Recent abstractive summarization systems fail 001 to generate factual consistent – faithful – sum- 002 maries, which heavily limits their practical ap- 003 plication. Commonly, these models tend to 004 mix concepts from the source or hallucinate 005 new content, completely ignoring the source. 006 Addressing the faithfulness problem is perhaps 007 the most critical challenge for current abstrac- 008 tive summarization systems. First automatic 009 faithfulness metrics were proposed, but we ar- 010 gue that existing methods do not yet utilize 011 all "machinery" that this field has to offer 012 and introduce new approaches to assess fac- 013 tual correctness. We evaluate existing and our 014 proposed methods by correlating them with 015 human judgements and find that BERTScore 016 works well. Next, we conduct a data analy- 017 sis, which reveals common problems, ways to 018 further improve the metrics and indicates that 019 combining multiple metrics is promising. Fi- 020 nally, we exploit faithfulness metrics in pre- 021 and post-processing steps to decrease factual 022 errors made by state-of-the-art summarization 023 systems. We find that simple techniques like 024 filtering training data and re-ranking generated 025 summaries can increase the faithfulness by a 026 substantial margin. 027


College Students' tuition fee arrearage has become a widespread phenomenon in colleges and universities,which seriously affects the normal school education and development.From the perspective of economics,this paper says that "arrearage" has the external feature.It is related to the government's subvention system,the school management system,the students' credit.Thus only by improving these systems can the problem be solved.


Black ironbark trees secrete nectar during the night. Argentine ants collected 42% of the nectar before honeybees started foraging in the morning.


A double suction centrifugal fan capable of bidirectionally sucking fluid and a cooling apparatus for a computer using the same. In the centrifugal fan and the cooling apparatus, a disk is provided between blades and a hub so that fluid is sucked to both faces of the disk and then discharged toward the blades. That is, interference between sucked fluid is minimized to restrain creation of turbulence flow, thereby reducing noise and improving efficiency. Also inner ends of the blades of the centrifugal fan are arranged in an inner portion of the disk to relatively shorten the chord length of the blades, resultantly reducing tonal noise owing to BPF and thermal deformation of the blades.


The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a complex pathological symptom manifesting itselft through variety of neuropsychiatric, vegetative-vascular and metabolic-endocrine disorders that affect the quality of life of patients and reduces their working ability. The treatment of PMS starts with the selection of diets, correction of the working and rest periods and the maximum reduction of psychoemotional stress. For the purpose of pharmaceutical effetc hormonal therapies, psychotropic drugs, nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs, diuretics, plant and homeopathic drugs, vitamins are used. The most pathogenetically reasonable is hormonal therapy. The use of combined oral contraceptives enriched by folates as a way of PMS therapy has an additional effective impact on the nervous system, contributes to the stabilization of the central neuroregulatory mechanisms and reduces the expression of  emotional and affective symptoms and cognitive disorders.


INTRODUCTION
High rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) activity is proposed as a nonspecific prognostic marker for treatment response in major depressive disorder, independent of treatment modality. However, other studies report a negative association between baseline high rACC activation and treatment response. Interestingly, these contradictory findings were also found when focusing on oscillatory markers, specifically rACC-theta power. An explanation could be that rACC-theta activity dynamically changes according to number of previous treatment attempts and thus is mediated by level of treatment-resistance.

METHODS
Primarily, we analyzed differences in rACC- and frontal-theta activity in large national cross-sectional samples representing various levels of treatment-resistance and resistance to multimodal treatments in depressed patients (psychotherapy [n = 175], antidepressant medication [AD; n = 106], repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS; n = 196], and electroconvulsive therapy [ECT; n = 41]), and the respective difference between remitters and non-remitters. For exploratory purposes, we also investigated other frequency bands (delta, alpha, beta, gamma).

RESULTS
rACC-theta activity was higher (p < 0.001) in the more resistant rTMS and ECT patients relative to the less resistant psychotherapy and AD patients (psychotherapy-rTMS: d = 0.315; AD-rTMS: d = 0.320; psychotherapy-ECT: d = 1.031; AD-ECT: d = 1.034), with no difference between psychotherapy and AD patients. This association was even more pronounced after controlling for frontal-theta. Post hoc analyses also yielded effects for delta, beta, and gamma bands.

CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that by factoring in degree of treatment-resistance during interpretation of the rACC-theta biomarker, its usefulness in treatment selection and prognosis could potentially be improved substantially in future real-world practice. Future research should however also investigate specificity of the theta band.


personal weapon (10) having a barrel (11) focused on a firing axis XX 'and means (12) optronic aiming defining a viewing axis defining a viewing axis YY' of the rm (10), means control the firing of an ammunition fired by the weapon actuated by a carrier of the weapon, a weapon characterized in that it comprises means (15, 16-22,23-13,14) of statilisation the axis YY 'of sight, angular coincidence detecting means (16, 24.25 to 48.49) between the sighting axis YY' and the blasting air XX 'these means emitting a signal firing when there is coincidence between the two axes and in that the control of the firing includes means to Autoration firing (18) operable by the gun carrier and a formatting circuit Automatic fire (26) triggering the firing of the munition when the enabling means (18) has been actuated and the coincidence detecting means outputs the firing signal.


Performance related problems are a key aspect in the software development process (SDP). In particular an early integration of performance considerations inside the SDP has been recognised during last years as an effective approach to speed up the production of high quality software. In this paper we present a design process that can help in producing high reliable software with predefined performance requirements. We propose the use of a performance plug-in to the ArgoUML CASE tool which allows to insert performance indices based on the OMG Profile for schedulability, Performance and Time Specification standard (Object Management Group, UML Profile for Schedulability, Performance and Time Specification ver 1.1, 2005) for the design of the software architecture. It also permits to map an UML model toward stochastic Petri Nets, which are used as the performance specification and evaluation tool.


Abstract The mortality among Danish Standard Lives for the period 1985–87 is described on the basis of data from eight major life companies. Data has been analyzed as a whole and in two sub-groups consisting of people in the working age and of people in the retirement age, respectively. A second-order mortality is estimated as a simple modification of the evaluation basis mortality (G82).


Laser induced plasma is an important physical phenomena companied with laser keyhole welding. In this paper, the relation between weld penetration and optical signal was studied. Through many experiments, variety of optical signals were obtain when weld penetration was different. The results showed that the optical signals had better stability in full-penetration, and in partial- or non- penetration, optical signals had higher fluctuations. The aim of this study was to find a method to monitor and control weld penetration in laser welding.


On August 19, 1839, the Palace of the Institute in Paris was completely full with curious Parisians who came to hear the formal description of the new reproduction process invented by Louis Daguerre. Daguerre, already well-known for his Diorama, called the new process daguerreotype. 1 According to a contemporary, "a few days later, opticians' shops were crowded with amateurs panting for daguerreotype apparatus, and everywhere cameras were trained on buildings. Everyone wanted to record the view from his window, and he was lucky who at first trial got a silhouette of roof tops against the sky."2 The media frenzy has begun. Within five months more than thirty different descriptions of the techniques were published all around the world: Barcelona, Edinburg, Halle, Naples, Philadelphia, Saint Petersburg, Stockholm. At first, daguerreotypes of architecture and landscapes dominated the public's imagination; two years later, after various technical improvements to the process, portrait galleries were opened everywhere — and everybody rushed in to have their picture taken by a new media machine.3 In 1833 Charles Babbage started the design for a device he called the Analytical Engine. The Engine contained most of the key features of the modern digital computer. The punch cards were used to enter both data and instructions. This information was stored in the Engine's memory. A processing unit, which Babbage referred to as a "mill,"


The stability of the mold level in continuous slab casting machines is an important factor determining the final quality of flat carbon steel.The existing performant feedback control system of Slab Caster 2 in the Steel Shop of ArcelorMittal Gent will be extended with a feedforward signal using the predicted mold level.A prediction algorithm, an early warning detection system and detailed FFT analysis of the mold level variations have been designed in MATLAB-Simulink. PLC code is generated directly from the MATLAB design, and will be implemented in a PLC serving as PROFINET I-Device in the base automation of slab caster KG2.


Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) is attractive for photovoltaic devices due to its optimal bandgap at around 1.45 eV and improved thermal stability compared with methylammonium‐based perovskites. Crystallization of phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 conventionally requires high‐temperature thermal annealing at 150 °C whilst the obtained α‐FAPbI3 is metastable at room temperature. Here, aerosol‐assisted crystallization (AAC) is reported, which converts yellow δ‐FAPbI3 into black α‐FAPbI3 at only 100 °C using precursor solutions containing only lead iodide and formamidinium iodide with no chemical additives. The obtained α‐FAPbI3 exhibits remarkably enhanced stability compared to the 150 °C annealed counterparts, in combination with improvements in film crystallinity and photoluminescence yield. Using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray scattering, and density functional theory simulation, it is identified that relaxation of residual tensile strains, achieved through the lower annealing temperature and post‐crystallization crystal growth during AAC, is the key factor that facilitates the formation of phase‐stable α‐FAPbI3. This overcomes the strain‐induced lattice expansion that is known to cause the metastability of α‐FAPbI3. Accordingly, pure FAPbI3 p–i–n solar cells are reported, facilitated by the low‐temperature (≤100 °C) AAC processing, which demonstrates increases of both power conversion efficiency and operational stability compared to devices fabricated using 150 °C annealed films.


