Abstract We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) in order to study the ultrastructure of fibrin fibre dissolution in real time. Thin purified fibrin gels and plasma clots were prepared on glass surfaces and overlaid with isotonic saline or heparinized plasma in an AFM fluid-cell. Fibrinolysis was initiated by introducing plasmin or recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) into the solution bathing the clots. Microscopy was performed serially in real time on the Nanoscope III Atomic Force Microscope operating in the tapping or contact mode. The acquisition time for a single image was 2–8 min and the clots were imaged for up to 1 h with fields of view ranging from 128 × 128 μm to 0.7 × 0.7 μm with a resolution of 512 × 512 pixels. In the smallest fields of view fibrin fibres were seen to be composed of globules 40–70 nm in diameter. The diameter of composite fibrin fibres in purified gels depended on the concentration of NaCl in the fibrinogen solution: 250 ± 155 nm in 150 mmol/l NaCl vs. 1.42 ± 0.19 μm in 50 mmol/l NaCl. Plasma clots were composed of thick fibres with interspersed thinner fibres. In clots from platelet-rich plasma both the thick and the thin fibres had significantly smaller diameters than the corresponding fibre types in clots from platelet-depleted plasma (620 ± 195 nm vs. 965 ± 200 nm, and 195 ± 30 nm vs. 260 ± 60 nm, P


"Passing the buck" is a favorite dodge with some of our -labor leaders, meaning William Green, president of the A. F. of L., in the Redwood case, and Joseph P. Ryan, president of New York's Central Trades and Labor Council, in the cafe racket case. In both instances it was clear that dirty work existed. In fact most of the building trades unions appear to be involved one way or another in the complicated background behind Redwood's murder. Members of the Operating Engineers' Union, citing an example of Green's interference in 1932 when it was more to his interest, appealed last week to him for another investigation of conditions in Local 125. Losing the Buck For reply Green referred them to their International. We would remind .Mr. Green that if you pass the buck long· enough, eventually you lose it. In the case of Mr. Ryan there was a forthright appeal to him in 1933 by Irving Epstein and Abe Borso~, officials of Local 302 of the Cafeteria Workers, to save their local from the clutches of the Schultz mob. Mr. Ryan's reply was to refer them to the district attorney, which is very ironic in the light of his subsequent attitude toward the Dewey investigation. ·we do not say that in either case Green or Ryan could have handled the situation by themselves. We say orlly that their failllre even to try to handle the· situation, -their failure to accept the responsibility attendant on their office is typical of their particular brand of leadership. Faraf Fa.il ure ·-·


The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and opinions on concussions of high school coaches from a geographically large yet rural state in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Few medical issues in sport are more important, or have had as much publicity recently, as concussions. The exposure gleaned from tragic health issues among professional athletes postconcussion has motivated college and professional sport agencies to modify and enact strict guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected concussions. Yet underdiagnosis and mistreatment by some (former University of Michigan coach in 2014) highlight the need for continued education and enforcement of the current guidelines. Obviously, when a head coach from a major NCAA Division I university still places an athlete's health in jeopardy by disregarding a head injury, it is imperative that coaches' knowledge of concussions in smaller, more rural and remote programs is considered as well. We used a commercial electronic product to survey coaches across the state. Coaches responded voluntarily with their opinions and their current knowledge of issues related to concussions. The purpose was to identify the current status of knowledge and attitudes in hopes that any weaknesses can be addressed in additional coach education opportunities. Keywords concussions; high school coaches; rural state; knowledge; attitudes Language: en


Abstract:  Four children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had autologous bone marrow (BM) or peripheral stem cell (PSC) transplantation with low dose of cyclosporine (CsA, 1 mg/kg/d i.v. during the first 28 d) to induce an autologous GVHD (auto‐GVHD). Two children did not have clinical auto‐GVHD and they relapsed 3 and 4 months after treatment. The 2 other children had clinical signs of auto‐GVHD (grade I and grade II): they both are in complete remission but after a first normal haematological recovery they had a prolonged period of aplasia until month 9 for 1 patient and still persistent at month 7 in the other case. We studied lymphocyte subsets reconstitution after transplantation in these patients. All patients had an important decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio related both to a strong decrease in the CD4+ cells and a strong increase in the CD8+ cells. Most of the CD8+ cells were of the CD8bright+CD28‐ phenotype. These CD8bright+CD28‐ T‐cells represented from 33% to 68% of the total lymphocytes. We discuss the role of these cells after autologous transplantation with CsA, and wonder if these cells could mediate cytotoxicity. In conclusion, among 4 children who received autologous BM or PBC transplantation with low dose of CsA, we observed a complete remission after an auto‐GVHD and a prolonged period of aplasia in 2 patients and a relapse of leukaemia in 2 other patients. All these 4 patients had an increase in the CD8bright+CD28‐ T lymphocytes.


Electron capture in ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{2+}$ + Ar is studied at low keV energies. Using ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{2+}$ + He collisions as an energy reference we show that the dominant single-electron-capture process is endothermic and of the type ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{2+}^{3}P+\mathrm{Ar}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}^{2}P+{\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}3{s}^{2}3{p}^{4}\mathrm{nl}$. Detailed studies at 2.4 keV show $\mathrm{nl}$ to be predominantly $3d$ and $4p$. Weaker exothermic processes are found and due mainly to long-lived, highly excited states of ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{2+}$. The direct scattering and double-electron-capture channels are also studied. The direct scattering occurs with no Ar-target excitation. Differential cross sections are presented for the collision processes. The single-electron-capture results are interpreted with the use of a simple model in which a strongly attractive intermediate state couples the incident and outgoing channels.


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Homozygous and compound heterozygous variants in glucocerebrosidase (GBA) can cause Gaucher disease (GD), whereas heterozygous variants increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). GD patients display altered peripheral immune proteins. However, it is unknown if these are altered in GBA carriers with PD.


The present invention provides a controller for a master-slave robot. The controller is provided with a force correction location detection unit for detecting a location where force information is corrected from the force information and/or velocity information, and a force correction unit for correcting the force information at the location detected as the force correction location by the force correction location detection unit. As a result, a small external force applied to a slave manipulator (32) is magnified for transmission to a master manipulator (9), and excessive manipulation force applied to the master manipulator (9) is reduced for transmission to the slave manipulator (32).


The results of the research of extracting oil from sunflower seeds by the method of extraction are given. The kinetics and mechanism of the extraction process investigated. It is shown that the process of extracting sunflower seed oil is complicated and include as intra-diffusion and outer-diffusion oil transfer is similar to extraction of target components from other seeds of plant material (amaranth, rapeseed, etc.). The technique of experimental calculation of the diffusion coefficient is given and the slowest stage of the extraction process is determined, which determines the speed of the whole process. Кеуwords – extraction, plant raw materials, mechanism and kinetics of process. Introduction The extraction process of target components from plant raw materials is widely used in various industries, especially in food, pharmaceutical, chemical, petroleum, and others. The large demand to agrarian business in Ukraine is a sunflower, which, depending on the natural environment, contains up to 60% of the oil. Sunflower is a base of the agricultural crop because it contains, in addition to oils, protein and other target components which used in the pharmaceutical, chemical, perfumery, and other industries. It should be emphasized that Ukraine exports sunflower oil to over than 100 countries of the world, which requires more efficient technologies for its production for the purpose of providing with world demand. For today, there are two methods of extracting oil plant raw materials: press and extraction. The advantage of the extraction method is the high degree of oil extraction of 97-98 %, the use of simple equipment and lower energy consumption, compared with the previous method. The process of extracting the target components from plant raw materials is rather complicated. The complexity of this process is related to the cellular structure of the raw material and the presence of a poorly-permeable shell in the seeds of plants, and also in that, the target component moving within the seed to the surface of the phase contact with the solvent must overcome a number of barriers associated with the complex structure of the seed. The entire process should be considered as intra-diffusion, outer-diffusion and mixed since diffusion is the basis of these processes. For study and the establishment of a mechanism for the extraction oil process of sunflower seed is used the equation obtained by the method of integral ratios for the extraction processes of the target components from the plant raw material [1-2]. For a mathematical description of the extraction process adopted the physical model of seed in the form of a ball in the pores of which is the target component, has the form:     3 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 3 1 1 3 2 6 1                 Bi (1) For the mixed-diffusion mechanism ( ) the equation (1) is reduced to the form:


The temperature control of 11 infants with severe abnormalities of the central nervous system has been investigated. 4 were normothermic and 7 poikilothermic. Necropsy of the latter showed that either the hypothalamus was absent or disorganized, or the long tracts through the brainstem were unidentifiable, or in one case interrupted by a cervical myelocele. The lateral horn cells, sympathetic nervous system, and brown fat appeared normal. Where the normal reflex responses to warm and cool stimuli were absent, direct stimulation of the effector organs was attempted. Noradrenaline both stimulated heat production and constricted the peripheral skin vessels. Surprisingly, local application of pilocarpine or acetyl choline failed to stimulate the sweat glands which appeared normal at necropsy.


Application of chemometrics in combination with Fourier Transform Mid Infrared spectroscopy for authentication of avocado oil Fajar A. Lumakso, Sugeng Riyanto, Shahrel Ahmad Shuhel Ahmad, Arieff Salleh Rosman, Farahwahida Mohd. Yusoff. and Abdul Rohman Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Centre of Research for Fiqh Science and Technology (CFIRST), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia. Research Center of Halal Products, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia


This article studies the relativistic theory of the motion of a particle in the presence of a uniform acceleration field. The problem is introduced as a linearization of the fundamental line element of general relativity. The linearized line element is a solution of Einstein's field equations. The equations of geodesics corresponding to this line element are solved and applied to the clock paradox problem.


