AB STRACT: Dental prophylaxis is a common way to remove dental plaque and stain, both undesirable factors in most dentistry procedures. However, besides cleaning the tooth surface, prophylactic techniques may increase the surface roughness of restorations and dental tissues, which, in turn, may result in plaque accumulation, superficial staining and superficial degradation. This study evaluated the effect of three prophylactic techniques – sodium bicarbonate jet, pumice paste and whiting paste – on the superficial roughness of two restorative materials – a composite resin and a compomer – and on the superficial roughness of two dental surfaces – enamel and cementum/dentin – through rugosimetric and scanning electron mi cros copy (SEM) analysis. Statistical analysis of the rugosimetric data showed that the use of pumice paste on enamel produced a significantly smoother surface than the natural surface. However, comparing the effect of the three techniques, prophylaxis with the pumice paste produced a rougher surface than did the other techniques as regards enamel and cementum/dentin probably due to its abrasiveness. On composite resin, the pumice paste only produced a rougher surface than did the whiting paste. On compomer, all of the applied treatments produced similar results. Based on rugosimetric and SEM analysis, we could conclude that the prophylactic treatments employed did not improve roughness of the studied sur faces. As to the ef fects of the tech niques, they were dif fer ent de pend ing on the sur faces on which the pro phy lac tic treat ments were ap plied. DESCRIPTORS: Den tal pro phy laxis; Com pos ite resin; Compomers; Den tal enamel; Dentin.


Masonry infill walls are widely known to increase the lateral stiffness of the structure and for this reason, it is accepted all over the world. This paper presents a review work on the performance of infill framed structures that were damaged during several earthquakes. A study of the behavior of damaged buildings during different earthquakes in the world has been carried out. The mentioned earthquakes substantially caused damage to the RC buildings. The RC buildings were damaged primarily because of improper design and reinforcement detailing at the design phase and improper workmanship and quality control at the construction phase. The main objective of this paper is to describe and analyze the failure patterns observed in reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infill walls and without masonry infill walls all over the world.


Pathological jealousy has been associated with conditions such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder, paranoid personality, bipolar disorder, alcohol use and head injury [1]. Irresistible and repetitive jealous thoughts, found in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), has often been termed 'obsessional jealousy' [2 5], but the term is yet to find official recognition in literature. Available data on this subject have shown that obsessional jealousy is limited to marital or committed relationships [2 5]. We report obsessional jealousy arising in a young man, focused on his elder brother's wife, which has not been reported until now. The patient was a 19-year-old, unmarried, Muslim man who was brought to the clinic at G. B. Pant Hospital by his family members because he would not let his sister-in-law go out of the house and had threatened to kill her if she did not comply with his demands. The patient lived in a joint family household, as is customary in Indian society. Soon after the marriage of his elder brother, 5 years prior to consultation, the patient started touching his sisterin-law casually, to which she had no objection initially. Two years prior to consultation he saw her dancing with another man and reprimanded her. Since that time he did not allow her to talk to any man and followed her around when she went out. He would frequently make comments to her for wearing provocative clothes. This persisted despite objection from the woman herself as well as from other family members. The patient confessed that he was ashamed of his behaviour at home but was unable to control himself. He said that he experienced unwanted and irresistible sexual thoughts towards women and feared that other men might be viewing his sister-in-law in the same way. He experienced excessive concerns regarding contamination, symmetry, bodily symptoms and harm coming to him. The patient was aware of the absurdity of these thoughts, despite which they persisted. There was no previous history of substance use or head injury. Earlier he had received imipramine for 6 weeks and escitalopram for 7 weeks, without any response. A diagnosis of OCD was made on the basis of clinical presentation. His baseline Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score was 30, which decreased to 3 after 6 weeks on clomipramine 75 mg day . This case is atypical in the sense that the patient's jealousy was focused on his sister-in-law, who was not his romantic or married partner. He did not oppose his brother's relationship with her, while at the same time restricting her from interacting with other men. It can be argued that the patient had been brought up in an orthodox household but the patient's views were not endorsed by the rest of the family. That the patient's jealousy responded to clomipramine supports the view that it was obsessional in nature. This report highlights the point that obsessional jealousy can emerge in people not connected by a romantic or married relationship. It also emphasizes the importance of the person's sociocultural and ethnic background in the development of psychopathology.


ABSTRACT The materials and techniques used to make Ethiopian copper and copper alloy processional crosses from the twelfth to twentieth centuries were investigated through technical study including X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). All 20 crosses in this multi-collection study underwent XRF analysis while the eight crosses from the collection of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts additionally underwent X-radiography and scanning micro-XRF. The documentation of fabrication methods and repairs was carried out using non-destructive methods, including the application of scanning micro-XRF, which in this study, proved to be especially valuable for identifying and mapping solder and cast-on repairs. Additionally, results from XRF analysis confirmed patterns in alloy type related to cross style and chronology. Specifically, bronze was identified as the alloy used to make the earliest (twelfth – fourteenth century) crosses, while the later crosses (post fifteenth century) were found to be made of brass and gunmetal. Crosses dating to what appears to be a transitional period during the fourteenth – fifteenth century were found to be made of a greater variety of materials including copper, bronze, and brass. While the difference in alloy types found in crosses from different time periods may be related to changing preferences or access to certain metals, the mass removal of religious art in the sixteenth century could have also impacted the types of crosses that remain.


: In the last decade, the oil industry has transitioned from primarily drilling vertical wells to a majority of extended reach complex horizontal wells with help of geosteering techniques for better reservoir and production efficiencies. The overall objective of geosteering and well placement has helped to maximize reservoir contact by the keeping well trajectory in the pay zone with the help of quality real-time data, especially in these uncertain times of pandemic due to COVID-19. This paper illustrates the immense impact of real-time data feeds (special logging tools/images) at operation centers with the full remote expert support of multidisciplinary teams. The proper data communication mechanism is also helpful to share the information across asset teams in a timely manner to drill complex wells remotely. To achieve the desired geosteering objective, experts monitor and evalu-ate the real-time petro-physical data of a landing well and design the well path accordingly to stay in the pay zone/ horizon. During this collaborative and integrated geosteering process, the geological and petro-physical variables like the reservoir architecture, permeability and porosity distribution, and fluid contacts are also being used to update the reservoir models in real-time, based on the latest subsurface information for better reservoir management, operational and timely making.


Abstrcat In this paper, the authors give a typical example about higher vocational education run by regular college or university . They cite many facts that many objective disadvantages and self-shortcomings exist in present higher vocational education. Furthermore, they make some suggestions and countermeasures for educational managers to refer to.They believe that explorers in higher vocational education of a regular college or university should find a new way and play an exemplary role in that of our country.


In literature there are several lightweight approaches, such as conditional, conceptual or material lightweight design. But the challenge for the designers is to use the suitable lightweight approach and to develop a lightweight solution for their product. In this paper, an approach for a method which supports the designer in a systematic finding of lightweight solutions will be presented. In order to realise a method for developing lightweight solutions, the Contact & Channel - Model will be adapted.


In the last decades the service area has been consolidated aiming to address the client's needs by following a series of established guidelines. This standardizing process allows the company to develop its activities sequencially and logically to provide proper service.
This document describes the proposal to improve the arboricultural service area. To accomplish this goal a process to gather information was carried out in terms of jobs, materials, equipment, methodology and procedures. All of this pointing to establish a way to perform jobs keeping the same conditions in order to produce the same results efficiently.


Every narrative creates a new world. The pleasure of narrative is largely constituted by its capability of multiplying life. This is the main thesis of this short essay, based on field work with school teachers and young students. This kind of pleasure goes with some kind of knowledge: a knowledge referring to human experience and its range of possibilities. It is a kind of knowledge particularly useful for those committed both to social work and social sciences.


This paper deals with the issue of whether the Government complies with its budget constraint for the case of Sweden during the period 1963–2000 using quarterly data. It is found that government spending and government revenue are nonstationary (integrated) but cointegrated. A random coefficient model against a fixed coefficient model is also tested for. The results show that the random coefficient model, which is nonlinear, is preferred to the linear fixed parameter model. This model, which takes into account the Lucas critique, is estimated by the Kalman filter and it provides further empirical evidence that the government follows its intertemporal budget restriction.


Interannual-to-decadal sea level and circulation changes associated with the oceanic connectivity around the Philippine Archipelago are studied using satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) data and a reduced gravity ocean model. SSHs in the tropical North Pacific, the Sulu Sea and the eastern South China Sea (ESCS) display very similar low-frequency oscillations that are highly correlated with El Nino and Southern Oscillation. Model experiments reveal that these variations are mainly forced by the low-frequency winds over the North Pacific tropical gyre and affected little by the winds over the marginal seas and the North Pacific subtropical gyre. The wind-driven baroclinic Rossby waves impinge on the eastern Philippine coast and excite coastal Kelvin waves, conveying the SSH signals through the Sibutu Passage-Mindoro Strait pathway into the Sulu Sea and the ESCS. Closures of the Luzon Strait, Karimata Strait, and ITF passages have little impacts on the low-frequency sea level changes in the Sulu Sea and the ESCS. The oceanic pathway west of the Philippine Archipelago modulates the western boundary current system in the tropical North Pacific. Opening of this pathway weakens the time-varying amplitudes of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation latitude and Kuroshio transport. Changes of the amplitudes can be explained by the conceptual framework of island rule that allows for baroclinic adjustment. Although it fails to capture the interannual changes in the strongly nonlinear Mindanao Current, the time-dependent island rule is nevertheless helpful in clarifying the role of the archipelago in regulating its multidecadal variations.