Simple Summary Chronic wasting in sheep is often related to parasitic infections, especially to infections with several species of trematodes. Trematodes, or "flukes", are endoparasites, which infect different organs of their hosts (often sheep, goats and cattle, but other grazing animals as well as carnivores and birds are also at risk of infection). The body of an adult fluke has two suckers for adhesion to the host's internal organ surface and for feeding purposes. Flukes cause harm to the animals by subsisting on host body tissues or fluids such as blood, and by initiating mechanical damage that leads to impaired vital organ functions. The development of these parasites is dependent on the occurrence of intermediate hosts during the life cycle of the fluke species. These intermediate hosts are often invertebrate species such as various snails and ants. This manuscript provides an insight into the distribution, morphology, life cycle, pathology and clinical symptoms caused by infections of liver and rumen flukes in sheep. Furthermore, we address the diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures, as well as the current knowledge about genomic resources. Abstract Grazing sheep and goats are constantly exposed to helminth infections in many parts of the world, including several trematode species that causes a range of clinical diseases. The clinical picture of flukes is dependent upon the organs in which they develop and the tissues they damage within the respective organs. Accordingly, infections with the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which, as juvenile worm migrates through the liver parenchyma for several weeks, may be associated with hepatic disorders such as impairment of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, followed by chronic wasting. In contrast, the lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which does not exhibit tissue migration and thus does not lead to major tissue damage and bleeding, also does not lead to significant clinical symptoms. Rumen flukes such as Cotylophoron daubneyi cause catarrhal inflammation during their migration through the intestinal and abomasal epithelium during its juvenile stages. Depending on the infection intensity this may result in a range of clinical symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence or emaciation. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on flukes particularly concerning the clinical relevance of the most important fluke species in sheep.


This document proposes a Quality of Service (QoS) policy to apply
Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model for Deterministic Networking
(DetNet) and defines a DetNet DiffServ mechanism including DetNet IP
and MPLS encapsulation.


Professor Donohue has given us a full-throated denunciation of the entire legal framework regulating the government's collection of data about American citizens and permanent residents, whom we call "United States Persons." 1 She contends that in the wake of the digital revolution, current law "is no longer sufficient to guard our rights" – she's right about that – and that we have actually returned to the untrammeled issuance of general warrants that characterized the eighteenth century British practice that our nation's Founders rebelled against. She proposes a thorough revision of the laws governing the collection of foreign electronic intelligence within the United States and abroad, and she advocates severe limitations on the collection and access to digital information of any sort. I will address the merits of her arguments – but first a threshold question: Is this really a book about the future of foreign intelligence? From the half-century leading to the end of the Cold War, the nearly exclusive control by nation-states over the tools of spy craft seemed like a natural monopoly. The complexity of modern cryptography from the 1930s onward put high-end encryption beyond the capability of all but a few intelligence services. 3 Most forms of electronic intelligence gathering – advanced listening devices, sophisticated radars and antennae, and measurement of weaponry signatures, for example – were also developed by governments and were unavailable to most nations. Free-lance and commercial human spying never went away, but they became the exception after Europe was rigidly divided into East-West blocs, and as border controls, which hardly existed before World War I, 4


"Chemmeen" is the story of the fisherman's community. Natural forces are grimly real enemies or friends. It is far from a city view of life. The elements can destroy a person and his family; they can also make it possible to live… live for another year, that is, consequently in the tiny fishing communities it is the stern goddess Katalamma, who orders the faith of the people. She lives at the faith of the people. She lives at the bottom of the sea and the way to her abode is made terrible by whirlpools and treacherous currents. Ruthlessly she punishes the wicked, dragging them down to her terrible realm and sending sea monsters and serpents to the beach as a warning of the wrath. The men at sea must be brave and moral. The women on shore must be pure and chaste to guarantee the safety of their men on Katalamma's risky waters.


pneumonia: A goal worth pursuing? P NEU MO NIA IS A COM MON DIS EASE, AND IDEN TI FI CA TION OF re spon si ble patho gens should lead to a re duc tion of still un ac cepta bly high mor tal ity and mor bid ity rates. How ever, the ex tent of di ag nos tic ef forts should be tai lored to the se ver ity of ill ness. In view of the high in ci dence of com mu nity ac quired pneu mo nia (CAP) and its at ten dant mor bid ity and mor tal ity (1 to 5% in outpatients and 25% in inpatients), the im por tance of a cor rect etio logi cal di ag no sis and ap pro pri ate an ti mi cro bial ther apy be comes evi dent (1). Rapid in ves ti ga tions, with high posi tive and nega tive pre dic tive val ues, are nec es sary (2). De spite ex ten sive, costly in ves ti ga tion in care fully per formed pro spec tive stud ies, an etio logi cal di ag no sis is made in only 50% of cases (3). The ne ces sity of ex haus tive at tempts to di ag nose CAP has been ques tioned (1). Clini cal acu men has long been touted as criti cal to mak ing a bac te rio logi cal di ag no sis of pneu mo nia, es pe cially in ma jor texts (4,5). Fang et al (6), ana lyz ing 22 com mon symp toms, signs and labo ra tory find ings in pneu mo nia, did not find any fea tures that helped dis tin guish among the five most com mon patho gens (Strep to coc cus pneu mo niae, Hae mo phi lus in flu en zae, Le gionella spe cies, Chla my dia pneu mo niae or Gramnegative rods). The socalled 'atyp ical' pres en ta tion of pneu mo nia (non pro duc tive cough, vi ral pro drome, lack of con soli da tion) was not unique to the 'atyp ical' patho gens. The over lap of clini cal pres en ta tion of these patho gens pre cluded pre cise rec om men da tions for spe cific an ti mi cro bial ther apy. The mani fes ta tions of pneu mo nia are more a re flec tion of the host re sponse than of the in cit ing mi cro or gan ism. Wood head et al (2) found that the re sults of rou tine tests (such as spu tum Gram stain and cul ture, blood cul tures and se rol ogy) changed man age ment in only 8% of pa tients. Since 30% of pa tients can not pro duce spu tum, an other 30% have pre vi ously been treated with an ti bi ot ics and 25% have or gan isms that are not eas ily cul tured, the use of spu tum Gram stain and cul ture as di ag nos tic tools is lim ited (7). Un der ideal cir cum stances, a sen si tiv ity of 62% and a speci fic ity of 85% have been re ported; how ever, un der less than ideal cir cum stances (the 'real world'), these val ues can be as low as 50% and 12%, re spec tively (8). Spu tum cul tures are po ten tially mis lead ing in that or gan isms iso lated may be patho gens or colo niz ers (3). In proven pneu mo coc cal pneu mo nia, spu tum cul tures have a 45% false nega tive re sult (9). How ever, spu tum Gram stain and cul ture can di ag nose or gan isms not nor mally pres ent in the res pi ra tory tract, such as My co bac te rium tu ber cu lo sis, Pneu mo cys tis car inii and histo plasma, and can pos si bly iden tify re sis tant or gan isms (1). Blood cul tures are posi tive in only 7 to 25% of pneu mo nias, most com monly in those of pneu mo coc cal ori gin (7,10,11). Rou tine blood tests (white blood cell count, elec tro lytes, liver and re nal func tion tests) pro vide im por tant prog nos tic in for ma tion but are not help ful in a di ag nos tic sense (1). The util ity of chest roent ge no grams has also been dis ap point ing (12). No dis tinc tive roent ge no graphic pat tern can con sis tently dis tin guish among pneu mo coc cal, le gionella, chla my dial and myco plas mal pneu mo nias. Rather than iden ti fy ing a causa tive or gan ism, chest roent ge no grams should be used to as sess the se ver ity of dis ease and com pli ca tions such as ab scesses, ob struc tion, ef fu sions, etc (1). Se ro logi cal an ti body tests were ini tially viewed as a pana cea to the cli ni ci an's di ag nos tic woes. On the con trary, they are of lim ited avail abil ity, costly, have low yield (25%) and, be cause of proc ess ing de lay, can not af fect pa tient treat ment in the criti cal early pe riod (3). Their use should be lim ited to spe cial situa tions, such as epi de mi ol ogi cal sur veys of pneu mo nia. For pneu mo coc cal in fec tion, mi cro bial an ti gens, such as pneu mo coc cal C poly sac cha ride and cap su lar poly sac cha ride, can be found in spu tum, se rum and urine (10). How ever, these tests are ex pen sive, have vary ing sen si tivi ties and speci fici ties ac cord ing to the source ex am ined and to the di ag nos tic mo dal ity used (ELISA or coun ter cur rent im mu noe lec tro pho re sis, for ex am ple), and re sults are not im me di ately avail able. Fur ther more, se rum and urine an ti gen posi tiv ity per sists up to six months af ter an in fec tion, fur ther low er ing its speci fic ity. Hence, these in ves ti ga tions have not been widely ac cepted. In va sive pro ce dures, such as tran stra cheal as pi ra tion, pro tected brush, pro tected bron choal veo lar lavage (BAL), nee dle lung as pi ra tion and open bi opsy are not in di cated in CAP un less the pa tient is se verely ill, be cause these pro ce dures rarely aid rapid di ag no sis and ex pose the pa tient to un nec es sary risk (1). EDI TO RIAL


This short divertissement touches lightly on the vagaries of vernacular names for culinary and other crustaceans, gives a thumbnail sketch of the distribution of the common and less well-known freshwater


A method comprising: Depositing a metal (114) over a patterned layer of a semiconductor device (100) by applying an electrolyte solution (117) and performing an electroless wet chemical deposition process; and Generating an electric field externally generated in the electrolyte solution (117), while the electrolyte solution (117) is applied to further deposit the metal (114) in-situ; and wherein an electric current flow in the electrolyte solution (117) is conditionally controlled by the electric field generated in such a way that first a coexistence of an electroless and a Elektroplattierungsphase is established, and subsequently a pure Elektroplattierungsphase is established.