The patterns of language use of the children of Roadville and Trackton before they go to school stand in sharp contrast to each other and to those of the youngsters from townspeople families. Though parents in all three communities want to 'get ahead,' their constructions of social activities the children must engage in for access to language, oral and written, vary greatly. The sequence of habits Trackton children develop in learning language, telling stories, making metaphors, and seeing patterns across items and events do not fit the developmental patterns of either linguistic or cognitive growth reported in the research literature on mainstream children. Roadville children, on the other hand, seem to have developed many of the cognitive and linguistic patterns equated with readiness for school, yet they seem not to move outward from these basics to the integrative types of skills necessary for academic success (Heath, 1983, p. 324).


To define German documentary photography entails, as a fundamental precondition, to understand what the term precisely means, in order to evaluate what concepts, discourses or practices it derives from. As has been exhaustively shown by Olivier Lugon in various publications,18 the "fluid" term of documentary has been given numerous definitions over time, fluctuating according to period, geographical and linguistic specificities and individual or institutional practices. While the definition of documentary film seems (somehow) more clearly delineated – the documentary is often defined through its opposition to fiction – there is no such equivalent in photography.19 Despite considerable variation in its understanding, the approaches to documentary nevertheless share some common ground. Aspirations differ considerably, but there remains – common to those various trends – "the desire to reveal 'things as they are,' to provide reliable, authentic information, avoiding any embellishment that might alter the integrity of reality."20 The history of documentary is thus a history of discourse, a history of positions, whose strength resides in the perpetual interrogation of photography's own characteristics: "The


Requirements Engineering (RE) has emerged as an independent discipline in recent decades and is no longer considered a peripheral topic in software engineering. However, teaching this discipline to students poses challenges for educators in higher education, as it requires developing soft skills, decision-making abilities, practical application knowledge, and providing theoretical content. This Ph.D. project aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of RE teaching and investigate how Swiss universities address these challenges to produce "industry-ready" students. The study will use an Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design involving interviews with RE lecturers and analysis of module descriptions to gather information on curricula, degree programs, subject integration, prerequisites, and instructional approaches. An online questionnaire will assess former students' perception of the RE course, suitable prerequisites, and instructional methods. Examining the collected data will reveal potential relationships between prerequisites, instructional approaches, and students' comprehension of RE. Text mining will be employed to compare industry needs with university curricula, analyzing Swiss job advertisements for RE positions to gain insights into desired skills and certifications. By analyzing the collected data, potential relationships between prerequisites, instructional approaches, and students' comprehension of RE will be examined. The findings may enhance teaching approaches in Requirements Engineering Education (REE) in Switzerland and beyond.


In a recent article on the indivisibility of 'words' (Sampson, 1979), Geoffrey Sampson, in arguing against the semantic decomposition of 'vocabulary items', concludes with a claim against lexical decomposability of derived items such as Nixonite, etc. One can hardly take issue, I think, with his argument against the purely semantic decomposition of lexical primes; however, it does not follow from this that the lexicon is characterized by unproductive, irregular rules or a total absence thereof: …it seems factually untrue that rules of derivational morphology (such as the rule for forming nouns in -ite) can be assimilated to semantically regular, productive 'rules of grammar' such as the rule for pluralizing nouns; the former rules are typically not fully productive, and the meanings of the words produced are not in general predictable (46).


Based on the data of the Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions, the article views the process of establishment and development of militant squads of the Red Army in the beginning of the Civil War. The author of the article analyses a considerable number of documents and reveals the positive and negative aspects of the arrangement of obligatory military education and special squads.


The population model of the HITTER-FITTER package is applied to compute trajectories for single and two stock scenarios for the beluga population wintering off West Greenland. Values of MSYR1+ from 1% to 4% are considered, with results computed to hit best estimates and lower 5%-iles for total abundance in 1999. Twenty year projections show that even for the most optimistic of these options in the single stock case, the resource is rendered extinct within 20 years if recent estimated annual catch levels of some 700 are continued. A time series of relative abundance information from surveys indicates that MSYR1+ may be no more than 0.5%. All scenarios considered are suggestive of a heavily depleted resource for which catch levels need to be substantially reduced to secure against possible further reduction of the population.


Through the technique of laser optometry, measurements of a display user's visual accommodation and binocular convergence were used to assess the visual impact of display color, technology, contrast, and work time. The studies reported here indicate the potential of visual-function measurements as an objective means of improving the design of visual displays.


Papua New Guinea (PNG's) strong economic expansion continued into early 2012, but the forces propelling this growth are likely to have peaked. The moderation in growth and expanded supply capacity will slow recent rapid price growth. And the passing of the boom in government revenues will challenge authorities in the coming years. Meeting the community's expectations of improving services will require spending better as much as spending more. Important policy steps are being taken in this direction, but the pressures to meet short-term demands, and PNG's social needs, are great.


Treatment of S. typhi is difficult as compared to treatment of acute infection. Antibiotic susceptibility test carried against S. typhi by using 6 kinds of antibiotics from different classes, their results showed that all isolates were high resistance to Ampicillin (99%), Gentamicin (98%), Amikacin (79%) and less resistances to Trimethoprim (55%), Imipenem (60%) and Ceftriaxone (66%).The present study focused on the molecular detection of Wzx flippase and Wzy polymerase genes in some Salmonella typhi isolates, Samples were collected from typhoid patients by classical lab work. Antibiotics susceptibility was investigated using the disc diffusion method. The DNA and molecular Wzx flippase, Wzy polymerase were implemented using specific primers. The results showed that there was 33.33% had Wzy gene. The Wzx gene did not observe in any Salmonella isolates. The present study concluded that there was an importance of the genetic diversity of O-antigen encoded genes included Wzx and Wzy, which may be effective in typhoid diagnosis and treatment


Abstract This paper considers the problem of co-investment in a supply chain infrastructure using an inter-temporal model. We assume that firms' capital is essentially the supply chain's infrastructure. As a result, firms' policies consist in selecting an optimal level of employment as well as the level of co-investment in the supply chain infrastructure. Several applications and examples are presented and solutions found for non-cooperating firms and centralized investment. Non-simultaneous moves (Stackelberg) firms are treated in an extended version of this paper.


It has long been known that the integral homology of a non-trivial finite group must be non-zero in infinitely many dimensions 17. Recent work on the Sullivan conjecture in homotopy theory has made it possible to extend this result to locally finite groups. For more general groups with torsion it becomes more difficult to make such a strong statement. Nevertheless we prove that when a non-perfect group is generated by torsion elements its integral homology must also be non-zero in infinitely many dimensions. Remarkably, this result is best possible, in that for perfect torsion generated groups all (finite or infinite) sequences of abelian groups are shown below to be attainable as higher homology groups.


Rabies is invariably fatal in man, once clinical symptoms develop. This disease is unique in two respects; first, the time of exposure is usually well established and second, the incubation period is often sufficiently prolonged so that active immunity can be produced prior to invasion of the vital centers of the central nervous system by the virus. This report is of a case of rabies in which the virus was isolated and identified both from the dog inflicting the bite and from the patient who died of rabies despite apparent satisfactory vaccine treatment started nine days after the bite was inflicted.


A novel low‐cost flying spot scanner that allows a standard scanning electron microscope to be converted into an electron beam lithography system is described. Such a system is useful as a research tool for fabricating small arrays of submicron structures and devices.


The petrochemicals industry had its roots in the United States. It forms a part of chemical industry and is one of the fastest growing sectors in the Indian economy. As per the perspective plan for the industry up to 2000 A.D., the growth rate will be even a faster rate. Petrochemicals, mainly plastics and fibres, make a substantial contribution to the national exchequer directly by way of excise and customs duty and other taxes. The plastic processing industry makes direct employment available for over two lakh people with the potential of over three lakh by 2000 A.D.


We present continuum and Hα imaging polarimetry of the Herbig–Haro objects HH1 and HH2, the faint nebulosity which surrounds them, and nearby stars. We also discuss IRAS observations of the area. We find evidence for a strongly dichroic interstellar medium throughout this region, which polarizes local Hα emission and severely distorts the underlying polarization pattern arising in light scattered from the central object VLA1. It also polarizes nearby stars. This dichroism can be explained by alignment of dust in a magnetic field which, on large scales, is aligned at PA = 126° but, on smaller scales, is distorted within the HH1–HH2 system. Its geometry appears consistent with models of star formation in which a large-scale rotating disc drives an outflow via twisted axial field lines. Both HH1 and HH2 are also associated with small-scale polarization patterns. These can best be understood as resulting from internal dichroic extinction arising in a concentration of well-aligned dust grains lying within the shocked Hα-emitting regions of these objects. The polarization of HH1 exhibits spiral structure, which may offer support to magnetized jet models, but the polarization of HH2 is more disordered. Our results suggest that further emission-line polarimetry may offer new insights into the structure of HH objects.


