The interest in reusing wastewater for irrigation is being popularized in most countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different wastewater and nitrogen fertilizer on soil fertility and plant quality, as well as to identify the optimal irrigation mode in the North China Plain. A total of nine treatments, including control (groundwater, no fertilizer), piggery wastewater, reclaimed water, and saline water, combined with nitrogen fertilizer (300 kg/ha and 200 kg/ha), were conducted in a greenhouse in 2019 (Xinxiang, Henan Province). Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, heavy metals contents, and cucumber yield and quality were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) compared with the underground water (control), soil pH value with a decrement of 0.21 units in piggery wastewater (PW), and 0.24 units in saline water treatments (SW). Soil electrical conductivity (EC) value significantly increased by 5.8~20.9% in PW and SW treatments, while there was no significant difference in EC in reclaimed water. The highest EC (770 µS/cm) was recorded in SW treatment. (2) No dramatic difference on the concentrations of soil lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the PW, RW, and SW treatments, compared with the control, but soil organic matter, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in wastewater treatments were increased by 2.1~43.4%, 24.4~27.0%, and 14.9~21.9%, respectively. (3) There were no significant differences in cucumber yield and quality in RW treatment, while there was a slight decrease by 1.4% in yield in the SW treatment. The highest cucumber yield was observed in PWH treatment, with an increment of 17.5%. In addition, the contents of Vitamin C, soluble sugar, and protein were also improved by PW treatment. In this study, PW treatment showed the strongest ability to promote cucumber yield and quality, thus indicating that piggery wastewater irrigation with 300 kg/ha nitrogen would be the optimal practice in this region. Long-term study is necessary to monitor potential risk of heavy metals on the quality of soil and plant.


. The aim of this paper is to study the applicability of micropolar fluid theory to modeling and to calculating tribological squeeze flow characteristics depending on the geometrical dimension of the flow field. Based on analytical solutions in the lubrication regime of squeeze flow between parallel plates, calculations of the load capacity and time required to squeeze the film are performed and compared – as a function of the distance between the plates – for both fluid models: the micropolar model and the Newtonian model. In particular, maximum distance between the plates for which the micropolar effects of the fluid become significant will be established. Values of rheological constants of the fluids, both those experimentally determined and predicted by means of using equilibrium molecular dynamics, have been used in the calculations. The same analysis was performed as a function of dimensionless microstructural parameters.


Plastic pollution caused by non-biodegradable plastics is one of the most widely discussed and notable challenges of the 21st century. Developing biodegradable plastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA), is broadly...


A network Pavement Management System (PMS) with financial optimization capabilities is a good starting point for road authorities who have not used PMS before. It is relatively simple to introduce and helps increase awareness of the trade-off which continually needs to be made between road pavement standards and the budget required to achieve those standards. As road authorities gain experience in using this type of PMS, they may then choose to develop more detailed project level pavement management systems, to further fine-tune investment decisions in the area of road pavement maintenance.


In the present work a two-stage technique was applied in the ASPN to obtain a better control on the nitriding process and to meet the treatment requirements for a wide range of the steel types, different load size and workpiece geometry. A nitriding temperature range of 400-500 °C for 2 h and 570 °C for 4 h were chosen for the first and the second stage, respectively. Two concepts of a reduction of the nitriding potential of the N2-H2 plasma in the second stage were proposed. The first one (concept A) is based on reduction of the N2 to H2 gas ratio without change of the bias power applied to the workload, whereas the second concept (B) uses a low level of the bias power without change of the N2 to H2 gas ratio, keeping it similar to the first stage. The advantages and applicability of both concepts in the ASPN process were discussed. A response of the nitriding results of different alloyed steels on the variation of the process conditions in each stage was presented and discussed.


Locating assets underwater is an important role of AUVs and Gliders. One instance is the recovery of black boxes from downed aircraft. All aircraft have an acoustic beacon attached to their flight data recorder that activates upon impact with water. Currently, to find the recorder a ship will search a large area towing a hydrophone while human operators carefully listen for the beacon's pings. This is very costly! After searching the entire area, an estimate of the beacon's location is made based on the loudness and spatial distribution of detections. Is this reliable? Is there enough time before the beacon's battery dies? This talk presents a streamlined approach for locating pingers on the seabed. Here, an AUV replaces the ship, two hydrophones replace the towfish, and a small processor containing an automatic ping detector and localization algorithms replace human operators. The method exploits the AUV backseat driver in order to form synthetic hydrophone arrays and to diminish the search area after a ping is detected. Not only does this streamline the AUV's route but also pinpoints the location of the blackbox from far away. The method will be introduced and results of field trials shown.


"Meat and meat products" is a broad topic that encompasses a multitude of foods and processes. This chapter provides a general overview about the use of meat and meat products in secondary product manufacturing. Other chapters in this volume discuss more specific examples and processes. In order to better understand this chapter, some clear definitions are required. Different definitions or variations thereof may be found elsewhere in this book, but for the purposes of this chapter, the following definitions are used.


Every city has one or more long distance terminals for domestic or international transport. Usually, long distance terminal are connected to the city transport network (metro, tramway, buses, car or bike sharing, and private car) and can be unimodal or multimodal terminals. From the passengers' perspective multimodal terminals are much more convenient and preferred. In the last decade terminals across Europe have developed not only in transport function, but also in hospitality management (bars, restaurants, accommodation…). Today, terminals have also developed into shopping areas, so they are attracting more and more people. Nevertheless, we must not neglect the primary function of a terminal: transport start/stop point for passengers. The focus group of a terminal is passengers. For day-to-day operation, but also for the development of terminal it's crucial to make regularly surveys about passenger satisfaction. This paper will present the results of passenger satisfaction survey in the long distance terminal in the City of Zagreb. The City of Zagreb is the capital of the Republic of Croatia, one of the 28 member states of the European Union. It is interesting that Zagreb has two unimodal long distance terminals, one for railways and the second one for buses. Therefore, the transfer passengers have practical problems when they change modes of transport for long distance travel. Passengers in both terminals have been interviewed. The survey for both terminals has the same question, so a comparative analysis could be done.


Bachelor thesis describes the physiology of pregnancy, nutrition during pregnancy and physical changes in the woman´s body during this period. Attention is paid to the specific aspects in physiological skin changes due to pregnancy of women including cosmetic treatment.


Recently semi-supervised learning has been gain a surge of interests, but there is a few of research on semi- supervised learning using geodesic distance. The simplest semi-supervised classification algorithm is geodesic nearest neighbors (GNN). However the naive implementation of GNN algorithm is sensitive to the neighborhood scale parameter and suffers from the dilemma of neighborhood scale parameter selection. In this paper, instead of searching for the best neighborhood parameter, we propose a pruned-GNN, which utilize the non-negative reconstructing coefficients to prune the neighborhood graph in order to facilitate the selection of neighborhood scale parameter. Experimental results on several benchmark databases have shown that the proposed pruned-GNN can produce promising accuracies.


The following is an excerpt from author Mark Hyman's new book Until It Hurts , which focuses on the country's obsession over youth sports and how this impacts the development of our nation's youth. Read more about the book at www.untilithurts.com.


E a mentoring program for beginning teachers is not a new idea; it is an idea that has gained considerable momentum in recent years. The results of a survey of 5,253 teachers in the fifty states and the District of Columbia published by the National Center for Educational Statistics (2001) reveal that 26 percent of the respondents had served as a mentor and 23 percent of the respondents had been mentored by another teacher. Most states now recommend or require induction programs for beginning teachers. A recent report of the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future (2003) indicates that the number of state induction programs has increased from seven states in 1996–1997 to thirty–three states in 2002; however, not all of these programs call for on-site mentors. Formally organized mentoring programs for beginning teachers in the United States have existed for more than a generation of teachers (DarlingHammond & Sclan, 1996). Accordingly, mentoring programs already have a history that can be assumed to offset the need to "reinvent the wheel" in creating new programs or enhancing existing programs. Another advantage of this history is that more and more school leaders readily support mentoring


This article investigates the problems of vibrational and cyclically-wave-like development of society. The work aims to extend the philosophical basis of social and philosophical studies of social change. General characteristics of cyclic and wave approaches to the study of social development. Waviness described as a form of social evolution, the main factors waviness of social processes. The possibilities of using cyclical-wave approach to describe the changes in modern society. Based on the study of various socio-philosophical theories of the problem of non-linear, cyclical wave-nature of social processes that led to global changes. Described and analyzed rhythms of Social Development of Russia, the critical point in its social evolution, provide a deeper understanding of the causes of major social changes of modernity.


Investors are less likely to divest if governments continue to prop up the sector with rampant subsidies, aid and investments


The method of modified back differences, a technique that significantly reduces the numerical integration errors associated with crossing shadow boundaries using a fixed-mesh multistep integrator without a significant increase in computer run time, is presented. While Hubbard's integral approach can produce significant improvements to the trajectory solution, the interpolation method provides the best overall results. It is demonstrated that iterating on the point mass term correction is also important for achieving the best overall results. It is also shown that the method of modified back differences can be implemented with only a small increase in execution time.


