There is an increasing focus on having quality systems in place during the planning stages of clinical trials. Such systems require the development and implementation of standards for each step. Although this is not imposing something totally new on clinical research, a systematic approach will produce a more reliable and useful end product-high-quality data obtained without compromising the protection of human subjects′ rights and welfare. A suggested quality system with standards for each step is addressed in this article. The organization measures and improves when necessary, compliance with organizational policies, procedures, and applicable laws; regulations, codes, and guidance. The organization also measures and improves when necessary, the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of the clinical trial process to protect the research participant.


We provide a game-theoretical explanation to the negative prices event of WTI2005 on April 20, 2020, in the context of a battery of economic phenomena. First, in the wake of the petropolitical maneuvering among several of the largest oil producers and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic over the world, the global oversupply has caused tremendous pressure on oil prices. Second, speculative activities and the physical delivery mechanism led to a significant long-short imbalance, especially as the Cushing storage was reaching its capacity. Third, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange's (CME) introducing of the negative price scheme stimulated strategic interactions among futures traders. The negative prices were triggered by the existing long buyers, while their counterparties showed little resistance, reflecting the fact that the market was vulnerable and highly susceptible to manipulation, and some active long/short investors may form a coalition to exploit the specific trader(s). © 2021 World Scientific Publishing Company.


INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown of articular cartilage, which is common after injury or with aging 1 . Following knee injury, sheep develop OA at a slightly accelerated rate compared to humans but with some similar patterns 2 . In an ovine knee injury model 3,4 , altered gait mechanics and degradation of the cartilage has been observed 20 weeks post anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection (Tx) surgery; however, potential alterations in gait at 40 weeks post ACL Tx surgery remain to be determined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo kinematics of the ovine stifle joint over time (20 weeks and 40 weeks) following ACL Tx. METHODS Force Plate Testing. Three skeletally mature 3 to 4-year-old female Suffolk-cross sheep (average weight 77.1kg) were led across an embedded force platform (Kistler Instrumente, Winterthur, Switzerland) until 20 hind limb hoof strikes were recorded at 1200 Hz. Peak hind limb vertical ground reaction force was determined prior to surgical plate implantation, and then serially prior to each kinematic data collection. Surgical Procedure. All sheep had a bone plate implanted onto each of the proximomedial aspect of the tibia and the distolateral aspect of the femur of their right hind limb, four weeks prior to kinematic testing. Kinematic Collection and Bone Digitization. On the day of kinematic testing, a stainless steel post was attached to each plate and an instrumented spatial linkage (ISL) mounted between them. The ISL consisted of six rotational encoders providing a measurement of position and orientation in six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) to its motion throughout gait. The in vivo kinematics of the stifle joint were measured while the sheep walked on a treadmill at 2 mph (0.89 m/s). Each sheep then underwent arthroscopic ACL Tx surgery on their right hind limb. The in vivo gait kinematics were measured again over time at 20 and 40 weeks post ACL Tx. Following kinematic testing at 40 weeks, the animals were euthanized. A coordinate measuring machine was used to measure anatomic landmarks on the bone with respect to the ISL in order to create an anatomically relevant coordinate system. Analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD. RESULTS Figure 1 : The 6-DOF in vivo gait kinematics of the ovine stifle joint, intact (black), 22 weeks post ACL Tx (red), and 40 weeks post ACL Tx (blue). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the in vivo kinematics of the ovine stifle joint do change over time following ACL Tx. The kinematic changes appear to be more drastic after 22 weeks, and do not entirely return back to pre-injury mechanics in all rotations and translations after 40 weeks. As shown in Figure 1, the medial-lateral as well as posterior-anterior translation of the joint is progressively altered post ACL Tx over time. Rotationally, the internal-external kinematic curve at 22 weeks is dissimilar to the intact motion, however by 40 weeks a recovery towards the intact measurement is seen as the animal compensates for the injury. In the future, principal component analysis will be utilized to compare these gait changes. In conclusion, the transection of the ACL causes long-term changes in the in vivo kinematics of the joint. Alterations of the kinematics may result in degradation of cartilage due to abnormal loading of the joint and overall damage in the joint due to compensation of the instability post ACL Tx, which is a painful and destructive condition.


Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Grant/Award Number: 2017/27/B/ST7/00816 Abstract Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have become one of the most substantial components of modern industrial drives. These motors, like all the others, can unfortunately undergo various failures, causing production line downtime and resulting losses. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop fault diagnostic techniques which detect the damages at the earliest possible stage. This study presents a method of detecting incipient faults of the PMSM stator windings using direct signal analysis and a convolutional neural network (CNN). During the tests, the structures of CNN were optimised to constitute a balance between the high efficiency of fault detection and a small number of network parameters. The effectiveness of the CNNs with inputs constituted by different electrical signals measured in the drive system is compared. Three raw data signals are tested as CNN inputs, namely: stator phase currents, phase‐to‐phase voltages and axial flux, without data preprocessing. The article aims to show the possibility of detecting the incipient interturn short circuits in the PMSM stator winding based on the information obtained directly from the measured signals as well as to present the influence of the drive operating conditions and the type of measurement signals used on the structure and performance of the developed CNNs.


ABSTRACT The Tikhonov regularization reduces the ill-conditioned nature of an equation by introducing a regularization parameter and a regularization matrix to correct an ill-conditioned matrix. Therefore, the appropriate determination of the regularization matrix can increase the reliability of solutions. In this paper, a regularization matrix construction approach based on the minimum mean square error is proposed. The approach constructs the regularization matrix using the small singular value vectors. The boundary of small singular values that satisfies the minimum mean square error is determined by comparing the reduced variance and introduced bias. The boundary value is utilized to construct the regularization matrix to obtain a more reliable parameter estimation. The proposed approach is applied to the small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar deformation inversion model experiment, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the approach are verified. Compared with the original approach of determining small singular values, the proposed approach is more stable and reliable, and it improves the accuracy of the Tikhonov regularization.


non-human agency In contrast to concrete non-human agency, abstract concepts such as events, emotions, and processes, even those that cannot be said to have taken action independent of intervention, can be ascribed agency. Abstract non-human agency can be further subdivided into event agency (e.g. the meetings, weekend, etc.), process agency (e.g. quitting, smoking, etc.), and emotion/state agency (e.g. anger, addiction, etc.). These sub-types are further discussed in the sections that follow. As noted by McGlone and Pfeister (2009), agency may also be assigned to abstract concepts such as time or events as in the examples the weekend is approaching and the time has come (2009). This subtype of agency is referred to as event or temporal agency and includes phrases and sentences which ascribe agency to events and time. As seen in the example below this subtype is similar in characteristics to the other previously discussed types of non-human agency. 22. Final exams were coming up. They made me nervous. In this example, the pronoun they and the corresponding referent final exams take the role of the agent. The defining feature of event agency is the use of an agent which refers to an event or time, or use of third person pronouns which reference nouns of this type. In each of the previous examples linguistic agency was assigned to a non-human noun or pronoun. However, linguistic agency may also be ascribed to verbs that have been modified to a noun form. This type of assignment of linguistic agency is called 23 nominalization (Billig, 2008; Chomsky, 1970; Dowty, 1991). Nominalization turns a verb into a noun, a process into a thing. A nominalized verb effectively takes on the role of the noun subject in the sentence and can be ascribed agency. Sentences with nominalized verbs tend to omit the noun subject and move the nominalized verb into the role of the noun subject in the sentence. The example below demonstrates this type of linguistic agency. 23. Smoking harms peoples' health. It causes cancer and other health problems. This example shows how nominalized verbs can take on the role of the grammatical agent. Nominalization, or process agency, assigns agency for the effects of a process to the process itself. Process agency is characterized by classifiers created from nominalized verbs and the third-person pronouns including it and they when, based on contextual cues, these pronouns refer to this category of classifiers The concept of non-human agency goes beyond just the most apparent examples and can also be assigned to a variety of abstract concepts such as emotion, or, most relevant to the current inquiry, addiction. In the example below, 'addiction' is an example of an abstract concept acting as the agent. As with past examples, the linguistic agents are marked with an underline. 24. My addiction took hold of me. It wouldn't let go. As seen in the example, states and emotions such as stress, anger, or addiction can take the role of linguistic agents. Similar to the previously discussed categories, in addition to being characterized by classifiers which refer to states of being or emotions,


The article examines the implementation of one of the main trends of the IV information revolution, the digital transformation of society, in law enforcement. By comparing the categories of "digitalization" and "digital transformation", the conclusion is justified that digitalisation of investigation is only an element, a condition of digital transformation. The approach of various authors to the need for digitalisation and the essence of digitalisation are analysed. The independent importance of the category "digital transformation of the investigation process" is justified. It is stated that an "ideological" basis of the digital transformation of the investigation process should be a unified private theory, and the theory of electronic digital forensics developed by the author is offered. The analysis of the influence of digital transformation on crime prediction is marked by the growing importance of Big Data analysis. The impact of digital transformation on forensic thinking and algorithmic investigation is analysed. It is stated that new concepts developing within the framework of digital transformation contribute to development of program specific aides to inductive-deductive activity of an investigator, as well as prognostic methods of investigation. Considering the concept of cyber-investigator and appreciating the idea of robotization of some aspects of investigative activity we come to a conclusion that until full-scale development of artificial intelligence, at least equal to human, it will be only an auxiliary tool or "remote hands" of human investigator. As a result of the study, the main tasks of law enforcers, scientists and the main vectors of development of the digital transformation are identified.