Objective: Our objective was to provide an eye care service to rural and underserved areas in Chennai, Kanchipuram, and Thiruvallur districts of Tamil Nadu, South India.
Design: We conducted eye camps to provide ophthalmic services to the underserved and rural areas, where people cannot afford to go to a hospital due to lack of accessibility, lack of awareness, or financial constraints.
Setting: The study was conducted in rural and underserved areas of Thiruvallur, Chennai, and Kanchipuram districts from January 2015 to December 2019.
Participants: Patients (N = 1,05,827) underwent comprehensive eye examination in eye camps with the state-of-art ophthalmic equipment.
Main outcome measures: To report on the number of patients examined, number of eye disorders screened, and different types of ocular pathology screened, all clinical findings were recorded and all ocular images were uploaded in the electronic medical records. All patients with ocular diseases underwent teleconsultation with an ophthalmologist at the base hospital with internet connectivity. Video conferencing and teleconsultation were feasible only in areas with good internet connectivity.
Results: Over the 5-year study period, 1,05,827 patients underwent eye evaluation at 1,061 eye camps. Among these, 48,354 (45.7%) patients were males, 57,473 (54.3%) patients were females, 15,515 patients were emmetropes. The most common cause of avoidable blindness was uncorrected refractive error detected in 66,137 eyes, referable cataract was seen in 13,536 eyes, 2,491 eyes were identified to have retinal diseases, and there were 789 patients with only diabetic retinopathy, thus totaling to 3,280 comprising of all retinal disease. 2424 patients received teleconsultations. For further investigations and treatment, which were provided free of cost, patients were referred to the base hospital in Chennai. There were 6,309 patients who received free spectacles and an additional 31,192 patients received spectacles at a low cost; 13,536 patients had referable cataract and were referred to the base hospital for further evaluation and surgery.
Conclusions: Teleophthalmology holds great potential to overcome barriers, improve quality, access, and affordability to eye care, and has proven to be an innovative means of taking comprehensive eye care facilities to the doorsteps of rural India.


Real money trade with virtual goods between players has long been viewed as an unreliable black market. With the introduction of the Real-Money-Auction-House in the game Diablo 3 the developers, Bl ...


Results: A significant interaction existed for the cross sectional area of the rectus femoris at rest (p<0.03) and during the maximal volitional contraction (p<0.02). Interestingly, for both of these variables all groups performed in a similar manner with the exception of the females with the high body fat %. No statistically significant interaction existed for the contractile index, however, a main effect for angle (p<0.01) was observed. As knee flexion increased from 0 to 90 degrees of knee flexion there was a consistent decrease in the contractile index. Conclusions: Rectus femoris CSA appears to depend on gender as well as the body composition of an individual. A follow up study with greater control for body composition will be helpful in further understanding this relationship in order to improve quadriceps function through development of clinical guidelines. Abstract Figure 2. Cross Sectional Area of the Rectus Femoris when measured during maximal volitional activation across multiple angles of knee flexion Figure 1. Cross Sectional Area of the Rectus Femoris when measured at rest across multiple angles of knee flexion


Maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) activities upgrade pavement condition and foster a new life cycle. Precise prediction of the effectiveness of these activities and how they retard the progression of distresses are key issues in setting priorities in a pavement management system. The extent to which the timing and level of M&R activities influence pavement condition is explored. Employing time series pavement performance data, mechanistic empirical models have been developed to predict the immediate jump in pavement condition, and, following the treatment, the rate of deterioration. Pavement condition rating, an aggregate statistic of both roughness and distress, is used as a measure of serviceability. Parametric studies were undertaken to estimate the timing and to select the most effective level of treatment. The results indicate that the immediate effect of an M&R activity depends on the condition of the underlying structure. The life-cycle analysis of three treatments (surface treatment and thin and thick overlays) applied at various condition levels indicates that if repairs are performed while the pavement is still in the "slow rate of deterioration" phase, life cycles are greatly increased. Similarly, timely maintenance treatment will reduce the equivalent uniform annual cost of the facility.


Channel recessed 4H-SiC MESFETs were fabricated and have demonstrated excellent small signal characteristics, such as, Ft of 14.5 GHz and Fmax of 40 GHz (for MAG = 1). The effect of Si3N4 passivation on these devices has been studied in this work. Current instability and RF power performance were improved after passivation. From our measurements, we found out that the passivation of SiC MESFETs reduces the surface effects and improves the RF power performance by suppressing the instability in DC characteristics. Introduction SiC MESFETs have been developed for high power applications due to unique material properties, such as, high saturated electron velocity, high breakdown field, and high thermal conductivity. In this work, channel recessed 4H-SiC MESFETs were fabricated and have demonstrated excellent small signal characteristics, such as, Ft of 14.5 GHz and Fmax of 40 GHz. SiC MESFETs have been reported to have current instability and strong dispersion [1]. We present that Si3N4 passivation reduces surface trapping effects and improves the power performance. From our measurements, however, we infer that both the surface traps and deep traps in the substrate can be responsible for the instability in SiC MESFETs. Experiments and Results Device Fabrication. The material structure consisted of a V-doped semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrate, a 0.25 μm p-type buffer layer doped < 5 x 10 15 cm -3 , and a 0.26 μm n-type channel layer doped Nd = 2 x 10 17 cm -3 . The cross-sectional device designs are shown in Figure 1. Source and drain regions were implanted with phosphorous. Ni deposition followed by annealing at 980 o C resulted in a specific contact resistance of 1.5 x 10 -6 Ω-cm 2 . ECR etching with a Cl2/CH4/Ar gas mixture was used to define the mesa and etch the channel region. The channel region was etched 0.06 μm for the channel recessed device. T-shaped gates with a gate length of 0.45 μm were fabricated by using an e-beam lithography process. PECVD Si3N4 passivation was done before the air-bridge step. The source-to-gate spacing was fixed at 0.5 μm and the gate-todrain spacings varied from 1.0 μm to 1.5 μm. DC and Small Signal Characteristics. Figure 2 shows typical I-V characteristics for the channel recessed device. A saturated current of 250 270 mA/mm was measured at Vgs = 0 V and Vds = 20 V, and a maxium transconductance of 40 45 mS/mm was measured at Vds = 20 V. Negligible gate leakage (~nA/mm) was observed and a pinch-off voltage, Vgs ~ -8 V was measured at Vds = 40 V. The off-state 3-terminal breakdown voltage, Vds, ranges from 120 V to more than 150 V at Vgs = -14 V, depending on gate-drain spacing. The small signal measurement was done at Vds = 20V and Vgs = -2V. 2 x 200 μm devices demonstrated excellent Ft and Fmax of 14.5 GHz and 40 GHz, respectively. The excellent small Materials Science Forum Online: 2003-09-15 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vols. 433-436, pp 749-752 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.433-436.749 © 2003 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (Semanticscholar.org-12/03/20,10:57:01) signal characteristics can be explained by the higher aspect ratio and the decrease in the feedback capacitance. More detailed comparison with normal devices without recess has been published elsewhere [2]. Fig. 1. Cross-sectional design of channel recessed 4H-SiC MESFETs 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 10 20 30 40 Vds(V) Id s (m A /m m ) -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Vds(V) Id s /I g s (m A /m m ) Vgs=-14V (a) Top trace is for Vgs = 0V, ∆V = -1V (b) Breakdown measurement at Vgs=-14V Fig. 2. Typical I-V characteristics of channel recessed devices Passivation Effect on Current Instability. SiC MESFETs have been reported to have current instability and strong dispersion [1]. In this work, we illustrate this phenomenon by measuring IV characteristics using different bias sweeping method and surface potential using surface probing technique. These measurements were repeated under the same conditions after Si3N4 passivation. Three different voltage sweepings were performed as followings. (1) Case I (-) : From Vgs = 0V to Vgs = -10V with 100sec time interval between sweeps From Vds = 0V to Vds = 20V (forward) at each gate bias (2) Case II (-×-) : From Vgs = 0V to Vgs = -10V, No time interval From Vds = 0V to Vds = 20V (forward) at each gate bias (1) Case III (----) : From Vgs = -10V to Vgs = 0V, No time interval From Vds = 20V to Vds = 0V (backward) at each gate bias Current lag phenomenon was found for case II and case III. We speculate that trapping of electrons at the surface states and deep states in the substrate affect this current lag phenomenon. With applied high drain bias, electrons can tunnel from the gate and move across the surface depletion region getting trapped at the surface states. In addition, electrons in the channel can pass through thin p-type buffer layer which is fully depleted under the high reverse bias condition and get trapped in the deep states present in the substrate [3]. Even after the bias is disconnected (after the first sweep), the trapped electrons remain until they are slowly detrapped Source Drain n + implantation


We prove a surprising relation between univalent polynomials constructed by Suffridge in 1969 and positive trigonometric polynomials discovered by Fejer in 1915. This helps us to establish a kind of distortion result about univalent polynomials with real coefficients and to respond, at least partially, a question of Greiner and Ruscheweyh.


The electronic states in separate confinement heterostructure quantum well GaAs-GaAl/sub 0.18/As/sub 0.82/ lasers are studied within the effective-mass approximation by using the generalized impedance method. The emphasis is placed on the dependence of the main interband transition energies and of the overlap integrals on the key parameters such as the well width and the shape of the confinement structure. The main interband transition energies for the rectangular structures are in agreement with previous results. Compared with a rectangular well or a parabolic well, the triangular well structure presents a greater confinement of the electron and the hole. As a result, the overlap between their associated wave functions is smaller, leading to a reduction of the interband recombination.