"Comparative Epistemology" was first proposed by Ludwick Fleck in the 1930´s; some decades later the "new philosophy of science" recovered it and developed its implications for epistemological analysis of the scientific change. In contrast with the dogmatic view about truth, evidence, proof, objectivity and rationality, Fleck introduced an original idea on "thought styles" whose existence would underlie every belief socially and historically. In this paper I attempt to Christiansen, M Revista Electronica Nova Scientia, No 2 Vol. 1 (1), 2009. ISSN 2007 - 0705. pp: 117 - 129 - 119 - explore the potential of Fleck´s approach when it is applied to the historiography of the psychology, particularly to the contemporary transition from the science of character ("Ethology") to the science of personality. Such a case-study follows the research line of previous writings I have done about Nineteenth Century mental philosophy in England. In my opinion, this kind of work shows adequately the weaknesses of accumulationist and whiggish orthodox historiography of psychology, which has naively understood that transformation in terms of a mere "universal epistemic progress". Instead, a non-prescriptivist historiographic model focuses on how a specific theoretical view has been born, accepted, validated and ultimately naturalized.


The kinetic equation of bromination reaction of formic acid was investigated by means of potentiometric methods. The kinetic constants, reaction orders and the energy of activation were determined.


A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), c.2195C>T was also observed in this patient which on the Exome Variant Server has a minor allele frequency of 1.36% in the American Caucasian population. The pathogenic association of this SNP with TTP is less clear. This SNP in the thrombospondin type-1 domain predicted to result in the amino acid change, p.Ala732Val, has been described in association with missense mutations in a TTP patient. It has been shown to have minor influence, in an in vitro model, on ADAMTS13 secretion and proteolytic activity. The effect of this SNP, mooted as a negative modifier of well-defined pathogenic mutations, has not been tested with either of the missense variants identified in our patient. In a healthy Japanese cohort, some SNPs have been shown to be associated with reduced levels and/or VWF-catalytic protease activity indicating that SNPs may play a role in pathogenesis of TTP. To date about 76 mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene, the majority being missense, have been described. Compound heterozygote mutations causing adult onset TTP was first described in relapsing TTP in a 63-year-old in 2006. In a recent report from a cohort of 17 congenital TTP patients from the UK, there appeared to be genotype-phenotype correlations based on the genetic defect detected. One patient reported in this cohort, who carried a compound heterozygote mutation, also presented with pregnancy associated TTP. Thus, compound heterozygote mutations appear to increase the likelihood for recurrence and may be more likely to occur in association with pregnancy related late onset TTP. The late onset, association with pregnancy, possible coexisting autoimmune disease, atypical clinical presentation and lack of availability of serological as well as genetic tests for TTPmade the recognition of the congenital form a challenge until recently, when testing became more widely available. Our patient is a unique late onset congenital TTP, being described in the setting of coexistent sero-negative autoimmune arthritis, making the diagnosis of congenital TTP difficult. The underlying genetic lesion was a compound heterozygote for two pathogenic missense mutations with possible additive pathogenicity from a SNP. This patient's immunosuppression was ceased after the work-up showed no ADAMTS13 antibodies and she has been maintained on plasma replacement, without evidence of relapse, for over 7 years. This demonstrates that the recognition of (or lack of) autoantibodies and mutations that are implicated in late onset TTP, even in those with a history of autoimmune disease, impacts the choice of appropriate long-term management strategies for patients with TTP. Expensive immunosuppression and its complications can potentially be avoided. The type and number of genetic defects as well as associated polymorphisms indeed explain some of the clinical heterogeneity observed in these patients. The recent availability of timely serological and genetic testing in specialised referral centres in the Asia-Pacific region makes individualised treatment decisions for TTP, based on identification of specific deficiencies, antibodies or mutations, a possibility in today's diagnostic era.


Due to the increasing competition of globalization and fast technological improvements, world markets demand companies to have quality and professional human resources. This can only be achieved by employing potentially adequate personnel. This research adopts the fuzzy TOPSIS as the analytical tool that determines the weights of each criterion. Fuzzy theory provides a proper tool to encounter with uncertainties and complex environment. The purpose of this paper is to use the fuzzy TOPSIS method based on fuzzy sets in solving personnel selection problem. The result obtained by Fuzzy TOPSIS show that the second person (P 2 ) is the best person that should be employed.


dpseudomembranous colitis (PMC),and whiletherapy isusually successful, relapse ofPMC is common (10, 16,17,23), withratesof11to50%previously reported (5,9,22,25). Browneetal.(6)andBartlett etal.(4, 5)haveshownthatdaily administration ofvancomycin to hamsters protects themfromclindamycin-induced death; however, oncetreatment isstopped, theysuccumb tocecitis caused byovergrowth oftoxigenic C.difficile. We modified this procedure toobtain areproducible animal modelofthe relapse ofPMC that occursinhumansafter cessation of vancomycin treatment. Thismodelwas usedtostudythe effect ofSaccharomyces boulardii, a nonpathogenic yeast whichhadpreviously beenshowntodecrease C.difficileassociated cecitis anddeath (13, 19). Wehypothesized that it coulddecrease therateofPMC relapse after cessation of vancomycin treatment. Hamsters were given a single, potentially lethal oral dose ofclindamycin (10mg/kg), after whichthey were protected fromcecitis bya vancomycin solution (0.35 mg/ml) asthe sourceofdrinking waterfor10days. Ofthe18animals given only water, 13succumbed tocecitis within 6daysofthedose ofclindamycin; there were no deaths among thevancomycin-treated animals (data notshown). Itwas foundthatthe development ofhighcounts(>106) ofC.difficile after vancomycin treatment was variable. Therefore, a toxigenic strain ofC.difficile froma moribund, unprotected hamster was isolated, andawashed-cell suspension (-103 CFU)was usedtoorally inoculate all animals every48hafter stopping vancomycin treatment. Attheendofthe10-day vancomycin treatment, some animals were given a 5%suspension (5x 108CFU/ml) ofS.boulardii (madefresh daily) asa sourceof drinking water(19), while theothers received onlywater. Atdesignated times(Table 1),groupsofanimals were sacrificed, andthececal contents were analyzed forC. difficile, toxin B,andlatex agglutination test(LAT)positivity. Threeexperiments were performed. C.difficile counts weredetermined byserial dilution ofhamster cecal material inprereduced supplemental peptonebroth(Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Rutherford, N.J.)and anaerobic growth ofdiluted samples on Difficile agarplates (Prepared MediaLaboratories, Tualatin, Oreg.). Thecharacteristic C.difficile colonies were counted after 48h of incubation. Representative colonies were confirmed as C. difficile bythegaschromatographic procedure ofAllen etal. (1). LATswere donebyusing theCulturette rapid latex


Poems of Various forms in Song Dynasty include cento,metaphor,palindrome,word embedding,names of herbs,names of melody,couplet,footlog poem.etc.The number of poems of various forms was not very large,but they were popular at that time.The main reasons for the existence and popularity of these poems in Song Dynasty are poets' seeking entertaining function of poems and the idea of composing poetry with scholarship.


ABSTRACT Objective Determine whether the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measured on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) are associated with mortality in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with invasive mechanical ventilation. Design Cohort study, retrospective, observational. A single center. Place ICU of a second-level care hospital. Patients Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia confirmed with IMV since admission to the ICU. Interventions none. Results A total of 56 patients with severe pneumonia, confirmed with SARS-CoV-2, all with IMV. The group with HbA1c <6.5% included 32 (57.14%) patients and the group with HbA1c ≥6.5% included 24 (42.86%) patients and the mortality rate in ICU was 43.8% and 70.8%, respectively, with p = 0.04. Predictors of mortality at 28 days in ICU were DHL >500 U/L, OR 3.65 (95% CI 1.18–11.29), HbA1c ≥6.5%, OR 3.12 (95% CI 1.01–9.6), SAH, OR 3.12 (95% CI 1.01–9.5), use of vasopressor, OR 0.2 (95% CI 0.05–0.73), diabetes was not statistically significant. Conclusion The 28-day probability of survival in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with IMV in the ICU is lower when the HbA1c level is ≥6.5% on admission.


: In order to compensate the changed time-delay , which is the well-known Smith estimate facilities' shortcoming. In this article the adapting compensation is used to make the model compensating time-delay follow the tracks of the time-delay change, thus a new kind of control algorithm is brought forward. As the emulation result shows, the modified scheme can distinctively improve the precision of the control system.


The relationship between deviation from parental political viewpoints and parent-child relationships is explored in a sample of 1,440 students in sixteen colleges and universities across the United States. Males are more likely to deviate from the political positions of their than females. A significant association is not found between a history of defiance of parents and political rebellion, suggesting that adolescent rebellion in American is expressed primarily in non-political ways. Rebellion is associated, at least for female students, with discipline in the home that is perceived as either strict or permissive, whereas those who report average discipline are less likely to rebel politically. Perceived extremes of parental discipline (strict or permissive) are associated for both males and females with lack of closeness between parent and child, which, in turn, is associated with political rebellion. This is particularly true when the student perceives his parent as being interested in politics. Political rebellion, then, appears most likely to occur when parent and child are emotionally estranged, when the child believes parental discipline is nontypical, and when the parent is interested in politics.


This is a thesis about the lives and roles of women who were Tasmanian Bush Nurses, who
engaged in a facet of nursing that originated in 1910 and eventually was renamed District
Nursing in 1957. The Bush Nursing Service provided nursing care to the populations of
rural townships, the surrounding countryside and bush in a period of Tasmanian history
when road transport and communications necessitated the nurse to operate with little dayto-day supervision and support. From a variety of public and private sources and in-depth
interviews this thesis explores the twin themes of female professional isolation and
independence. It demonstrates the dynamic nature of lived experience as the society in
which the nurse lived and worked changed.


SYNOPSIS. Properties of partially purified malate synthase from Euglena gracilis were characterized. The pH optimum is 7.0 and the temperature optimum about 30 C; the activation energy is 12,000 calories. A Km of 4 × 10−5 M was found for both reactants, glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA. The reaction is partially inhibited by a number of normal metabolites, suggesting allosteric control; glycolate is severely inhibitory. The enzyme is not active in cells grown with phototrophic nutrition, but is found in all heterotrophic cells grown on a wide range of carbon sources; the specific activity is greatly dependent on carbon source. High rates of oxygen consumption are usually, but not always, correlated with high enzyme levels.