"Merger Control: main developments between 1st May 2000 and 31st August 2000"* The Commission has imposed fines on Mitsubishi Heavy Industriesfor failing to supply information with regard to a…


The present work deals with the radioactivity of samples of tin tailings collected from a mining site in Jos, Nigeria. The activity concentrations of the samples were measured using a gamma-ray spectrometer with a hyper-pure germanium detector. In situ dose rates at the site were also measured using a precalibrated survey meter. Potassium-40 was not detected in any of the studied samples. The activity concentrations of 238U and 232Th ranged from 17.1 × 102 to 16.6 × 103 Bq kg−1 and from 52.9 × 102 to 47.5 × 103 Bq kg−1, with mean values of 72.2 × 102 and 16.8 × 103 Bq kg−1, respectively. The absorbed dose rates were between 4.0 and 36.3 µGy h−1, with a mean value of 13.5 µGy h−1, which is much higher than the world average of 0.06 µGy h−1 for soil. The calculated effective dose rates varied between 2.8 and 25.4 µSv h−1, with a mean value of 9.4 µSv h−1, whereas the effective dose rates obtained for the in situ measurement varied between 6.0 and 28.0 µSv h−1. The annual gonadal dose equivalent was calculated as 92.4 mSv. This is much higher than the world average dose equivalent rate to individuals from soil (0.30 mSv y−1).


The purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between delayed linguistic performance and metalinguistic abilities. A metalinguistic task involving the identification and revis...


This paper presents optimum plans of simple constant-stress accelerated life tests with com peting causes of failure which life distribution of each failure cause is assumed to be exponential.We obtain the optimum test design to minimize the sum of asyniptotie vaeiance of the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) of the mean life in each cause at a design stress.A series of mter esting results are shown,which are similar to or identical with those results shown in a lot of other papers


An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of pore fluid contamination on the shear strength and stress–strain behaviour of a clay soil. A series of one-dimensional consolidation and (consolidation undrained) triaxial tests were conducted on samples with pore fluid as water and organic materials (glycerol and ethanol with concentrations of 10, 25 and 40%). The results showed that the compression index is reduced when the pore fluid is organic and its reduction is a function of the concentration of the organic pore fluid. Furthermore, the shear strength and friction angle are increased with organic pore fluid and the variations of them are functions of type of organic fluid and its concentration. The results also indicated that the slope of critical state line in the space of p′:q is not the same for different pore fluids and its value is dependent on the organic fluid and its concentration.


In recent years, many methods have been proposed for the hydrolysis of waste cellulose to utilize it as a new source of alcohol. Because it is difficult to hydrolyze waste cellulosic materials effectivley with an enzyme, the effects of preirradiating waste papers on subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis was studied. Preirradiation (x rays from /sup 60/Co) accelerated the hydrolysis rate of newspaper by cellulase and the reducing-sugar yield increased with increasing irradiation dose. It is thought that preirradiation probably contributes to loosening and releasing the compactly entangled structure of cellulose and lignin in the materials by radiation degradation.


This paper describes a technique of traffic condition monitoring by using Kalman filtering of incomplete laser radar signals. The proposed system can monitor ten or more vehicles at a time.


The invention relates to a sea boat smoke exhaust washing device and a washing method. The device comprises a shell, a washing layer which is arranged at the upper part in the shell, a liquid collecting pool which is arranged at the lower part in the shell, a shell internal flue gas guide-in port arranged between the washing layer and the liquid collecting pool, a washing seawater inlet which is arranged above the washing layer and the cooler of the flue gas passage which is arranged between the shell external flue gas inlet and the washing layer; the method comprises the steps such as guiding in the flue gas, cooling and injecting the washing seawater and washing, etc. The invention provides the high-effect smoke exhaust absorption washing device and method which are suitable for high smoke temperature and narrow space of the sea boat, and has the advantages of high exhaust reduction efficiency, low running energy consumption, small volume and long service life.


O. Carlier — From Islahism to Islamism: The ISF's Politico-Religious Therapy. ; The Islamic Salvation Front's overwhelming victory in independent Algeria's first free elections was a sign that the National Liberation Front's model of brotherly equality is no longer working. This model was based on the redistribution of oil revenues and the lst of November political religion, and on the attraction and credibility of the "Islamic solution" for a population that has been recently social-ized in urban areas, whose children now have direct access to the Koran. With schools, which it has patiently taken over, and the network of mosques, which anchors it in the sociability of the neighborhood, the ISF can oppose the failing, "corrupt and atheistic", state. After October 1988, it was well placed to coopt an event that it did not create. To its advantage, it channeled the anger and frustration of a mass of school-age children swept up in the riots and tempted by the moral counterrevolution — as if the ISF was using against the NLF's state what the NLF had used to fight the colonial state. The ISF has brought together a new interclass movement, which shifts the populist formula from the political to the religious sphere and combines the revolutionary violence of Messali Hadj's PPA and the moralizing reformism of Ben Badis'moderate ulemas. As the NLF's para-doxical heir, the IFS has become the bad conscience, if not the truth, of the NLF.


Combining artificial intelligence with control theory will get high performance regulators. The paper discusses a type of intelligent adaptive regulator in which both the PI compensation in control theory and the knowledge base are used. When the parameters of the controlled system have changed, this regulator can automatically update its own PI parameters so that the stability and performance of the system can be maintained in spite of process variations. The key problem is how to apply the imperfect experience of human experts. The paper describes the principles of this type of regulator and its reliability problems.


This research describes the implementation of the school literacy movement at SDN 88 Pekanbaru. The type of research chosen is a qualitative approach, the instruments used are interview guidelines and observation guidelines. The results showed that the  implementation of the school literacy movement (GLS) at SDN 88 Pekanbaru had not been carried out optimally. Literacy is a language skill possessed by a person in communicating reading, spe aking, listening and writing, one of the most common supports for literacy is the library, schools can implement a library visit program. The library visit program is an organized activity that is applied to students regularly every week with different classes to carry out literacy activities. Qualitative research is research that is descriptive in nature and tends to use analysis. Process and meaning (subject perspective) are emphasized in qualitative research. The theoretical basis is used as a guide so that the research focus is in accordance with the facts in the field. In addition, this theoretical basis is also useful for providing an overview of the research setting and as material for discussing research results.


Dinuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu2(L1)2(SR)][PF6]{L1= 3,3′-(trimethylenedinitrilo)bis[butan-2-one oximato (1 –)]; R = C6H4Cl-4(1), C6H4Br-4 (2), or C6H4CH3-4 (3)} and [Cu2(L2)2(SR)][ClO4][L2= difluoro{3,3′-(trimethylenedinitrilo)bis[butan-2-one oximato(2 –)]} borate(1 –); R = C6H4CH3-4 (4), C6H4CH3-2 (5), or C6H4Cl-4 (6)] have been prepared. Single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of (1) and (4) reveal that two copper atoms are bridged by a single thiolate-sulphur atom. Complex (1) crystallizes in space group P, with a= 11.230(3), b= 14.079(3), c= 12.540(3)A, α= 97.04(2), β= 101.59(2), γ= 72.95(2)°, and Z= 2. Complex (4) crystallizes in space group P, with a= 12.329(6), b= 15.447(6), c= 11.018(7)A, α= 94.45(5), β= 92.22(5), γ= 96.13(4)°, and Z= 2. The structures of (1) and (4) were refined by least-squares methods to R= 0.064 and 0.089 for 4 416 and 2 167 reflections respectively. In dichloromethane complexes (1)–(6) exhibit absorption bands in the region 320—420 nm due to the thiolate sulphur-to-copper(II) charge-transfer transitions. E.s.r. spectra of these complexes showed a half-band signal due to the Cu–Cu interaction around 1 500 G in dichloromethane–toluene (1 : 1 v/v) at 77 K. The dinuclear structure of the complexes is retained not only in very dilute (ca. 10–5 mol dm–3) dichloromethane solutions but also in the two successive reduced forms, as confirmed by the absorption spectra and cyclic voltammetry, respectively.


Objective To explore the safety management in the group transportation of inpatients between departments.Method Before transportation,we focused on the explaining to patients,established detailed transportation project,and made clear of duties and responsibilities ;During the transportation,we implemented the transportation project orderly and strictly with the cooperation of related departments;After the transportation,we checked the risk factors and took improvement measures timely to ensure the successful transportation.Results This practice ensured the inpatients to be transported smoothly. During the transportation,no complaints,nursing errors and mistakes occurred.Conclusion Safety management in the transportation is important to pre- vent complains,nursing errors and mistakes due to patients' transportation.


We have used ion irradiation to tune switching field and switching field distribution (SFD) in polycrystalline Co/Pd multilayer-based bit pattern media. Light He+ ion irradiation strongly decreases perpendicular magnetic anisotropy amplitude due to Co/Pd interface intermixing, while the granular structure, i.e., the crystalline anisotropy, remains unchanged. In dot arrays, the anisotropy reduction leads to a decrease in coercivity (HC) but also to a strong broadening of the normalized SFD/HC (in percentage), since the relative impact of misaligned grains is enhanced. Our experiment thus confirms the major role of misorientated grains in SFD of nanodevice arrays.


German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany, (firstname.lastname@example.com), Univerisity of Potsdam, Institute of Mathematics, Potsdam, Germany, German Aerospace Center, Microgravity User Support Center, Cologne, Germany ,Department of Planetology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan,Chiba Institute of Technology, Planetary Exploration Research Center, Narashino, Japan, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan


The Ecuadorian Brown-headed Spider Monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps) is one of the most threatened primates globally; recently, it was recorded in areas where it had been considered locally extinct. We used ecological niche models to generate potential suitable areas within its current distribution and assess its potential adaptation to future climate change scenarios by 2050. The potential suitable areas for its distribution total 9556 km2. Habitat loss has divided the current range of the species in two large areas (north and south), and the effects of climate change will likely divide the section in several ecological units by 2050. Under the influence of climate change, the environmentally suitable area will contract between 26 and 46%. This contraction affects landscapes outside protected areas where A. f. fusciceps is currently present. Our results show a high fragility of ecosystems where the species is present, and current conditions pose a high risk for the species in the short term. We recommend focusing conservation efforts in northern protected areas while improving connectivity between southern forest remnants, where ecological conditions will remain steady in the medium term.