In the Britton-Robinson buffer solution of pH 3. 6,guanosine combined with gold nanoparticles, resulting in the absorbance change of the solution. There is a good linear correlation existed between the absorbance change( ΔA) and the concentration of 8-OHdG in the range of 1. 75 × 10- 8~ 6. 27 × 10- 6mol / L. The linear regression equation is: ΔA630/ A530= 1. 33c × 10- 6mol / L + 0. 017 5 and the correlation coefficient is 0. 997. The detection limit is 5. 26 × 10- 9mol / L,the relative standard deviations( RSD) were 1. 97% ~3. 26%. The proposed method has also been successfully applied for the determination of guanosine in real samples with the recoveries of 96. 2% ~ 98. 9%. The new method was simple, rapid and sensitive.


Kirsty McDougall, 'Speaker-specific formant dynamics: An experiment on Australian English /aI/', first publication by International Journal of Speech Language and the Law, Vol. 111 (1), 2004, and by Equinox. Abstract re-produced by permission from Equinox.


Twenty-one patients receiving either pure para-aminosalicylic acid or one of its derivatives (12-16 g daily) for pulmonary tuberculosis were subjected during this treatment to the Schilling test. Schilling test II with intrinsic factor (IF) was also performed on the majority of these patients. Additionally, the ordinary Schilling test was made on all the patients either before the commencement of the PAS treatment or 2-6 weeks after its discontinuation. Most of the patients received other antituberculous drugs concurrently, but invariably the only medicine added or withdrawn during the test period was PAS.


This paper presents the test equipment developed for the measurement and calibration of sensing carbon fibre. The testing device provides precise load application to a carbon fibre tow and measuring the micro-variations of the fibre electrical resistance in a temperature-controlled environment. The measurement approach based on sensing carbon fibre is a method for strain measurement being recently developed and similar to the traditional strain gauge method. However, due to the integration of the sensing element into the material, it is considered the most promising alternative for carbon fibre reinforced plastic applications. The theory behind fibre strain measurement including the influence of the temperature on the fibre electrical resistance is presented. A detailed presentation of the measurement and calibration device is given including the measurement loop. The test rig is capable of testing fibres at a temperature up to $180^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ and the maximum load applied to the fibre of $1500\mathrm{N}$. A 5-run test on a T300 3K carbon fibre at $100^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ is provided as an example of the test rig operation. On average, the accuracy of the testing method over half load (700N) offers results having a maximum variation of 5% around the mean value of the whole set of test readings collected.


CCNeter is an automatic modeling tool based on CNet,an extension of Petri nets.CCNeter respectively describes data,operations and control from a sourece code.Accordingly,on Petri nets specification the relationship among data,operation and control can be discovered.Through capturing the dependency relations among source files,functions and variables of C project,CCNeter automatically creates CNet specification for C program,then draws and lays out the specification.CCNeter is an important precondition task of static analysis of program code.


By the time the 2017 federal elections took place, it was nearly a foregone conclusion that the Christian Democrats would achieve their major goal of retaining the Chancellor's Office and remaining the dominant party in the Bundestag. It is worth remembering that this result was not nearly as certain over the course of the 2013–17 legislative cycle. Merkel's policies in response to the refugee crisis brought her a great deal of international admiration but had cost her dearly in terms of political support at home. The rising presence of the populist radical right has been a major issue, arguably the major issue, in many west European countries in the past four years and Germany is no exception (Berbuir, Lewandowsky, and Siri 2015; Decker 2016). Prior to the election, it was also a near certainty that the Alternative for Germany would enter the Bundestag for the first time. Furthermore, when the Social Democrats (SPD) selected Martin Schulz, president of the European Parliament, as their candidate in January, he was initially received with such great enthusiasm that it looked briefly as though he might successfully challenge Merkel for the chancellorship. Over the course of the campaign, however, it became clear that Merkel would manage to survive both the rise of the Alternative for Germany and Schulz's candidacy and that she would emerge from the 2017 election with the chancellorship still in her hands. This article considers what the Christian Democrats hoped for from the 2017 election, whether they achieved their aims, and what the future might hold for the party. In thinking about the hopes held by the Christian Democrats, it helps to remember that this is really two parties: the Christian Social Union (CSU – active only in Bavaria) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU – active elsewhere in Germany). The sister parties do not compete against each other and they form a joint parliamentary caucus in the Bundestag. Still, the ideological profiles of the two parties are slightly different, with the CSU being more conservative than the CDU. In the lead-up to the 2017 election in particular, Horst Seehofer, the chair of the CSU, had been very vocal about his disapproval of Merkel's leadership on the refugee issue. The two parties sometimes do experience tension but this rift was more serious than usual. However, Merkel and Seehofer managed to patch things up for most of 2017, not coincidentally, in time for the campaign. After 12 years in government, it would have been difficult for the CDU/CSU to run on the promise of radical change. Major new policy initiatives were also unlikely, given that the government was coming out of a period of grand coalition with the SPD, during


Access to rural health care is an ongoing challenge for those living in America's countryside. Hospital closures, a fragmented and dislocated care delivery system, disproportionate levels of chronic illness, and poverty combine to present significant obstacles to health reform. This article highlights the major challenges in rural health care and specifies financial and delivery policy options that can strengthen rural health care. In particular, this article suggests a return to a prepaid approach within the umbrella organizational framework of what we term "rural convening entities." These entities would serve as the control of telehealth hubs for the communities they serve.


We report a state-of-the-art molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based antenna sensor to detect methanol vapor at room temperature. A conductive MIP-graphite composite was synthesized with specificity to methanol and deposited on a 3.6 GHz resonant patch antenna by drop coating. The copper-layered antenna with affinity composite worked in tandem to produce a sensitive and selective room temperature antenna sensor. Continuous sensing was accomplished by monitoring the reflected power, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, of the antenna in a chamber with methanol vapor. The sensor functions under ambient conditions, providing a strong <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> response of approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$554\,\,\mu \text {mol} \text {dm}^{-3}\text {dB}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Thus, the proposed sensor has great potential in gas-sensing applications, paving the way for antenna-based pollution monitoring.


Relevance. Scars are multi-tissue structures that significantly reduce the quality of life of the young, able-bodied population. The most socially significant variants are represented by hypertrophic and keloid postoperative scars and scars after burns, atrophic scars after acne vulgaris and striae. Growth factors, which are also used for their treatment, play a significant role in their formation and progression. The aim of this work is to summarize data on the participation of growth factors (transforming growth factor beta-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor) in the formation of a hypertrophic or atrophic scar. Materials and Methods. The study of literary sources of scientometric scientific bases was carried out. Results and Discussion . The study showed that the duration of the scarring phases preceding it is of great importance in scar formation, their prolongation leads to chronic inflammation and the attachment of an autoimmune component, an increase in the number of myofibroblasts due to inhibition of apoptosis and an increase in the synthesis of intercellular substance and immature forms of collagen, as well as thinning of the epidermis over scar. Growth factors such as growth factor beta-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor are capable of shifting the balance of these two main pathways or towards proliferative processes, contributing to an increase in the number of blood vessels in the hemomicrocirculatory bed, the number of mast cells and total cellularity, as well as, in some cases, the synthesis of keloid - that is, the formation of a hypertrophic or keloid scar. On the contrary, the prevalence of inflammatory processes leads to a decrease in cellularity, a decrease in blood vessels and intercellular substance, as well as damage to elastin and collagen fibers, forming the phenotype of an atrophic scar or striae. Conclusion. Growth factors play a key role in scar formation, contributing to an increase in the number of blood vessels in the hemomicrocirculatory bed, the number of mast cells and total cellularity, as well as, in some cases, the synthesis of keloid - that is, the formation of a hypertrophic or keloid scar.


In Nam Ngiep 2 hydropower station in Laos which is designed for the power generation purpose mainly,three mixed flow turbine units are installed with the rated power of 60 MW of each unit. The maximum working head is 490 m and the rated speed is 600 r /min. Type,installed number and the design characteristics of the hydro-turbine units are summarized. The structural characteristics and principle parameters are presented.


This paper employs VAR methodology to empirically estimate China's Financial Condition Index.The evidences show that FCI can appropriately describe the change of financial conditions of China from 1995 to 2005 and has favorable function of forecasting future inflation.Based on the above,the author proceeds by estimated Taylor rules augmented with FCI as target and signal variable with Generalized Method of Moment Methodology.The results suggest that FCI is positively correlated with short-term interest rate and could be an indicator of future inflation.However,the interest rate policies of People's Bank of China reacted insufficient to CPI inflation and the gap of production as well as financial condition,which stimulates the asset price bubble and financial imbalance to interact and accumulate.So the interest rate policy of PBC is unstable and an important factor that leads to unstable economic development.


The present invention is precipitated heavy fraction separating ultra-fine particles of solid matter from settling or agglomeration by solids suspension or slurry and the hydrocarbon liquid using a precipitating agent or a flocculating agent an effective amount of a heavy fraction of the hydrocarbon liquid to collect the particulate solids and recovered It relates to a method of. The method includes the screen coke precipitated heavy fraction, and the further step of grinding the coked product in an ultrafine size. Solid slurries, liquid hydrocarbons, coking, flocculants, agglomerates


The thermal decomposition of solid wegscheiderite, Na2CO3· 3NaHCO3, has been studied over the temperature range 350–465 K in atmospheres of pure nitrogen and pure carbon dioxide. At high temperatures, in both gases, the decomposition is controlled by a phase-boundary process having an activation energy of ca. 30 kJ mol–1. The frequency factor for this process is very low in both gases. At low temperatures, nucleation-and-growth processes control the decomposition; in nitrogen the reaction follows Avrami–Erofeyev kinetics with n= 2, with an activation energy of 64 kJ mol–1, while in carbon dioxide a first-order mechanism is rate-controlling, with an activation energy of 94 kJ mol–1. Electron micrographs are presented which generally support the suggested mechanisms. Comparisons are made with the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate.


