Genome maps give the location of defined sequence features in the genome and serve as a framework around which to assemble the complete genome sequence. Without them, the complete assembly of complex genomes purely from the shotgun sequence data is effectively impossible. Here, I summarize the principle methods that are used to make detailed genome maps and the ways in which mapping and sequencing are integrated to produce finished genome sequences.

Keywords:

genome mapping;
genome sequencing;
sequence assembly;
physical mapping;
optical mapping;
radiation hybrid;
HAPPY mapping;
shotgun sequencing


A new methodology is presented for the determination of a feasible tool orientation of a ball-end milling cutter for collision and gouging avoidance in five-axis machining of spatial cam. Since the meshing element is used as a generating element for a spatial cam, the meshing element is in tangency with the spatial cam. The notion of the proposed collision-free method is that the ball-end milling cutter is confined within the meshing element. Based on envelope theory, homogeneous coordinate transformation and differential geometry, curvatures of the cam surface and the cutting tool are evaluated for interference checking. To evaluate machining efficiency, the contact length is calculated for various tool orientations. The toolpath is verified through a solid cutting simulation. The proposed methodology can be used to automate the programming of tool paths for five-axis machining of spatial cam.


The preparation of porous structure on the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown mixed-polarity GaN epilayers was reported by using the wet chemical etching method.The effect of this porous structure on the residual stress of subsequent-growth GaN epilayers was studied by Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. Substantial decrease in the biaxial stresse can be achieved by employing the porous buffers in the hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE) epilayer growth.


Never before in history has a nuclear power plant experienced a triple meltdown, with the simultaneous collapse of three reactor cores. Such a disaster was unimaginable— until it happened at Fukushima Dai-ichi. The nuclear industry now faces the hard questions of why this accident occurred and how such breakdowns can be prevented in the future. In this special report, IEEE Spectrum begins by explaining how Fukushima's nuclear tragedy unfolded, with a blow-by-blow account of the accident's first 24 hours. We then turn to the world's reaction to the catastrophe with a global survey of nuclear power policy responses and probe deeper with two case studies. Finally, we ask the experts how the nuclear industry can rebuild. special report


DURING our work on Lupus vulgaris at the Light Institute it became evident to me how difficult the diagnosis between Lupus vulgaris and syphilis may be iu certain cases, as even the clinical aspect and the evidence resulting from the duration of the disease may lead us off the track. I saw clearly that localisation gave important information in certain cases. For instance, a single lesion on the temple or at the outer canthus never proved to be lupus ; one had therefore to think of epithelioma or syphilis. When, nevertheless, with another object in view, I had occasion to peruse our accumulated material, I thought I should like to investigate the frequency with which Lupus


Transforming security type systems [Aga00] go beyond checking whether a given program has secure information flow. Rather than simply rejecting a program with insecure information flow, they construct a program that has secure information flow and whose behavior is similar enough to that of the original program such that it can act as a replacement. In this extended abstract, we sketch ongoing work on improving transforming type systems by incorporating unification.


The utility model relates to a shear wall, in particular to a composite shear wall with a self-heat-preservation function. The composite shear wall with the self-heat-preservation function comprises an inner formwork layer, an outer formwork layer and a concrete layer, the concrete layer is arranged between the inner formwork layer and the outer formwork layer, the inner formwork layer and the outer formwork layer are connected through a supporting structure, the inner formwork layer is a cement-based flat plate, and the outer formwork layer is a composite heat preservation formwork layer with a cement-based flat plate and a heat preservation layer adhered. A shear resisting connecting anchor bolt is connected to the outer formwork layer in a penetrating mode, penetrates in the cement-based flat plate of the outer formwork layer and penetrates out of the heat preservation layer, and the part, exposed out of the heat preservation layer, of the shear resisting connecting anchor bolt is concreted and is integrally cured with concrete. The composite shear wall with the self-heat-preservation function is simple in construction process, formworks on the two sides do not need to be removed after the shear wall is formed in a pouring mode, and the heat preservation effect is good. The technical problems that in the prior art, the construction process is complex, the formworks on the two sides of a wall need to be dismounted, and the heat preservation performance and environmental protection performance are not good enough are solved.


False codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (1912) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), can cause both pre- and post-harvest damage to citrus fruit. Not only can this result in reduced crop yield, but more importantly because of the moth's endemism to sub-Saharan Africa, it is classified as a phytosanitary pest by many export markets. An entire consignment of citrus may be rejected in the presence of a single moth (Moore 2012). Since the bulk of citrus fruit production in South Africa is exported, the control of T. leucotreta is critical (Citrus Growers Association, South Africa 2012). Traditionally, control has been achieved through the use of chemical insecticides; however, residue restrictions, resistance development and concerns about environmental pollution have substantially reduced the dependence on chemical pesticides in citrus. Research on T. leucotreta control has therefore focused on the use of biological organisms (e.g. parasitoids and viruses), which are used as control agents within an integrated pest management (IPM) programme in citrus. These biological control agents, however, only targeted the aboveground life stages of the pest, not the soil-dwelling life stages (late fifth instars, prepupae, pupae), which is the subject of this contribution (Moore 2012).