Information storage device has recently experienced significant improvement, especially for the aspects of
high capacity and fast transfer rate. Several kinds of storage devices are studied and one of most hopeful
storage devices is a storage device using Near Field Recording(NFR). In this study, we proposed the air
bearing slider for NFR by using SA (Simulated Annealing) algorithm. The objective of optimization is to
minimize the deviation in flying height from a target value 100nm between the lens surface and the recording
media. Also, In the five shape variable problem, the optimum shape is determined by comparison with
original shape, and achieved a 40% improvement in perfermance.


In the era of information explosion, recommender systems are widely studied and applied to explore users' preferences. Reviews often reflect users' real thoughts and play an important role in modeling user preferences. However, most existing review-based recommendation methods assign the same weight to words with different levels of importance, which degrades the recommendation performance. To address these problems, we propose a novel model that uses an adjusted cosine similarity to compute the preference matrix of user, then uses an incentive compression network to weight the preference matrix to focus on important local interaction features and achieve user rating prediction of items based on that interaction feature. The experimental results show that our model outperforms previous mainstream recommendation models.


Undaria pinnatifida, called wakame in Japanese, is one of the most popular seaweed in Japan, Korea, and China. It is the most important cultivated seaweed in Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures in Japan. In recent years, the wakame yield has been decreasing because of changing environment, unimproved productivity, and damage due to Tsunami. For the purpose of yield restoration and sustainable growth market of U. pinnatifida, the development of new cultivars with properties such as high yield or high environmental adaptability is necessary. We used heavy-ion-beam irradiation to induce mutagenesis in U. pinnatifida for the production of new cultivars. However, since not enough studies have been conducted in the mutagenesis of marine algae, it is important to produce efficient mutation breeding in U. pinnatifida to assess the relationship between survival rate after irradiation and mutation frequency. In this study, we irradiated U. pinnatifida sporophytes with C-ion and Ar-ion beam and analyzed the effects on sporophyte survival and growth in the M1 generation toward successful mutant screening in M2 generation. Sporophytes of U. pinnatifida were obtained after fertilizing the male and female gametes. The sporophytes of 1-mm length were transferred into 15-ml plastic tubes for C-ion irradiation and hybribags for Ar-ion irradiation, both containing sterilized seawater, and were irradiated at dose ranges of 0–25 Gy (C ions) or 0–10 Gy (Ar ions). Each tube or hybribag contained 50 sporophytes. After the irradiation, the sporophytes were cultivated in 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 1/4 PESI medium, 2) with aeration, at 15°C, photoperiod of 12 h/12 h (light/dark), and a light intensity of 90 μmol photons m s. The survival rate was measured after 3 weeks of culture. The plants surviving and reaching 20-mm with in the culture period were further cultivated in the Rotating and Flowing Land Tank System (PAT.P) at 10°C, photoperiod of 12 h/12 h (light / dark), and a light intensity of 180 μmol photons m s for 8 weeks. The total length and fresh weights of all the sporophytes were measured after blotting them dry. In the flask cultivation after irradiation, dead sporophytes were observed. Almost all the dead sporophytes had formed within 1 week of cultivation and had wrinkled leaves (data not shown). The survival rates after 3 weeks of cultivation were decreased with increasing irradiation dose (Fig. 1). The survival rates in sporophytes irradiated using C-ion beam in sporophytes irradiated using C-ion beam were almost similar to those in female gametophytes derived from sporophylls irradiated using C-ion beam.  *1 Riken Food Co.,Ltd *2 Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo *3 RIKEN Innovation Center *4 RIKEN Nishina Center The surviving sporophytes of 20-mm length were transferred to the land tanks. The total length and individual weight differed between the doses and ion species. The sporophytes irradiated with 2 Gy of C-ion beam were the largest: the maximum length and weight were 75 cm and 45.6 g, respectively. These values were approximately two times higher than those for the largest sporophytes in the control. The sporophytes irradiated with 25 Gy of C-ion and 2.5–10 Gy of Ar-ion remained withered for up to 2 weeks after culturing in the tanks. The sporophytes irradiated with 2-12.5 Gy of C-ion and 1 Gy of Ar-ion formed sporophylls after cultivation for 2 months. Currently, we have cultured and performed mutant screening of the sporophytes in the M2 generation. We will analyze the next generation of the large sporophytes obtained after C-ion irradiation at 2 Gy to confirm whether the phenotype is inheritable.


A study entitled synthesis of hydroxyapatite from natural limestone with variations mechanochemical milling time. The purpose of this research was to produce hydroxyapatite and to determine the effect of milling time on the purity, phases, and crystallite size on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite from limestone with mechanochemical method. The principle of this method is that the reaction between solids with the help of mechanical energy. Limestone that has been mashed mixed with powdered KH2PO4, mechanochemical process is then performed with the variation of time 0, 70, 80, 90, and 100 minutes. The resulting products were analyzed with FTIR and XRD and calculated by Scherrer equation to determine the crystallite size. Based on XRD and FTIR result, dominant types of calcium phosphate produced in this research were hydroxyapatite (HA) and tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP). Crystallite size of HA was formed on the time variation of 70, 80, 90, and 100 minutes ie 40.66 nm, 39.03 nm, 36.84 nm, and 39.78 nm.


We calculate chiral susceptibilities in ($2+1$)-flavor QCD for different masses of the light quarks using the functional renormalization group (fRG) approach to first principles QCD. We follow the evolution of the chiral susceptibilities with decreasing masses as obtained from both the light-quark and the reduced quark condensate. The latter compares very well with recent results from the HotQCD Collaboration for pion masses ${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. For smaller pion masses, fRG and lattice results are still consistent. In particular, the estimates for the chiral critical temperature are in very good agreement. We close by discussing different extrapolations to the chiral limit.


Low‐temperature thermochronology provides information on the timing of rifting and denudation of passive margins, and the Red Sea with its well‐exposed, young rift margins is a suitable setting for its application. Here we present new apatite fission‐track (AFT) data from Sudan northern hinterland and Red Sea coastal areas. From the former region we obtained ages between 270 ± 2 Ma ad 253 ± 53 Ma, and from the coastal belt between 83 ± 8 Ma and 39 ± 7 Ma. These data prompted a review and comparison with low‐temperature thermochronological data from the whole Nubian Red Sea Margin, and a discussion on their implication in assessing the margin evolutionary style. AFT data are available for Egypt and Eritrea as well as apatite (U‐Th)/He (AHe) ages for two transects transversal to the margin in Eritrea. Both in Egypt and Eritrea AFT data record a cooling event at about 20–25 Ma (Early Miocene) and an earlier, more local, cooling event in Egypt at about 34 Ma (Early Oligocene). The thermal modeling of the Sudan samples provides an indication of a rapid cooling in Miocene times, but does not support nor rules out an Early Oligocene cooling phase. The re‐assessment of new and existing thermochronological data within the known geological framework of the Nubian and conjugate Arabian margins favours the hypothesis that early rifting stages were affecting the whole Gulf of Suez–Red Sea–Gulf of Aden system since the Oligocene. These precocious, more attenuated, phases were followed by major extension in Miocene times.


Low-resistivity and excellent-adhesion Cu(Ti) alloy films were prepared on glass substrates. Cu(0.3∼4 at%Ti) alloy films were deposited on the substrates, and subsequently annealed in vacuum at 400°C for 3 h. Resistivity of the annealed Cu(Ti) alloy films was significantly reduced to about 2.8 μΩcm. Tensile strength of the Cu(Ti)/glass interface increased to about 60 MPa after annealing. The low resistivity and excellent adhesion resulted from Ti segregation at the film surface and the Cu(Ti)/glass interface. The segregated Ti atoms reacted with atmospheric oxygen at the surface and with oxygen in glass and/or from atmosphere at the interface, and formed a TiO 2 layer at the surface and a TiO 2 layer with a small amount of Ti 2 O 3 and TiO at the interface. The layers were non-crystalline. Columnar grains in the alloy films were seen to enhance Ti segregation and subsequent Cu grain growth. The Cu grain growth also contributed to low resistivity of Cu(Ti) alloy films.


Sandia developed high temperature logging instruments for use in the Salton Sea Scientific Drilling Project. These tools - Kuster mechanical tools for measuring temperature, pressure, and flow; a temperature and pressure tool built around an electronic memory; and a timing and control unit to power a downhole sampler - were all designed for slickline operation to temperatures up to 400/sup 0/C. The drilling of the scientific well and the application of these tools in it were successful. The technology advances made in the development of these tools have been transferred to industry. These advances should prove valuable in future scientific and commercial applications.


This paper proposes a statistical method for analysis jamming of the communication receiver based upon behavioural-level simulation techniques. Detailed calculation procedure is presented to describe radio frequency noise jamming of phase modulation system. The envelope statistics of a disturbance from the receiver is described and the input power is presented when determining its impact on a phase modulation communication system. Therefore the signal-jamming ratio will be calculated. This method is validated by employing the behavioural modelling in Advanced Design System (ADS) and MATLAB.


With good punch forming property,such as low yield point,high work hardening rate and continuous yielding behaviour,DP steel has being the main steel used in the automobiles of light quality and more security in the future.This article introduced the alloying property,mechanical property,production technology and status of development of high property DP steel,and revealed the DP steel's wide applications in the automotive industry,gave some effective ways about the development of high property DP steel in our country.


At the basis of experiment of the distributing of the grey scales value of the image of medicine slice,the best method based on threshold to get the devided image is made sure,and the auto-count system of infusing medicine slice is developed.The experiment proves that the method not only count as a accurate result,but the speed is also quick.The counting result is free from the influence of the medicine slice size.It is a valid method to realize the counting of medicine slice.


Tuberculosis is the most important epydemiological and physician-social problem. At present HIV-infection has the essential influence on its spreading. Sharply increased the morbidity, but death-rate for tuberculosis combined with HIV-infection reaches 90%. Established tense epydemiological situation with tuberculosis and tuberculosis combined with HIV-infection dictates need of the improvement of organizations of the fight with tuberculosis.