The current situation of the development of futures market in China are analysed and in view of the issues in it some countermeasures are proposed as follows. (1) To accelerate the construction of the legal system in futures market; (2) To expand the market scale and widen the channels of funds; (3) To improve the futures market facilities and the environment for trade; (4) To do a positive propaganda to the futures market, improve the customers' quality and advocate the rational operation.


Introduction are providers, such as emergency personnel, firefighters, nurses, doctors, and other community service providers are among the primary victims of occupational stress and its complications due to their constant exposure to stressful circumstances. Hospitals are among the most stressful organizations and employment in such an environment puts nurses in difficult and stressful conditions (1). The nursing profession is inherently stressful due to the nature of its tasks. In addition, their special working conditions, such as rotating shifts, separate them from society. Low wage is another one of the stressful issues facing nurses. Continuation of such conditions can lead to their occupational burnout (2). Occupational burnout is a psychological syndrome that has complications, such as chronic fatigue, development of negative and C Please Cite This Article As: Abdi Zarrin S, Veyskarami M. Role of Spirituality and Psychological Capital in the Prediction of Occupational Burnout in Nurses in Khorramabad, Iran during 2016. Health Spiritual Med Ethics. 2020;7(4):16-24. Abstract


Introduction: Acute perilunate dislocations and fracture dislocations are uncommon but severe carpal injuries. Different treatment options have been recommended with a recent trend in open reduction and internal fixation. The purpose of this study is evaluate a cohort of patients who received a specific surgical treatment for acute perilunate dislocations and fracture dislocations of the carpus in the first 72 hours after trauma and with open reduction and internal fixation through isolated dorsal approach in a specialized trauma and hand surgery center, between February 2008 to February 2014. Method: A series of 20 perilunate dislocations and fracture dislocations was studied of which 19 were male and 1 female patient. The average age at time of injury was 32 years (20-48 years), and the upper extremity that most often committed was right (64%). The dominant hand was affected in 80% of cases. The most common mechanism of trauma was traffic accident (90%). Pure perilunate dislocations were more frequent (50%), trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocation (40%) and trans-styloid perilunate fracture dislocations (10%). The average follow-up period was 39.5 months (17-72 months). Results: Patients were assessed subjectively with a Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, with average of 3.18 (0-10) and with a standard deviation of ±3.2; and visual analogue scale (VAS) with average score of 1.5 (1-4) and with a standard deviation of ±0.81. Objectively results were assessed by active range of motion with flexion-extension arc averaging 132° with a standard deviation of ±13.6, average supination arc of 154° with a standard deviation of ±5.8 arc, and finally radial and ulnar motion of 39° with a standard deviation of ±8. Two complications were reported in the series, the most serious related with pin tract infection, deep wound infection, and associated with scapholunate dissociation recurrent, and osteoarthritic changes that required additional surgery with proximal row carpectomy. The second complication reported with a residual hematoma in the carpal tunnel that required surgical drainage with later success. Conclusions: Early surgical treatment is considered as important in many studies and a determining factor in obtaining satisfactory clinical and functional results. In this study, all patients were treated timely (less than 72 hours), which we believe was determinant in obtaining excellent average results in the parameters evaluated with evidence of just 2 related complications.


There has been increasing interest for efficient techniques for fast correlation analysis of time series data in different application domains. We present three algorithms for (1) bivariate correlation queries, (2) multivariate correlation queries, and (3) correlation queries based on a new correlation measure we introduce using dynamic time warping. To support these algorithms, we use a variant of the Compact Multi-Resolution Index (CMRI). In addition to conventional nearest neighbor and range queries supported by CMRI, the proposed algorithms compute all answers to user-defined, ad hoc and parametric correlation queries. The results of our experiments indicate a speed-up of two orders of magnitude over the brute force algorithm, and an order of magnitude improvement on average, while offering more functionalities than provided by existing techniques such as StatStream and the Spatial Cone Tree.


Viscous and Joule dissipation effects are considered on MHD nonlinear flow and heat transfer past a stretching porous surface embedded in a porous medium under a transverse magnetic field. Analytical solutions of highly nonlinear momentum equation and confluent hypergeometric similarity solution of heat transfer equations in the case when the plate stretches with velocity varying linearly with distance are obtained. The effect of various parameters like suction parameter, Prandtl number, Magnetic parameter, and Eckert number entering into the velocity field, temperature distribution and skin friction co-efficient at the wall are discussed with the aid of graphs.


The method which gives the best result for reproducing the observations which we will describe is as follows: Guinea pigs are injected intraperitoneally with a large dose (10-20 mgm.) of the slightly virulent tubercle bacillus strain R.1, or with killed tubercle bacilli. The infection is followed 3 to 8 days later by the intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 to 1.0 mgm. egg white (dry weight). After this treatment the guinea pigs usually develop a strong skin sensitiveness to egg white, 1 often giving large necrotic skin reactions with 0.01 mgm. egg white. When the guinea pigs, 9 to 14 days after the treatment, are injected with somewhat larger doses of egg white intraperitoneally (10-30 mgm. dry weight) they die in 4-12 hours, the symptoms showing great similarity to the tuberculin shock. The most striking finding at the autopsy—beside an abundant exudate in the peritoneal cavity—is that in the peritoneum and the tuberculous lesions (in the omentum, mesenterium, and peritoneal walls) large hemorrhagic areas are present. Sometimes the hemorrhages extend almost over the entire peritoneum. When the reaction is slight it corresponds entirely to the usual reaction of tuberculous animals killed by the injection of tuberculin around the tuberculous lesions. From 93 tuberculous guinea pigs sensitized with egg white, tested with intraperitoneal injections during the last year, 30 died with the above described symptoms. In these guinea pigs the method of treatment and sensitization and also the interval between the treatment and the testing was variable. Of the guinea pigs which were infected and treated intraperitoneally, with few exceptions all died with the characteristic symptoms when tested in the third week after the treatment. If the guinea pigs live somewhat longer or survive a severe shock we often observe that the formerly made skin tests with egg white and tuberculin show a bluish purple discoloration, and also extensive hemorrhages often occur in them.


Abstract Objectives are to determine : 1) The difference in students' creativity by using cooperative learning model type STAD than conventional learning models., 2) The difference in student learning outcomes using models STAD cooperative learning compared to conventional learning models., and 3) Their learning outcome of students using cooperative learning model STAD. This type of research this thesis is an experiment involving two classes, namely class with treatment (cooperative learning model STAD) and classes that are not in treatment (conventional learning models). The research data were processed using SPSS software version 16 is the normality test, homogetas, Mann-Whitney and t. The results obtained in this study were 1) There is no difference in the creativity of students by using cooperative learning model type STAD than conventional learning models., 2) There is a difference in student learning outcomes using STAD type of cooperative learning model compared to conventional learning models, which is the average value of the class STAD 63.63 and 48.71 whereas conventional classroom, and 3) are improving student learning outcomes with using cooperative learning model STAD. value nGain STAD grade of 0.27 while the conventional classroom 0,03.  Keywords: Model of STAD, creativity in learning and learning outcomes properties of objects and their changes


Mostly, all developed countries have the problem that the total fertility rate is below its sustainable level. Therefore, all these countries face economic problems caused by a demographic change. In this paper, we show that given certain conditions a pay-as-you-go pension system where the pension depends only on the number of own children leads to a Pareto improvement and to an increase of the total fertility rate. To show this we use an Overlapping Generation model with endogenous fertility in a small open economy.


Depleting reserves of natural resources and the deleterious effects of fossil fuel burning on the environment have led to great interest in developing renewable fuels. Biomass represents a promising renewable material for biofuels, electricity, heat, chem


Abstract IR spectra, dipole moments and molar Kerr constants of complexes of phenols with the compounds containing SO and SO2 groups are studied to establish correlation between proton acceptor capability and energies of the highest occupied molecular orbitals.


Cyclotron resonance with high-frequency Alfv en waves has been proposed as an ion heating mechanism for producing high-speed winds and large ion temperatures in coronal holes. In the simplest version of the model (cyclotron sweep model), the waves propagate without interacting until they hit a resonance with the plasma ions at distance, where the ion cyclotron frequency becomes comparable to the wave frequency. We calculate the energetic test-particle mean free path in solar corona heated by this mechanism. The primary result of our study is that energetic particles are eciently coupled to the high-frequency MHD waves and may, thus, provide important feed back to wave-heating models. Detailed calculations are presented for a solar-wind stream of intermediate speed driven by the cyclotron sweep mechanism applying an extended quasi-linear theory for the mean free path. A local maximum of is located near r =2 R, but is very small at distances close to the Sun ( r< 1:3R) helping the acceleration of particles to high energies on open coronal eld lines there. Another minimum for the mean free path is obtained near r =1 0R enabling ion acceleration beyond 10 MeV/n in streams of intermediate speeds by CME shock waves in the test-particle approximation. However, the presence of high-frequency Alfv en waves in amounts required for the cyclotron sweep heating has to be limited below10R on eld lines close to the ecliptic to avoid discrepancies with the inferred arrival times of solar energetic particles. Non-linear eects are discussed as a possible mechanism for removing the wave excess from the plasma.


This report describes two Ding-type three-dimensional (3D) well models for use in numerical reservoir simulation with irregular grids. In particular, it gives analytical expressions for the flow through distorted (non-planar) grid block boundaries towards a well modeled as either a number of point sources or a constant-flux line source. The expression for the point source representation is derived through the use of projections of the grid block boundaries on spheres with unit radius around the point sources, and subsequent computation of the surface areas of the projections with the aid of spherical trigonometry. The expression for the line source representation is derived, following a similar approach, through projection on a prolate spheroid (ellipsoid) around the line source. The computation of the surface area is done through transformation to prolate spheroidal co-ordinates and subsequent projection on a sphere at infinity to make use of the results for the point source. The point source expression for a single source is exact for grid block boundaries with straight edges, whether the surface area is plane or distorted. The line source expression is an approximation to the exact result. Both representations are fully volume conserving, such that the sum of the fluxes through the grid block boundaries surrounding a source adds up exactly to the total source flow rate. Both representations can be used to accurately model complicated wells in the form of segments, if necessary in combination with a well bore flow simulation program. The point source representation is simpler to implement and not necessarily less accurate than the line source representation. Typically three point sources per grid block are sufficient to obtain an accuracy within 5 %.


