The objective of this quasi-experimental study was to determine the effects of storytelling and social support theory for oral health improvement of pre-school children at Tha Lad Tambon Tha Kham, Chok Chai District, Nakhon Ratchasima. The sample group consisted of 30 people. The research was carried out during August to December 2018, using the questionnaire for data collection. The intervention comprised the activities regarding the storytelling for children and providing the parents the knowledge of oral health care. Descriptive statistics were used including percentages, means, standard deviations, maximum and minimum. Inferential statistics involving Dependent t-test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were used to compared the data in the group.
  The results revealed that after the intervention the children had significantly lesser plaque when compared to the beginning (p-value <0.001). Parents also had significantly better knowledge (p-value = 0.037) and attitude (p-value < 0.001). However, there was no significant improvement on oral practices (p-value = 0.559). The program may be probably effective in improving oral hygiene of preschoolers. However, the further study with greater designs is needed to be considered.


We can say that seas in the East Asia are similar to Mediterranean Sea, organically connecting seas as well as lands. In order to play a key role in...


Progressive development of nanotechnology during the last decades and its increasing involvement in new fields represents its great importance in science and technology. One of its major parts is nanomedicine that is focused in this review. First general principles of medicinal nanotechnology, its history, application and classification are explained. Then Abraxane (a protein conjugated nano drug) design will be addressed. Liposomes as one of the best nano drug delivery systems with a platform for passive targeting are discussed next. Two examples of approved liposomal nanomedicines are described from the state-of-the-art design emphasizing physiologic barriers and formulation strategies to overcome these imposed limitations. Passive targeting to tumors is provided by "Enhanced Permeation and Retention" effect (EPR). Liposomes can be removed from circulation by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) clearance in no time. This effect is also used to passively target liposomes in MPS to treat localized infections for example. Pegylation of liposomes which means attachment of polyethylene glycol chains to the surface of liposomes is one of the methods used to enhance liposome residence time in blood circulation in order to give the vesicles more chance to accumulate at the target site by EPR effect. Liposomal medicines have shown significant decrease in toxicity in comparison with free drugs. Their accumulation in target tissue by passive targeting is the main reason for reduction in drug toxicity. Liposomes are being used for treating different diseases such as infection, hepatitis, cardiovascular diseases and immune system disorders. However, the vast majority of investigational liposomes are anticancer drugs. Abstract


A field experiment was conducted at research farm of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra during rabi season of 2006 to 2008, to develop water production functions for potato (Solanum tuberosum) under different irrigation systems, viz. sprinkler, microsprinkler, drip and surface irrigation system. Each irrigation method except drip was combined with 5 irrigation regimes, i.e. IW/CPE ratio of 1.40, 1.20, 1.00, 0.80 and 0.60. In drip, variable wetted area factors, viz. 1.30, 1.10, 0.90, 0.70 and 0.50 were applied as irrigation regimes. The sprinkler method was found superior to all other methods in terms of tuber and haulm yield, water use and fertilizer use efficiency. Potato tuber yield increased with increasing irrigation level from 0.60 to 1.20 IW/CPE (in drip 0.5 to 1.10 wetted area) and then decreased at 1.4 IW/CPE ratio (in drip 1.30 wetted area) in all the irrigation methods. However, haulm yield of potato was found highest in 1.4 IW/CPE ratio. The highest water-use efficiency (7.72 q/ha-cm) was recorded with 0.50 wetted area treatment in drip irrigated plots. The second order quadratic water production functions developed to estimate potato yield were used to find optimum depth of irrigation under different methods of irrigation. For sprinkler and microsprinkler methods 3.50 cm depth of irrigation at 25 mm CPE and for surface 6.00 cm depth of irrigation at 50 mm CPE was found optimum. For drip method of irrigation wetted area factor of 0.90 was found optimum.


Natural hazards include a wide range of high-impact phenomena that affect socioeconomic and natural systems. Landslides are a natural hazard whose destructive power has caused a significant number of victims and substantial damage around the world. Remote sensing provides many data types and techniques that can be applied to monitor their effects through landslides inventory maps. Three unsupervised change detection methods were applied to the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (Aster)-derived images from an area prone to landslides in the south of Mexico. Linear Regression (LR), Chi-Square Transformation, and Change Vector Analysis were applied to the principal component and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to obtain the difference image of change. The thresholding was performed on the change histogram using two approaches: the statistical parameters and the secant method. According to previous works, a slope mask was used to classify the pixels as landslide/No-landslide; a cloud mask was used to eliminate false positives; and finally, those landslides less than 450 m2 (two Aster pixels) were discriminated. To assess the landslide detection accuracy, 617 polygons (35,017 pixels) were sampled, classified as real landslide/No-landslide, and defined as ground-truth according to the interpretation of color aerial photo slides to obtain omission/commission errors and Kappa coefficient of agreement. The results showed that the LR using NDVI data performs the best results in landslide detection. Change detection is a suitable technique that can be applied for the landslides mapping and we think that it can be replicated in other parts of the world with results similar to those obtained in the present work.


Nano-gap trench having a plurality of convexo-concave structures that are uniformly arranged in line was fabricated by the modified photo assisted electrochemical etching process. Compared to the methods using a high-resolution lithography such as electron beam lithography and a dry etching process such as deep reactive ion etching process, the modified photo assisted electrochemical etching method offered the high aspect ratio nano-gap silicon trench structure at low cost. The fabricated structure has a gap of about 200 nm and high aspect ratio more than 60:1. The characteristics of etching by varying a DC bias were observed. And the fabricated structure of convexo-concave line array is applicable to light interferometer structure for non-labeling bio-chip.


Existing IDE-based tools that are available to developers make understanding software testing difficult for a software system, for both granular tasks (e.g., answering questions such as, "which test cases execute this method?") and global tasks (e.g., answering questions such as, "what is the proportion of unit tests to system tests?"). IDE-based tools typically support local, file-based views of a project's test suite, and rarely offer a global overview. Global overviews can provide a larger context for a method's execution by test cases; help identify other similar, or related methods; and even reveal similarity between individual tests. This work approaches such challenges with a novel, interactive, matrix-based visual interface that provides a global overview of a software project's test suite, specifically in the context of the methods available in the project's codebase. Through a series of interactive functions to sort, filter, query, and explore a test-matrix visualization, we demonstrate how developers can effectively answer questions about their project's test suite, and the code executed by such tests. Our evaluations, performed on four real-world software systems, show that the interactive visualization assisted developers to answer questions about software tests and the code they execute. Further, the visualization consistently outperforms traditional development tools, both in accuracy and time taken to complete software-engineering tasks.


In the emerging global economy, e-commerce and e-business have increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. Electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). Consumers can easily search through a large database of products and services. Amazon.com, Inc. is one of the most famous ecommerce companies and is located in Seattle, Washington (USA). For developing countries like India, e-commerce offers considerable opportunity. E-commerce development in India has grown exponentially over the last years. It's political stability and the infrastructure in education, added to the increase in foreign exchange programs has leaded to the creation of highly trained individuals who have advanced programming and online training skills that they use to deliver ecommerce solutions over the Internet. Various applications of e-commerce are continually affecting trends and prospects for business over the Internet, including ebanking, e-tailing and online publishing/online retailing. Electronic Commerce emerged as a very important application of the World Wide Web. Today it is difficult to find an isolated computer. Computers in an organization are interconnected to form intranets and Intranets of the cooperating organizations are interconnected to form extranet. It is cheaper and faster to carry out business transactions within an organization and among organizations electronically using the network connection. Thus it is important to understand how business transactions are carried out electronically reliably and securely.


Purpose:To investigate the expression and significance of VEGF in lung carcinoma.Methods:SP immu- nohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of VEGF and MVD in 42 cases of lung carcinoma.Results:The expression rate of VEGF was 81.0% in lung carcinoma.In the group of VEGF positive staining,microvessel density (MVD) was (45.68±9.23) per high power field which was significantly larger than(34.58±10.22) per high power field in the group of VEGF negative staining (P0.01).The expression was closely correlated with recurrence,metastasis posi- tively(P0.01) and with survival time negatively(P0.05).Conclusions:VEGF can promote the forming of microvvascu- lature,and play an important role in the recurrence and metastasis of lung carcinoma,which may serve as a parameter for predicting prognosis.


Multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can function as aerial base stations to provide flexible and reliable communication services for massive ground devices (GDs). It is quite a challenging task to analyze such multi-UAV networks when considering practical mutually exclusive relationships among UAVs. Based on the tools of stochastic geometry, we in this paper develop a theoretical framework for modeling and analyzing aerial networks with UAVs following Matérn hard-core point process (MHCPP). As the tractable probability generating functional (PGFL) of repulsive point processes is unavailable, we employ an approximate approach based on the Poisson point process to analyze the cumulative interference and the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of a typical GD. By considering both line-of-sight (LOS) and none-line-of-sight (NLOS) communications, we obtain the approximation expressions of the network coverage probability and average rate. Finally, extensive simulation results are presented to validate the efficiency and accuracy of our proposed framework.