The Ashmore Platform is situated to the north of the Browse Basin, on the North West Shelf, off the coast of Western Australia. Apatite fission track analysis (AFTA™), vitrinite reflectance and fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals (FAMM) measurements were undertaken on drill cuttings material recovered from the Late Triassic sequence of the oil exploration well, Ashmore Reef-1. Vitrinite reflectance measurements indicate that the Late Triassic sequence is currently experiencing maximum temperature. However, reflectance methods were suspected of being unreliable due to suppression of the reflectance, a common problem when dealing with marine influenced sediments. The FAMM technique was used to provide an alternative maturity estimate using the same specimens. The FAMM results suggested that vitrinite reflectance is suppressed and that the true maturity is higher than conventional reflectance measurements predict. The results also suggest that some of the cuttings material from the sampled level is contaminated by material from higher in the Late Triassic sequence. Both the AFTA™ and FAMM data show bi-modal populations from some depths. It was possible to distinguish between the two populations and estimate the maturity of the caved material. FAMM and AFTA™ results together imply that maximum palaeotemperature was reached in the Mid-Cretaceous, corresponding to a major unconformity in the well. The FAMM results do not agree with published maturity estimates based on conodont alteration indices (CAI), which suggest that temperatures have only recently and rapidly reached current levels. The AFTA™ results can also be interpreted to support this model. Furthermore, sonic velocity data in Miocene limestone suggests post-Miocene erosion, which would be expected to be associated with a temperature drop.


A Beam Position Monitor (BPM) is potentially useful to measure the position and phase of the beam in air in a non-destructive way. An air-gap BPM in experiments, such as beam-induced radioactive waste management and dynamic radiography applications, where a so-called air gap is needed, can be utilized to measure the beam position and phase. In this study, a stripline BPM was used in the air-gap of an 800 MeV proton beam transport line. The downstream end of the primary beamline exit window was made of a thin aluminum plate and allowed the beam to travel 1.2 m in ambient air before re-entering into a vacuum drift section. Such a configuration was arranged to examine the BPM effectiveness in atmospheric temperature and pressure where ionization of air occurs. In this study, a high energy (800 MeV), high current (0.6 A beam peak current/pulse) proton beam of 5 mm radius was transported in the air. The beam position relative to the axis was measured by detecting the signature of the beam in a nanosecond scale. This nanosecond scale detection ability was useful to identify other signals such as plasma effects. The BPM signals were processed at a frequency of 201 MHz; thus, one gets a stronger response in a stripline pattern as it was used in this study instead of a dot-type BPM. Experimental data show that the BPM works well in air, but ionization of air or plasma formation could not be measured over the BPM signal. The design, construction, and performance of a BPM in air environment are presented.


This paper describes three large tunnelled submarine ocean outfalls, planned to safely discharge primary effluent from about two-thirds of the regional population of Sydney, Australia into deep ocean water. Environmental and investigation aspects are dealt with briefly. Interesting aspects of design and construction planning are described. The design includes the handling of special hydraulic problems such as dilution and salt water removal. The construction planning foreshadows the extensive use of tunnelling machines including roadheaders and a full face tunnel boring machine. The offshore engineering describes the design and testing of innovative G R P risers and diffusers, and their intended installation by a semi–submersible drill ship using standard oil field techniques. The cost estimate and program is included.


Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition with high morbidity and cost to health services due to a high number of exacerbations necessitating multiple and prolonged hospitalizations. The length of hospital stays and hospital readmission rate is related to patient age, sex, disease severity, current smoking status, comorbidities, dyspnea grade, carbon dioxide partial pressures, use of mechanical ventilation, previous exacerbation, long-term oxygen therapy, and inpatient diuretics use. The purpose of the study was to identify the differential effects of patient and treatment-related factors on the length of hospital stay and hospital readmission for COPD exacerbation-related admissions. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 151 patients with acute exacerbation of COPD admitted at Civil Service Hospital, Kathmandu from August 2021 to March 2022. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee, Civil Service Hospital (Reference no. 18/ 2022). A convenience sampling method was followed. Data regarding different clinical factors were collected in a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed through Microsoft Excel 365 and SPSS version 22.0 using a binary regression model. Results: Comorbidities, current smoking, dyspnea grade mMRC IV, mechanical ventilation, and long-term oxygen therapy were significantly associated with prolonged hospital stays for COPD exacerbation-related admissions. The corresponding odd ratio is (OR 3.4, 95% CI: 1.24–9.29); (OR 21.4, 95% CI: 6.17–74.57); (OR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.20–5.45); (OR 5.6, 95% CI: 1.20–26.35); (OR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.02–5.90), respectively. Conclusions: The effect of clinical factors such as comorbidities status, current smoking habits, higher grade of mMRC dyspnea scale, mechanical ventilation, and long-term oxygen therapy needed to be considered to optimize care for COPD patients needing hospital admissions and hence decrement in hospital costs.


Silicone, previously thought to be a biologically inert and harmless material, has now been reported to elicit antibody response and to be responsible for adjuvant disease in humans. The present study was designed to evaluate the immune function of forty individuals who had undergone silicone breast augmentation for a period of longer than ten years and who were compared with 40 sex and age-matched controls. The following immunological functions were studied: lymphocyte subset analysis, lymphocyte mitogenic response, NK cytotoxic activity and markers for autoimmunity such as ANA, rheumatoid factor immune complexes such as smooth muscle, myelin, and thyroid, and tissue antibodies. Results of lymphocyte subpopulation analysis showed significantly elevated T helper/suppressor ratio in 60% and significantly decreased T helper/suppressor ratio in 7.5% of the silicone implant group, while the control group showed increased helper/suppressor ratio only in 10% of tested individuals and no significant decrease in the T helper/suppressor ratio. There was 20% inhibition in T cell mitogenic responses in the silicone implant group, which is significant when compared to the controls. When NK cytotoxic activity was compared between the two groups, significant inhibition in the ability of lymphocytes to kill tumor target cells was observed in the silicone implant group. This inability of target cell lysis was attributed to the demonstrated lack of granularity of NK cells from the silicone implant group. There was significant increase in: immune complexes, anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-thyroid antibodies, anti-striated muscle cell antibody, and anti-myelin basic protein antibodies. These immunological abnormalities in individuals who underwent silicone breast augmentation indicate a mechanism of tissue injury to these patients, causing autoimmune diseases or syndromes. Since autoimmunity in some other conditions is associated with abnormalities in the HLA serotyping system, and since some collagen vascular diseases have been associated with a higher incidence of the HLA serotyping system, it is recommended that HLA studies be included in future investigations of immune-mediated abnormalities associated with silicone breast augmentation. Our findings here show definite abnormalities of the T helper/suppressor ratio, increased autoimmunity, as well as increased production of immune complexes. Silicone implants have been used in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery more than 30 years (Brown et al., 1960). The gel used in the implant is produced from silicone, reduced to form silicone, which is then reacted with methyl chloride and polymerized to form stable polydimethylsiloxane (Brown et al., 1960). There have been a number of reports describing the occurrence of connective tissue disease in patients after the implantation of silicone. This includes scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome which became clinically apparent 2–21 years after implantation of silicone (Yoshida, 1973; Van Nunen et al., 1983; Fack et al., 1984; Okano et al., 1984; Sergott et al., 1986; Endo et al., 1987; Spiera, 1988; Varga et al., 1989; Varga and Jimenez, 1990; Silverstein, 1992). Routine laboratory tests showed normal findings for red and white blood cell counts, platelets, liver and renal functions, urine analysis, thyroid function tests, serum enzymes, and immunoglobulins (Kaiser et al., 1990). Immunopathological findings were reported for complement cascade, rheumatoid factor immune complexes, and anti-nuclear antibody (Kaiser et al., 1990). After removal of the silicone implants, the clinical symptoms improved along with improvement in laboratory parameters (Kaiser et al., 1990). Despite these reported signs and symptoms of connective tissue disease (Yoshida, 1973; Van Nunen et al., 1983; Fack et al., 1984; Okano et al., 1984; Sergott et al., 1986; Endo et al., 1987; Spiera, 1988; Varga et al., 1989; Kaiser et al., 1990; Varga and Jimenez, 1990; Silverstein, 1992), and reported higher percentage of breast cancer in patients with silicone breast implants (Silverstein, 1992), immune functional studies were not reported in these patients. In this study, we examined the immune function in women with clinical symptoms following silicone breast implants.


The given article looks at the possible interpretations of the notion of conflict and adjacent notions within linguistic conflictology. Systematization of the notions within the given sphere of linguistic analysis seems relevant for the future research, wherein conflict is interpreted as the motive force of theatrical drama. Examination of conflict appears most perspective within the framework of the theory of systems using synergetic approach: thus, conflict can be regarded as a complex self-regulating system with its own unique dynamics of development.


A simple proof of a theorem unifying Bolzano's Theorem [8], the Intermediate Value Theorem, Rouché's Theorem [3] and its extensions to differentiable maps to R [2, 6, 9] is obtained. This unifying theorem in particular shows that in Professor Baker's [1] examples where the number of solutions of f(x) = y for a continuous map f :B → R, y 6∈ f(∂B), from the unit ball B in the plane R is not exactly the absolute value of the winding number of the curve f(∂B) about y, the number of the connected components of the solution set counted with multiplicity coincides with the winding number.


Hospital Accreditation Programme(HAP) has been introduced in many countries in the world for these recent years. This article reviews the HAP in the aspects of the organization, survey and evaluation process, evaluation criteria, and its impact to the hospital quality improvement. The nations included in this study are USA, UK, Canada, Australia, and Korea. To carry out this comparative study, the authors have reviewed articles and accreditation manuals having been issued in many countries. An expert panel of medical doctor, nurse, pharmacist, administrator, and specialist in health facilities formulated a study framework. The results of this study enhance understanding about hospital accreditation activities according to each nation's health care system. In recent years, the Korean government has launched the plan to improve the quality of health services by strengthening the hospital accreditation programme. This study results can provide useful information in development and implementation of the national hospital accreditation programme in Korea.


