Intensity modulated 31P NMR spectra were obtained using the pulse sequence published by Patt and Shoolery. This attached proton test (APT) technique for signal assignment could be applied to systems with long-range heteronuclear couplings in POCH fragments. In a model system derived from the alcoholysis of P4S10 the six reaction products were assigned to the six signals in the 31P NMR spectrum.


The legal literature to date has paid scant attention to the criminal liability of military officers for torturous interrogation methods. Now, however, this issue has become more topical due to recent US/UK military interventions in both Afghanistan and Iraq. In particular, numerous members of the Iraqi and Afghani regimes, political and military, have been arrested for alleged implication in international crimes, including terrorism. This article discusses the criminal law ramifications of interrogation methods, relying on the recent case law of the ICTY and of the ECHR, as well as significant judgments of the Israeli Supreme Court on this subject. I emphasize the tension between the international rule of law and the defense of necessity as such tension relates to conflicting jus cogens norms which arise during military interventions. I propose legal strategies that may be effectively applied to these controversial situations.


Rice is main staple food crop of North East India and occupying an area of ~3.5 m ha, which account ~7% of the area and 6.5% of the country rice production (Kumar et al., 2017). The productivity of rice in NE states is ~2.15 t/ha, is much below than average national a productivity of rice 2.58 t/ha (Agricultural statistics, 2018). In context to Nagaland, rice is primary food and cultivated in an area of ~21.2 thousand ha and producing 42.4 thousand tonnes with a productivity of ~ 2.0 t/ha (Anonymous, 2018). Longleng district in the states fall under most backward as per classified by planning commission of International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 9 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Interviews with 70 men in coupled relationships in Toronto show the range and development of gay relationships in managing sexual inclusivity. Monogamy scripts appear most commonly among younger men and/or men new to gay relationships, and among men whose formative years have been in cultures with limited or absent autonomous gay worlds. But more common is allegiance to particularly masculine discourses of autonomy and adventurism, insisting on a right to sexual self-determination and attraction to the sense of affirmation and pleasure experienced with other men. Indigenous sexual cultures among gay men have taken their own autonomous path of development apart from (if still a part of) the courtship and family practices of the heterosexual hegemony, and have innovated new options and understandings in conducting relationships.


By twist wafer bonding, thin (100) GaAs layers were transferred onto (100) GaAs handling wafers in order to fabricate structures like those suggested in the literature as "compliant universal substrates." Heteroepitaxial InP and InGaAs films were grown on the GaAs twist-bonded layers. Twisted and untwisted grains of the epitaxial film with diameters from 0.1 to several μm without threading dislocations were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Twisted grains grew on the twist-bonded layer, while the untwisted grains grew directly on the GaAs handling wafer and were caused by pinholes in the twist-bonded GaAs layer. It is suggested that the lateral limitation of the epitaxial growth of grains on the thin twisted GaAs layer caused by the presence of pinholes reduces the density of threading dislocations in the strain-relaxed film and might be a mechanism for the observed low density of threading dislocations in lattice-mismatched epitaxial films grown on twist-bonded "compliant universal substrates."


This article aims to develop a design pattern of a wireless sensor node working in multichannel signal measurement for effectively lowering energy consumption and cost. The proposed design pattern enables the architecture of a wireless sensor node to adapt to application requirements, thus to significantly reduce system redundancy. Two multisensor structures are parameterized regarding frequency response, power consumption, and cost. The system design pattern provides flexibility through three proposed interface circuits that bridge between multisensor structures and the microprocessors inside sensor nodes. It also allows adjusting time the delay parameter that can enlarge the selection range of main electronic components, and thereby increases the robustness of the model for practical implementations. A virtual case study is provided to demonstrate how to apply this model into an application design.


The Eifas, Ahlsburg, and Salzderhelden overthrusts have been considered for a long time to be halotectonic structures caused by diapiric rise of Zechstein salt into thrust planes and other zones of weakness in the overlying rocks. Much of the Markoldendorf syncline between the overthrusts is covered by Quaternary deposits. The structure of the syncline and its western and southern boundaries were mapped with the help of many boreholes and micropalaeontological dating during remapping of the 1 : 25 000 geological sheet 4124 (Dassel). The Ahlsburg overthrust has now been shown to continue to the NW and to lead into the Lüthorst graben, which truncates the syncline in the west and passes into the crestal fault of the Elfas anticline. Figure 6 shows the NW-SE trending faults bounding three blocks which, according to seismic inter pretation (Geotectonic Atlas 1996), have moved several times, in some areas in opposite senses. The NNE-SSW-trending grabens act as hinges, separating the NW-SE faults into sections that have undergone different movement.


We aim to explore the correlation between inflammation indexes with disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis(AS) patients.According to the BASDAI index,60 AS patients were divided into activity group and static group,then we compared the laboratory parameters among active group,static group,and normal group.The results showed that the ESR,CRP,IgA and IgG levels in activity group were significantly higher than that in static group or normal group(P 0.01),but the WBC,PLT,IgM,C3,C4 level showed no significant difference in the 3 groups(P 0.05).Furthermore,The ESR,CRP,IgA levels were positively correlation with the BASDAI index(P 0.01),and the IgA was positively correlated with ESR and CRP(P 0.01).The data imply that besides the ESR and CRP,The IgA can also be a laboratory parameter to assess AS disease activity.


Digital world hides enormous possibilities for us, wh
at we can't imagine totally nowadays. Even that
the digitalization is global in all parts of the life m
eans everybody like potential user needs to be ready
to use expansively the information safety viewpoi
nts. Without this capabilities the users will be
unprotected and defenceless again the harmful attacks from anywhere of the world because this is a
virtual "new world". Essential assumption of the sa
fety initiation for "expert" professionals is the
safety awareness development of users.


Construct2 Game Engine is development by in United Kingdom production company Scirra. Construct 2 game engine to be used globally, the most excellent technical strength and visibility in the 2D game engine has grown to high engine. The game engine created by the 'Kongbin&Domino'. 'Kongbin&Domino' game, it began commercialization in the Google store and Apple's App Store. It advances the quality evaluation of the case of the production process and the game engine. Researched that can contribute to a better production. In the future, throughout the Research, it is to be contributed to the development of the game industry is conducting research to support the game development process which can be facilitated by the game content creation.


Based upon construction supervision practice in Tianluyuan Tunnel the investment risk and investment control in big span joined roof tunnel construction are analyzed and discussed. With the application of comprehensive supervision measures good investment control measures are acquired.


Current paper focuses on the analysis of radial gated spillways, which are analyzed by the solution of a numerical model. The Oliana Dam study case is considered and the discharge capacity is predicted both by the application of a level-set based free-surface solver and by the use of traditional empirical formulations The results of the analysis are then used in training an Artificial Neural Network so to allow real-time predictions of the discharge in any situation of energy head and gate opening within the operation range of the reservoir. The comparison of the results obtained with the different methods shows that numerical models can be useful as a predictive tool for the analysis of the hydraulic performance of radial-gated spillways, and highlights some drawbacks regarding the application of the empirical formulas.


—This paper is a summary of all the work our group has done for the final project this quarter. The topic is using algorithms taught in class to develop a way for news prediction with a relatively high accuracy. The dataset is provided by pulse application, containing 1000 user's read and click record. To make the result better, we tried a lot of algorithms, such as simple data filtering, logistic regression, feature deduction, and so on. I. INTRODUCTION atural language processing (NLP) is an important application area of machine learning and already widely used today. A large portion of text that people consume every day is news. The news we read play an important role in how we form opinions and beliefs about the world and its actors. Understanding people's news preferences is therefore an important task. If we can predict the news stories that users are most interested in we could first improve their reading experience. It could further alter how well informed we are about many issues going on in the world. In this project, we investigate the algorithms to predict users' news preferences based on their previous reading activities. We work on a large real-world dataset of news consumption which comes from a local startup that allows people to read news on their phones.


Globalization, accelerating data exchange, development of information technology and new products in all fields make information processing an important factor of any economic system qualitative development at the macroor micro levels. Information technology is an indispensable tool of any organization. A significant example of new market based on information technology (IT) innovation is the growing competition for the opportunity to provide certain resources as a service. In the professional literature this concept is called «Cloud computing» (or «Cloud systems»). Business as well as the fields of IT have taken interest in the concept of cloud systems over the past few years. In the market «Software as a service» (SaaS) is one of the dominant models of cloud services, i.e. a service that allows you not to purchase expensive software, but temporarily use it. Competitive cloud market makes customer involvement and loyalty particularly important. Gamification is a promising management practice in this field. In the first part of the article, the stages of the client service lifecycle are considered and the importance of their planning is identified, also a model of SaaS is developed. The second part of the article focuses on the issues of gamification. Bartle's taxonomy of player types is considered and analyzed. A universal classification of gamification elements is proposed and a model for the application of various gamification elements at different stages of the client service lifecycle is presented. A general conclusion and references are in the last part of the paper. © 2018 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.UK


This article elaborates the potential general education curriculum, which includes the school's, the college's and the department's aim of running school, environment construction and pursuit on campus, school's distinctive features and tradition etc. It holds that the main content of potential general education curriculum includes the aim of running school,the idea of running school, school's distinctive features, school's spirit, school's slogan and school's song and so on. They embody a concentrated reflection of school's cultural implication and human spirit . They are the concentrate of school's long history and whole image . They also play the key role in guiding the development of school and educating all-round persons.


