Measurement and prediction of suspension flow properties in cylindrical geometries represent a significant challenge for both the experimentalist and modeler. In this paper, results of a computational study of the suspension flow in a pipe geometry using a computational method based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics are presented. Flow fields and the spatial distribution of solid spherical inclusions for the case of pipe flow will be shown as a function of the matrix fluid properties (including Newtonian, shear thinning, and shear thickening), driving force, and volume fraction of particles. Simulation results of suspension flow are consistent with a previous work of suspensions with a Newtonian fluid matrix. A strong effective slip phenomenon is shown for the case of a suspension with a shear thinning fluid matrix despite adherence to no-slip boundary conditions. A simple scaling ansatz is given to describe the change of flow rate with driving force. At a volume fraction of approximately 40 % and higher, there is strong evidence of ordering. This feature is illuminated using a small-angle scattering algorithm and compared to experimental studies using neutron scattering. Issues related to proper experimental characterization of rheological properties for pumping and printing of cement-based materials are discussed.Measurement and prediction of suspension flow properties in cylindrical geometries represent a significant challenge for both the experimentalist and modeler. In this paper, results of a computational study of the suspension flow in a pipe geometry using a computational method based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics are presented. Flow fields and the spatial distribution of solid spherical inclusions for the case of pipe flow will be shown as a function of the matrix fluid properties (including Newtonian, shear thinning, and shear thickening), driving force, and volume fraction of particles. Simulation results of suspension flow are consistent with a previous work of suspensions with a Newtonian fluid matrix. A strong effective slip phenomenon is shown for the case of a suspension with a shear thinning fluid matrix despite adherence to no-slip boundary conditions. A simple scaling ansatz is given to describe the change of flow rate with driving force. At a volume fraction of approximately 40 % and ...


e read with great interest the article "Is American Opposition to Whaling e Anti-Japanese?" by Dai Tanno and Toshihide Hamazaki in the summer 2000 issue of Asian Affairs: An American Review. This question is well worth investigating. The charge is one the Japanese have made for a very long time, and it is fitting that it be subjected to empirical analysis. We know of no other study of whaling that specifically targets this issue. However, the Tanno and Hamazaki article troubles us. First, the description of the problem at the outset is misleading. Second, the formulation of the study itself raises questions. Third, the conclusions drawn include some extreme statements not supported by the evidence presented. In sum, instead of throwing light on this question, the study further obscures it. First, the suggestion that antiwhaling nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have targeted Japanese whaling but not Norwegian whaling (Tanno and Hamazaki 2000, 82) is simply wrong. Antiwhaling NGOs have targeted Norway and many different countries over time; there is room here to mention only a few. The antiwhaling campaign was Greenpeace's second campaign ever; it was launched against Soviet whaling vessels from 1975 to 1977. The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior first saw action against Icelandic whaling vessels in 1978, and Sea Shepherd sank two Icelandic whaling vessels at their dock in 1986 (Day 1987,133-34).1 When Norway decided to resume commercial whaling in 1993, it was denounced in most graphic language in full-page advertisements in major


The relationship between compositional variations induced by gravity and reservoir-fluid phase behavior has been investigated. In light oils (stock-tank oil gravity less than or equal to0.85 g/cm/sup 3/ (greater than or equal to35/sup 0/ API)), strong compositional grading will occur if the reservoir fluid is near critical. In heavier oils, compositional grading is caused by the segregation of asphaltenes, resulting in variation in oil viscosity and the possibility of tar-mat formation.


This paper discusses the development and effectiveness of Patent Box regimes jurisdictionally and over time. The author follows with an analysis of under what conditions a Patent Box regime would fit within United States fiscal policy.


In the following account I write about my experiences as a graduate student, studying for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree at the University of Cambridge in England. I recall my observations of life at graduate school and my own perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages offered by different graduate programmes. I do not attempt to write an authorative, academic 'paper' on the subject; I do not have the appropriate knowledge or experience to do so. My intention is to introduce the topic of graduate schools and to provoke responses from readers who are either students or administrators within a school.


Transportation models are often used to solve problems of allocation and distribution of goods. This model is very simple and easy to use so that this model is widely applied to various allocation and distribution problems such as the problem of shipping goods, the selection of transport fleets, the selection of production sites, and others. However, this model has never been applied to electricity allocation and distribution. This is due to differences in the nature of goods and electricity. The loading allocation for each power plant usually uses an economic dispatch model. The Economic dispatch model is able to make allocations for generating plants that minimize fuel costs but are not able to do distribution optimization. Therefore, this study proposes the Single Echelon Economic Dispatch (SEED) models. The SEED model is the development of the transportation model. This model is formed from a combination of transportation models with economic dispatch models. Verification of the model using the Mahakam interconnection system in East Kalimantan. As a result, the SEED model is able to carry out a combined optimization between the production and distribution sides with minimum fuel cost parameters. The SEED model is also able to make a more detailed distribution than the Economic Dispatch model.


Circulatory failure is characterized by severe hemodynamic alterations associated with a decrease in oxygen availability to tissues. Ongoing tissue hypoxia leads to development of multiple organ failure (MOF), so that early detection of tissue hypoxia is essential to avoid potentially life threatening complications. However, detection of tissue hypoxia is difficult at the bedside. In conditions associated with sepsis, trauma, extended surgery, or other inflammatory states, oxygen demand can be elevated above the oxygen supply. Furthermore, an alteration in oxygen extraction capabilities by the tissues can limit their oxygen consumption. On the other hand, some tissues can decrease their metabolic needs to adapt to the decreased oxygen availability that occurs in low flow states, "oxygen conformance". Thus the interpretation of the classical hemodynamic parameters, including cardiac output, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, and mixed-venous oxygen saturation can have serious limitations in this context. Measurements of blood lactate levels may be useful to detect occult tissue hypoxia and also to monitor the effects of therapy. This article will review the pathophysiologic implications of hyperlactatemia.


Probiotics are living microbes, when adequately ingested confer benefits to the host which include shortened duration of infection or decreased susceptibility to pathogens. Probiotics improve gut banier function, restore non-pathogenic digestive flora, prevent colonization by pathogenic bacteria and have role in immunomodulation. In the era of increasing antibacterial resistance and fewer new antibiotics in the research pipeline, non-antibiotic approaches like use of probiotics offer a ray of hope to clinician in the prevention of nosocomial infections in critical ill patients. Till to date, trials conducted on the role of probiotics in critically ill patients have shown significant heterogenicity in clinical outcomes, type of strain studied, dose and duration of therapy. Hence, the current data does not offer sufficient evidence to draw a conclusion regarding clinical indications of probiotics in critically ill. Well designed clinical trials are needed to validate the effects of particular probiotics given at specific dosages and for specific treatment durations. Although probiotics are generally safe in critically ill, more information is needed on safety profile of probiotics particularly in immunocompromised patients.


The partial cavity on a 2D NACA0015 foil at 6 degrees angle-of-attack is studied numerically. Assuming the fluid to be a continuum of variable density, we solve the RANS equations, complemented with turbulence and cavitation models. Some important details of the mathematical model are pointed out first. We study then carefully what occurs in the numerical simulations in and near the cavity from the inception phase to the stage well before serious unsteadiness (cavity shedding) starts. By making the computations on grids of different densities we get an impression of numerical uncertainties. This is important for the interpretation and the subsequent comparison with what experimental investigations have learned us about the physics of these almost steady partial cavities on foils. The results show that close to inception a cavity exists while the boundary layer is non-separating. The liquid-vapour interface turns out not to be a material surface, neither at the front end nor at the tail of the cavity. It also appears that the widely accepted re-entrant jet model as conceived from freestreamline theory is not a good description of the flow at the tail. The confrontation of the numerical results with information from experiments indicates that there is agreement and corroboration in several respects, but also intriguing discrepancies are found which require further elucidation.


Since 9/11 the Air Force has been compelled, sometimes reluctantly, to adopt a subsidiary role to US landpower in the various wars against terror. This process has left the notion of Airpower and Air Leadership struggling to find a voice. While the reemergence of great power competition might bring rain to the Air Force's leadership desert, it is the contention of this chapter that the Air Force needs to be able to adapt and lead even if that is not the case.


Some common defects of municipal road excavation and restoration are summarized in the paper such as differential settlement, parallel crack, net crack, pavement holes bumps. Then, the main mechanisms of these defects are discussed from several aspects including backfilling differential deformation, pavement stress and general strength. Finally, several countermeasures are provided by the author, such as avoiding backfilling gap, improving groove subgrade strength, excavating step style restoration structure from two sides, making pavement structure reinforcement and strengthening the connecting areas of the excavation and the trenchless.


This article develops a two-factor real options model of the harvesting decision over infinite rotations assuming a known stochastic price process and using a rigorous Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman methodology. The harvesting problem is formulated as a linear complementarity problem that is solved numerically using a fully implicit finite difference method. This approach is contrasted with the Markov decision process models commonly used in the literature. The model is used to estimate the value of a representative stand in Ontario's boreal forest, both when there is complete flexibility regarding harvesting time and when regulations dictate the harvesting date.