Buddhism which originated in northern Indian was influenced to mainland Southeast Asian (includes Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam) from the early years of A.D. Undergone a long history, Buddhism has deeply influenced the spiritual life as well as on customs of those countries. However, depending on factors of natural environment, society as well as local culture, in each country, Buddhism has shown a flexible approach, adapting itself to different conditions and local ideas. Each nation adopted Buddhism in a unique way according to its national characteristics. Buddhism has assimilated in indigenous religion of host society. The process of indigenization of Buddhism in each country is clearly expressed in a kind of folklore - Folklore Festival in Southeast Asian. This paper focuses on studying Buddhism in context of folklore festivals in mainland Southeast Asian.


The invention relates to a vehicle seat (10), in particular motor vehicle seat, having a seat part cushion (12) and a backrest cushion (14), wherein the seat part cushion (12) and / or the seat back pad (14) laterally arranged side cheek pads (16), by at least a pneumatic adjustment means are adjustable in their shape and / or orientation. It is envisaged that as adjusting means for generating a reversible and predeterminable relative movement of the side cheek pads (16) from a Nichtausstellposition (I) in a deployed position (II) in each side cheek pads (16) at least one pneumatically acted upon air cushion (18) is arranged, · Wherein the respective side cheek pads (16) formed along the length of the side cheek pad (16) and / or separated at its side cheek pad ends against the seat part cushion (12) and / or the seat back pad and freely movable in the lateral region to prevent relative movement of the respective side cheek pad ( to facilitate 16) relative to the seat cushion part (12) and the backrest cushion (14) or to enable a greater relative movement of the respective side cheek pad (16) and / or · Which is formed such that the outer Ausstellbereich is stronger baufschlagbar (A


Gasification is one of promising alternative technologies for heat and electricity production from renewable and alternative fuels. This opens the possibility of moving from the traditional, small-scale, low-efficiency steam cycle to combined steam and gas turbine with higher efficiency. Many studies have revealed the advantages of gasification over combustion for power and heat production. This paper is focused on survey of research of biomass and waste gasification at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The first part of this paper deals with testing of the most frequent biomass by gasification process. Second part is focused on catalytic methods of gasification gas cleaning using at experimental unit. Key-Words: renewable energy sources, gasification, biomass, syngas cleaning, dolomite, nickel catalysts


The reform of administrative systems and the transformation of government functions gave birth to changes in police idea and practice,which has produced a large number of extension of the phenomenon of law enforcement.The lag of fundamental research caused the educational world and the practical realm quite strange to this phenomenon.By analyzing the phenomenon,this paper attempts to make an approach to the nature,as well as the necessity and feasibility of the outreach law enforcement activities.


This paper presents the flip-flop tone (FFT) DMAC protocol, a tone based MAC protocol using directional antennas to solve the deafness problem, hidden terminal and exposed terminal problems simultaneously. It uses two pairs of flip-flop tones. The first pair of tone is to send omni-directionally to reach every neighboring node to announce the start and the end of communication, and therefore to alleviate the deafness problem. The second pair of tone is to send directionally towards the sender. It is used to solve the hidden terminal problem as well as the exposed terminal problem. Evaluation shows that FFT-DMAC can achieve better performance compared to the 802.11 and ToneDMAC protocol.


Contestations over classifications: Latinos, the census and race in the United States. The divergence between popular and state classifications of peoples has become increasingly important with the growing migration of peoples around the world. This paper examines this issue by focusing on one group (Latinos in the US) at one historical juncture (the late 20th-early 21st centuries). After examining the evolution of US census « race » categories in the context of shifting political, economic, and scientific trends, it reviews Hispanic/Latinos' responses to questions of « race » on the US census and the theories that have surfaced to explain why so many Latinos choose the « Some Other Race » category on the census. It also chronicles the US government's efforts to discourage such responses and force Latinos into more traditional US race categories. The global uniqueness of the US's « race » concept is also underscored.


Beamforming methods using antenna arrays have been used to suppress co-channel interferences in OFDM systems. These methods are grouped into two general classes of pre-FFT and post-FFT schemes. Post-FFT schemes normally exhibit better performance than their pre-FFT counterparts. However, in pilot-assisted OFDM systems the performance of post-FFT schemes drastically degrades due to subcarrier clustering. In this article we show that if the location of the pilots in an OFDM block change periodically the performance of the post-FFT scheme is greatly improved. The performance of this method can even outperform the combined pre/post-FFT schemes. KeywordsAdaptive Antenna Array; Beamforming; Interference Cancellation; OFDM System; Pilot Relocation


An analytic model to describe the heterogeneous recombination of a single atomic species on silicalike surfaces is developed. The theoretical investigation herein presented provides ready-to-use expressions for the surface atomic recombination probability γ obtained as a function of surface characteristics such as the densities of adsorption sites and the activation energies for the different elementary surface processes. The model takes into account physisorption, chemisorption, thermal desorption, surface diffusion, and both Eley-Rideal (E-R) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) recombination mechanisms. The results are applied to the cases of nitrogen and oxygen recombination on silica and to oxygen recombination on Pyrex. However, since the derivation is kept in a very general form, it allows the exploration of several distinct limit cases and provides a deeper understanding of the underlaying surface kinetics. The dependence of the recombination probability with the wall temperature and with the gas pressure is studied in detail. It is found that γ can have a complex nonmonotonic behavior with the wall temperature, as a result of the competition between E-R and L-H recombination processes. The transition from first- to second-order recombinations (and vice-versa) with pressure is studied and debated.


In this paper, we introduce certain new subclasses of multivalent spirallike Bazilevicfunctions by using the concept of k-uniformly starlikness and k-uniformly convexity. We proveinclusion relations, su cient condition and Fekete-Szego inequality for these classes of functions.Convolution properties for these classes are also discussed.


Services for navigation and entertainment through AI-based voice user interface devices are becoming popular in the connected car system. Given the classification of VUI agent developers as IT companies and automakers, this study explores attributes of agent persona and user experience that impact the driver's perceived safety and satisfaction. Participants of a car simulator experiment performed entertainment and navigation tasks, and evaluated the perceived safety and satisfaction. Results of regression analysis showed that credibility of the agent developer, warmth and attractiveness of agent persona, and efficiency and care of the UX dimension showed significant impact on the perceived safety. The determinants of perceived satisfaction were unity of auto-agent makers and gender as predisposing factors, distance in the agent persona, and convenience, efficiency, ease of use, and care in the UX dimension. The contributions of this study lie in the discovery of the factors required for developing conversational VUI into the autonomous driving environment. ■ keyword :∣Speech Recognition Agent∣In-vehicle Infotainment System∣User Experience∣Agent Persona∣ 접수일자 : 2018년 06월 28일 수정일자 : 2018년 08월 06일 심사완료일 : 2018년 08월 16일 교신저자 : 최준호, e-mail : email@example.com 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 '18 Vol. 18 No. 8 574


Adiscretevortexmodelisdevelopedforsimulatingunsteadyseparatede owaroundanairfoilwithaconventional orbase-vented spoiler when the spoileris deployed ata e nitespeed. Theairfoiland spoilerarediscretized by linear segments. A linear distribution of vortices and a constant source are used to represent each segment, forming the basis of the present method. Discrete vortices are shed from each separation point. A new sharp-edge condition is formulated such that the location and strength of the nascent vortex near a separation point are determined by means of the continuity equation and the momentum principle. A method to model the moving surface is also presented. The no-slip condition and a diffusion scheme were incorporated into the numerical simulation for simulatingthee owaroundthebase-ventedspoiler.Thecomputedresultsarecomparedwiththoseofothermethods and with experimental results for the conventional spoiler. The computation of a base-vented spoiler shows that baseventing can reducetheadverseeffectwhenthespoilerundergoesrapid deployment.Thecomparison indicates that the present method provides reasonable results.


In this paper, we exhibit two matrix representations of the rational roots of generalized Fibonacci polynomials (GFPs) under convolution product, in terms of determinants and permanents, respectively. The underlying root formulas for GFPs and for weighted isobaric polynomials (WIPs), which appeared in an earlier paper by MacHenry and Tudose, make use of two types of operators. These operators are derived from the generating functions for Stirling numbers of the first kind and second kind. Hence we call them Stirling operators. To construct matrix representations of the roots of GFPs, we use the Stirling operators of the first kind. We give explicit examples to show how the Stirling operators of the second kind appear in the low degree cases for the WIP-roots. As a consequence of the matrix construction, we have matrix representations of multiplicative arithmetic functions under the Dirichlet product into its divisible closure.


On 2 May 2008, the Centre for Law and Religion at Cardiff University launched LARSN – the Law and Religion Scholars Network. This initial meeting, chaired by Professor Norman Doe, Dr Javier García Oliva and Russell Sandberg, brought together nearly 30 scholars working in the area, and would have been attended by a further 21 had diaries permitted. The event began with participants briefly introducing themselves and their areas. This revealed not just the amount of scholarly activity being undertaken in law and religion but also the range of interests. Work was ongoing in areas as diverse as employment law, the law of death, criminal justice, Jewish law, human rights law and constitutional law. A variety of methodological approaches were also being taken, with doctrinal legal scholarship running alongside multidisciplinary work with religious studies, and socio-legal projects. Many of us worked as the sole academic focusing on law and religion issues in a law school, but there were also a number of clusters of scholars developing. As well as the established Centre at Cardiff – celebrating its tenth anniversary this year – research groups are developing at Bristol, Oxford Brookes and Canterbury.