The article analyses the factors and preconditions that complicate the law legitimation processesin the context of global migration and the modern states' multiculturalism policies based on the statist- paternalistic approach, which gives rise to social parasitism and conf licts, as well as to the identities competition, particularly the one of the religious-ethnical and legal identities. The legal identity differs from the religious one in the fact that the former is oriented to the legal system and society as a whole, and the latter - to a part of the society, which may give rise to a social conf lict and confrontation of different communities and the whole society. In order to overcome this kind of competition, the author substantiates the necessity of methodology and practices based on the recognition of a person's ability to develop and assimilate the values and senses inherent to the law, to use them for self-understanding, personal fulf illment and achieving his o her legal identity - that is, the legal characteristic which excludes the criminal misbehavior as a factor infringing upon a person's integrity and self hood, and, at the same time, a factor which provides the legal order stability and legitimacy of the law.


—Reversible watermarking is a process in which the watermark is embedded in such a way that when the watermarked image passes through the authentication process, the original image is also recovered exactly along with watermark. Restoring the original image is important for the applications such as medical, military and law-enforcement etc. Reversible watermark being fragile using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is embedded chaotically to some of the pixels and the rest of the pixels are changed into residues. By adding a chaotic watermark, the watermarked pixel becomes twelve bits and the residues also became twelve bits (after applying CRC) which makes the medical image secure by confusing the attacker about the location of watermark. The complexity of proposed system is very low to make it possible for real-time medical imaging. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is based on blind technique.


According to one aspect of the brazing material of the present invention comprises a first metallic material to be soldered, brazed be a second metallic material, and brazing metal layer between the first material and the second brazing metal material, the second metallic material is at least one element selected from nickel, palladium, platinum and aluminum composition, and the presence of the tin element and a second metallic material constituting the solid solution comprises a cross-sectional microstructure of the solder layer Bulk.


In order to develop a high-performance aerial back sonar for a car, we predicted the waveforms of the received pulse using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The echo pulses reflected from the target were calculated as a function of the target's height in air at an inhomogeneous temperature. The maximum amplitudes of the pulse train changed with the target's height. The amplitude and propagation time of the reflected pulse markedly differed with shape of targets at a constant temperature. The result shows that an aerial sensor should be able to detect a square target at an inhomogeneous temperature such as that in summer. However, it is very difficult to detect a slanted target.


Clostridium difficile naturally inhabits intestinal tract of animals including humans. Spores of C. difficile are known contaminant in the Environment. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of a powerful resistance determinant (known as Metallo resistant genes) in many bacteria worldwide. Multidrug resistant bacteria (MRB) pose threats to health globally. This study aims to determine the distribution of Metallo resistant Clostridium difficile in hospital environment within Yola. A total of 150 surface samples from the hospital wards were collected from Federal Medical Centre, Yola (FMC) and Specialist hospital, Yola (SHY) Adamawa state, Nigeria. Clostridium difficile were recovered by inoculating samples in modified Cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth (CCFB) and Cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA). Screening of isolates for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-β-lactamase enzymes was done by double disc diffusion method and Imipenem-EDTA combined disc test respectively. A total of 18 C. difficile isolates were obtained and found to be extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive. 16 (88.89 %) of the Clostridium difficile were found to be metallo-β-lactamase positive. Polymerase chain reaction showed that 11 (61.1%) of the isolates possess bla -IMP metallo resistant gene. This study suggests that multidrug resistant C. difficile with metallo resistant genes are wide spread in hospital settings and there is need for relevant authorities to improve on the sanitization of environment as well as continuous surveillance to hinder C. difficile transmission.


nor is change the most important organizing metaphor in the social process. I would raise only one question and then withdraw to the silence of admiration. Moore it seems is too rooted to the notion of class analysis and (I am not hoisting up a red flag) while this works well enough for Europe in the nineteenth century, and Japan, I rather suspect that class, say in China, has been replaced by a new political constituency called mass.


At present,ethics in sports have become a question of increasing concern for the academic circle and the authorities.This paper explores the definition and connotation of sports ethics,summarizes the counter-ethic phenomena in sports,analyzes the significance of establishing and improving sports ethics,and puts forward measures to tackle the problems.


210095,Jiangsu,China;Shandong Medicine Township Forestry,Tai'an 271000,Shandong,China) Abstract:【Objective】Pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a nutrient-dense fruit with strong consumer demand and high commercial value. However,most cultivated pear varieties are often susceptible to diseases and fruit quality is decreasing with the increase of planting time. Therefore,genetic improvement of existing pear cultivars or breeding new cultivars is a continuous target for pear breeding. Polyploid breeding of fruit crops has an important value in new cultivar selection and fertility improvement. In order to provide polyploid germplasm for selecting innovative cultivar in pear,new polyploid plants were obtained from diploid pear cultivar'Fertility'(Pyrus communis L.) by in vitro colchicine treatment of leaf explants. The phenotypic variations of polyploid plants and their diploid control were compared and evaluated.【Meth⁃ ods】The in vitro plantlets and field plants of the diploid pear cultivar'Fertility'and polyploid clones de⁃ rived from it were selected as materials. For in vitro plantlets,the leaf traits,including leaf length,leaf width,leaf thickness,petiole length and petiole width,were measured. Leaf index were calculated by the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. The variations of leaf colour and leaf margin were observed and photo⁃ graphed. For plants grown in the field,the plant height above the ground was measured,ten plants were random selected and measured for each ploidy clone. The length and the number of internodes of current year's new shoots were measured and counted,three new shoots were selected from each plant,and total


The phenomenon of the diffusion of Darwinism has been extensively studied. Not only is there a "Darwin Industry" concerned with investigating how Darwin's work was produced, there is also a "Diffusion of Darwinism Industry", that investigates the processes of reception of Darwinism in various parts of the world. In this article, I question the intellectual independence of studies that examine the production of the Origin of Species from those that study its subsequent diffusion. Based on a small number of examples, I show Darwin producing and modifying his work from the contributions he collected from around the world and from the responses he received in commentaries and discussions. Finally I examine how, in the course of studying the 'mundializacion' (worldness) of Darwinism, the problem arises of defining the phenomenon under study: either from a normative perspective, that seeks to impose an order on the proliferation of versions arising as a result of this global expansion, or from a non-essentialist perspective that seeks to better situate Darwinism in relation to its different uses and local appropriations.


This work was supported by both the Basic Science Research Program and Nano-Material Technology Department Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (Nos. 2012M3A7B4049644, 2018R1A2A2A05018392, and 2014-011165).


We present a new method, based on the hypervirial operator, for calculating expectation values of many-body Hamiltonians for local velocity-independent potentials. Our approach enables us to calculate the contributions of different components of an interaction [e.g., tensor, one pion exchange part (OPEP)] to the binding energy when {ital all} components are acting. In particular, using the integro-differential equation approach we investigate the contributions of different components of realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials to the triton and {alpha} particle ground-state binding energies. Although the tensor force contributes the most to the expectation value of the potential energy, we find that its overall contribution to the binding energy is much reduced by its large contribution to the expectation value of the kinetic energy.


The growth environment,ecological characteristics,biological characteristics and resource value of Ottelia acuminata var.lunanensis were introduced,and a proposal more reasonable protection effectively to the rare species was put forward.


In optical fiber communication systems, the performance is affected by a critical parameter called dispersion. Dispersion causes a pulse of light to broaden as it travels through a medium. This is because the different wavelengths or modes in the pulse travel at slightly different speeds, causing them to arrive at different times. Over a long distance, this can cause the pulse to spread out and overlap with neighboring pulses, leading to errors in data transmission or other types of signal degradation. To overcome this problem, there is a demand for efficient filters (both optical and electrical) in the dispersion compensating modules. In this work, we have analyzed the performance of two Electrical Filters (Low pass Butterworth and Raised Cosine filters). The Opti-system software is used for numerical modeling, which confirm that Raised Cosine Filter is better than Butterworth electric filters. The maximum Q-factor of 16.0572 and a minimum bit rate of 2.48771e-058 at 10 Gbit/s is obtained near the telecommunication wavelength.


This paper presents the differences between urban and rural areas from a demographic and socio-economic perspective. The demographic pyramid shows a slightly older rural population, more evenly distributed across ages. However, differences are mostly due to higher proportions of youths and seniors in rural areas. Migration patterns show that rural areas are gaining people from internal migration. Labour force age distribution shows more uniform patterns in rural areas, with many seniors working past retirement age. Unemployment rate differences are mostly explained by different socio-economic patterns. Also, inactivity rates among core working age rural population are significantly higher, questioning potential socio-economic issues. While major income differences persist, they have not grown deeper, and the share of monetary income is rising in rural areas. Overall, statistics show that no major imbalances exist between the two areas when several key socio-economic statistics are taken into account. Information on some of the relatively large differences could inform policy making, and limitations of the available statistics require further research.


Mathematical modeling of advance of water in branching capillary systems is carried out. The ratios, allowing to model distribution of ascending current of water in vascular system of plants different habitus are received. It is established that existence of many-tier lateral branches allows water to rise in the central vertical capillary by big height, than at their absence. Thus height of rising of water in a vertical capillary doesn't depend on a form of branches. The absolute size of advance of water in curvilinear capillaries other things being equal always is more, than in the rectilinear. It is shown that the specific appearance of a plant gain thanks to existence of capillary system.