The equations of motion of two bodies in translation motion in an inviscid fluid at rest at infinity are expressed in Lagrangian form. For the case of one body stationary and the other approaching it in a uniform stream, an exact, closed-form solution in terms of added masses is obtained, yielding simple expressions for the velocity of the moving body as a function of its relative position and for the interaction forces. This solution is applied to the case of a rectangular cylinder approaching a cylindrical one, for which the added-mass coefficients had been previously obtained in a companion paper by an integral-equation procedure. In order to compare results with those in the literature, and to evaluate the accuracy of the present procedures, results were calculated for a pair of circular cylinders by these methods as well as by successive images. Very good agreement was found. Comparison with published results showed good agreement with the added mass but very poor agreement on the forces, including disagreement as to whether the forces were repulsive or attractive. The discrepancy is believed to be due to the omission of terms in the Bernoulli equation, which was used to obtain the pressure distribution and then the force on a body. The Lagrangian formulation is believed to be preferable to the pressure-integral approach because it yields the hydrodynamic force directly in terms of the added masses and their derivatives, thus requiring the calculation of many fewer coefficients.


MultiResolution (MR) is among the most effective and the most popular approaches for data representation. In that approach, the given data are organized into a sequence of resolution layers, and then the "difference" between each two consecutive layers is recorded in terms of detail coefficients. Wavelet decomposition is the best known representation methodology in the MR category. The major reason for the popularity of wavelet decompositions is their implementation and inversion by a fast algorithm, the so-called fast wavelet transform (FWT). Another central reason for the success of wavelets is that the wavelet coefficients capture very accurately the smoothness class of the function hidden behind the data. This is essential for the understanding of the performance of key wavelet-based algorithms in compression, in denoising, and in other applications. On the downside, constructing wavelets with good space-frequency localization properties becomes involved as the spatial dimension grows. An alternative to the sometime-hard-to-construct wavelet representations is the always-easy-to-construct (and slightly older) non-orthogonal pyramidal algorithms. Similar to wavelets, the (linear, regular, isotropic) pyramidal representations are based on some method for linear coarsening (by a decomposition filter) of their data, and a complementary method for linear prediction (by a prediction filter) of the original data from the coarsened one. The first step creates the resolution layers and the second allows for trivial extractions of suitable detail coefficients. The decomposition and reconstruction algorithms in the pyramidal approach are as fast as those of wavelets. In contrast with orthonormal wavelets, the representation is redundant, viz. the total number of detail coefficients exceeds the original size of the data: denoting by s the ratio between the size of the data at two consecutive resolution layers, the "redundancy ratio" in the pyramidal representation is s s − 1 . In this paper, we introduce and study a general class of pyramidal representations that we refer to as CompressionAlignment-Prediction (CAP) representations. The CAP representation is based on the selection of three filters: the low-pass decomposition filter, the low-pass prediction filter, and the full-pass alignment filter. Like previous pyramidal algorithms, CAP are implemented by a simple, fast, wavelet-like decomposition and a trivial reconstruction. The primary goal of this paper is to establish the precise way in which the CAP representations encode the smoothness class of the underlying function. Remarkably, the CAP coefficients provide the same characterizations of TriebelLizorkin spaces and Besov spaces as the wavelet coefficients do, provided that the three CAP filters satisfy certain requirements. This means, at least in principle, that the performance of CAP-based algorithms should be similar to their wavelet counterparts, despite of the fact that, when compared with wavelets, it is much easier to develop CAP representations with "customized" or "optimal" properties. Moreover, upon assuming the prediction filter to be interpolatory, we extract from the CAP representation a sister CAMP representation ("M" for "modified"). Those CAMP representations strike a phenomenal balance between performance (viz., smoothness characterization) and space localization. Our analysis of the CAP representations is based on the existing theory of framelet (redundant wavelet) representations. AMS (MOS) Subject Classifications: Primary 42C15, Secondary 42C30


The invention relates to a valve control and flow measuring device which is characterized in that two ends of a steel truss service bridge (6) are respectively fixed on a gate pier (1), the bottom of a vertical shaft (3) is fixed on a vertical shaft buttress (13), the top of the vertical shaft (3) is fixedly connected with a cross beam of the steel truss service bridge (6), a rotary shaft (4) is fixed in the middle of a gate (2), the rotary shaft (4) is sleeved on the vertical shaft (3), a driving gear (10) is fixed on a vertical shaft (9) of a motor (7), a driven gear (15) is fixed at the end part of the rotary shaft (4), a plurality of first flow rate sensors (11) are arranged at the frame position of the gate (2) along the height direction, a plurality of second flow rate sensors (18) and water level sensors (16) are arranged on the gate pier (1) along the height direction, and a controller (17) is arranged on the steel truss service bridge (6) and is connected with the motor (7) by a cable. The valve control and flow measuring device is convenient for being applied to a water stop gate on a small irrigation canal.


Ultra-precision micro-machining processes such as diamond micro-milling are used to efficiently manufacture optical quality surfaces. These processes require high stiffness spindles with low synchronous and asynchronous error motions throughout the range of desired spindle speeds. This paper describes dynamic testing of a 50,000 RPM micro-machining air bearing spindle with nanometer-lever error motions capable of producing optical quality surfaces.


Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) is a rare condition, usually caused by stenosis or occlusion of  two visceral arteries. As its early symptoms are unspecific, this condition can be diagnosed late or misdiagnosed.  Duplex ultrasound or CT angiography or MR angiography is available to reach the diagnosis. Open surgical or endovascular revascularization are two valid options in CMI, even if there is not an evidence-based technique recommended for its intervention. Morbidity and 30-day mortality differ based on the option chosen.
            We discuss a case of 59-year-old woman referred for chronic post prandial abdominal pain and weight loss.  A computed tomography angiogram (CTA) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with multiplanar and centerline reconstructions of the mesenteric vessels revealed a multivessel splanchnic mesenteric occlusive disease. We treated her with hybrid revascularization:  a retrograde iliac-SMA bypass was performed using a 6-mm diameter PTFE graft end-to-side with SMA and  a 5x12mm balloon-expandable stent was inserted into the main trunk of the IMA, via retrograde IMA access.
After the second post-operative day, the patient developed several complications: chest pain associated with dyspnea,  abdominal pain with diarrhea and melena, oliguria, sinus tachycardia and laboratory tests's alterations (anemia, neutrophilic leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, increase in transaminases, troponin I and serum creatinine).
A CT scan showed a normal perfusion of the aortic-SMA by-pass and a normal perfusion of the IMA stenting. Blood smear examination revealed presence of schistocytes. The etiopathogenesis was probably a thrombotic microangiopathy due to revascularization of both SMA and IMA.
The patient was successfully treated with high volume fresh plasma infusion and red blood cells units.
For those patients an early diagnosis should be considered, together with an aggressive treatment in the case of occurrence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We therefore suggest to treat these patients only in centers which have the availability of multidisciplinary monitoring and adequate treatment options.
No cases of revascularization syndrome after treatment for CMI are reported in literature.


Abstract : Experimental initial yield, strain hardening, and fracture data for arccast unalloyed molybdenum tubular specimens are compared with simple theoretical models. The tubular specimens were subjected to various combinations of axial force and internal pressure at testing temperatures of 75F and 212F. Initial yield data are in fairly good agreement with a maximum reduced stress yield criterion which accounts for axially symmetric anisotropy. The theory of kinematic hardening gave good predictions of subsequent yield values during strain hardening for the 75F data. For tests at 212F, markedly poorer predictions of subsequent yield were given. A maximum normal stress theory of fracture was in fair agreement with experimental data. Data are also presented on the behavior of cantilever beams made of Zamak-3 zinc alloy. Strain hardening in Zamak-3 had been investigated previously. These results are in reasonably good agreement with a theoretical load-tip deflection relationship based on an elastic-linear strain hardening model. (Author)


that exclusion and marginalization followed emancipation. This attitude against Brazilians of African origin continued until the twentieth century. For those economic historians who like explicit hypothesis testing and clear counterfactuals, this might be the wrong book to read in order to understand the economics of abolition in Brazil. The book is not a horserace of the hypotheses that might have led to the abolition of the slave trade and slavery itself. On the contrary, it explicitly argues that it is hard to pick a winner among existing hypotheses and tries to call our attention to slave resistance as another plausible explanation. In the end, economic historians will be left wanting more. For instance, there seems to be a problem of causality (endogeneity). We do not know how much slave resistance actually caused any of the abolitionist legislation or if some forms of resistance were simply fueled by the abolitionist movement in Europe and Brazil. The merit of the book, however, will be as a fun and useful starter for undergraduate students interested in the abolition of slavery in Brazil.


Zimbabwean secondary school history teachers have taken their political inclinations and dire economic situation into the classroom. There is a deliberate attempt by ZANU-PF opponents to infuse their political ideologies to learners as they go about their teaching business. Equally the same, those supportive of the government and the ruling party sometimes take their line of thinking into the classroom. Further, certain topics in 'O' Level History Paper 1 and 'A' Level Paper 5 meant to be taught and in the syllabus are skipped and war veterans may not be welcome as resource persons. In addition, there is some kind of reluctance by instructors to openly discuss certain topics which are deemed sensitive because the teachers themselves are suspicious of each other. In addition, the meager salaries received by teachers have increased their potential of carrying their frustrations into the classroom. The research was a product of a survey that was carried out in some Zimbabwean schools with a bias towards Midlands Province. It sought to establish how poverty and political affiliation has affected the teaching of history and how that has ultimately impacted on the student. Use was made of chosen topics that teachers find sensitive when teaching. There was also an attempt to interview the bulk of 'O' Level and 'A' history teachers. The paper is crucial because it unpacks how the silent war in schools impact on concerned stakeholders inclusive of parents. It also unveils how the Zimbabwean government has used history to bolster its support. From 1980 to 2002, history was optional in schools and then made compulsory from 2003 with some papers thought to be aligned to the West being scrapped from the syllabus.