In Tsukuba Challenge 2013, every robot had to navigate on a given path and detect specific persons wearing showy color clothes. There are many ideal functions for achieving the mission. It is, however, difficult to implement all ideal functions since complex algorithms are required. This paper, therefore, considers simplified functions for achieving the mission even if complex algorithms are not implemented. Our robot can run long distance by using a unique localization method which uses both of magnetic and geometric landmarks. Moreover, it can detect the target based on a color extraction method. These abilities enable the robot to exactly work the simple functions. Through the experiments, it is shown that our robot can exactly achieve the given mission by using only the simplified functions.


A supersonically expanding arc plasma in argon is analyzed both experimentally and theoretically. The plasma is created in a cascaded arc and extracted through a hole in the anode. It emanates in a large vacuum system, where it expands supersonically. This expansion is limited by a shock wave. After the shock wave a subsonic plasma beam is created. A quasi one-dimensional model, based on the conservation of mass, momentum and energy is presented. The shock wave is treated as a discontinuity. The electron density, the gas velocity and the gas temperature are measured as a function of the position in the expansion by means of Stark broadening and Doppler spectroscopy. The model calculations agree well with the measurements, especially in the first part of the supersonic flow.


A new unusual translocation t (19p+; 22q-) was detected in a 31-year-old female with Philadelphia cromosome (Ph1) positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This translocation has apparently not been re


Recent advancements in autonomous driving have relied on data-driven approaches, which are widely adopted but face challenges including dataset bias, overfitting, and uninterpretability. Drawing inspiration from the knowledge-driven nature of human driving, we explore the question of how to instill similar capabilities into autonomous driving systems and summarize a paradigm that integrates an interactive environment, a driver agent, as well as a memory component to address this question. Leveraging large language models with emergent abilities, we propose the DiLu framework, which combines a Reasoning and a Reflection module to enable the system to perform decision-making based on common-sense knowledge and evolve continuously. Extensive experiments prove DiLu's capability to accumulate experience and demonstrate a significant advantage in generalization ability over reinforcement learning-based methods. Moreover, DiLu is able to directly acquire experiences from real-world datasets which highlights its potential to be deployed on practical autonomous driving systems. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to instill knowledge-driven capability into autonomous driving systems from the perspective of how humans drive.


The effects of different measures within maize cropping technology, aimed to suppress weeds as a part of integrated weed management (IWM) system, are analysed and evaluated in this manuscript, in line with the results of longterm experiments. For sustainable maize (Zea mays L.) production, implementation of IWM system aiming to reduce reliance on chemical weed control within Europe is a key priority. This IWM system includes all possible solutions, such as preventive, direct, biological, mechanical and alternative measures. A cropping system approach is essential to manage weeds, utilize genetic potential of maize genotypes and reduce yield losses due to weed


Thank you for reading status epilepticus its clinical features and treatment in children and adults. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen readings like this status epilepticus its clinical features and treatment in children and adults, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious virus inside their laptop.


As an adjunct to the classical pattern recognition theory dealing with single objects, a new approach to supervised pattern recognition is proposed for a variety of practical problems in which the class-memberships of several interrelated objects making an entire data array are to be estimated jointly. It is assumed, first, that the known structure of the array has the form of an undirected graph of immediate pair-wise adjacency of objects represented by their feature vectors, and, second, that the priori knowledge on expected combinations of classes is expressed as a hidden Markov random field on that graph. The presence of pronounced a priori information on interdependence of class-memberships of immediately adjacent objects allows for drawing much more reliable decisions from relatively unreliable features than in the classical case when the classes of single object are a priori considered as independent.


Involved, collective research increases antagonism to new levels of understanding, creating words which come from direct resistance and become reality. It is not an avant-garde intellectual practice, but a process, in which we are collectively thinking and progressing together, accepting that the answers to questions about future activity are never easy, sure and true forever.


The invention discloses a liquid crystal display module and simultaneously discloses a multi-layer light guide plate capable of realizing region brightness control in the liquid crystal display module. The multi-layer light guide plate is divided into a plurality of regions sequentially connected on one direction, and light bars are arranged on one side of each region in a plurality of the regions. The liquid crystal display module is provided with the multi-layer light guide plate, and the multi-layer light guide plate is situated between a liquid crystal panel and a rear panel. The multi-layer light guide plate realizes the region brightness control of a plurality of regions by utilizing a novel and artful structure design scheme matched with the light incidence characteristics of side LED (Light Emitting Diode), and guarantees no interacting of light rays among the regions. By the multi-layer light guide plate in the liquid crystal display module, the image quality of liquid crystal display is effectively improved, the integral power consumption of a display device is reduced, and structure assembly is easy to realize.


This study examines the mediating role of employee followership and job satisfaction in the relationship between person–organization (P-O) fit and turnover intention. Understanding the mechanisms that link P-O fit and turnover intention may provide useful intervention strategies for leaders and human resource professionals to effectively manage and interact with their followers. Using Hobfoll's conservation of resources theory, we explore a three-step mediation model in which high P-O fit is related to turnover intention through employee followership and job satisfaction. This model is tested using cross-sectional survey responses from 692 faculty at an urban public university. The authors discuss the implications of the results as well as the limitations of the study for future research.


Although efforts of the entire international biometric community, the measurement of accuracy of a biometric system is far to be completely investigated and, eventually, standardized. The paper presents a critical analysis of the measurement of an accuracy and performance of a biometric system. Current approaches to the problem and procedural error have been described and criticized. Finally, a methodology for the measurement of the accuracy of biometric system with not-symmetric matching function is proposed and discussed.


The paper deals with the problem of automatic cleaning of glass windows. A small-sized glass cleaning robot has been proposed by authors. The robot is composed of two units sandwiching the glass by magnetic force. To improve the functional performance of the robot and increase the cleaning reliability, a sensor detecting the level of the glass dirt is introduced. The sensor is composed of light emitting and receiving sections. It detects the dirt by measuring the amount of reflected light which increases in dirty parts and decreases in clean parts of the glass. A signal processing scheme for this sensor is presented, and a motion control method incorporating the dirt sensor measurements is constructed. The validity of the control method and the feasibility of reliable cleaning are tested under experiments.


A review is presented of the role of air-water equilibrium in determining the direction and rate of transfer of chemicals between water bodies and the atmosphere. Because this diffusive exchange process is only one of several processes of transfer it is important to place it in perspective with these other process. This can be facilitated by examining the equilibrium status as well as the concentration status of air and water phases. Methods of measuring and correlating air-water equilibrium data are reviewed. It is recommended that the temperature dependence of partition coefficients and the determination of optimal methods of temperature-averaging the various transfer parameters deserve more attention. The role of the interface as a 'medium' with appreciable sorptive capacity is discussed, and questions are raised of the possible influence which this sorptive capacity has on transfer rates.


Virtual power plant makes the output variable due to the complementary nature of various distributed resources, so it is suitable for power system frequency regulation auxiliary service. In this paper, the modeling and analysis of the components of the virtual power plant are carried out, and a frequency regulation strategy based on frequency analysis is developed. The frequency regulation signal is decomposed and sent to each component unit. Through simulation and quantitative analysis of the process of a virtual power plant includes wind turbine, controllable central air conditioning and energy storage system participating in frequency regulation, and the model test of each unit verifies corresponding capability, providing a theoretical basis for the virtual power plant participating in the power system frequency regulation ancillary services.


Installation of photovoltaic cell has been increasing day by day in industries and houses due to the increase in cost of power. But the major concern for the increase in future usage of the photovoltaic cell depends on the improvement in efficiency. Accumulation of soil and debris in the photo voltaic cell from the environment reduces the efficiency at the considerable level. In this paper, increase in efficiency can be achieved by removing the soil and dust accumulated in the surface of the photovoltaic cell using wiper which has been operated with servomotor, governed by Arduino microcontroller.


A 45-year-old woman presented with 2 years of progressive bilateral leg weakness and stiffness. She had a history of severe asthma and had been on high-dose steroids for 13 years. On examination, she had a Cushingoid appearance and spastic paraparesis. Sequential MRIs of her thoracic spine demonstrated increased T1 signal in the epidural space consistent with epidural lipomatosis, eventually causing severe cord compression (figures 1 and 2). The epidural space normally contains adipose tissue, but in patients who are obese or on long-term steroids, this can become pathologically enlarged.1 The treatment consists of weight loss, steroid weaning, and in severe cases, decompressive surgery.2


The term "shi" used in the field of literature comment, is from the theory of painting and calligraphy. In commenting this term, WANG Fu-zhi emphasizes the culture of physical and mental toleration and the artistic conception of holding limitless within small. His theory is more concrete, more practical than his ancestors, which is his greatest contribution.


In this paper, a method using neural network for optimizing the grading ring of ±1100kV ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) wall bushing is presented. Firstly, the finite element method (FEM) is applied to calculate the electric field distribution along hollow insulator surface with various pipe diameter, ring diameter and installation position of the grading ring and the optimal goal is set according to the FEM numerical results. Then the neural network model is built and trained with L- M algorithm using 300 sets of data calculated by the method of parametric scanning. Finally, the parameters of grading ring are optimized according to the neural network fitting results. The optimized grading ring uniforms the electric field distribution along the hollow insulator surface. This paper can provide a reference on structural design of UHVDC wall bushing.


Highly optimised assembly lines are commonly used in various manufacturing domains, such as electronics, microchips, vehicles, electric appliances, etc. In the last decades manufacturers have installed software systems to control and optimise their shop floor processes. Machine Learning can enhance those systems by providing new insights derived from the previously captured data. This paper provides an overview of Machine Learning fields and an introduction to manufacturing management systems. These are followed by a discussion of research projects in the field of applying Machine Learning solutions for condition monitoring, process control, scheduling, and predictive maintenance.


