Publicised as the first textbook to deal with imaging of pathology of the entire visual system, the book is aimed at radiologists, ophthalmologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and ENT specialists. There are chapters on imaging methods, specifically colour Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, on anatomy with imaging correlates, and on functional magnetic resonance imaging. There is a "Short Primer" of neuro-ophthalmology, a special section on optic pathway pathology in children, a chapter on orbital pathology comprising almost 200 pages and a chapter on intracranial pathology comprising about 90 pages. The text is organised according to pathology with generally an easy to read style. The book's most remarkable characteristic, a great testament to the editor, is the immense collection of high quality CT and MRI scans. It is a wonderful reference for busy clinicians, ophthalmologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and ENT specialists who need to confirm whether imaging is consistent with the clinical diagnosis. They will also appreciate the early chapters on imaging methods and anatomy. The organisation of the text may make it less immediately helpful but still highly useful to radiologists, both neuro-radiologists but more especially those not regularly reporting orbital or head scans, trying to make a diagnosis from the imaging, The value of the section on neuro-ophthalmology is somewhat unclear. The idea is good but most readers will be overwhelmed by the detailed discussion of the organisation of the visual and ocular motor systems. A more thorough scheme of topographical diagnosis would have been helpful. There is no mention of the pattern of visual field loss specific to lateral geniculate lesions or lesions of visual cortical area V2. The discussion of nystagmus only mentions jerk nystagmus without any reference to the acquired pendular nystagmus of brainstem infarction or demyelination. In other chapters there are superfluous discussions of disease pathogenesis, such as for multiple sclerosis. The reader needs to be wary of the advice on clinical management. Optic nerve compression in dysthyroid eye disease is not "a conclusive indicator for surgical intervention". Systemic steroids and radiotherapy also play important roles. To state that in idiopathic intracranial hypertension "conservative therapy consists of medication with acetazolamide and/or prednisolone" misrepresents the role of steroid therapy which is infrequently used. Many readers will find the terminology and phraseology irritating at times. The terms hypomochilon and phlegmon are not in regular use. Optomotor is unfamiliar and clumsy compared to ocular motor."Drusen of the optic head consists of a primarily autosomal-dominant preliminary mucoprotein matrix deposit with blurred papilla, but only subclinical visual field deficits, a differential diagnosis to papilledema in idiopathic cerebral hypertension, and demonstrates calcification of the optic head" will send many a head spinning! There are also a number of factual errors, for example Parinaud's syndrome is characterised by vertical not horizontal gaze paralysis. The ultimate reference book in neuro-ophthalmology remains Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, now consisting of 5 enormous volumes and full to the brim with similar quality scans but not necessarily available to most neurologists. In comparison this book's emphasis on orbital pathology will reduce its appeal to neurologists, even those with a particular interest in neuro-ophthalmology, but it would be a useful addition to neurology department libraries. Paul O'Riordan-Eva, King's College Hospital, London Imaging of Orbital and Visual Pathway Pathology


6 Health inequalities are a major concern in the UK. Power imbalances are associated 7 with health inequalities and should be challenged through health promotion and 8 empowering strategies, enabling individuals who feel powerless to take control over 9 their own life and act on the determinants of health (Green and Tones, 2010). This 10 study aimed to explore resident expectations of a community engagement 11 programme that intended to empower communities to take action on pre-identified 12 priorities. The programme targeted communities in deprived areas of a mid-sized city 13 in the UK. 14 A qualitative design was implemented. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were 15 undertaken with 28 adult residents at the start of the programme. Transcripts were 16 analysed using an inductive approach to thematic analysis. Resident expectations 17 were explored from a constructivist epistemological perspective. The qualitative 18 inductive approach allowed a second research question to develop which led this 19 paper to focus on exploring how disempowerment was experienced by individuals 20 before taking part in a community engagement programme. 21 Analysis of interviews revealed a 'process of deterioration' that provided insight into 22 how communities might become (more) disadvantaged through disempowerment. 23 Five master themes were identified: external abandonment at the institutional-level 24 (master theme 1); a resulting loss of sense of community (master theme 2); this 25 negatively affected psychological wellbeing of residents (master theme 3); who 26 adopted coping strategies (e.g., disengagement) to aid living in such challenging 27 areas; (master theme 4); disengagement further perpetuated the deterioration of the 28 area (master theme 5). Distrust was identified as a major barrier to participation in 29 community engagement programmes. 30 Overall, our data suggested that community engagement approaches must prioritise restoration of trust and be accompanied by supportive policies to mitigate feelings of 32 abandonment in communities.


Aim To explore the evaluation of EV71-IgM and EV71-RNA in diagnosis of hand-foot-mouth Disease (HFMD)and compare the coincidence rate of positive rate of RT-PCR an ELISA.Methods RT-PCR methods and the ELISA method were used for detection of EV71-RNA and EV71-IgM antibodies in 60 nucleic acid-positive inpatients with known serum antibody results at the same time were detected.In addition,the correlation of appearance time clinical symptoms time with the time of antibody production was also anlayzed.Results There 320 clinical cases were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR respectively with the positive rate of 15.8%and 32.9%.Out of the 60 DNA-positive patients,49 were positive for EV71-IgM and the coincidence rate of the two methods was 81.7%(49/60).The clinical symptoms of the 49 cases were mild,mostly with low fever,part of the hospitalized ones were admitted 2~3days after appearance of rash. There were 11 and nucleic acid-positive antibody-negative cases and they were admitted to hospital 12~24hours after appearance of rash on hand,foot,mouth,hip rash and most of them had high fever and at serious condition when antibody did not generate but they were all positive for antibody2-3days after admission.Conclusion Detection of DNA and antibody in type EV71 HFMD patients is of important clinical value and simultaneous detection of EV71-IgM and EV71-RNA by two methods can enhance the positive rate,especially suitable for hospitals at grassroots level without capacity for DNA test.


The ageing of the global HIV‐positive population brings with it the novel challenges of geriatric medicine, such as management of comorbidities including cardiovascular disease and HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Recent literature from high‐income countries suggests vascular risk factors, which are increasingly prevalent throughout sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), are stronger predictors of HAND than HIV‐disease severity. There is a paucity of evidence surrounding the association between HAND, vascular risk factors and end‐organ damage (EOD) in older cohorts of people living with HIV (PLWH) in SSA. This study aimed to establish prevalence, and evaluate the relationship between vascular risk factors, EOD and HAND in individuals aged ≥50 receiving HIV treatment in Tanzania


Cyclin C binds the cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (cdk8),which regulates transcription by phosphorylating RNA polymeraseⅡand TFIIH.The effect of cyclin C on zygotic transcrip- tion activation during vertebrate embryonic development is poorly understood.This paper de- scribed the clone and developmental expression pattern of zebrafish cyclin C cDNA.It was highly conserved,sharing 88% amino acid sequence identity with human cyclin C,thereby indicating an important role for the protein.Northern blotting and whole mount in situ hybridisation revealed expression of zebrafish cyclin C maternally,following the onset of zygotic transcription at the mid-blastula transition (MBT) and throughout embrvonic development.