Using bright-field x-ray topography based on anomalous transmission (AT), we have demonstrated the first large-area total-thickness imaging of dislocations in β-Ga2O3 at the substrate scale. The dislocation images were acquired from the entire 10 mm × 15 mm × 680  μm (001)-oriented substrate prepared by edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) by stitching together hundreds of topographic images, each recorded with the forward-diffracted beam in the Laue geometry for g =  020, 0–20, 022, and 400, under the conditions in which AT occurred. Dislocations distributed over the entire crystal volume were imaged as long as their Burgers vectors ( b) were not orthogonal to the g-vectors. The results of the g· b analysis of the dislocation contrasts clearly revealed three major dislocation types that were numerically dominant in the EFG crystal: (i) b-axis screw-type dislocations with b∥ ξ∥[010] ( ξ is the unit vector of line direction), (ii) b-axis edge-type dislocations with b∥[001] and ξ∥[010], and (iii) curved mixed-type dislocations lying on the (001) planes with b∥[010]. Based on their b - and ξ-vectors, types (i) and (ii) were attributed to dislocations that propagated during EFG pulling up along the [010] direction, while type (iii) was attributed to dislocations generated through glide in the [010](001) slip system under stress. The extent to which AT can manifest itself is explained by using the effective absorption coefficient calculated for the above g-vectors based on dynamical x-ray diffraction theory.


A checklist, consisting of 216 species of mammals found within California, is presented. Changes in nomenclature subsequent to the list of Jones et al. (1975, Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico) are documented. This checklist is intended to provide an updated reference to the mammals of California. in changes in of in the wild


With the accretion of naval ships power system capacity, the amplitude of short circuit current increases greatly, consequently the disjuncting capacity of the present switch can not fulfill the demand of short circuit protection. Therefore, the amplitude of short circuit current must be limited. The working principle of magnetic saturation FCL is discussed, and based on the theory of typical machine transient analysis, the formula of calculating suitable inductance is obtained. The simulation model using SimPowerSystems module of simulink is established and the simulation analysis is carried out during short circuit when the system equipped with or without FCL. Simulation results accord with the theoretical calculation ones, which proves the theoretical analysis is believable.


Ferromagnetic bilayers with face-centered cubic(100) are studied by using a second quantization approach.Particularly the influence of ferromagnetic interface exchange interaction and anti-ferromagnetic interface exchange interaction on the band structure of 2D Brillouin zone is discussed.It is shown that,there will be the optical interface modes,when the interface exchange interaction is greater than the body exchange interaction;on the other hand there will be the acoustical interface modes,when the interface exchange interaction is smaller than the body exchange interaction.Especially when ferromagnetic interface exchange interaction is between zero and the body exchange interaction,there will be also the acoustical interface modes.Whereas this case does not appear in simple cubic structure.Furthermore the influence of parity on the interface modes is discussed for various interface exchange interaction.


Simple Summary Cancer therapy today has benefited from multifaceted approaches in early detection and diagnosis, but weak prognosis still hinders progress, as it is a barricade for guaranteed successful treatment. The present study checks the anticancer properties of AMPs, or antimicrobial peptides, isolated from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides, a traditional medicinal plant in a fibroblast cell line. A technique named 'de novo' sequencing was used for identifying the biological potential of the isolated molecule. That molecule was administered in zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish was used as a model organism, as it has close proximity with humans. One specific peptide biomolecule out of 86 peptides showed promising anticancer properties. Therefore, from the results, that specific biomolecule, upon detailed analyses of other parameters, can be taken for upscaling purposes in the pharmaceutical sector for early cancer therapy. Abstract Though there are several advancements and developments in cancer therapy, the treatment remains challenging. In recent years, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from traditional herbs are focused for identifying and developing potential anticancer molecules. In this study, AMPs are identified from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides, a natural medicinal herb widely used as a crucial immune stimulant in Indian medicine. A total of 86 peptide traces were identified using liquid-chromatography–electrospray-ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Among them, three peptides were sequenced using the manual de novo sequencing technique. The in-silico prediction revealed that SA923 is a cyclic peptide with C-N terminal interaction of the carbon atom of ASP7 with the nitrogen atom of GLU1 (1ELVFYRD7). Thus, SA923 is presented under the orbitides class of peptides, which lack the disulfide bonds for cyclization. In addition, SA923, steered with the physicochemical properties and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm mentioned for the segment, has the highest in silico anticancer potential. Further, the in vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed the peptide has anti-proliferative activity, and toxicity studies were demonstrated in Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos.


Providing full and accurate information is crucial to the post-disaster management to enable the affected people access and obtain the resources needed, in a timely manner. An effective post-disaster management system (PDMS) has to ensure distribution of emergency resources, such as hospital, storage and transportation in a reasonable time so that affected papulation are properly benefited from it during the post-disaster period. In this paper we describe the overall approach to this research survey paper, to include, the different technologies, models, information systems and strategies presented by different researchers as the result of their work. The need for careful PDMS field analysis, searching ways for individuals to obtain necessary resources from PDMS and how a high-quality platform and intelligent models can be provided to acquire the most efficient information for decision-making in post-disaster situations. Examples are given of the research in: techniques for data collection and generation, modeling of hospital decision-making operations, and initial IF-THEN rule based concepts. We believe that this study is unique because it has used classification that has classified this survey in relation to the importance of technologies and the scientific ways on how to manage disasters.


On April, 28th it is declared by the International job management in the World afternoon of a labour protection. For the first time this date was marked in 2003. Creation and advancement of culture of a labour protection which urged to promote decrease in annual death rate on a job the given problem was put first of all.


The investigation was undertaken at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, during rabi 2017-18 to characterize 30 bread wheat genotypes released for general cultivation in Gujarat at state level as well as at the National level in central India based on the chemical tests. The seeds were subjected to phenol, peroxidase, NaOH and KOH test for differentiating the genotypes. Based on the seed colouration with phenol, genotypes were grouped into dark brown (12 genotypes), light brown (11 genotypes) and brown (7 genotypes) in colour. Based on the colour of the solution due to peroxidase activity, genotypes were grouped into four categories viz., brown (15 genotypes), light brown (9 genotypes), no change (4 genotypes) and dark brown (2 genotypes) coloured types. The KOH and NaOH test did not differentiate any wheat genotypes studied.


The work presented in this paper concerns the synthesis of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) patterns to generate movements of paralysed limbs for spinal cord injured patients. We propose an approach based on a nonlinear optimization formulation that may encounter physiological and technological constraints. The study considers a biomechanical knee model and the associated agonist/antagonist muscles. The goal of this method is to synthesize optimal patterns which minimize the muscular activities and/or tracking trajectory errors in order to reduce the muscular fatigue while achieving a desired movement. Different tests have been performed and the results compared with regard to the energetic balance. The approach is illustrated in simulation with: 1) sinusoidal desired knee joint trajectory, 2) optimal reference knee joint trajectory and 3) without explicit reference knee joint trajectory. The simulations have been performed with model parameters estimated from real subject data. We show that the trajectory tracking presents high energy consumption which demonstrates the inappropriateness of classical robotics methods for musculoskeletal system. Instead, minimization of muscle activation only gives better results with regard to energy consumption, still with a reasonnable trajectory tracking error.


The article analyses the present circumstances and existing problems about our quality-oriented education of human and culture in academic credentials of adult higher education.It sets forth the important function in China's development of the 21st century enhancing quality-oriented education of human and culture in academic credentials of adult higher education, and puts forward the overall conception and the principles followed.It analyses and summarizes the practice and effects of the education on human and culture of our institute.


A novel miniaturized bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed, which is based on a steppedimpedance resonator (SIR) and cross-coupling theory. This filter has the characteristics of small size and high out-of-band rejection. The filter consists of four 1/2 wavelength stepped-impedance resonators and two 1/4 wavelength short-circuit microstrip resonators. By designing a new kind of structure, the cross coupling is realized between the second and fifth resonators, and two transmission zeros are introduced out of band. Zero-degree feeding is realized due to the symmetry of the structure and feeding position, which adds two other transmission zeros outside the band. Four transmission zeros are introduced outside the passband of the filter, which greatly increase the out-of-band rejection of the filter. The passband of the filter is 3.2GHz–4.2GHz, and the out-of-band rejection at 2.6GHz and 4.8GHz reaches −60 dB. The size of the filter is only 7.2mm ∗ 8mm (0.21λg ∗ 0.24λg), which realizes the miniaturization of the filter.


As part of a multi-disciplinary research effort off the West Australian coast, acoustic methodologies are being developed to characterise fine scale vertical distributions of mesoplankton (0.1 to 20 mm in length) using high frequencies: 265, 420, 700, 1100, 1800, 3000 kHz. This study combines the use of multi high frequency acoustics with discrete biological samples and physical water column parameters (temperature, salinity, fluorescence) over a multi year period. The physical samples were obtained with a specially designed Discreet In-situ Plankton Sampler (DIPS) that collects 6 samples within the water column at targeted depths. The Tracor Acoustic Profiler System (TAPS) attached to DIPS was operated at a fixed range of 1.5 m with a 5 litre sampling volume. We present our initial investigations of comparing the plankton samples to the observed values of acoustic reverberation (Sv dB re 1 m -1 ). We examine both the affect of system noise and low densities of plankton and how they might affect our strategy for estimating distribution based on acoustic models. This comparison highlights limitations in the methodology due to the low densities of plankton generally obtained in the oligotrophic waters off Western Australia, their patchy distribution and potential heterogeneity of scattering types.