Following consultation with schools and employers, new undergraduate degrees have recently been introduced in Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Geoinformatics. The aim is to attract the brightest students into an engineering education and to produce graduates capable of clear thinking, good communication skills and managing large-scale engineering projects, comfortable with complex inter-disciplinary issues, not afraid to innovate, and equipped to take on challenges beyond the vocational boundaries traditionally associated with engineering degrees. This paper describes innovations central to the new programmes and the challenges faced in introducing them: admissions criteria have been ratcheted up, interview procedures revolutionised, the academic year re-shaped around four major open-ended projects, key roles found for academic staff previously detached from undergraduate teaching, the syllabus balanced between analytical methods and the context in which they can be applied, the teaching programme broken into four self-contained quarters, and assessment brought into a single 4-unit course


Howard S. Becker is, and has been, a major figure in contemporary sociology, especially within the symbolic interactionist perspective. This discussion describes my initial encounter with Howie in the mid-1960s and moves to identify the substantive and methodological areas in which he has had major impact. I then briefly outline various ways in which the foci of my own work have been shaped by Becker's instruction and example.


Objective To investigate the electrical remodeling induced by rapid atrial pacing on rabbit model,by which the mechanisms of the electrical remodeling of atrial fibrillation(AF) may be analyzed.Additonally to investigate the effects of angiotensin receptor blocker losartan on atrial L-type calcium channel and to propose a new idea on clinical approach of AF.Methods A total of 45 healthy white rabbits no matter male or female were used in the study.The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:normal saline(NS) group,NS pacing(NSP) group,losartan pacing(LP) group.The atrial effective refractory period(AERP) was measured by program stimulation,then the L-type Ca2+ current(ICa-L) of atrium cordis was measured.The data were delt with statistical analysis.Results ①AERP at basic cycle lengths(BCL)from 200 to 150 ms was significantly shortened in NSP group compared with that of NS group(P0.01),after pacing for eight hours,AERP between NSP group and NS group was significantly shortened(P0.01).②After rapid atrial pacing for eight hours,AERP in LP group was significantly shortened than that of NSP group(P0.01),but had no statistic significance as compared with that of NS group.With the descending of BCL,the equation of AERP between LP group and NS group was not shortened.③ ICa-L of NSP group was significantly decreased as compared with that of NS group.ICa-L had no significant difference between LP group and NS group(P0.05).As compared with that of NSP group,ICa-L of LP group was not significantly descended,but the standard deviation of ICa-L was significantly descended(P0.05).Conclusion Atrial rapid pacing can induce the atrial electrical remodeling(AER) characterized shortening of AERP and the losing of physiological rate adaptation.Losartan can completely prevent not only AER but also the heightening of straggling tendency of ICa-L resulted in rapid atrial pacing thereby can depress the potential risk of AF.


The present invention relates to a method of operating a surface compactor and the compactor surface. The surface of the compactor is provided with: at least one surface of the base material compacting compacted; and excitation system, the excitation system is generated such that during compaction of said at least one surface of the vibration compacting substantially square wave vibrational displacement or force, to increase the rate of compaction of the binder.


The authors compared conventional and Bactec determinations of pyrazinamide susceptibility with pyrazinamidase activity determined using either standard Dubos Oleic agar or Middlebrooks 7H9 agar. Of the 26 Mycobacterium tuberculosis tested, Bactec found 16 strains susceptible and 10 resistant, conventional methods found six susceptible and 20 resistant. Dubos identified 13 and Middlebrooks 10 strains as producing pyrazinamidase (susceptible). Of the 11 strains susceptible in Bactec and resistant by conventional methods, eight produced pyrazinamidase. All mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (6) and Mycobacterium bovis (2) were resistant by all methods. Bactec results gave a better correlation with pyrazinamidase results than conventional tests.


Pairwise grouping and clustering approaches have traditionally worked under the assumption that the similarities or compatibilities between the elements to be grouped are symmetric. However, asymmetric compatibilities arise naturally in many areas of computer vision and pattern recognition. Hence, there is a need for a new generic approach to clustering and grouping that can deal with asymmetries in the compatibilities. In this paper, we present a generic framework for grouping and clustering derived from a game-theoretic formalization of the competition between the hypotheses of group membership, and apply it to perceptual grouping. In the proposed approach groups correspond to evolutionary stable strategies, a classic notion in evolutionary game theory. We also provide a combinatorial characterization of the stable strategies, and, hence, of the elements that belong to a group. Experiments show that our approach outperforms both state-of-the-art clustering-based perceptual grouping approacheswith symmetric compatibilities, and other approaches explicitly designed to make use of asymmetric compatibilities.


The screw transformation, which is the basis of the Heligeom analysis and construction capabilities, is defined by an axis (∆), a rotation angle θ around this axis and a translation trans along this axis (Scheme S1-1) [1,2]. It enables relating a mode of association at the dimer level to the geometry of a corresponding multimer in which this mode would be regularly repeated. Helical parameters such as the pitch (P) or the number of monomers per turn (N) are readily obtained from the values of θ and trans as shown in Methods. Details of Heligeom script commands and further examples of their utilization are found in supporting information Protocol S2 and reference [3]. Scheme S1-1 Definition of a screw transformation


SUMMARY The present study was carried out on sheep to determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii. Serum samples were collected randomly from 100 sheep, in five different locations in West Turkey and were investigated for IgG antibodies against C. burnetii phase II antigen by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). History of the animals such as age, breed, tick control and abortion were recorded. A total of 3 (3 %) analyzed sera had antibodies to C. burnetii. This study revealed the presence of C. burnetii in sheep in the region of Aydin, Turkey.


The author illustrated four factors that real-time quality control scoring of computer-based patient record(CPR) need: Firstly,the establishment of CPR real-time quality control method;Secondly,the creation of CPR document intelligence judgment method;Thirdly,the found ation of CPR grade evaluation standards;Fourthly,the formation of CPR scoring mathematical model.At the same time,the technological process,statistical patterns and roles of CPR quality control scoring were introduced,the objective assessment for the method aboutits advanced degree,availability,feasibility and limitations were given.


Wine is one of the alcoholic beverages made by using various other fruits that have a strong taste and aroma, so in this study the material used is Arabica coffee beans origina of Temanggung that have a strong taste and aroma, quality and easily obtained at an affordable price. This study aims to determine the level of alcohol (ethanol, methanol) and tasted of Arabica Coffee wine made by different extraction methods. Extraction method used in this research were Cold brew method and Maseration method with addition of sugar reach 32% brix and yeast S. cereviceae at level of 1 g. Fermentation runs for 21 days at room temperature under anaerobic conditions and continues to cleansing processed for 14 days. The fermentation results were tested for pH content, sugar content, alcohol content (ethanol, methanol) and organoleptic tests (clarity, intensity, color, flavor and body wine) by 15 adult panelists. The resulting data were used by t-test: Two Independent Sample Test. The results of organoleptic tested show the difference of extraction method of making wine of Arabica Coffee gives influence to clarity, intensity, color, aroma of alcohol, taste of alcohol, sweet taste, sour taste, and body wine Arabica Coffee. Method of maceration Arabica Coffee wine has a higher average score; 21.27 and Cold brew; 19.07. Cold brew alcohol test: 13.8% v / v, Maseration: 14% v / v, Cold brew ethanol content: 4.78%, Maseration: 7.14% and no methanol levels in each method.


Silica sulfuric acid was found to be an efficient, recoverable, reusable and environment-friendly catalyst for the fast hydrolysis of various carboxylic acid esters in high conversions and selectivities under microwave irradiation conditions. This protocol has the advantages of no corrosion, no environmental pollution, high reaction rate, high yield, and simple work-up procedure.


Fine-scale gully catchment mapping is a prerequisite towards ascertaining any soil loss estimates from such areas. The use of high resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM) has greatly facilitated extraction of minor gully features, but these remain essentially top-down views of the surface and do not capture erosional or morphological aspects formed on gully walls. However, Structure-from-Motion affords repeat survey capabilities that allow documentation and precise mapping of gully features and the main erosion channels, while also providing means of creating sideview looking 3-D models for documenting otherwise obscure features. Repeat such surveys provide the means for using a DEM differencing approach to quantify the amount of erosion and surface lowering in the gully catchment. Longitudinal profile analysis of the developed gully channels using standard hydraulic and steepness equations of the Detachment Limit Model also provide insights into the rill erosivity. The above methods have been used to analyze a lateritic badland tract in southwestern West Bengal in eastern India.