With the rapid proliferation of IoT devices and its growing usage in safety-critical systems, securing these devices from malicious attacks has become increasingly challenging. Due to the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices, real-time software-based malware detection is difficult or infeasible. Alternatively, a promising approach is utilizing hardware malware detection techniques. In this paper, we introduce a novel Hardware Immune System (HWIS), a stand-alone, hardware-supported malware detection approach for microprocessors that leverages Artificial Immune Systems for detecting botnet activity. This technique is suitable for low-power, resource constrained and network facing embedded devices. The proposed model is capable of detecting botnet behavior with an accuracy of 96.7%, false negative rate of 6.5%, and F1-score of 0.96. We implemented and simulated the proposed architecture using 32nm low power PTM SPICE models and the Synopsys 32nm EDK and found the power and area overhead to be 2.57% and 5.25%, respectively, with no impact on delay, using a 28nm RISC-V CPU as a baseline.


A fibre-optic system for the detection and location of hydrocarbon fuel spills with 2m accuracy over a total length of 10 km is presented. The sensor incorporates liquid-swelling polymers that transduce their swelling into a force on an optical fibre when activated. The standard Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) technique is used to interrogate the sensor, which provides the possibility of locating target hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals at multiple positions along the sensor length. Response time of the sensor after exposure to the activating liquid is typically 30 seconds, dependent on the activating fuel. A brief explanation of the operational characteristics of the sensor and the underlying technology utilised in its operation is given. Swelling characteristics of the sensor polymer material in a range of hydrocarbon fuels and solvents is presented. Experimental test results using prototype sensors to detect simulated fuel spills at separate locations are then described. The ability to replace the polymer with materials that are sensitive to other liquids provides the possibility of sensing many other liquids using the same generic design.


A new RS(Reed Solomon) Decoder design method, using Galois Subfield GF(2⁴) Multiplier, is described. The Decoder is designed using Normalized error position stored ROM. Here New Inverse Calculator in GF(2^8) is designed, which is simpler and faster than the classical GF(2^8) direct inverse calculator, using the Galois Subfield GF(2⁴) Arithmatic operator.


Under the present situation, the healthcare delivery system is prohibitively expensive, inefficient, and unsustainable. Machine Learning (ML) has revolutionized the way businesses and individuals use data to increase system performance. Strategists can work with a range of organized, non - structured, and semi-structured data using machine learning algorithms. This device provides a virtual assistant who can converse with patients in their native language to understand their symptoms, recommend doctors, and monitor health metrics. To process users' complaints and find the closest doctor who can help handle the user's case, the solution relies on natural language processing models and machine learning analytic methodology. A deep bilinear similarity model is also proposed by the framework to boost the generated SQL queries used for predictions and algorithms. BERT and SQLOVA models are used to train the device data collection.


This study investigated the usage of electronic academic databases resources by lecturers and postgraduate students in Western Delta University, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria. Four objectives with conforming research questions guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of the study consisted of 134 lecturers and postgraduate students in WDU. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire with the title "Usage of Electronic Academic Database Resources Questionnaire (UEADRQ)". Data was analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. The findings showed that there was a high level of awareness of the electronic academic database by the lecturers and postgraduate students. JSTOR, Elsevier, DOAJ, ProQuest, Science direct, and LexisNexis where been put to maximum usage. Meanwhile, NUC Virtual library, HINARI, Research4life, AGORA and EBSCO Host were used least frequently. The purposes of using the electronic academic datasets were for research, writing of seminar/conference paper, assignments/seminar presentations and getting up-to-date information with subject areas. Lack of search skill, slow internet bandwidth and incessant power outrage were some of the problems preventing against the effective usage of electronic academic database resources in WDU. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that electronic academic databases are vital information resources that need to be readily available in academic libraries for use by lecturers and students in the pursuit of their academic advancement. This study recommended that orientation, workshop and seminar should be organized by librarians and university authorities on how to acquire the needed search skills in order to be able to make adequate use of these electronic academic database resources in order to advance academic excellence.


With the increase of welding thickness, Friction stir welding equipment (FSW) with traditional milling machine structure could not meet the requirements of stiffness which to support the huge axis load. Therefore, a FSW with serial-parallel mechanism based on 3-PRS platform was proposed. In order to complete real-time control and the actual and virtual axis control of the equipment, the positive solution and inverse solution (based on Newton-Euler method) of the FSW are analyzed. Then, based on the PA system, the open CNC of the equipment is designed, and the inverse kinematics and the numerical positive kinematics based on Newton-Euler method are embedded into the interpolation of NC system. According to the demand of the equipment, human-machiner interface (HMI) is developed to display the positions of actual and virtual axis for the equipment, and compiler and interpolation are designed. At the same time, online real-time 3D motion simulation is designed, space pose of spindle and whole for the equipment are deduced. In the paper, design method of CNC based on the serial-parallel mechanism is provided.


After reading this chapter, you should be able to: identify the emerging sub-disciplines within biomedical and health; informatics that are critical to the skilful use of health information and communications technology in the health sciences; appreciate how informatics is applied to public health, clinical medicine, and research, and that its roles are in rapid evolution; consider clinical informatics as a professional career choice regardless of your health discipline.


An approach for the classification of cavity sizes based on their maximum charge transfer characteristics, applied voltage partial discharge pattern using Hidden Markov Models, is described. In these models, the partial discharge patterns for different cavity sizes are represented by a sequence of events rather than by the actual curves. In the training phase, each cavity size represents a unique class, which emits its own eigen sequence. Vector Quantization is deployed to assign labels for this particular sequence of events. A Hidden Markov Model is trained for each class, using a set of training patterns consisting of the labels produced by Vector Quantization. During testing, the sequence of events to be recognized is quantized and then matched against all the developed models. The best-matched model pinpoints the cavity size class. Experimental results demonstrate the remarkable capability of the proposed algorithm.


Tourism is a phenomenon which has been widely studied from a sociological point of view in recent years. The article reviews a large part of the sociological literature on the topic, focusing especially on urban and cultural tourism. Moving from the contributions offered by other components of contemporary sociological thought, the author claims that tourism should be analyzed by keeping into account : i) recent trasformation of capitalism; ii) the hegemony of visual culture and consumption; iii) symbolic universals and tourisists' motivations. In the final part, tourism - as an expression of modernity and as a disordering element - is proposed as a factor which is potentially able to subvert identities


MUS constitute a major part of the work of most doctors, particularly in primary care, and account for a third of new hospital outpatient referrals1. Patients with MUS may suffer severe disability and distress and their doctors generally find it difficult to help them2. They often attend several different specialist services and are subjected to extensive but unproductive investigation and treatment3.


Little has been written about patriotic activities in African-American communities during the First World War years, 1914–1918. One of the most important community music leaders during this time period was the soprano Emma Azalia Hackley (1867–1922). Hackley was in Paris at the outbreak of war in 1914 and witnessed the eruption of hostility. After her return to the United States she produced a series of folksong festivals in large metropolitan centers throughout the country. When the United States entered the war in April 1917, she added patriotic songs and military pageantry to her festivals, thereby providing a public forum at which African Americans could join together in celebrations of patriotism. In choosing musical selections for her patriotic events, Hackley drew attention to the beauty of spirituals and the accomplishments of black American composers and musicians.


In 2016, the Canadian federal government passed Bill C-14, a statute to enable those with irremediable conditions to obtain medical assistance in dying. This paper is my reflection from the dialogues I continue to have with students in lectures where we explore the various issues that MAiD presents for the health care system and for physicians and nurses who are called upon to assist in dying, with specific reference to the Canadian context from the perspectives of human rights and Kantian and utilitarian ethics. Specific attention is paid to conscientious objection within the Canadian context to fully protect nurses and physicians from negative consequences for whom participation in medically assisted dying is ethically objectionable. A relational approach is proposed as a framework that acknowledges the vulnerability of both nurses and those who are suffering as an ethical approach to avoid Kant's concern with using persons as means to an end.