This study examined ring width and density of plantation-grown black spruce 6 yr after commercial thinning (CT). Sample trees were from a 49-yr-old plantation receiving CT at age 43 yr near Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada. There was a significant and positive effect on annual radial growth for heavy thinning (one of three rows removed) but not for light thinning (one of four rows removed). CT had little effect on wood density. Increased radial growth caused by thinning was mainly from an increase in earlywood width. Latewood proportion was not affected by thinning. With increasing tree diameter from 100-220 mm, ring width increased 0.93-2.19 mm, whereas ring density decreased slightly 523-487 kg/m 3 . Ring width decreased from 1.31 mm at stump height to 1.13 mm at 2.5-m height and then increased to 1.62 mm at 7.5-m height. From stump height to 7.5 m, ring density decreased steadily from 525-491 kg/m 3 . The effect of thinning depended on tree diameter and height position. This study suggests CT in black spruce accelerated radial growth but had little effect on wood density. Appropriate thinning intensity may target radial growth increase to trees of certain diameters.


This paper evaluates the level of China's intellectual capital and innovation capability in the period of 1988-2007.Firstly,it defines regional(national) intellectual capital and regional(national) innovation capability,then it designs a set of measurement indicators of them,followed on the basis of data collection and processing,the intellectual capital level and innovation capability of China's 20-year were evaluated using factor analysis methods,finally the intellectual capital index and the innovation capability index of China's in the period of 1988-2007 were calculated.


The purposes of this research were to know characteristics of golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) silage processed chemically and microbiologycal using lactid acid bacteria culture (LAB) 3B104. The research used the Factorial Randomized Block Designed with two factors of treatment and each was replicated three times. The factors were different of percentation formic acid (formic acid 2.5%, 3.0% and 3.5%), without and given lactid acid bacteria (LAB) culture 3B104. The parameters were chemical analysis (pH value, moisture content, ash content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate, crude fiber) and microbiologycal analysis (Total Plate Count, Salmonella test, Escherischia coli test). The result of this research were different ration of percentage formic acid, without and given lactid acid bacteria culture (LAB) 3B104 had significant effect on pH value, moisture content, protein content, carbohydrate and crude fiber. The average value were pH value after fermentation (4.73-5.46), moisture content (77.98%-81.59%), ash content (2.25%-3.97%), protein content (10.88%-14.54%), fat content (0.45%-0.68%.), carbohydrate content (2.00%-3.70%.), crude fiber (0.56%-1.47%). The highest protein content (14.54%) was found in the treatment of formic acid 3.5% without given lactid acid bacteria culture (LAB) 3B104. The microbiologycal analysis showed total plate count (5.78 log CFU/gr-7.29 log CFU/gr), negative Salmonella and Escherischia coli.   Keyword: golden snail silage, formic acid, lactid acid bacteria (LAB)


This article offers a critical discussion of the "Report on Liability for Artificial Intelligence and Other Emerging Digital Technologies" released by the Expert Group on Liability and New Technologies. In particular, the authors consider: the excessive diversity of applications encompassed through the notion of "artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies"; the distinction between high- and low-risk applications as a potential source of legal uncertainty; the primary reliance on evidentiary rules over substantive ones; the problematic role attributed to safety rules; the unclear relationship between the Product Liability Directive and other ad hoc liability regimes; the radical exclusion of electronic personhood as a way of addressing liability issues; and the limited contextualisation of compulsory insurance and no-compensation funds.


Abstract Echinophora platyloba is a valuable essential oil bearing plant. The variation in the quantity and quality of the essential oil of wild populations of E. platyloba extracted by hydro distillation was studied during different growth and developmental stages. The content of essential oils (w/w %) were 0.7, 0.5, and 0.2 % in rosette, floral budding, and full flowering stages, respectively. The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Total of 41, 62, and 56 components were identified and quantified in the above mentioned stages, respectively. The oil content showed remarkable increase at rosette stage. The proportion of (Z)-β-Ocimene, as a major component at rosette, drastically decreased in floral budding and then slightly increased at full flowering stage. In contrast, (E)- β-ocimene was not detected at the rosette stage but was the major component at the subsequent harvest time and then decreased at full flowering stage. Moreover, monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in the rosette (71.6 %), floral budding (64.8 %), and full flowering stage (69.6 %).


Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have received great research attention due to their wide spectrum of potential applications. Core–shell structures with iron oxide nanoparticles as the core and with covalently grafted organic polymers as the shell, which has specific functions, such as biocompatibility, fluorescence, and biological activity have been synthesised. These nanostructured compounds could find numerous biomedical applications. This feature article provides a review on the synthetic methodologies for building such magnetic core–shell structures, and on their applications in targeted drug delivery, enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), enzyme immobilization, hyperthermia and biosensors. Promising future directions of this active research field are also discussed.


A 20-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit following resuscitation from respiratory arrest associated with acute severe asthma. Examination of the chest revealed marked wheezing with equal intensity of breath sounds bilaterally. She was mechanically ventilated and given intravenous aminophylline, salbutamol and hydrocortisone, as well as nebulized salbutamol. Her inspiratory airway pressure was in excess of 65 cm H,O. The first blood gas analysis showed: PaO,, 148 mm Hg; PaCO,, 39 mmHg (F1o2 = 0.4). The chest radiograph (Fig 1) showed hyperinflation of the lungs. Three hours after admission, the patient became cyanotic and hypotensive. Diminished movement of the right side of the chest was noted and breath sounds over the right lung were absent. The Pa02 was 35 mmHg and the PaCO, was 42 mmHg (Flo, = 0.9). Another chest film was obtained (Fig 2) and subsequently an intercostal drain was inserted into the right pleural space. A small amount of air was noted to bubble through the underwater drain, the water level of which moved adequately with respiration. The patient remained cyanotic with absent breath sounds over the right lung. A diagnostic procedure was performed.


Debates about urban public are multi-dimensional and multi-objective, focusing on design, environmental, social, economic and political aspects. Most writers on this issue recognize a general decline and crisis of public spaces. However, a comparison of contemporary urban public spaces only with historical patterns, and at the same time not taking into account present urban development trends, can lead to simplifi cation in assessment of public spaces conditions. The main objective of this theoretical paper is a short overview of study approaches in urban public space economics and then identify the key challenges of urban public spaces management. This paper describes urban public space as a local public good and discusses its transformations as a result of urban development changes.


An unusual neuropsychlatric disorder Inherited Inautosomal dominant fashion occurred Inthree successive generations ofafamily. Symptoms commencedlate In thefifth decadeInsixaffected patients andledtodeathInfourtosixyears. The earliest andmostprominent symptom wasmental depression notresponsive to antidepressant drugsorelectroconvulsivetherapy. Thiswasaccompanied by exhaustion, sleepdisturbances, and markedweight loss. Later Inthedisease, symptomsofparkinsonism appeared, and respiratory faliure occurred terminally. Themostrecently affected family memberwasInvestigated biochemically late In hisIllness. Concentrations oftaurlne weregreatly diminished Inplasmaand cerebrospinal fluid, andatautopsy, allregions ofbrain examined hadamarkedly reduced taurine content. Since taurine Is aputative Inhibitory synaptic transmitter, deficiency ofbrain taurine maypossibly havecausedthepsychiatric andneurological manifestations ofthisdisorder. (ArchNeurol 32:108-113, 1975)


The term 'training' has been widely used to describe the programmes provided for children in schools and residential institutions catering for the moderately and severely mentally handicapped. Although this term is less used than formerly it has never-the-less influenced the type of curriculum provided and it is still not unusual to find parents and teachers in normal primary and secondary schools who equate education with academic learning. There are many implications that arise from this distinction between training and education. Firstly it implies that the vast amount of learning that must take place before the child is ready for formal school subjects is not the result of education or the concern of the educationalist. This implication, of course, is indefensible. It is true that, until comparatively recently, this learning has been taken for granted, except by trained pre-school teachers. Today, however, we are aware that there are many reasons why this learning does not invariably take place and th...


eanin_pthe gradual introduction of foods other than breastmilk can be a risky time for infants. They are losing the benefits of breastmilk and are exposed to food-borne _eemrc for the first time. This means that safe preparation and storage of food should be a priority during weaning. After 4-6 months of age, infants need more food and nutrients in order to grow well. Because of their small stomachs they need to have as many as 5-6 small meals a day. Ideally, infants should be given freshly prepared food at every meal. This is because storing food at room temperature causes bacteria in the food to multiply rapidly. However, we should recognise that many' families do not have the resources to cook fresh food five or six times a day. Many women are already overworked. and advice which adds to their workload is not likely to be welcomed. Lack of time and scarce or expensive fuel means that often families cook in bulk and store food for later meals. If food is stored between meals it is important that storage methods are safe. Food should be covered so it will not be contaminated by tlies or dust. It should be kept cool to prevent germs breeding. Most families do not have a refrigerator. but many do have traditional ways of preservinp and protecting food. In some societies food is stored in containers in running water or in porous pots standing in water to keep the food cool. Sometimes food is kept in baskets and hunp from the ceiling out of reach of insects and rodents. and where uind will keep it cool. Some traditional preparation methods, such as fermentation or the production of curd from milk. protect food from germs and delay spoila_re. One key action heating food thoroughly can destroy most germs in food that cause diarrhoea. It is particularly important to reheat food that has been stored from an earlier meal before re-servin_g it. This issue of DD looks at what can be done to improve food hygiene taking account of the constraints faced by families. It also describes improved cookstoves that allow families to practise good hygiene thorough heating before serving food on limited budgets. It is important that health workers and educators find out about local food practices, especially traditional practices that improve food hygiene. and work with communities to identify, uay s of reducing the risk of diarrhoea from contaminated food.