In this paper, first, the meaning, position and key factors of bilingual education and the significances of conducting bilingual education in computer professional courses is talked about. Then based on the practice of the bilingual education being conducted in computer professional courses in Huanggang Normal University, the feasibility, basic teaching form, course arrangement and some problems of conducting bilingual education in computer professional courses is discussed


One factor responsible for the enhanced thermal stability of
S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), compared with
S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC), has been shown, by
ab initio calculations on model compounds, to be steric
interactions in the dimerisation reaction leading to disulfide formation.
Studies using DSC and TGA indicate that the two gem methyl groups
in SNAP do not have a substantial effect on the strength of the
–S–NO bond.


Author(s): Bernhardt, Annette; Milkman, Ruth; Theodore, Nik; Heckathorn, Douglas D.; Auer, Mirabai; DeFilippis, James; Gonzalez, Ana Luz; Narro, Victor; Perelshteyn, Jason | Abstract: This report exposes a world of work in which the core protections that many Americans take for granted—the right to be paid at least the minimum wage, the right to be paid for overtime hours, the right to take meal breaks, access to workers' compensation when injured, and the right to advocate for better working conditions—are failing significant numbers of workers. The sheer breadth of the problem, spanning key industries in the economy, as well as its profound impact on workers, entailing significant economic hardship, demands urgent attention.


[Objective] To study the technique of treating the malignant stricture of esaphageal and cardia. [Method] 66 patients with unresectable malignant stricture of esophageal and cardia were treated with nitinol alloy network stent through gastroscope. For patients with serious stricture, stents were implanted after savary′s dilation. [Result] Successful stent placement was achieved in 66 cases; The rate of improvement in stricture was 100%; 4 cases with digestive-respirotory fistulas were cured after stent placement. [Conclusion] Nitinol alloy network stent is a safe and efficacious method for treating malignant stricture, improve patients living quality and lengthen living time.


Efforts of specialists to find new solutions to current problems we face: economic crisis, climate change, depletion of fuel, high energy consumption have resulted in the development and the implementation of modern technologies, innovative that respond to these challenges. Horticultural sector one of the largest sectors of energy consumption should address the practices and technologies that lead to its sustainable development in order to be competitive. This paper aims to be a synthesis of data from the literature on innovation in the horticultural sector to implement new technologies to find new directions for research.


ABSTRACT This paper focused on the necessity of radiometric calibration to distinguish diseased trees in orchards based on aerial multi-spectral images. For this purpose, two study sites were selected where multispectral images were collected using a multirotor UAV. The impact of radiometric correction on plant disease detection was assessed in two ways: 1) comparison of separability between the healthy and diseased classes using T-test and entropy distances; 2) radiometric calibration effect on the accuracy of classification. The experimental results showed the insignificant effect of radiometric calibration on separability criteria. In the second strategy, the experimental results showed that radiometric calibration had a negligible effect on the accuracy of classification. As a result, the overall accuracy and kappa values for un-calibrated and calibrated orthomosaic classifications of the citrus orchard were 96.49%, 0.941, 96.57% and 0.942, respectively, using five spectral bands as well as DVI, NDRE, NDVI and GNDVI vegetation indices using a random forest classifier. The experimental results were also similar at the other study site. Therefore, the overall accuracy and kappa values for the un-calibrated and calibrated orthomosaic classifications were 95.58%, 0.913, 95.56% and 0.913, respectively, using five spectral bands as well as NDRE, BNDVI, GNDVI, DVI, and NDVI vegetation indices.


Estimation of accurate state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of lithium‐ion batteries has become more difficult in electric vehicles due to various uncertainties in the battery. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the accurate and robust SOC and SOH of the lithium‐ion battery. Here, a first‐order resistor‐capacitor (RC) electrical equivalent circuit model is considered for the analysis and modeling, an adaptive nonlinear observer (ANO) is proposed to convert nonlinear equations into linearized equations. The transfer function is obtained from the linearized equations to estimate the actual parameters and the internal states of the battery. When comparing the proposed ANO to the conventional method extended Kalman filter, the new ANO gives better dynamic results, less SOC error, and high convergence capability. An extra random variable noise is added to the system; the proposed model is suitable for the SOC at current noise factors. The convergence capability of the observer is analyzed with the linear criterion. The simulation results of the proposed ANO are validated through the MATLAB/Simulink platform under the hybrid pulse power characteristics test.


The authors present a reconfigurable compiler for distributed memory parallel computers that performs automatic program partitioning, mapping, and communication code generation under the guidance of directives supplied by the programmer.


Fluorescence quenching in solid state is a long-standing problem in dye chemistry, wherein perylene diimide (PDI) dyes represent one of the trickiest classes due to the strong propensity of face-to-face...


Dear Editor, I should like to comment on the article. 'A standardised questionnaire for evaluating hospital-based rotations for general practice vocational training' by Viniol et al. [1] The authors state in the summary that 'To our knowledge, this is the first standardised feedback questionnaire evaluating the residency period of vocational training'. In fact, it is not. Under the auspices of the East Anglian Faculty of the Royal College of General Practitioners following a faculty meeting on Joint Hospital Visiting (JHV), I developed a questionnaire for assessing SHO posts in the 1990s. We used it for a number of years for our JHVs and for Joint Committee on Postgraduate Training for General Practice visits. I believe it has now been superseded by the national questionnaire which was developed by the London Deanery. We published some papers and the references are below.[2–5] Sadly, Malcolm Adams who helped me with the original statistics died two years ago. References [1] Viniol A, Lommler-Thamer M, Baum E, Donner Banzhoff N. A standardised questionnaire for evaluating hospitalbased rotations in general practice vocational training. Edu. Primary Care 2015;26:148–154. [2] Hand CH, Adams M. The development and reliability of the Royal College of General Practitioners' questionnaire for measuring senior house officers' satisfaction with their hospital training. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 1998;48:1399–1403. [3] Hand CH. Evaluating satisfaction with hospital training for general practice: a comparison of two surveys in East Anglia for the JCPTGP using the RCGP SHO questionnaire. Edu. Gen. Pract. 2000;11:385–390. [4] Hand C, Shepstone L, Dawson H. Judging the quality of SHO training: the work of the Hospital Recognition Committee of the Royal College of General Practitioners in England and Northern Ireland. Edu. Primary Care 2003;14:18–24. [5] Hand CH, McKee A, Hibble A. The hospital component of training for general practice: the experience and aspirations of general practitioner registrars in the Eastern Deanery of England. Edu. Primary Care 2005;16:21–30.


To face the Millennium Development Goals, schools are supposed to equip the students to have proper English skills to help them interact in AEC. Yet, empirical evidence revealed that the education in Indonesia ranks 64 out of 120 countries (EDI, 2012). For this, Universitas Negeri Malang as one of the teacher training institutions in Indonesia takes the responsibility in improving the teachers' quality. Hence, this research investigated the teachers' pedagogical and professional competences in teaching English, Math, and Science. Questionnaire, interview guide, observation sheets, and set of tests were used in descriptive quantitative method. Results showed that pedagogically, most of the teachers lack the competences in translating framework into materials, designing classroom activities, and facilitating students to develop their potentials. While in professional competence, most of the teachers find difficulties in developing and delivering materials creatively in proper English. Periodical trainings and workshops are proposed as the remedy. Nowadays, English is taught in all parts of the world, as far reaching as the remote areas in small countries. Indonesia is no exception; English has been introduced and taught in schools, starting from primary to upper secondary, in all its 34 provinces. In secondary schools English is a compulsory subject, while in primary schools, it is offered as a local content. The decision for this was provided by the Ministry of Education and Culture, through the Decree Number 060 Year 1993, which states that English may be taught in primary schools, starting from Grade 4. This law was strengthened with the Decree of Ministry of Education and Culture Number 20 Year 2003 on the System of National Education. It was then accepted enthusiastically, and primary schools began to teach their students English.


In this paper, the concept of Chase Combining (CC) is extended to photon communications systems. It is assumed that intensity modulation (IM) along with on-off-keying (OOK) schemes are utilized to generate signals at the transmitter. At the receiver, direct-detection (DD) mechanisms are utilized to recover the transmitted signal. In particular, it is assumed that the optical detection is achieved via an avalanche photo-detector (APD). It is assumed that the photon channel is impacted by clear-air (log-normal) turbulence and that the major impairments of the receiver include receiver thermal noise, shot noise due to optical detection, background radiation, and random gain distortion caused by APD. Performance is established in terms of bit error rate (BER) using analytical and simulation means. The numerical results demonstrate that CC technique offers a significant improvement in performance at a cost of increased hardware complexity.


Based on the data of groundwater level decline and rebounded of closure self-prepare wells since 2005,through the release of deep groundwater recharge and water extraction process mechanism and analysis on stimulating release of water effect in the course of exploitation,the article reveals the natural release of the deep groundwater and the release water regulation under the condition of exploitation.It studies the deep groundwater level changing reasons in the region and puts forward some measures for the deep groundwater protection and restoration.


This work deals with the design of an unknown inputs observer for MIMO nonlinear hybrid systems. It consists in a switching between different observer to a simultaneous estimate of the unavailable states and inputs. A nonlinear reduced model of an alternating activated sludge process, which is decomposed on an aerobic phase and an anoxic phase, is presented. They are the results of a nitrification and de-nitrification phases. The principal goal of the observer is directed to cure the problem of unavailable input of the influent ammonia concentration and non-measured states of every sub-model. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid observers.