Visual Question Generation (VQG) from images is a rising research topic in both fields of natural language processing and computer vision. Although there are some recent efforts towards generating questions from images in the open domain, the VQG task in the medical domain has not been well-studied so far due to the lack of labeled data. In this paper, we introduce a goal-driven VQG approach for radiology images called VQGRaD that generates questions targeting specific image aspects such as modality and abnormality. In particular, we study generating natural language questions based on the visual content of the image and on additional information such as the image caption and the question category. VQGRaD encodes the dense vectors of different inputs into two latent spaces, which allows generating, for a specific question category, relevant questions about the images, with or without their captions. We also explore the impact of domain knowledge incorporation (e.g., medical entities and semantic types) and data augmentation techniques on visual question generation in the medical domain. Experiments performed on the VQA-RAD dataset of clinical visual questions showed that VQGRaD achieves 61.86% BLEU score and outperforms strong baselines. We also performed a blinded human evaluation of the grammaticality, fluency, and relevance of the generated questions. The human evaluation demonstrated the better quality of VQGRaD outputs and showed that incorporating medical entities improves the quality of the generated questions. Using the test data and evaluation process of the ImageCLEF 2020 VQA-Med challenge, we found that relying on the proposed data augmentation technique to generate new training samples by applying different kinds of transformations, can mitigate the lack of data, avoid overfitting, and bring a substantial improvement in medical VQG.


The way people view the legal system and think about problems of obligation and obedience is an important political problem, and it has some important consequences for the operation and persistence of the legal system. Popular attitudes toward law and definitions of legal obligation set limits on the efficacy of law and legal regulation. A legal system will be most effective in controlling social behavior when people generally acknowledge an obligation to obey the law and do so even when there is little or no likelihood of punishment for disobedience. Such a legal system,


The present invention includes a drug screening assay for identifying non-immunosuppressive agent that modulates hair growth, and to a use of such agents for regulating hair growth.


In the present paper we prove the existence outer derivations finite-dimensional solvable Lie algebras with nilradical of maximal rank and complementary subspace to nilardical of dimension less than rank of the nilradical.


I. The introduction of a period of darkness between the disappearance of an initial fixation target and the appearance of a peripheral saccade target produces a general reduction in saccadic reaction time (SRT) -known as the gap e#ect-and often very short latency express saccades. To account for these phenomena, premotor processes may be facilitated by release of visual fixation and advanced preparation of saccadic programs. The experiments described in this paper were designed to test the relevance of the ocularjxation disengagement and oculomotorpreparation hypotheses by identifying the influence of different factors on SRTs and the occurrence of express saccades in the monkey. 2. The SRTs of two monkeys were measured in two behavioral paradigms. A peripheral saccade target appeared at the time of disappearance of a central fixation target in the no-gap task, whereas a 200-ms period of no stimuli was interposed between the fixation target disappearance and the saccade target appearance in the gap task. The distribution of SRTs in these tasks was generally bimodal; the first and second mode was composed of express and regular saccades, respectively. We measured the mean SRT, mean regular saccade latency, mean express saccade latency, and percentage of express saccades in both tasks. We also estimated the gap effect, i.e., the difference between the SRTs in no-gap trial and the SRTs in gap trials. 3. Once the animals were trained to make saccades to a single target location and produce express saccades, SRTs in both nogap and gap trials displayed a broad tuning with respect to the spatial location of the trained target when the target location was varied randomly in a block of trials. Express saccades were made only to a restricted region of the visual field surrounding the trained target location. A gap effect was present for nearly all target locations tested, irrespective of express saccade occurrence. Finally, the probability of generating an express saccade at the trained target location decreased with the introduction of uncertainty about target location. 4. The occurrence of express saccades increased with the duration of the visual and nonvisual (gap) fixation that the animal was required to maintain before the onset of a saccade target. The gap duration was effective in reducing the mean SRT for gaps 5300 ms, and it was more influential than comparable variation in the visual fixation duration. 5. The occurrence of express saccades made to targets of identical eccentricity increased when the initial eye fixation position was shifted eccentric in a direction opposite to the saccade direction. Concomitantly, mean SRT decreased by -2 ms for each I-deg change in initial eye fixation position. 6. The occurrence of express saccades depended upon contextual factors, i.e., on both the behavioral task (no-gap or gap) and the latency of the saccade that the monkey executed to the same