Aesop's Fables have such a story: in a valley, a white sheep and a black sheep meet on a single-plank bridge, and both of them want to cross the bridge, but they don't make mutual concession, how can they do? Couples may have met this trouble: boys want to watch a ball game at home, and girls want to go shopping, but both of them want the other may accompany with them. How can they do? When the other person's decision will affect our decision, we can't ignore our opponent's action, which is the "Game Theory". The most original thinking. Monthly 2008-08-01 managers interviewed author Liu Yang Ming; Examinants Dr. Liang Mengyu Jensen & Meckling (1976) systematically bring up and discuss agency problems and agency theory has developed into an important financial management theory. Jensen & Meckling thought that company is not individual, a company is a combination of many contracts, which is called the set-of-contract theory, and shareholders and managers' contract are not the same; managers need to rely on the moral self-discipline. The goal of shareholders and managers is inconsistent; Shareholders want to maximize the value of their equity holdings, and managers want to maximize their own utility, so between shareholders and managers' moral hazard need to be controlled by incentive and restraint to limit managers' behavior. When making © 2013 APBITM Society. All rights reserved.


The general conditions of axles and bearings for heavy haul freight cars abroad are described.The technical developments of axles and bearings for heavy haul railway freight cars in our country are discussed.


We introduce the combined Continuous Time Random Walk (CTRW) in position and momentum space, in the form of two coupled integral equations that are solved numerically. An application is made to a toroidally confined plasma that undergoes off-center injection of cold plasma (off-axis fueling), focusing on phenomena of anomalous transport.


Methodological aspects of the optimization task for long-term planning of TGP line part diagnostic studies and repair reflect the comprehensive approach to formation of programs on technical diagnostics and repair of operated TGP line part facilities, ensuring the required reliability and safety level with account of a combination of technical, financial-economic and organizational limits. A single model of taking managing decisions on long-term diagnostic studies and technical maintenance & service within the frames of a narrow cost limit in general for GTS serves as the basis of the methodology developed on these aspects. Calculated estimates of reliability and industrial risk parameters for the representative combination of TGP line part facilities of subsidiary GTO operating more than 160,000 km of TGP serve as input data for the model. The cost limit is defined for each current year of planning and is characterized by external limit to the abundance of TGP line part facilities being optimized. The role of internal limits meets the requirements to reliability and risk parameters, based on which decisions are taken in GTO. The general mathematic setting of the optimization goal takes into account the double-level structure of GTS technical condition and integrity control within the frames of GTO and Gazprom JSC in general. The developed methodology was tested on specific GTS facilities. Its use allows to improve the efficiency of taking of technical and managing decisions by means of accuracy and reliability of the technical condition forecast, assessment of GTS facilities operational risk; target distribution of funds aimed at maintenance of the required technical level with account of facilities'' ranking by importance and hazards; optimality of assignment of technical maintenance & service targets, terms and volumes with clear definition of objectives -achievement of maximum possible reliability and safety parameters for the whole GTS in general.


The paper deals with the solution of the finish-abrasive processing issue (contour grinding) of external helical surface. It is proposed to use a robotic system including an external tool, a multi-axis manipulator with a mounted workpiece. The paper investigates the influence of the workpiece movement trajectory relative to the external tool with respect to the parameters identifying a helical surface. As a solution, we proposed to use the algorithm to be developed for robot program performance. The program is developed on the basis of required surface parameters of quality. The approach enables to achieve effective helical surfaces technologies.


A study was nmade to determine if it would be feasible to put a high salt, acidic aqueous waste mixed with organic compounds into the Z-1A tile field. The factors considered were the extent of adsorption of plutonium and americium by the soil and the effect on the infiltration of the waste into the soil by the organic compounds present. lt was found that soil has a considerable capacity for the high salt, acidic waste containing organic compounds and can imbibe it almost as readily as water. These data, obtained from column measuremeiits in the laboratory, would be less favorable than those obtained in the field as the moisture cannot spread horizontally in a column. Uptake of plutonium by the soil was very minor and of anmericium negligible. (auth)


The processes of double fertilization in rice were observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy.The results showed that,in 0.5 hour after flowering,pollen with two sperm cells germinated in the stamen;in 1-2 hours,pollen tube reached to the embryo sac of ovule.Meanwhile,two actin coronas were formed in the ovule.Coronas started from the base of the synergid,one of which ended near the egg nucleus and the other near the p olar nuclei.After 2-3 hours of flowering,the sperm cells were released at the site of the degenerated synergid.When sperm cells were deposited near the base of the corona,sperm cells in the synergid subsequently migrated toward the point of fusion.In 34 hours after flowering,the chromatin of the sperm nucleus diffused in the egg nucleus.At the same time,the male nucleolus became larger and larger,as big as the female one.About 4-5 hours after flowering,polar nuclei were completed fertilized,forming the primary endosperm nucleus,while a small male nucleolus appeared in the egg nucleus.After 5-6hours of flowering,the male and female nucleolus were still not fused completely,but the primary endosperm nucleushad mitosed for 1-2 times.In 12hours after flowering,the male and female nucleolus fused and formed a large nucleolus,a symbol for the formation of zygote.In 24 hours after flowering,zygote completed its first mitosis,forming the two-cell proembryo. At the same time,the primary endosperm nucleus has divided into 816 free nuclei,distributing around the embryo sac.The double fertilization of rice belongs to the type of premitotic syngamy.


In this paper, a reduced-complexity partial transmit sequences (PTS) scheme is proposed to resolve the intrinsic high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem of multi-carrier transmission systems signal with low computational complexity. The conventional PTS technique is highly successful in PAPR reduction for multi-carrier transmission systems signals, but the considerable computational complexity for the required search through a high-dimensional vector space is a potential problem for practical implementation. To reduce the search complexity while still improving the PAPR statistics, stochastic optimization techniques such as the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) have recently been proposed to search for a phase factor that reduces both the PAPR statistics and the computational load. In this paper, a novel stochastic optimization approach, that is, the electromagnetism-like (EM) algorithm is applied in reducing the PAPR of a multicarrier transmission systems signal. From the results, it can be seen that a proposed scheme based-iterative PTS can be easily implemented with low combining complexity, still maintaining a better BER performance, compared to the conventional PTS approach. Simulations have been conducted and the results show that the BER performance of the investigated EM-PTS is increased by minimizing the signal's nonlinear distortion caused by HPA.


Bisnis-27 Index from 2017 to 2020. The optimal portfolio uses Single Index Model, while its performance measurement uses Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen Models. The data analysis technique used to answer the research hypothesis is One-way Anova test followed by comparing the averages using Post-hoc test LSD and Tukey HSD. Five of the six stocks sample became optimal portfolio and the three measurement models of portfolio performance show a positive number which means the portfolio is performing well. The hypothesis test results show a difference in the values from the three measurement models, then the Post-hoc test shows a significant difference between the Sharpe and Jensen Models.


Shanghai faces huge traffic pressure,as the expos in 2010 is closing.Parking and riding is an effective method to resolve the congestion and optimize the traffic structure.According to plans,the parking and riding hinge at The Shanghai International Circuit is charged to absorb a part of passengers driving private vehicles from Jiangsu province to visit the expos.Several plans have been put forward to organize buses and social vehicles during the process of entering,parking and leaving with the qualitative analysis by investigating the highways system and the road net around The Shanghai International Circuit and the exposition zone.In addition,organization principles have been discussed.


Dielectric inhomogeneities may have rather pronounced effect on the measured effective permittivity and dielectric function in high-permittivity dielectrics including the polar phonon response. We address the effect of grain boundaries in SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 ceramics and nanograin ceramics and estimate the dead-layer properties in the grain-boundary region using the generalized brick-wall model. Also we discuss the effective response due to the strong grain anisotropy in the ferroelectric BaTiO3. A new interpretation of the infrared spectra of classical relaxors is suggested, based on the effective medium approach and rather strong polar cluster anisotropy.


We dedicate this paper to Max Gunzburger on the occasion of his 60th birthday Abstract. We study the numerical errors in finite element discretizations of a time relaxation model of fluid motion: ut + u � ∇ u + ∇p − ��u + �u � = f and ∇ � u = 0 In this model, introduced by Stolz, Adams and Kleiser, uis a generalized fluctuation andthe time relaxation parameter. The goal of inclusion of theuis to drive unresolved fluctuations to zero exponentially. We study convergence of discretization of the model to the model's solution as h, �t → 0. Next we complement this with an experimental study of the effect the time relaxation term (and a nonlinear extension of it) has on the large scales of a flow near a transitional point. We close by showing that the time relaxation term does not alter shock speeds in the inviscid, compressible case, giving analytical confirmation of a result of Stolz, Adams and Kleiser.