1 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.......................................................................1 1.1 Identifying protein-coding genes in the post-genomic era .................................................... 1 1.2 The zeitgeist of 'omics' vs. bottom-up approaches in biology............................................... 2 1.3 How to elucidate what a gene does: from gene to phenotype or vice versa? ...................... 3 1.4 The leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily.......................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Structure of the LRR domain ......................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Prevalence of the LRR domains in the proteome.......................................................... 5 1.4.3 On the evolution of genes encoding proteins with signal peptide and LRR domain ..... 6 1.5 Neuronal LRR membrane proteins ....................................................................................... 6 1.5.1 Structural features of neuronal LRR membrane proteins.............................................. 7 1.5.2 Emerging common themes in neuronal LRR membrane protein biology...................... 9 1.5.3 Example of neuronal LRR membrane proteins: NGL family........................................ 10 1.5.4 Example of neuronal LRR membrane proteins: SALM family ..................................... 10 1.5.5 Example of neuronal LRR membrane proteins: Slitrk family ....................................... 11 1.5.6 Example of neuronal LRR membrane proteins: AMIGO family................................... 11 1.6 Nogo-A and Nogo-66 Receptor in axonal regeneration...................................................... 12 1.6.1 Myelin inhibitors of neurite growth ............................................................................... 12 1.6.2 Identification of Nogo-A ............................................................................................... 12 1.6.3 Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) and its ligands .................................................................... 13 1.6.4 Therapeutic potential of perturbing Nogo-A and NgR1 function.................................. 14 1.7 Genetic basis of left-right brain asymmetry......................................................................... 14 1.7.1 Co-evolution of handedness and brain asymmetry ..................................................... 15 1.7.2 Genes and genomic regions implicated in handedness.............................................. 15 1.8 Schizophrenia...................................................................................................................... 16 1.8.1 Schizophrenia genetics................................................................................................ 16 1.8.2 Schizophrenia and handedness .................................................................................. 16 1.8.3 Animal models in schizophrenia research ................................................................... 16 2 AIMS OF THIS STUDY....................................................................................18 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................19 3.1 Bioinformatics...................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Recombinant DNA techniques ............................................................................................ 19 3.3 RT-PCR expression analysis .............................................................................................. 19 3.4 In situ hybridization ............................................................................................................. 20 3.5 Cell culture .......................................................................................................................... 20 3.6 Neuronal cell culture ........................................................................................................... 20 3.7 Recombinant protein production and affinity purification .................................................... 21 3.8 Immunocytochemistry and light and confocal microscopy.................................................. 21 3.9 Cell-based ligand binding assays........................................................................................ 21 3.10 Generation of knock out mice ........................................................................................... 21 3.10.1 Targeting constructs .................................................................................................. 21 3.10.2 Embryonic stem cell targeting.................................................................................... 21 3.10.3 Mouse breeding schemes.......................................................................................... 21 3.10.4 Removal of the neo-cassette ..................................................................................... 22 3.11 SNP genotyping and human genetics............................................................................... 22 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................23 4.1 Characterization of LRRTM and NGRL gene families ........................................................ 23 4.1.1 The emergence of LRRTM and NGR gene families.................................................... 23 4.2 Analysis of the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of the proteins encoded by LRRTM and NGR gene families................................................................................................ 24 4.2.1 Analysis of the cytoplasmic segment of LRRTMs ....................................................... 26 4.3 Localization of LRRTM and NGR family mRNAs and proteins........................................... 26 4.3.1 mRNA expression pattern of mouse and human LRRTMs and NGRs ....................... 26 4.3.2 LRRTMs and NGRs are expressed neuronally ........................................................... 27 4.3.3 Subcellular localization of LRRTM1 and NgR family members................................... 27 4.4 Mapping the NgR family interactome.................................................................................. 27 4.4.1 Interactions between multiple reticulons and NgR1 .................................................... 27 4.4.2 MAG is a high affinity ligand for NgR2......................................................................... 28 4.4.3 Characterization of OMgp-MAG interaction................................................................. 28 4.5 Mechanistic insight into how NgR1 interacts with multiple ligands ..................................... 29 4.5.1 Multiple sites in Nogo-A interact with NgR1 ................................................................ 29 4.5.2 Myelin ligands' binding to NgR1 requires overlapping but partially separate residues 29 4.6 Lrrtm1 and Lrrtm3 knock out mice as tools to pioneer in vivo studies on neuronal LRR membrane proteins ................................................................................................................... 30 4.6.1 Lrrtm1 and Lrrtm3 genes can be efficiently targeted ................................................... 31 4.6.2 tau-GFP and tau-LacZ reporter expression................................................................. 32 4.6.3 On the phenotype of Lrrtm3 knock out mice................................................................ 32 4.7 Association of LRRTM1 locus to schizophrenia and handedness...................................... 32 4.7.1 No association of LRRTM1 gene 5 ́ region to schizophrenia in Han Chinese families33 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................................................36 6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS ...................................................................................36 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................38 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on the following original articles, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals (I-IV): I Laurén J., Airaksinen M.S., Saarma M., and Timmusk T.: A novel gene family encoding leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins differentially expressed in the nervous system. Genomics, 2003, 81(4): 411-421 II Laurén J., Airaksinen M.S., Saarma M., and Timmusk T.: Two Novel Mammalian Nogo Receptor Homologs Differentially Expressed in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, 2003, 24(3): 581-594 III Laurén J., Hu F., Chin J. Liao J., Airaksinen M.S., and Strittmatter S.M.: Characterization of Myelin Ligand Complexes with Neuronal Nogo-66 Receptor Family Members. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2007, 282(8): 5715-5725 IV Francks C., Maegawa S.*, Laurén J.*, Abrahams B., Velayos-Baeza A., Medland S.E., Colella S., Groszer M., McAuley E.Z., Caffrey T.M, Timmusk T., Pruunsild P., Koppel I., Lind P.A., Matsumoto-Itaba N., Nicod J., Xiong L., Joober R., Enard W., Krinsky B., Nanba E., Richardson A.J., Riley B.P, Martin N.G., Strittmatter S.M., Möller H-J., Rujescu D., Clair D., Muglia P., Roos J.L., Fisher S.E., Wade-Martins R., Rouleau G.A., Stein J.F., Karayiorgou M., Geschwind D.H., Ragoussis J., Kendler K.S., Airaksinen M.S., Oshimura M., DeLisi L.E., and Monaco A.P.: LRRTM1 on chromosome 2p12 is a maternally suppressed gene that is associated paternally with handedness and schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 2007 (in press)


Using a titree dimensional primitive equation ocean medel, we study tite adjustment of two ver>' distinct water masses and tite associated circulatien patterns. In particular, we investigate tite recirculatien and vertical motions near a very sitarp density frent witit special empitasis en tite eflects el interna]-inertial waves. Tite goau of titis study is te ciarify tite inipertance ?md tite effects of internal-inertial waves en tite observed deuble celi cress-lrontal circulatien of oceanic density fronts. We slmw diese waves, generated by geestrephic adjustment, pia>'an essential role and enitance beth cress frental


Textile industry is indeed one of the major energy consumers. Therefore, approaches introducing reduced energy processing of textiles in association with the standard energy management practices would be in obvious demand. Energy management standard is particularly desired for energy- intensive industrial sectors. Textile finishing organizations significantly depends upon the continual energy supply from fiber production to finished fabric. Textile processing areas that heavily consume water and electricity can be significantly improved in terms of reduced energy utilization and minimum energy loses through exercising improved housekeeping and standard management practices. It was perceived that ISO 50001 standard will provide management guideline and approaches to the textile sector organizations leading to an increased efficiency, reduced cost through less energy consumption, and improved energy performance. Any scientific information and data on hot air, heat, steam and processed water recycling available in literature would indeed be beneficial to enhance textile processing and finishing industry in the utilization of energy management policy, performance and efficiency measures, physical structure. The important factors that would be influenced by the energy management standard in textile finishing, ranging over fiber processing, pre- treatments, dyeing, printing, and special effects, are identified for improvement and discussed in this paper.


The recently discovered topological Dirac semimetal represents a new exotic quantum state of matter. Topological Dirac semimetals can be viewed as three dimensional analogues of graphene, in which the Dirac nodes are protected by crystalline symmetry. It has been found that quantum confinement effect can gap out Dirac nodes and convert Dirac semimetal to a band insulator. The band insulator is either normal insulator or quantum spin Hall insulator depending on the thin film thickness. We present the study of disorder effects in thin film of Dirac semimetals. It is found that moderate Anderson disorder strength can drive a topological phase transition from normal band insulator to topological Anderson insulator in Dirac semimetal thin film. The numerical calculation based on the model parameters of Dirac semimetal Na$_{3}$Bi shows that in the topological Anderson insulator phase a quantized conductance plateau occurs in the bulk gap of band insulator, and the distributions of local currents further confirm that the quantized conductance plateau arises from the helical edge states induced by disorder. Finally, an effective medium theory based on Born approximation fits the numerical data.


Milk production of 30 lactating camels belonging to 1 herd of 100 heads was monitored during 19 months from March 1996 to September 1997 in eastern Ethiopia. The effects of season of calving, parity, and calf survival up to weaning on mean daily yield, peak yield, total lactation yield, lactation length, days open, and calving interval were assessed. The least square means (± standard deviation) of the daily, peak, and lactation yield were 7.5 ± 0.5, 11.5 ± O.5, and 2104 ± 97 L, respectively. The least square means of lactation length, days open, and calving interval were 282 ± 10, 199 ± 13, and 573 ± 14 days, respectively. All parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the season of calving. The maximum lactation yield was observed for camels in the third and fourth lactations. The lactation curves had a typical shape, although less pronounced for camels that calved during the long dry season. Camels that calved in the long wet season and older camels showed a lower persistency. Camels whose calves died before weaning showed a significantly higher yield than camels whose calves stayed alive. The fat, protein, casein, total solids, and solids non-fat were 39 ± 4, 29 ± 3, 23 ± 2, 131 ± 6, and 92 ± 6 g kg-1, respectively. They were all significantly affected by parity and month of lactation. It was concluded that during the dry season, the herd produced a substantial amount of milk for the pastoralists.