There are many studies about rheological properties of clay-water suspensions, but no published investigations about clay-glycerol suspensions. In this work apparent viscosity of previously purified illite containing clay fraction < 2 μm and glycerol/water suspensions were investigated. Carbonates were removed by dissolution in hydrochloric and citric acids and other non-clay minerals were almost totally removed by centrifugation. All obtained suspensions behaved as shear-thinning fluids with multiple times higher viscosity than pure glycerol/water solutions. Reduction of clay fraction concentration by 5% decreased the apparent viscosity of 50% glycerol/water suspensions approximately 5 times. There was basically no difference in apparent viscosity between all four 50% glycerol/water suspensions, but in 90% glycerol/water suspensions samples from Iecava deposit showed slightly higher apparent viscosity, which could be affected by the particle size distribution.


We discuss the problem of classifying polynomials $p : \mathbb R^2_+ \rightarrow (0, \infty)$ for which $\frac{1}{p}=\{\frac{1}{p(m, n)}\}_{m, n \geq 0}$ is joint completely monotone, where $p$ is a linear polynomial in $y.$ We show that if $p(x, y)=a+b x+c y+d xy$ with $a>0$ and $b, c, d \geq 0,$ then $\frac{1}{p}$ is joint completely monotone if and only if $a d - b c \leq 0.$ We also present an application to the Cauchy dual subnormality problem for toral $3$-isometric weighted $2$-shifts.


The paper focuses on the role of microstructure in the premature failure of a multistand cold rolling work roll. Various mechanical, thermal, and microstructural factors leading to roll failure in general have been briefly discussed. It has been shown that cracks initiate at the subsurface region of the roll, propagate obliquely into the hardened shell, and branch out in a river pattern during cold rolling


The cement comprises a belite clinker (A) and a second component (B) made of particles of at least one ceramic material. Preferably the second component has a particle size less than 100 nm, and is present in a proportion of between 0.2% and 15% by weight of the belite component (A). This cement has the advantages of the conventional belite cement, and also has improved mechanical properties. The process for obtaining building cement comprising the steps of: (a) producing a belite cement clinker (A) from flyash low lime content, providing lime (CaO) to the clinker until reaching a molar ratio CaO / SiO 2 greater than or equal to 2 and hydrothermally treating the mixture; (B) grinding the obtained clinker; and (c) adding to the clinker a second component (B) constituted by at least one ceramic material with a particle size less than 100 nm.


Frank Brennan S.J., Tampering with Asylum: A Universal Humanitarian Problem, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2003. pp. 234. pb. $30.00.


This class explores critical issues regarding the way we understand our experiences of the world through drawing. The act of drawing is an extension of the human heart and mind, far removed from the click and drag of the computer mouse. A hand-drawn line in a sketch or floor plan has the latent power to evoke interpretations that could be far removed from what was originally intended. The act of drawing unites all artists, architects, landscape architects and designers with a common medium. This class will investigate that medium as a vehicle for recording, analysing, and interpreting the world around us, especially regarding its deeper meanings.


The anticorrosion design and material selection of pipeline for essential service water system in CPR1000 nuclear power station, the types of corrosion about essential service water system are introduced. The anticorrosion material and measures, the defect of existing design are proposed.


A. Study Purpose and Rationale Alzheimer Disease (AD), characterized by a gradual and progressive decline in cognition and behavior with prominent early memory dysfunction, is the most common form of dementia in older adults. It represents a significant burden worldwide for health care systems. In 2000, an estimated 4.5 million people in the US were afflicted with AD, and projections suggest this number will rise to 14 million by 2050 [1]. AD predominantly affects older adults with a prevalence of at least 30% in populations 85 years and older [1]. As advances in medical technology have allowed people to live longer lives, there have naturally been numerous studies investigating possible disease-modifying therapies for AD. Intense interest has been focused on common FDA-approved medications already in widespread use. Unfortunately, while initial observational studies may have indicated some benefit, phase III clinical trials have not shown efficacy for statins, anti-inflammatory drugs, including steroids and NSAIDs, ginko biloba, valproate, and various other compounds [1,2]. Other pharmacologic interventions have targeted betaamyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, both of which are hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD [1]. Randomized trials of these experimental agents, including active vaccination against beta-amyloid, continue to be ongoing but have not been promising thus far [2].


A method and a system for improving the efficiency of a battery-backed power supply system are disclosed. In particular, a method and system for improving the voltage regulator efficiency for a system are provided, in which the object to be controlled input voltage may vary in a wide range. In the disclosed methods, the supply voltage is applied to the driver control circuit of the voltage regulator, changed in relation to changes in input voltage. Thus, in one embodiment, the supply voltage, which is used for the circuit which drives a control terminal of the output transistor of the regulator circuit change with respect to changes in the input voltage. For example, an inverse relationship can be established between the input voltage level and is used for the gate driving circuit that controls the gates of the transistors to the voltage level controller output.


Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the solvability of the static state feedback decoupling problem for systems with 2 outputs: one in terms of some structural invariants and an equivalent geometric one. We also give the least order for dynamic compensation when static solutions do not exist.


Given a C*-algebra A which is filtered by a collection of closed ideals Ai, there is a spectral sequence which relates the K-theory of A to the K-theory of the various quotient algebras Ai/Ai−1. The d1 differentials in this spectral sequence are familiar index invariants, but the higher differentials are not well-understood. Considering the case of Toeplitz C*-algebras associated with certain cones in Z2, it is shown that a d2 differential in the spectral sequence is non-trivial. This differential turns out to be an obstruction to a classical lifting problem in operator theory. Analysis of this obstruction leads to necessary and sufficient conditions for the lifting problem. It is hoped that this example will illuminate the role of higher differentials in the K-theory spectral sequence.


Traditional experimentation based healthcare solutions are constrained by limited data that can confirm or refute the initial hypothesis. Big medical data in individual Electronic Health Records, labs, imaging systems, physician notes, medical correspondence and claims, provides a resource for extracting complementary information that can enhance the data available from traditional approaches based on experimentation. Datamining algorithms are being used to analyze data to get a more insightful understanding of human health, both preventive and clinical. But despite their sophistication, they are far from flawless. One way to solve the problem is crowdsourcing citizens connected in a social network, who can provide data, get it analyzed, and consume data for preventive health insights (Swan, 2009). Several challenges come along with it, for instance: performance, scalability, speed, storage, and power, which we believe could be addressed by cloud-enabled social networks for eHealth services. Such services could be composed of many other services, for instance, user authentication, email, payroll management, calendars, tele-consultation, e-Prescribing, e-Referral, e-Reimbursement, and alerting services, aiming to change the way big medical data in social networking web sites could be used making it actionable to save lives.

This paper aims to explore the opportunities and challenges for realization of cloud-enabled social networks for eHealth solutions, by examining efforts already underway, and recommending solutions to improve it. We discuss a three-tier ecosystem to advance this key field leveraging the Cloud computing technologies. In Tier-1 is "Build Sustainable eHealth System" to create a foundation that facilitates secure creation, storage, exchange, and analysis of data between actors. In Tier-2 is "Crowdsourced Social Networks for eHealth Services" to utilize the power of crowdsourcing. In Tier-3 is "Increasing Access to eHealth" to minimize risk and improve patient outcome. Failure to address these issues is believed to result in inefficient use of big medical data toward preventive healthcare.


Tourism, as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, has an exceedingly great, economic importance, first of all-it represents important driving force of economic development. However, apart from its economic importance, tourism has a broader social as well as political importance-it has a strong impact on overall flows of the development of many countries. Therefore, a special attention must be paid to its sustainable development, first of all.


The Pandora myth as told in Hesiod's Works and Days (59–105) has been criticised since antiquity as internally inconsistent. In the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century this led editors to propose radical atheteses and emendations to resolve the inconsistencies. Although in recent decades the impetus has swung more towards conservative editing, and seemingly endless work has been done on the myth, the passage still has not been fully understood in terms of its purpose within the Hesiodic corpus. In this paper I argue that the 'suspect' lines are perfectly consistent when understood in terms of the intertextual relationship between Hesiod's Works and Days and his Theogony, a relationship which has been established by scholars such as Jean-Pierre Vernant (1980), Glenn Most (1993) and Jenny Strauss Clay (2003). I argue that, in representing Pandora in Works and Days, Hesiod is engaged in a project of expansion which had its roots in his Theogony. Pandora is of more importance to the Iron Age Works and Days than to the divine Theogony; so she is described in greater detail and becomes more of a prominent figure in her own right. Furthermore, I argue that Hesiod does not stop there, but enacts an expansion of the expansion within Works and Days itself, from Zeus' commands to the gods for Pandora's creation at Op. 60–68, to the execution of those commands at 70–80.


The design of variable structure control for uncertain discrete time systems is discussed in this paper. A new discrete reaching law, which has perfect performance and can eliminate the chat\|tering caused by conventional discrete reaching law parameters, is proposed. A disturbance compensator is designed for online identification of the system uncertainties, thus the system has strong robustness. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.


As a special kind of coastal tourism resources,the development of island tourism has become an important field in domestic and foreign tourism research.Taking Bodhi Island as an example,which is known for 'the first largest island in North China',the advantages and limiting factors are analyzed.The development mode of combining the ecotourism with leisure vacation,and protection measures are put forward,to promote the island protection and tourism development,and promote the sustainable development.