Abstract : Tests were conducted in the 40-Inch Supersonic Tunnel (A) of the von Karman Gas Dynamics Facility to determine the effectiveness of boundary layer suction for laminar flow control on a two-dimensional, 72.5-deg swept wing having a subsonic leading edge. Test Mach numbers were 2 and 2.25 with a Reynolds number range based on wing chord from 3 to 14 million for angles of attack of 0.15, 0.45, and 0.75 deg. With suction, full chord laminar flow was maintained at M 2, alpha 0.15, 0.45, and 0.75 deg up to a length Reynolds number of approximately 9 million. At M 2.25 and alpha 0.15 deg, full chord laminar flow was maintained up to a Reynolds number of 6.5 x 10 to the 6th power and for alpha 0.45 and 0.75 deg, up to a Reynolds number of 3 x 10 to the 6th power. Selected data are presented.


The Younger Dryas Stadial, 11 000~10 000 a B P, is the most remarkable catastrophic environmental change in the circumNorth Atlantic region since the Last Deglaciation. It is characterized by the sudden return of glacial climate, and deterioration of environment. Plenty of terrestrial evidence for the abrupt environmental deterioration found in Northwest Europe and also North America. There are indications of icesheets readvance and renewed glacier activities in the mountain regions. Periglacial conditions returned to many lowland areas and scrub tundra developed. Fossil records show that the YD event caused the extinction of the mammothswoolly rhino funa. Reconstructed highresolution time series of the climatic changes during the last deglaciation now proves that the Younger Dryas event occurred during the time with highest solar radiation in the North Hemisphere, and it was too abruptly to have been directly forced by the orbital dynamics. It is now attributed to the nonlinear feedback in the interaction system of the atmosphereoceanice sheetlandbioshphere. The flickering switch of the deglaciation climate must have been triggered by the ice sheet behavior, the melting rate, iceberg discharge and oceanatmosphere heat flux/surface water circulation in and around the North Atlantic. The change in oceanatmosphereland carbon budget could also be a forcing factor in this short-lasting climatic change. Thus the study of the Younger Dryas mechanism may be able to provide some clues to the global worming facing us at present. 


The utility model provides a driving device of a lifting frame for the demoulding of an aerated concrete block green body used for driving a lifting frame to move vertically, or laterally and horizontally, which comprises a mobile crossbeam equipped with a lifting frame, a transverse movement mechanism connected with the mobile crossbeam for driving the crossbeam to move laterally and horizontally and a vertical movement mechanism connected with the lifting frame for driving the lifting frame to move vertically relative to the mobile crossbeam. The vertical movement mechanism comprises two parallel-opposed slide rails arranged on the mobile crossbeam along the length direction of the mobile crossbeam, a slide block movably arranged between the two slide rails, an oil cylinder connected with the slide block for driving the slide block to move along the slide rails, a synchronous sprocket group arranged on one end of the mobile crossbeam, a transition sprocket arranged on the other end of the mobile crossbeam, a first chain arranged between the slide block and one side of the lifting frame and matched with a sprocket of the synchronous sprocket group, and a second chain arranged between the slide block and the other side of the lifting frame and sequentially matched with another sprocket of the synchronous sprocket group and the transition sprocket. The driving device is simple in structure and precise and stable in operation.


Objectives. Examine the relationship between the attention and learning strategies in the stu-dents' writing processes, to develop an intervention programme proposal.
Sample. The sample consisted of 50 2o Year Compulsory Secondary Education students be-longing to a Catholic State School in Huesca province.
Instruments. The used instruments has been the D2 test (Brickenkamp and Cubero, 2002) to rate selective attention, PROESC test (Cuetos, Ramos and Ruano, 2002) to evaluate writing processes and the ACRA Test (Roman and Gallego, 1994) to evaluate learning strategies.
Results. The study results confirm that there is a correlation between attention and the writ-ing processes and between learning strategies and the students' writing processes.
Conclusions. It is necessary to improve aspects related to the writing processes, so that an in-tervention programme to work on the writing processes from the learning strategies and attention is proposed.


The basis of procedure in query based sensor networks is such that the component nodes of network wait for receiving query from sink and once they took the query, they provide sink with required data. An issue in this kind of networks is the way that location of responder node is calculated. This requires addition of localization mechanisms or localization hardware. The former has communication overhead and the latter has cost overhead and power consumption, both of which result in reduction in life time of the network. Since in most of these networks the exact location of nodes is not required and having the approximate location of nodes is sufficient, a model is presented in this paper that calculates the approximate location of nodes. In this model nodes can obtain their approximate location without any need to extra hardware. In this model each node can obtain its location using query packets received from different sinks. Thus there is no need to communication overhead for calculating the location as well.


The motif of the Schleier (veil) can be found throughout Goethe's works, where it is often associated with images of textual production. In so doing, Goethe builds on a rich literary tradition of comparing the production of verbal works of art with the making of fabrics and the art of weaving. The following entry isolates and analyzes some representative instances of this lexeme in which the veil is used to evoke not only the traditional semantic field of textiles and their crafts as models for verbal works of art but also this lexeme's potential in regard to epistemological and perceptual concerns. It will thereby trace the veil's emergence as a "thing to think with" when it concerns the truth function of poetry and show how, as a conceptual metaphor, it invites reflection on the verbal work of art as an exceptional means of negotiating the position between perception and truth, the sacred and the profane, the eternal and the ephemeral, and the local and the global. In modelling this mediation in Goethe's oeuvre, the veil lies at the intersection of poetology and epistemology. It also offers a reflection on the human subject's position vis-à-vis the world and on the work of art's position with regard to temporality and ever-changing historical contexts.


Over the past twenty years, the generation of digital data has been increasing due to the widespread use of computers for capturing, analysing, and transmitting different kinds of information. The benefits deriving from the capability of being able to efficiently process large amount of data are countless, ranging from increasing revenues of business companies to accumulating knowledge for research purposes. The main purpose of this thesis is to present original and efficient solutions for the secure processing and transmission of data. More generally, in this manuscript my aim is to discuss relevant topics for this area, including data compression, frequent pattern discovery and retrieving "human-understandable" information from datasets, and secure "light-weighted" protocols for transmitting data ensuring integrity and confidentiality of the message. For each one of these topics, a thorough discussion of the relevant state of the art is provided and at least an original solution is presented and evaluated through both theoretical and experimental analysis. General Terms: Theory, Algorithms, Experiments. Additional


To confirm the existence and properties of human meridians,the optical transport properties along the pericardium meridian and tissues around the pericardium meridian are studied noninvasively on twenty healthy volunteers in vivo and then compared with each other.Our study shows that the light propagating along the meridian and non-meridian directions both conform to the Beer's exponential attenuation law. However,statistical analysis of the results suggests that the optical transport properties of human meridian differ from those of the surrounding tissues over a low modulated frequency range(P


Mathematical models are generally created for the needs of the processes control and for the simulations of processes occurring at the really existing objects. For the control of the bioreactors, even for multiparameter models, it is popular to apply both calibration and application at the linear ranges of interactions. If the bioreactor runs the process based on the defined substrate with the application of the previously defined processing factor (for strains, not only species) as an effect only the determined product and the excess biomass are obtained. Also, if the process undergoes in the optimal, constant physical-chemical-biotical conditions, its mathematical description can contain the elements of not only description of transition function but also of mechanisms responsible for the process realization. A kind of bioreactor like a n-step municipal sewage treatment plant with the activated sewage sludge has the unidentified, multicomponent substrate, which differs both in the daily and weekly scale with the multispecies and variable composition. Also, such a bioreactor works in the wide extend of physical-chemical conditions and time-dependent inhibiting factors. Only the product purified wastewater is defined by standards and should have the appropriate parameters. It is clear that models with elements describing the process mechanisms have to be complicated and multifactor, thus, the nonlinear models are capable to describe not only the local and global maxima and minima, but also the extreme situations. The models sufficient for processes control and operation should only describe the transition function in the linear interaction of the process important factors (independent variables). That explains the background of the aim of the paper as a methodical assumption presentation of models describing bioreactors like sewage treatment plants with activated sludge together with the elements of the processes running in the particular facilities and calibration of such a model by biomonitoring.


A Note to Readers Of Intellect and Culture Living and Reading, by Thomas Flanagan Of Academics and Intellectuals, by Terry Cooney A Glint of Malice, by Morris Dickstein Our Leading Bitch Intellectual, by Beverly Gross Terrorists, Artists, and Intellectuals, by Margaret Scanlan "Knowing Concerns Me": The Female Intellectual and the Consumer Idiom, by Jill Wacker Questions of Politics and Religion Nicola Chiaromonte, the Politics Circle, and the Search for a Postwar "Third Camp", by Gregory D. Sumner Reimagining Politics, by Harvey Teres The Left Reconsidered, by Alan Wald A Very Narrow Range of Choice: Political Dilemma in The Groves of Academe, by Timothy F. Waples Reluctant Radical: The Irish-Catholic Element, by Stacey Lee Donohue The Uses of Ambivalence: Mary McCarthy's Jewish Politics, by Rhoda Nathan Mind and Body The Stink of Father Zossima: The Medical Fact in Mary McCarthy's Fiction, by Perri Klass Frigid Women, Frozen Dinners: The Bio-Politics of "Tyranny of the Orgasm", by Priscilla Perkins Damn My Stream of Consciousness, by Katie Roiphe Facts in Fiction A Single Truth, But Tell It Sharp, by Mary Ann Caws Mary McCarthy as a Fictional Character, by Thomas Mallon The Minotaur as Mentor: Edmund Wilson's Role in the Career of Mary McCarthy, by Avis Hewitt Biography and Reminiscence My Secret Sharer, by Carol Brightman Just the Facts, Ma'am, and Nothing But the Facts: A Biographer's Reminiscence, by Carol Gelderman Contracts and Nymphets, by Frances Kiernan Taking Risks, by Frances Fitzgerald Memories of Another Catholic Girlhood, by Maureen Howard Remembrances of an Old Friend, by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Bibliography Index


The production of CO vis-uv-chemiluminescence has been observed for the first time when a trace amount of CHBr3 vapor was photodecomposed in a pulsed-photolysis reactor using a 248-nm laser under multiphoton-dissociation conditions in an excess of O2 in diluent helium or argon carrier gas at 298 K and in the pressure range 2–95 Torr. The time-resolved chemiluminescent traces due to vibronic emissions at several band positions in the CO(A–X), CO(a–X), and CO(d–a) systems, and in the (1–0) and (0–0) bands of the OH(A–X) system were observed to decay nonexponentially. Their integrated intensities all showed quadratic dependence on the photolysis fluence employed. The OH and CO chemiluminescence data can be best interpreted by postulating the occurrence of O2 reactions with the methylidyne radicals in two different electronic states, CH(X 2Π) and CH(a 4Σ−). The production of CO(A) and CO(d) in these reactions require the methylidyne radicals to be internally (vibrationally) excited. The decay kinetics of the ...