Utilizing a Neighboring Weighted-Estimation Method for Anomaly Detection with a Continuous Compaction Control Data Set William Baker and Christopher L. Meehan, University of Delaware Continuous Compaction Control (CCC) systems utilize a mounted accelerometer, GPS unit, and data acquisition system on soil or asphalt compaction equipment, in order to collect data about the compaction process in real time and over 100% of the compaction evaluation area. During their use, CCC systems may collect anomalous data that can have an influence on reported compaction quality results, and which can lead to erroneous conclusions about the degree of compaction of the soil, or inappropriate regression models between CCC data and in situ measurement data. In the current study, an existing neighboring weighted-estimation method was applied to the results from a field study in which a variety of CCC and in situ test data had been collected, to quantify and filter out anomalous data. Other researchers have proposed that this approach can improve presented CCC data, resulting in improved regression relationships between CCC data and in situ measurement data. For the data set that was evaluated, the results indicate that the removal of anomalous data using this methodology did not yield a significant change in the relationships between the CCC and in situ test results.


The theory of pragmatic truth, as a transcendence to the theory of the positivist, idealist,logical, and conventionalist truth, does not claim that usefulness is exactly truth, on the contrary, it maintatins the reality of truth and the truth about correspondence theory, gives prominence to the practicality and effectiveness of truth, claims the trinity of theory, practice and effect,founds the theory of truth unifying the reality, goodness and beauty,and the methodology encouraging exploration and experimentation. It opposes absolute truth, thinks much of uniting theory with practice, advocates that philosophy attends human life, brings up the people's esthetic interest, figures perfect personality, realizes the full human nature. On the basis of the theory of time, theory of creation, theory of consequence, and postmodernism, it strikes the lingual cage to beat absolute reason and abstract and useless academism philosophy.


Resilience is a topical and widely researched construct in the field of developmental psychopathology, yet it has not been examined systematically with Australian Indigenous adolescents despite their high level of risk. Indigenous adolescents experience d


Additive mixture for lubricant, and overbased alkaline earth metal sulfonate; overbased alkaline earth metal carboxylate, the reaction product of an alkanolamine and a fatty acid or fatty acid ester, thiodiglycol or containing at least one friction modifier selected from the group consisting of reaction products of dialkylene glycols and fatty acid or fatty acid ester. The additive mixture, when mixed with the lubricant feed oil during storage, providing a lubricant composition characterized by a smaller sedimentation occurs.


With the enrollment expansion of colleges and universities,increasing attention is being attached to the undergraduates' psychological problems.Based on the analyses of the problems and their causes,this paper puts forward practical countermeasures,which provides effective educational ways for undergraduates' physical and mental health.


This thesis investigates some of corporate governance practices in Malaysian public listed companies with a particular interest in selected government linked corporation (GLCs), participating under the government transformation programme (GTP). Thus, this study uses board characteristics, government ownership and performance as independent variables that affect directors' remuneration. The board characteristics consists of board size, proportional of independent director, proportional independent director in remuneration and audit committee and CEO tenure. The control variables used are firm size, leverage and growth in this study. The study explains the relationship between director remuneration and corporate governance structures in a distinguished setting when the government has some influence in corporate decision making. There are 20 GLCs (known as G20s) selected under implementation of government transformation programmes starting from 2004. The study is conducted based on balanced data under observation for 6 years (2010-2015). However, due to sample selection criteria, there are only fifteen companies left for selection in this study. The agency theory and steward theory are used in this study to determine whether there is an implication in the corporate governance issues towards directors' remuneration. Using pooled OLS and Panel data regression techniques, it is found that board characteristics – independent directors and board meeting are negatively significant to the directors' remuneration. However, the government ownership and performance is not significant. Thus, the steward theory is rejected due to difference in political and policy applied by sample companies. Moreover, firm size, growth and leverage show significant positively relationship to the director remuneration. Finally, the agency theory is more relevant in explaining the corporate governance issues to determined director remuneration in Malaysia.


CML patients should be screened for Abl kinase domain (KD) mutations before changing tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy to ensure that the second-line TKI will be effective against mutations that arose on the first drug. Sanger sequencing (SS) can confidently detect mutations present in >20% of BCR-ABL molecules but will fail to detect minor resistant sub-clones. If missed, these minor sub-clones may be further selected by the second-line TKI and cause treatment failure. The T315I mutation can be particularly problematic as it is resistant to most TKIs except ponatinib. It seems reasonable to detect all mutations if possible, and avoid second line drugs that are known to be ineffective in their presence. We have developed a next generation sequencing strategy (Illumina MiSeq, 2 x 300 bp) that enables confident detection of all Abl KD mutations present at a level of at least 1% in the BCR-ABL cDNA, this level being 3-5x above the background calling-error rate. Two 500 bp PCR products are sufficient to cover the entire kinase domain (aa M237 to E505). With 300 bp paired-end sequencing of the products, a 65 bp region containing the 315 codon (codons 306-326) is sequenced on both strands. By excluding base changes that are not corroborated on both strands, mutations in this region can be detected with a 10-fold higher accuracy (in 0.1% of BCR-ABL molecules). Samples with low disease burden (1% BCR-ABL/ABL positivity) can also be amplified sufficiently with 50 cycles of PCR, minimising artefactual DNA polymerase-induced mutations. Indexing allows the simultaneous analysis of 80 PCR9s in a single MiSeq run (Abl KD of 40 patients). Important aspects of the method are: 50% PhiX DNA is added to the library to increase complexity, and the flow cell is seeded at low density (300,000 clusters per mm2) to reduce sequencing errors. Overlapping paired reads are combined to produce a single FASTQ sequence (modified FLASH source code). Any bases in the overlapping region that do not agree with their counterpart on the other strand are labelled "N" and given a quality score (Q score) of 20. Combined sequences are quality parsed (FASTX Tool Kit) to exclude sequences that do not have a Q score of at least 20 at all bases Parsed high quality sequences are compared to the reference sequence. We have sequenced the BCR-ABL KD of patients who were sub-optimal responders (BCR-ABL/ABL ratio of >1% at >= 11 months on therapy) in the NCRI SPIRIT 2 trial of first-line imatinib vs dasatinib. Of 60 sub-optimally responding imatinib patients, 6 (10%) had high level mutations (in >20% of BCR-ABL molecules): T315I, L387F, G250E, N331D, M244V x 2. The patients with L387F and G250E were switched to dasatinib and proceeded to respond well. The patient with T315I was also initially switched to dasatinib but failed to respond (BCR-ABL/ABL 29% after 1 year). This patient eventually received ponatinib with good response (BCR-ABL/ABL One patient with M244V was switched to nilotinib. Initially this caused relative selection of a pre-existing M387F mutated clone, this mutation increasing from 11 months). Our study demonstrates the value of using 2 x 300 bp paired-end sequencing to detect high and low level mutations, even in patients with low-level disease burden, to guide the choice of an appropriate second-line TKI. Disclosures Dickson:Ariad: Research Funding. Kennedy:Ariad: Research Funding. Cork:Roche: Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Hedgley:Roche: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Copland:Ariad: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Holyoake:BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding. O9Brien:BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pzifer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Ariad: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Ramashoye:Ariad: Consultancy, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.


The paper presents a theoretical framework for modeling acid fracturing stimulations. Starting from the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics, fracture mechanics, convection, and diffusion, the paper outlines the steps necessary to derive simplified equations for an acid fracturing model. Unlike some existing models, the coupled problem of fracture geometry, acid transport, and diffusion is solved simultaneously in this paper. Although an infinite reaction rate is assumed in the solution of the problem, an empirical correlation is used to account partially for finite reaction rates. Errors in the governing equations of some of the existing models are identified. To assess the accuracy of the approximations used in the present model, exact solutions are used for comparison. Predictions from the present model are compared with a model in the literature, and the results are found to be in reasonable agreement. As in all existing acid fracturing models, not all the phenomena of the acid fracturing process have been incorporated into the present model. Nevertheless, the present model is improved over existing models because it is derived from fundamental equations and thus forms a basis from which further improvements can be made.


Define the superball with radius r and center 0 in R n to be the set m +1 = n, which is a generalization of ℓ p -balls. We give two new proofs for the celebrated result that for 1 < p ≤ 2, the translative packing density of superballs in R n is Ω( n/ 2 n ). This bound was first obtained by Schmidt, with subsequent constant factor improvement by Rogers and Schmidt, respectively. Our first proof is based on the hard superball model, and the second proof is based on the independence number of a graph. We also investigate the entropy of packings, which measures how


When the "RISC revolution" happened in the early 1980's many people said that it was the death of processor microcode. After all, microcode was used to emulate complex instruction sets, and CISC was out. In fact, it was exactly the other way around. The RISC revolution signaled the victory of writable control stores. Because of changes in memory technology, and for other reasons, the greatest efficiency came from compiling directly to vertical microcode (a.k.a. RISC level machine language), eliminating the normal (CISC) machine language level. Writable control stores were replaced, as they should have been, by a main memory/instruction cache arrangement. Interestingly, sometimes the work done in the microcode arena has anticipated work in general purpose architectures, while other times the reverse has been true.


This work tries to analyse the phenomenon of financial distress in Italian public local authorities in the light of the entry into force in 1989 of the Italian legislation on the Financial Distress of Public Authorities and of the reform of Title V of the Constitution in 2001, which have produced important changes. After nearly twenty-five years, we wonder what it is the real coercive power of the law on pushing bodies to declare bankruptcy and whether it is possible to chart characteristic features of a possible
profile-type of local authority in default. Finally, with some interviews to the main actors of the public bodies we intend to investigate the different points of view and way
of approaching a financial distress at the time of its official declaration. The methodological approach was exploratory-descriptive, based on the analysis of archival
records and two non-structured interviews with key informants.