The prevailing technology for waste heat recovery in ships is the ORC, which can exploit a variety of waste heat sources to produce electricity, and thus reduce the fuel consumption of the generator engines. The main challenge is to increase the capacity factor and exploit the highest possible amount of the various waste heat sources on-board, preferably of elevated temperature, in order to reach a high electric power output. The exploitation of the thermal content of the exhaust gases usually introduces severe constraints, since heat is extracted from this gas flow first from the engine's turbocharger and then by the exhaust gas boiler (economizer) for steam production in the case of the main engine. Moreover, the main engine in a typical merchant ship operates for about two thirds of the year, which might not be enough to secure the ORC cost-effectiveness when only its low-grade heat source is exploited. On the other hand, the generator engines operate for an even larger duration, but with a much lower capacity. With the aim to increase the capacity factor (operating days/year), an advancement of the ORC technology is examined here, which exploits low-temperature waste heat sources. Such configuration is based on a reversible cycle, operating either as an ORC or a high-temperature heat pump (HTHP). The heat pump mode produces steam, replacing the use of auxiliary boilers, which mostly operate when the ship is at port. When the ship is at sea, no steam is needed by those boilers, because the steam generation is accomplished by the exhaust gas economizer (exhaust gas boiler), and then the unit reverses its operation to ORC mode for electricity production. This flexible unit is examined in terms of performance for producing saturated steam at 6 bar/158 ⁰C (heat pump mode) and electricity (ORC mode), when using an ultra-low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant. A detailed techno-economic study has then been conducted for a variety of long-distance ships, according to their typical boiler capacity that is matched to the heat pump capacity and days at sea/port, leading to the estimation of the net fuel savings and discounted payback period. The latter becomes short in the range of 3-4 years for the reversible unit when the fuel price is increased.


Our goal in this paper is to describe levels and trends of female headed households in Latin America during the past twenty years. The data available to us do not support the idea that the breakup ...


Damage caused by soils subject to change in volume beneath light structures, particularly low-cost housing units of masonry construction, is unacceptably frequent. It has led to the demolition of many such units within a small fraction of their design lifespan. Perhaps the most spectacular such failure is Lerato Park in Kimberley, where the development was demolished within four years. The reason for this failure is examined in Stott and Theron (2016). The normal ways of attempting to reduce heave damage have involved increasing the strength and stiffness of foundations, together with reducing masonry panel size through movement joints and increasing the strength of the panels. While these measures have improved the situation somewhat, they are expensive and have proved to be only partially successful. This investigation examines the possibility of increasing the ability of masonry panels themselves to accommodate significant distortion without sustaining unacceptably serious cracking. The existing specifications in SANS 10164 (SANS 10164 2000) are shown to allow considerably greater inherent flexibility than current practice allows. This is dependent on the specified quality of sand (frequently ignored) and water demand requirements, as specified in South African standards, being adhered to.


The purpose of the study was to estimate the tourism effect of marine ranching business using travel cost model in Chagwido area, Jeju island. Marine ranching business is to make man-made habitat establishing the structures at the under sea. The ministry of oceans and fisheries has first established the marine ranch at the sea area of Tongyoung city, south Kyungsang province from 1998 to 2006, and has made it at other areas including Chagwido area of Jeju island since 2001. This business directly aims at increasing incomes of fishery for villages and also expects the indirect economic effects mainly including tourism. The process of the study was as follows. The 377 valid data were collected at Chagwido area, and the researchers reviewed a poisson model(P), a negative binomial model(NB), a truncated poisson model(TP) and a truncated negative binomial model(TNB), and finally TP model was chosen. The researchers then estimated the numbers of visitors to this area considering visitors of near and comparable tourist sites and the days capable of marine activities in terms of weather. In conclusion, the economic value per person was estimated 138,294 won and the total value per year was 27,989,702,969 won. The academic and managerial implications were then discussed.


Success in producing a population projection predominately depends on the accuracy of its migration rates. In developing an interregional, cohort-component projection methodology for the U.S. city of Boston, Massachusetts, we created an innovative approach for producing domestic migration rates with synthetic populations using 1-year, American Community Survey (ACS), and Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS). Domestic in- and out-migration rates for Boston used 2007–2014 ACS data and developed synthetic Boston and United States populations to serve as denominators for calculating these rates. To assess the reliability of these rates, we compared the means and standard deviations of eight years of these rates (2007–2014) with synthetic populations by single-year ages for females and males to rates produced from two ACS samples using the same migration data in the numerator but the prior year's age data in the denominator. We also compared results of population projections for 2015 using these different migration rates to several 2015 U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for Boston. Results suggested our preferred rates with synthetic populations using one ACS sample for each year's migration rates were more efficient than alternative rates using two ACS samples. Projections using these rates with synthetic populations more accurately projected Boston's 2015 population than an alternative model with rates using the prior year's age data.