The collapse of the Soviet system and the consolidation of the world capitalist order has led many socialists to reject Marxism and all "grand theories" as ways to understand the creation of the modern world and to grasp the possibilities for its radical transformation. Lebowitz's concise and clearly written book resolutely bucks that trend. Indeed, the author argues that the left needs a grand theory more than ever to understand the past and create a socialist future. Firmly opposed to vanguardist, populist, and totalitarian models, he believes that Marx's fundamental analysis basically had it right: Capitalism, in its essence, debilitates people by preventing them from relating to one another as human beings. The goal of socialism, then, is "to organize society in such a way that every member of it can develop and use all his capabilities and powers in complete freedom and without thereby infringing the basic conditions of this society" (13). Such a condition, the author reminds us, "will not drop from the sky." It has to be created through struggle. Lebowitz, an economist from Canada now living in Venezuela, examines the various arenas (political, social, economic, and ideological) in which this struggle unfolds. Drawing on his experience in Yugoslavia as well as Venezuela, he sets out in brief, succinct chapters to reclaim Marx's vision and to examine concrete possibilities for building socialism now. Lebowitz begins by analyzing the needs of capital as opposed to the needs of human beings. He outlines Marx's analysis of capitalist relations of production and illustrates how, in drawing on Hegel's dialectical method, Marx was able to demystify the process of exploitation that lies at the heart of capitalism. He shows that Marx eschewed a teleological belief in capitalism's inevitable collapse and saw revolutionary action as the only way to get rid of the system. Marx recognized the ways in which the process of exploitation stimulated workers' resistance, understood quite well how capital used immigrant labor, racism, and other means to undermine workers' unity, and acknowledged the importance of struggling for reforms in building a movement and improving conditions. Lebowitz's most important point, however, is that Marx analyzed how the system works as a whole and showed


Zinc(II) formaldehyde sulfoxylate, [Zn(CH3O3S)2], a widely marketed additive in the polymer and textile industry (under the registered trademarks Decroline, Decolin and Safolin, CAS 24887-06-7), possesses, in the solid state, a polymeric framework, with the Zn atoms octahedrally coordinated by six O atoms of four different hydroxymethanesulfinate groups. The latter are found to coordinate through all their O atoms, including the hydroxy ones, and possess a chelating nature. By contrast, in the structure of the only other commercially available salt of this ligand (dihydrated sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate), the organic residue, being involved in an extensive network of hydrogen-bond contacts, is fully stretched and bridges two NaI ions through a single O atom.


The article presents the results of sociological research within the model of base system of business relations of the Russian entrepreneur. The investigation aims at analyzing current business relations and contacts providing business existence and development and the establishment of regional associations of entrepreneurs in the field of their regional business activity. Findings that allow us to describe the main peculiarities of the regional business space structure in modern Russia at the level of the entrepreneur's business relationships are analyzed.


Objective To investigate the relationships between the changes of portal hemodynamics and esophageal varicosity bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.Methods The portal systemic hemodynamical parameters in 86 cirrhotic patients with esophageal varicosity were detected by Doppler ultrasonography,including the max diameters,mean flow velocity,flow rate and congestion index(CI)of the portal vein trunks(PV)and splenic veins(SV).Results There were significant differences in the PV diameters(PVD),PV flow velocity(PVV)and PV congestion index(PVCI)between the patients with hepatic function in Child-pugh C and those in Child-pugh A and B(P0.05).There were significant differences in PVD,PVCI,SV congestion index(SVCI)and SV flow velocity(SVV)between patients with esophageal varicosity bleeding(EVD)group and those with no EVD(P0.05).Conclusion The changes of portal hemodynamics in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension are related with damage degree of hepatic function and correlated to EVB


Since 1956 when oil was discovered in Nigeria, thousands of barrels has been produced, refineries has been established in the country which has made oil the major such of sustenance of the country's economy. This paper term to show the relationship between oil and the Nigeria economy, the positive contribution of oil to Nigeria economy which are increase in national income, major source of foreign exchange, provision of employment opportunity, increase in the standard of living, provision of infrastructural facilities, economic growth; show the negative effect of oil on Nigeria economy which has made the country a monomania economy, change the people sense of value, and reasoning, cause political instability, laziness and how oil has hindered the economic diversification of the country in terms of negligence of agricultural sector, uneven development among other sector of the economy, rural urban draft, increase in corruption and illegal activities. The paper thus concludes that government of Nigeria need to bottleneck all the negative effect oil has impacted to the economy of Nigeria in order to make her a great nation and also provides possible recommendation in order to diversify the economy of Nigeria.


The increased circulatory and metabolic demands of pregnancy lead to a variety of adaptive responses in many regional vascular beds. The concomitant development of anemia could modify these adaptive processes. The purpose of our studies was to quantify the regional vascular responses to chronic anemia in pregnant sheep and to compare those responses to those occurring with acute anemia. We measured regional blood flows and O2 deliveries and calculated vascular resistances in 10 near-term pregnant sheep, five of which were made anemic (hematocrit = 14%) for 6 days by isovolemic hemodilution with fresh plasma. The remaining five sheep served as controls (hematocrit = 28%). As a result of 6 days of anemia, almost all regional beds (except for the small intestines, colon, and spleen) had increases in blood flow, which helped maintain tissue O2 deliveries at or near normal levels. Tissues with increased flow accounted for 88% of cardiac output, in contrast to what has been reported for acute anemia of comparab...


In recent studies the importance of financial markets has been highlighted and financial systems have been ascribed an increasing influence over real sector development. However, most of these discussions fail to adequately integrate this relationship into a general macro economic model. The argument put forward by Endogenous Growth theorists is mainly that an intermediation sector permits an economy to reduce the fraction of its savings held in the form of unproductive liquid assets; therefore financial intermediaries may naturally tend to alter the composition of investment and savings in a way that is favourable to capital accumulation and economic growth.

On the other hand Post-Keynesian growth theories that have been formed from various strands found mainly in the writings of Keynes and Kalecki and stimulated by Harrod's approach which places more emphasis on income distribution, have tended to neglect the role of financial market development. The resulting macroeconomic models concentrate on the real side of the economy and pay little attention to the financial sector. This motivates the modelling strategy pursued in this paper along with some assumptions derived from the theory of financial intermediation for further investigation of the mainstream Keynesian/Post-Keynesian framework.


The electrical characterization of the device made with aniline stabilized antimony sulfide was performed under normal laboratory illumination and UV irradiation conditions.


Carbon nanostructures were fabricated by catalytic decomposition of acetylene ondifferently shaped palladium (Pd) nanocatalysts (nanoplates (triangle/hexagonal) andnanocubes) synthesized by an aque ...


The invention discloses an automatic method for water level of reservoir, which is indicated measuring the current water level of reservoir with water level pressure transmitter, calculating the deviation factor triangle H of water level measuring value with the specified value, synchronously calculating the rising speed of water level S and taking into the PID algorithm, obtaining the variation jaw opening triangle H of valve, and obtaining the target jaw opening L by adding the original jaw opening L0. The invention implements the presetting of PID parameter, calculating and the process formathematical model with PLC, and synchronously controls the jaw opening of valve with the output of PLC. The positive effect of this invention is indicated as convenient measuring, excellent control quality, and quickly and automatically controlling the water level in a specified scope in the condition of fewer times of valve agency.


Summary. Fuegian Snipe Gallinago stricklandii is a poorly known wader found in southern Chile and south-west Argentina, but knowledge of its distribution is still incomplete. Historical records suggest a breeding range between 48°S and 56°S in the Patagonian fjords, however especially few data are available for the north of its presumed distribution. Here we report two records of Fuegian Snipe during the breeding season at 46°S and 48°S. We captured two individuals at Ventisquero Jorge Montt (48°19'S) in early December 2021 (late spring), both with a dry and shrivelled incubation patch, usually indicative of a recently completed incubation period. We also report a photo record and displays at the río Exploradores (46°19'S, 73°24'W). These findings suggest that the northern limit of the species' breeding range extends to at least 46°S.


Alterations from the standard conditions under which measurements of fetal femurs are made may alter the estimate of gestational age by up to four weeks. We describe and quantify the errors induced by variations in depth, gain settings, and angle of the femur relative to the US beam. We describe a simple phantom that may be used to help eliminate these sources of possible error.


Objective: To evaluate the value of color Dopplar ultrasound detected structure and hemodynamic changes of carotid among the senile hypertensives.Methods: Carotid artery diameter(CAD),intima media thickness(IMT),the incidence of plaque,the peak systolic velocity(PSV),resistance index(RI) and maximal shear rate(SR) were measured by ultrasonography in 86 cases of senile patients with hypertension(hypertension group) and 40 cases of healthy elders(control group).Analize the difference of above indexs between hypertension group and control group and the difference between hypertension 1,2,3 grade.Results: Carotid artery IMT and the incidence of plaque in senile hypertensive group were significantly higher,the PSV,SR were significantly lower than control group(P0.01).Along with hypertension grading increases,carotid IMT,incidence of plaque were gradually raised;SPV,SR were further reduced,the differences were statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion: Senile hypertension existes carotid structure and hemodynamic changes,and carotid atherosclerosis degree has directproportion with elevated blood pressure.Application of color Dopplar ultrasound detecting carotid atherosclerosis occurrence and development of the patients with hypertension to happen heart cerebrovascular disease forecast to have the important meaning


ground gasification of horizontal and sloping coal strata was developed, and has been applied on an industrial scale since 1943. According to estimates by Abromov,23 the mines already in operation in the Soviet Union have shown that the underground gasification of coal results in a decrease in cost of twofifths of that for the conventional methods of obtaining coal gas, and a decrease in the number of workers to one-fourth, with an elimination of the unhealthy conditions and dangers to which miners are usually subject. The coal gas produced is either piped