A new family of continued fractions expansions is introduced by combining two existing family's (2-expansions and flipped expansions). This new family has infinitely many mappings with the property that for every x the digits are only even or only odd. Apart from a whole range of examples, convergence is proved and ergodicity is studied. By building the natural extension the invariant measure of a lot of examples have been obtained. In the last Chapter a new way of approximating the density is introduced by using the Gauss Kuzmin theorem. This method is applied to continued fraction expansions where the corresponding map has a fininte number of branches.


41 www.ijerm.com  Abstract— EDXRF analysis on akanwu, unpurified and purified palm bunch ash (Elaeis guineensis), saw dust ash (Khaya ivorensis), plantain peel ash (Musa sapientum), pawpaw leaves (Carica papaya), bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), two species ogbonno (Irvingia gabonensis), achi (Brachystegia eurycoma), ofor (Detarium microcarpum), ukpo (Mucuna flagellipes) and okro (Abelmoschus esculentus) used as local agents for Enhanced Oil Recovery beyond conventional waterflooding showed the presence of major, minor and trace elements with its oxide in varying proportions. Unpurified palm bunch ash, purified palm bunch ash, saw dust ash, plantain peel ash and akanwu contain 56.03%, 56.996%, 22.41%, 54.15%, 12.65% and 3.55%, 4.91%, 0.512%, 2.64%, 5.877% of potassium oxide and sodium oxide respectively. The Loss On Ignition (LOI) test showed the presence of carbonate ions as 42.65%, 47.44%, 37.54%, 40.33% and 30.54% in unpurified palm bunch ash, purified palm bunch ash, saw dust ash, plantain peel ash and akanwu respectively. This analysis confirmed that the local akanwu in Nigeria is Potash and not Trona as commonly mistaken. pH is a major criteria for a successful alkaline flooding. Pawpaw leaves and bitter leaf contains 56.41%, 22.66%, 1.66%, 1.37% and 53.14%, 27.28%, 0.66%, 5.68% of potassium oxide, calcium oxide, iron III oxide and sodium oxide respectively. Aluminium and lead were absent in both unpurified and purified palm bunch ash but lead was present in plantain peel ash and akanwu sediment, though absent in extract from akanwu but silicon oxide, aluminium oxide and titanium oxide were present in akanwu. Analysis on the local polymers used as food thickeners also showed that they contain major elements like potassium, calcium, sulphur, phosphorus and sodium but the absence of magnesium except for one of the species of ogbonno. Pawpaw leaves contain vital elements and oxide that makes it nutritional rich for human consumption like other vegetables. These local materials if modified and refined can substitute synthetic chemicals used for Enhanced Oil Recovery.


A simple model for the binding energy of metals has been examined. The electrostatic energy for the ion—electron interaction is calculated classically, assuming a uniform density of valence electrons within a Wigner—Seitz sphere but outside a spherical core of arbitrary radius rc. rc is determined by matching the equilibrium volume to the experimental value. Several expressions are examined for the kinetic energy and for the energy due to the electron—electron interaction, and the results are compared with experimental data for alkali metals. It is found that the best results are obtained if the presence of the core is ignored completely in computing the energy of the electron—electron interaction. One then obtains not only good agreement for the binding energy (ΔE≲0.01 Ry), but also values for the compressibility which are typically within 10% of experimental values. The empirical values of rc are comparable with the ionic radii. The pressure—volume curves agree with experiment to a degree comparable wit...


point is not a minor one for a marked increase in relative unemployment for. youth prior to a recession gives grounds for teacher and teenage bashing. The conclusion of the book reviews a range of policies to improve the nature of work, training and schooling. The suggestions are all worth close consideration although the problems of implementation and their likely effectiveness would need further discussion. The final recommendation concerns restructuring post-secondary vocational education to raise the status of skilled tradesmen. This is seen as a way to increase supply but we first need more information on the nature of the shortage of skilled tradesmen. The ABS Survey undertaken for the Williams Committee reported in Apprentices and Employees Working as Tradesmen September 1977 revealed a job vacancy rate of only 1.3 per cent for tradesmen-not much higher than the 0.9 per cent for all employees. The Income Distribution Survey in 1973-1974 did not show a rise in the relative in-


Background: In Korea, the problem of physician workforce imbalances has been a debated issue for a long time. This study aimed to draw key lessons and policy implications to Korea by analyzing projection models of physician demand/supply among five countries. Methods: We adopted theoretical framework and analyzed detail indicators used in projection models of demand/supply comparatively among countries. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with key search terms and it was complimented with hand searching of grey literature in Korean or English. Results: As a results, Korea has been used a supply-based traditional approach without taking various variables or environmental factors influencing on demand/supply into consideration. The projection models of USA and Netherlands which considered the diversity of variables and political issues is the most closest integrated approach. Based on the consensus of stakeholder, the evolved integrated forecasting approach which best suits our nation is needed to minimize a wasteful debate related to physician demand/supply. Also it is necessary to establish the national level statistics indices and database about physician workforce. In addition, physician workforce planning will be discussed periodically. Conclusion: We expect that this study will pave the way to seek reasonable and developmental strategies of physician workforce planning.


The effect that unsaturation has on the intrinsic acidity of boranes, alanes, and gallanes, was analyzed by B3 LYP and CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) calculations on methyl-, ethyl-, vinyl-, and ethynylboranes, -alanes and -gallanes, and on the corresponding hydrides XH3. Quite unexpectedly, methylborane, which behaves as a carbon acid, is predicted to have an intrinsic acidity almost 200 kJ mol(-1) stronger than BH3, reflecting the large reinforcement of the C--B bond, which upon deprotonation becomes a double bond through the donation of the lone pair created on the carbon atom into the empty p orbital of the boron. Also unexpectedly, and for the same reason, the saturated and alpha,beta-unsaturated boranes are much stronger acids than the corresponding hydrocarbons, in spite of being carbon acids as well. The Al derivatives also behave as carbon acids, but in this case the most favorable deprotonation process occurs at C beta, leading to the formation of rather stable three-membered rings, again through the donation of the C beta lone pair into the empty p orbital of Al. For Ga-containing compounds the deprotonation of the GaH2 group is the most favorable process. Therefore only Ga derivatives behave similarly to the analogues of Groups 14, 15, and 16 of the periodic table, and the saturated derivatives exhibit a weaker acidity than the unsaturated ones. Within Group 13, boranes are stronger acids than alanes and gallanes. For ethyl and vinyl derivatives, alanes are stronger acids than gallanes. We have shown, for the first time, that acidity enhancement for primary heterocompounds is not only dictated by the position of the heteroatom in the periodic table and the nature of the substituent, but also by the bonding rearrangements triggered by the deprotonation of the neutral acid.


Talents is the primary resource in the enterprise competition,and also the main factor to measure the strength of enterprise competitiveness.How to reasonably develop and manage the human resources,stimulate the potential of talents,and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises is the key point to the success or failure of the enterprises.Facing with the complex domestic and international economic competitiveness and enterprises' own issues on business performance,human resources managers urgently need to study on how to construct the modern enterprise incentive system.


Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) imberbiculus was described by W. M. Wheeler in 1902 and seven years later he added the descriptions of pima and townsendi. Since that time there has been surprisingly little additional inf.ormation published on these interesting ants. What has appeared has consisted largely .of locality records, but few of these have added much to our knowledge of the ranges of these insects. It is gratifying to be able to present a more complete picture of the distribution of our representatives of Ephebomyrmex, particularly since this clears up certain questions related to the taxonomic status of townsendi. It has also been possible to expand Wheeler's account of the habits of imberbiculus, for it appears that these same habits are true of pima also. In past years the writer has been able to study 53 colonies of Ephebomyrmex at 40 stations. This study has shown that the ranges of both imberbiculus and pima are much more extensive than was formerly supposed. It has also shown that townsendi is a synonym of imberbiculus. Wheeler described townsendi in 1909 (1) on the basis of a single specimen from Chihuahua. It is hard to avoid the suspicion that one .of Wheeler's reasons for giving townsendi specific status is the fact that the type specimen came from Mexico. .Certainly the structural features which distinguish townsendi from imberbiculus are not partictflarly impressive. They consist mainly of the sculptur.e of the postpetiole and the first gastric segment. Wheeler believed that in imberbiculus the postpetiole is


Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain(Dated: February 4, 2008)Forty years ago Richardson showed that the eigenstates of the pairing Hamiltonian with constantinteraction strength can be calculated by solving a set of non-linear coupled equations. However,in the case of Fermions these equations lead to singularities which made them very hard to solve.This letter explains how these singularities can be avoided through a change of variables makingthe Fermionic pairing problem numerically solvable for arbitrary single particle energies and degen-eracies.


This paper proposes a technique to modify a Multistage Interconnection Network (MIN) to augment it with fault tolerant capabilities. The augmented MIN is referred to as Enhanced MIN (E-MIN). The technique employed for construction of E-MIN is compared with the two known physical fault tolerance techniques, namely, extra staging and chaining. EMINs are found to be more generic than extra staged networks and less expensive than chained networks. The EMIN realizes all the permutations realizable by the original MIN. The routing strategies under faulty and fault free conditions are shown to be very simple in the case of E-MINs.