Magnetometers based on quantum mechanical processes enable high sensitivity and long-term stability without the need for re-calibration, but their integration into fieldable devices remains challenging. This article presents a CMOS quantum vector-field magnetometer that miniaturizes the conventional quantum sensing platforms using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. By integrating key components for spin control and readout, the chip performs magnetometry through optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) through a diamond slab attached to a custom CMOS chip. The ODMR control is highly uniform across the NV centers in the diamond, which is enabled by a CMOS-generated ~2.87 GHz magnetic field with < 5% inhomogeneity across a large-area current-driven wire array. The magnetometer chip is 1.5 mm2 in size, prototyped in 65-nm bulk CMOS technology, and attached to a 300 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 80 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> diamond slab. NV fluorescence is measured by CMOS-integrated photodetectors. This ON-chip measurement is enabled by efficient rejection of the green pump light from the red fluorescence through a CMOS-integrated spectral filter based on a combination of spectrally dependent plasmonic losses and diffractive filtering in the CMOS back-end-of-line (BEOL). This filter achieves a measured ~25 dB of green light rejection. We measure a sensitivity of 245 nT/Hz1/2, marking a 130<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> improvement over a previous CMOS-NV sensor prototype, largely thanks to the better spectral filtering and homogeneous microwave generation over larger area.


Based on strain energy equivalency,the background response equivalent static wind load of large span roofs is derived.It solves the matter that numerous structural response control objects should be considered in calculating the equivalent static wind load of large span roofs,and gives a clear physical meaning for the equivalent static wind load.This establishes the relationship between the structural strain energy and fluctuant wind loads.Finally,the method is used to the back equivalent static wind load analysis of the China National Stadium roof structure.The results illustrate that the method proposed in this paper is effective.


Today, Artificial intelligence has brought in major developments in the field of technology. The evolution of technology has made it possible to build a fully autonomous driverless vehicle. According to the recent data, a vast majority of road accidents occur due to human errors or spontaneous traffic resulting in a lack of response time. The problem can be solved with the help of automated systems. This paper proposes a working prototype of a self-driving car that is capable of driving in indigenous tracks like curved tracks, straight tracks, or curvilinear tracks. The proposed system uses image processing as well as neural networks for the path planning and identification of road signs according to the regulations; to ease the lives of the drivers and automate the driving process.


This study explores how Laos PDR has its adjusted institutional settings in response to China's aid. The study argues that the donor-oriented approach is not sufficient to explain Chinese overseas development assistance (ODA) to Laos. An alternative explanation, using a recipient-oriented approach, is instead presented so that the divergence of necessity, development paths and norms, and attempts of the recipient country to change its institutional structure in response to the operation of the donor, can enhance understanding of the characteristics of Chinese aid to Laos. The study demonstrates that although Laos has attempted to systematically institutionalize the administration of ODA, the institutional configuration of Chinese ODA is informally embedded and based on flexible strategy, limited transparency, and personal relationships. Chinese ODA disbursements are open to negotiation, even if the purpose of ODA projects contradicts Chinese policy. The ODA framework developed by Laos is limited in transparency and depends on the preferences of donors. This study illustrates that personal relationships have affected the smooth implementation of projects. Such 'embedded informality' helps facilitate positive perceptions of high-ranking Laotian government officials towards Chinese ODA in terms of responsiveness to the latter country's land link strategy, fast project approval periods, and high predictability of project approvals.


For the laser diode pumped Cr,Nd∶YAG passively Q -switched Nd:YVO 4 laser, in order to improve the stability of the Q -switched pulses, a long cavity is adopted, and the gain medium is located at the middle of the cavity. In the experiments, stable pulses are obtained. At the maximum incident pump power of 17.5W, the repetition rate increases to 71.3 kHz and the pulse width (FWHM) is narrowed to 0.4μs. The pulse-to-pulse amplitude fluctuation is less than ±10%. The inter-pulse timing jitter of the Q -switched pulse train is found to be less than ±3.5%.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Longitudinal validity of the NIH minimal dataset was tested. Responsiveness was established with areas under the ROC curve of 0.84 for the total outcome score and 0.91 for Impact Stratification. Compared to mean baseline scores, an improvement of 14 points on the total outcome score and 7.5 points on Impact Stratification can be interpreted as clinically important.


Morama bean (Tylosema esculentum) is found wild in the Kgalagadi sands of Botswana, Namibia and some parts of South Africa. Morama plants were cultivated at Botswana College of Agriculture (BCA) in 2001 in a sandy loam soil which are producing seeds. The nutritional value of seed from a sandy loam soil (BCA) was compared to that of wild plants growing in a sandy soil and collected from Letlhakane in northern central region of Botswana. The effect of seed size on the nutritional value was also assessed. The results showed that ash, protein and potassium (K) contents were low by 12%, 9%, and 20%, respectively, for seeds from a sandy soil compared to those from a sandy loam soil. Calcium concentration was 40% high for seed from a sandy soil compared to a sandy loam soil. Phosphorus was not significantly affected by the soil type. Seed size significantly (P<0.05) affected fibre, ash, P, Ca and K contents while moisture, fat and protein were not affected. Soil chemical properties and seed size influenced the nutritional value of morama bean seed. Phosphorus, calcium and potassium fertilizer application to poor soils will improve nutritional value of morama bean seed.


Gunshot residue is expelled as tiny particles when a gun is discharged and includes bits of bullet, brass jacketing, lead and primer residue. Primer residues contain unique chemical components from the propellant and igniters decomposing, a rapid heating and cooling affect. The presence of these components is indicative of a suspect firing, handling or being in the close proximity of a gun being fired. Fluorescence images are obtained using a Forensic Light Source and various filters to highlight locations of different chemical compounds. EDXRF spectra record X-ray fluorescence and detects chemical element from as small as 10 μm spot. Both techniques are non-destructive and mutually complimentary. Fluorescence imaging records a large area such as a hand or a sleeve of the suspect, and quickly identifies the regions of interest. It provides information on chemical compounds and their distribution. EDXRF can analyze the isolated spots or map the regions of interest at high spatial resolution. It provides information on chemical elements and their distribution. The results from both techniques can validate each other increasing the credibility of the forensic evidences.


Fertigation with wastewaters is a great option for reuse of effluents in agriculture. Domestic effluent can be reused after primary treatment, reducing treatment costs and pollution, also providing water and nutrients to crops. This work aimed to quantify the nutrients income in coffee crop fertigated with domestic sewage. Five treatments were used. T1 received only clean water, and treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 received 180, 350, 480 and 638 mm of sewage, respectively, during four months. Monthly soil analyses allowed to quantify nutrient inputs of 67.45 kg ha -1 of N, 81.89 kg ha -1 of P, 33.34 kg ha -1 of K + , 173.24 kg ha -1 of Ca 2+ , 49.18 kg ha -1 of Mg 2+ , 161.56 kg ha -1 of Na + and 116.19 kg ha -1 of S. Even though the treatments promoted reductions in fertilization and liming, it was still necessary to complement fertilization of coffee crop fertigated with domestic sewage.


In this paper, we discuss a decision procedure for the indefinite integration of transcendental Liouvillian functions in terms of elementary functions and logarithmic integrals. We also discuss a decision procedure for the integration of a large class of transcendental Liouvillian functions in terms of elementary functions and error-functions.