Iran, with 247 mm annual rainfall, is categorized as an arid and semi-arid country in the world. More than 80% of Iranian land is arid and semi-arid. In addition, 75% of the precipitations are out of the growing season or running out from agricultural lands as runoff. About 55% of Iran's surface belongs to sloping lands being most prone to erosion and flood. Iran has a high rank in soil erosion (15-20 t ha-1) in the world. The damage of this erosion is about 14% of GDP. Water harvesting in sloping lands as a valuable method provides a suitable condition for establishment of commercial rainfed orchards. However, for establishment and management of rainfed fruit orchards, scientific and engineering principles such as macroand micro-catchment, land topography, supplementary irrigation, straw and organic matter, sand filters, mulch and cover crops, should be considered. Presently, about 15.2% (386,493 ha) of fruit orchards in Iran are rainfed, producing more than 7.6% (1.21 MT) of the total fruit and nut crops production. In addition, these orchards mostly established in sloping lands have a key role to reclaiming lands and preventing soil erosion. The Agriculture Ministry of Iran conducted a project to extend such orchards in sloping lands. Some of the fruit and nut crops (including almond, olive, pistachio, walnut and grape) are considered to be used in this project because they are more adaptable to rainfed conditions. Sloping lands will be more suitable for fruit crops cultivation, if provided with enough supplementary irrigation.


Herein it is provided with a plurality of pneumatic tube station system (16) having a rotation carriage (110) having a carrier port 112. A plurality of carriers (100) by a plurality of carrier port 112 or received / are received for delivery a plurality of carrier 100 may be the stage. In one arrangement, one or more carriers 100, the user may be able to use the station while continuously securely held in the station (16).


This paper establishes the extended two - stage CCR model.It takes 17 insurance companies as the samples to measure the operating efficiency of our insurance industry from microscopic perspective from 2006 to 2010.The result shows that;the overall efficiency of the insurance industry shows" N" trend;the operating efficiency of the insurance company is positively related to the size and duration of insurance companies,the efficiency of foreign and state - owned Companies is higher than domestic and non - state insurance companies;the large - scale insurance companies is high - efficiency. This paper gives us an analysis about the root of non - efficiency on the insurance business,and offers appropriate proposals to improve the whole efficiency of the industry.


The diverse scholars associated with the Frankfurt School offer an important understanding of religion. Offering a more nuanced position than either the contemporary "return of religion" position or that of "New Atheism," critical theorists like Horkheimer, Adorno and Benjamin develop an aggressive critique of the ideological nature of religion, while also appreciating religion's relationship with the concern for objective truth. This complex attitude towards the study of religion is criticized and adapted by the "second generation" of the Frankfurt School, primarily through the work of Habermas and Wellmer. Habermas's early reduction of religion to primitive forms of thought has shifted after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, to a more hospitable desire to encourage dialogue between religious adherents and secularists. Although collectively the intellectuals associated with the Frankfurt School do not articulate a coherent and complete theory of religion, their work continues to represent a rich resource for the contemporary study of the discipline.


A method is described that utilizes β-cyclodextrin and silica gel as shift reagents to distinguish between enantiomers by means of near-infrared transmission spectroscopy. The premise is that the spectrum of the (+)-enantiomer bound to the shift reagent will be different from that of the (−)-enantiomer bound to the same reagent. With the use of principal component analysis, the difference between the enantiomers can be distinguished. The resulting method is fast, simple, and of potential application in pharmaceutical process control.


According to the Wound Healing Society, a wound is the result of disruption of normal anatomic structure and function. Based on the nature of repair process, wound can be classified as acute or chronic wounds 1 . The management of wounds can be done by using different wound dressings which have been developed over the years from the crude applications of plant herbs, animal fat and honey to tissue engineered scaffolds 2 . Recognition of the importance of clean liness and good aseptic practice in medicine and surgery has lead to improvements in the management of quality of wound management materials 3 . In the last few decades lot of work have been done towards effective management of wound. In the present scenario of advanced technology, modern wound dressing have been introduced which include hydrocolloid dressing, alginate/chitosan dressing and hydrogel dressing not only as bandage but also in the form of sponges, fiber, films and solution 4 . Chitosan is currently receiving a great deal of attention for medical and pharmaceutical applications due to its beneficial intrinsic properties. Chitosan is a deacetylated chitin derivative containing amino sugar. Chitosan possess many properties that are advantageous for wound dressing, namely bio-compatibility, biodegradability, haemostatic activity, anti-infection and wound acceleration properties 5 . Alginate is another polymer which is bio-degradable and obtained from natural orig in having wound healing property and good bio-adhesion which is necessary for more retention over the skin 6 . Prajapati et al worked on polyelectrolyte complex of chitosan alginate for local drug delivery and explain that combination of appropriate drug and chitosan can help to recover topical infections. Polyelectrolyte complex film of ch itosan and sodium alginate film can be used for sustained drug delivery of potent antimicrobial and antifungal drugs by transdermal drug delivery 7 . Aloe vera also known as true or medical aloe is species of succulent plant, which is used as herbal medicine. Aloe vera is used topically and systemically for the treatment of different diseases. Aloe vera could improve wound healing after topical applicat ion by the different mechanisms, such as keeping the wound moist, increase epithelial cell migrat ion and more rapid maturation of co llagen and reduction in inflammation. Aloe vera has skin hydration effects, anti-microbial and anti-fungal act ivity 8 . The purpose of applying antibiotics and other antibacterial is mainly to prevent or combat infections especially for diabetic foot ulcers, surgical and accidents wound where the incident of infections can be high due to reduced resistance resulting from extreme trauma 9 . Mupirocin is a topical antimicrobial indicated in the treatment of impetigo and secondary skin infections. Mupirocin is an antibiotic produced from pseudomonas fluorescens and structurally unrelated to any other topical or systemic antib iotic. Commercially it is available in the form of creams and ointments for topical application 10 .


We present sampling results for certain classes of 2-D signals that are not bandlimited, but have a parametric representation with a finite number of degrees of freedom, such as 2-D Diracs, polygons and bilevel signals with piecewise polynomial boundaries. As opposed to standard multidimensional sampling schemes, the proposed methods exploit the properties of the Radon transform of such signals. In particular, we demonstrate that by using an appropriate sampling kernel, one can perfectly reconstruct the signal from a finite set of samples of its Radon transform, and thus significantly reduce a computational load. The novel approach we present in the paper, offers practical algorithmic implementation and is potentially applicable to a large class of two-dimensional signals.


The present paper proposes a CADS-based analysis of European Parliament speeches, by merging (C)DA theoretical constructs (inspired by Laclau and Mouffe 1985) and CL tools. In this fashion, the European Comparable and Parallel Corpus of Parliamentary Speeches Archive (ECPC) is examined along synchronic and diachronic, quantitative and qualitative lines, in an inductive study that commutes from the micro-text to the macro-context


A high speed traversing/positioning mechanism using two electro-rheological clutches is described. The traversing mechanism can be used to wind filaments onto bobbins. The traverse speed is 5 m/s, the required turn round period is 10 to 20 milli-seconds, the traverse length is 250 mm, the turn around position must be controllable and repeatable within +/- 1 mm and the traverse requires to be controlled to shape the resulting bobbin ends. These combined criteria of high speed and controllability makes the use of electro- rheological fluids a potentially viable solution. A dynamic simulation is available to predict the performance of the mechanism, however, a number of the electro-rheological fluid properties required by this simulation are temperature dependent. The methodology for predicting the thermal equilibrium temperature of the electro-rheological fluid within the high speed traversing mechanism is presented. Heat generation within the electro-rheological fluid, due to the fundamental operating mechanics of the mechanism, shearing of the electro-rheological fluid and the electrical excitation, are combined with the heat transfer from the mechanism to enable the operating temperature of the fluid to be determined. This operating temperature enables the temperature dependent fluid properties to be used in simulating the dynamic performance of the mechanism.


Early career academics face their own particular set of issues when it comes to struggling with the neoliberal university. In this note, we consider how our responses to the neoliberalization of academia – whether in teaching, research or other activities – promote justice or not. Rather than theorize justice in the abstract, our goal is to tease apart the injustices, vulnerabilities and complicities of our workplaces. We draw upon our individual experiences, which span six institutions across six countries, to explore how mundane choices and everyday actions might enable us to resist the neoliberal pressures on our work and our labour. We do this by acknowledging that there is a real possibility that we come to embody neoliberalism in our choices, decisions and habits. That is, we are disciplined and become self-disciplining in turn, in order to survive. We explore this tension through a series of experiential vignettes that help to frame our everyday resistance as 'tim-adical' action, both radical and timid at the same time.