The spectral theory of linear operator plays important part in the linear operator theory,and it can be directly applied in solving concrete problems in mathematics,modern physics,quantum mechanic,and so on.The spectrum of unbounded linear operators was divided into different subsets by the different studying purposes.In this paper,we give the divisions of the spectrum of unbounded linear operators in many aspects,and obtain some relationships among the subsets.


This paper presents a methodology for estimating the longwave top‐of‐atmosphere direct radiative forcing due to Saharan dust aerosol from satellite observations made by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) and Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instruments. Narrow‐band observations from SEVIRI are used to detect dust presence and quantify its loading, while GERB provides an estimate of the dust impact on the total outgoing longwave radiation. Applying the technique to observations made over the Banizoumbou surface station in Niger through March–June 2006 indicates a midday longwave forcing efficiency of 17 ± 5 W m−2 per unit aerosol optical depth. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society


The article is devoted to analysis of attributive forms of substandard verbs those function in the language of the press. In the mass media slangy words often obtain the status of public words. One of the reasons for this linguistic phenomenon is their aptitude for making grammatical forms that has only literary standard lexicon.


A series of quinoxaline-based copolymers, namely, poly[N-9″-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(5′,8′-di-2-thienylquinoxaline)] (P1), poly[N-9″-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(5′,8′-di-2-thienyl-2,3-bis(4-octyloxyl)phenyl)quinoxaline] (P2), and poly[N-9″-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(5′,8′-di-2-thienyl-2,3-bis(4-(3,7-dimethyloctyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline] (P3), were synthesized and characterized for use in polymer solar cells (PSCs). We describe the effect of modifying the alkyl group of the side chain of the quinoxaline derivatives on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of the polymers. The field-effect hole mobility as well as the electronic energy levels and processability of the materials for PSC applications were investigated. Among the studied quinoxaline-based copolymers, P2 showed the best photovoltaic performance with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.82 V, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 9.96 mA/cm2, a fill factor (FF) of 0.49, and a power-conversion efficiency of 4.0%...


A technique has been developed for assimilating GOES-derived skin temperature tendencies and insolation into the surface energy budget equation of a mesoscale model so that the simulated rate of temperature change closely agrees with the satellite observations. A critical assumption of the technique is that the availability of moisture (either from the soil or vegetation) is the least known term in the model's surface energy budget. Therefore, the simulated latent heat flux, which is a function of surface moisture availability, is adjusted based upon differences between the modeled and satellite-observed skin temperature tendencies. An advantage of this technique is that satellite temperature tendencies are assimilated in an energetically consistent manner that avoids energy imbalances and surface stability problems that arise from direct assimilation of surface shelter temperatures. The fact that the rate of change of the satellite skin temperature is used rather than the absolute temperature means that sensor calibration is not as critical. An advantage of this technique for short-range forecasts (0-48h) is that it does not require a complex land-surface formulation within the atmospheric model. As a result, we can avoid having to specify land surface characteristics such as vegetation resistances, green fraction, leaf area index, soil physical and hydraulic characteristics, stream flow, runoff, and the vertical and horizontal distribution of soil moisture.


The current developments in paired electrosynthesis at home and abroad were reviewed.The mechanisms and application of various kinds of paired electrochemical synthesis were introduced and their characteristics were summarized.New methods for preparation of new compounds are to be found with the development of paired electrosynthesis.It will be used more widely in the future.


In this editorial letter, we summarize the current challenges in the field of sex chromosome evolution and introduce the 17 manuscripts which together provide insights into the diversity of sex chromosome evolutionary rates and mechanisms. Across the tree of life, many species with separate sexes have evolved sex chromosomes, on which (master) sexdetermining genes are located to determine the sex of an individual (Bachtrog et al., 2014; Beukeboom & Perrin, 2014). Sexlinked inheritance makes sex chromosomes a hotspot for sexspecific and sexual selection, and independently evolved sex chromosomes show convergent evolutionary and genomic characteristics (Ellison & Bachtrog, 2019; Furman et al., 2020; Hughes & Rozen, 2012; Ming et al., 2011). In different species across eukaryotes, sexlimited chromosomes (i.e. Y or W chromosomes) have evolved to exhibit a wide range of divergence from their homologous X or Z chromosomes (Ashman et al., 2014; Furman et al., 2020; Wright et al., 2016). The level of degeneration of sex chromosomes is highly lineagespecific. Mammals, most birds and insects, and several lineages of reptiles, amphibians and teleosts have highly degenerated Y or W chromosomes (i.e. a large proportion of gene loss, accumulation of repetitive sequences, enrichment of heterochromatin etc.). In contrast, sex chromosomes in many reptiles, fishes, amphibians and some dioecious angiosperm plants remain homomorphic (i.e. indistinguishable under the microscope) and little differentiated (i.e. both Z/X and W/Y chromosomes maintain a similar gene content), which is typically interpreted as representing early stages of sex chromosome evolution (Ashman et al., 2014; Bachtrog et al., 2014; Beukeboom & Perrin, 2014; Furman et al., 2020; Ma & Veltsos, 2021). Suppression of recombination can evolve to ensure that certain gene complexes are inherited together. The canonical model of sex chromosome evolution suggests that sexually antagonistic (SA) variants play an important role in recombination suppression and the following degeneration of sex chromosomes (Bachtrog, 2006; Bull, 1983; Charlesworth et al., 2005; Charlesworth & Crow, 1978; Fisher, 1931; Marais et al., 2005; Rice, 1987). Over time, the sexlimited chromosomes are predicted to lose many functional genes and degenerate substantially, due to a combination of evolutionary forces such as Muller's ratchet, genetic hitchhiking, reduced purifying selection and strong genetic drift (Charlesworth et al., 2005; Charlesworth & Crow, 1978; Rice, 1987). This model has been widely accepted and seems to imply a progressive degeneration of sex chromosomes with time (Furman et al., 2020; Graves, 2006; Griffin, 2012), and could account for the recombination suppression and degeneration of the highly differentiated sex chromosomes in mammals and most birds (Bachtrog, 2005; Cortez et al., 2014; Ohno, 2003; Zhou et al., 2014). In the past decade, studies of nonmodel organisms have begun to flourish due to the recent advances in genomewide sequencing methodologies, which have revealed a remarkable diversity in the rates of sex chromosome differentiation across the tree of life, as well as in the dynamics of birth and death of sex chromosomes (i.e. sex chromosome turnovers) in many fishes, amphibians and some reptiles (reviewed by Vicoso, 2019; Furman et al., 2020; Ma & Veltsos, 2021). Sequencing advancements have also made it possible to study sex chromosome evolution in wild populations, as well as in species with large genomes (i.e. >2G bp). The expansion of taxa with studied sex chromosomes has (perhaps unsurprisingly) provided results challenging the canonical model of sex chromosome evolution (see reviews from Ironside, 2010; Furman et al., 2020; Kratochvíl, Stöck, et al., 2021; Perrin, 2021), including:


Microgrid systems play a pivotal role in utilizing the distributed energy sources for reaching a more economic, safe, and environment-friendly energy ecosystem. A coherent adaptation of such systems requires a serious consideration of their resistance to cyber attacks due to the increasing threat profile of cyberspace and the potentially huge impact of malicious cyber actions on the energy systems. This study provides the results of our literature review regarding the cyber attacks on Microgrid systems. We created an attack taxonomy based on the review findings. This attack taxonomy can be utilized by practitioners for various purposes including security assessments of Microgrid systems or relevant cyber threat modeling studies.


"This work, pink covered, presents five images, white lines on black, now suggesting the swirls of fingerprint, now an eye, a helmet, horns – each turn-through evoking a new combination of forms, that protean character itself evoking the inner life of pink, the bewitchingly complex colour that's possessed the attentions of so many of CG(eye)'s artists." -- Publisher's website.


The article discusses the methodology for assessing instrumental helping behavior in early childhood. The study involved 56 children aged 16 to 42 months. The average age was 31 ± 0.8 months. The level of instrumental helping behavior (LHB) was assessed using the Warneken and Tomasello test, in which the child needed to provide simple instrumental assistance to the experimenter who could not reach the fallen spoon. Points from 0 to 9 (0 – if the child did not give the item, 9 – if the item was given quickly) were assigned based on the time it took the child to provide assistance: 9p – the spoon is returned in 0.1–5.9 s; 8p. – 6.0–12.9 s, 7p. – 13.0–19.9 s, 6p. – 20.0–26.9 s,
5p. – 27.0–33.9s, 4p. – 34.0–40.9 s, 3 p. – 41.0–47.9 s, 2 p – 48.0–54.9 s, 1p. – 55.0–60.0 s. The group of children with low LHB included 18 people, the group with high LHB – 38.

EEG was recorded in the following situations: the eye-opened resting state (the child watched a rotating colored ball on the monitor screen); as well as the child's observation of the experimenter' social action prior to helping him. The frequency range of the theta rhythm was determined individually, based on the frequency boundaries of the child's individual mu rhythm. ANOVA was used for further statistical analysis of the reactivity of the theta rhythm amplitude in eye-opened resting state and observation of social action. Statistical analysis showed that children with low LHB showed lesser changes in theta rhythm during observation of social action in comparison with baseline values, i.e. the interaction of the SITUATION × LOCUS factors was observed, as well as a significant influence of the LOCUS factor. Post hoc test showed that the changes were correct for the Pz locus (p = 0.04). In children with high LHB, an increase in the amplitude of theta rhythm was found in loci Fp1 (p = 0.03), Fp2 (p = 0.01), P4 (p = 0.007), O1 (p = 0.02), O2 (p = 0.001). We assume that a larger activation of the theta rhythm may indicate the processing of observed emotionally significant information by children, as well as the processes of memory consolidation (children may have tried to recall their previous experience in a similar situation in the past). Consequently, the less time it took for the child to provide simple instrumental help, the more effectively they were involved in the observed situation and the better they understood the need for help from another person.


