user environment: a multitude of smartphones interacts with cloud servers. This paper refers to one of the biggest challenges of such an approach, viz. to efficiently implement a scalable infra-structure for large volumes of image information in real-time. Results are presented and validated by simulation of multi-users and actual measurements for a variety of situations of a single user.


The music of Western Xia Dynasty consists of folk music,royal music.It was not only various in form and function,but had many kinds of instruments,which fully reflects its national and regional characteristics.The development of Western Xia music was influenced by the politics,economics culture of Dangxiang minority and the Chinese traditional culture.It was affected and restricted by the factors of its own development.Western Xia music underwent four stages.Actually,Western Xia music developed as the Dynasty feudalised.


This review deals with spin fluctuation theory (SFT) in the regime where quantum-mechanical correlations are important (usually at low T). A detailed description of different sorts of SFT is given, including paramagnon theory, local spin-fluctuation (LSF) theory, the Fermi liquid theoretic (FLT) approach and functional integration techniques. It is shown how each of these theories can be applied to various physical systems, including 3He (normal and superfluid), metals, alloys and impurity systems, with the emphasis on the structure of the theories rather than how they have actually been applied. Briefer discussions are given of 'polarisation potential' theories, Gutzwiller theory and renormalisation group methods. A critique of the relative strengths and weaknesses of the various SFTs, and of the information they actually provide about spin fluctuations, is then given. Finally, some areas of current excitement are reviewed, namely the theory of two-dimensional Fermi systems, spin-polarised Fermi systems and 'heavy fermions'.


Understanding and improving honey bee nutrition has become of increasingly important as pollinator-dependent growers and beekeepers contend with colony collapse disorder and other bee-related health threats. The purpose of this ongoing research project is to study the effects of pollen quality on bee wellbeing. Pollen is the sole source of protein for honey bees and is essential to their development and survival. Also, nurse bees use stored pollen to produce the proteinaceous hypopharyngeal gland secretions that serve as food for developing bee larvae. The project is designed to serve chiefly as a comparative study of the effects of feeding bees with single-source pollen versus multisource pollen. Results suggest single-source pollen consumption for an extended period of time negatively impacts hypopharyngeal gland protein content of nurse bees. This in turn might result in poor hive nutrition and growth. Also, it appears single-source pollen consumption results in lower immunocompetence that might lead to increased susceptibility of bees to pests and diseases. Findings of this study will be helpful in suggesting appropriate supplemental feeding to maintain optimal nutrition for strong and healthy colonies. ____________________