On the basis of currently available data, two main mammalian faunal complexes can be recognised in Sardinia from the Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene-Holocene: the "Nesogoral" a n d " M i c r o t us (Tyrrhenicola)" faunal complexes. Notable faunal renewal characterises the transition between the two major complexes, while individual appearance and disappearance bioevents permit the recognition of less important renewals, which however allow one to distinguish, in the sphere of the two major complexes, subcomplexes of biochronologically-distinct fauna. The occurrence of endemic bovids, suids and archaic micromammals typified the earliest Sardinian LFAs. This faunal complex was present during the Pliocene and the beginning of the Early Pleistocene and was probably characterised by local evolution of some lineages, by a reduced extinction rate and by a moderate immigration rate. Two subcomplexes may be detected within this complex. In the earliest Mandriola faunal sub-complex, descendants from endemic pre-existing taxa (Tyrrhenoglis) are associated with new settlers that entered during the Messinian (murids, suids and bovids) and micromammals suggesting an early Middle Pliocene age. Very modest faunal renewal marks the transition to the following faunal subcomplex ("Capo Figari/Orosei 1") (late Middle?, Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene). The latter is typified by the occurrence, among others, of micromammals which evolved from pre-existing taxa, of an endemic predator, the Hyaenidae Chasmaporthetes melei, and strongly modified bovids, possibly present in Sardinia from the late Messinian, as well as mustelids that may have entered Sardinia during the Middle Pliocene regression. Marked faunal renewal indicates the transition to the subsequent Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) faunal complex (?latest Early Pleistocene/Early Holocene), within which two faunal subcomplexes can be recognised. In the older "Orosei 2" faunal subcomplex (latest Early Pleistocene/early Middle Pleistocene), an archaic endemic vole (Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) sp.), Cynotherium sp., a large megalcerine ("Praemegaceros" n. sp.) and possibly a new caprine first occurred, together with some pre-existing taxa such as Rhagamys minor. The younger "Dragonara" faunal sub-complex (latest Middle Pleistocene-Early Holocene), corresponding to classic endemic Sardinian fauna, is characterised by the presence, among others, of advanced voles (Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) henseli) and murids (Rhagamys orthodon), Cynotherium sardous, megacerines more or less reduced in size ("Praemegaceros" c a z i o t i) and, occasionally, endemic elephants (M a mmuthus lamarmorai). These faunal complexes testify to the evolution of mammalian fauna in the Sardinian insular domain towards progressively more unbalanced and impoverished fauna, and document colonisation phases from the mainland and faunal turnovers/renewals, followed by periods of more noteable insularity conditions. Key-words: Plio-Pleistocene, Sardinia, Mammals. ΠEPIΛHΨH: Βασιζόμενοι στα πρόσφατα δεδομένα, στη Σαρδηνία μπορούμε να αναγνωρίσουμε δύο κύρια πανιδικά συμπλέγματα από το Πλειόκαινο μέχρι το Ανώτερο Πλειστόκαινο-Ολόκαινο: το πανιδικό σύνολο "N e s o g o r a l" και το πανιδικό σύνολο "M icrotus (Tyrrhenicola)". Η μετάβαση από το ένα πανιδικό σύνολο στο άλλο χαρακτηρίζεται από αξιοσημείωτα γεγονότα ανανέωσης της πανίδας, ενώ ιδιαίτερα γεγονότα εμφάνισης και εξαφάνισης επιτρέπουν την αναγνώριση φάσεων λιγότερο σημαντικής ανανέωσης, τα οποία όμως επιτρέπουν τη διάκριση πανιδικών υποσυνόλων εντός κάθε κύριου πανιδικού συνόλου. Τα παλαιότερα τοπικά πανιδικά σύνολα της Σαρδηνίας χαρακτηρίζονται από την παρουσία ενδημικών Bovidae, Suidae και αρχαϊκών μικροθηλαστικών. Aυτό το πανιδικό σύνολο ήταν παρόν κατά τη διάρκεια του Πλειοκαίνου και κατά την αρχή του Κατωτέρου Πλειστοκαίνου και χαρακτηριζόταν πιθανόν από την τοπική εξέλιξη ορισμένων φυλογενετικών γραμμών, από το μικρό ρυθμό εξαφάνισης και από το μέτριο ρυθμό μετανάστευσης. Εντός αυτού του συνόλου μπορούμε να διακρίνουμε δύο


The concept of predication has its philosophical roots in Plato and Aristotle. The first section reviews the modern development since Peirce's relational logic and describes traditional pitfalls in the treatment of predication. In section two the traditional reduction of predication to constructions with an auxiliary is critically assessed and a new, dynamical treatment of predication is developed, which draws from another tradition, that of dynamic systems theory and more specifically catastrophe theory. For two basic types of predication (predication with copula (or O-copula) and predication with simple (dynamical) verb) the new type of description is demonstrated. Section three considers the semantics of verbs entering into phrasal constructions, and more specifically verbs of locomotion, motion, action and change. Five basic domains of locomotion/motion/action/change are distinguished and catastrophe theoretical schemata are proposed for them. A consequence of this analysis is a new classification of verbs of motion and of semantic roles. Section four treats some elaborations of the basic schemata proposed in section four. In the final section more marginal cases of predication are discussed and conclusions regarding the nature of predication are drawn.


Background: Vasectomy has been found to be a highly cost-effective contraceptive method. For couples, tubal sterilization and vasectomy have the same result, but the two methods are used by different segments of the population. Study design: We conducted an analysis of data from male and female samples of the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth, nationally representative samples of men and women in the United States aged 15–44 years. Results: Among married men, 13.1% reported vasectomies (95% confidence interval 10.4%–16.3%), compared to 21.1% (17.8%–24.9%) of married women who reported tubal sterilizations. Men with higher education and income had greater prevalence of vasectomy than those less educated, while women with lower education and income had the highest prevalence of tubal sterilization. Conclusions: Efforts to promote vasectomy use need to understand the reasons behind these differences. Increasing the availability and use of vasectomy will require education about its benefits. Published by Elsevier Inc.


Background Changes in seizure-free status after surgery in patient with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are indicator for the successful of surgery. Clinical characteristic (age at surgery, age at onset, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency per month, aura) and results of preoperative evaluation (semiology, tape of electroencephalogram (EEG), result of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) have been linked to seizure-free status after surgery.
Aim This study aims to determine the factors that may affect seizure-free status in epilepsy patients after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery
Method This is an analytical observational studies with case control study design. The samples were taken with consecutive sampling. Subjects were 20 patients which is not seizure free after had TLE surgery (case) and 41 patients which is seizure free after had TLE surgery (control). The variables, consist of clinical characteristic and results of preoperative evaluation, were collected from medical record of the subjects. The statistical tests used were Mann Whitney , unpaired t test and Chi-square test.
Results Risk factors associated with seizure free-status after TLE surgery were age at onset of epilepsy ≤ 10 years (OR:3,4;95%CI:1,0 to 10,9), non TLE aura (OR:23,4;95%CI:2,5 to 219,2) and absence of epilepsy focus in MRI (OR:4,1;95%CI:1,6 to 10,9). Duration of epilepsy ≥ 10 years (OR:2,3), seizure frequency > 4 times per month (OR:2,3) and positive automatism (OR:1,5) can't yet be concluded as a risk factor.
Conclusion Age at onset of epilepsy ≤ 10 years, non TLE aura, and absence of epilepsy focus in MRI were risk factors that associated with seizure-free status after surgery.
Keywords Temporal lobe epilepsy, seizure-free status after TLE surgery.


The study was carried out in three different tertiary care hospitals of Kathmandu, Nepal. The objective of the study is to isolate and identify bacteria responsible for the different types of infection and to assess antibiotics susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) from the clinical samples in the clinical settings. Various clinical samples as wound, pus, bed sore, throat swab, urine and blood were collected from the patients visiting the tertiary care hospitals of Kathamndu. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test was done to detect antibiotic susceptibility whereas cefoxitin (30mcg) disc was used to detect MRSA. Out of 222 samples, the S. aureus isolated was 103(46.4%).Among the S. aureus, 22(21.3%) were methicillin resistant 98.7% of MSSA were sensitive to Meropenem followed by Amikacin and Tetracycline, 97.5% each respectively. MRSA were sensitive to Chloramphenicol (77.2%) followed by Meropenam (72.7%). This study suggests that very few antibiotics are effective against MRSA and therefore there should be rationale use of antibiotics and antibiotics should be prescribed only after susceptibility test.


The practice of the Reverse Logistics (RL) has increasingly been in evidence by the academy and by the companies, due to sustainability and costs. In a progressively competitive business environment, cost reduction becomes a global recurring theme, and in this aspect, RL is a strong ally in the strategic plan of the company. With the advancement of the technology it is more and more common the launch of a new product on the market, increasing the probability of improper disposal of electronic waste by the consumers that replace them. This paper aims to analyze the internal processes of the mechanisms of RL of one of the biggest logistics companies around the world that uses RL as economic and environmental strategy, and identify areas for improvement. We conclude giving some suggestions in order to improve the efficiency of the system.


A major component of the sex pheromone of Dacus oleae (Gmel.) has recently been identified as a spiroacetal. The use of this compound as a lure for use in the development of a monitoring trap for that species is described. Polyethylene vials gave a slower release rate of the spiroacetal than rubber septa or microfibres, but even in polyethylene vials a loading in excess of 10 mg was required (optimum 20 to 25 mg) to obtain catches in delta traps which were comparable with those in unbaited vertical yellow sticky traps. In studies in an olive grove near Granada, Spain, a 25-mg spiroacetal lure used with a vertical yellow trap gave catches of males of D. oleae which were four times as great as those in delta traps with the same lure or in unbaited yellow traps. The height of the trap had no apparent effect on catch. Previously recorded components of the sex pheromone did not prove to be effective when combined with the spiroacetal. Combined monitoring of Prays oleae (Bern.) and D. oleae , using their respective pheromones in the same trap, appears to be feasible with delta traps.


wolber t & ward d (2010) Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness 2, 122–134
Implementation of a diabetes nurse case management program in a primary care clinic: a process evaluation

Aims and objectives.  The aim was to evaluate the design and implementation of a diabetes nurse case management program in a busy primary care practice. The process outcomes include: (1) demonstration of nurse competence in motivational interviewing techniques, collaborative use of medication protocols, and identification of achievable self-management goals; (2) achieving a caseload of 15 to 20 patients; (3) evidence of weekly patient contacts; (4) demonstration of collaboration with primary care providers; (5) sustainability of the program through staff changes.