This study presents an improved approach to common‐conversion point stacking of converted body waves that incorporates scattering kernels, accurate and efficient measurement of stack uncertainties, and an alternative method for estimating free surface seismic velocities. To better separate waveforms into the P and SV components to calculate receiver functions, we developed an alternative method to measure near‐surface compressional and shear wave velocities from particle motions. To more accurately reflect converted phase scattering kernels in the common‐conversion point stack, we defined new weighting functions to project receiver function amplitudes only to locations where sensitivities to horizontal discontinuities are high. To better quantify stack uncertainties, we derived an expression for the standard deviation of the stack amplitude that is more efficient than bootstrapping and can be used for any problem requiring the standard deviation of a weighted average. We tested these improved methods on Sp phase data from the Anatolian region, using multiple band‐pass filters to image velocity gradients of varying depth extents. Common conversion point stacks of 23,787 Sp receiver functions demonstrate that the new weighting functions produce clearer and more continuous mantle phases, compared to previous approaches. The stacks reveal a positive velocity gradient at 80–150 km depth that is consistent with the base of an asthenospheric low‐velocity layer. This feature is particularly strong in stacks of longer period data, indicating it represents a gradual velocity gradient. At shorter periods, a lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary phase is observed at 60–90 km depth, marking the top of the low‐velocity layer.


parliamentary elections brought it unaccustomed influence over the ruling coalition in Delhi, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), the Dravidianist party of the state of Tamil Nadu, demanded that the United Progressive Alliance declare Tamil a classical language—which it did, apparently the first such declaration by a national government in recorded history. Sanskrit was soon granted classical status, without external pressure, but the floodgates were now open to other language activists to seek classical status, and they proceeded with passion to petition the central government on behalf of Kannada (2006), Telugu (2007), and Malayalam (2009).1 This is not the classical language debate India should be having, however; there is something other than status to worry about—and to worry about deeply. At the time of independence in 1947, India was home to scholars whose historical and philological expertise made them the peer of any in the world. They were the heirs of the longest continuous multicul tural literary tradition in the world, and produced editions and liter aiy and historical studies of texts in Apabhramsha, Assamese, Bangla, Brajbhasha, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Persian, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu—the list could go on because the list of Indian languages goes on—that are still used today. Two genera tions later their works have not been replaced not because they are


Editor, Steve Witt Center for Global Studies University of Illinois 302 E. John Street Champaign, IL 61820 USA firstname.lastname@example.com Chairperson, Ms. Margaret Robb Oxford University Politics / IR Library George Street OXFORD OX1 2RL United Kingdom Tel. +(44)(865)278709 Fax +(44)(865)271072 email@example.com Treasurer, Mr. Jacques Hellemans Université Libre de Bruxelles 50, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, CP 181 B-1050 BRUXELLES Belgium Tel. +(32)(2)6504417 Fax +(32)(2)6504198 firstname.lastname@example.com The Social Science Section has an entirely new set of Officers – Jacques Hellemans (Belgium) as Treasurer, Steve Witt (USA) as Secretary and Margaret Robb (United Kingdom) as Chair. We are always looking for new members, so please come along to our session, in combination with Division VIII on Thursday, 26 August (session 142). Speakers from Argentina, Brazil, Fiji, Ghana, New Zealand, and the USA will be discussing different aspects of the topic "Changing roles of NGOs in the creation, validation and dissemination of information in developing countries". There will be time for questions as well as small group discussions on the issues raised by the speakers.


We show that starting from finitely many points in , and successively applying 'pinches' on them, it is possible to arrive at any of the configurations that result from applying, to the original points, a homothety of factor and centre the centroid of the points. Here, a 'pinch' consists in moving two points towards their common centroid. For three points, four pinches suffice. In general, the number of pinches is independent of the original configuration and of m.


A dccouplcd, fly-by-wire control systcm combincd with a pictorial head-up display has bccn dcvclopcd and cvaluatcd on a piloted simulator. Thc tcst subjects uscd in thc evaluation wcrc primarily non-pilots who wcrc givcn no training or practicc bcforc thc data runs. Dcspitc thcir lack of cxpcricncc and training, all of thc tcst subjccts wcrc ablc to complctc ,a complcx piloting task on thcir vcry first run. Thc piloting task was pcrformcd in rcduccd visibility conditions and consistcd of a continuous scrics of common mancuvcrs bcginning with a lakcoff and cnding with a landing. Variations of the control systcm, pictorial display format, and thc cffwt of wind and turbulcncc conditions wcrc also studicd. Quantitativc q d qualihtivc data are prcscntcd LO illustrate thc vast supcriority of thc advanced controls and displays ovcr convcntional controls and instrumcnts. v Introduction get thcir ccrtificatc duc to thc recurring proficiency requircmcnts. Unfortunately, these training and proficiency rcquiremcnts are wcll justificd by the complcxity of safcly operating an airplane. What is ncedcd is ncw technology that would reduce the complcxity of safely opcrating an airplanc. This ncw technology could substantially reduce the nccd for cxtcnsive pilot training. Such ncw tcchnology is currcntly being dcvclopcd and uscd in other fields of aviation; howcvcr, it could bc of cvcn greatcr bcnelit to bcginning gcncral aviation pilots. For cxamplc, the fly-by-wirc technology which has bccn dcveloped for military and commbrcial aviation probably would be of much grcatcr bcncfit to a novice pilot than it has bccn to full-time pilots. The full-time pilot who rcgularly accumulatcs many hours of flying timc is vcry comfomblc with thc control characteristics of an airplanc and rwlly doesn't have a nccd for an airplane which is easicr to control. The beginning pilot, on the other hand, often finds Ihc control characteristics of an airplane strange and hard to undcrstand and nccds thc tailored control characteristics which can bc provided by a fly-by-wire control syslem. The same commcnts can he made for other technologies such as microprocessors, glass cockpits, the Global Positioning System, and data link. Thc timc and cost of bccoming a private pilot has always bccn,a dctcrrcnt to more widcsprcad usc of gcncral aviation airplancs for pcrsonal transportalion. The majority of pcoplc who bcgin flying lcssons drop out of thc proccss bcforc they get thcir ccrtificatc bccausc of thc time and costs involvcd. In addition, a majority of those who do get their ccnificatc quit flying in a fcw years a f w they Over thc ycars the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed rechnofoby' aimed at incrcasing the efficiency and Safety of general aviation airplanes. For cxamplc, NASA has explored ways to reduce the possibility of stalls and spins, refcrcncc 1, which historically have bccn responsiblc for many accidents. Such accidcnts have reinforced the continucd requirement for rigomus *Rcscarch Enginccr, Flight Rcscarch Branch; Mcmbcr AIAA Copyright


A plan for agricultural residues management is composed of a group of activities that leads to adapt residues production to crops and animal needs and improve and maintain soil quality. This article proposes some stages that should be taken into account to conceive, construct and put to work system of residual water treatment in a cattle enterprise. These stages can be overlapped, or even, inverted in some cases.


Based on the principle of TTT,the integration of DGS technology and mathematics involves three aspects: technology-based tasks designed,forming the skills to solve this task,explaining and demonstrating these skills in the mathematical theory.The communication and transformation between these three is the key integration goals to achieve.The basic implementation strategies are such as: task selection should be available for DGS,that can excite the desire for exploring.The technique should be formed form the activating process which is experiential,exploring and applied.The theory should be generated the flexible environment of meaning construction.


Augmented Reality (AR) is a useful technology for providing an information-rich reality by superimposing digital objects and giving a virtual interpretation of the physical environment. AR has played a key role in reducing cognitive load and the applications of AR have been useful in various fields ranging from manufacturing, advertisement, education, military, and health. AR has also been deployed on various platforms like mobile, computer screens, and head-mounted displays (HMD). In this paper, we systematically reviewed research papers that have applied AR systems with machine learning (ML) in various health-related domains within the past 12 years (2010–2021). We present a review of the state-of-the-art AR implementation and research in the area of health by (1) identifying various AR approaches, (2) uncovering various areas of health where AR have been applied, (3) determining the current trend, gaps, and areas for future work, (4) highlighting the artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms used in the AR systems and how they are used, and (5) comparing the different visualization modalities (web, mobile, and HMD). This review adds to the existing literature by shedding light on the common tools, successful approaches used in implementing previous AR projects, and evaluation methods. We uncover how AI and object tracking was implemented in AR for health. Finally, we identify gaps and offer recommendations for advancing research in this area.


Paper depicts an architecture expansion for communication and data management that can be used in Remote Experimentation and Game-Based Learning. This architecture is compliant with iLab Shared Architecture and is based upon open source software and hardware, in particular low cost platforms such as the Raspberry Pi 3. It consists of three main entities: user-side interface, experiment-side (lab) application and, interconnecting both, the cloud server enhanced with the messaging intermediator. Architecture takes into account typical requirements for educational institutions, such as open-source technologies, remote systems usage management (service brokerage) and security. In trial implementations, three single-user, remotely operated experiments have been enabled using ELSA-Py, in which students will be able to practice concepts of lean production (LyMIE), object position control (Windball) and image calibration (TabRecon). The integration has been tested and the performance of ELSA-Py architecture as a tool do deploy educational remotely operated systems is discussed.


This is a very concise description of the anatomical features of the newborn infant, divided into some 60 subject headings such as heart, bronchi and alveoli, larynx, and eye, to name a few. The author, contending that "the newborn infant is not a miniature adult" had found such description lacking in the literature and contends it to be needed by all those who evaluate newborns. There are no references; three figures accompany the text. One is a line drawing of the skeleton, the others are topographic drawings of the major viscera, frontal and midsagittal views. The author, who is professor of anatomy at Yale, is an experienced writer with a concise, clear style.


During the 20th century, Educational science in China had been progressing painfully under the "driving" of alien theories,the "squeezing" of other disciplines,and the "control" of ideology, managed to get rid of its attachment to other disciplines and pursued independent development. It is helpful to discern the trends of educational science in the 21st century by tracing its history in the past century.