Gauge coupling unification is one of main motivations in the split-SUSY scenario, in which the existence of grand unified theories (GUTs) is assumed. We examine how to realize a split-SUSY mass spectrum in the context of GUTs and find that the construction of split-SUSY GUTs is by no means straightforward. With R-symmetry breaking sources in the GUT sector, GUT particles play the role of messengers in the gauge mediation scenario, and their contributions to gaugino masses can be large. We find an upper bound on soft scalar masses of O(10 10 ) GeV from the condition of consistency in constructing the split-SUSY GUT. Also, we discuss an attempt to construct R-symmetric GUT models.


This paper proposes a novel camera vision based cursor control system, using hand gestures captured from a webcam through a color detection technique. The system will allow the user to navigate the computer cursor using their hand bearing color caps or tapes and left click and dragging will be performed using different hand gestures. And also it performs file transfer between two systems in a single same network. The proposed system uses nothing more than a low resolution webcam that acts as a sensor and it is able to track the users hand bearing color caps in two dimensions. The system will be implemented using python and OpenCV. The hand gesture is the most effortless and natural way of communication. The output of the camera will be displayed on the monitor. Shape and position information about the gesture will be gathered using detection of color. The file transferring scheme is implemented by using the python server programming.


This study is aimed to determine the hepatoprotective activity and antioxidant properties of aqeous extract of Sorghum porridge ( Ogi ), a Sorghum fermentation product, mixed with lemon to form Lemon-Ogi mixture at various concentrations after inducing liver injury in rats. Rats were divided into 9 groups (n=4) the positive control group, negative control group, normal control and the treated groups (which include extracts at varying concentrations between 0-50% v/v). Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by oral administration of paracetamol (1 g/kg body weight) suspended in normal saline on the first day of the experiment. After 7 days of post-treatment with the test mixture ( Lemon-Ogi ), biochemical markers such as L-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), L-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma Glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated. This was followed by the measurement of liver cytosolic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan post hoc test. The test mixture at concentrations of 30-50%v/v significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the elevated levels of AST, ALT, GGT when compared with the negative control animals. The Lemon-Ogi mixture also showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in the reduced levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and peroxidase when compared with the negative control. The effects of the Lemon-Ogi mixture on these parameters were comparable with those of the standard drug, Vitamin E at 50% (v/v) concentration. The findings of this study indicate that Lemon-Ogi mixture showed a potential hepatoprotective activity and the protective action might have manifested by restoring the hepatic SOD, catalase, and peroxidase levels. The results of this study validate the traditional use of Sorghum porridge steep water as a strong antioxidant. Keywords: Paracetamol-Hepatotoxicity, Biochemical Marker Enzymes, Antioxidant Enzymes, Lemon, Ogi


Epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the community of red fluorescing (emission > 665 nm when excited with blue light) phototrophic picoplankton (RFPP) in lakes Huron and Michigan. A population of coccoid to ovate eukaryotic cells with a mean size of 1.2 J.1.Ill dominated the RFPP community in both surface and deep water samples. Abundant prochlorophyte populations were not found in any samples. Com parisons of counts with epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, revealed that RFPP were adequately enumerated with standard epifluorescence microscopy. These RFPP were significant contributors to total phototrophic picoplankton abundance in both lakes Michigan (24 %) and Huron (18 %), with maximum seasonal abundance during the May-June period (surface mixing layer temperatures, 3-9 °C). During thermal Stratification, maximum venical abundance was found in the metalimnion/hypolimnion at the 1-5% isolumes. RFPP were only minor contributors (1-7 %) to total primary production. Growth rates of RFPP measured with dilution· and small inocula growth experiments ranged from 0.05-1.0 d-1. Microzooplankton grazing rates on RFPP measured with dilution experiments were similar to estimated growth rates, accounting for 52-280% of growth on any given date.


The accuracy with which a DC motor and drive system track a reference velocity profile is limited by periodic torque disturbances. The cogging and ripples torques, and constructive imperfections in the mechanical assembly of the drive cause disturbance pulsation harmonics with a base frequency dictated by the rotational velocity. This paper describes a novel compensation technique based on disturbance observation and a self-tuning feed-forward compensation algorithm. The DC motor is modeled as a linear system augmented by the nonlinear Coulomb friction and is experimentally identified from a set of the system responses. The disturbance harmonics are detected by means of the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and analytically described by a spatial Fourier transform with respect to the angular position of the rotor. The online algorithm tunes the parameters of the feed-forward compensator using the recursive estimation technique. The proposed self-tuning compensator is experimentally verified as part of an open control loop at different level of the rotational velocity and system load.


150 patients scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy,were randomly divided into three groups. 10mins before spinal anaesthesia, Group "O" wasgiven 4mg ONDANSETRON  ,group "P" received  PALANOSETRON 75 microgram , group "S" received normal saline; over 5mins. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, nausea, shivering, bradycardia and requirement of vasopressor were assessed. The fall inmean arterial pressure was least in "O" group, followed by "P" group and "S" group. Nosignificant difference was observed regarding heart rate. Group "O" & "P" had significantly lower requirement of vasopressor .


We propose a new meson-baryon model for intrinsic charm in the proton. Particular attention is paid to the existence and persistence of high x behavior, especially in the structure function F c¯ c 2 (x, Q 2 ).


ABSTRACT Bioethanol has been successfully used in conventional spark ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion, a novel combustion method, has shown the potential for low nitric oxides (NOx) emissions with no particulate matter formation. This paper explores two different approaches to achieve HCCI with bioethanol; namely, trapping of internal residual gas and intake temperature heating with a high compression ratio. For naturally aspirated HCCI operation with residual gas trapping on a spark ignition engine, although the NOx emissions were low, the load range was unacceptably small. When inlet manifold pressurisation was employed, a substantial increase in the upper load boundary could be achieved without any substantial increase in NOx emissions. With forced induction, the feasibility of using boost control as the main method of load control for higher engine loads during HCCI operation has been explored with possible methods of utilizing boost control. One possible strategy is a map based strategy where fuelling rates are correlated versus boost pressure and trapped residual amounts. A proof of concept using this strategy showed that transient operation from a low load to a much higher load, using boost control might be possible without engine misfire.


Previous work applying Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) to problems in speech processing has combined the output of a DBN trained over a sliding window of input with an HMM or CRF to model linear-chain dependencies in the output. We describe a new model called Sequential DBN (SDBN) that uses inherently sequential models in all hidden layers as well as in the output layer, so the latent variables can potentially model long-range phenomena. The model introduces minimal computational overhead compared to other DBN approaches to sequential labeling, and achieves comparable performance with a much smaller model (in terms of number of parameters). Experiments on TIMIT phone recognition show that including sequential information at all layers improves accuracy over baseline models that do not use sequential information in the hidden layers.


Abstract In this paper an extension of the semi-Markovian risk model studied by Albrecher and Boxma (2005) is considered by allowing for general interclaim times. In such a model, we follow the ideas of Cheung et al. (2010b) and consider a generalization of the Gerber-Shiu function by incorporating two more random variables in the traditional penalty function, namely, the minimum surplus level before ruin and the surplus level immediately after the second last claim prior to ruin. It is shown that the generalized Gerber-Shiu function satisfies a matrix defective renewal equation. Detailed examples are also considered when either the interclaim times or the claim sizes are exponentially distributed. Finally, we also consider the case where the claim arrival process follows a Markovian arrival process. Probabilistic arguments are used to derive the discounted joint distribution of four random variables of interest in this risk model by capitalizing on an existing connection with a particular fluid flow process.


In Chinese, Antonyms are widely used. "Opposite in meaning" charaer of Chinese antonyms is rare in other languages. Analyzing and judging correly whether the two words in Chinese are antonyms or not are helpful for us to understand and use Chinese. The article mainly discusses the types of antonyms, the ways of judgement and the meaning of antonyms.


According to small sample of weapon system test,the Bayes inspecting method of MTBF is presented.Then Bayes estimation method of MTBF is discussed.at last,one example is given and analyzed.


Background Age is a significant risk factor for functional decline and disease of the musculoskeletal system, yet few biomarkers exist to facilitate ageing research in musculoskeletal tissues. Multivariate models based on DNA methylation, termed epigenetic clocks, have shown promise as markers of biological age. However, the accuracy of existing epigenetic clocks in musculoskeletal tissues are no more, and often less accurate than a randomly sampled baseline model. Results We developed a highly accurate epigenetic clock, Msk-Age, that is specific to tissues and cells of the musculoskeletal system. MskAge was built using a penalised genetic algorithm islands model that addresses multi-tissue clock bias. The final model was trained on the transformed principal components of CpGs selected by the genetic algorithm, which are significantly enriched for pathways terms related to the skeletal system and mesenchyme development. We show that MskAge tracks epigenetic ageing ex vivo and in vitro. Epigenetic age estimates are rejuvenated to zero with cellular reprogramming and are accelerated at a rate of 0.45 years per population doubling. Remarkably, MskAge explains more variance associated with in vitro ageing of fibroblasts than the purpose-developed skin and blood clock. Conclusion The precision of MskAge and its ability to capture perturbations in biological ageing make it a promising research tool for musculoskeletal and ageing biologists.