In cognitive radio, most spectrum sensing algorithms detect spectrum holes in the time or spectrum domain. In this letter, we propose a novel spatial spectrum sensing scheme that can detect the signal of the primary user (PU) and offer the angle of arrival (AoA) information. First, two new effective spatial features are introduced to distinguish the PU signal from the noise at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), namely the maximum value of the spatial spectrum (MVSS) and the angle of arrival difference (AAD). Then the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is utilized for the feature classification to adapt to the varying environment, rather than using inherent thresholds as in traditional spectrum sensing methods. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art multi-antenna sensing methods, especially at low SNR.


Sixty hybrids developed from crossing four CMS lines with 15 restorers were studied alongwith parents for 13 yield and yield attributing characters. Among the male parental lines, BR-827-35-3-1.RTN-3, IR-46 appeared the best general combiner for grain yield and most of the component characters. The female line IR-58025A was found to be good general combiner for all the traits except' plant height and L:B ratio of grain. The most promising specific combinations were IR 58025A x XBR-827-35-3-1, IR-58025A x RTN-3 and IR-68885AxRTN 711 for grain yield hill−1.


This paper describes the use of standard LTE communications signals to perform positioning indoors, despite the difficult propagation conditions in such environments that require a number of strong signals and a wide measurement bandwidth. Experiments show that the CRS transmissions embedded in normal LTE downlink signals from multiple network operators' base stations can together be used to perform horizontal localization indoors around a building, with an accuracy of around 15m for full bandwidth LTE signals. A reference unit (LMU) is required. Alternatively and with more reference measurement units, 3D positioning can be performed using the uplink signals transmitted by the target LTE modem, and it is shown that a set of DM-RS transmissions embedded within normal uplink communications traffic to its base station can be combined to also give measurements of signals with a wide effective bandwidth.


Forbes expressed fat‐free mass (FFM, in kg) as the cube of height (H, in m): FFM = 10.3 × H3. Our objective is to examine the potential influence of gender and population ancestry on the association between FFM and height.


This chapter describes the simple sustainable assessment protocols followed in food science at the University of Guelph to help ensure a continuously improving curriculum that satisfies the pedagogical prescriptions of the Institute of Food Technology, the learning objectives of the university, and learning outcomes of other stakeholders, including employers, students, and faculty.


provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. Abstract: This paper studies the impact of global factors on patterns of basic research across countries and time. We rely on the records of major scientific awards, and on data dealing with global economic and historical trends. Specifically, we investigate the degree to which scale or threshold effects, and path dependency account for countries share of major prizes [Nobel, Fields, Kyoto and Wolf]. We construct a stylized model, predicting that lagged relative GDP of a country relative to the GDP of all countries engaging in basic research is an important explanatory variable of country's share of prizes. Scale effects imply that the association between the GDP share of a country and its prize share tends to be logistic -- above a threshold, there is a "take off" range, where the prize share increases at an accelerating rate with the relative GDP share of the country, until it reaches "maturity" stage. Our empirical analyses confirm the model's predictions, showing the non linear effects of GDP shares on prize shares, effects that are consistent with the prominence of scale effects. We validate these findings by examining the massive destructions associated with the two World Wars. With more recent data, we document the growing importance of countries that used to be at the periphery of global research, possibly advancing towards the take off stage. Abstract This paper studies the impact of global factors on patterns of basic research across countries and time. We rely on the records of major scientific awards, and on data dealing with global economic and historical trends. Specifically, we investigate the degree to which scale or threshold effects, and path dependency account for countries share of major prizes [Nobel, Fields, Kyoto and Wolf]. We construct a stylized model, predicting that lagged relative GDP of a country relative to the GDP of all countries engaging in basic research is an important explanatory variable of country's share of prizes. Scale effects imply that the association between the GDP share of a country and its prize share tends to be logistic -- above a threshold, there is a "take off" range, where the prize share increases at an accelerating rate with the relative GDP share of the country, until it reaches "maturity" stage. Our empirical analyses confirm the model's predictions, showing the non linear effects of GDP shares on prize shares, effects that are consistent with the prominence of scale effects. We validate these findings by examining the massive destructions associated with the two World Wars. With more recent data, we document the growing importance of countries that used to be at the periphery of global research, possibly advancing towards the take off stage. This paper studies the impact of global factors on patterns of basic research across countries and time. Understanding creativity and path breaking scientific research remains a black box. Short of having detailed information on networks of scientific research, and the effort associated with these networks, we rely on the records of major scientific awards, and on data dealing with global economic and historical trends. Specifically, the cumulative record of major prizes includes more than a hundred years of Nobel laureates in Chemistry, Medicine and Physics; as well as the shorter but significant record of the Fields Medal, Kyoto and Wolf prizes for basic research. We use this information to study the degree to which scale or threshold effects, and path dependency account for countries share of major prizes.


Since the end of the Yugoslav war, Serbia has undergone a number of changes in its population, living standards, and relations with other countries. One of those relationships is with the European Union, which Serbia is now a candidate for membership. These changes may have had an impact on emigrant patterns from Serbia since the end of the war. While many of those who left the country were asylum seekers in need of international protection, there were also economic migrants in search of better employment opportunities. The changing conditions in Serbia could have affected citizens' desire to remain there. This paper will analyze the conditions in Serbia and its status as an EU candidate country at three points in time, 2002, 2011, and 2017. It is hypothesized that in 2002 emigrant patterns would be the highest because of poor societal conditions in areas such as education, employment, and democratic governance. As Serbia progresses through the EU accession criteria, it is expected that emigrant patterns will decrease because of improved societal conditions. This paper seeks to identify and analyze the factors that have influenced these patterns. Presented at the Transatlantic Students' Conference Addressing Diplomatic, Economic, and Migration Challenges in Southeastern Europe James Madison University Florence, 23-27 April 2018


The development of high performance electrocatalysts for effective hydrogen production is urgently needed. Herein, three hybrid catalysts formed by WS2 and Co-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives are constructed, in which the small amount of W in the MOFs derivatives acts as a bridge to provide the charge transfer channel and enhance the stability. In addition, the effects of the surface charge distribution on the catalytic performance are fully investigated. Due to the optimal interfacial electron coupling and rearrangement as well as its unique porous morphology, WS2 @W-CoPx exhibits superior bifunctional performance in alkaline media with low overpotentials in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (62 mV at 10 mA cm-2 ) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (278 mV at 100 mA cm-2 ). For overall water splitting (OWS), WS2 @W-CoPx only requires a cell voltage of 1.78 V at 50 mA cm-2 and maintains good stability within 72 h. Density functional theory calculations verify that the combination of W-CoPx with WS2 can effectively enhance the activity of OER and HER with weakened OH (or O) adsorption and enhanced H atom adsorption. This work provides a feasible idea for the design and practical application of WS2 or phosphide-based catalysts in OWS.


The research provided clients with the sexy concentrated experience,supplemented with drug intervention and marriage and sex psychological counseling. The clients' marriage and sexual life quality were compared before and after the treatment. After the treatment,the proportion of harmonious sexual life increased from 68. 8% to 93. 8%; the ratio of impotence decreased from 73. 8% to 38. 8%; the rate of premature ejaculation dropped from 86. 3% to 70%; the ratio of unharmonious sexual life dropped to 0; the frequency of sexual intercourse increased,with enhanced sexual desire; the patient's self- assessment of sexual satisfaction reached 100%; the trust degree between the couples increased from 48. 8% to 81. 3%; the ratio of communication increased from 20% to 45%; the ratio for bickering occurrence dropped from 96. 3% to 72. 5%; the ratio for the marriage happiness increased from 68. 8% to 93. 8%. Clients generally tend to rate higher on their happiness level of marriage life.


This article describes the spot observation and the symptom of Phytophthora Blight of Panax notoginseng in Wenshan area,and isolation for pathogenencity to Panax notoginseng,which are come from Zuilijie,Xiaojieyaodian,Laohuilong in Wenshan county;Bazai,Wuluzhe,Mabai and Langqiao in Maguan county etc..The experiment proved that the pathogen was Phytophthora cactorum(Leb.et Cohn) Schr?eter.It damaged the overground part.Also,it made seed rot and root rot.


Objective To provide the new research ideas by analyzing "Shibafan" chemical research data.Methods Analyzing characteristics of the chemical research on "Shibafan",generalizing present problems,and exploring new research methods.Results The lack of ratio studies on different types of chemical composition.It is necessary to establish databases on compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine,and to explore the chemical characteristics of compatibility on Chinese herbal compound with "Shibafan" combined with the pharmacological studies.Conclusion The chemical mechanism on "Shibafan" was explored.