The effects of technology parameters including the gas kind, the gas flow rate and the casting speed on microstructures and tensile properties of slab were studied. The results show that the slab surface becomes worse and the equiaxed dendrite rate reduces with the gas flow rate decreasing and the casting speed increasing, and the surface segregation thickness increases on the same condition. Furthermore, the slab produced with the gas film soft contact technology excels the slab produced with the conventional DC casting technology in the tensile properties.


5-Perfluoroalkylsubstituted isoxazoles are prepared readily from the reaction of nitrile oxide generated in situ from RCH^2NO^2, TEA and POCl^3 with ethyl 3-perfluoroalkyl-3-pyrrolidino-acrylates, which were obtained by treatment of α-perfluoroalkyl ethyl acetate with pyrrolidine in the presence of base.


A method for room identification is proposed based on the reverberation properties of multichannel speech recordings. The approach exploits the dependence of spectral decay statistics on the reverberation time of a room. The average negative-side variance within 1/3-octave bands is proposed as the identifying feature and shown to be effective in a classification experiment. However, negative-side variance is also dependent on the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio. The resulting sensitivity to different spatial configurations of source and microphones within a room are mitigated using a novel reverberation enhancement algorithm. A classification experiment using speech convolved with measured impulse responses and contaminated with environmental noise demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving 79% correct identification in the most demanding condition compared to 40% using unenhanced signals.


The present reflexion proposes to configurate the "poetics" inscribed in the poetical wor5k of Delia Dominguez, in order to reveal the way the author conceives her own craft. This observation is made in accord to the diachronic order which makes visible and permits to follow the writing process.


The goal of this thesis is to increase comparability, accuracy, and diagnostical benefit of sentence intelligibility tests within one language and to give suggestions for realizing comparable sentence intelligibility tests across languages. Sentence intelligibility tests are either composed of meaningful or syntactically fixed, but semantically unpredictable sentences. The second type was investigated in detail in this thesis. It is available in Swedish, German, and Danish. The development, optimization, and evaluation of the Danish test is presented. The comparability of these sentence intelligibility tests across languages was investigated. A large number of tests was conducted employing a systematic parameter variation to study the influence of various test parameters on the outcome of a sentence test and its comparability within one language (i.e. German). Fluctuating interfering noises were found to differentiate best between different degrees of hearing loss. Therefore, these noises were investigated in more detail. In order to better understand the mechanism of sentence intelligibility in fluctuating noise, it was modeled with different approaches. The presented two-stage model that calculates the intelligibility of sub-word units at different signal-to-noise ratios with consideration of context effects models speech intelligibility in fluctuating noise best. Taken together, the sentence tests and measurement procedures recommended in this thesis appear to yield the highest practically achievable comparability within and across languages.


The relationship between anthropometric characteristics with balance in non-Athlete old females was aims of this article. The current research is a quasi-experimental study. The research project is pretest posttest and application of independent variable. 150 questionnaires were distributed among old female volunteers and from the individuals who had the required conditions to participate in the study 36 individuals were chosen as the research sample. The examinees' balance was measured by the use of Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (measuring the balance function based on 14 items used in daily life). Descriptive statistics was used for calculating mean and standard deviation of age, height, and weight of examinees and also the achieved scores in BBS. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlations between the variables (Balance). The results showed, that there is significant and negative relationship between weight and balance rate. There is significant and negative relationship between height and balance rate of non-athlete old females. There isn't significant relationship between age and balance rate of non-athlete old females.


•  Previous studies have suggested that the K+ channel auxiliary subunit K+ channel‐interacting protein 2 (KChIP2) serves as a regulator of cardiac remodelling leading to heart failure and increased risk of arrhythmias. •  The results presented here show that the progression of cardiac remodelling and heart failure induced by transverse aortic constriction follows a similar time course in wild‐type and KChIP2−/− mice. •  Protein expression analysis shows that ventricular KChIP2 is significantly downregulated in heart failure in wild‐type mice. •  The electrophysiological analysis reveals enlarged J and T wave amplitudes and lower vulnerability to pacing‐induced ventricular arrhythmias in KChIP2−/− control mice compared to wild‐type control mice. Heart failure in wild‐type and KChIP2−/− mice prompted comparable prolongation of QT intervals and ventricular effective refractory periods. •  Collectively, these results demonstrate that KChIP2 does not influence the structural and functional development of heart failure. Moreover, in contrast to previously reported data, downregulation of KChIP2 expression in heart failure may reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmia.


Although lacking action potentials,astrocytes express various receptors and ion channels and exhibit intercellular propagating Ca~(2+) waves in response to various stimuli.Astrocytes can also release many signal molecules that mediate intercellular communication.In particular,ATP release from astrocytes is required for Ca~(2+) wave propagation among astrocytes and for feedback modulation of synaptic functions.However,the mechanisms and the source of ATP release from astrocytes remain to be established.Although markers for both small vesicles and large dense core vesicles are found in astrocytes,the identity of vesicles undergoing exocytosis has been largely unclear.In the present study,we found that lysosomes in astrocytes can be specifically labeled with FM dyes,which have been successfully used for studying vesicle recycling in neu- rons and secretory cells,and exhibit two modes of Ca~(2+)-dependent exocytosis-partial release in response to mild extracellular stimuli(ATP,glutamate)and full release triggered by the ischemic insult(potassium cyanide, KCN).Further studies showed that lysosomes contain abundant ATP and their partial exocytosis resulted in a low-level ATP release,whereas full exocytosis led to the release of a larger amount of ATP,together with lysosomal enzymes.Selective intracellular lysis of lysosomes abolished both ATP release and Ca~(2+) wave propagation among astrocytes.Together,these findings indicate that regulated lysosome release from astro- cytes contribute to intercellular signaling under physiological as well as pathological conditions.


Maxillary transverse deficiency is a common kind of malocclusion. The rapid maxillary expansion and slow maxillary expansion is considered to be the effective treatment of maxillary transverse deficiency. CBCT allows observations of the differences between the two methods. By comparing the effects through CBCT, orthodontists can choose the proper method better during treatment planning. This review will compare the effects of rapid and slow maxillary expansion in aspects of bone effects, dental effects, buccal alveolar bone loss and root resorption from the previous relevant studies using CBCT measures.

Key words:
Rapid maxillary expansion; Slow maxillary expansion; CBCT


Identification of transgenic animals plays an essential role in transgenic study. In this report, the technical progress for screening transgenic offspring was briefly reviewed and a simple and efficient assay was introduced. Transgenic animals were identified and confirmed by PCR along with further restriction endonuclease analysis. Some factors on PCR, such as the design of primers, the concentration of Mg\+\{2+\} and DMSO, the annealing temperature and so on, were optimized. In order to assess the validity of the template, a pair of primer which is specific for the endogenous beta-glolin gene was used as control. The results showed that the assay was a reliable, sensitive, rapid and well-repeated to identify transgenic animals.


Researcher conducted a study with the aim to determine the quality of items in terms of analysis: 1) reliability, 2) the validity of the content and empirical, 3) distinguishing features, 4) level of difficulty, and 5) the function of detractors. This research is a descriptive study. Based on the results of data analysis, the result for the review of aspects: 1)reliability packet A and B, belong to the category high,2)the validity of the content packet A & B, not fulfilling all criteriaand then validity empirically package A, 57.5% are invalid matter and packet B,65% are invalid matte, 3) the level of difficulty package A, 27 questions (67,5%) good category and 13 questions (32,5%) not good category while package B, 27 questions (67,5%) good category and 13 questions (32,5%) not good category. 4) different power packet A, obtained with different power values, namely 35 questions (87,5%) including good categories and 5 questions (12,5) which do not belong to the good category while package B, 29 questions (72,5%) is included in category and 11 questions (27,5%) which do not belong to category, 5) function options packet A, for options that are not qualified is 37% and the quality is 63% and packet B,for options that are not qualified is 31% and the quality is 69%. It can be concluded that the end of the semester exam subjects biology grade XI of the school year 2017/2018 in the se-kecamatan IV Jurai not meet both criteria.


n response to the liquidity crisis that began in August 2007, central banks designed a variety of tools for supplying liquidity to financial institutions. The Federal Reserve introduced several programs, such as the Term Auction Facility, the Term Securities Lending Facility, and the Primary Dealer Credit Facility, while enhancing its open market operations and discount window. This paper focuses on the financial market effects of changes to the discount window borrowing facility. Specifically, we investigate whether the changes represent a fundamental shift in the way the Federal Reserve traditionally provided liquidity through the primary credit facility as well as whether the Fed would be well served to retain these changes to its borrowing facility indefinitely. In January 2003, the Federal Reserve revised its discount window lending program. The revision was designed to improve the operation of the facility, which had experienced declines in usage. Before 2003, borrowing from the Fed took place at a rate below the market rate, known as the discount rate. Fed officials applied a non-price funds-rationing mechanism by asking potential borrowers detailed questions about their financial well-being before lending funds. This administrative process deterred depository institutions from using the discount window because borrowing from the Fed was perceived as a signal of financial weakness by market participants. The revised discount window borrowing facility was designed to eliminate the reluctance to borrow from the Fed by including a new "no-questions-asked" policy for eligible borrowers. However, despite Fed assurance that the new facility would eliminate all administrative costs of borrowing, some argued that the stigma could not be eliminated completely (see, for example, Furfine [2001, 2003]). However, Artuç and Demiralp (2010) recently showed that the stigma of borrowing declined substantially in the post-2003 period, following the easing of the Fed's administrative policy and restrictions. In this paper, we assess the effects of changes to the primary credit facility since August 2007 by performing out-of-sample simulations based on a model developed by Artuç and Demiralp (2010). Our results are highly consistent with the predictions of our 2008 study—that is, the revised discount window is effective and plays an essential role in moderating volatility in the federal funds market.