The authors present a case report of a 63 years-old male patient, with two popliteal aneurysms, both treated by the classical surgical approach, one of which was thrombosed (short distances claudication) and subsequently by endovascular means an isolated iliac artery aneurysm, by placing a covered stent-graft. This case demonstrates the different possible approaches (endovascular and classical) to treat the same pathological entity, in different location and circumstances, in the same patient. A literature review of the disease in question was performed and discussion is raised about what is the best surgical treatment for each location. |


The Raman spectra of C_ (60) derivatives were studied,which was found that the structure of C_ ( 60) was changed due to the added functional group. It induces the change of the Raman spectra.


Some WLAN MAC parameters can reflect the wireless communications conditions, and some changes of MAC parameters can improve the performance of WLAN. A QoS architecture is present in this paper, which monitors the MAC parameters and introduces some QoS mechanisms based on the parameters. Performance of WLAN can be improved through use of the architecture.


The aim of this study was nutritional assessment of intramuscular fat(IMF),amino acid,inosinic acid(IMP),fatty acid profile of Longissimus dorsi muscles and fatty acid profile of back fat from Yushan black pigs(n = 9).The results showed that,17 kinds of amino acids were together 19.16% in Longissimus dorsi muscles with delicious amino acids and essential amino acids accounting for 38.96% and 44.78%,respectively.Moreover,strong umami taste and high protein bioavailability were found.Amino acid scoring showed good balance of essential amino acids and good absorbability in the human body.The contents of IMF and IMP were 6.62% and 2.99%,respectively,which contibuted to desired tenderness and juiciness of pork from Yushan black pigs.Furthremore,both Longissimus dorsi muscles and back fat from Yushan black pigs indicated high precentages of unsaturated fatty acids;linoleic acid and linolenic acid were 12.73% and 0.86% in Longissimus dorsi muscles,respectively,suggesting high nutirtional value.


s International: Section B, 49(8), 3442. (UMI No. AAT 8823504). Howard-Hamilton, M. F., & Sina, J. A. (2001). How college affects student athletes. New Directions for Student Services, 93, 35-45. Husserl, E. (1931). Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology . Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. Johnson, D. L., Hallinan, C. J., & Westerfield, R. C. (1999). Picturing success: Photographs and stereotyping in men's collegiate basketball. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(1), 45. Kaplan, W. A., & Lee, B. A. (1995). The law of higher education (3 rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Kearney, K. S. (2002). A study of the emotional effects on employees who remain through organizational change: A view through Kubler-Ross (1969) in an


This paper proposes an architecture and a set of mechanisms for deploying services in a decentralised contributory system, i.e. a system that runs using only the resources contributed to the community by its members. We present the layers that form our architecture and show the existing technologies that can be used to implement some of them. We show how our mechanisms make use of these layers and how they interact to allow the deployment of services in a decentralised way. The resources contributed by the members of the community are used to host the services deployed in it, while achieving desirable characteristics such as scalability, decentralisation, ability to deal with heterogeneity, fault tolerance, load-balancing and self-properties.


The present invention relates to a method for producing Petasites japonicus leaf extract effective for memory improvement, and to a composition for memory improvement comprising the Petasites japonicus leaf extract. The Petasites japonicus leaf extract obtained by the production method of the present invention has an excellent effect on nerve cell protection and regeneration.


Palmaris longus (PL) muscle is a superficial forearm flexor with a slender shape. Absent PL muscle has been reported of normal hand function without defect. Academically, this study is to investigate the number of cases of agenesis of PL muscle including classified PL muscle variations in Thais. Eighty-three Thai cadavers were formaldehyde fixed, dissected, identified, and classified. There were shown anatomical variations such as complete agenesis, aberrant attachment at insertion, and duplication tendon. Firstly, PL muscle agenesis was the most frequent variation: bilateral agenesis (2 cadavers) and unilateral agenesis (1 cadaver). Agenesis of PL muscle was found more in the bilateral side and in the female. The left side of PL muscle was absent more than the right side. Secondly, PL tendon was inserted at the same site of abductor pollicis brevis muscle. Eventually, a duplication of PL muscle was also exhibited. Accordingly, anatomical variants of PL are significant knowledge for reconstructive or plastic surgeries.


Protected areas play an essential role in biodiversity conservation reflecting in some manner the environmental conditions that allow both the existence of communities with high species richness and the maintenance of ecological processes. We presented the main findings of a study of landscape structure and its influence on the biodiversity patterns of dung beetles in the Cabaneros National Park. Using pitfall traps in three habitat types immersed in three different landscape matrices (forest, scrubland and grassland) we recorded 75000 individuals of 52 species of dung beetles. Differences found in species richness and composition at habitat and landscape scales support the idea that the conservation of biodiversity in Mediterranean ecosystems implies the maintenance of the natural levels of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at all scales.


This invention relates to conditioning particles of hy groscopic material which normally tend to coalesce and cake during storage due to the effects of moisture, tem perature and/or pressure and relates especially to a novel composition which, when applied to hygroscopic particles, especially fertilizer particles, prevents their coalescence and caking during storage. The caking of fertilizer and other hygroscopic salts during storage presents serious difficulties to the producer and ultimate user. Fertilizer materials which cake are not amenable to usual bulk storing and handling tech niques and after storage cannot be spread with mechani cal distribution devices. To prevent or minimize caking of hygroscopic salts, a variety of methods has been sug gested and put into practice. One of the most note worthy has been the production of fertilizer salts in the form of regularly sized granules or prills rather than in powdered form in which there would be more sites for intercrystalline growth with resultant caking of the salt particles. While granules are generally less prone to cake than powders of the same composition, there are many types of fertilizer granules and prills, especially those high in water-soluble nitrogen, which form hard cakes when stored in moist environments. Several methods have met with success in preventing caking of a limited group of granular salts. Thus, for example, a limited group of fertilizer salts can be effectively conditioned by coating individual particles of the salt with about 2% to 5% of powdered absorptive solids such as diatomaceous earth, various clays or limestone. These conditioning agents can occasionally be used with some success in conditioning high nitrogen analysis fertilizer granules, such as ann monium nitrate prills and 10-10-10 mixed fertilizer granules, provided the granules have previously been dried to an exceptionally low moisture content, e.g., a moisture contents of say 0.1% to 0.5%. Drying fertilizer salts to a moisture content less than about 1% adversely affects the manufacturing cost of the fertilizer. Consequently, the cost involved in conditioning high nitrogen fertilizer salts with powdered sorbents is not practical. Moreover, the results frequently leave much to be desired. One of the most promising methods for conditioning high nitrogen content fertilizer salts, especially salts which are somewhat moist, is fundamentally different in con cept from the use of particulate solid sorbents. This method involves coating granules of the fertilizer salt granules with an extremely small quantity, e.g., /2 to 2 lbs./ton, of a hydrophobic fatty amine. The fatty amines appear to prevent caking by providing on the surface of the fertilizer granules a hydrophobic layer which curtails absorption of water by the granules. To accomplish this, the amine must be provided as an extremely uniforn coating on the granules in order to be effective even when the amine is employed at a desirable level. To provide 10


The present invention provides a high intensity focused ultrasound system (302), and a memory containing instructions, medical device having a processor (300, 500). Execution of the instructions, the processor receives the surface data (342) representing the position of the surface (322) (100, 202) makes. Surface data defines the position of the heating volume. Wherein execution of the instructions further cause the processor, a step of the done using heating position data and ultrasonic transducer element model (352) determines a set of transducer switching command (344) (102, 204), wherein executing and controlling (104,206) the high intensity focused ultrasound system to heat the heating volume with a set of transducer switching command. Intensity for each of said one set of transducer switching command for controlling the heating volume of cross-sectional shape to cover the surface of the above or below a predetermined intensity, the plurality of ultrasonic transducer elements including the level.