A sustainable standard of living at retirement is an issue of great importance for most retirees and is certainly a major consideration in the allocation of client portfolios for private wealth managers. This study uses past equity returns and a thirty year rolling average forecasting method to determine the safe withdrawal rates for retiring households between 1980 and 2008. This time period is chosen because it captures the market shock at the beginning of this millennium as well as the global economic downturn of 2007-2008. The results of this study indicate that while 3% and 4% withdrawal rates are sustainable in most cases the 5% withdrawal rates are not sustainable given the conventional 60%-40% allocation approach followed by most practitioners. However, diversification of the portfolio to 30% large cap, 30% small cap and 40% intermediate bonds makes 5% withdrawal rates sustainable for 40 years or more.


The subject of the present dissertation is
the relevance of the children's room as a place of children's
development, experience and education. Besides presenting a
historical survey of the children's room in German speaking
countries over the last three centuries, a
phenomenological-hermeneutical approach is taken in an examination
of children's spatial experience as reflected in autobiographical
accounts and interviews. The question of how adolescents experience
their room and how rooms were experienced by people in other ages
is a reflexive one, i.e. pedagogically relevant, and is a guideline
of this analysis. The thesis modifies the assumption that the
origins of the nursery lie in the Nineteenth Century by showing
that this development already set in in the Eighteenth Century in
the leading households of urban society. It is shown that, on the
one hand, the children's room is part of the space-material
arrangement of a child's environment that was conceived as an
educational landscape, and that developed gradually in accordance
with the child's emerging social role as a pupil since the
beginning of modern times. On the other hand, children have always
been able to restructure the room that others have arranged and
filled with significance on their behalf by implementing their own,
individually different, conceptions. As the case studies and
interview texts reveal, a central aspect of child room experience
is the privacy to develop one's potential undisturbed. Whereas an
adolescent prizes his room as a place of seclusion and as an
important domain of his personal world, he may also tend to an
ambiguous evaluation: for him, one's own room is not only a retreat
but also a place of suffering. The social aspect of this room
represents a much greater component of child development than is
generally supposed in current room theories. As the room
descriptions reveal, children's rooms are not generally cosy
places, but, in the opinion of adolescents, places which are
experienced in a particular manner, with their own specific
valencies and manifold realities that only gradually acquire
specific outlines.


The article considers the students' professional self development modeling as a complex integrated structure which defines effectiveness of future specialist personality development.


We investigate the sandpile model on the two--dimensional Sierpinski gasket fractal. We find that the model displays novel critical behavior, and we analyze the distribution functions of avalanche sizes, lifetimes and topplings and calculate the associated critical exponents $\tau = 1.51 \pm 0.04$, $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.04$ and $\mu = 1.36 \pm 0.04$. The avalanche size distribution shows power law behavior modulated by logarithmic oscillations which can be related to the discrete scale invariance of the underlying lattice. Such a distribution can be formally described by introducing a complex scaling exponent ${\tau}^{*} \equiv \tau + i \delta$, where the real part $\tau$ corresponds to the power law and the imaginary part $\delta$ is related to the period of the logarithmic oscillations.


Theoretical and experimental optimization studies are presented in this paper, where the aim is to improve the phase noise of an optoelectronic oscillator based on a passive fiber ring resonator. Our experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in the phase noise of the final optimized system, which is also compared to the best existing oscillator of the same type, an active cavity based coupled optoelectronic oscillator.


This note argues that most academic key sector analyses provide misleading information for policy-makers, as they ignore the other side of the coin, namely, the tax cost of generating a sector's large forward and backward linkages. This other side is important because the tax cost of the necessary policy measures is unequal across sectors and unequal across backward and forward linkages. Only the net backward and the recently defined net forward linkage measure make a first, be it minimal, attempt to incorporate this other side of the coin. Serious policy advice should be based on an adequate discussion of the other side of the coin.


In a 59-year-old female with Sjogren's syndrome, xerostomia and xerophthalmia had started in 1982, and lymphadenopathy of the cervical nodes and sore throat appeared in 1991. Biopsies were taken from the swelling in the nasopharynx and the cervical node. The pathological diagnosis was "pseudolymphoma". We started chemotherapy with a steroid. The lesions shrank remarkably during one week, but five months later, the swellings enlarged and did not respond to steroid therapy. Biopsy of the nasopharynx was performed again. The pathological diagnosis was "malignant lymphoma". We started chemotherapy with "CHOP". The lymphoma disappeared and has not recurred.


Visceral leishmaniasis is considered a serious harm to public health and it is spread throughout Brazil. In urban areas, dogs are considered the main source of infection for the etiologic agent Leishmania infantum. The identification of areas and risk factors associated with L. infantum infection is essential for planning effective measures to prevent and control this disease. This study aims to identify the prevalence, distribution and probable risk factors for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Camacari, Bahia. A cross-sectional study was conducted encompassing 36 districts of the municipality. Sample size was calculatedusing the census of canine anti rabies campaign, and the residences included in the study were randomly selected. The owners of the animals were submitted to a questionnaire containing relevant epidemiological variables for CVL. The animals were clinically assessed and blood and splenic aspirate samples were collected. The CVL diagnosis was determined by serology (ELISA) or splenic aspirate culture. The CVL prevalence was rated in the coast and urban areas. It was also rated in each evaluated neighborhoods of the study. The prevalence ratio (PR) of CVL was determined in relation to epidemiological variables assessed in the questionnaires and the clinical signs found in the animals. Data from 800 dogs living in 530 households were listed. L. infantum infection was found in 21,8% of animals evaluated. Was observed an average prevalence of 32,9% in the waterfront area of the city, mostly occurring in the neighborhoods of Pe de Areia (51,7%), Barra Jacuipe (51,3%) and Monte Gordo (50,0%). The seat of the municipality had a lower prevalence, with an average of 11,9%, while someneighborhoods: Montenegro, Jardim Limoeiro and FICAM stand out with higher occurrences, 37,5%, 31,8% and 29,4% respectively.The key features associated with an increased prevalence of CVL, location on the waterfront area of Camacari(RP 2,57; IC95% 1,90-3,47),prior occurrence of human cases of VL at homes(RP 2,32; IC95% 1,47-3,77); previous occurrence of CVL in the residence (RP 2,22; IC95% 1,64-3,00). Among the evaluated clinical signs, the highest prevalence for CVL was observed in animals that had onychogryphosis(RP 2,43; IC95% 1,87-3,16) and signs related to pina ear as ulcer(RP 2,35; IC95% 1,82-3,04), and crust(RP 2,23; IC95% 1,69-2,93). The results confirm the endemicity of CVL in Camacari in a representative way, while identifying factors and clinical signs associated with the high prevalence of the disease, as well. These findings may be useful in targeting effective measures for control of leishmaniasis in human and canine population.


This paper proposes an early warning indicator for the banking system. The methodology focus is a timely measure of banking risks, such as credit risk. This indicator is based on the synchronization of risk indicators of the banks within the system, which has been called Synchrony indicator of Banking or SiB. This makes it possible to analyse a banking system taking into account the heterogeneity of its participants. From this, theoretical and empirical properties of the indicator are analysed. In this context, the recent risk evolution of the Chilean banking system is reviewed following this proposal. Significant advantages over conventional indicators have been found: anticipation and interpretability.


The present invention relates to a housing made up of seven portions for the information storage medium, one of the seven parts can be moved in two planes to allow access to the information storage medium disposed in the interior. The portable data storage cartridge having an information storage medium disposed in the housing. And recording information on the information storage medium or read information from, and / or an information storage medium disposed within a portable data storage cartridge.


Researchers on innovation all agree that there is path dependent in technological innovation. But in most cases,path dependence makes firms' technologies "lock in" some states which are not the best,and makes little answers to some radical innovations. This paper explains that path dependence can also facilitate innovation by combining path dependence and technological trajectories. Based on this theory,this paper also explores that firms can obtain sustainable competitive advantage through innovation along firms' technological trajectories.


We have demonstrated monolithic integration of multicolor light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by selective-area metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (SA-MOVPE). The use of relatively wide (>30 µm) masks resulted in a large in-plane modulation of both InGaN layer thickness and composition, allowing us a wide range of wavelength modulation. A wider mask shifted the electroluminescence spectrum to longer wavelengths due to vapor-phase diffusion of precursors. LED elements were formed at the center of the 60-µm-wide growth area, the peak wavelength of which covered 454–545 nm around turn-on voltages and 454–485 nm under a high-injection condition.


The paper analyses reasons for departures from strong rationality of growth and inflation forecasts based on annual observations from 1963 to 2004. We rely on forecasts from the joint forecast of the so-called "six leading" forecasting institutions in Germany and argue that violations of the rationality hypothesis are due to relatively few large forecast errors. These large errors are shown - based on evidence from probit models - to correlate with macroeconomic fundamentals, especially on monetary factors. We test for a non-linear relation between forecast errors and macroeconomic fundamentals and find evidence for such a non-linearity for inflation forecasts.


The implementation of education activity policy conducted at home by applying work from home (WFH) demand all of the each education institutions to perform the online learning by using any platforms provided in internet web. For college education, it is hoped to develop the information system of online learning based on learning management system. This research is intended to find out the information about the college students responds related to the online learning activity conducted in the Study Program of Language and Literature of Bahasa Indonesia Unimed since March 2020 until June 2020. The data obtained by answering the questionnaire submitted to the college students randomly. The results showed that 81.6% was in the very positive category related to the college students' responses to the implementation of online learning. Besides that, there are some obstacles in the implementation of online learning as well, they are a small proportion of instructors and the college students who have not mastered the use of IT in the online learning process. The college students highly hope that the instructors can transform the teaching materials into digital form based on the applications so that it makes easier for them to understand the materials and can save any costs as complained by the college students when the online learning is carried out.