Background.  Program success or failure is determined not only by sound assumptions regarding how the interventions work but also by the strategy of implementation used and whether it was implemented properly. The utilisation of nurse case managers skilled in motivational interviewing techniques, independent use of medication protocols, and application of patient self-management goals have improved patient diabetic outcomes in multiple settings. There is little literature on how to translate this evidence into busy primary care settings.

Method.  Four generalist nurses, trained in motivational interviewing, medication protocols and diabetes self-management contacted patients by phone at one to two week intervals over a six-month period. Quantitative evaluation was done through chart review and taped nurse encounters. Qualitative information was obtained using structured nurse interviews and participant observations at monthly nurse/provider meetings.

Conclusions.  Key attributes necessary for successful implementation include embracing principles of redesign at all levels, access to a central data base and electronic medical records for time efficiency, constant redistribution of tasks among team members, continuous constructive feedback to reach nurse competency, and a frank discussion of nursing scope of practice and autonomy.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This study identifies a promising model to implement nurse case management in primary care. Early outcome results favour dissemination across the organization. Adaptation of this program to other settings is possible using process evaluation planning.


This report addresses how the Code of Virginia can be changed to improve Virginia's rate of testing for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) among drivers involved in crashes where there is a fatality. Currently, the implied consent statute in the Code mandates that a BAC test be conducted only after an arrest has been made. A review of U.S. Supreme Court cases and state law demonstrates that there are three options for modifying the implied consent statute. The first option is to require BAC testing of all drivers involved in a crash where there is a fatality but allow the results to be admissible in court as evidence against the driver only if probable cause exists independent of the test results. However, because a challenge to such a statute would present a constitutional search and seizure issue of first impression in Virginia's courts, the outcome of such a challenge cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. The second option is to require BAC testing of all drivers involved in a crash where there is a fatality and some level of suspicion that does not amount to probable cause that the driver was committing the offense of driving under the influence of alcohol. However, although such a law is more likely to be upheld, there is still some risk that it would be found


Max Weber classically defined the state as a "human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory." Yet while Afghanistan has been an independent polity for 270 years, only on very few occasions did its central governments ever come close to meeting such a standard in theory, let alone in fact. This has been viewed as a serious defect by modern Afghan state builders, but the stability of the polity (if not its rulers) suggests that deeper factors may be at play. In particular, the policy of successful Afghan regimes has always been to employ multiple strategies of governance that sought direct rule over cities, irrigated agricultural lands, and strategic trade routes, but used indirect strategies of governance and punitive violence to deal with its mountainous hinterlands and other marginal regions. Where the political and economic cost of direct administration was deemed too high, governments did not even attempt to impose it; but in exchange local communities recognized the state's putative sovereignty over their territories. A similar pattern occurred at the regional level where powerful local elites recognized the sovereignty of the central government but in other respects acted independently of it. It is likely that this type of political system has deep roots, dating back to the Achaemenid empire and its successors. It was particularly well adapted to the larger Iranian plateau and central Asia where regional urban centers, each with distinct populations, were separated by large stretches of mountains and deserts. The more recent example of the Afghan case may therefore hold lessons for understanding how earlier states and empires used similar political structures and strategies to create long lived empires. christopher i. Beckwith (Professor of central eurasian studies, indiana university) title: "Vihāras in the Kushan Empire" (Thursday, 2:00–2:45) abstract: We are accustomed to monasteries being built in remote areas, or in positions difficult to access, such as high up on a cliff face. If one defines vihāra as "monastery," it is not surprising to us that ancient and early medieval travelers' accounts say there were once very many vihāras in the mountainous countryside of eastern Bactria (what is now Tajikistan), and in mountainous areas of Gandhāra and Kashmir. In fact, archaeologists have found many of them in remote, un-urbanized areas of Central Asia and northwestern India (now Pakistan). But when the very first vihāras were built no such earlier cultural tradition existed. They were at once the first monasteries, the first cloisters, and the first colleges and their residents were the first "monks." The Kushan-period vihāras of Taxila are the earliest attested exemplars of what is known in the West as the cloister plan. In architecture, "form follows function," as the dictum of Louis Sullivan goes. These structures were built to embody specific functions, including teaching, libraries, research, and meditation, and they had a particular type of endowment. Some vihāras were certainly built in urbanized areas, such as in Taxila and other cities of the Kushan empire, as well as in Qocho in the Tarim Basin region, which was under Kushan We are accustomed to monasteries being built in remote areas, or in positions difficult to access, such as high up on a cliff face. If one defines vihāra as "monastery," it is not surprising to us that ancient and early medieval travelers' accounts say there were once very many vihāras in the mountainous countryside of eastern Bactria (what is now Tajikistan), and in mountainous areas of Gandhāra and Kashmir. In fact, archaeologists have found many of them in remote, un-urbanized areas of Central Asia and northwestern India (now Pakistan). But when the very first vihāras were built no such earlier cultural tradition existed. They were at once the first monasteries, the first cloisters, and the first colleges and their residents were the first "monks." The Kushan-period vihāras of Taxila are the earliest attested exemplars of what is known in the West as the cloister plan. In architecture, "form follows function," as the dictum of Louis Sullivan goes. These structures were built to embody specific functions, including teaching, libraries, research, and meditation, and they had a particular type of endowment. Some vihāras were certainly built in urbanized areas, such as in Taxila and other cities of the Kushan empire, as well as in Qocho in the Tarim Basin region, which was under Kushan


Assessing the vulnerability which is independent of present policy is needed both to identif, the most vulnerable poor countries, and to design criteria for the allocation of international resources. With this regard two kinds of vulnerability and corresponding indices are considered: the structural economic vulnerability (as measured by the UN Economic Vulnerability Index, EVI) and the physical vulnerability to climate change (as measured by the Ferdi PVCCI Index); the former is more likely to be used for the allocation of development assistance, the latter for the allocation of adaptation resources. The two indices and their possible use are compared, while the rationale for their aggregation and for an integrated process of allocation is respectively discussed.Derniere mise a jour : Janvier 2015


Objective: From the view point of antiapoptotic nerve protective effect and mechanism of gardenoside,we have to observe the gardenoside antiapoptotic effect on chronic cerebral ischemia rats, and the influence of the Bcl- 2, Bax protein positive expression. Methods: Clean level male SD rats were divided into control group, model control group, gardenoside oral medicine group, the aricept group. Adopting permanent bilateral common carotid artery ligation law as positive cerebral ischemia animal model, using the TUNEL and immunohistochemistry method to detect the hippocampus and cortex areas Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression positive neurons changes in two kinds of detection means. Results: By comparing vision then check the number of positive cells, oral dosage group com pared with model group, control group were extremely significant differences(P0.01), compared with the aricept group had no signifi cant difference(P0.05). Conclusion: geniposide has for chronic cerebral ischemia rats nerve cells have antiapoptotic effect, mechanism and gardenoside of nerve cells of rat Bax protein expression has inhibition, and for the Bcl-2 protein expression has enhanced role.


Bringing a small section of the marine environment to your home sounds like a difficult task. But it is being done by more and more by the average aquarist, who wants to try this
difficult task. Tremendous progress has been made in the keeping of the marine fish over the past decade. Much knowledge has been acquired and many new products have entered market to facilitate the keeping of marine fish


The reliability and maintainability of spare in the process of equipment maintenance are studied in this paper, and the significant factors which have influence on spare demand rate are analyzed. The methods of systems modeling and simulation are used to establish the mathematic models, especially for wear\|out spare as well as for maintainable spare. A prediction method of spare demand rate is given at last.


This study aims to examine the effect of liquidity, asset management, cash turnover and capital structure on financial performance in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research was conducted with a quantitative research approach. This type of research is descriptive research. The populations in the study as many as 159 companies and the number of samples of 85 manufacturing companies are listed on the Stock Exchange Indonesia. The variables related to this research are liquidity (current ratio), asset management (total asset turnover), cash turnover, capital structure (debt to equity ratio) and Return on Asset. The research method used is the classical assumption test method and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that partially liquidity (current ratio) had a significant effect on Return on Asset, Asset Management (total asset turnover) had a significant effect on Return on Asset, and Cash Turnover (debt to equity ratio) had no significant effect. Return on Asset and Capital Structure have no significant effect on Return on Asset (ROA). Simultaneously Liquidity (current ratio), Asset Management (total asset turnover), Turnover Cash (cash turnover) and Capital Structure (debt to equity ratio) affect significantly to the Financial Performance in Indonesia Listed Companies.


By using the existing historical earthquake investigation data in Xinjiang,103 intensity outsourcing lines of destructive earthquakes from 1716 to 2010 were collected after they were digitized.The author summarized the seismic intensity attenuation laws in Xinjiang region through multiple regression fitting.The intensity attenuation function of elliptical model was provided and the fitting result in different periods and areas was compared,finally the intensities attenuation relationship in Xinjiang region was obtained through the head and end limiting method.


This paper surveys the use of mathematical programming models for controlling environmental quality. The scope includes air, water, and land quality, stemming from the first works in the 1960s. It also includes integrated models, generally that are ...