During the development phase of a new Scotch yoke compressor it was useful to retrieve strain data from the rotating and reciprocating components. A new "grasshopper" mechanism was developed which follows the Scotch yoke and controls the motion of the strain gage wires. The controlled motion causes mostly torsional and minimal bending loads to be applied to the strain gage wires. This controlled motion vastly increases the mechanism's data recording life and reliability as compared to previously applied techniques. INTRODUCTION This mechanism was developed in order to determine the magnitude as well as the timing of forces and stress in the SF compressor yokes (See figure 1). During the conceptual design phase, computer simulations [ 1] had shown that side forces on the pistons and hence stress in the yoke could be of concern (See figure 2). Potential high stress areas in the yoke were determined by the use of a finite element model (See figure 3). Strain gages were applied to the yoke at locations deemed sensitive to stress_ The strain gage wires were then attached to the "grasshopper" mechanism and finally led out ofthe housing to signal conditioning and recording equipment. "GRASSHOPPER" MECHANISM The mechanism [2] is basically a specially designed 3 or 4 bar linkage (See Figure 4). The linkage is designed to prevent the wires from bending which would cause rapid fatigue and failure. The wires are imbedded in channels along the links. Gradual ramps at each end of the linkages curve the wires to enter and pass through the hollow centers of the revolute joints. This causes the wires to be in torsion, but not bending, when the joints rotate. Strain gage lead wires have considerably more fatigue life in torsion than in bending. Several important considerations should be addressed when designing this mechanism. First, kinematic optimization studies should be conducted in order to determine geometries which limit the rotation a given set of linkages move through. In other words, design a set of linkages whose joints should rotate as little as possible. Less rotation means longer wire life. The SF "grasshopper" mechanism was designed with a custom developed linkage simulation with graphical output to facilitate interference checking. Second, mechanisms which have minimal joint rotation tend to have


Azo dyes account for one of the major source of dye wastes in textile effluent. In this study, macrocomposites used in the treatment of a reactive dye, Reactive Black 5 or RB5 is a combination of physical and biological method. Macrocompositee were developed by mixing zeolite, activated carbon and cement as a binder to produce porous composites of high compressive strength. It is capable of physical removal of RB5 from solution besides providing surfaces for the attachment and growth of the bacteria, Paenabacillus sp. as biofilm. The efficiency of the system was investigated in the presence and the absence of biofilm (control) in terms of decolourisation and COD removal. Results indicated that the biofilm system showed an overall better treatment efficiency than the control. The biofilm system successfully decolourized the Reactive Black 5 up to 91% (initial value of 100 mg/mL) as compared to the control which only showed decolourisation of about 4%. Besides that, the biofilm system was also effective in reducing COD value from 898 mg/L to 188 mg/L (79%), while only 13% that of the control. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses showed the formation of sulphanilic acid (SA) as a possible degradation product of RB5 under anaerobic condition.


The performance of a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem solar cell was improved by optimizing the a-Si:H top cell and μc-Si:H bottom cell, respectively. For the a-Si:H top cell, we focused on opto-electrical and structural properties of phosphorous-doped hydrogenated silicon (Si:H) films and their effect on the open circuit voltage (Voc). The experimental results indicated that when nanosized silicon crystalline grains existed in amorphous silicon matrix, the Voc of a-Si:H solar cells was much improved. An initial efficiency of 9.4% for a-Si:H solar cell was obtained. For the μc-Si:H bottom cell, we investigated the structural evolution along the growth direction of the intrinsic μc-Si:H layers. We introduced a high-quality initial seed layer at p/i interface to reduce the incubation layer thickness by lowering the silane concentration and very-high-frequency (VHF) power simultaneously. This initial seed layer acted as a seed layer for bulk μc-Si:H i-layer and the process reduced the ion bombardment on the p/i interface. We demonstrated a VHF power profiling technique by decreasing the VHF power step by step during the μc-Si:H deposition to control the structural evolution along the growth direction in the bulk i-layer. The advantage of this VHF power profiling technique was the reduced ion bombardments on growth surface because of the reduced VHF power. A high conversion efficiency of 9.36% was obtained for μc-Si:H p-i-n solar cell. Using a double n-layer (a-Si:H&μc-Si:H) in n/p tunnel recombination junction, we achieved the best conversion efficiency of 11.63% for a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem solar cells.


As far as Marxism is concerned,science and technology acts as the revolutionary forces in promoting social changes.The first scientific and technological revolution brought the birth of the scientific socialist theory,the second scientific and technological revolution created the socialist system,the third revolution stimulated the reform of the socialist system.


Dyslexia is one of brain disorders which needs to be detected at an early stage to allow the children to master the basic and to avoid damage to self esteem and self-confidence. In this paper, treatment of dyslexia and researches on dyslexia diagnosis are discussed. Neuro-feedback has high potential to diagnose dyslexia. It has been proven that neuro-feedback is able to improve spelling disorder. Therefore, investigation on the performance of neuro-feedback in diagnosing and treating reading disorder should be carried out.


ABSTRACT Assaults in psychiatric hospitals are problematic for vulnerable patients, staff, and the treatment system as a whole. This study reflects the challenges state hospitals experience managing risk by evaluating differing legal statuses and comorbid diagnoses to demonstrate their differential impact on behavior while hospitalized. Assault data from 4495 admissions was gathered over eight years to provide each patient's assault rate per month of hospitalization. Primary diagnoses, comorbid personality disorders, and legal-criminal status were shown to be related to inpatient aggression. Patients with psychotic disorders were associated with fewer assaults, while those with any comorbid personality disorder were associated with more assaults. Patients with antisocial and borderline personality disorders had the highest assault rate. Legal statuses with limited consequence for aggression were strongly associated with assault rate. Specific combinations of commitment status with diagnoses were noted to have a particularly high rate of assaults. This suggested that assaults were often volitional, motivated by personality and legal circumstance. The results indicate empirically demonstrated factors that influence assaults and can be targeted to improve the management of risk in patients.


In a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) design, through-silicon-vias (TSVs) are used for data transfer across layers. However, TSVs act as obstacles during the stage of placement and routing and have a negative impact on chip yield. Therefore, TSV number minimization is an important topic for 3D IC design. In this paper, we point out that there often exist idle functional units and idle TSVs at each control step. If we use idle functional units and idle TSVs to form an alternative path to replace direct TSVs for data transfer, the number of TSVs can be reduced. Based on that observation, we present an ILP (integer linear programming) approach to formally draw up our problem. Given a high-level synthesis result and a clock period constraint, we perform post-processing to fully utilize alternative paths for TSV number minimization. Compared with previous work that minimizes the TSV number without considering alternative paths, experimental results show that our approach can further reduce 16.92% TSV number without affecting the circuit performances.


The article proposes a method for determining the elevations of industrial sites of nuclear power plants and other high-risk facilities located near watercourses and water bodies. The method is based on building a curve to connect water levels with the probability of reaching these levels in a wide range of probabilities. This makes it possible to make determining the flooding level for the accepted probability more reliable, to ensure the invariance to design standards, and assess the effectiveness of the normative margin value. A description of the method for constructing such a curve is carried out using the example of the designed Ruppur NPP on the Gang River (Republic of Bangladesh). The calculations apply both the method of field data extrapolation and the numerical hydrodynamic modeling that combines several hydrometeorological phenomena of rare repetition to determine the maximum high waters levels, taking into account, among other things, possible climate changes. The risk assessment of the industrial site flooding was carried out and its optimal elevation was obtained in terms of minimizing the risk.


The article emphasizes the need for intensifying of the regulatory role of the state in development of the civilized meet market. The author discusses place of the meet product market in the agricultural market structure of the country, and considers competitiveness of the meat products.


We consider the random vector T = (T(0), ···, T(n)) with independent identically distributed coordinates such that Pr{T(i) = j} = P j , j = 0, 1, ···, n, Σ . A realization of T can be viewed as a random graph G T with vertices {0, ···, n} and arcs {(0, T(0)), ···, (n, T(n))}. For each T we partition the vertex-set of G T into three disjoint groups and study the joint probability distribution of their cardinalities. Assuming that we observe the asymptotics of this distribution, as n → ∞, for all possible values of P 0 . It turns out that in some cases these cardinalities are asymptotically independent and identically distributed.


Nowadays, manufacturing enterprises are facing with huge challenges to react rapidly to changes and satisfy various customers' needs with respect to production volume and product profile. Reconfigurable manufacturing mode was proposed as an advanced manufacturing philosophy to enhance the adaptability and flexibility of manufacturing systems. Through both physical and logical reconfiguration, Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) is able to fulfil customers' needs in a cost-effective way by making full use of the resources currently available. The paper carries out the study on reconfiguration cost by using conjunction matrix to describe production process, then applied the DEDS modelling method Petri Net to model the reconfiguration process. By highlighting the differences in the process set before and after reconfiguration, the reconfiguration principle has been proposed to describe and guide the process of the manufacturing system reconfiguration. (6 pages)


Abstract : Mean aerological data for Saigon during July 1966 and 1967 and for Udorn in 1967 are presented and compared with similar data for tropical maritime regions. The comparison indicates that level for level the atmosphere over Southeast Asia has greater humidity and higher static energy. Comparison of dewpoint profiles taken during periods of suppressed and increased convection over Southeast Asia reveals that the atmosphere is more moist during increased convection and that the diurnal variation of humidity is largest during suppressed conditions. Comparisons of vertical profiles of virtual equivalent potential temperature taken during periods of suppressed and increased convection show that the daily convective instability is strong during suppressed days and weak during days of increased convection. The characteristic differences in structure as shown, suggest convection is controlled by the synoptic scale.