Blocking artifact, characterized by visually noticeable changes in pixel values along block boundaries, is a common problem in block-based image/video compression, especially at low bitrate coding. Various post-processing techniques have been proposed to reduce blocking artifacts, but they usually introduce excessive blurring or ringing effects. This paper proposes a self-learning-based image/ video deblocking framework via properly formulating deblocking as an MCA (morphological component analysis)-based image decomposition problem via sparse representation. The proposed method first decomposes an image/video frame into the low-frequency and high-frequency parts by applying BM3D (block-matching and 3D filtering) algorithm. The high-frequency part is then decomposed into a "blocking component" and a "non-blocking component" by performing dictionary learning and sparse coding based on MCA. As a result, the blocking component can be removed from the image/video frame successfully while preserving most original image/video details. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.


THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. Since that time we have witnessed the growth and expansion of college and university campuses across the country, all of which pay homage to this original founding. In his Museum International paper on cultural heritage, Bell (2000, p. 45) reminds us that "the world abounds in astounding cultural heritage sites inextricably linked to the history, tradition and lives of one or more peoples" and identifies the critical connection between the preservation of cultural heritage and universities: an opportunity for preservationists and academics to partner toward common good. In an era of tightening fiscal realities and diverse views on campus planning, it is this connection and the ongoing threat to the physical manifestation of cultural heritage at Ohio University that this article explores in an attempt to argue the need for policy and acknowledge the benefits of integrated planning as a preservation approach. CULTURAL HERITAGE AT OHIO UNIVERSITY Home to the first academic building in the Northwest Territory, Ohio University's main campus in Athens, Ohio, is rich with physical expressions of cultural heritage. Four primary categories of these expressions can be easily identified across the campus: (1) landscapes, (2) architecture, (3) interiors, and (4) art. Of the four, interiors and art, while valued, are currently underutilized as cultural capital in promoting the university in favor of the more visible pairing of landscapes and architecture. The highly prized greens of Ohio University are used as primary location identifers (e.g., North Green, South Green, College Green) as are the associated structures that serve as academic and residential enclaves on each green. Since its founding in 1804 and the completion of the original college structure now commonly known as Cutler Hall (located on the College Green), the university has expanded in all directions, staying true to its original Federal influence and Georgian architecture. Certainly there have been eras of architectural experimentation, most notably in the 1960s and 1970s with structures built in a style typical of that period, but, as a whole, the visual landscape has remained true to its origins. This unwritten rule for the visual landscape has become central to how the university identifies itself both inwardly and outwardly to the general public and prospective students. In the same spirit of Thomas Jefferson and his design of the "academical village" for the University of Virginia, the hope is for teachers and students to coexist in a community of learning supported by the campus setting (Turner 1984). While the greens themselves have been well maintained, of particular concern to both university and community members is the current state of historic structures on the campus, most notably those that surround and face the College Green. These stately structures, most originally designed as single family homes, vary in architectural style, size, and condition. Once numbering in the 40s (see figure 1 for a 1908 site map of the Athens campus), there are now 14 remaining homes dating back as far as 1854 with many constructed around the turn of the 20th century (figure 2 illustrates the homes that remained as of 2014). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Jefferson, one of the early influencers on campus design, suggested that architecture has the ability to "objectify values, shape conviction, and influence behavior" (Wenger 1995, p. 339) and that both architecture and the place in which it exists are symbolic of the character of a university. Such a belief illustrates the central role of cultural heritage at a university and the value of an institution's commitment to a stylistic envelope. Federal influence and Georgian architecture, while much debated today for being too traditional for a contemporary campus, were broadly used in the founding of the Athens campus for many of the same reasons they were used on other colonial campuses. …


Three levels of drivers' behavior influencing risk are shown in the literature: a basic attitude towards safety at a general level, the behavioral features in usual driving situations, and the drivers' reaction in accident situations. The accident and its seriousness for a driver would result from his choices at these behavioral levels. Research studies carried out in France and within the framework of the European program PROMETHEUS investigate separately each of these behavioral levels and provide knowledge on the risk process leading to an accident. The work presented here is an attempt to link this previous research and to propose a global and consistent approach to risk, highlighting the advantages of integrating the three levels considered in preventive action. The method involves analyzing the relations between drivers' behavior and accidents. It is based on the hypothesis of stable driving habits in the traffic system, largely influenced by social-cultural factors with different potentials for accident involvement. In the presentation of the results, investigators give priority to the system of factors related to alcohol. In conclusion, the possibility of safety actions such as regulatory action or driving aids are discussed.


We report the discovery of new member of the Local Group in the constellation of Antlia. Optically the system appears to be a typical dwarf spheroidal galaxy of type dE3.5 with no apparent young blue stars or unusual features. A color-magnitude diagram in I, V-I shows the tip of the red giant branch, giving a distance modulus of 25.3 +/- 0.2 (1.15 Mpc +/- 0.1) and a metallicity of -1.6 +/- 0.3. Although Antlia is in a relatively isolated part of the Local Group it is only 1.2 degrees away on the sky from the Local Group dwarf NGC3109, and may be an associated system.


We demonstrate that ion beam milling and high temperature annealing can be used to modify the surface coverage and three-dimensional shape of metal nanoparticles, thus enabling optimization of the optical properties for solar cell applications.


OBJECTIVE To prepare poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA)microspheres loaded with celecoxib and evaluate their prolong-release efficiency in vitro.METHODS Celecoxib-PLGA microspheres were prepared by emulsification/solvent evaporation method,and optimize the preparation technology with orthogonality.The characteristic of microspheres,such as the particle size,loading and encapsulation efficiency were taken as indexes for evaluating the microspheres.Their dissolution characteristic in vitro was also studied.RESULTS Celecoxib-PLGA microspheres possessed a smooth and round appearance.Particle diameter was 1.5 m,the encapsulation rate and drug loading was(94.90±0.20)%and(8.7±0.3)%,respectively.The in vitro release curves of celecoxib microspheres could be fitted with Higuchi equation.The accumulated release percentage of microspheres was 69.1%during 40 days.CONCLUSION The technology of preparation is successful and the microspheres have a round appearance.Microspheres have a good prolonged release effect in vitro.


and commentary also appear in ACP Journal Club. A modified version of the abstract appears in Evidence-Based Nursing. ABSTRACTED FROM Drummond MB, Dasenbrook EC, Pitz MW, et al Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2008;300:2407–16.ED FROM Drummond MB, Dasenbrook EC, Pitz MW, et al Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2008;300:2407–16. Correspondence to: Dr E Fan, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA; email@example.com Source of funding: no external funding. c Clinical impact ratings: IM/Ambulatory care 7/7; GP/FP/Primary care 6/7; Respirology 6/7 Inhaled corticosteroids v placebo or other inhaled drugs (control) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease* Outcomes Number of comparisons (n) Weighted event rates RRR (95% CI) NNT Inhaled corticosteroids Control 1-year mortality 8 (9233) 2.8% 3.2% 14% (29 to 32) Not significant 3-year mortality 6 (9537) 10% 11% 2% (210 to 13) Not significant


The internet has ingrained itself into every aspect of our lives, but there's one aspect of the digital world that some take for granted. Did you ever notice that many links, specifically hyperlinks, are blue? When a coworker casually asked me why links are blue, I was stumped. As a user experience designer who has created websites since 2001, I've always made my links blue. I have advocated for the specific shade of blue, and for the consistent application of blue, yes, but I've never stopped and wondered, why are links blue? It was just a fact of life. Grass is green and hyperlinks are blue. Culturally, we associate links with the color blue so much that in 2016, when Google changed its links to black, it created quite a disruption [1]. But now, I find myself all consumed by the question, WHY are links blue? WHO decided to make them blue? WHEN was this decision made, and HOW has this decision made such a lasting impact? Mosaic, an early browser released by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina on January 23, 1993 [2], had blue hyperlinks. To truly understand the origin and evolution of hyperlinks, I took a journey through technology history and interfaces to explore how links were handled before color monitors, and how interfaces and hyperlinks rapidly evolved once color monitors became an option.