Modem socialist literature of Korea has not been studied enough yet. Regional tradition, also, needs to be examined closely. This writing is aimed to clarify the trend of socialist poetry in Kyungnam and to figure out its distinctiveness. The distinctiveness of socialist poetry in Kyungnam is as following. First, most of the poets are admitted into the literary system by spontaneous and gradual studies. Second, it has a distinctive tradition of the systematic activity and periodical publication. Especially, it contributed great success to children's literature. Third, it has a general trend of the multi-creative writing based on various parts as well as poetry. There would be a stepping-stone to find the spiritual and cultural history of Kyungnam, which is made by the long period from the mid of 1920s to 1950 right before Korean War and by enthusiasms and efforts for the national liberation and human freedom of the socialist poets in Kyungnam, who are Joo-hong Lee, Hwan Kweon, Seok-jeong Park, Go-song Shin, Seong-hong Lee, Wo-jeong Yang, Seong-bong Kim, Fling-san Son, Byeong-ho Kim, San-woon Park, and Sang-hun Kim.


The 13C NMR spectra of more than 30 phenanthrene derivatives were recorded and their carbon shifts assigned. The compounds consisted of representative aristolochic acids and aristololactams, the phenanthrene alkaloid argen‐tinine and some derivatives. Assignments of the carbon resonances were carried out from chemical shifts, one‐bond and long‐range carbon‐hydrogen couplings and selective comparison of the phenanthrene derivatives with each other and with model compounds. The chemical shifts of the aromatic carbons were correlated with substituent effects. It was found that the shift changes on introduction of oxy functions in phenanthrenes parallel those reported for monosubstituted naphthalenes. Steric compression shifts observed in 3,4‐disubstituted and ring A polysubstituted phenanthrenes are discussed. Further evidence about the structures of the aristololactams CII, CIII, DII, DIII, enterocarpam‐I and enterocarpam‐II is provided, based on 13C NMR data. The substituent parameters found for phenanthrene derivatives proved to be additive and their use in signal assignments is described.


This qualitative cross-case study explored the experiences that learners describe within online collaborative groups. The study context was a fully online graduate course on adult learning. The findings suggest that the small online groups demonstrated dynamics and process that are characteristic of individual growth and development and group individuation, which mirror the experiences of face-to-face groups. The results of these two developmental processes led to unsafe learning spaces and opportunities for group members to rework their sense of identity as learners and group members. Implications are presented for the use of these kinds of groups in online educational settings.


This research focuses on defining an efficient and effective approach to construct a value model with ArchiMate. A value model described the value creation process, which include the proposition, participants, commodities, activities and business networks. Clearly defining the value creation process could help managers capture the essential resources, activities involved in the progress, make more accurate cost/benefit estimation.


Ocean frontal systems may act both as barriers and mixers between different water masses, the latter thanks to very energetic structures with relatively short temporal and spatial scales. Here, we explore the high‐frequency temperature variability in the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence through the joint analysis of novel high‐resolution SeaSoar measurements and sea surface temperature imagery. Surface spatiotemporal correlation scales range between 1.5 and 6 days and between 20 and 50 km, with the shortest scales along the shelf‐break path of the Brazil Current and over the confluence and the longest ones along the Malvinas Current. The spatial scales display minima along the front, at the surface because of the presence of brackish shelf waters and at the subsurface due to both mesoscale and submesoscale thermohaline intrusions. The smallest cross‐frontal vertical correlations, in the 5‐ to 10‐m range, are associated with submesoscale processes. Overall, temperature variability is enhanced at depth in the frontal system.


Part 1 The history and background of UNIX: more than an operating system growth and expansion of UNIX multi-user design abundance of commands. Part 2 Getting started: logging in and out before starting, basic commands systems commands looking at files manipulating files and directories other commands. Part 3 Advanced UNIX concepts: the UNIX shell data and information as input and output connecting commands with pipes rerouting via redirection putting advanced concepts to work. Part 4 Advanced commands: advanced commands and databases applying advanced commands database searching (Grep) truncation and wildcards database sorting database programming creating presentable output printing, viewing and reviewing for debugging viewing the manual advanced commands lead to programmability. Part 5 File management: security types executionable programs setup and substitution directories as files managing files in directories developing file management techniques. Part 6 Editing: file editing using the vi editor entering text in vi using the vi command mode making changes vi commands. Part 7 Communications and networks: computer communicatoins E-mail via BITNET and internet addressing E-mail sending E-mail reading E-mail other communication accesses expanding resources and knowledge. Part 8 Data management: databases and programming database construction database structure and content review of database fields documentation data management techniques. Part 9 Uniq solutions: acquisitions processing files online catalogue online journals file interlibrary loan files other processing files and programs.


The training time of most learning algorithms increases as the size of training data increases. Yet, recent advances in linear binary SVM and LR challenge this commonsense by proposing an inverse dependency property, where the training time decreases as the size of training data increases. In this paper, we study the inverse dependency property of multi-class classification problem. We describe a general framework for multi-class classification problem with a single objective to achieve inverse dependency and extend it to three popular multi-class algorithms. We present theoretical results demonstrating its convergence and inverse dependency guarantee. We conduct experiments to empirically verify the inverse dependency of all the three algorithms on large-scale datasets as well as to ensure the accuracy.


The pluralism or monism of economic reality seldom becomes subject of a philosophical reflection. Meanwhile, world crisis of 2008-2009 and correction of mistakes after it made problems of an economic mainstream obvious. Not only the methods applied by the dominating economic theory but also its ontological basis were called in question. The article is just devoted to critical analysis of ontological basis of a mainstream. Only by means of such criticism it is possible to outline ontological contours of future


Aim. To study the morphological features of choroidal neovascular membranes in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration, complicated by high pigment epithelial detachment. Methods. The study enrolled 10 patients with wet age-related macular degeneration, who underwent vitrectomy with choroidal neovascular membranes removal, including 4 patients with occult choroidal neovascularization and 6 patients with classic choroidal neovascular membrane. Results. Histologic pattern consisting of pigmented epithelium cells layer with Bruch's membrane, fibrovascular membrane, photoreceptors segments layer and, in some of the cases, choroid fragments, was discovered in tissue specimens of patients with classic choroidal neovascular membrane. Histologic pattern of choroidal neovascular membrane in patients with occult choroidal neovascularization also consisted of pigment epithelium cells layer with Bruch's membrane, fibrotic neovascular membrane itself and photoreceptors segments layer. Pigment epithelium cell layer, in contrast to the control group, had apparent signs of hyperplasia. Average thickness of pigment layer of the retina was 16.08±4.64 μm in patients with high pigment epithelial detachment, by 30% higher compared to the control group (11.22±3.38 μm, р <0.05). Mean Bruch's membrane thickness was 6.7±0.19 μm in the main group, which also exceeded the similar values in the control group (5.7±3.8 μm, р <0.05). Histochemical studies revealed qualitative differences between the study groups in the levels of collagen types I and III. Glycosaminoglycans, in contrast, were detected only in the group with classic choroidal neovascular membrane. Conclusion. In patients with occult choroidal neovascular membrane complicated by high pigment epithelial detachment, Bruch's membrane thickening was found due to collagen type 1 deposits on the outer surface, which caused a local hydrodynamics alterations and influences the bioavailability of medications.


The reading specialist and/ or the administrator-responsive to the concerns of content area teachers can alleviate, possibly eliminate, negative teacher reactions and, concomitantly, attain the desired goals by effecting three basic steps in the change model (Solomon, 1977). Through these steps, the reading specialist can bring innovative reading methods to the teaching of specific content. THE READING SPECIALIST AS AN AGENT OF CHANGE Steven Grubaugh UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS Carol Ann Moore UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO, GREELEY Frequently, the remedial or developnental reading teacher at the secondary level functions as the content-area reading specialist. In this cap3.city the specialist works with contentarea teachers, presenting reading ideas, solving reading problems, and involving content-area teachers in the change model. However, before any interaction occurs between the specialist and the content-area teacher, the reading specialist rrrust attain these two objectives: 1. Be invited into the classroom by the teacher rather than enter with a mandate from the princip3.1; and 2. Work successfully with the teacher to perform the job properly and to achieve professional goals. Achieving such goals is complicated by personal idiosyncracies and individual work situations. For example, many teachers feel threatened and become defensive (Cross, 1978) when another professional, especially another teacher or administrator, visits the classroom to observe and advise. Further, many teachers experience difficulty as they attempt to change their concepts and methods of teaching; they desire to maintain the status quo because they feel comfortable with it (Herber, 1970). The reading specialist and/ or the administrator-responsive to the concerns of contentarea teachers-can alleviate, possibly eliminate, negative teacher reactions and, concomitantly, attain the desired goals by effecting three basic steps in the change model (Solorron, 1977). Through these steps, the reading specialist can bring innovative reading methods to the teaching of specific content.


The rutin glycosidase and β-glucosidase genes of Pseudomonas viridiflava were cloned, and fragments internal to these two genes were used as probes to determine homology with some members of the rRNA homology I group of pseudomonads and other phytopathogenic bacteria. Sequences homologous to these two probes occurred in all fluorescent arginine dihydrolase-negative phytopathogenic pseudomonads tested, regardless of whether the phenotype was expressed (...)


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of a course for grandparents. A sample of 87 consanguineous subjects included 29 grandparents, 29 grandchildren, and 29 of the grandchildren's parents. Twelve class sessions explored how the experiences of growing up and raising children differ from the recent past and attempted to identify corresponding changes required for the older relatives. Each generation was administered the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory before and after grandparents attended the course. The participants reported perceptions regarding six dimensions of grandparent attitudes and behaviors. Changes in the performance of grandparents were compared using t‐tests. According to the grandparents, the course resulted in increased satisfaction (p < .05), greater success (p < .05) and more effective teaching (p < .05) in family relationships. They reported making gains for 58 out of 60 items. Parents and grandchildren corroborated most of these gains by higher posttest scores...