Surging amounts of waste are reported globally and especially in lower-income countries, with negative consequences for health and the environment. Increasing concern has been raised for the limited progress achieved in practice by diverse sets of policies and programmes. Waste management is a wicked problem characterized by multilayered interdependencies, complex social dynamics and webs of stakeholders. Interactions among these generate unpredictable outcomes that can be missed by decision makers through their understanding and framing of their context. This study therefore aimed at unlocking the intrigues behind unending waste management concerns that have continued to bedevil Mukuru slums despite the interventions in place and to develop sustainable mechanisms to address the challenges. The study was descriptive in nature and tried to understand determinants of waste management towards attaining a sustainable environmental conservation. The study targeted key informants drawn from the Nairobi county department of environment, water and sanitation, civil society groups, NEMA and local provincial administration and community members in Mukuru slum. Stratified sampling technique was used to select the sample population for the study. Since the study used primary data, a well set of questionnaire was used to collect the data from the respondents. The collected data was subjected to scrutiny through screening to ensure completeness and eliminate all the errors, before final analysis, aided by statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) software. Regression analysis was also performed to determine the relationship between the poverty, management capabilities, financial resources and regulatory policies on sustainable environmental conservation. Data presentation was achieved through tables, graphs and charts. Findings revealed that poverty level, financial resources, management capabilities, and regulatory policies have great influence on sustainable environmental conservation in Mukuru slums. Therefore, the study recommended for integrated waste management approach that is community centered to bring every community member on board and other key stakeholders. On financial resources, the study recommended for robust public-private sector partnership to build up financial capital necessary for management of waste menace and conserve the environment and allocation of more resources. There is a need for more trainings, and awareness creation and formulation of elaborate policies to create autonomy for NEMA to enable the organization implement and enforce its regulations effectively. The study outlined that further studies can be done on the impact of socio-demographic factors, household perceptions and attitudes on waste management and socio-economic factors on sustainable environmental conservation.


The simple synthesis and crystal structure of a new pyridinium bromide salt, 4-methyl-1-(3-phenoxy propyl)pyridinium bromide, are reported. The C–H⋯Br− interactions have an effect on the NMR signals of the ortho- and meta-pyridinium protons.


The authors have developed a method for optimal estimation of surface fiducial point locations based on optically sensed range maps obtained with a specially designed apparatus originally developed for portrait sculpture. The algorithm used is based on a Kalman filter, a recursive spatially variant optimal estimator. The results demonstrate that accurate localization of surface landmark points can be readily achieved by using this method. The algorithms developed have been implemented and simulations have been used to judge robustness, accuracy, and overall performance. The use of the covariance matrix to carry forward the errors in different parameters has resulted in stable and robust estimates. This technique has application in industrial photogrammetry and machine vision.<<ETX>>


Exploring different contexts to facilitate in-depth nature of science (NOS) views were seen as critical for better professional development of pre- service science teachers, which ultimately would assure better students' NOS understanding and achieve an ultimate goal of current science education reforms. This study aimed to reduce the lack of information related to the contribution of contextualized settings to gain a deeper NOS understanding by pre-service science teachers and provided evidence to inform researchers for effective teacher education programs. The present study focused on helping pre-service teachers develop their NOS views within a combination of different contextualized settings, coupled with explicit reflective NOS instruction. The study was undertaken with seven pre-service elementary science teachers. Data was collected by administration of open-ended questionnaire. The findings revealed substantial improvements in pre-service science teachers' NOS understanding. The results showed that contextualized learning settings might provide teachers with meaningful deeper understanding of NOS rather than rote memorization of NOS tenets.


The utility model provides an automatic escalator step, comprising a pedal component, a lateral plate component, a left supporting rack and a right supporting rack. Non-metallic security boundaries which are slightly higher than the teeth groove surface of the pedal are arranged on the two sides of the pedal of the pedal component. The front end and the back end of the pedal are respectively provided with security boundaries matched with the lateral plate of the lateral plate component. Non-metallic security boundaries which are the same to the teeth groove surface of the lateral plate are arranged on the left side and the right side of the lateral plate. The outer side edge of the back security boundary connected with the back end of the pedal is movably connected with the lateral plate. The teeth groove on the back security boundary is the same to the tooth pitch of the teeth groove of the adjacent lateral plate. The teeth grooves on the back security boundary are engaged with the teeth of the adjacent lateral plate all the time. The connecting end between the lateral plate and the pedal is positioned below the back security boundary. Thereby, the utility model has the advantages of reasonable and compact structure, firmness and durability, long service life, good safety, etc.


Objective To investigate the brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) features and clinical manifestations of the patients with citrullinemia, and to promote awareness of, early diagnosis of and better treatment for the disease. Methods One case with citrullinemia was reported, and other eight cases reported in the literature in nearly 14 years were reviewed. Results The case was a 15-month-old girl with type I citrullinemia diagnosed by the mutation analysis of the ASS1 gene performed in local hospital after birth. The patient was admitted to our hospital for recurrent lethargy for a year and the high level of blood ammonia(311 μmol/L, normal range 9-33 μmol/L). The blood ammonia reduced to normal on the 11 th day after arginine treatment. On MRI scans, the diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) showed diffuse hyperintensity on bilateral frontal, parietal and temporal cortex, which indicated restricted diffusion due to cytotoxic edema. On the follow-up MRI after 10 day's treatment, the affected regions was similar but the intensity decreased compared to the previous scan,which accompanied by cerebral atrophy. Eight cases in the literature were reviewed, and the clinical manifestations in these patients were lack of specificity, the most common features included feeding difficulties, lethargy, and vomiting. Brain MRI was performed on 7 cases, computed tomography(CT) was performed on 1 case, with the result of cytotoxic edema in 3 cases and atrophy in 2 cases. ConclusionsCitrullinemia often lacks of specific symptoms in the early phase. Brain MRI could provide the clinician a valuable help for early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.


Engineers and biologists will have to meet each other half way so that an effective field can be coherently created.


A strain Aspergillus niger (HQ-10) was screened with the capability of transformation from baicalin into baicalein which was determined. The parameters of fermentation and medium were optimized. In the optimum condition of fermentation, the rate of transformation was about 92%. The product of transformation was determined by TLC, HPLC and the mass spectrogram.


A large body of evidence has reported that hypovitaminosis D [usually defined through low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels] is associated with several conditions, like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and fractures. However, these findings were not substantially confirmed in randomized controlled trials, as recently summarized by Allan et al. These findings create 2 important lines of inquiry: (1) should we assess serum vitamin D levels, and if so, in all the persons? and (2) should we prescribe supplementation in people with hypovitaminosis D? With regard to the first question, it is largely known that the majority of older subjects have low 25OHD levels, with a wide prevalence because of the different cutoffs used in literature for defining this condition. Having said that it is probably more common to find an individual with hypovitaminosis D than one without. This indicates favor that for epidemiological reasons to measure serum 25OHD is not useful. Therefore, the assessment of serum 25OHD should be not routinely suggested to everybody and since it is very expensive should be limited only to a few conditions, for example, when a state of primary hyperparathyroidism is suspected. In this case, to know 25OHD levels could be of importance to disentangle if high serum parathormone levels are because of hypovitaminosis D and/or other causes. With regard to the second question, when a patient seen in my outpatient clinic has low serum 25OHD levels, I usually recommend supplementation with vitamin D. However, the use of vitamin D in the elderly is still controversial. A recent trial has shown that compared to placebo, the supplementation of vitamin D does not improve physical performance, whereas another trial has shown that the addition of intermittent bolus-dose of vitamin D increases the risk and duration of acute respiratory infections, suggesting that high doses of vitamin D could be dangerous in the elderly. Altogether, these findings imply that the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation on diseases' outcomes are very limited, even in the case they are positive. This brings us to a final question: is it useful to suggest to our patients supplementation with vitamin D? Being a geriatrician, I favor vitamin D supplementation for a number of reasons, including its low cost, very few side effects, and the wide number of dosages and formulations available. However, we probably should consider other ways to correct hypovitaminosis D (eg, suggest to increase physical activity or decrease body weight) or other more sophisticated methods for assessing the real vitamin D status in the patients.


An interdisciplinary analysis is presented in this paper on the relationship between the bifurcation behavior of chaotic systems, specically Chua's circuit, and the quantized energy level of atoms. We show that it is possible to associate special capacitance values in Chua's circuits with the electronic energy levels En of atoms calculated from Bohr's Law. In particular, these particular capacitance values correspond to the bifurcation points n of Chua's circuits. We found a functional relation associating a specic Chua's circuit to the Hydrogen atom and obtained a map of \Atom" to \Chua's Circuit". This map can be extended to other elements in the Periodic Table, thereby demonstrating an almost universal relation between the two dierent physical systems. With this map we can calculate the energy levels of dierent atoms from bifurcation diagrams (or vice-versa) and express the analytical relations in terms of the two variables n and En


Neophyllotocus undarus sp. n. is described and figured. This species, from Queensland, is compared with the 5 other known species of Neophyllotocus Blackburn, all from Western Australia.


Objective To explore the clinical characteristics,surgical treatment and relative factors affecting the prognosis of adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas.Methods The clinical data of 93 cases of adenocarcinoma of the tail and body of the pancreas who had undergone operation were reviewed and relative factors influencing the prognosis were analyzed.Results Eighty cases(86.0%) underwent radical resection,and 8 palliative resections,and 5 explorations.The overall median survival time was(16±0.56) months,and the 1-,2-,3-year survival rate was(69.9±4.8)%,(19.4±4.1)% and(8.6±2.9)% respectively.Surgical procedure,lymph node metastasis,TNM staging and tumor differentiation were significantly related to the prognosis of the cases.Conclusions The prognosis of adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas was influenced by multiple factors,and the improvement of therapeutic effect should be dependent on integrated treatment.