Abstract : The current Small Arms Range is located in Area C off Hebble Creek Road. This facility does not provide for some required training, is outdated and in a state of disrepair, and is out of compliance with minimum Surface Danger Zone (SDZ) distances. A new Fully Contained Small Anns Range Complex (FCSARC) has been proposed. The FCSARC would be located in Area A, off Communications Boulevard on Newark Street. The proposed action is to construct the FCSARC, demolish the current SAR, and remediate lead-contaminated soil at the current SAR, if necessary. There were two alternatives analyzed: Alternative A, the No Action alternative, would have the current SAR remain and the FCSARC would not be constructed. Alternative A also serves as a baseline against which the Proposed Action can be compared. Alternative B, the Proposed Action, includes the construction of the FCSARC, demolition of the current SAR, and remediation of lead-contaminated soil at the current SAR, if necessary.


Low cycle fatigue characteristics are very important in the development of automobile suspension parts. Fatigue properties using the strain life approach are usually obtained from low cycle fatigue tests. However, low cycle fatigue testing requires a lot of time and cost. In the current study, an attempt to estimate low cycle fatigue properties of high strength steel sheet from tensile test and tensile simulations is performed. In addition, low cycle fatigue testing was conducted to compare the fatigue properties obtained from tensile testing and simulations. In conclusion, the results effectively predict the low cycle fatigue properties. However, some deviations still exist.


The existing generation gap with regard to knowing how to handle these tools causes adults to remain unaware of the uses to which underage persons put the information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly the Internet. Adults are largely ignorant of its potential and risks. This leads to a loss of power in terms of their capacity as reference points in the process of supporting adolescents in this area, and in establishing limits in the use of the Internet and access to its content. This happens both to parents and to educators and other adults.


Hippocrates, around 2500 years back, was treating clubfoot deformities by molding the feet similar to the modern day treatment. Subsequently, a number of techniques including correction with a metallic wrench, Kite's technique of plastering, and Turco's posteromedial surgical release were tried. Although the first report of the Ponseti technique, which evolved in the 1940s, was published in 1963,1 the technique was not widely accepted for approximately three decades till the comparative studies proved its superiority over the traditional methods.1,2


The total cross section for the production of hadrons in e+e− annihilation exhibits complex structure in the region of center‐of‐mass energy about 4 GeV, where R, the ratio of the hadron to μ‐pair cross sections, changes from a plateau value of about 2.5 to a new flat region of about 5.2. Corresponding structure is not seen in exclusive 2(π+π−) and 3(π+π−) cross section, nor is structure seen in identified K− spectra. Anomalous e‐μ events are observed above an Ec.m. of about 4 GeV, which are not explainable as arising solely from K0 semileptonic decays of charmed mesons, or from two body decays of a new meson.


A fractional-step (FS) solver of the three-dimensional time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in generalized curvilinear coordinate systems, previously developed by the present authors, has been significantly enhanced by accelerating the Poisson solver with multigrid (MG) procedures. The most CPU time-consuming part of fractional-st ep methods is the solution of a discrete Poisson-like equation with Neumann-type boundary conditions formulated to satisfy the continuity equation. Usually, more than 80% of the total computational time of FS methods is consumed by the iterative solution of the Poisson equation. In the present study, multigrid techniques have been employed for accelerating the convergence rate of the Poisson solver in nonorthogonal coordinate systems. Various MG strategies have been tested in numerous numerical experiments. The total computational time required for solving the Poisson equation was reduced by an order of magnitude, whereas the overall computational time of the flow solver was reduced by a factor of 3-4. The MG Poisson solver consumes less than 25% of the total CPU time. The computational work has been found to be of order 0(7V), where TV is the total number of mesh points, whereas the CPU time on a vector computer (CRAY Y-MP) is of 0(7V°-75). Consequently, the present method is a viable alternative for solving complex flowfields with a very large number of mesh points.


The photoluminescence (PL) measurement is considered to be a powerful and convenient method to determine the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-wells. However, as different calculation models are developed for different PL experiments, the calculated IQE values can sometimes differ a lot, mainly due to different experimental conditions. In this paper, a comparative study is presented among the temperature-dependent PL (TDPL) measurement and power-dependent PL (PDPL) measurement and time-resolved PL (TRPL) measurement, and the relationship between different IQE calculation models is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. It is revealed that despite distinct IQE values, different PL methods are actually compatible with each other. The discrepancy in TDPL and TRPL results comes from the temperature dependent relationship between the carrier concentration and carrier generation rate. Through a careful conversion of the excitation condition, both TDPL and TRPL results are cor...


Historical resurveys of ecological communities are important for placing the structure of modern ecosystems in context. Rarely, however, are snapshot surveys alone sufficient for providing direct insight into the rates of ecological processes that underlie how communities function, either now or in the past. In this study, I used a statistically-reasoned observational approach to estimate the feeding rates of a New Zealand intertidal predator, Haustrum haustorium, using diet surveys performed at several sites by Robert Paine in 1968-9 and by me in 2004. Comparisons between time periods reveal a remarkable consistency in the predator's prey-specific feeding rates, which contrasts with the changes I observed in prey abundances, the predator's body-size distribution, and the prey's proportional contributions to the predator's apparent diet. Although these and further changes in the predator's per capita attack rates seem to show adaptive changes in its prey preferences, they do not. Rather, feeding-rate stability is an inherently statistical consequence of the predator's high among-prey variation in handling times which determine the length of time that feeding events remain detectable to observers performing diet surveys. Though understudied, similarly high among-prey variation in handling (or digestion) times is evident in many predator species throughout the animal kingdom. The resultant disconnect between a predator's apparent diet and its actual feeding rates suggests that much of the temporal, biogeographic, and seemingly context-dependent variation that is often perceived in community structure, predator diets, and food-web topology may be of less functional consequence than assumed. Qualitative changes in ecological pattern need not represent qualitative changes in ecological process.


Proportion principle is the essential rule in administrative law of many countries, whose connotation is that, according to its legal base, administrative power should be exercised in the way which has minor harm on the people. Due to the lack of the regulation of law, administration enforcement right has become one of the most active and the most misused rights in our country. This article defines the proportion principle, analyzes its effective regulation on the enforcement of administrative law and studies the path of regulating and ruling the administration enforcement right by using proportion principle.


The invention relates to a novel harrow section of scarification equipment, in particular to a harrow section, which is easy to satisfy the requirement of the design of series products and is convenient to maintain, of heavy scarification equipment. The novel harrow section of the scarification equipment comprises harrow pieces, a bearing support arm, a bearing pedestal assembly, a square shaft, a soil scraping device, an intercalated pipe, a harrow section cross beam, a press plate, locknuts and other parts; the harrow section cross beam comprises two to three square pipes; the bearing support arm is mounted on the harrow section cross beam through the press plate and four bolts; a pair of tapered roller bearings with circular inner holes is adopted in the bearing pedestal assembly; both ends of the square shaft are fixed through locknuts. The novel harrow section of the scarification equipment has the advantages that parts on the harrow section are convenient to mount, dismount, maintain and adjust, the bearing sealing performance is good, the working is reliable, the quantity of the harrow pieces can be increased conveniently, the components have strong universality, and the manufacture cost is low.


Switch transaction device is the equipment with the highest failure rate in rail transit signaling system. Switch equipment maintenance and fault handling is the core course of rail transit signaling specialty, and also the key technology to ensure the safety of rail transit transportation. With the rapid increase of rail transit mileage, train speed and traffic density, the increase of switch equipment usage frequency leads to the increase of daily maintenance and fault handling workload, which brings great pressure to safety production. Therefore, the ability to quickly diagnose and deal with switch faults is an important guarantee for the safety of rail transit transportation. In view of these reasons, it is particularly important to strengthen the training of operation skills of students and signaling maintenance personnel on the spot, and to improve their ability to deal with equipment failures in a short time. In this paper, an intelligent assessment system based on S700K switch machine is designed and implemented, which can effectively improve the switch maintenance and fault handling level of trainees through practical training and operation.


Unknown term translation is important to CLIR and MT systems, but it is still an unsolved problem. Recently, a few researchers have proposed several effective search-result-based term translation extraction methods which explore search results to discover translations of frequent unknown terms from Web search results. However, many infrequent unknown terms, such as abbreviations and proper names (or named entities), and their translations are still difficult to be obtained using these methods. Therefore, in this paper we present a new search-result-based abbreviation translation method and a new two-stage hybrid translation extraction method to solve the problem of extracting translations of infrequent unknown abbreviations and proper names from Web search results. In addition, to efficiently apply name transliteration techniques to mitigate the problems of proper name translation, we propose a mixed-syllable-mapping transliteration model and a Web-based unsupervised learning algorithm for dealing with online English-Chinese name transliteration. Our experimental results show that our proposed new methods can make great improvements compared with the previous search-result-based term translation extraction methods.