A new hybrid scheme which contains multiple fixed and adaptive Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) identification models is proposed in this paper in order to control efficiently a class of unknown nonlinear dynamical fuzzy systems. One state feedback fuzzy controller corresponds to each T-S model, producing its signal according to the certainty equivalence approach. A performance index and an appropriate switching rule are used to determine the T-S model which best approximates the plant and consequently to pick the best available controller at every time instant. There are two kind of adaptive models: one free running adaptive model and one reinitialized adaptive model which uses the parameters of the best fixed model at every time instant. Lyapunov stability theory is used in order to obtain the adaptive law for every adaptive model's parameters ensuring the asymptotic stability of the system. Singularity problems in the control signal are avoided by modifying the adaptive law and the Next Best Controller Logic (NBCL) ensures the controller's feasibility. A computer simulation example is given to verify the theoretical results.


The fact that living spermatozoa move towards the positive pole of an electric field has been known for some years. In a note published in 1915, the writer (8) pointed out that this movement is dependent upon a certain concentration of hydroxyl ions, without which the spermatozoa neither exhibit their normal activity nor do they move in an electric field. In the same paper the behaviour of spermatozoa to such trivalent ions as cerium was briefly described. In the present communication these results are enlarged, and the problem briefly discussed from its theoretical aspect. A considerable mass of evidence now exists to show that the surface charge of a particle or membrane is profoundly affected by the nature of the solution with which it is in contact. Albumen particles, when suspended in an acid medium, are positively charged; when in an alkaline medium they are negatively charged. Perrin (11) has shown that, if a diaphragm separates two phases between which a potential gradient exists, then the gradient can increase or decrease by treating the diaphragm with various agents. In acid solutions a negative diaphragm becomes less negative, and finally positive; in an alkaline solution the negative charge is increased.


Abstract Consistent use of vegetation indices (VIs) for monitoring rangeland ecosystems in Middle Asia, and particularly Uzbekistan has been limited. In the face of intense rangeland degradation in Uzbekistan, understanding the applicability of VIs is an immediate priority for the assessment of the current state of these rangelands. This article focuses on comparing and evaluating the potential of five intensively used VIs (NDVI, SAVI, EVI, PVI and TSAVI) to detect changes in condition and productivity of Artemisia spp. rangelands across different seasons and years. The results indicate a high degree of similarity in the response of the tested VIs when multi-season and multi-year vegetation data were combined. However, there was significant variability when vegetation data were parsed into seasons and/or variable precipitation years. We recommend that a remote sensing assessment of rangelands in various stages of invasion by native non-palatable plants should rely on a multi-season analysis of NDVI or SAVI.


This paper presents an adaptive traffic signal method based on fuzzy -neural networks for an isolated four-approaches intersection with through and lest-turning movements. This method has the ability to make adjustments to signal timing in response to observed changes. The "urgency degree" term, which can describe the different user's demand for green time is used in decisionmaking by which strategy of signal timing can be determined. Using three levels model based on fuzzy –neural networks (FNN), we can determine whether to extend or terminate the current signal phase and select the sequences of phases. Simulation results show that the fuzzy controller has the ability to adjust its signal timing in response to changing traffic conditions on a real-time basis, and our proposed controller produces lower vehicle delays and percentage of stopped vehicles than the trafficactuated controller.


The present invention relates to a drive train, comprising: a first axle transmission; a second axle transmission; an internal combustion engine, the internal combustion engine may be connected to the work of the first and / or the second transmission axle ; an electric machine, the electric machine can be connected to the work of the first and / or the transmission of the second axle, a first axle of the transmission, the internal combustion engine, a motor, and a second transmission axle is configured and connected to each other, so that the drive train is formed a self-supporting arrangement. The present invention further relates to: a chassis One particularly for a hybrid motor vehicle, the chassis comprising: one such train; work connectable to a first axle on the rear axle transmission; and the work connectable a front axle to the second axle transmission; the role of a mechanical load on the chassis, the drive train by means of the mechanical load may be transferred from one axle to the other axle.


Internet service is coming into wide user as a transmission way. However, our human communication ability is becoming lower and mechanical communication like ON and OFF is getting around. Recently communication service such as weblog and SNS is diversifying by improving computer and its skills. In this study, I search for a new method different from mechanical communication and the way to ameliorate the communication between human and computer. Before the computer was developed, after the computer was developed. I investigate the difference of communication before and after the computer was developed and history of input and output. And I make and improve an input device to solve the problem.


A method of intelligent search for accurate solutions to the planning of open-pit mining has been developed. The method is implemented within the framework of the Constraint Programming Paradigm that allows us to process heterogeneous qualitative and quantitative constraints (in particular, economic, technological, etc.) simultaneously, as well as to maintain the model of subject domain being developed which is open to adding new constraints or deleting existing constraints. Various constraints can be added to the model, including those for which it is difficult to find a suitable analytical expression. In contrast to existing methods of local search the proposed method systematically explores the search space. The method allows us to find a global optimum in large dimensional spaces that describe practically significant problems arising in production. Currently, to solve this problem, the methods of integer linear programming are widely used. But its fundamental disadvantage is the need to represent all the constraints in the form of linear equalities and inequalities. However, in practice, some combinatorial optimization problems cannot be linearized and solved using traditional methods of mathematical programming. The developed method is illustrated by the example of a three-dimensional problem of finding the position of an intermediate pit wall by the processing periods taking into account the specified performance for mineral and overburden rocks and the objective profit function taking into account discounting. The types of constraints necessary for modeling the problem under consideration are identified. The possibility of applying the existing inference procedures on constraints is considered for these types. The method proposed makes it possible to obtain accurate solutions due to the intellectualization of the solution process by using highly efficient algorithms of reducing the search space for each type of constraints and specialized heuristics for pruning unpromising alternatives in the search tree.


A hyperspectral imaging system was designed and constructed to collect spectral and spatial images of poultry carcasses.t-" Briefly, the imaging system consists of an imaging spectrograph with 25 urn slit width-Grating Type I (ImSpector V9, Spectral Vision, Ltd); a high-resolution CCD camera (SensiCam, Cooke Corp.); 1.4/17 mm compact C-mount lens, (Xenoplan, Schneider) and associated optical hardware; motor for lens motion control (Newport); frame-grabber (12-bit PCI interface board, Cooke Corp.); and computer (Pentium III, 500 MHz). The prism-grating-prism spectrograph has a nominal spectral range of 400 to 900 nm with a 6.6-mm axis and attaches to the camera for generating linescan images. The spectrograph has a nominal spectral resolution of 2.5 nm. It is connected to a 2/3" silicon based CCD sensor with a 1280 x 1024 pixel resolution. The lighting system consists of two 150-watt quartz halogen DC stabilised fibre optic illuminators (Fiber-Lite A240, Dolan-Jenner, Inc.), lamp assem-


The collapse of the New Left has, among other things, precipitated a reappraisal of methodology in the history of ideas. In this context, Levi has written a text that will be of considerable interest to those interested in problems of Marxism. Writing in the tradition of Hegel, Bergson and Dewey, Levi argues for a totalizing methodology in the history of philosophy: the goal of reconstruction is to embrace the triad of texts, author's biography, and social context, that governs the emergence of any philosophy. Levi's methodological novelty is to demand that philosophical production be integrated into the social context through the mediation of personal biography.