The paper involves oblique scattering of water waves by three non-identical thin vertical barriers arranged asymmetrically in deep water. The asymmetry in the configuration of the barriers is in the sense that the outer barriers are situated at two different distances from the inner (middle) barrier. Two geometries of the barriers have been considered. In the first one, the two outer barriers are partially immersed and the inner barrier is completely submerged and extends infinitely downwards while the second one is its complementary. Each problem is reduced to a system of three simultaneous first kind integral equations involving differences of potential functions across the barriers. These integral equations are solved approximately by employing single-term Galerkin's approximations where the single term is the exact solution of the corresponding integral equation arising in the problem of scattering of normally incident water waves by a single thin vertical barrier in deep water. Fairly accurate numerical estimates for the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained which satisfy the energy identity. For both the configurations of the barriers, the behavior of reflection coefficient is observed by depicting it graphically against wavenumber for different values of various parameters. It is observed that the reflection coefficient vanishes for a sequence of discrete wavenumbers only when the outer two barriers are identical and equidistant from the inner barrier. However, this phenomenon may differ sometimes for the second configuration of the barriers. Numerical results available in the literature are recovered as special cases thereby validating the accuracy of the numerical estimates obtained here.


concepts) are needed to foster students' critical thinking abilities; this balance is consistent with Sanford's (1966) theory that both support and challenge are necessary for growth. Our results indicated that posing challenging questions in class improved students' self-reported as well as objectively measured critical thinking abilities. Teaching practices such as teachers' frequent explanations of abstract concepts to students, as well as well-organized presentations in class contributed to increasing self-report growth in critical thinking among college freshmen. These two teaching practices are slightly different from teachers' asking challenging questions in that the latter stimulates students to think creatively or differently, whereas explaining abstract concepts as well as giving wellorganized presentations provides some support. Therefore, instructors should use these practices complementarily by provoking students through questioning that challenges students to view issues from different perspectives, and then providing explanations to help them understand abstract concepts. In other words, the development of critical thinking may require instructors to balance cognitive challenge with intellectual support, as Sanford (1966) suggested. Second, our results indicated that course assignments requiring students to compare and contrast, and integrate ideas contributed to increasing students' critical thinking abilities. Tasks that require integration of ideas, as well as assignments specifying that students compare and contrast ideas, require students to gather multiple ideas or perspectives, organize them by themes, and highlight the differences and commonalities among different ideas (Barber, 2008). This suggests that the development of critical thinking may entail thinking and analyzing multiple ideas instead of retrieving and recognizing correct answers, which is consistent with what Tsui (2002) found in her study. Consequently, instructors need to focus on the characteristics of tasks (e.g., whether tasks require compare and contrast) rather than types of tasks (e.g., writing, class presentation) and to incorporate analytic components into each class assignment in order to foster students' critical thinking. Third, our findings demonstrated that studentimplemented course practices such as class presentations and group projects did not promote but hindered the development of first-year students' critical thinking abilities. These results are inconsistent with previous studies that indicated the positive effects of these two instructional practices (Astin, 1993; Tsui, 1999). Our findings are likely reflective of first-year students' developmental orientation; that is, first-year students are often externally-defined and rely on authority figures to help them understand the world around them and seek approval from others (Baxter Magolda, 2001). For these externally-defined students, the act of hearing other students present in class places students in the role of expert and therefore contradicts an externally-defined epistemological belief. They would prefer to learn directly from an instructor rather than from a peer. In a similar vein, externally-defined students in the group situations may be reluctant to challenge each other and share ideas with peers for fear of disrupting the group and potentially receiving negative feedback from others. The positive effect of faculty giving feedback on students' critical thinking abilities may also reflect firstyear students' reliance on authority figures for learning critical thinking abilities. In sum, instructors who teach first-year students may benefit from attending to students' developmental orientations and restructuring student-implemented course practices (e.g., class presentation) to meet their developmental capacity. Finally, we found some discrepancies between students' self-report and direct assessment of critical thinking. For example, frequent use of interpreting abstract concepts had a significant, positive effect on students' self-reported gain; however, this was not a significant predictor for the increase of CAAP scores. One possible explanation for these discrepancies is that the direct measure of gains in critical thinking and student self-reports of gains in critical thinking measure different constructs. For the direct measure, the developers of CAAP defined critical thinking, whereas each student defined critical thinking for self-report measures. Given the breadth of critical thinking definitions within the literature, we expect student interpretations of critical thinking to be just as varied. Although this variation is problematic, the different definitions may also encompass a broader critical thinking skill set than the CAAP. Therefore, the studentidentified teaching practices may promote critical thinking skills beyond what the CAAP measures, such as creativity (Marzano et al., 1988) or reflective thinking (Aretz, Bolen, & Devereux, 1997). In addition to variation in the critical thinking construct, student self-reports might also reflect student satisfaction and student engagement (Bowman & Seifert, 2010). As Astin (1993) reported, when students believed they were learning, they were more satisfied and more engaged with their educational experiences. Increased satisfaction and particularly engagement in learning complemented the pedagogical methods employed by faculty to improve critical thinking skills because students already held faculty and faculty teaching practices in high regard. On the other hand, students who were dissatisfied with their college experience were less likely to report experiences as having a positive impact on their development (Bowman & Seifert,2010). Future research may include measures of student satisfaction in order to better understand the nature of self-report and direct assessments on the development of critical thinking. Shim and Walczak Development of Students' Critical Thinking Skills 25


Glaciers are found largely in remote and inhospitable terrains around the world, and it is generally known that the ocean has transformed into glaciers, according to a long-standing study. As a result, remote sensing technology is critical for remotely monitoring the region to detect any potential threats or mass changes in the near future. We used C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data from the Sentinel-1 satellite to estimate the surface velocity of the Gangotri glacier in the Himalayan region in this paper. Using SAR offset tracking methodology, the maximum intensity correlation provides the two-dimensional movement of the Gangotri glacier and its tributaries in the Gharwal Himalayas in India. The repeat-pass SAR image subpixel offset tracking approach was also used to create velocity vectors from Sentinel-1 seasonal datasets. Based on 40 years of daily reports, we also used the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Algorithm to forecast future trends in precipitation, temperature, and insolation index for the region.


Theophylline , a methyl xanthenes compound, is known as an efficient bronchodilator drug, having also anti - inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In order to improve its pharmacological profile and to re duce also the serious side effects that appear at high concentrations, new 1, 3, 7, 8 - tetrasubstituted theophylline derivatives have been synthesized. The new compounds are obtained in two steps b y the reaction of 8 - substituted theophyllines with epoxy pro pyl acetaminophen. The chemical structure of the synthesized compounds has been elucidated by their 1H - NMR spectra. The potential bronchodilator effects of the synthesized compounds have been also established. Key word : Theophyllin e derivatives, bronchodil ator effect, mercapto xanth i ne, ethoxy propyl acetaminophen, 1, 3, 7, 8 - tetrasubstituted xanthenes.


The OWLGrEd ontology editor allows graphical visualization and authoring of OWL 2.0 ontologies using a compact yet intuitive presentation that combines UML class diagram notation with textual Manchester syntax for expressions. For the full use of the graphical ontology tool, it is important to be able to export the ontology in one of OWL textual standards. We describe the OWLGrEd ontology export implementation using patterns that are ascribed to editor diagram abstract syntax elements. The OWLGrEd export patterns show the relationship between editor visual constructions and ontology textual form elements. The pattern-based method allows a tool end-user to define a custom field semantics in OWLGrEd extensions, and it can be generalized also for the model-to-text transformation within other similarly structured tools.


Fe y Alegria is a catholic network of schools that started operations in Colombia in 1971, and in 2009 served more than 72,000 students in 61 schools. This paper assesses the performance of Fe y Alegria secondary schools in Colombia using test scores for Spanish and mathematics, as well as detailed information on the characteristics of the household to which students belong. Simple statistics suggest that Fe y Alegria schools perform worse than other schools for all years in the sample. However, Fe y Alegria schools also cater to poorer students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds. Once controls are included for student background, Fe y Alegria schools actually often perform as well and in some cases better than other schools for mathematics and Spanish, thus partially reversing the previous finding.


Purpose: The study sought to explore the influence of psychological distress and the life satisfaction among Konkomba widows who underwent widowhood rituals in the Saboba District in the Northern Region of Ghana. Specifically, the study sought to determine common widowhood rite practices that widows in the Saboba District undergo and to assess the level of life satisfaction among the Konkomba widows who have undergone widowhood rites in the Saboba district.Methodology: The purposive sampling technique stratified sampling technique, snowball sampling technique, and convenience sampling techniques were used to select one hundred and twenty (120) widows from the Saboba District. Data were analyzed using frequency distributions, means, standard deviations, regression analysis, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: Analyses of data revealed that generally, Konkomba widows in the Saboba District have significantly low satisfaction with life. Findings also disclosed that psychological distress had significantly negative relation with satisfaction with life of widows. Again, specific psychological distress predictors of satisfaction with life were Hostility, Paranoid Ideation, and Anxiety.Contribution to practice, theory and policy: The findings of the study will guide counsellors, clinical psychologists and health practitioners to formulate policies and treatment procedures aimed at helping widows to overcome the psychological consequences associated with bereavement and the practices of the outmoded widowhood rites. It is will also provide a framework for government institutions, NGOs, counsellors and health practitioners to incorporate a more comprehensive approach where the attention is given to widows' physical needs, psychological needs and social wellbeing.