Abstract : This paper considers the optimal control of a production system which is composed of two distinct production processes, called type A and type B. These production processes are used to produce two different products called I and II. It is assumed that the demands for these products are sequences of continuous, nonnegative and independent radom variables with known distributions. Production type A is used to produce both products, but they are related as by-products of each other by a fixed set of production coefficients, while type B can only be used to produce product II. At the beginning of each period, the level of production of each production type must be determined, given the amounts of each product already in stock. The criterion used to make these decisions is based on the minimum expected discounted total cost over the finite horizon. Results presented show that the decision plane is partitioned into four distinct regions, and the boundaries between these regions are characterized in terms of a particular sequence of points which are independent of the on-hand stock levels each period. (Author)


Corresponding author: Piotr Bienias Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Medical University of Warsaw 4 Lindleya St 02-005 Warsaw, Poland Phone: +48 604 405 365 E-mail: email@example.com 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 2 Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 3 Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland 4 Department of Cardiology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of postural changes in women who had urinary incontinence (UI) with myofascial dysfunction (MD) and women who had UI without MD in the pelvic floor muscles (PFM).

METHODS
A cross-sectional study was performed with 234 women who had UI and were 18 years old or older at the urogynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary academic hospital. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Overactive Bladder were used to collect urinary data. Standing postural assessment was performed using photogrammetry in anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral views and was analyzed with Postural Assessment Software. MD was defined as pain of any intensity during palpation of the PFM, and the strength of these muscles was evaluated using the Modified Oxford Scale.

RESULTS
The prevalence of MD in women with UI was 51.7% (121/234). Women with MD had significantly smaller angles in the horizontal alignment of the pelvis in the right-side view (-11.9 degrees [SD = 6.9 degrees] and - 9.6 degrees [SD = 7.1 degrees]), left-side view (-13.6 degrees [SD = 6 degrees] and - 11.5 degrees [SD = 6.6 degrees]), and vertical alignment of the body in the left-side view (3 degrees [SD = 1.5 degrees] and 3.4 degrees [SD = 1.5 degrees]), showing anterior pelvic tilt and posterior displacement of the body.

CONCLUSION
Women with UI and MD had greater anterior pelvic tilt and posterior displacement of the body than women without dysfunction.

IMPACT
This study informs physical therapists and other health care professionals about the prevalence of MD in the pelvic floor muscles of women with UI and highlights the need to rule out MD, as it appears to be a concomitant impairment in women who self-report UI. During a postural screen, health care professionals should look for anterior pelvic tilt relative to horizon when evaluating posture in women with UI and MD. The findings of postural changes in women with MD and UI may influence the PFM assessment.

LAY SUMMARY
Women with involuntary urinary loss, pain, and stiffness in the pelvic area may show changes in posture associated with this condition.


We have identified 15 mutations of the factor VIII (F8) gene from a panel of 107 patients with hemophilia A and have characterized these gene defects byrestriction analysis, oligonucleotide hybridization, cloning and DNA sequencing. Recurrent point mutations that involve CG to TG transitions were identified in exon 18, exon 22, and exon 24; a single CG to TG transition was identified in exon 23; and a CG to CA transition was identified in exon 24. In addition, a Taq I site alteration in intron 4 was identified in a patient with mild hemophilia, which arose dg. S23&in a grandpaternal germ cell. Cloning and sequencing of this region suggests the generation of a newsplice donor site. These data suggest that CG to TG transition is a prominent mechanism of mutation in hemophilia A. Six different deletions were also characterized. In one family, the deletion involved exon 26. However, the deletion endpoints in the male proband were different from those in his carrier mother, suggesting either gonadal mosaicism or a second deletion event in maternal meiosis. Of the 15 mutations, 6 occurred de novo within 2 generations: 4 in males and 2 in females. In these djg.novo mutations paternal age at conception was 35 (range = 32-38) and maternal age was 24 and 27. The ability to discover a sizable number of mutations in the F8 gene producing hemophilia A enables us to determine the frequency and nature of de novo mutations in man.


Perfectionism has received extensive research interests in recent years. While rigidity is implied in the definition of perfectionism, there have been very few studies that explored the relationship between perfectionism and rigidity. The current study examined the relationship between perfectionism and coping inflexibility (as a measure of rigidity) and whether coping inflexibility played a role in any relationships between perfectionism and positive/negative psychological outcomes. The current study focused on two dimensions of perfectionism: self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP). Coping flexibility, in this study defined as people's ability to modify their coping according to situational demands was measured using both hypothetical scenarios and a weeklong daily diary method. Three hundred sixteen college students participated in the study. After completing a set of questionnaires online, participants reported daily negative stressors and their appraisals, coping, and positive/negative affect states at the end of the day for 7 days. The current study found no support for the relationship between SOP and coping flexibility and SOP predicted higher rates of positive affect measured two different ways. There was partial support for the relationship between SPP and coping flexibility. Higher SPP consistently predicted higher negative affect. Individuals with high SPP engaged in coping choices that did not match with the daily situational demand as measured by perceived controllability and therefore were deemed to be coping inflexibly. However, SPP was not associated with coping flexibility measured by hypothetical scenarios. Rigidity in SPP was more associated with lack of situation-strategy fit than with rigidity in appraisals of controllability or in the use of particular coping strategies across


Numerous small star-shaped discontinuities have been found in the thermoplastic polyethylene insulation of 15 kV URD cables which have never been entered into service. The discontinuities in eleven representative samples of cables manufactured fran 1968 through 1975 were analyzed by Raman spectra generated by a laser microprobe, by a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with a secondary x-ray detector (energy dispersive x-ray analysis) and by optical microscopy. The chemical nature of the discontinuities was identified and the number and distribution of the discontinuities determined.


The effect of finite-coupling corrections to the drag force on a moving heavy quark in the Super Yang-Mills plasma is investigated. These corrections are related to curvature-squared corrections in the corresponding gravity dual. The results are compared with the dual gauge theory. It is shown that curvature-squared corrections affect the drag force. It is shown that corrections to the drag force depend on the velocity of the heavy quark. The diffusion coefficient of non-relativistic heavy quarks is calculated from the drag force. In addition, we also calculate the drag force on a moving heavy quark in the Gauss-Bonnet background.


Lanczos bidiagonalization is a competitive method for computing a partial singular value decomposition of a large sparse matrix, that is, when only a subset of the singular values and corresponding singular vectors are required. However, a straightforward implementation of the algorithm has the problem of loss of orthogonality between computed Lanczos vectors, and some reorthogonalization technique must be applied. Also, an effective restarting strategy must be used to prevent excessive growth of the cost of reorthogonalization per iteration. On the other hand, if the method is to be implemented on a distributed-memory parallel computer, then additional precautions are required so that parallel efficiency is maintained as the number of processors increases. In this paper, we present a Lanczos bidiagonalization procedure implemented in SLEPc, a software library for the solution of large, sparse eigenvalue problems on parallel computers. The solver is numerically robust and scales well up to hundreds of processors.


Abstract One of the drawbacks of the K-means algorithm is the need for several iterations over datasets before it converges on a solution. Therefore, its application is limited to relatively small datasets. This paper presents a scalable version of the K-means algorithm that employs a buffering technique. The new algorithm, Two-Phase K-means, can robustly find a good solution in only one iteration.


In this paper construction of polyhex and other tiled toroidal fullerenes starting from square tori is presented. Leapfrog transformation of both linear and angular polyhex isomers is discussed and illustrated. Molecular mechanics and semi empirical calculations show toranes (i.e., hydrogenated structures containing sp3 Carbon atoms) as more stable than torenes (i.e., pure sp2 Carbon lattices) and therefore mo plausible candidates to the real molecule status.


Frequency selective surfaces are usually formed from arrays of elements printed on dielectric substrates or sandwiched between dielectric layers. They can be modelled using Floquet modal techniques when they are periodic and plane and infinite or curved into a complete cylinder. Arbitrarily curved finite surfaces present greater problems because it becomes necessary to perform the computations for groups of elements or for individual elements in the array. One approach is to use a ray tracing method. Instead, this paper studies curved arrays formed from a finite number of dipoles or rings that are free standing, and illuminated by an incident plane wave or line source. The analysis is similar to the Pocklington equation method applied previously by Allam and Parker (1987) to finite planar dipole arrays. Examples of singly and doubly curved arrays are shown. (6 pages)


Objective To investigate expression of Survivin,Livin and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in different clinical periods of bladder carcinoma,to study pathophysiological mechanism of bladder carcinoma from Survivin,Livin and VEGF. Methods Expression of Survivin and Livin was tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,RT-PCR and Western blotting,while VEGF was tested by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results Expression of Survivin,Livin and VEGF was also significantly correlated with tumor stages,increasing with tumor progression. Expression of Survivin,Livin and VEGF increased with the process of bladder carcinoma. In the fourth clinical stage,expression of Survivin,Livin and VEGF was the most significant. Expression of Survivin and Livin was positive with VEGF. Conclusion High expression of Survivin,Livin and VEGF contributes to the pathogenesis of bladder carcinoma.