This article attempts to study of both the area of Islamic economy and the  philosophy of Islamic economy. In this paper, the researcher uses the data from  al Qur 'an, prophet tradition, alfiqh and other resources, and then it will he analyzed by the hermeneutic approach The result of this paper, is that the area  of Islamic economy including in social affairs (mu'amalah) field, while the philosophy of Islamic economy is the ideas of Islamic economy that presents  the system of economy which guarantee the justice and the equality for every  body who participates in economy activities.


The deformation measurement of active lap before being used to polish the mirror is one of the key factors that restrict the mirror's quality. Usually micro displacement sensors are used to measure the deformation. The sensors are located on a square grid or a circle array, but different arrangements of sensor array bring different accuracies. Which arrangement is the best for the measuring is unknown at present. A method of calculating the best arrangement of the sensor array is put forward. Firstly, Zernike polynomial is used to represent and reconstruct the lap surface, meanwhile, the variables concerned such as the number of sensor circles and the sensor number of each circle are shown. Secondly, we choose the RMS of measurement error as the standard to judge whether an arrangement is better or worse. Thirdly, Genetic Algorithm is widely used in optimization, especially in the optimization with a lot of variables. Here using the Genetic Algorithm we can successfully achieve a better arrangement of the sensors after some generations' evolution. The result shows that using the optimized arrangement can improve the measurement accuracy. Examples shown can prove the theory is correct.


With the continuous social development, the demand pattern for talents has become diversified with more and more demands for high-calibre compound talents. Accordingly, colleges and universities are required to adjust their own teaching management system according to the demand pattern of society for talents, thus cultivating talents for the society. The complete credit system is an education management mode which can comprehensively examine the overall quality of students and an inevitable result for colleges and universities to foster high-calibre compound talents for the society. To design a university education management system based on the complete credit system is a huge systematic project subject to a variety of subjective or objective factors. There are still some problems and deficiencies in China's complete credit system of college education management, so the departments of colleges are required to cooperate in establishing a sound complete credit education management system, thus enhancing the teaching management level and promoting the comprehensive development of students' overall quality. This paper first analyzed the evaluation model of the university education management system, and then elaborated the application status of the complete credit system in the university education management. Finally, the design idea of the university education management system was put forward based on the complete credit system, which provides a reference for the reform in university education management system.


Gelcasting is a novel and near net-shape forming technique for ceramics,which has provided an effective approach for resolving difficulties of machining and forming for ceramics.In this paper,the principle,process and application of gelcasting were introduced and discussed.


The article presents the results of a theoretical and experimental study of grievances and forgiveness. It is established that forgiveness can be expressed as an act of nobility and mercy of a person who feels insulted. It was found that forgiveness depends on the age, sex and professional characteristics of the offended, from choosing a strategy of behaviour in confrontation with the one who offended him.On the basis of the developed two-dimensional model of the offense as personality traits, we identified five types of individual activity in a situation of resentment, which we called strategies of «rabbit», «fox», «sheep», «elephant» and «hippopotamus». Each of their strategies has its own algorithm of forgiveness and reconciliation with the offender. The strategy of «rabbit» implies a high level of anxiety, fear, modesty, depression and vulnerability, avoidance of the offender and everything related to the situation of resentment. The strategy of the «fox» envisages the consolidation and strengthening of a pleasant sense of superiority over the offender, forcing him to compensate for the offense inflictedand to smoothen his guilt. The strategy of the «sheep» is characterized by excessive intransigence of the offended, intractable, stubborn and hostile until the offender repents. The strategy of the «elephant» is aimed at the realization of revenge for the offense, and is characterized by the rigidity of the emotional sphere of the individual. The strategy of the «hippopotamus» provides a harsh and aggressive reactionto the offense, impossibility of forgiveness of the offender, since the manifestation of one's own weakness is being considered.It is found out that women and men have differences in perception of resentment and readiness for its forgiveness, age characteristics affect the amplitude and intensity of the manifestations of offenses, and the sphere of professional activity leaves its imprint on the person's attitude toward forgiveness and possible installations.


Pollinosis caused by cedar pollens was first reported more than 40 years ago at an academic conference held in 1963. The number of cedar pollinosis * patients has increased ever since, and one in every five or six Japanese people is said to suffer from the allergy today. The total medical expenses directly or indirectly related to cedar pollinosis are estimated to reach 286 billion yen per year . The mechanism of pollinosis development is described in Figure 1. First, cel ls named antigen-presenting cells recognize the allergen (a protein) contained in cedar pollens and transmit its information to type 2 helper (Th2) T cells. Then, the Th2 cells order the B lymphocytes to produce allergenspecific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. The IgE antibodies bind to the surface of the mast cells, which creates an allergen-sensitized state. When the same allergen enters the body in this state and reacts with the IgE antibodies at the mast cell surface, the mast cells release chemicals such as histamine and leukotriene, which induce allergic symptoms such as sneezing, and running and stuffy noses. Any one of these steps can be blocked in the measures against pollinosis. Neither sensitization nor allergic reactions would occur in the absence of the allergen, so the fundamental cause of cedar pollinosis is cedar pollen. As shown in Figure 2, Japan's forest cover is 25.12 million ha, corresponding to about 70% of the total land area (37.79 million ha). Planted forests cover 10.36 million ha, which is about 40% of the forest cover. The total area of planted cedar forests is 4.52 million ha, accounting for 18% and 44% of the forest cover and the planted forest area, respectively, while the total area of planted cypress forests is 2.57 million ha, accounting for 10% and 25% of the forest cover and the planted forest area, respectively. Thus, planted forests of cedar and cypress, together, occupy 28% and 19% of the forest cover and the


The paper describes the process flow,operation control system and application of recovery facilities for 1,1,1 trichloroethane solvent,which has been set up and used in color teletron production line.


This paper provides a technical overview of the HARES software protection research effort performed by Assured Information Security. HARES is an anti reverse-engineering technique that uses on-CPU encryption [6] in conjunction with Intel x86 TLBsplitting [11] in order to significantly increase the effort required to obtain the clear-text assembly instructions that comprise the target x86 application. Performance and use-cases of the system are presented, and a number of weaknesses and future works are discussed. Related works are compared and contrasted with HARES in order to highlight its improvements over the current state-of-the-art.


ABSTRACT The problem of impulse analysis is considered for the T-S fuzzy singular system by using the Kronecker index and the generalised Kronecker index in this paper. The T-S singular system is divided into two cases: the uniformly regular T-S fuzzy singular system and the non-uniformly regular T-S fuzzy singular system. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a new definition of the generalised Kronecker form is introduced, and the algorithm of finding the generalised Kronecker form is given. Second, two theorems are proved, one is that the uniformly regular T-S fuzzy singular system is impulsive if and only if the Kronecker index is greater than one, the other one is the non-uniformly regular T-S fuzzy singular system is impulsive if and only if the generalised Kronecker index is greater than one. Finally, two numerical simulations and the population model with stage structure are carried out to show the consistency with theoretical analysis and illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.


Abstract. The effects of physiological increments of plasma immunoreactive insulin upon tissue glucose uptake, tissue insulin uptake and lymph insulin levels were studied in the hind‐limb (65% muscle, 27% skin and subcutaneous fat) of 38 anaesthetized dogs.


Severely inflamed colonic sections of IL-2 (-/-) mice showed up to 19-fold increased iNOS mRNA levels. The level of iNOS protein expression corresponded to the increased iNOS mRNA levels as detected by means of Western blot analysis. There was a clear, positive relationship between the level of iNOS expression and the degree of inflammation in the colonic tissue of IL-2 (-/-) and wild-type mice. Our data suggest that iNOS may play a key role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis-like disease in IL-2 (-/-) mice. Further investigation should elucidate the impact of NO on the regulation of the inflammatory process in this model and might contribute to a better understanding of the role iNOS expression in human immune-mediated diseases.


The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between anxiety, depression and the presence and intensity of the burden caused by physical symptoms in terminal cancer patients. A cross-sectional analysis of patients undergoing first-time palliative care consultation revealed a low but statistically significant relationship between depression and the burden caused by physical symptoms, as well as between anxiety and this burden. It is concluded that there is a relationship between anxiety, depression and the presence and intensity of physical symptoms. Some possible mechanisms involved in this association are discussed.


The requirement to install electronic power and control systems in high temperature environments in aero-engines and in down-well exploration has posed a challenge to the traditional limit of 125°C of electronics systems. The leap in operating temperature to above 200°C in combination with high pressures, vibrations and potentially corrosive environments means that different semiconductors, passives, circuit boards and assembly processes will be needed to fulfil target performance specifications. Silicon on Insulator (SOI) device technology has been shown to be capable of functioning satisfactorily at operating temperatures of >200°C. Most of the applications to date have required performance for short times (<2,000 hours) at the highest operating temperatures of up to 225°C in down-well drilling applications. There is interest in extending the endurance of high temperature electronics into aero-engine and other applications where a minimum 20 year operating life is stipulated. Most of the reliability dat...