A study is made of EPR, optical absorption (in the range 2 to 6 eV) and density variation of LiF crystals that have been irradiated in a reactor with doses up to 1019 neutrons/cm2. In the irradiated crystals the main paramagnetic defects are F-centres. Some conclusions are drawn as to irradiation-induced expansion processes and the formation of colour centres. Some details of the aggregation process of F-centres are clarified by thermal annealing of the irradiated crystals.

[Russian text Ignored].


The electrovac axisymmetric extreme isolated horizon (IH)/conformal field theory (CFT) correspondence is considered. By expansion techniques under the Bondi-like coordinates, it is proved that the near-horizon geometry of electrovac axisymmetric extreme IH is unique. Furthermore, explicit coordinate transformation between the Bondi-like coordinates and the Poincare-type coordinates for the near-horizon metric of the extreme Kerr–Newmann spacetime is found. Based on these analyses and the thermodynamics of the IH, then, the Kerr/CFT correspondence is generalized to nonstationary extreme black holes with electromagnetic fields.


Several factors which will affect the quality of work life (QWL) of workforces, one of which is work environment. A group of workforces that is greatly affected in QWL as a result of dynamic Changes in work environment. This article reviews the meaning of QWL, analyses constructs of QWL based on the past research from the perspective of nursing professionals in many countries and including Canada, The constructs of QWL discussed are Health and well-being, Job security, Job satisfaction, Competence development Work life Balance. Control over work load, Nursing Leadership, Control over Nursing practice, Innovation and creativity, Support and recognition.. The article concludes that QWL from the perspective of nursing professionals is challenging both to the individuals and organizations. The implications of this meaning and constructs for future research in QWL from the perspective of nursing professionals are discussed.


Using the method of Green's function and partial summation of multiple scattering,we have investigated in various approximations the contribution of the 3H-1P multiple scattering correlation and self screening to the double-hole spectra of 38Ca,38K,54Fe and54Co. We use the matrix elements of M-3Y force as the equivalent G-matrix elements to calculate. The results show that the contribution of 3H-1P multiple scattering correlation is evident,and comparatively the contribution of the self screening to the energy spectrum is slight and can be ignored.


A seroepidemiological survey was carried out on equine viral arteritis in two regions of Tunisia: Ariana and Kasserine. The authors researched specific antibodies against the arteritis virus by the serum neutralization technique in a sample representative of the horse populations in both areas. The sample concerned 199 horses of which 114 were Thoroughbred Arabian from Ariana area and 85 were Barb from Kasserine area; 72 of them were males and 127 females. Results showed that 51 horses (25.6%) were seropositive. Among them 30 (26.3%) were Arabian horses from Ariana and 21 (24.7%) were Barb horses from Kasserine; the difference was not statistically significant. Twelve males (16.66%) and 39 females (30.7%) were positive; the difference was statistically significant. The results are discussed in relation with those obtained by other authors in Tunisia and neighboring countries.


Objective To investigate the accuracy of osteosarcoma marginning on MRI and itssignificance in surgical planning in salvage operations. Methods Nineteen amputated extremities ofosteosarcoma were kept at -20℃ for 48 hours. According to the corresponding plane which was defined onMRI, 0.5cm horizontal slice was made from specimens with microtome. The gross margin of osteosarcoma wasdefined, then the sequence pathological slice was made at 0.5cm interval. The marging of osteosarcoma wasdefined by microscopy. Then the specimen was split sagitally, according to the corresponding plane wasdefined on MRI, The gross margin of intra-medullary invasion of osteosarcoma were determined, then thesequence pathological slice was made with 0.5cm interval. The intra-medullary margin of osteosarcoma wasdefined by microscopy. Results (1) The margin measure of intra-medullary invasion on plain radiographs was(11.18±8.64)cm, (15.37±9.73)cm on MRI, (14.77±9.38)cm in gross pathology and (14.58±9.51)cm inmicroscopic pathology. There was not statistically significant difference in intramedullary margin measurebetween MRI and the pathological scoping (P0.05). (2) The transversal and longitudinal margin of tumor insoft tissue was 6.62±2.23cm and 7.15±2.37cm on MRI, 6.22±2.21cm and 6.57±1.80 cm in grosspathology and 6.23±2.38cm and 6.58±1.94cm in microscopic pathology, respectively. There was notstatistically significant difference in soft tissue margin measure between MRI and the pathological scoping(P0.05). Conclusions MRI is more precise than x-ray in determining surgical margin of osteosarcoma. Itis reasonable to define safe extra-marginal resection as 2-3cm beyond the intra-medullary margin and 1-1.5cm beyond the soft tissue margin measured by MRI.


A three‐day mesoscale numerical simulation has been performed over the narrow Salento peninsula (south‐eastern Italy) during summer conditions characterised by weak synoptic forcing. These atmospheric conditions favour the development of complex sea‐breeze systems and convergence zones on the peninsula. The aim of this work is to investigate the ability of an atmospheric mesoscale model to reproduce the surface fields of meteorological variables in the presence of local‐scale forcing and breeze circulations, which are fundamental in applications such as air pollution modelling and nowcasting.


An approach is proposed to recognize the facial expression using Gabor feature and Adaboost.Since the high-dimensional Gabor feature vectors are quite redundant,Adaboost is introduced as a method of features selection.Furthermore,combined with the nearest distance classifier,the support vector machine(SVM) is used for classification.This approach takes the advantages of the favorable ability of Gabor feature in representing expression variability,the effective function of Adaboost in feature selection,and the high performance of SVM in the solution to small sample size,high dimension problems.Experiments with JAFFE show that the approach is quite effective.Meanwhile,the feature set selected by Adaboost also indicates that the features extracted from eye and mouth regions play the most important role in expression recognition.


Self Efficacy affects all areas of human endeavor, by determining the beliefs a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situation, thus strongly influencing both the power of person actually has to face challenges competently and the choices a person is likely to make. The purpose of the present study was to measure the general self efficacy of women teachers and find the difference in general efficacy of female teachers based on subjects taught (arts / science); level of teaching (primary / secondary); age and years of teaching experience. The present study also made an attempt to suggest measure to enhance the general self efficacy of female teachers for their empowerment. The data was collected using a general self efficacy standardized scale constructed by Schwarzer R., and Jerusalem M. (1995).The data was analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential statistics. The study concludes with implications to enhance self efficacy for women empowerment.


The complex [Cr(picdien)Cl][ZnCl4][picdien = 1,9-bis(2′-pyridyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane] has been prepared and its structure determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the triclinic crystals: a= 9.118(3), b= 9.581(5), c= 14.042(5)A, α= 78.04(3), β= 86.37(3)°, and γ= 76.56(3)°. The complex cation has the anti-αβ configuration. The kinetics of aquation of the perchlorate salt has been studied in dilute aqueous nitric acid solution, [complex]= 5 × 10–3 mol dm–3. The rate constants are independent of [H+] over the range 0.10 < [H +] < 0.001 mol dm–3; k25°C= 6.0 × l0–6s–1, ΔH‡= 93.1 ± 2.2 kJ mol–1, ΔS‡=–32.9 ± 6.9 J K–1 mol–1.