The head of the rat, Rattus norvegicus, and head of a South American rodent, Proechimys trinitatus, were dissected, and nerves and blood vessels leaving and entering the skull were traced. Cranial foramina in Proechimys were identified and named on the basis of comparison with the rat and anatomical literature on the rat and other mammals. The purpose of this paper was to provide information on cranial morphology (especially on cranial foramina) of Proechimys trinitatus, a New World caviomorph (Guinea pigs and their relatives), to point out its differences from the Rattus norvegicus, a myomorph rodent (rats, mice, hamsters, etc.), and, if possible, to use this comparison to comment on the current theories about rodent phylogeny. Proechimys and Rattus show many differencies in cranial anatomy that reflect different arrangements of parts of the masseter muscle that characterize the suborder of Rodentia to which they belong. The absence of several cranial foramina in Proechimys are associated with the lack of an internal carotid artery; its branches are a part of the external carotid system. This paper should provide meaningful new data about Proechimys that can be used in the future to better understand relationships between rodents. INTRODUCTION Guinea pig a rodent or not? It is known that the current classification of rodents is inadequate and unclear. Many controversies in classification arise because of this inadequate knowledge that we have about rodents. The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), Suborder Caviomorpha (Guinea pigs and their relatives), has been classified as a New World (the Americas) hystricomorph rodent for about two centuries. However, Graur et al. (1991) suggested that guinea pigs and probably all of the caviomorphs and Old World (Eurasia and Africa) hystricomorphs might not even be rodents and thus should be separated from the Order Rodentia as a distinct Order Hystricomorpha. They theorized that guinea pigs diverged from myomorph rodents (mice, rats and their relatives) "before the separation between myomorph rodents and a lineage leading to primates and artiodactyls" (Graur et al., 1991). D'Erchia et al. (1996) studied all of the 14 complete mammalian mitochondrial DNA sequences that were available and that represented eight different orders. Their phylogenetic tree, based on the mtDNAs, showed clearly that the guinea pig does not belong among myomorph rodents (rat, mice) and is not derived from them. This is not surprising, as they have long been considered part of a separate branch of the Rodentia. D'Erchia et al. (1996), on the basis of mitochondrial DNA analysis, identified the guinea pig as an outgroup to Lagomorpha/Primates/Carnivora/Perissodactyla/Artiodactyla (+Cetacea), as opposed to Graur et al (1991), according to whom the guinea pig is an outgroup of myomorph rodents, primates and artiodactyls. These studies are flawed with respect to rodents because other basic branches such as the squirrels and dormice were not included. It is generally agreed upon that a classification of animals "should reflect the underlying relationships of the animals involved" (Wood, 1955). Scientists often disagree however, on criteria that should be used to determine these relationships. Many relationships within the Order Rodentia are unclear. The best that can be done is to use "that type of classification, which involves the use of key characters, and sets up a classification based on arbitrary criteria, into which all forms can fit" (Wood, 1955). The problem with this approach is that some groups may seem unnatural from the phylogenetic point of view. This is the case of rodents. "The defining characteristics of the members of the order Rodentia are a brain with few convolutions; a cerebellum that is not covered by the cerebral lobes; a single row of superior chisel-shaped incisors and inferior incisors that exhibit continuous growth; a wide diastema between the incisors and cheek teeth into which the cheeks can extend and meet in the midline, thus separating the rostral and caudal portions of the mouth; four cheek teeth per side in upper and lower jaws; well-developed masseters; the presence of clavicles; a large cecum; and the fact that they are generally pentadactylous and plantigrade." (Feldhamer et al., 1999) According to this definition, guinea pigs certainly are rodents, but it does not say anything about the evolutionary position of the guinea pig. A better definition would include a phylogenetic description besides a morphological description.


Citation for proceedings: Stringer, Christina E.; Krauss, Ken W.; Latimer, James S., eds. 2016. Headwaters to estuaries: advances in watershed science and management—Proceedings of the Fifth Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds. March 2-5, 2015, North Charleston, South Carolina. e-Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-211. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 302 p. A WATERSHED-BASED SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT DEMONSTRATION OF AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING FRAMEWORK FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE COAL RIVER BASIN (WV, USA)


In January's Petroleum Review, John Constable, Renewable Energy Foundation, and Hugh Sharman, Incoteco, highlighted the startling weakness of the UK's electricity system and the likelihood of either complete system breakdown by, or before, 2015. Here, Hugh Sharman discusses how using captured carbon dioxide to enhance oil recovery in mature fields can help keep our lights switched on and reduce our pending massive trade deficit caused by the declining hydrocarbon extraction in the North Sea.


Human hepatocytes cultured in vitro are broadly used for the study of hepatocytic properties. Primary hepatocyte cultures have several known disadvantages: heterogenicity, rapid loss of the hepatocytic phenotype, limited replicating capacity etc. Therefore, human adult or foetal hepatic cell lines represent suitable models for many different studies (Gutierrez-Ruiz et al. 1994). We performed a comparative study of phenotypic properties of hepatocytes in situ and in vitro with aims to define a difference between a) the foetal and adult liver tissue and b) human foetal hepatocytes in situ and WRL 68 cells in vitro. We chose markers feasible for immunophenotypisation of hepatocytes and their detections were performed in the liver tissue of a 14-week-old and 19-week-old human foetus, in the adult human liver and in foetal human hepatocytes of the WRL 68 cell line. We analysed the expression levels and distribution patterns of MRP2 and MDR1 transporters, intermediate filaments pan-cytokeratin and cytokeratin 18, plasma proteins albumin and a-foetoprotein and also the specific hepatocyte marker OCH1E5. MRP2 and MDR1 represent ABC transporters localised at the canalicular membrane domain of hepatocytes (Hooiveld et al. 2001; Konig et al. 2003). Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections were dewaxed and treated to suppress endogenous peroxidase activity and re-establish an original conformation of epitopes. Following the incubation with primary antibody, secondary biotinylated antibodies and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase were used to visualise antigen-binding sites. In several sections, the intensity of immunostaining was enhanced with the use of Catalysed Signal Amplification. Cells harvested from culture were fixed with acetone and methanol, permeabilised and processed for immunofluorescence using secondary antibody conjugated to Cy3 fluorochrome. MRP2 was weakly expressed in the canalicular mem-


Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are widespread in the population and are a serious dental public health problem among children. Dental trauma may cause both functional and esthetic problems, with possible impacts on the patient's quality of life. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of elementary school teachers regarding dental trauma and its management. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire study consisting of 12 closed-ended questions were used to interview 150 elementary school teachers who participated in this study. The questions assessed the knowledge and attitude of teachers toward their student's dental trauma and its management. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Results: Among 150 teachers, 54% had dealt with trauma to their students, 91.3% school teachers said that they would save the avulsed tooth, 64% had heard about reimplantation of tooth, and 37% school teachers stated that they would not carry the tooth in any media reflecting their lack of knowledge regarding management of avulsed tooth. Conclusion: As many teachers have a low level of knowledge regarding dental trauma, there is a need for greater awareness to improve knowledge and attitude of teachers related to the emergency management of TDIs in children by organizing educative and motivational programs.


Introduction: Femoral neck fractures are common and percutaneous insertion of three cannulated screws is an accepted method of surgical treatment. The accuracy of surgical performance is highly correlated with the cut-out percentages of the screws. The conventional technique relies heavily on fiuoroscopy and could lead to inappropriate implant placement. Further, multiple guidewire passes might prolong the operation time and weaken the cancellous bone. A computer-assisted planning and navigation system based on 2D-fiuoroscopy has been developed for guidewire insertion in order to perform insertion of a guidewire to perform screw insertion. The image acquisition process was supported by a radiation-saving procedure called "Zero-dose C-arm navigation". The purpose of this experimental study was to compare this technique with conventional C-arm fiuoroscopy with respect to the number of fiuoroscopic images, the number of drilling attempts and operation time. We used two operative settings, with sawbones and with cadavers. For the sawbone study, we also compared the femoral neck and head perforation and the neck-width coverage (the relative area of the femoral neck held by screws). Methods: Three cannulated hip screws were inserted into 12 femoral sawbones simulating femoral neck fractures and into 6 cadaveric femurs guided by the computer-based navigation. We compared them to the conventional fiuoroscopic technique also using 12 femoral sawbones and 6 cadaveric femurs. Results: The computer-assisted technique significantly reduced the amount of intraoperative fiuoroscopy (sawbone study: P Discussion: The addition of computer-assisted planning and surgical guidance supported by "Zero-dose C-arm navigation" may be useful for the fixation of femoral neck fractures by cannulated screws as it reduces the amount of intraoperative fiuoroscopy, requires fewer drill tracks and achieves a better neck coverage. Further studies with the goal of reducing the operation time by improving the learning curve are indispensable before integrating this navigation system into the clinical workfiow.


Blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) plasticized with a lactic acid oligomer (OLA) added at three different concentrations (15, 20 and 30 wt% by weight), were prepared by an optimized extrusion process to improve the processability and mechanical properties of these biopolymers for flexible film manufacturing. Mor- phological, chemical, thermal, mechanical, barrier and migration properties were investigated and formulations with desired performance in eco-friendly films were selected. The efficiency of OLA as plasticizer for PLA_PHB blends was demonstrated by the significant decrease of their glass transition temperatures and a considerable improvement of their duc- tile properties. The measured improvements in the barrier properties are related to the higher crystallinity of the plasticized PLA_PHB blends, while the overall migration test underlined that all the proposed formulations maintained migration lev- els below admitted levels. The PLA_PHB blend with 30 wt% OLA was selected as the optimum formulation for food pack- aging, since it offered the best compromise between ductility and oxygen and water vapor barrier properties with practically no migration.