Cysticercosis in a 5-month-old greyhound bitch with canine distemper is described. The liver contained several Cysticercus pisiformis, which elicited an inflammatory reaction characterized by successive zones of mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, and fibrosis. Neutrophils and macrophages occurred in the lumen of the lesion. Abscesses resulted from the disintegration of cysticerci. The source of infection with cysticerci is unknown. This is the second recognized case of canine cysticercosis due to C. pisiformis, but the first reported from North America. Of the cysticercoses reported from dogs, cysticercosis caused by Cysticercus cellulosae is the most common. This cysticercus, the larva of Taenia solium, has been found in canine tissues from South America (Freitas and Lamas da Silva, 1958; Vogelsang, 1952), Europe (Baumann and Bohm, 1941; Leisering, 1864; Lindemann, 1896; Piotrowski, 1950; Winterhalter and Erlich, 1942), Africa (Callot and Gayot, 1960), and Asia (Krishnamurty, 1949; Schwartz, 1925). This larva has been found in the central nervous system (Baumann and Bohm, 1941; Freitas and Lamas da Silva, 1958; Krishnamurty, 1949; and Piotrowski, 1950), muscular tissues (Krishnamurty, 1949; Leisering, 1864; Lindemann, 1896; Schwartz, 1925; Vogelsang, 1952; Winterhalter and Erlich, 1942), and viscera (Freitas and Lamas da Silva, 1958; Leisering, 1864). Because of damage caused by cysticerci in the brain, affected dogs have been suspected of being rabid (Freitas and Lamas da Silva, 1958; Piotrowski, 1950). Apparently dogs are infected infrequently with C. cellulosae, but Krishnamurty (1949) considered the dog as a usual host, second in importance to swine. Besides C. cellulosae, other cestode larvae reported from canine tissues are Tetrathyridia elongatus (Blumberg, 1882), C. longicollis (Callot and Gayot, 1960), Multiceps serialis (?) (Voge and Berntzen, 1963), C. pisiformis (Lesbre, 1882), and Echinococcus granulosus (Lapage, 1962). Received for publication 19 June 1964. To the authors' knowledge, the only previous report of canine cysticercosis from North America is that of Voge and Berntzen (1963), who found infertile cysts tentatively identified as Multiceps serialis in the peritoneum from a case of "parasitic ascites." The following case of canine cysticercosis is presented for its general interest.


The pure bending section of three-graded concrete beam is considered as a three-phase composite composed of matrix,aggregate and interface between them on meso-level.Dynamic constitutive model which has considered strain rate hardening effect and damage softening effect is adopted to describe the concrete and meso-element's damage.The failure mechanism of beam under impact loading and triangular cyclic loading is simulated by using displacement-controlled FEM,furthermore,stress-strain curve of specimen and its dynamic bending strength are obtained.The results show that the numerical solutions are fitted with experiment results.


By applying a further extended tanh method via symbolic computation system, a rich variety of new exact solutions of generalized double sine-Gordon equation are obtained.


Structure topology optimization is a kind of technology which researches on best distribution of materials in continuous design domain.This paper takes Cellular Automata as optimization computing model using certain material parameterization method, in order to minimize and distribute evenly material strain energy.It takes FEA using ANSYS/ LS-DYNA and designs Hybrid Cellular Automata topology optimization algorithm.And it shows the application steps of structure topology optimization.An example of forced sheet model was presented to demonstrate the basic results of the HCA algorithm.The emulation shows that the result is similar to the topology of structure which is designed by experience and has strong robustness and generalization.


This paper introduces fault diagnosis modes and points out the source of trouble in grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems. It analyses and researches the structure and algorithm of BP neural network. After that, the paper brings forward fault diagnosis method based on BP neural network for the grid-connected solar photovoltaic system. It shows this method is efficacious and earthly and attains the expected results, it can be applied to fault diagnosis of grid-connected solar photovoltaic system definitely.


This work of legal research, I made in order to present an amendment to Art. 179 of the Code for Children and Adolescents to protect the integrated development of children, as it is known to be investigated happens after the child or teenager has been adopted as the state but takes an intermittent monitoring, two years in the adoption, the child would be exposed to any risk, it could be a victim of domestic violence or sexual abuse, after time be established for monitoring by government representatives.
On the other hand our Code of Childhood and Adolescence, a family to ensure child or teenager who is in the social and legal aptitude to be adopted, providing it with all the rights that our law guarantees them.
Also in Article 69 of the Constitution of the Republic, talks about protecting the rights of people belonging to the family, in item 6 says "The sons and daughters have the same rights without regard to filiation or adoption "because this is a guarantee for people who have been adopted.
Then we would say that the basis for decision is not based on a contract but an institution that has evolved in society giving greater protection to children and adolescents and guaranteeing a family, it will have equal rights and obligations with all its members and that the State will protect itself.


We have found that the surfaces of ZnO(0001) annealed in a box made of ceramic ZnO exhibit atomically flat stepped and terraced structures. Structural and optical properties of ZnO are also improved by this annealing technique. Full width at half maximum of X-ray rocking curves of the ZnO substrates were decreased and green photoluminescence caused by defects were eliminated by the annealing. We have also found that epitaxial growth of GaN on atomically flat ZnO(0001) substrates at room temperature proceeds in a layer-by-layer mode, while growth on the as-received substrates results in formation of amorphous materials. These results indicate that the use of the annealing technique improves, not only crystal quality of ZnO substrates, but also morphology of the GaN films grown on them.


The L1 subgroup of the immunoglobulin G superfamily participates in neurite outgrowth, neurite fasciculation and inter-neuronal adhesion. Almost all functional studies of the L1 family have focused on their role in neurons. In this issue of the Journal of Cell Biology ([Tait et al. 2000][1]), the


The present invention component capable of stimulating a method for delivering a medium lipophilicity to Kooya oily drug into the systemic circulation, the said lipophilic drug and endogenous lipid production for subject fasted state through the lymphatic transport system, or long chain lipids, pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants and include oral administration of formulations comprising a component selected from combinations thereof, sufficient ingredients is to increase or promote the lymphatic transport of the lipophilic drug the amount one method, and a method corresponding to the avoidance of lymphatic transport.


Paper sacks as a transport packaging can decrease the damage of the contains during transportation. The packaging sould conform with the design type and sould be completely tested in accordance with the requirements of the UNStandard. Experiment has been carried out to determine the specification of paper kraft which is used for paper multiwall sacks for group III dangeraous goods. The paper multiwall sacks made of three/four paper kraft liner and inner packaging LDP E film. The type of paper sacks is sewn open mouth with dimension length x width = 710 x 470 mm and 25 kg by weight. The transport simulation test of paper sacks multiwall showed that the optimum physical properties of four paper kraft liner were total weight 213, 10 gram and the thickness of LDPEfilm is 22,60 µm.


This study was conducted in the nursery of Baramoon Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, during two successive seasons ( 2004/2005 and 2005/2006), aiming to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Cycocel (CCC) at 1500 and 3000 and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) at 75 and 150 ppm on Pelargonium zonale, L. (Red cultivar) plants. Foliar spray was once (after 15 days) or twice (after 15 and 30 days from planting). The most important results can be summarized as follows:1CCC and PBZ controlled plant height in all treated plants and induced profuse branching. 2The used growth retardants induced plentiful inflorescences as compared with control plants. 3All of PBZ and most of CCC treatments reduced number of days to flower. 4All CCC or PBZ treatments increased the total chlorophyll and carbohydrates content. For obtaining compact plants, earlier flowering with dark green leaves, a profuse branches and plentiful inflorescences it may be recommended to use PBZ at 75 ppm twice.


Abstract: The new genus Atla forms a well-supported clade in a molecular phylogeny based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The genus has a crustose thallus, a hamathecium at maturity without hyphal elements except for pseudoparaphyses remaining at the ostiolum, and large, muriform spores. Atla wheldonii was previously referred to Polyblastia. Three new species, A. alpina (the type of the new genus), A. palicei and A. praetermissa, are included in the genus and described here as new to science. They were found on calcareous rocks and soil in Northern Scandinavia; A. alpina also occurs in Central Europe, and A. wheldonii likewise in Central Europe, the Pyrenées and in the British Isles. An identification key to the species and a revision of the genus are also provided.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy of twin-block appliance in the treatment of children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods Two independent reviewers conducted a systematic review of seven databases from database establishment until October 16, 2021. There were no language restrictions. The outcomes were changes in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxyhemoglobin desaturation index (ODI), and lowest arterial oxygen saturation (lowest SaO2). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) tool was used to assess the quality of the studies included. Results A total of 207 articles were screened for relevance, and 6 of them met the inclusion criteria for our meta-analysis. Four of the studies were case series, 1 was nonrandomized control trial, and 1 was a randomized crossover clinical trial. After twin-block therapy, there was a significant decrease in AHI (4.35 events/hour, 95% CI: 4.04, 4.66, p ≤ 0.001). The lowest SaO2 significantly increased by 9.17% (95% CI: 12.05, 6.28, p ≤ 0.001). Sensitivity analysis by excluding studies one by one showed stable and favorable results in lowest SaO2 and AHI. Conclusions Results from the meta-analysis showed that the use of twin-block appliance significantly decreased AHI and significantly increased lowest SaO2. Hence, twin-block appliance therapy may be an effective method for the treatment of pediatric OSA. Further large sample size randomized controlled trials are needed to assess this treatment efficacy in children with obstructive sleep apnea.


The paper focuses on the Federal Constitutional Courts climate decision of March 24, 2021, which is considered to be the most far-reaching climate protection decision. Public-law climate lawsuits raised the question of the extent to which individuals are entitled to climate protection. The paper first takes up the scientific background of climate change, gives an overview of already existing climate protection regulations and the most important public-law climate lawsuits and their decisions. This is followed by a dogmatic examination before the substantive climate protection content of individual constitutional norms is examined, always with a critical appraisal of the case law. Finally, the paper discusses problems of the admissibility.