The project presented here is an approach towards vehicle navigation & safety implementation. As the title suggests, the project is aimed at automatically sensing the areas / zones like "School zone", "Work zone" or "Curve zone". As an example, near school zone, the sign board displays "School Zone Ahead, Drive Slowly", or near construction area, "Drive slowly, Work under construction". Drivers go at very high speed usually near school zone, or indulge in speeding causing inconvenience to the other vehicle users and pedestrians. Even though these are meant for the safety of the vehicles traveling and also for the general public, it is not usually practiced and ignored by the vehicle drivers. The main objective is to design a Vehicle controller meant for vehicle"s speed control and monitors the zones, which can run on an embedded system. Vehicle Controller can be custom designed to fit into a vehicle"s dashboard, and displays information on the vehicle. The project is composed of two separate units: zone status transmitter unit and receiver (speed display and control) unit. Once the information is received from the zones, the vehicle"s embedded unit automatically alerts the driver, to reduce the speed according to the zone, it waits for few seconds, and otherwise vehicle"s controller unit automatically reduces the speed. I.INTRODUCTION The project presented here is aimed at automatically sensing the areas / zones like "School Zone", "Work zone" or "Curve Zone". We are developing a system which will sense such traffic signs automatically and accordingly inform the driver and also assist him in controlling the vehicle. As the design of this system goes, the project proposed here consists of a set of units : Zone / Area Unit and Vehicle Unit. In convention, these special zones or areas are indicated at the roadside on a pillar or road sign poles. As an example, near school zone, the sign board displays "School Zone Ahead, Drive Slowly", or "Curve Zone Area-Do not go fast". Drivers go at very high speed as usual near school zone, or operate the harsh driving causing accident in the curve zone. As a result, making the whole concept of displaying warning sign and messages on the roadside boards does not help. To provide a better alternative, one can develop a system which will automatically sense such traffic signs automatically and accordingly inform the drives and also assist him in controlling the vehicle voluntarily or forcibly. All in all resulting in a very effective and fail proof system to provide traffic regulation, safety and convenience of the people. As the whole project not just limited for these few functions, this project can be made mandatory. That way one can provide a more reliable security device and streamline traffic flow. Few additional features which can be integrated with this system are, "Anti-collision", "Auto breaking with curve detection" and "Auto Speed limit Sensor".


Identifying the kinematic and behavioral variables of prey that influence the evasion from predator attacks is essential not only for comprehending the determinants of successful predator evasion but also for shedding light on the evolution of specific traits and the dynamics of predator-prey relationships on a larger scale. However, quantifying the relationship between these variables and the success or failure of predator evasion is challenging, particularly for variables with small variations within prey species. One promising approach to address this challenge is the use of a simulated prey system, which allows us to manipulate the kinematic and behavioral features of prey and expose them to real predators. Nevertheless, creating a system that moves comparably to real prey animals remains difficult, especially for invertebrate and lower vertebrate species that respond quickly to predators and escape rapidly. In this study, we have developed an automated escape system that is comparable to real prey species, responding to a predator within tens of milliseconds and escaping at over 1.0 m/s. The system automatically detects an approaching predator and pulls the prey away from the predator once the predator reaches a predetermined threshold distance. Reaction distance, response latency, as well as escaping speed, duration, and direction can be adjusted in the system. By repeatedly measuring the response latency and escaping speed of the system, we demonstrated the system's ability to exhibit fast and rapid responses while maintaining consistency across successive trials. As a case study, we manipulated the escape speed and reaction distance of the prey to expose them to a predatory fish, Coreoperca kawamebari. The results show that both variables significantly affect the outcome of predator-prey interactions. These findings indicate that the developed escape system is useful for identifying kinematic and behavioral features of prey that are critical for predator evasion. Moreover, due to its relatively low cost and customizability, we propose that this system can be applied to investigate various aspects of animal behaviors (e.g., eliciting escape responses by artificial stimuli) in different animal species.


Mobile learning has become the potential for innovation and disruption in the last decade. This study reviewed Chinese scholarly publications related to mobile learning research and published related to teaching and learning English in China's higher education. Its purpose is to enrich systematic reviews for digital education with the provision of mobile learning research in China's context with academic findings inaccessible to those who do not speak Chinese. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) principles are used to provide a transparent synthesis of extant studies. Major findings include that English learning has made progress in teaching strategy, pedagogical practice, and teaching model related to mobile technology, but a concern emerges in how teachers integrate technology into pedagogy appropriately to achieve the outcome beyond traditional teaching. The findings suggest further studies to analyse teachers' needs in disruptive education in China.