The clinical professionals of Chinese medicine have their special quality structure.Through literature research and questionnaires to experts of clinical professionals of Chinese medicine for collecting advices,we finally got six elements of the quality structure for clinical professionals of Chinese medicine in theoretical,those are professional ethics,professional ability,knowledge structure,intellectual characteristics,personality and the healthy of mental and physical,totally eighty-six items of specific elements.This can be the basis of the further research for the positive study of quality structure and education for the clinical professionals of Chinese medicine.


Abstract : The Corps of Cadets at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) participated in only one battle during the American Civil War. This paper seeks to determine what factors influenced the decision to employ VMI Cadets in battle or to restrict their employment.


OBJECTIVE
To determine patterns of lifetime caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee use, focusing on frequency and determinants for curtailing caffeinated coffee.

METHODS
Residents of Rancho Bernardo, a white, upper-middle class Southern California community, were surveyed about their lifetime coffee-drinking behavior; completed questionnaires were received from 69% (n = 2955; mean age was 64 years, age range: 30-105 years). Chi-square tests of differences between proportions in categorical data and t-tests for continuous data were used. Due to the large number of comparisons, statistical significance was defined as p<or=0.01.

RESULTS
Respondents began drinking caffeinated coffee around age 20, and decaffeinated coffee around age 50. A few gender-related differences were observed; more women than men curtailed caffeinated coffee (p<0.001), or did so due to sleep problems (p<0.01), while more men curtailed coffee because their spouses stopped drinking it (p<0.001). Most who curtailed caffeinated coffee did so on their own initiative (80% for health concerns); but only 10% of coffee drinkers curtailed caffeinated coffee on advice of a physician. Past combined intake of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffees approached >or=5 cups/day only in those who curtailed caffeinated coffee on advice of a physician or for heart/circulatory problems.

CONCLUSIONS
Curtailing of caffeinated coffee in this adult cohort was primarily due to health concerns, but few of those who curtailed caffeinated coffee attribute the change to the advice of a physician.


This study is about the phenomenon of trust as applied in urban planning processes. The study views this concept through the lens of "the opposition" – the dissenting voices to the official narrati ...


The land institution of countryside of Southern Jiangsu has changed from system of contracted responsibilities on the household basis to that of appropriate scale of operation based on farm management.Furthermore,general adoption of the market principle of land institution has brought about the qualitative changes of rural market economic system incorporated with land institution of approciate scale of agricultare operation.Marketization of land institution is the direction of rural land institution reform of China.


The current research tries to explore the social representations about sexual diversity of a group of university students currently studying the first years of their career. An exploratory qualitative research was conducted using focus groups. The results realize that there is an unknowledge among participants about the topic, which is being reflected in an ambiguous and imprecise discourse and in a social representation under construction based mainly on stereotypes and prejudges. This vision makes participants have a negative assessment and attitudes, and discriminatory behavior towards people of sexual diversity. It's important to reflex how people relationships and experiences are affected by these representations, as well as their mental health. In the representational field of the interviewed it's clear that getting support of the family, friends and the environment as a factor that helps people of sexual diversity to accept their sexual identity and improve facing hostile reactions. Opinions of apparent tolerance appear when this relation is approached; nevertheless, the rejection that exists towards this population is evidenced by jokes and mocking. They identify education as a central factor that can favor greater acceptance and place the university as a place where there is greater openness towards sexual diversity. It is important to work on the subject in the university because it is recognized as a place with greater knowledge and a greater probability of meeting with these people, where can also train future professionals sensitized who will be able to be more inclusive.


For a full high definition plasma display panel, the method of high speed addressing is necessary. In order to decrease the addressing time and its jitter, separated dual electrodes are applied to the address electrode. The experimental results show the addressing time and jitter are reduced by about 20% compared with those of a conventional electrode. Additionally, the change in discharge characteristics is analyzed by using two-dimensional fluid simulation. The key feature of the suggested structure is that the distribution of wall charges and particles is controllable during address periods without a significant increase in capacitive load of the address electrodes.


The results of the investigations of the activity concentration of natural radionuclides in certain building materials and foodstuff samples obtained from the Nurabad district of the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan are presented. The gamma radiation spectra of the samples were measured in Marinelli beaker geometry on γ- spectrometer with a Ge(Li) detector and energy resolution 6% on the 1332 keV line of 60Co. A personal computer and standard computer programs were used to accumulate and process the spectra. The characteristic density of the samples ranged from 140 to 1810 g/l. The activity concentration of 40K was observed to be comparatively higher than that of both 226Ra and 232Th in all the studied samples. The results reveal that the low activity of 137Cs in the samples is attributed due to its half-life decay period.


The bacteria - an introduction the bacterial cell growth and reproduction differentiation metabolism I - energy metabolism II - carbon molecular biology I - genes and gene expression molecular biology II - changing the message bacteriophages bacteria in the living world bacteria in medicine applied bacteriology I - food applied bacteriology II - miscellaneous aspects some practical bacteriology man against bacteria the identification and classification of bacteria appendix - minidescriptions of some genera, families, orders and other categories of bacteria.


One of the drawbacks of some drug delivery system (DDS) is their inability to release their
payloads after reaching the desired site of action. Hence, many DDSs are being evaluated
that are able to release their payloads upon action of an external stimulus. La0.7SrO.JMn03
MNPs were synthesized by solution combustion synthesis and the optimised MNPs were
coated with silica. The synthesized MNPs were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), field emission scanning electron
microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive absorption spectroscopy (EDAX), fourier
transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating scanning magnetometer (VSM), zeta
potential measurements and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The anticancer drug
delivery capability of La0.7SrO.JMn03 MNPs was carried out. Silica coatings with were
utilised for the loading of 5-Fluoro uracil (5-FU)- a well-known anti-cancer drug. The silica
surface was functionalised with amino propyl (LSMO-Si02-NH2) to achieve charge
reversal of the designed system from negative to positive as pH varied from 7.4 to 5 which
was used for the effective release of the cargo at endosomal pH 5. The high 5-FU drug
loading and its pH-sensitive release from LSMO-Si02-NH2 suggest that it is a promising
material for targeted drug delivery applications


We show that the problem of recognizing that a knot diagram represents a specific torus knot, or any torus knot at all, is in the complexity class ${\sf NP} \cap {\sf co\text{-}NP}$, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis. We also show that satellite knot detection is in ${\sf NP}$ under the same assumption, and that cabled knot detection and composite knot detection are unconditionally in ${\sf NP}$. Our algorithms are based on recent work of Kuperberg and of Lackenby on detecting knottedness.


This research aims to analyze the effect of work motivation and spiritual intelligence on employee performance with organizational citizenship behavior as an intervening variable, was conducted on organic employees at PT. Barata Indonesia (Persero),, with a total sample of 158 employees. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires filled out by employees then analyzed using SPSS and SEM software.This study will use two kinds of analysis techniques, namely (1) Confirmatory Factor Analysis on SEM which is used to confirm the most dominant factors in one group of variables and (2) Regression Weight on SEM which is used to examine how much the relationship between variables. The results showed that the Organizational Citizenship Behavior variable had the strongest relationship with Employee Performance, with CR a value of 4.249 with a P-value <5%. which means the higher organizational citizenship behavior, the higher the employee's performance.


The invention provides an unmanned plane projection displaying method, an unmanned plane projection displaying system and an unmanned plane projection displaying device. The unmanned plane projection displaying method comprises the following steps of projecting initial projection information to a projecting surface; acquiring initialized projection image data information of the projection surface in real time; analyzing the acquired initialized projection image data information by using an algorithm to obtain three-dimensional information of the projecting surface; and analyzing the three-dimensional information of the projecting surface and judging whether the projecting surface meets requirements of projection or not. An unmanned plane is used with intelligent projecting equipment, projection initialized images are corrected according to conditions of the projecting surface, requirements of dynamic intelligent projection of special places can be met by flexibility and height performance of the unmanned plane, the virtual reality is enhanced, and the visual enjoyment of people is improved.


Continued expansion of the ethanol industry in the United States and Canada will have a direct impact in two distinct areas of beef production. First, ethanol production is an important end user of traditional feedstuffs used in beef production (corn, sorghum, wheat), and second, increased production of ethanol will result in an increase in the supply of ethanol co-products. The majority of ethanol plant expansions appear to be dry milling plants, due primarily to their relative simplicity when compared with the wet milling process. The dry milling co-product, referred to as distillers grains (DG), can be fed wet (WDGS; 35 to 50% DM) or dry (DDGS; >88% DM) with or without solubles. Based on the current process of ethanol production from corn grain, all non-starch nutrients are concentrated 300% in distillers grains compared with the original corn grain. Important nutrients to consider in feedlot diet formulation include protein, ether extract (EE), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). These nutrient considerations can be grouped into three main categories of interest, which include environmental (protein and P), sulfur toxicity (S) and supplemental fat (EE). Environmental concerns can be mitigated with a sound nutrient management plan. Sulfur levels in DGS should be monitored as they are likely variable and can be quite high. Corn, sorghum and wheat DGS should contain approximately 12.18, 9.09 and 7.02% fat, respectively, suggesting corn DGS will be of greater value in feedlot diets when DG are fed as an energy source compared with either sorghum or wheat DGS. Other than the type of DGS that is being fed, current information regarding feedlot performance suggests the optimum level of DGS is finishing diets is affected by inclusion level of the DG product, grain processing, roughage level, and perhaps inclusion of ionophores and antibiotics.