In this paper, we purpose the concept of tempered Univex functions by utilizing a tempered fractional difference-differential operator type Caputo. This instruction indicates a new class of these functions in some optimal problems by exemplifying the settings on the modified formula. We call it the class of tempered fractional Univex functions. Our study is based on the strong, weak, converse, and strict converse duality propositions. A Multi-objective optimal problem includes the new process is disentangled.


The philosophy of full IP control over ATM equipment has been advocated by the Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), as a fairly simple but promising approach to boost Internet throughput. Existing IP routing protocols run on ATM switches to do topology discovery and route calculation, but packet forwarding is done by switching encapsulated IP packets directly in ATM, i.e. by shortcutting the IP forwarding engine. This paper evaluates the potential of applying this model to IP multicast, based on the experience gained from a lab prototype that demonstrates the concept of IP multicast shortcut over ATM.


Leisure time is the necessary condition of the people's all-round development,leisure sport is a subjective activity which has its own characteristics,such as spirit freedom,soul happiness,creativeness and its fundamental purpose is for human's all-round development.According to the method of historical documents and theoretical analysis methods,the author revealed the value of the leisure sports for the college students' all-round development and essential conditions for the value's realization from the connotation and characteristic of leisure sport.


PURPOSE: To provide an adaptive threshold device used in a digital transmission system, particularly, such a digital transmission system in which a given digital signal forms an signal eye surrounded by a voltage-time area. CONSTITUTION: An adaptive threshold device is constituted of a means which detects the relative amplitude of a digital signal to a threshold at a discrete point of time which is coincident with a signal-eye and another means which decides the actual rate at which the digital signal exceeds the threshold in response to the detected relative amplitude of the digital signal, compares the decided rate with a statistically predicted rate, and generates a correcting signal which drives the threshold toward a prescribed level which only passes through an interference area between symbols so that the actual rate may become nearly equal to the predicted rate.


Results of the triennial research of lipid peroxidation intensity in the sand lizards from ecosystems of different chemical pollution levels are presented. The pollution entails the activation of lipid peroxidation in liver, blood and muscles of the sand lizard and accumulation of the malondialdehyde. Forest rehabilitation improves living conditions for animals in which the malondialdehyde concentration is less than in the lizards from polluted area.


Objective:To explore the fibrinogen,D-dimer and the significance of blood platelet index associated with the changes of illness condition and prognosis for the emergency patients suffered from fracture.Methods: The examples of bone fraeture wounded patients delivered by first aid 120 were selected and divided,80 patients with multiple fractures as the A group,limb open fracture of 80 cases of single-limb fractures as B;80 cases at a single group for the C.Admission,after 24 hours and 3 days of operation,peripheral venous blood of the three groups was collected respectively,the Fibrinogen,D-dimer,Platelet count mean platelet volume.Platelet distribution width and Platelet larger cell ratio,and select the same period 80 cases of healthy control group at the same time.Results: The Fibrinogen,D-dimer,Platelet count mean platelet volume.Platelet distribution width and Platelet larger cell ratio of the each period of Group A,compared with Group B,Group C and the control group,was significantly higher(P0.01).The D-dimer of the each period of Group B,compared with Group C and the control group,was significantly higher(P0.01).The remaining indicators showed no significant difference(P0.05);compared with the control group and C group,showed no significant difference(P0.05).Conclusion: The trauma fracture,especially in multiple trauma patients with hypercoagulable state body,will enhance fibrinolysis.detection of Fg,DD,PLT,PDW,MPV and P-LCR of patients in fracture Deep venous thrombosis(DVT) and Pulmonary embolism(PE) can provide for the occurrence of fracture.


Consumable electrode arc welding is accompanied by flying sparks that are potential fire hazards. Safety regulations for welding at heights recommend clearing lower level floors and structures of combustible materials to a safe distance. To facilitate the determination of what constitutes a safe distance for given circumstances, a study on the flight of welding sparks was conducted and results are presented in tabular form.


This paper tackles the capacity optimization problem for Device-to-Device (D2D) coexisting with long term evolution (LTE) cellular system. We firstly derive and analyse the probability density functions of the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR). We show that the capacities of both D2D and LTE are concave and convex respectively w.r.t the transmitted power ratio. To maximize the capacity sum of both systems, we propose to use the convex concave procedure (CCCP) to obtain the optimal transmitted power ratio and we show that the optimal solution leads to a fair solution to both systems. This study is very crucial for the resource allocation and management phase, and can be exploited to better enhance the overall Quality of Service (QoS) of both systems.


The brain's 'default mode network' (DMN) enables flexible switching between internally and externally focused cognition. Precisely how this modulation occurs is not well understood, although may involve key subcortical mechanisms, including hypothesized influences from the basal forebrain (BF) and mediodorsal thalamus (MD). Here, we used ultra-high field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the involvement of the BF and MD across states of task-induced DMN activity modulation. Specifically, we mapped DMN activity suppression ('deactivation') when participants transitioned between rest and externally focused task performance, as well as DMN activity engagement ('activation') when task performance was internally (i.e., self) focused. Consistent with recent rodent studies, the BF showed overall activity suppression with DMN cortical regions when comparing the rest to external task conditions. Further analyses, including dynamic causal modelling, confirmed that the BF drove changes in DMN cortical activity during these rest-to-task transitions. The MD, by comparison, was specifically engaged during internally focused cognition and demonstrated a broad excitatory influence on DMN cortical activation. These results provide the first direct evidence in humans of distinct basal forebrain and thalamic circuit influences on the control of DMN function and suggest novel mechanistic avenues for ongoing translational research.


Scholars have long investigated the nature of stock price changes in an attempt to discover forecastable dependencies. Formal research has taken several different directions and can be traced as far back as 1900 to a pioneer study by Louis Baehelier. Since Bachelier much has been accomplished, and there is a large amount of relevant literature comprising the body of knowledge applicable to the subject of the random character of security prices^1)


This article briefs Thermo-Calc Classic(TCC) software,including the function of its basic modules and correlation.Several calculation examples used in steel are given to help understand the basic calculation steps and function of some commands.


A facile solid-state Matryoshka-doll-like microwave strategy is developed to synthesize the composites of NiSe2 and N–C in just 20 minutes. The microwave functionalized NiSe2/N–C SIB anode displays an excellent cycling stability (2000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1).


Equipment for the Defence Services is daily becoming more expensive and more sophisticated and it therefore has to have a high reliability to enable the serviceman to have confidence in it. Therefore the quality and design of packaging coupled with its cost effectiveness is everyones business whether they be in design, development, production, purchasing, supply management, operational maintenance, storage, distribution or quality assurance and the aim must be that'packaging is as important as the materiel it contains'. The paper outlines the way in which the packaging needs of the British Army, Navy and Air Force are met by the Central Packaging Unit (CPU) of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The equipment for testing is briefly described and the main R & D projects outlined.


It is shown that the suppression of color-brightening effects in leptoproduction is a general property of a class of spontaneously broken color- gauge theories, based on integer-charge quarks. (AIP)


Classifying and categorizing the activities that comprise the Digital Humanities (DH) has been a longstanding area of interest for many practitioners in this field, fueled by on-going attempts to define Digital Humanities both within the academic and public sphere. The emergence of directories that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries has also spurred interest in categorization, with the practical goal of helping scholars identify, for instance, projects that take a similar technical approach, even if their subject matter and objects are vastly different. TaDiRAH, the Taxonomy of Digital Research Activities in the Humanities, is the result of a year-long project undertaken by the DiRT (Digital Research Tools) Directory and DARIAH-DE (Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities) to develop a shared taxonomy. TaDIRAH was created to organize the content of sites as diverse as the DARIAH Zotero bibliography 'Doing Digital Humanities', the DHCommons online hub and DiRT (now TAPoR, the Text Analysis Portal for Research). It has also been used with the Standard-ization Survival Kit research use case scenario collection, and AGATE, a European Science Academies Gateway for the Humanities and Social Sciences, to name just a few examples. TaDiRAH has been shaped both by and for the DH community to classify and define research activities in the humanities and related fields. With DHCommons, DARIAH and Europeana as its original use case environments, it has developed into a widely known taxonomy that has been used and adapted in various international research projects. Through a community-driven approach, TaDiRAH has been improved through user feedback and has been translated into French, German, Spanish and Serbian increasing its application. How-ever, to meet an increasing demand that is intensified by the growing influence of linked data technologies ensuring interoperability in digital research infrastructures, TaDiRAH should now evolve from a sum of terms in the form of narrower and broader relationships to a formalized model with a common ontological basis. Within CLARIAH-DE the taxonomy is now translated into a machine-readable version in order to implement it in the Language Resource Switchboard (LRS).This process includes the conceptualization, semantification and formalization of the existing taxonomy in terms of the FAIR Principles.It will be made available as Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) including a SPARQL endpoint becoming part of DARIAH-EU's Vocabs services hosted at the Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities Austrian Academy of Sciences (ACDH-¨OAW). TaDiRAH's aim remains to be a community-driven taxonomy that is easy to use and meets the needs of a wide variety of humanities scholars. The goal, therefore, is to provide a version that is more fully compliant with standards for Linked Open Data (LOD). With several European initiatives currently shaping advanced research infrastructures that could benefit from its implementation, new collaborations have been formed to bring TaDiRAH to this next level. TaDiRAH's implementation may lead to the taxonomy living on and help categorize, visualize, search, and find the activities and results of Digital Humanities initiatives.