Measurements of the activation volume of reversal and the fluctuation field of a system of ultrafine cobalt particles are reported. The measurements were performed in a range of applied fields so as to enable a comparison to be made with theoretical models which are often applied to more complex materials, such as NdFeB magnets. The values obtained for the activation volume are in broad quantitative agreement with the particle size as determined by other methods, which provides the first unambiguous verification of the activation volume model of magnetization reversal. >


Background. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) has been previously associated with therapeutic benefit in hormone refractory prostate cancer. However, no previous study has administered 5‐FU as a prolonged continuous infusion, which may be the optimal schedule for this cell‐cycle specific agent.


Multiple sequence alignment is a fundamental part in many bioinformatics applications such as phylogenetic analysis. Many alignment methods have been proposed. Each method gives a different result for the same data set, and consequently generates a different phylogenetic tree. Hence, the chosen alignment method affects the resulting tree. However in the literature, there is no evaluation of multiple alignment methods based on the comparison of their phylogenetic trees. This work evaluates the following eight aligners: ClustalX, T-Coffee, SAGA, MUSCLE, MAFFT, DIALIGN, ProbCons and Align-m, based on their phylogenetic trees (test trees) produced on a given data set. The Neighbor-Joining method is used to estimate trees. Three criteria, namely, the dNNI, the dRF and the Id_Tree are established to test the ability of different alignment methods to produce closer test tree compared to the reference one (true tree). Results show that the method which produces the most accurate alignment gives the nearest test tree to the reference tree. MUSCLE outperforms all aligners with respect to the three criteria and for all datasets, performing particularly better when sequence identities are within 10-20%. It is followed by T-Coffee at lower sequence identity (<10%), Align-m at 20-30% identity, and ClustalX and ProbCons at 30-50% identity. Also, it is noticed that when sequence identities are higher (>30%), trees scores of all methods become similar. Keywords—Multiple alignment methods, phylogenetic trees, Neighbor-Joining method, Robinson-Foulds distance.


Abstract This empirical study adds to the literature by investigating the influences of the personality traits, creativity, and social capital of Taiwan and Hong Kong university students on social entrepreneurial intentions. A total of 301 valid survey responses from Taiwan and 147 from Hong Kong were collected. The results indicated that original creativity and bonding social capital positively affected social entrepreneurial conviction in both groups of students. Conscientiousness negatively affected and original creativity positively affected social entrepreneurial preparation in Taiwanese students, whereas openness negatively affected and original creativity positively affected social entrepreneurial preparation in students from Hong Kong.


In order to study the wasp species of F.microcarpa Linn.f.in Fuzhou,male-phase syconia from three different sites were collected,observed and identified at regular in tervals.About 26 375 specimens of 510 syconia were collected,consisting of 4 families 11 genera of the 18 species of Chaleidoidae.Eupristina verticillata Waterston was the only pollinator,whereas the others were non-pollinators.The non-pollinators were classified into 3 families: Pteromalidae,Eurytomidae and Ormyridae.There were 1~3 wasp species in a singal syconium in general no more than 5.Pollinating fig wasps exist widely in figs in numbers by the dozens to hundreds of range.The species of Odontofroggatia,Sycophila,Walkerella,Philotrypesis among nonpollinators were common species,while the species of Meselatus,Eufroggattisca,Sycoscapter,Sycoryctes,Eurytoma,Ormyrus were rarely found in syconia.The classification key of fig wasp species of F.microcarpa in Fuzhou was prepared.Wasp species in syconia of F.microcarpa in different regions were compared,in Fuzhou,Taiwan,Hawaii and Brazil.


Objective To study the levels change of plasma adrenome dullin(ADM)and calciton in gene-related peptide(CGRP)in primary hypertension and to investigate their change to risk stratification in primary hypertension.Methods 80 cases primary hypertension were randomly divided into 4 groups:the low risk group,the medium risk group,the high risk group,the very high risk group,20 healthy persons recruited as the control group.The levels of plasma ADM,CGRP were determined by radioimmunoassay.Results The levels of plasma A DM in four groups EH subjects and control group were 36.28±10.12,41.28±8.09,66.64±10.22,87.90±10.13,15.26± 4.30 ng/L.The level of ADM in low risk group the medium risk group,the high risk group and very high risk group compared to those in the control group having a significant difference(P0.01),and the level of ADM became higher following the risk stratification.The level of plasma CGRP in four group EH subjects and control group were 59.48±9.42,55.92±10.01,47.36±8.87,37.61±9.61,71.08± 6.43ng/L,the difference of the levels of plasma CGRP between the low risk group,the medium risk group the high risk group and the very high risk group and the control group were very significant(P0.01),and the level decreased following the risk stratification.There were negative correlations between the levels of plasma ADM and CGRP(r=0.742,P0.01).Conclusion ADM,CGRP serving as vasoac- tire peptides involved in pathophysiology and organic impairment of primary hypertension.The levels of plasma ADM,CGRP could reflect the risk stratification in primary hypertension.


Abstract Succinyl derivatives of adenosine are synthesized by direct reaction with succinic anhydride catalyzed by 4-morpholine N,N′-dicyclohexylcarboxamidine under kinetic or thermodynamic conditions and partial hydrolysis. Derivatives obtained were N6 -succinyl adenosine, N6 ,5′-O-disuccinyl adenosine, 3′(2′)-O-succinyl adenosine, N6, 3′(2′)-O-di-succinyl adenosine and 3′(2′),5′-O-disuccinyl adenosine. The last three derivatives were crystallized and gave equilibrium mixtures of 2′-O-and 3′-O-isomers in aqueous solvents with the 3′-O-isomer prevailing. Differentiation of isomers was done by PMR. A mechanism for isomerisation is proposed. The products were purified by anion exchange chromato-graphy and desalting. The procedures are useful for pharmacological applications because of the purity and yield of products.


Background and Objectives: Pancreaticobiliary ascariasis is common problem in tropical countries. The roundworm in the bile duct can cause biliary colic, obstructive jaundice, or pancreatitis. Live Ascaris worms are usually diagnosed on ultrasonography (USG) or endoscopic ultrasonographic (EUS) showing characteristic features of linear mobile echogenic structure with central anechoic lumen. However, the worm can die inside the common bile duct (CBD) and create a foreign body acting as a nidus for stone or sludge formation. Obstructive jaundice due to dead Ascaris is a rare but important cause in the developing World. As the worm shrivels up after death, accurate identification requires a high index of suspicion. The features of dead worm on EUS include hyperechoic structure without any acoustic shadow. Methods: We present a case of a 2-year-old Indian female child referred with biliary colic and jaundice for the last 3 weeks. Abdominal USG revealed multiple ill-defined, oval, hyperechoic shadows near the lower end of dilated CBD. MRCP showed multiple intraluminal curvilinear, hypointense areas in lower CBD. Results: Linear EUS from the duodenal bulb revealed dilated CBD with multiple hyperechoic structures without acoustic shadowing. It showed 2–6 mm sized curvilinear, disc-shaped, short-segment echogenic structures with central anechoic core parallel and equidistant from each other, suggestive of recently broken down parallel fragments of round worms. The central anechoic core represents the digestive tract of Ascaris. After multiple balloon sweeps on ERCP, creamy white structures and yellow-colored material were removed suggestive of recently fragmented Ascaris. Conclusions: Biliary ascariasis should be considered in any child presenting with obstructive jaundice in endemic regions.


Although the application of synthetic chemicals is the main method in the management of insect pests, their overuse has led to public concerns about environmental pollution, threats to human health, and acute and chronic toxicity on non-target organisms. Plant essential oils have introduced as healthy, available, and effective alternatives to detrimental chemicals in recent years. Further, it is necessary to predict the exact amount of required pesticide to save costs and determine the optimal conditions for achievement to the best outcomes. Accordingly, the toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus Labill essential oil against the adults of a cosmopolitan pest Tribolium castaneum Herbst (red flour beetle) along with its modeling and optimization was assessed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The coefficients of the essential oil concentration and time as independent variables are positive, showing their increase results in the augmentation of insect pest mortality. E. globulus essential oil showed prospective concentration-time dependent fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum. A quadratic polynomial equation was achieved for the toxicity of E. globulus essential oil using multiple regression analysis: 7.33413 + 0.20191A + 0.47313B + 4.64054E-003AB + 0.016349B, in which A and B are the exposure time and essential oil concentration. The accuracy of the introduced model was approved through the analysis of variance. Results of the optimization indicated that 45.50 μl/l of essential oil and 72.00 h-exposure time would be adequate to achieve 92.45% mortality of T. castaneum. According to the results of current study, E. globulus essential oil has high potential in the management of T. castaneum and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a suitable method to the optimization and modelling of this bio-effect. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i12.5 : DOI Copyright: Copyright © 2020 Ebadollahi and Taghinezhad. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dates: Received: 17 October 2020; Revised: 23 November 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020


Objectives:To determine the ability of neutrophils isolated from HIV-seropositive patients to produce proinflammatory cytokines. Design:The in vitro responsiveness of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), used in the presence or absence of interferon (IFN)-γ, was determined in 47 HIV-positive patients with advanced stages of virus infection. Methods:Cytokines in cell-free supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay. Results:Cell-free supernatants from PMN isolated from the peripheral blood of HIV-positive patients and stimulated with LPS contained increased amounts of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 with respect to supernatants obtained from PMN of normal donors. In contrast, release of IL-1β and IL-1ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist) in response to LPS, or LPS plus IFN-γ, was found to be lower in PMN from HIV-positive patients than in PMN from controls, but was significant only in the case of IL-1ra. Furthermore, the release of IL-12 induced by LPS or LPS plus IFN-γ did not significantly differ between PMN from HIV-positive patients and healthy donors. Concerning PBMC, the production of TNF-α and IL-12 in response to LPS, or LPS plus IFN-γ, was found to be significantly higher in cells isolated from HIV-positive patients, whereas the release of IL-1β was significantly lower. In the case of IL-8, no statistically significant difference was found between PBMC isolated from HIV-positive patients and healthy donors. Conclusions:Collectively, the data suggest that in HIV-positive patients with advanced stages of disease, the ability of PMN to produce specific cytokines in response to LPS is significantly altered. Alterations in this ability might contribute to the evolution of HIV disease.