This work aims at valorizing olive stones as an agricultural waste into an efficient granular activated carbon for the removal of Methylene blue in batch and fixed bed modes from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of the prepared activated carbon was evaluated using these two modes. The activated carbon preparation was carried out in two steps: an impregnation with 50% phosphoric acid at 170 °C for 2.5 hours followed by physical activation using steam at 750 °C. Nitrogen adsorption studies at 77 K on the prepared and commercial (Organosorb 10) activated carbons resulted in specific surface areas of 1031.5 and 1029.2 m 2 .g -1 , respectively. The Langmuir model was found to describe correctly the isothermal adsorption of Methylene blue for both adsorbents and resulted in adsorption capacities for the olive stone activated carbon of 107 mg.g -1 and 121 mg.g -1 for the commercial one. This study shows that olive stones as a waste can be valorized into a value added adsorbent that can replace effectively costly commercial materials. Received 25 Feb 2017, Revised 04 Jun 2017, Accepted 10 Jun 2017


How can maritime educators and trainers meet the communicative and cultural awareness needs of current and future seafarers who will be part of diverse multicultural crews and business teams? This question is becoming increasingly important in today's rapidly globalizing maritime industry, and must be met head-on by maritime educators, trainers, and industry administrators in order to ensure continuing success and improved safety in the maritime sector. One method of addressing this issue is through the development and implementation of a cross-cultural module designed specifically for seafarers and maritime university students. This paper will outline the development, implementation, and evaluation of a short Maritime International Exchange (MIX) that was created to assess the cultural awareness needs of maritime university students and address them via a cultural exchange and reflection project. After taking part in the exchange project, student reflections showed that the participants experienced an increased in cultural awareness, not only of other cultures, but their own as well.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention refers to method of mercury removal from mercury-contaminated polluted alkali or alkali alcoholate spirit. Mercury-contaminated alkali or alkali alcoholate spirit is filtered through coal at first and then through inert fibrous material. Filtration is followed with introducing distillation column into solution over the bottom. Water or spirit are reduced, while mercury-depleted alkali or spirit are delivered to the column bottom. EFFECT: lower mercury content in solutions to maximum value 3 fractions to billion. 4 cl, 3 tbl, 3 ex


Paneer was prepared from market milk containing 5% fat and 8.1% solid-not-fat (SNF).The hot milk (70 o C) was coagulated with citric, tartaric and lactic acids at 1, 2 and 3% each and filtered the whey pressed the curd at a pressure of 8 x 10 -4 Pa for 20 minutes. Then it was stored under refrigerated condition at 6 + 2 o C for 12 hours and analysed. The moisture, fat, protein and lactose content in paneer was slightly afected by different coagulant concentritions. The yield of paneer obtained from 1% citric acid was highest (14.2%) than other coagulant concentrations. The sensory evaluation results indicated that the product prepared from citric, tartaric and lactic acids at 1% each could be considered the best product.


A novel type of sesquiterpene lactone, called strychinilactone, has been isolated from the root of Linera strychinifolia. Its structure was determined by 2D NMR techniques and X-ray analysis.


TOEIC or the Test Of English for International Communication is the standard test used to measure the English language proficiency of non-English speakers in the English language daily in the workplace. Teacher certification is an absolute must-have for all teachers in Indonesia. Not infrequently the teachers are experiencing difficulties in working on the problems tested in the certification of teachers, because some of the problems presented in the form of English. Many things can support a teacher pass the certification. Not only about the filing associated with the teacher's working lives in school, but passing a written test is also very influential in teacher certification. Sometimes elementary teachers do not pass the written test because they are less familiar with English problems. Even English teachers in elementary school also find it difficult when they take the certification test. The aim of this activity is to provide training TOEIC tests to teachers. In the current era of globalization, it is not possible that standardized tests such as TOEIC be followed by teachers to support and improve their professionals' performance such as teacher certification. Therefore, it is necessary to the introduction of the TOEIC test for teachers who have adapted to their needs. This activity was held in SDN Pagelaran 04 Bogor, while the participants are all teachers at SDN Pagelaran 04 Bogor. . The method of implementing this activity is through two sessions, the first session is an explanation of TOEIC which the team previously pre-tested the TOEIC questions and then the two-team session gave post test questions. From the evaluation of the TOEIC Training To the SDN Teachers Pagelaran 04 Ciomas Bogor In order to prepare for Teacher Certification, the participants do at the end of the activity it is seen that the teachers have started to understand and can do the TOEIC test although in terms of language skills it is necessary that the training intense to improve the quality of teaching and improve the quality of professional fields


An assessment of the state of microprocessor applications is presented. Current and future requirements and associated technological advances which allow effective exploitation in aerospace applications are discussed.


The anisotropy of energetic ions due to solar wind convection is investigated at comet Halley on the basis of data obtained by EPONA aboard Giotto. A simple method is introduced to determine the ion velocity from the counting rates detected in two sectors with different viewing angles relative to the Sun. The calculated ion velocities imply that the cometary ions observed up to 8 million km from the nucleus are unlikely to be protons and most probably comprised oxygen (or water group) ions. Consequences accruing to the appearance of heavy ions at large distances from the nucleus are discussed


Objective To investigate the expression of cathepsin B(CB) in the bladder transitional cell carcinoma(TCC) tissues and the relation between it with the invasion of TCC.Methods Forty samples of TCC including 23 of grade Ⅰand 17 gradeⅡtoⅢwere studied.Among them,25 were superficial type(Tis,Ta,T1),and 15 were invasion type(T2-4).Another 10 normal samples were designated as the control group.Immunohistochemical staining of CB in TCC and normal tissues was carried out by the streptavidin-biotin method.Results There were no apparent coloring in the normal bladder tissue ground substance.In TCC tissues,CB could dye the cells and a portion of ground substance.CB was positive in part of the capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts,and in peritumoral vascular endothelial cells,the positive expression of CB was enhanced.Positive diffusion staining existed in high grade and high stage cancers.The proportions of CB staining cells for grade Ⅰ cancer tissues,grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ cancer tissues,TCC superficial type of tissues,TCC invasion type of tissues and normal tissues were respectively 10.53% ± 3.76%,21.52% ± 3.58%,11.32% ± 2.69%,20.57% ± 3.25%,and 0.11% ± 0.18%.The mean value of cells of CB staining was significantly higher in cancer tissues than in normal tissues(P0.01).The mean value of positive CB staining in grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in gradeⅠcancer tissues(P0.01).The mean value of posive CB staining in stage T2-4 cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in superficial stage Tis-1 cancer tissues(P0.01).Conclusion CB should become a important marker to determine TCC development and its prognosis.


In accordance with the current situation around the virus pandemic, the basic preconditions are being created for the application of electronic business technologies in companies whose activity is the transport of passengers in traffic. In this paper, an analysis of e-business technologies that can be applied in traffic is performed with an emphasis on increasing the quality of service, customer satisfaction as well as opportunities to improve financial profits in companies and increase the competitive advantage of transport services. The application of e-business technologies in companies also requires the reengineering of business activities that are applied, through the upgrade of existing computer systems with the application of innovative models and services based on mobile technologies.


We revisit the theoretical basis and underlying physical mechanisms of the most fundamental problem in flight science — the origin of lift, confined to the simplest but most fundamental case for incompressible and steady flow past a two-dimensional airfoil with sharp trailing edge. After a review on the conceptual and theoretical evolution of the lift problem, we discuss the key issues including the critical role of viscosity in lift generation, the causal origin of vorticity in the airfoil circulation, and the detailed transient process by which the airfoil gains its circulation (to be reported in a companion paper as Part II of this work). A complete physical theory of lift generation is thereby constructed.


A DELUGE of articles on prescription-drug pricing has recently issued from both the lay and the professional press. If consensus exists at all, it is in the finding that the price of any prescripti...


The 4D trajectory management program will require a major shift in infrastructure and operational management processes to deliver accurate and reliable information to trajectory management team. As a result, air traffic management operation will demand Network Enabled Operations (NEO) concepts such as the System Wide Information Management (SWIM) framework to ensure that the decisions are made with the correction information at the right time. SWIM provides standards, infrastructure, and governance practices to allow information exchanging through interoperable services. Consequently, SWIM must provide methods to (a) integrate a large variety of data; (b) filter information in a way that only the relevant ones are retained to explain the results; (c) enable National Airspace System (NAS) operators, pilots, controllers, and traffic flow specialists to extract value of air traffic systems in real-time; and (d) to seek and explore complex and evolving data's relationships. However, SWIM still lacks support to deal with big data analytics and to aggregate computing resources on-demand. As the main contribution of this paper, we describe the challenges and new focuses of SWIM researches. Likewise, we present an architecture to enable big data analytics services in SWIM. The proposed architecture relies on big data processing frameworks to handle data acquisition and data filtering on near-real time taking into account users' objectives; and to guarantee that the data go through all the gives stage of the life cycle of ATM applications, avoiding the silos that may happen in each data analysis stage.