This research discusses the conception, inception and implementation of an integrated framework for Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) management in Malaysian schools. Albeit there is a robust implementation of VLE in Malaysia, past empirical studies on VLE shown that most of the studies done on the management of VLE are centralized on higher education and there is not much studies done on the management of VLE in schools, specifically in Malaysian context. With the inception of 1BestariNet in 2012, all 10,000 schools in Malaysia are equipped with 4G connection and VLE systems, which give impetus to the significance of better management of VLE in schools. Hence, this research aims to optimize organizational and management skills amongst the school administrators and IT Managers which will snowball to multiplier advantages it offers to the stakeholders; teachers, students and parents. The main objective is to offer standardized integrated framework for the school administrators and School IT Managers in all schools in Malaysia, in managing VLE effectively. This research explores past and current online teaching and learning frameworks and existing VLE management frameworks in order to study how they can be improvised, adapted and integrated to fit in the current VLE settings and the stakeholder's needs. The findings provide a foundation into the deployment of an integrated framework in order to provide effective support in the management of VLE in Malaysian schools.


In this article,we summarized Pro. LI Yi-rui's clinical experience in curing RRTI non-acute infection period and point out that the main characteristic type of syndrome of RRTI is the deficiency of lung and spleen healthy energy,which holds wetness evil and food stagnation. Basing on this theory,we raised the main principles of treatment of RRTI is invigorating the spleen to benefit the lung, eliminating the wetness-evil and relieving dyspepsia;besides Fuganning is the basic recipe in curing RRTI non-acute infection period.


Recent years have witnessed tremendous academic efforts and industry growth in machine learning. The security of machine learning has become increasingly prominent. Poisoning attack is one of the most relevant security threats to machine learning which focuses on polluting the training data that machine learning needs during the training process. Specifically, the attacker blends crafted poisoning samples into training data in order to make the learned model beneficial to him. To the best of our knowledge, existing researches about poisoning attack focused on either integrity attack or availability attack, which did not unify these two attacks together. Aside from that, from the attacker's perspective, attacker's strategy is not flexible enough. Finally, existing proposals only concentrated on increasing the test error of the learned model but ignored the importance of the concealment of attack. To overcome these issues, we firstly present a thorough adversarial model for poisoning attack in which attacker's strategy is defined from two aspects, i.e., the effect of attack and the concealment of attack. Then we unify integrity attack and availability attack together in similar formulations. Furthermore, in order to enhance flexibility, a tradeoff parameter is inserted into attacker's objective function which means the attacker can balance the attraction of effect against the requirement of concealment. Finally, as examples, extensive experiments are conducted on linear regression and logistic regression to demonstrate the effectiveness of attack.


In this article, the problem of robust <tex>$H$</tex><inf>2</inf> and <tex>$H$</tex><inf>∞</inf> filter design for discrete-time systems with polytopic parameters is studied. First, the dimension of filter design matrices are dilated. For <tex>$H$</tex><inf>2</inf> filter, the matrix is dilated from 3 to 4, and for <tex>$H$</tex><inf>∞</inf> filter, the corresponding matrix is dilated from 4 to 5. Then, the polynomial parameter-dependent method is applied to design the Lyapunov function and filter gains. In addition, an iteration algorithm is used to further reduce the conservativeness. The superiority of the proposed conditions is illustrated by some simulation examples borrowed from the literature.


Metal cutting processes such as machining or abrasive processes are related to the production of relatively large amounts of heat, as a result of the intense contact of workpiece and cutting tool. For that reason, it is often necessary to employ a cooling fluid in order to alleviate the intense and usually undesired heat-induced effects on the workpiece. Due to the cost and environmental concerns regarding cutting fluids, the heat absorbing efficiency and quantity of cutting fluids employed is always a concern. In the present work, the effect of cutting fluid type in the temperature profile of the workpiece during grinding is investigated and useful conclusions are drawn, concerning the efficiency of nanofluids as cutting fluids.


Radian Corporation, under contract to the Elec tric Power Research Institute, has recently completed a study of the potential range of application for retrofitting electric driven heat pumps to existing distillation columns. A computerized evaluation program was developed, consisting of simulation, cost estimation, and economics analysis. The simu lations were done using the PROCESS~ simulation package, while the cost and economics analysis rou tines were developed by Radian. This paper sununarizes the results of the evalu ations of retrofits to four generic distillation processes. In addition, the bases of the evaluation programs and the results of several peripheral tasks are described briefly.


You might find this additional info useful...This article cites 63 articles, 21 of which can be accessed free at:/content/284/6/R1436.full.html#ref-list-1 This article has been cited by 13 other HighWire hosted articles, the first 5 are:€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J. Neurosci., March 31, 2010; 30 (13): 4626-4635.E. Zayra Millan, Teri M. Furlong and Gavan P. McNallyAccumbens Shell−Hypothalamus Interactions Mediate Extinction of Alcohol Seeking€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Hum. Reprod. Update 2010; 16 (3): 276-292.Dean A. Van VugtBrain imaging studies of appetite in the context of obesity and the menstrual cycle€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J. Neurosci., June 16, 2010; 30 (24): 8263-8273.Laubach, George K. Aghajanian and Ralph J. DiLeoneRobert M. Sears, Rong-Jian Liu, Nandakumar S. Narayanan, Ruth Sharf, Mark F. Yeckel, MarkMelanin-Concentrating HormoneRegulation of Nucleus Accumbens Activity by the Hypothalamic Neuropeptide€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Mol Pharmacol, August , 2012; 82 (2): 156-167.Pauli M. Turunen, Maria H. Jantti and Jyrki P. KukkonenEndocannabinoid ReleaseOX1 Orexin/Hypocretin Receptor Signaling through Arachidonic Acid and€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Am J Clin Nutr, September , 2013; 98 (3): 641-647.Ebbeling, Jill M Goldstein and David S LudwigBelinda S Lennerz, David C Alsop, Laura M Holsen, Emily Stern, Rafael Rojas, Cara BEffects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in menUpdated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at:/content/284/6/R1436.full.html and Comparative Physiology can be found at:Additional material and information about American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrativehttp://www.the-aps.org/publications/ajpreguThis information is current as of August 30, 2013.€


This article conceptualizes strategic alliances as social dilemma settings in which private interests of alliance partners are inherently in conflict with the collective value creation abilities of...


&NA; As health care provider shortages appear on the horizon, questions persist as to how the PA profession fits into the future health care workforce. Four workforce‐related presentations given at the October 2006 Physician Assistant Education Association Education Forum in Quebec City, Quebec, addressed PA workforce issues.


The last three sentences unfortunately revive the old dichotomy once promoted by the drama theorist Eric Bentley in The Playwright as Thinker (New York, 1946; see p. 6) that opposed classical and popular theatre, including opera and musical theatre, allowing the properties of music drama only to the former categories. About this we need say no more than that the history of Broadway since 1946 provides more than enough examples to discredit the notion. Not that one has to claim that Richard Rodgers operates on the same scale as Giuseppe Verdi, but that is a far cry from claiming that Rodgers's work has nothing to do with 'musical drama'. In his easy equivalence of Sondheim and Verdi, Wagner, and Puccini, in setting before the reader such an exaggerated claim for his man's achievement compared with those of Broadway's 'golden age', Swayne does Sondheim no favours. Rather the opposite. The reader from this point on takes whatever praise the author bestows on the composer with a considerable grain of salt. In fact, the criticism taken as a whole is not inconsistent with this beginning: almost everything is aggressively positive, often with a touch of the hagiographic. Now it is hard to imagine anything more tiresome than criticism by someone who despises his object. The urge to criticize arises first and foremost from love of the art, and love for Sondheim's art Swayne has to overflowing. But to be credible, to have the power of persuading the great unwashed, there must be a certain detachment, a more realistic perspective that recognizes failure along with achievement, the word of a critic and not of a fan. No one wants Sondheim scholarship to end up like Kurt Weill scholarship, mostly defensive and angry at the world for not recognizing their man as Mozart reincarnate. Why, one wonders, in a book about Sondheim's 'sound' is not more discussion and yes, credit, given to his remarkable orchestrators such as Jonathan Tunick and Paul Gemignani? The 'Chronology of Sondheim's Creative Career' gives no information and there is no entry for 'orchestration' in the index. There are few mentions of these men in the text. Could it be because the author finds it embarrassing that the composer, in one of the most traditional of Broadway practices, handed his vocal scores over to professionals rather than orchestrating them himself, as did George Gershwin for Porgy and Bess and Leonard Bernstein for West Side Story? Despite these reservations about the music criticism, How Sondheim Found his Sound is an invaluable resource for anyone studying Sondheim seriously, not to mention how much fun it will be for the Sondheim aficionado who knows his music well. The offering of new sources, including the author's own interviews with the composer, make it a significant updating of the history of the American musical theatre. As a study of a brilliant composer immersed in his culture, the book is both broad and deep, particularly on the arts outside the musical. JOSEPH P. SWAIN doi:10.1093/ml/gcl016


Spring tensioning device (1) with two spring clamping elements (15a, 15b) mounted for receiving a on a spring leg (17) to be tensioned helical spring (16), and with a drive unit (12) for displacement of the spring clamping elements (15a, 15b) along relative to each other a spring tensioning direction (F), wherein the spring tensioning device (1) has a protective housing (3) enclosing the strut (17) with the helical spring (16) during the tensioning of the coil spring (16), characterized, that the protective housing (3) (4a, 4b) comprises two spring in the clamping direction (F) telescopically slidable covers, on a frame (2) of the spring chuck (1) are guided.