FIG. 2.-Aged 8 weeks, healing complete. our case. Gross et al. (quoted by Walker et al., 1960) noted the decreasing number of elastic fibres in the skin as the lesion is approached from the periphery, and suggested that during development an elastic-free skin area might be overstretched, resulting in disturbed circulation in that area and consequent maldevelopment. Duhamel (1963) has given a plausible explanation; he regards aplasia of the skin in cases such as that here described as an-example of defective development of the outer layer of the body wall. Agenesis of the sternum or ribs, or of the abdominal muscles are other examples. Most of these skin defects heal well with conservative management, and the infant does well provided there are no other congenital abnormalities. Summary A case of bilateral, symmetrical thoraco-abdominal skin defect is described. It is a pleasure to thank Mr. S. O'Rian for advice and for permission to publish the case under his care. Hereditary pseudo vitamin D deficiency rickets in a Pakistani infant Hereditary pseudo vitamin D deficiency rickets (Hereditare pseudo mangelrachitis) was first described by Prader, Illig, and Heierli in 1961. The altemative name of hypocalcaemic vitamin D resistant rickets was given by them to the condition which presents during the first 2 years of life as clinical and radiological rickets with hypocalcaemia, normal or moderately reduced serum phosphate, and often mild generalized aminoaciduria. Unlike sex-linked hypophosphataemic vitamin D resistant rickets, however, there is no response to normal doses of califerol. Daily doses of 10,000 to 40,000 units (0 25-1 mg) calciferol are required to reverse the biochemical and radiological changes. Dent, ?F'Ifiedman, and Watson described the first British patient with the condition in 1968, and Fanconi and Prader reviewed the condition, together with a follow-up of their original cases, in 1969. Case report A boy of 6 months was admitted in May 1972 for repair of an inguinal hemia. He was the second child of first generation Pakistani immigrants who are first cousins. His father came originallv from the Punjab. He was a puny, miserable baby, hypotonic with only fair head control, unable to sit up without considerable support, and with marked poverty of movement. His weight was on the 3rd centile. His body was noticeably hairy with a low hairline cn the forehead, and he had marked arachnodactyly, swollen epiphyses at the wrists and ankles, and a rickety rosary. He was irritable, …


Most two-phase heat exchangers consist of multiple parallel boiling channels, and studies concerning multi-channel instabilities in boiling systems are of significant interest. The natural circulation boiling water reactor (NCBWR) considered in the present work is a pressure tube type boiling light water cooled and heavy water moderated reactor. The primary heat transport loop, comprising a number of parallel channels, is modeled by RELAP5/MOD3.4. The effects of on-power refueling on the flow rate and stability of the system are investigated. The conditions under which a sustainable flow rate can be maintained during on-power refueling are explored. It is observed that during on-power refueling, a near-stagnation condition or low-velocity reverse flow can occur, the possibility of reverse flow being higher at low pressures and low powers.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Preface 1. Some Notes of Comparative Syntax with Special Reference to English and French 2. On the Grammatical Basis of Language Development: A Case Study 3. Comparative Syntax and Language Disordered 4. Object Shift, Verb Movement, and Verb Reduplication 5. Finiteness and Negation in Dravidian 6. On Some Descriptive Generalizations in Romance 7. Classifiers in Four Varieties of Chinese 8. Morphology and Word Order in "Creolization" and Beyond 9. Slavic Languages 10. The Scandinavian Languages 11. Noun Class, Gender, and the Lexicon-Syntax-Morphology Interfaces: A Comparative Study of Niger-Congo and Romance Languages 12. Agreement and Its Placement in Turkic Non-Subject Relative Clauses 13. Qu'est-ce-que (qu)-est-ce que? A Case Study in Comparative Romance Interrogative Syntax 14. Clitic-placement, Grammaticalization, and Reanalysis in Berber 15. Clitic Placement in Western Iberian: A Minimalist View 16. Comparative Athapaskan Syntax: Arguments and Projections 17. Number Agreement Variation in Catalan Dialects 18. Calssifiers and DP Structure in Southeast Asia 19. The Celtic Languages 20. Preverbal Elements in Korean and Japanese 21. Continental West-Germanic Languages


Corn straw and cob are wastes from corn farming which are not utilized. These corn wastes have potential as an alternative feed for livestock, but have low nutritional quality. Therefore, these corn wastes are fermented to improve its nutritional quality. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of corn straw and cob fermentation on the fiber fraction content. This experiment used a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, namely control (elephant grass and grinting grass), corn straw, fermented corn straw, corn cob, and fermented corn cob. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. The variables measured were Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The results showed that the treatment had a very significant effect on the content of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that corn cob fermentation can reduce lignin content thus corn cob lignin content can match elephant grass but on the contrary corn straw fermentation cannot be able to reduce lignin content.


The aim of the work is to determine the factors of the course of GERD in children and adolescents which are important for predicting the development of magnesium deficiency. Materials and methods of research. For the study 77 people aged 9 to 14 years, who have gastroesophageal reflux disease with endoscopically positive diagnostic result, were examined. All children who were involved in the study underwent laboratory tests of serum magnesium, intracellular (erythrocyte) magnesium, and calcium levels. The ratio of calcium and intracellular magnesium was also considered as an indicator of latent magnesium deficiency. Magnesium level in patients with GERD were compared with control group, which consisted of 20 children without GERD. The odds ratio and confidence intervals for a large number of anamnestic, clinical and instrumental factors of GERD were calculated to determine significant prognostic factors for the development of magnesium deficiency, after which the indicators of the relative risk and the minimum and maximum predictive coefficients for these factors were determined. Based on the indicators of the minimum and maximum prognostic coefficient, a range of the probability of magnesium deficiency in patients with GERD was formed. Results. Based on the determination of the level of serum, erythrocyte magnesium, and the ratio of Ca/Mg erythrocyte in children of the control group, who were practically healthy, the standard deviation (δ) was calculated, and the corridors of laboratory parameters corresponding to the normal level of magnesium, indicators of latent deficiency (from δ to 2δ) and indicators of deficiency of magnesium (more than 2δ) were determined. In the group with GERD normal magnesium levels were discovered in 41.6% of children. A total of 19.5% of patients had latent magnesium deficiency and 39% of children had magnesium deficiency. For the analysis were selected: hyperacidity (pH 0.86-1.59), which had an odds ratio of 3.47; the reflux esophagitis 2-3 stages with an odds ratio of 68.64; an increase in LF and HF values day and night, an increase in the daytime LF/HF ratio, an increase in the stress index, an increase in PAPR and average circadian index values. Based on the indicators of the minimum and maximum prognostic coefficient, a range of the probability of magnesium deficiency in patients with GERD was formed. With the sum of the predictive coefficients of each significant factor from 13.3 to 31.0, the probability of magnesium deficiency is low; the range from 31.1 to 48.8 corresponds to the average probability, and the range of 48.9 to 66.5 indicates a significant possibility of a magnesium deficiency in a patient with GERD. Conclusion . It was determined that the factors of hyperacidity and the reflux esophagitis, some indicators of heart rate variability (LF and HF day and night, an increase in the daytime LF/HF ratio, an increase in the stress index, an increase in PAPR and average indicators of the circadian index) can be used to predict the development of magnesium deficiency in children with GERD. The practical application of the predictive coefficients of the given factors will make it possible to timely correct magnesium deficiency and will positively affect the quality of GERD treatment in children and adolescents.


Let $X$ be a coherent scheme and let $\operatorname{Gal}(X)$ denote the Galois category of $X$, as introduced by Barwick, Glasman and Haine. In this paper we prove that the hypercomplete pro-\'etale $\infty$-topos $X_{\operatorname{proet}}$ of $X$, introduced by Bhatt and Scholze, is equivalent to the category of continuous representations of $\operatorname{Gal}(X)$ with values in the $\infty$-category of pyknotic spaces.


The effect of the feeding regime of mule ducks on loading of fishponds with organic matter in integrated fish-cum-duck technology was studied at the -1 Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture - Plovdiv. The stocking density of the ducklings was 340 pcs.ha . The coefficient of loading (A) was used for establishing the pond loading: where N is the mean number of ducks in the rotation; t - rotation length in days; W - average live weight of the ducks for the growing period, kg; 96 g - the amount of the manure released for a day by one duck per kg of live weight ; P - pond surface area, ha; r - relative stay of the ducks in water out of the active time of days.Two regimes of feeding the mule ducks were studied. It was established that when fed on a balanced mixture, the mule ducks spent the bigger part of the day on land, as a result of which during the period of the study -1 (40 days) the manure inserted in the pond amounted to 74.7 kg.ha . Substituting 50 % of the mixture with wheat, maize or sunflower groats (preserving the energy and protein levels), led to prolonging the average length of stay of the mule ducks in the pond almost 8 times. Due to the more significant differences in the time spent in the pond during the last ten-day periods, the manure released into water increased by more than 10 times, although the live weight in all the periods was lower compared to the first variant.


The present invention relates to a hollow-chamber profile (1) for a car body structure (2) of a rail vehicle (3) having a first in a longitudinal direction (X) of the hollow chamber profile (1) extending transversely to the longitudinal direction (X) closed profile chamber (4) and with at least one second in the longitudinal direction (X) of the hollow chamber profile (1) extending transversely to the longitudinal direction (X) closed sectional chamber (5a, 5b), wherein the at least one second profile chamber (5a, 5b) closed by a transverse to the longitudinal direction (X) extrusion profile (7, 7 ') is formed. To ensure long-term high stability of the car body structure (2), the invention proposes that, in a section transverse to the longitudinal direction (X), the cross-sectional area of the first profile chamber (4) is greater than the cross-sectional area of the at least one second profile chamber (5a , 5b). Furthermore, the invention relates to a rail vehicle (3) having a vehicle body structure (2) having as a load-bearing part of at least one such hollow chamber profile (1).