Mathematics is a subject that finds application in every walk of our life. Knowingly or unknowingly, people use concepts of Mathematics in their daily life. Considering the relevance of Mathematics, it is treated as one of the basic and compulsory subjects in school curriculum. In the elementary school curriculum, learning basic concepts of Mathematics is emphasised. As and when children reach higher classes, the complexity of mathematical concepts gets widened. It is commonly observed that many children have a belief that Mathematics is, in a way, difficult to learn and understand. In this context, teachers have a great role to play. A successful teacher of Mathematics should have profound knowledge of nature and theoretical concepts in Mathematics so as to help children in effective learning.


The process of senescence is generally held to be one involving degenerative changes. This process is particularly evident in the rat kidney where there is extensive atrophy of the functional elements (Kennedy, 1957). In recent years there have been several reports that in degenerating tissues there is an activation of intracellular hydrolases which have an acid optimum pH, and that the increase is due to a release of these enzymes from the lysosomes. Thus de Duve & Beaufay (1959) showed that the autolysis of the liver induced by complete ischaemia is accompanied by a rapid increase in the free activity of several acid hydrolases; a number of liver poisons produced a similar effect (Beaufay, Campenhout & de Duve, 1959). Brachet, de CrolyBriers & Hoyez (1958) found that there was a similar redistribution of typical lysosomal enzymes in certain involuting embryonic tissues. The present work deals mainly with the changes in the free and bound activities of a typical lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, in the liver and kidney of the rat from infancy to advanced senility. The liver has been included since it shows relatively little degenerative change in senescence (Barrows, Falzone & Shock, 1960). Less-detailed measurements have been carried out on the arylsulphatase B and acid deoxyribonuclease of the kidney. A study has also been made of the changes in the activities of acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase B which occur during the degeneration induced by the complete ischaemia of the kidney.


The equation of state and other thermodynamic functions of solids consisting of many electron atoms in strong magnetic fields arising in some laser experiments and astrophysical objects are calculated within the Kadomtzev's approach up to the high-pressure range. All static thermo-dynamic functions under consideration are obtained from the two-parametric scaling relations on the atomic number and magnetic field from the universal functions of the specific volume. At this high-pressure region, lattice dynamics of monoatomic solids in strong magnetic fields are considered. Vibrational spectra of face-centered cubic lattice of neon are obtained, which do not satisfy any scaling law and differ from that one in the absence of the magnetic field, especially in the long wave region.


The electronic and magnetic properties of cobalt-based layered oxypnictides, $\text{LaCoO}X(X=\text{P},\text{As})$, are investigated. LaCoOP and LaCoOAs show metallic type conduction with room-temperature resistivities of $\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }\text{cm}$, and the Fermi edge is observed by hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ferromagnetic transitions occur at 43 K for LaCoOP and 66 K for LaCoOAs with spontaneous magnetic moments of $0.33{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ and $0.39{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ extrapolated to 0 K, respectively. Above the transition temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility exhibits a large temperature dependence. Provided that this temperature dependence follows the Curie-Weiss law, enhanced magnetic-moment values of $\ensuremath{\sim}2.9{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ for LaCoOP and $\ensuremath{\sim}1.3{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ for LaCoOAs are obtained. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is observed at the Co ${L}_{2,3}$ edge, but not at the other edges. The calculated electronic structure shows a spin-polarized ground state with a magnetic moment of $0.52{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, $\ensuremath{\sim}95%$ of which is localized on the Co ions. These results indicate that $\text{LaCoO}X$ are itinerant ferromagnets and suggest that their magnetic properties are governed by spin fluctuation.


Chronic liver disease is becoming an increasing problem with the majority of cases the result of alcohol-induced liver damage. Other causes include infection with hepatitis B or C virus, autoimmune liver disease, haemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cirrhosis complicated by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This list is by no means a complete one.


At 2337 UTC (4:37 PM PDT) July 7, 2004, a backpacker in the Rockwell Pass area of Sequoia National Park (west of Mt. Williamson in the southern Sierra Nevada) photographed a tornado (Fig. 1). The tornado had developed northwest of Rockwell Pass over the upper sections of the steeply-walled Kern River Canyon (Fig. 2). Since the elevation of Rockwell Pass is approximately 3500 m (~11600 ft), we believe this to be the highest elevation tornado photographed and documented in the United States .


An image processing method, according to an embodiment of the present invention, includes obtaining a first image through an image sensor; displaying the first image and at least one second image corresponding to the effects of the first image at the same time; and displaying at least a portion of the first image using the effects in response to the selection of at least one second image. Various other embodiments are possible.


The main purpose of the research was to develop an electroless nickel bath with long cycles and high stability.Thiourea and potassium iodate were added in the electroless bath as the stabilizing agents.The effects of temperature and pH values on the bath stability,plating rate and coating quality were studied.Weighing was used to measure the deposition rate of coating.The stability of the bath was characterized by percentage of the nickel on the surface of work piece to total nickel consumption in the bath.The coverage of coating was evaluated by immersion test in NaCl solution.The adhesion of coating was evaluated by thermal shock test.Polarization curves were used to characterize the corrosion resistance of coating.The results showed that the deposition rate increased at first,then went down with increasing concentration of thiourea or potassium iodate.The deposition rate was more significantly affected by thiourea than that by potassium iodate.The maximum value of stability constant reached 89.25% in the bath of 0.5 mg·dm-3 thiourea and the stability constant was 82.45% in the bath of 5 mg·dm-3 potassium iodate.When plating was carried out at(82±1)℃ in the pH5.0 bath of 0.5 mg·dm-3 thiourea,uniform and dense coating was obtained,and there was no gap between Ni-P coating and Mg substrate.Thiourea not only improved the deposition rate,but also catalyzed the surface of magnesium alloy and raised the deposition efficiency.


The La1−xMx MnO3(M=Li, Na, K, Rb, x=0, 0.10, 0.25) perovskite-type oxides whose sizes are nanoparticle have been prepared by the citric acid-ligated method. The characters of the catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, IR, SEM and BET surface area measurement. The catalytic activity for the combustion of soot particulate was evaluated by a technique of the temperature-programmed reaction. In the LaMnO3 catalyst, the partial substitution of alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb) into A-site enhanced the catalytic activity for the combustion of soot particle. The La0.75K0.25MnO3 oxides are good candidate catalysts for the soot particle removal reaction, and the combustion temperatures of soot particle are between 285 °C and 430 °C when the contact of catalysts and soot is loose, and their catalytic activities for the combustion of soot particle are as good as supported Pt catalysts, which is the best catalyst system so far reported for soot combustion under loose contact conditions.


A software tool for investigation of the clearance in mechanical joints is created. It works in the integrated environment of the software system Matlab. In this study, the advanced signal processing methods are used. They allow to implement the presented algorithm in real time microprocessor systems. Also an investigation of vibration signatures of health teeth and of a tooth with a crack is realized based on the finite element method and on the software system Abaqus.


Executive Summary 1. Standardised CPUE is regularly used as an index of abundance to tune the population dynamics models used to assess the status of tuna stocks in the WCPO. The primary purpose of CPUE standardizations is the removal of the variation in the data not attributable to changes in abundance. In the WCPO these indices have typically been generated to meet the model structures of MULTIFAN-CL and fine scale spatial variation is removed as part of the standardisation. As a result these indices have not been applicable for alternative population dynamics models such as SEAPODYM. 2. An adjusted CPUE index with spatial structure was developed for albacore (Thunus alalunga) in the south Pacific, based on operational logsheet data from distant-waters and domestic fleets. 3. To avoid bias due to targeting change, a cluster analysis was carried out for identifying fleets targeting albacore. These data were used in a GLM model to standardize CPUE using year-month, latitude, longitude, vessel, and longitude and latitude aggregated to 5 degrees resolution as factors. The predictor variable explaining most of the logged CPUE variability was the year-month factor (18.9%). The vessel factor explained 10.2% of the variation. The effort correction factor was defined as the exponential of the vessel factor. A total of 1421 vessel coefficients were extracted (p < 0.05 for 1142 of these) and used to generate the adjusted CPUE. This index was built using the correction factor for effort, estimated as the exponential of the estimate of the boat parameter from the GLM. This approach assures the equivalency of effort in all ships from the two fleets included in the analysis. 4. The average of the vessel correction factor was1.39 with a standard deviation of 0.69. Extreme values of the correction factor were defined as those whose value was outside the range of the 95% confidence interval. Rather than remove these data from the analysis we assign them the corresponding values from the limits of the 95% confidence interval. The removal of the influence of these extreme values on the correction factor was required as they increased or decreased the nominal effort to levels that could be considered abnormal. 5. The majority of the effort correction factors were larger than one and their overall effect was to increase the effort and consequently reduce the adjusted CPUE. The results of the temporal annual trend of the nominal and adjusted CPUE show higher …