The invention relates to a special cooling device for a helium compressor. The lower end of a cooling liquid water tank is connected with a liquid inlet of the helium compressor through a water pump, and the upper end of the cooling liquid water tank is connected to a liquid return port of the helium compressor; the liquid return port of the helium compressor is connected to the upper end of the cooling liquid water tank through a water electromagnetic valve switch air cooling loop and a compression refrigeration loop respectively; the air cooling loop comprises a conventional heat exchanger with a fan; and the compression refrigeration loop comprises a plate heat exchanger with a compression refrigeration system. The device provided by the invention overcomes the existing shortcomings of single refrigeration mode, energy waste, high cost, unstable operation and short service life of unit, can select a proper work mode according to different working conditions, effectively reduces the energy consumption and cost, realizes stable and reliable operation of the unit, and has long service life.


Experience with current Virtual Reality (VR) systems that simulate low clearance assembly operations with haptic feedback indicate that such systems are highly desirable tools in the evaluation of preliminary designs, as well as virtual training and maintenance processes. The purpose of this research is to develop methods to support manual low clearance assembly using haptic (force) feedback in a virtual environment. The results of this research will be used in an engineering framework for assembly simulation, training, and maintenance. The proposed method combines voxel-based collision detection and boundary representation to support both force feedback and constraint recognition. The key to this approach is developing the data structure and logic needed to seamlessly move between the two representations while supporting smooth haptic feedback. Collision forces and constraint-guided forces are blended to provide support for low clearance haptic assembly. This paper describes the development of the method.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


A new numerical method is developed for solving a class of third-order singularly perturbed boundary value problems. First of all, the given problem is transformed into a system of two ordinary dif...


Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) has been widely used by linguists and scholars to analyze linguistic phenomenon for many years. This paper adopts transitivity theory of SFL to study on the text of A Rose for Emily and analyze some processes in it and then explains their functions of constructing theme and shaping characters.


Objective
To estimate the diagnostic value of circulating tumor cell detection for non-small cell lung cancer.

Methods
A Non-intervention clinical study was conducted in this research. From October 2014 to April 2015, totally 162 NSCLC who presented at Thoracic Surgery Department, 119 benign pulmonary disease and 52 healthy individuals were collected from Shanghai Chest Hospital. Folate receptor (FR) based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect the circulating tumor cell (CTC) level, CEA and CYFRA21-1 was detected by the flowcytometry fluorescence luminance method, SCC was detected with Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The differences among groups were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test(multi group comparison) and the Mann-Whitney U test(two group comparison), and the chi-square test was used in the positive rate comparison; the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was established.

Results
The median level of CTC in NSCLC patients was 11.90 Units/3 ml, which was significantly higher than those of benign pulmonary disease (6.72 CTC Units/3 ml) and healthy individuals (5.82 CTC Units/3 ml, χ2=125.990, P<0.01). Areas Under Curve (AUCs) of ROC curve for NSCLC was 0.853 2(95% CI: 0.809 5, 0.896 9). The cut-off value for discriminating NSCLC with benign pulmonary disease/healthy people was 8.74 CTC Units/3 ml with sensitivity being 77.16% and specificity being 90.06%.The positive rate of CTC in Stage I NSCLC patients was 68.7%, which was much higher than that of the combination of tumor markers(χ2=32.98, P<0.01).

Conclusion
With relatively high sensitivity and specificity, the detection of circulating tumor cell may has a clinical value of application and extension. (Chin J Lab Med, 2016, 39: 589-594)

Key words:
Carcinoma, non-small-cell lung; Neoplastic cells, circulating; Tumor markers, biological


Executable acceptance test case-in particular Fit (Framework for Integrated Test) tables-originally intended for the development phase proved useful in maintenance activities too. Empirical evidence suggests that Fit tables are useful in improving the comprehension of change requirements and the correctness of the maintained code. Stemming from eight experiments formerly performed by the authors, this paper presents a set of lessons learned and guidelines useful for project managers on the use of Fit tables in maintenance tasks. Specifically, the paper discusses the use of Fit tables in maintenance tasks considering a set of dimensions, ranging from maintainerspsila experience to the nature of application being maintained and to the kind of benefits introduced by Fit tables. Benefits of Fit tables, such as improving the code correctness and comprehension, increase with developers experience and complex requirements but decrease with Web-based applications and when programmers work in pairs.


To solve the problem of low efficiency and weak security of traditional methods for protecting merchandise from being counterfeited, a novel and secure authentication scheme based on cryptography algorithms is proposed in this paper, where the symmetric cryptography algorithm IDEA is used to encrypt the merchandise data to mask code, while the public key cryptography algorithm ECC is to manage the IDEA key automatically. Thus customers can verify the validation of the merchandise quickly and correctly via telephone or Web site. Analysis manifests the scheme is efficient, secure, and practical.


For screening the appropriate field diagnostic techniques to failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer(FPT) in Korean-indigenous calves, 258 sera was examined by spectinophotometry for total protein(TP) and globulin(Glo), sodium sulfate precipitation test(SSPT), zinc sulfate turbidity test(ZSTT), and single radial immunodiffusion test(sRID). All calves aged within 6-week old. Morbidity and mortality to various diseases, mainly including enteric and respiratory disorders, were 18.9%(49) and 4.2%(11), respectively. FPT was 27,9%(72/258) when the cutoff point of TP was and among them the morbidity and mortality were 27.9% and 6.9%, respectively. FPT was 29.1%(75/258) when the cutoff point of Glo was and among them the morbidity and mortality were 29.0% and 6.9%, respectively. FPT was 13.1%(34/258) when the cutoff point of SSPT was 1+ and among them the morbidity and mortality were 67.6% and 23.5%, respectively. FPT was 19.7%(51/258) when the cutoff point of IgG with sRID was and among them the morbidity and mortality were 41.1% and 11.7%, respectively. In addition, mean concentration of IgG with sRID tested was at 3-day old but at 9-days with . The results of the study were suggested that SSPT for FPT was the relatively reliable and convinient method for evaluating the immune status of calves(P


The traditional formulation of symbols as"bundles of meaning" has supported manyfine-grained analyses of organizational culture.However, it tends to obscure deeper psychodynamicelements that are essential to shaping how culture forms,develops, and dies. This paper adapts the idea of"holding environment" from Winnicott, Kegan,and others to sketch the potential contribution of such a psychodynamic perspective. An illustrativecase is presented to support the argument.


The practical application of optimization methods to non-hierarchic, coupled, multidisciplinary systems has been hampered by the costs associated with the use of complex discipline-speciic analysis procedures. When the cost of performing these individual analyses is high, it is impractical to apply many current optimization methods to most practical systems in order to identify improved designs. This paper details an extended formulation and application of the Concurrent Subspace Optimization (CSSO) approach to this class of system design problems. In this application neural network based response surface mappings are used to allow the discipline designer to account for discipline coupling as well as for system level design coordination. The application is the design of a \hovercraft" and includes external connguration, structures, performance and propulsion disciplines.


The thesis assesses the impact of international factors on relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots during and after the Cold War. Through an analysis of the Cyprus problem it explores both why external actors intervene in communal conflicts and how they influence relations between ethnic groups in plural societies. The analytical framework employed throughout the study draws on contributions of International Relations theorists and students of ethnic conflict. The thesis argues that, as in the global political system, relations between ethnic groups in unranked communal systems are anarchic; that is, actors within the system do not recognize a sovereign political authority. In bipolar communal systems dominated by two relatively equal groups, the struggle for security and power often leads to appeals for assistance from external actors. The framework notes that neighboring states and Great Powers may heed calls for assistance, or intervene without a prior request, if it is in their interest to do so. The convergence of regional and global interests in communal affairs exacerbates ethnic conflicts and precludes the development of effective political institutions. The impact of external intervention in ethnic conflicts has the potential to alter the basis of communal relations. The Cyprus problem is examined both during and after the Cold War in order to gauge how global and regional actors and the structure of their respective systems have affected relations between ethnic groups in Cyprus. The thesis argues that Cyprus's descent into civil war in 1963 was due in part to the entrenchment of external interests in


Using a "3 by 3 matrix trick" we previously showed that multiplication in a C*-algebra A, an algebraic structure, is determined by the geometry of the C*-algebra of the 3 by 3 matrices with entries from A, M3(A). As an application of this algebra-geometry duality we now construct an order theoretic based duality theory for all groups which are either locally compact abelian or finite. This construction generalizes the van Kampen–Pontriagin duality for locally compact abelian groups. Introduction For any locally compact group G, the convex, partially ordered semigroup P (G) of continuous positive definite functions on G, is a complete invariant of the group. In the discussion below, we show how P (G) can be used to recover the algebraic structure of G when G is finite or abelian. In the process we outline a duality theory for locally compact groups Throughout the paper, C∗(G) and L(G) will be defined as in [D], 13.9.1. For a C∗-algebra A, we will use A to denote the positive part of A, also as in [D]. The identity operator of A will be denoted by I and B(H) stands for the bounded linear operators on the Hilbert space H. For a, b ∈ H, the convex hull of a and b is written as co(a, b) and the orthogonal complement of the vector ξ ∈ H is written as ξ⊥. The notation Mn(A) denotes the n by n matrices with entries from A; e.g., A = C∗(G) and A = C are important examples used in this paper. The notation diag(λ1, ..., λn) will be used to denote a diagonal n by n matrix with λk in the k th diagonal entry. The symbol Zn will be used to denote the integers modulo n. 1. Binary Product and Order Structure Duality For any locally compact group G, the product structure of G is determined by the order structure of M3(C ∗(G)). The correspondence can be seen as a special case of the following theorem: 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 43A35, 43A65 Secondary 43A40, 20D99, 06F99.