The need to validate the work of man including the business has sued assessment by auditors to issue a professional opinion on the financial statements of companies based on their exam. The impracticidad and cost of the detailed audit, has evolved into the audit based on risk, which is supported by audit sampling; extended to the entire population the findings of its procedures. In this regard, present and contrast the views of various authors regarding the sampling in the context of the audit. The audit sampling may be statistical using probabilistic mathematical methods and no statistical or subjective based on the professional judgment and experience of the auditor, who to apply audit sampling is taking a professional risk by not revised portion, which is expressed through the expected sampling error; a larger sample will be smaller sampling error. Sampling is an integral part of the concept as audit process.


In the design and optimization of thermal fluid systems, many equality constraints are present from mass and energy balance conservation relations. Along with equations of state information, these sets of relations are inherently nonlinear, which often confounds mathematical programming techniques which work well when all constraints are inequalities. One can often isolate terms, here called obscurant functions, which imbed a great deal of the model's complexity but contribute very little numerically in a final optimized solution. A rigorous theory is developed for identifying when such terms can be eliminated from the model without causing functional unboundedness, thus leading to a simpler problem to solve. The theory is demonstrated on an optimization formulation for a conceptual liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic power cycle. The concept of monotonicity identification is also employed for variable reduction.


The internal control system construction of China's commercial banks must confront the difficulties of imperfect control environment,blocked information and communication systems and lax power check mechanisms.The basic idea is to build the internal control model of commercial banks suited to the current situation in China by reffering to the theories in the range of Basle internal banking control.For the health of the internal control system of China's commercial banks,modernized enterprise systems should be established in state-owned commercial banks,and external monitoring and industry self-discipline should be reinforced.


method of Moyer & Landauer ( 1975 ) who demonstrated that latency to choose the greater of two single digits show a symbolic distance affect (SDE) whereby latency is inversely related to the numerical difference between digits. SDE logically excludes the use of counting. SLI sixyear-olds showed accuracy, overall latency and SDE exactly as expected for their age. Poor counting skills are known to be associated with SLI and were


Up until now, efficient and applicable project methodologies, process improvement methodologies, product improvement methodologies, and relevant software engineering best practices have been developed and successfully implemented in many software projects in a variety of industries. However, projects still fail. Most of the project failure factors are diagnosed; however, some may fall through holes or gaps and get overlooked due to unknown reasons. The basis of this research study is a comprehensive questionnaire with relevant and probing questions that have collected data on obsolescence of requirements. Through analysis of the gathered data and information, this study aimed to present these risk factors, their impact, and a possible way to measure them. The critical factors identified and the result of this research project can be a trigger to conduct further in-depth analysis of project risks based on categories of projects (maintenance & support projects, development projects, data conversion projects, etc.), or rather, analysis of projects based on the business area/function. This research study is another attempt to assist in turning IT project failures into project successes.


This review summarizes available information concerning deep-sea benthic ecology and how that information might be used to monitor and eventually reduce the potential impacts resulting from oil and gas production activities. The paper provides a brief overview of deep-sea ecology and benthic faunal groups and summarizes some of the physical and biological features that may be important in evaluating potential impacts. In addition, presented is a synopsis of issues related to the design of a sampling program and a discussion of analytical considerations related to the uncertain knowledge of deep faunas. Also included is an overview of some of the variety of sampling techniques and equipment available to study the deep sea. The review concludes with management considerations and recommendations.


The palliative unit at Bergen Red Cross Nursing Home opened in June 2000. In a prospective study, the authors investigated 196 patients admitted to the palliative care unit and 286 patients on the long-term wards. In Norway, 40% of the population dies in nursing homes. It is essential to develop good standards of palliative care for these patients. Palliative care units in nursing homes can provide excellent palliative care if they are given the competence and resources that are needed. Our patients on the long-term ward receive a high standard of palliative care, influenced by the competence and teaching programs of the palliative unit. This article aims to describe the challenges and tasks that should be focused on to ensure that old patients, no matter what their age or diagnosis, preserve their dignity and receive good palliative care during the final phase of their lives.


Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) can be used as nanoscale magnetic resonance sensors and stable optical labels. As a first step for using FNDs as nanosensors inside cells, they have to be ingested. Several techniques that improve particle uptake have been used. A simple approach based on commercially available liposomes is used to improve uptake. Uptake into colon cancer cells (HT‐29 cells) is demonstrated. Additionally, it is shown for the first time that one can facilitate diamond uptake into yeast cells by removing the cell wall and creating a so‐called spheroplast. Finally, the characteristics of FNDs coated with lipids and their behavior inside the cells are evaluated.


Molecular defects in the mitochondrial genome responsible for a broad clinical spectrum of maternally inherited neuromuscular mitochondrial disorders have been documented extensively.1,2 Mitochondrial dysfunction causes cellular degeneration, particularly in nerve and muscle cells that have a high demand for energy. The role of the mitochondria in apoptotic pathways, and the identification of tumour suppressing functions of several genes involved in metabolism, suggests that mutant mitochondria are at the crossroads of tumorigenesis and programmed cell death.

In recent years, numerous reports on somatic mtDNA mutations in cancers have supported the concept that somatic mtDNA alterations are an integral part of tumorigenesis.3–12 Extensive analysis of the mitochondrial genome with direct sequencing has shown that about 30–70% of all types of tumours harbour alterations in mtDNA.3–13 The laborious effort involved in sequencing the entire mitochondrial genome means that mutational analyses usually have been performed on small numbers of specimens and were limited to only part of the mitochondrial genome. Most of these studies focused on the hypervariable, non-coding Dloop region only.3,8–10,13,14 The only comprehensive mutational analysis that covered the entire mitochondrial genome with overlapping primers was achieved recently with the use of the effective temperature gradient gel electrophoresis method.15–17 Previous reports showed that most of the somatic mtDNA mutations found in patients with cancer were in the homoplasmic form.7,11 This observation led to the conclusion that mutant mitochondria gained a replicative advantage during tumorigenesis and became homoplasmic within a few generations.7 Our recent comprehensive investigation of somatic mtDNA mutations in breast tumours and medulloblastomas showed that mutations in the coding region did occur, as did a significant number of heteroplasmic alterations.4,16

Results from others' and our own studies of various types of cancers suggest that …


Submitted for the DPP15 Meeting of The American Physical Society Advancements toward matter-antimatter pair plasmas in the laboratory E.V. STENSON1, U. HERGENHAHN, H. NIEMANN, N. PASCHKOWSKI, T. SUNN PEDERSEN2, H. SAITOH3, J. STANJA, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, M.R. STONEKING, Lawrence University, C. HUGENSCHMIDT, C. PIOCHACZ, S. VOHBURGER, Technische Universität München, L. SCHWEIKHARD, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, J.R. DANIELSON, C.M. SURKO, University of California, San Diego — APEX/PAX (A Positron Electron Experiment/Positron Accumulation Experiment) has as its overarching goal the creation and magnetic confinement of a laboratory electron-positron pair plasma, thereby enabling experimental investigations of a topic that has already been the subject of hundreds of analytical and computational studies. This goal involves several interdependent challenges: design and construction of a suitable magnetic confinement device, access to a sufficient number of sufficiently cool positrons, and refinement of methods for the transfer of the positrons (and an equal number of electrons) into the device. The latest results of the subprojects addressing these challenges will be summarized here. Highlights include efficient (40 percent) injection of the NEPOMUC (Neutron-Inducted Positron Source Munich) positron beam into the confinement region of a dipole magnetic field, characterization of the beam at energies from 5 eV to 1 keV, and hour-long electron plasma confinement in a high-field (2.3 Telsa) Penning-Malmberg trap. 1on behalf of the APEX/PAX team and collaborators 2co-authors Niemann and Sunn Pedersen also at Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald 3second affiliation: The University of Tokyo Eve Stenson Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics Date submitted: 24 Jul 2015 Electronic form version 1.4


Global growth is finally back to cruising speed. For the first time in many years, all the major regions of the world are enjoying a widespread and largely synchronised upswing, even if some economies have been in steady expansion for much longer than others. Hopefully, the stagnation of living standards endured by a large share of the population in many OECD economies is coming to an end. The more rapid decline in unemployment seen in recent months is clearly an encouraging sign. However, the improvements in labour markets have yet to translate into significant and broad-based wage gains. Comprehensive structural reforms are needed to sustain stronger growth beyond the cyclical upswing, create more and better paying jobs, improve opportunities and strengthen inclusion.


The utility model provides a printing unit and lithography apparatus. This printing unit include at least print head, with print head bearing plate in relevancy and with bearing plate and print head at least one align member in order to adjust bearing plate and the mutual position of print head in relevancy, the bearing plate is injectd and is adjusted the plane, and the print head is for adjusting planar positioning, the align member be at least including can adjusting the plane top by the actuating device of optionally actuator disk and kinematics conversion equipment, kinematics conversion equipment construct convert the actuator disk of actuating device to right the print head for the bearing plate is lieing in adjust the ascending position control of at least one side on the plane, the actuating device can be in relevancy with the cam component, the cam component can the joint in the suitable fashioned seat in print head portion.


Problems and experiences in a metropolitan area: legal basis and organisation. The image of the historic centre (studies in facade colouration); Case studies with regard to the restoration, rehabilitation and the re-use of outstanding buildings and military architecture (barracks)


The North Song dynasty faced with strong enemy,with a reticula ethnic relationship.For defence,North Song dynasty adapted the policy of diplomacy in different period according to its power strength and the change of the relationship between the neighboring tribe,resulting to some stages of the border policy,such as Early stage(Taizu,Taizong,Zhenzong),middle stage(Renzong,Yingzong),later stage(Shengzong,Zhezong,Huizong).The Northwestern horse trade was directed by the diplomacy strategy,displaying particular features in different stage.In Shenzong Xining sever yern,it was switched to be large-scale tea and horse trade under national monopoly.And the North Song government also made use of market horse for effective economic sanctions on Northeastern Tubo and implemented frontier policies of mollification and at the same time restricting foreign by foreign.