: The undesired synchronous vibration due to rotor mass imbalance is a main disturbance source in all rotating machinery. In this research, a novel unbalance compensation method is proposed for the active magnetic bearings-rigid rotor system. It can force the rotor to spin around its geometric axis for the better rotary precision by means of producing the control signal according to seeking the unbalance mass-radius product of the rotor, which is suitable especially for the varying speed condition. The control methods based on the unbalance force must continually update its control to track the varying unbalance force due to the varying speed. In contrast, the unbalance mass-radius product is the inherent property of the rotor and independent of the rotor speed. The method based on the mass-radius product updates its control only for overcoming the system nonlinearity. Additionally, the seeking step size in the proposed method is variable to reconcile the contradiction between the seeking efficiency and the control precision. The experiments indicate that the proposed method achieves the good effectiveness to suppress the rotor vibration. It has the lower computational cost and suitable for the condition of crossing the critical speed and fast varying-speed.


The inadequate supply of tilapia seed mostly fingerling which consider as the secured stock because of lower mortality rate is considered as one of the major present constraints to the development of the culture industry in annual flooded region of haor in Bangladesh. The floating bamboo net-hapa nursery system was observed to be very efficient in the mass production of tilapia fingerlings at haor water body in Sunamganj district, Bangladesh. This system was therefore, recommended for small-scale (artisanal) commercial operators consisting of fishermen families mostly involvement of women in order to uphold their socio economic contribution and hasten development of haor communities. The research was conducted by three treatments with three replicates each. It was found that treatment I showing stocking density of 750/m 2 with FCR and SGR were 1.14 ± 0.038 a and 10.55 ±0.103 a respectively was found to be the most favorable treatment among all. But while considering the cost benefit ratio treatment II found better for commercial aquaculture as the survival rate was higher in treatment II. Besides the treatment with moderate stocking rate of 900/m 2 found to be most profitable with Tk. 793.12±67.73 b while in treatment I (stocking density 750/m 2 ) and treatment III (stocking density 1050/m 2 ) the net profit were 582.45 ± SD 88.75 a and Tk. 655.04 ±51.76 ab , respectively. As in the commercial production the increasing in stocking density also increase net profit with the same unit area and resources. But in small scale farming like tilapia fingerling production not only profit but also investment capability need to be take into consideration. The cost-benefit ratio found in this study showed that in treatment I, II and III the benefit-cost ratio were 2.17:1, 2.36:1 and 1.99:1 respectively which indicate a moderate stocking density of treatment II is most profitable. It was emphasized that the operational and managerial skills of the culture operators in fingerling production account largely to the production cost minimizing and profitability as well.


The optical absorption spectrum in an analytically solvable model of a localized-electron and phonons is investigated using the operator algebra in NonEquilibrium Thermo Field Dynamics (NETFD). The position and the curvature of the adiabatic potentials for the ground and for the excited electronic states are assumed to differ from each other. The structures of the absorption spectra are investigated for various situations including the cases of slow modulation and of fast one. The method of NETFD is explained in order to be self-contained in solving the problem.


Although a number of studies in many countries have investigated the impact of the ethnic and socio-economic composition of schools on academic performance, few studies have analyzed in detail how and why compositional features matter. This article presents an examination of whether pupils' sense of futility and schools' futility culture account for the impact of ethnic and socio-economic status (SES) composition of schools on the academic achievement of their pupils. Multilevel analyses of data based on a survey of 2,845 pupils (aged 10-12 years) in 68 Flemish primary schools revealed that higher proportions of immigrant and working-class pupils in a school is associated with lower levels of math achievement in both immigrant and native Belgian pupils. However, by analyzing at a deeper level, by taking control variables into account, our study found that the ethnic composition of the school no longer had a significant effect on pupils' achievement, while the SES composition still did. Most importantly, our results indicated that the remaining impact of SES composition can be explained by pupils' sense of futility and schools' futility culture. The implications of these findings for educational policy are discussed.


Lundadagarna i Historisk Geologi och Paleontologi is a conference held every second year at the Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Division of Geology, Lund University. Since the start in 1989, Lundadagarna has been an important opportunity for researchers from Scandinavia to get updated on the direction of the research field and new results, as well as a forum for discussing projects and exchanging ideas. As always, we are happy to announce a wide range of talks and posters within the field of historical geology and palaeontology. This year 35 participants contributed with 17 talks and 7 posters during Lundadagarna XII, 17–18th of March 2011. We would like to thank all participants for their contribution.


Introduction: Anemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular complications in vascular surgery and we believe that the acute loss of hemoglobin may be more important than the baseline level. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between perioperative hemoglobin values and Cardiovascular Events (CVE).

Methods: Prospective data were collected from 285 patients scheduled for elective vascular surgery. Cardiac risk was estimated according to the American College of Physicians algorithm and patients were monitored for CVE during hospitalization, with daily troponin T, CKMB, hemoglobin and eletrocardiogram until the 3rd post-operative day, repeated as needed. The degree of acute anemia was measured as the lowest hemoglobin value after surgery (nadir Hb), post-operative Hb below 9g/dL and Hb delta (pre-operative – post-operative Hb) during the first week.

Results: In total, 286 patients were submitted to the planned surgery (72% men, 66.8yrs) and 45 (15.7%) had an event: 12 myocardial infarctions, 2 unstable anginas, 15 isolated troponin elevations; 11 ischemic strokes and 5 cardiac deaths. Preoperative anemia was present in 25.5% but baseline hemoglobin level was not associated to CVE. In the univariate analysis we found that coronary artery disease, intraoperative haemodynamic instability, blood transfusion, longer duration of anesthesia and the degree of acute anemia, were all associated to CVE. In the logistic regression model, the degree of acute anemia persisted significantly associated to CVE and patients with a post-operative hemoglobin under 9g/dL had more than twice the risk of events when compared to patients with hemoglobin above or equal to 9g/dL (OR: 2.30; CI 1.07 – 4.96; P=0.03). The other independent predictors of CV event were intraoperative haemodynamic instability (OR 4.62; CI: 2.12- 10.06; P<.000) and coronary artery disease (OR 2.55; CI: 1.17 -5.52; P=0.018). When we performed the same multivariate model for the 202 patients that did not receive blood transfusion, the putative effect of acute anemia was even greater (OR 3.90; CI: 1.30 -11.71; P=0.015). We also found that in 78.9% of our patients who had myocardial infarction, unstable angina or CV death, the gap between the CV event and the nadir Hb value was lower than 24hrs.

Conclusion: The degree of acute anemia appears to be more important than the isolated preoperative value toward the occurrence of CVE. Blood transfusion therapy should be individualized and considered a mitigating factor.


Purpose – This paper sets out to address the issue of the impact and evolution of digital libraries and information services using the concept of information ecologies.Design/methodology/approach – After setting the perspective, digital libraries are explored from their functional logic inside the social subsystem that deals with transferring knowledge in the form of information among people and generations. The current landscape is then presented, which is complicated by the enormous technological shift in course. The concept of information ecology is useful for reducing this complexity.Findings – Trends affecting modern information ecology in which digital libraries are evolving are studied. Specifically, eight noteworthy processes in this development are analyzed: ubiquity of information management; digital convergence; technological standardization and leverage; the surging of a worldwide space of collaboration, and competition; swift advances in the international division of informational work; the t...


Introduction: Clinicians and anatomists have been examining coronary artery variations for a long time. However, there is still no consensus on the normality or abnormality of coronary arteries. The present survey was therefore conducted to find out the variations in branching pattern and dimensions of Left coronary artery (LCA) and Right coronary artery (RCA) Material and methods: The present study was planned and conducted during 2009 to 2015 at Department of Anatomy, SVS medical college and teaching hospital, Mahabubnagar, telangana state . The hearts of 110 adult south Indian cadavers fixed with 10% formaldehyde were used. . Instruments Used: Scalpel ,Forceps,Scissors,Vernier caliper,Scale and Thread Methods: Dissection method : To secure the heart specimen. KOH Method : To separate the muscle mass.


Abstract,
      This research aimed to analyze the effect of the growth of the companyand the company's risk on the disclosure of Internet Financial Reporting (IFR).
      The population of this research is all manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013. The research sample selection using purposive sampling method, the number of samples in this study as many as 102 companies. Research hypothesis testing using multiple regression analysis through the Smart PLS 2.0 M3.    The results of hypothesis testing found evidence that the growth of the company and the company's risk did not significantly affect the disclosure of Internet Financial Reporting (IFR).


onpopulations of species making up a community. Thetest uses data on variability and ecological speciali-zation of species in 49 natural rock pool invertebratecommunities.Initial analyses produced inconclusiveresults similar to earlier studies. However, whenvariability owing to species' specialization was fac-tored out,


Land‐atmosphere coupling can amplify heat extremes under declining soil moisture. Here we evaluate this coupling in 25 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models using flux tower observations over Europe and North America. We compared heat extremes (2.5% of the hottest days of the year) and the evaporative fraction (EF; a measure of land surface dryness) on the day the heat extremes occurred. We found a negative relationship between the magnitude of heat extremes and EF in both models and observations in transitional regions, with the hottest temperatures occurring during the driest days, with a similar but less certain relationship in dry regions. Surprisingly, many models also showed an amplification of heat extremes by low EF in wet regions, a finding not supported by observations. Many models may therefore overamplify heat extremes over wet regions by overestimating the strength of land‐atmosphere coupling, with consequences for future projections of heat extremes.