The purpose of this study is to describe the revolving fund management system, and to analyze the outstanding loans, the achievement of profit, and the cost efficiency in the Financial Management Unit (UPK) of the Tlogomas Malang Community Agency for 2014-2016. This research method is both quantitative and qualitative description. The efficiency of rotating loan is measured using Loan at Risk (LAR), Portfolio at Risk (PAR), Return on Investment (ROI), and Cost Coverage Ratio (CCR). The data used is data from 2014-2016. The result of this research concludes that from the management system there is still positional capture and also documentation which not yet adequate like the absence of transaction number causing the difficulty of searching data. Regarding the cost efficiency, UPK of the Tlogomas Malang Self-Help Agency still has many delays, that the high LAR and PAR are assumed to cause reduced profit and the ability to cover the cost to be small, resulting in bad credit and impact on the financial smoothness.


Classroom management styles are important in teaching and learning processes. Styles that are used by teachers usually adjusted to the class condition. Thus, teachers may have different styles to manage single-gender classes. This makes the researcher curious about classroom management styles that are suitable to teach single-gender classes. The curiosity arises because there are many schools which are single-gendered in Indonesia. These schools are usually vocational schools and religious schools, and there are some of these schools in Salatiga. The study uses observation to gather the data from some single-gender classes into schools in Salatiga. The schools are SMK Saraswati, school for male students and SMK Negri 1, school for female students. The participants observed were three teachers from each school. The study reveals the teachers use Authoritarian and Authoritative styles for teaching boys, then Democratic style for teaching girls. It is expected that result of the study will be beneficial for teachers who teach in single-gender classes, like Vocational schools and Religious schools. Keyword: Classroom management style, single-gender classes


The existing literature shows issues pertinent to students' inappropriate textual borrowing behaviors require further examination. Our study aims to address two questions: What are the reasons why postgraduate students' misuse their dissertation sources? How do the dissertation supervisors react to students' inappropriate source use, if any? In this situated qualitative study (Atkinson, 2005), we used data collected through in-depth email interviews with two applied linguistics postgraduate students and their dissertation supervisors. Regarding the analytical process, the researchers condensed the provisional themes through techniques suggested by grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). The results reveal that causes for postgraduate students' misuse of sources include students' lack of access to literature, poor literature-searching and documenting skills, and lack of instructional support on using literature. Supervisors have neither identified nor addressed the source misuse in their feedback given to students. This finding suggests the university's regulating culture/pedagogical support and cross-culturally variant perception of plagiarism are crucial to our understanding of textual plagiarism among postgraduate students. The commonly suggested language proficiency may not be perceived as a cause of plagiarism in the current study. The discussion includes implication for a need to provide students with a disciplinary appropriate way of citing sources.


Sarcasm is a sharp and often ironic utterance that is meant to convey contempt or mock. In today's world, one of the challenging problems for opinion mining task is sarcasm detection. Many researchers are exploring the properties of sarcasm like semantic properties, syntactical properties, lexical feature etc, to design algorithms for sarcasm detection. We aim at using a recurrent neural network (RNN) model for sarcasm detection because it automatically extracts features required for machine learning approaches. Along with the recurrent neural network, this model also uses long short-term memory (LSTM) cells on tensorflow to capture syntactic and semantic information over Twitter tweets to detect sarcasm. Finally, we present the result of this model and a statistical overview of the dataset.


musculature. To study the mechanisms that lead to the formation of this musculature, we cloned the chick Lbx1 gene that is specific to prospective hypaxial myoblasts at occipital, cervical and limb levels. Using this gene as a marker, we characterised the anatomical structures that produce the signals necessary for the specification of the hypaxial musculature by ablating them or transplanting them to ectopic locations in the chick embryo. In addition, we inserted BMP4 soaked beads medial to the somite. Our data suggest that lateralising signals from intermediate and lateral mesoderm have to synergise with dorsalising signals from the surface ectoderm to induce the formation of the hypaxial musculature. However, the lateralising function of the lateral mesoderm can only in part be mimicked by BMP4.


The Parthica found in the manuscripts of Appian's Roman History has received little attention since the work was shown to be a forgery by Schweighauser in the late 18th Century. Since then it has been assumed that the work is of Byzantine provenance, and it has been omitted from subsequent scholarly editions of Appian. This article presents a reconsideration of the Parthica, its date, and the possible intentions of its pseudonymous author. It is argued that the work, whether or not an example of deliberate literary imposture, may in fact be of far greater antiquity than what is generally thought.


To reveal the mechanisms of straw mulching amounts and mulching periods on soil moisture in the black soil zone of Northeast China. Three types of straw mulching (0.4 kg/m2, 0.8 kg/m2, 1.2 kg/m2) and two mulching periods (sowing stage and three-leaf stage) were set up as interactive experiments, and no straw mulching was used as the control (CK) to analyze the response mechanisms of soil moisture content, water consumption and water use efficiency to straw mulching periods and mulching amounts at different depths. The results showed that straw mulching improved the moisture storage capacity compared with no straw mulching, and the straw mulching rate of 0.8 kg/m2 at the three-leaf stage improved the moisture storage capacity and reduced the water consumption capacity compared with the straw mulching at the sowing stage, CK and other straw mulching treatments at the three-leaf stage; the crop yield and water use efficiency increased and then decreased with the increase of straw mulching. The increase of crop yield and water use efficiency under the straw mulching treatments at the three-leaf stage was higher than that under the same straw mulching treatments at the sowing stage. The analysis of the dual effects of straw mulching amounts and mulching periods on moisture gain and loss showed that the straw mulching amounts of 0.8 kg/m2 at the three-leaf stage had the best effect on soil moisture characteristics and water use efficiency.


High pressure homogenisation is a key unit operation used to break cells containing intracellular bioproducts. Modelling and optimisation of this process has been restrained by a lack of understanding of the fundamental processes that occur to effect cell breakage during homogenisation. We have used a micromanipulation technique to measure the size and bursting force of individual yeast cells before and after homogenisation. Results indicate that the largest, weakest cells are selectively removed. It is expected that further work will result in an 'a priori' basis for the modelling of cell disruption processes.


social crowdsourcing, accumulation of tangible and intangible resources that are linked to entrepreneurial outcomes such as growth and innovation. The structure of social networks, specific-ally, has been linked to these outcomes; structural holes in social networks have shown an association with entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurs who have many structural holes in their networks are thought to benefit from a rich source of divergent information. This article examines the complex nature of the relationships among social networks, formal institutions, and the outcomes of new ventures. It also explores the effects of a social network's structural holes on growth in the early years of a venture's development. We propose that structural holes of a social network, through a mediating role of institutional polycentrism, play an important role in the growth and profitability of a new venture as well as potential threats of exploitation. We then provide recommendations based on the reviewed literature for entrepreneurs and managers of formal institutions. of structural synergy mutual and institutional contradic-tions and reversals disrupt venture A large crowdsourcing project managed by Fiat Brazil involved more than 17,000 participants from 160 different nationalities over 15 months. Fiat promoted a dialogue with an enthusiastic community by linking car experts, professionals, and lay people, through which more than 11,000 ideas were selected and developed to create a concept car using a collaborative process. Through an in-depth case study of this crowdsourcing project, we propose a new approach – the accordion model – which uses project management to help maximize the beneficial inputs of the crowd. Whereas the stage-gate process relies on a "funnel" of articulated sequences expressing a progressive reduction from an initial stock of potential ideas and concepts, in this article, we suggest that crowdsourced projects are more akin to a process that articulates a succession of broadening and funnelling periods that represent information requests and deliveries. We use the metaphorical terminology of "the sacred and the profane" to illustrate the interaction of sophisticated and ordinary ideas between the "sacred" experts from Fiat and the "profane" lay people associated with the project. Lessons learned from the Fiat Mio case suggest how both organizations and Internet users may benefit from successful crowdsourcing projects. a patent and the associated prior art citations. These hidden relationships can further identify firms, actors and, technology and can identify strategic business relationships and opportunities. However, a fundamental problem with existing methodologies for discovering relevant relationships in citation data is noise. Citation noise obscures relevant relationships and impedes the potential value of these methodologies. This article reviews the literature on prior art citations as they relate to citation-based patent evaluation methodologies. A framework is presented to overcome citation noise and reveal relevant relationships to evaluate knowledge, technology, and invention properties, thereby opening up strategic and competitive advantages to the evaluat-ing firm. The article provides guidance to executives and managers to help improve strategic decision making through relevant citation-based patent evaluations.


There has been an explosion of scholarship on platform capitalism, with scholars identifying emergent labor practices, organizational forms, and business models. There is broad agreement that successful platform companies quickly dominate their markets, and winner-takes-all scenarios are common. However, market domination should not only be viewed as a condition but also as a process that is defined by specific drivers and practices. With regard to rapid expansion, much is said about network effects and data-intensive business models that are fueled by speculative logics as well as weak regulatory mechanisms. I advance the discussion on expansion and hyper-scalability by focusing on the transformation in underlying computing arrangements that shape the growth of platform-based companies. This article establishes cloud computing arrangements as setting the foundational sociotechnical infrastructure that drives rapid expansion.