T HE QUESTION OF LITERARY REALISM has long been at the center of a controversy involving the value and importance of literary works: while "content-oriented" critics of various political persuasions value Balzac's novels, for instance, because of their representation of a particular historical reality, "textualists" tend rather to focus on the ideology of realism itself, on its belief in the validity of narrative truth, the transparency of meaning, the adequacy of causal explanations, and so forth. Thus, in Erich Auerbach's classic formulation, the interest of the realist novel lies in the fact that it would be "incom-


A good many books on Siam have appeared during the last few years, some of them the superficial work of casual travellers of the ' globe-trotter' type, others of a more solid and scientific character, written by men with adequate local experience and a good equipment of erudition. The present work, without being in any way a dry-as-dust record, conveys, at least to an outsider, the impression of having been written with knowledge. It seems to glow with local colour, and produces in the sympathetic reader the illusion that he is being brought into close contact with the land and the people that it describes. No doubt this is in great part due to the point of view of the writer, who is obviously enamoured of his subject, and contrives by means of subtle touches to create a lifelike representation of a land of gentle nonchalance, such as his title not inaptly implies. There is something about the


Sub‐thermoneutral housing temperatures increase facultative thermogenesis in mice, a process which has been attributed in part to uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Typical vivarium temperatures (i.e., ~22‐26°C) likely represent mild cold stress for mice, yet the metabolic impact of modest changes in housing temperature in mice remains unclear. Here, we determined the impact of transitioning mice from 24°C to 30°C on total energy expenditure (TEE) and adipose tissue bioenergetics.


The present invention relates to a low temperature plane target. The low temperature plane target comprises a target core, a gasket, a detection window, an entering window and a gas filled tube. The target core is provided with a circular hole, and the circular hole and the target core are coaxially arranged; a connection hole is arranged at the side wall of the target core and communicates with the circular hole; the gas filled tube is connected with the connection hole, and an annular left side wall and an annular right side wall are disposed at the inner wall of the target core; holding cavities having an original thickness of 400[Mu]m are formed between the detection window, the entering window, the annular left side wall and the annular right side wall; the gasket is a circular ring cylinder, and the external diameter of the gasket is the same as the internal diameter of the circular hole; the detection window is a double-cylinder structure, the detection window includes a first cylinder and a second cylinder which are coaxially arranged, and the external diameter of the first cylinder is the same as the internal diameter of the circular hole; antireflection films coat the first cylinder and the second cylinder, and the entering window is a layered structure, so that the thickness requirement of liquids such as hydrogen, deuterium and the like in the laser physics experiment is satisfied.


This extended abstract discusses the application of ICT and data-management for dependability of electricity distribution grids. Focus of the contribution are the opportunities and barriers for small and medium-sized Distribution System Operators serving up to few hundred thousand customers.


(75) Inventors: Tzahi Weisman, Meiron (IL); Tom OTHER PUBLICATIONS Harel, Shfaim (IL); Ayelet Doron, Modiin (IL) A. van Zelst (Per-Antenna-Coded Schemes for MIMO OFDM, Com munications, 2003. ICC 03. IEEE International Conference on (vol. (73) Assignee: Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 4), May 11-15, 2003, pp. 2832-2836 vol. 4.* (US) Lomnitz, Yet al (Efficient maximum likelihood detector for MIMO systems with small number of streams, Electronics Letters Oct. 25. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2007 vol. 43 No. 22).* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Letaief, K. B, et al., "Joint Maximum Likelihood Detection and U.S.C. 154(b) by 775 days. Interference Cancellation for MIMO/OFDM Systems", IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 1. (Oct. 6, 2003), 612-616. (21) Appl. No.: 13/340,400 Yang, Lan, et al., "Combined Maximum Likelihood and Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation Grouped Detection Algorithm (22) Filed: Dec. 29, 2011 for Multistream MIMO, IEEE Eighth International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, (Aug. 30, 2004), (65) Prior Publication Data 250-254.


Open-loop control techniques, such as command input preshaping, are quite sensible to modelling errors and noise. In the paper, an analysis and a discussion about the robustness of the technique with respect to the errors than can affect estimation of the values of the system parameters is presented.


We report the direct measurement of the photolysis rate coefficients of ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, and 2-butyl nitrate to NO2 and the alkoxy radical, RONO2 + hν → RO + NO2, using a luminol chemiluminescence NO2 detector. The photolysis of primary and secondary alkyl nitrates is slow: at a temperature of 288 K, a zenith angle of 60°, and an ozone column abundance of 0.295 atm cm, jRONO2 ≈ 0.40 × 10−6 s−1 for the primary alkyl nitrates, and 0.65 × 10−6 s−1 for 2-butyl nitrate. This implies a photolytic lifetime of 15 to 30 days in the planetary boundary layer. The photolysis frequency is very temperature dependent, with an effective activation energy of 11.2 kJ mol−1 for 2-butyl nitrate and 10.1 kJ mol−1 for ethyl nitrate. Observed photolysis rate coefficients agree, within experimental uncertainty, with coefficients calculated using recently measured absorption cross sections and an assumed quantum yield of unity. The photolysis rate coefficients of ethyl, n-propyl, and 2-butyl nitrate for an overhead Sun, a temperature of 298 K, and an ozone column abundance of 0.295 atm cm are estimated to be 1.45, 1.33, and 2.54 × 10−6 s−1, respectively. Henry's law constants (H) at a temperature of ∼295 K are 1.26±0.12 M atm−1 and 0.74±0.04 M atm−1 for n-butyl and 2-butyl nitrate, respectively. At a temperature of ∼279 K, H increases to 3.94±0.59 M atm−1 for n-butyl nitrate and 2.27±0.23 M atm−1 for 2-butyl nitrate. Wet deposition is concluded to be an unimportant sink for alkyl nitrates in the absence of aqueous phase reactions.


Polymeric motors are one of the focus research points in the present due to the continuous need to obtain more performant and actualized devices. This review presents the actual trends on the polymeric motors using bibliometric networks. The paper presents a state of the articles in the introduction with the identified motor type, main objective, applications and used polymers. Analyzing the bibliometric networks, 91 main items were identified and a few of them: polymeric motor, ultrasonic motor, system, mechanism, characteristic and application. They were distributed on clusters and multiple visualization perspectives can be identified in the results section. The most important steps in building a polymeric motor are to establish the system the motor will work in, then to identify the appropriate polymer type to be compatible with the action that the motor needs to effectuate and to establish the characteristics that need to be improved comparatively with previews created motors.


A plot of land has an important meaning and role in human life. Indonesian government has legal authority in land as it is specified in Law No. 5/1960 on Basic Regulation of Agrarian Affairs. Land Certification is used to create legal certainty in land by organizing land registration and providing certificate as evidence. There many plots of land which have not been registered such as tanah ulayat (village land), especially in Sumatera Barat Province where the majority of its people is Minangkabaunese. The reserch problems are how about the process registering tanah pusako tinggi (ancestral land) by the adat (traditional) community, how about its legal consequences, and how about its obstacles. The research used juridical normative method. Primarv data were gathered by conducting interview and secondary data were obtained from library research such as from books, journals, and electronic media.
Certification of tanah pusako tinggi has the same procedure as the other land certification which is referred to the Directive of the Head of the National Land Agency No. 1/2010 on the Standard of Land Service and Regulation. However, there are some things which distinguish them from land registration in general. One of them is the right which is attached to the land is communal right. The certification causes the recognition of land rights and anything related to the control, handing out, expiration, and land acquisition as well as legal certainty on the ancestral land. Some obstacles found in the process of certification are varied, viewed from the government's few point, the internal and external factors and the people. The government has also attempted to handle the obstacles in registering tanah pusako tinggi.


The distant hybridization between dominant male sterile line of cabbage'C08-11'and radish inbred line'Q07-12'was made in this experiment.Through in vitro culture of cross-bred ovary and ovule at different developmental stages,the appropriate sampling time,culture medium and additives for the embryo rescue in distant hybridization between cabbage and radish were studied.The results were as follows:ovule culture was obviously better than ovary culture.By ovary culture only 3 hybrid seedlings were gotten and the suitable time for detaching ovary was 9 days after pollination.Adding growth regulators(6-BA,NAA),casein acids hydrolysate and activated charcoal in basic medium B5 was necessary for ovary culture.By ovule culture,29 hybrid seedlings were gotten and the appropriate time for detaching ovule was respectively 14 days after bud pollination and 16 days after florescence pollination.Whether adding growth regulator or not depended on the sampling period and culture medium for ovule culture.


The text focuses on the process by which the personal names of characters in literary texts become typified. The typification of anthroponyms belonging to salient literary character types in a given genre can be seen in the process of appellativization and the parodic imitation of such names.
The typification of personal names is illustrated with examples of the personal names of characters appearing in Czech TV series, predominantly medical dramas, detective and crime series, family sitcoms and soap operas. An analysis of these personal names revealed connections between the genre or the character type on the one hand, and the typified personal name on the other hand. This conclusion was supported by the results of a questionnaire-based survey which determined whether viewers were aware of the existence of typified character names in Czech series and revealed how the choice of a name is influenced by the existence of a character type or a common stereotype.