The decision making process during crisis events at the strategic level is often not effective or efficient, thereby hampering operational efforts. We have developed several tools to support strategic multi-party teams. After a 3 hour training session with mayors during a simulated crisis, these tools can be mastered.


Defamiliarization and foregrounding are two essential terms of different academic schools, but there exists a close tie of inheritance and development between them. Though having something in common, they are intrinsically different. Linguistically, the former mainly deals with those linguistic features of "qualitative prominence" while the latter not only stresses those features of "qualitative prominence", but also values those of "quantitative prominence", and additionally, the latter insists that only those motivated linguistic features are of stylistic values, so it is more valuable in theory and more practical in practice. By such clarification and interpretation, some vague ideas about the two terms are cleared up in stylistics, particularly in functional stylistics.


In this paper, two novel structures at 200mV 0.18um sub-threshold full adders are proposed for wireless sensor network nodes or medical electronics. They use three state gate to enhance the transition time and drivability of carry out signal. Simulation results show that the transition time of the proposed structure using three state gate is 60% of that of old structure using transmission gate. The proposed full adders are employed in an 8-bit ripple carry adder and the simulation results exhibit 20% power saving and 34% Power-Delay Product (PDP) saving compared to typical CMOS adder.


Nivolumab is one of human IgG4 monoclonal antibody belonging to the family of immune checkpoint inhibitors which acts by blocking ligand activation of programmed Cell death 1 receptor on T cells. Nivolumab has been approved for the management of patients with metastatic melanoma, metastatic squamous nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Associated side effects include increased risk of severe immune-mediated reactions involving the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, liver, kidney, and thyroid gland. Its effects on thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism (7%), hyperthyroidism (1%), and thyroiditis (<1%), mostly developing around week 12 after the start of therapy with nivolumab. Here, we report a case of nivolumab-induced thyroid dysfunction


Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), a method for depositing epitaxial semiconductor layers with an extreme degree of control, has previously been limited largely to featureless substrates. This thesis describes a procedure for high quality MBE growth over finely patterned GaAs substrates, which is suitable for device fabrication requiring lateral definition of small (~ 1-2 micron) dimension. The results of series of experiments determining the characteristics of MBE growth over patterned substrates are presented. Temperature and flux ratio dependence of faceting during MBE growth over patterned substrates is shown for temperatures ranging from 580° C to 700° C and for As/Ga flux ratios from 1.4:1 to 4:1, and surface diffusion lengths for gallium are measured. The (811) and (411) facets are shown to have growth rates which are at a local maximum and minimum, respectively, for facets tilted in the [011] direction, and implications with respect to other experiments on the atomic growth kinetics on (100) facets are discussed. The material grown over facets tilted in the [0111 direction is shown to be of high quality, with electroluminescence equal to that over the (100) plane. This method was used for the fabrication of an index guided laser structure, with an optical guide similar to that of the liquid phase grown channeled substrate planer laser structure, as well as tightly packed arrays of these lasers. Yields of individual lasers exceeded 90 percent, and thresholds were uniform to 10 percent. Other potential applications for this technique include a vertical structure high electron mobility transistor, formation of "quantum wire" structures, and methods of directly contacting quantum well layers for device applications and research purposes. Certain aspects of transport of hot electrons over quantum wells are discussed, with application to several types of devices, including a new type of infrared detector structure, a solid state electron multipler, and a proposed quantum well base transistor.


To reveal the stress transfer mechanism of the flange in a split Hopkinson tension bar, explicit finite element analyses of the impact of the hollow striker on the flange were performed across a range of flange lengths. The tensile stress profiles monitored at the strain gauge position of the incident bar are interpreted on a qualitative basis using three types of stress waves: bar (B) waves, flange (F) waves, and a series of reverberation (Rn) waves. When the flange length (Lf) is long (i.e., Lf > Ls, where Ls is the striker length), the B wave and first reverberation wave (R1) are fully separated in the time axis. When the flange length is intermediate (~Db < Lf < Ls, where Db is the bar diameter), the B and F waves are partially superposed; the F wave is delayed, then followed by a series of Rn waves after the superposition period. When the flange length is short (Lf < ~Db), the B and F waves are practically fully superposed and form a pseudo-one-step pulse, indicating the necessity of a short flange length to achieve a neat tensile pulse. The magnitudes and periods of the monitored pulses are consistent with the analysis results using the one-dimensional impact theory, including a recently formulated equation for impact-induced stress when the areas of the striker and bar are different, equations for the reflection/transmission ratios of a stress wave, and an equation for pulse duration time. This observation verifies the flange length-dependent stress transfer mechanism on a quantitative basis.


:   Paul Monroe is widely recognized for his important contributions to the development of the field of international and comparative education. Monroe's far-reaching impact on education worldwide is best exemplified by his significant influence on modern Chinese education system, which he exerted through extensive fieldwork, lectures, and charity work spanning over three decades. However, Monroe's legacy in China has often been overshadowed by another giant of his time, John Dewey. This paper aims to re-examine published literature and primary sources and shed light on Monroe's groundbreaking efforts to improve education in China during the 1920s. Important connections are drawn between Monroe's comprehensive educational surveys in 1921, the subsequent 1922 national reform, and his long-term commitment in promoting science education in China.


Nordhaus' recent paper in this Review [1] is of particular interest as it offers an explicit analysis of the interaction between the economy and the polity, albeit for a partial section of the economy only. It analyses both the steady-state equilibrium and the disequilibrium paths within electoral periods. This comment is directed to the first part only, where the long-run choice in democratic systems over the course of many electoral periods is studied. Nordhaus reaches the " fundamental long-run result " that:


The study involves a bottom-up approach, from bottom cells to large supercapacitor pouch cells, encompassing the design, modelling and fabrication stages of the cells leading to a 12 V transient start–stop (TSS) power system for automotive applications. More specifically, the design of a large composite supercapacitor is presented, consisting of a high power density component and a high energy density component, hybridised at material level. The composition of the composite supercapacitor is optimised to be application-specific so that it satisfies a specified energy-to-maximum power ratio for the 12 V TSS system. The testing of the large composite supercapacitor pouch cells and the 12 V TSS system proves the validity of the bottom-up approach, validates the design and the proposed electric circuit model and its parameters, fitted according to experimental data of small laboratory cells and applied successfully to the large cells, and proves the high quality of the scaled-up fabrication processes. The 12 V TSS power system of seven large composite supercapacitor cells satisfies the set criteria of energy and maximum power for the specified duration, 15 Wh and 4.2 kW respectively, at a total mass of 3.94 kg, below the original set limit of 5 kg.


Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a useful image tool to study the fate of delivery systems and biomolecules applied into the skin. Through the use of fluorescence probes, it is possible to evaluate their behavior, like: i) interaction with the biological system [1]; ii) cellular uptake [2-3]; iii) depth of penetration [4]; iv) penetration routes into the skin [5]; v) quantifi‐ cation of skin penetration of drugs and biomolecules [6]; and vi) effect of topical therapies for several skin diseases by morphological analysis of the tissue [7].


The Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California offers graduate study leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in oceanography and related marine sciences. Scripps is the oldest American institution for research and instruction in oceanography. The academic staff includes more than 100 specialists in marine biology, geology, chemistry, and physics. The average enrallment is about SO students.


The issue of tolerance has been actively discussed in psychology. Psychological science has to solve a number of important methodological problems related to the etiology of this term. Adolescence is the time then one's identity is being formed. This can be assumed by the authors that the pupils with a positive identity are more tolerant towards "others." The hypothesis of the study: Positive attitude influence the perception of "tolerant" schoolchildren by the "other" to a greater extent. The perception of the "other" by "intolerant" schoolchildren is more subject to negative stereotyping. For the purpose of the study, a methodology for measuring tolerance was developed. It included scales of measuring interpersonal and intergroup tolerance. In addition, expert teachers avaluatio n of pupils were used. Based on their assessments, two groups of pupils were formed. One of them experts rated as "good" pupils. They received higher marks on the tolerance scale. The second group of pupils, according to the experts' evaluation, had serious problems with discipline at school. They received low marks on the tolerance scale. This group of pupils was called "hooligans." The results of the study indicate that tolerant students have no significant differences in the perception of "themselves" and "strangers." The perception of "hooligans" shows a polarization effect: "they" are perceived only positively but "strangers".


Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys are known as "the new generation of biomedical metal materials". However, high degradation rates restrict their clinical application. To overcome this issue, a new and simple method for producing of protective coating based on hydrothermal synthesis at 200 °C in 0.5 M NaHCO3 was elaborated. The microstructure, elemental and phase composition of the produced films were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical strength of the protective coating was evaluated by grid scribing method. The corrosion protection effect was evaluated using linear sweep voltammogram (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in the simulated body fluid (SBF). Since the corrosion process is accompanied by stoichiometric evolution of hydrogen, the amount of the latter was measured to quantify the overall corrosion rate. Both the coatings morphology and phase composition were sensitive to the treatment duration. The coating formed after 0.5 h was loose and mainly consisted of spherical flower-like Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O accompanied by small amounts of Mg(OH)2. The treatment duration of 3 h resulted in a thicker compact coating composed mainly of irregular granular MgCO3 as well as Mg(OH)2. The coating providing the most effective protection and uniform corrosion was achieved by 2 h treatment at 200 °C.