Contemporary scholarship in Calvin studies has generally concluded in agreement that Calvin's various religious teachings present no strictly systematic or exclusivistic pattern of presentation when his written corpus is viewed as a whole. This has been found equally true when one analyses his explication of the Lord's Supper no matter what period or portion of such thought is delimited.


To achieve Pareto efficiency through market allocation, property rights over resources must be comprehensively defined and defended. This ensures that the full range of benefits and costs arising from their use are assigned and enforced. Competition between those with interests in a resource ensures that allocation is to the highest marginal net value use (Kasper 1998). The difference between the marginal net values of a resource prior to and subsequent to market place reallocations is known as the gains from trade. These gains from trade provide a powerful rationale for society to ensure the definition and defence of property rights.


Direct arylation (DA) of 2-chlorothiophene and 2-chloro-3-hexylthiophene with 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole is used to synthesize 4,7-bis(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (TBTCl2) and 4,7-bis(5-chloro-4-hexyl-2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DH-TBTCl2) in one step. Suitable conditions of the Suzuki polycondensations (SPC) of TBTCl2 and DH-TBTCl2 with the carbazole comonomer CbzPBE2 are established, furnishing PCDTBT and P(Cbz-alt-TBT) with high molecular weight and yield. Compared with control samples made from the corresponding dibromides, high-temperature NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy indicate similar properties for PCDTBT but an increased content of Cbz-Cbz homocouplings for P(Cbz-alt-TBT).


The general concept of carbocations encompasses all cations of carbon containing compounds which can be differentiated into two distinct classes: trivalent ("classical") carbenium ions and pentacoordinated ("nonclassical") carbonium ions. In this paper the preparation and structural study (by NMR, IR, Raman and ESCA spectroscopy) of stable carbenium ions and carbonium ions are discussed. As is well known, trivalent carbenium ions play an important role in electrophilic reactions of π- and n-donor systems. Similarly, pentacoordinated carbonium ions are the key to electrophilic reactions of σ-donor systems (single bonds). The ability of single bonds to act as σ-donor lies in their ability to form carbonium ions via triangular two electron, three-center bond formation. Consequently there seems to be no principle difference between the electrophilic reactions of π- and σ-bonds except that the former react more easily, even with weak electrophiles, whereas the latter necessitate more severe conditions. The role of carbocations in electrophilic reactions of π- and σ-donor systems is discussed.


Colostrum, in comparison with milk, is known to be rich in immunoglobulins (60× cow), as well as hormones and growth factors such as relaxin (>19× pig), prolactin (18× cow), insulin (65× cow), IGF-1 (155× cow), IGF-2 (7× cow), and leptin (90× humans) (Odle et al., 1996; Blum and Hammon, 2000; Wolinski et al., 2005; Bartol et al., 2008) among many other factors that have biological activity in the neonate. This biological activity has been characterized in cattle, pigs and other mammalian species. In neonatal pigs, there are relaxin receptors present at birth in uterine and cervical tissues, and colostrum-derived relaxin induces estrogen receptor differentiation and proliferation of those tissues. Further, the development of the neonatal calf is influenced by colostrum intake when compared with non-colostrum diets. Maturation and function of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract in calves occurs through some of the hormones contained in colostrum. Nutritive and non-nutritive factors, such as the hormones and growth factors, affect intestinal growth and function, and enhance the absorptive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose absorption increases and glycogen concentrations in liver rise significantly when colostrum instead of a milk-based diets are fed in the first meal. Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and long-term productivity of calves receiving increased levels of colostrum, independent of the immunoglobulin status of the calf have been observed. In a recent study, calves were fed 4 L or 2 L of colostrum at birth and the 4 L group received an additional 2 L within 12 h. Calves fed greater amounts of colostrum consumed 8.5% more milk replacer, had an 18% increase in pre-weaning ADG, a 12% increase in postweaning feed intake, and a 25% increase in post-weaning ADG through 80 d of life indicating that colostrum potentially affects appetite regulation which enhances growth and possibly feed efficiency. Overall, colostrum is an important vehicle of communication between mother and offspring, through lactocrine signals that enhance developmental functions beyond the immune system.


Globalization refers to the formation of world systems, as distinct from internationalization which presupposes nations as the essential unit. Globalization includes finance and trade; communications and information technologies; migration and tourism; global societies; linguistic, cultural and ideological convergence; and world systems of signs and images. While it does not negate the nation-state, it changes its circumstances and potentials. In the global era, government continues to be largely national in form, and education is, if anything, more central to government, while issues of identity and difference become more important in the politics of education.


Objective To investigate a new electrochemiluminescence.Methods With flow injection analysis,the electrochemical behaviors were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.Results Under the optimized conditions,the electrochemiluminescence system based on flow injection analysis offered an excellent amperometric response for tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(Ⅱ) with a detection limit of 5×10-8 mol/L.Conclusion The system shows a higher sensitivity than capillary electrophoresis electrochemiluminescence system and has specific advantages in application.


This paper presents a possible solution for the difficult balancing act between abstraction and controllability developers face when designing a complex autonomous system. The problem can be tackled by creating dedicated microcontroller based I/O-systems for achieving controllability of sensors and actors. Abstraction is provided by the use of a C++ software framework which hides the communication with the microcontroller based I/O-systems and the concrete implementation from the developer. Verification is achieved for the complete system using unit testing methods known from standard software development.


Activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been shown to be associated with resistance to endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)‐positive breast cancer patients. Utmost importance is attached to strategies aimed at overcoming treatment resistance. In this context, this work aimed to investigate whether, in breast cancer cells, the use of an mTOR inhibitor would be sufficient to reverse the resistance acquired after exposure to endocrine therapy. The ERα‐positive human breast adenocarcinoma derived‐MCF‐7 cells used in this study have acquired both cross‐resistance to hydroxy‐tamoxifen (OH‐Tam) and to fulvestrant and strong activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Cell proliferation tests in control cells demonstrated that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin enhanced cell sensitivity to endocrine therapy when combined to OH‐Tam or to fulvestrant. In resistant cells, rapamycin used alone greatly inhibited cell proliferation and reversed resistance to endocrine therapy by blocking the agonist‐like activity of OH‐Tam on cell proliferation and bypassing fulvestrant resistance. Reversion of resistance by rapamycin was associated with increased ERα protein expression levels and modification of the balance of phospho‐ser167 ERα/total ERα ratio. Pangenomic DNA array experiments demonstrated that the cotreatment of resistant cells with fulvestrant and rapamycin allowed the restoration of 40% of the fulvestrant gene‐expression signature. Taken together, data presented herein strongly support the idea that mTOR inhibitor might be one of the promising therapeutic approaches for patients with ERα‐positive endocrine therapy‐resistant breast cancers. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1992–2003)


deep to transversus abdominis that is in continuity with the space around the femoral nerve posteriorly and it is postulated that local anaesthetic injected during an ilio-inguinal nerve block may track around in this plane and produce a femoral nerve block and leg weakness. Two large studies of regional anaesthetics for daycase surgery in children noted femoral nerve block (3) or reduced function and sensation in the ipsilateral leg (4) in children postoperatively who had ilio-inguinal blocks. No prospective studies have speci®cally looked at the incidence of leg weakness after this block in children. Objectives (i) To examine the usefulness of a simple test for leg weakness in children. (ii) To ®nd out how commonly leg weakness occurs after an ilio-inguinal nerve block is used in children having surgery in the groin. Methods Children aged between 2 and 12 years having daycase surgery in the groin were studied after parental consent was given. The children did a simple leg raising test with both legs preoperatively. They were given a general anaesthetic and then a standardized ilio-inguinal block on the side of surgery with 0.25 mlákg of 0.25% bupivicaine. During and after surgery any other analgesia was given as required. When they were awake and comfortable the leg raising test was repeated with both legs. Results One hundred and forty-one children were recruited to the study. Eleven children refused to do the leg raising test and were excluded from study. Fifteen of 130 children had leg weakness postoperatively on the side of the ilio-inguinal block only. Incidence of leg weakness was 11% (CI 6±16%). Conclusion The majority of children would cooperate with a leg raising test which detected leg weakness after ilio-inguinal block in 11% of children. We think this weakness was due to femoral nerve block as it was transient, unilateral on the same side as ilio-inguinal block and occurred in children who were comfortable. We conclude that all children and their parents should be warned of the possibility of leg weakness occurring and this weakness should be speci®cally looked for after patients receive an ilio-inguinal block.


The entire Arena Chapel fresco cycle, Giotto's most complete and best-conserved work, painted with uncompromising rigour, realism and inspired imagination. In this exquisite, magnificently illustrated volume, Claudio Bellinati's texts help the reader to discover the literal, poetic and artistic significance of every scene. The thrillingly elegant layout accompanies each fresco with the passage from the Gospels or Apocrypha to which it refers, and an iconographic reading. For the first time, we have a complete exegesis of Giotto's magnificent narrative in the Chapel of Sancta Maria De Harena.