We investigated the concept "charge-polarized coordination spaces" in porous coordination polymers to increase the adsorption of H2. Ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the H2-adsorption capabilities of organic ligands. The adsorption energy of a pyrazine−carboxylate ligand (2.4 kcal/mol), relevant to a coordination polymer with a pillared layer structure, was found to be larger than that obtained by van der Waals interactions alone. An ab initio energy decomposition analysis showed that the stabilization arose mainly from the electronic polarization of H2. We therefore propose a concept of "charge-polarized spaces" to promote polarization. Under the dipolar electric field created by ideal charge-polarized spaces, the adsorption energy markedly increased to 5−8 kcal/mol, which is in the ideal energy range for H2 adsorption in storage materials. Charge-neutral ligands can also provide electrostatically polarized spaces. Although the binding energy decreases to around 2 kcal/mol, the H2 pol...


The relation between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication and prevention of stomach carcinoid development has hitherto remained unclear. We therefore examined this problem using an Hp-infected and Hp-eradicated Mongolian gerbil (MG) model. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) lesions (hyperplasia/dysplasia and carcinoid) were histopathologically evaluated in the glandular stomachs of Hp-infected and Hp-eradicated MGs. In addition, serum gastrin levels were analyzed. Hp infection induced significant increase in the development of ECL lesions in the glandular stomach, as well as serum gastrin levels as compared with non-infected MGs, while Hp eradication was associated with significant alleviation. The development of ECL lesions in the glandular stomach strongly correlated with titers of anti-Hp antibodies and serum gastrin levels in MGs. In conclusion, Hp infection induces carcinoid development, and Hp eradication prevents its occurrence in the glandular MG stomach, this being strongly linked with reduction in serum gastrin levels.


Objective:To evaluate the usefulness of Doppler spectral analysis in differentiating benign from malignant lymphadenopathy.Methods:Doppler spectral analysis and color Doppler power imaging were used to evaluate 126 superficial lymph nodes in 126 untreated patients.Histological examination showed 11 lymphadenitis, 22 reactively enlarged lymph node,75 metastatic nodes and 18 with lymphoma.Results:Intranodal arterial flow were found in 72.7% (24/33)benign and in 92.5%(86/93)malignant nodes.The mean RI value of the benign group(0.62±0.09) was found to be significantly lower than those of metastatic group (0.74±0.16) and malignant lymphoma group(0.73±0.19). The peack systolic velocity (PSV) in malignant lymphoma group (20.1±7.9cm/s) and metastatic group (18.2±5.1cm/s) was significantly higher than that in benign group(14.4±7.3cm/s).Conclusion:There was considerable overlap of the PSV、RI value between benign and malignant nodes. The RI value appears to be useful in differentiating benign from malignant lymphadenopathy.


T HIS QUESTION reminds me of a host of others-apparently limitless-about the role of family physicians, and the scope of their activities. Few other professionals have been so examined and questioned since World War 2. Interestingly, most of the issues have been raised by individuals in other roles, whose depth of understanding must surely be in question. Were it not for the efforts of the College of Family Physicians of Canada, and its counterparts elsewhere in the world, it is possible that the knowledge explosion might have pushed the 'good old GP' (perhaps more of a fantasy than a fact) completely out of existence. Although we have regained much credibility for primary care, many people are still in favor of direct access to 'specialists' whom they select when they feel they need them. Refractive errors of the eye tend to be one of the conditions for which people seek out 'specialists'. This may be in response to a genuine requirement, or merely a status symbol, as with one's obstetrician, one's dermatologist, one's pediatrician, one's psychiatrist, etc.


A four-week online information literacy course for new college students at Ohio State University enrolled almost 500 students during the 1999-2000 academic year. The course, Internet Tools and Research Techniques, utilizes net.TUTOR interactive tutorials as an electronic text, along with Web-based tests and practice-oriented worksheets that are graded automatically by the course management software. This article presents an overview of the course, provides data about the student population, and examines various measures of success, including performance on assignments, final grades, and student attitudes toward the course. Communication challenges, student self-regulation, and the value of flexible assignment schedules are also considered.


Traffic Prediction is critical as it is enhancing day by day leading to worst on road situations. Increased accidents and delays in critical applications is causing awful situations for the user. In order to resolve the problem Modified ARIMA is used. Modified ARIMA is implied over the dataset. The dataset for the implication is fetched from online source. The UCI website is used for traffic dataset time series analysis. Modified ARIMA is used to make stationery time series from dynamic series at AR phase. MI phase is used to predict number of previous values to be analyzed and MA phase is hybridized using KNN with Euclidean distance. The result of the proposed literature is presented in terms of accuracy and mean square error. Result shows significant improvement in terms of accuracy and means square error.


MOSCOW (NI The Soviet Union unexpectedly renewed strong pre3' sure on Finland Thursday lor COil· sultations on joint defense, First Deputy Foreign Minister VassiIy Kuznetsov ca1\ed in Finn· Ish Ambasador Euro Wuori :mu told him "alarming news" makes the threat of Wcst German aggrcssian secm evcn worse than on Oct. SO, when Moscow first asked for the consultations, Kuznetaoy', oral presentation suddenly dashed the speculation of some diplomats in Moscow that a Finnish communique is· lued in Helsinki Tuesday repre· .. nted a softenin" of the Soyiet ~mands and that this particular situation would remain quiet for at I.ast thr.e months. The new development revived fears that the Soviet Union may now press for bases in Finland, en· dangering that country's precarious neutrality . It also recalled to diplomats the similar Soviet demands made on Finland which resulted in Finnish resistance and "winter war" o( 1939-40. The Oct. 30 note to Finland had asked for military consultations on the grounds that West German rea r m arne n t was threatening peace. Th. Finns issu.d a communi· qu. la"Tue,day saylll9 SoyietFor.ign Minist.r Andr.i A. Gromyko had suggest.d "military con.ultatlons might b, ayoided" If Finland could 85sur, continua· tlon of Its friendly relations with Moscow. The Soviet Union was repres('nt· ed as being uneasy over agitation in Fi!jland among some political circles to upset the present rela· tiOns. The news Kuznetsov called "alarming" came under three headings: The visit of West German Defen s e Minister Franz Joseph Strauss to Norway and his talks there on military cooperation. Strauss has said these concerned, among other things, Norwegian technical assistance on [allout shel· ters and organization of home guards. Imminent NATO maneuvers off Denmark's Baltic Islands. Reports • in Danish newspapers that a Danish·West German agree· ment on a joint command would soon be reached. ourns


The methods of conservation being employed by the rural farmers in Otukpa District of Benue State in Nigeria were the focus of this study. Eleven rural communities were randomly selected and 8 rural farmers were interviewed in each community. Questionnaires were deployed to elicit t he methods of conservation generally practiced and other associated activities including the underlying factors propelling the conservation mission. Generally, the farmers subjected their seeds to drying in sunlight and different traditional pre-tr eatment before storage while the roots and tubers were buried in the soil using appr opriate method. It was observed at the end of the study that the rural farmers were tr uly custodians of the natural resources in their domain and not poachers and that basically their indigenous knowledge and traditional methods of conservation were handed down to them from succeeding generations. By and large, the rural far mers have proved to be of inestimable asset to the sustainable use of plant g enetic resources in our fast depleting ecosystem. It is therefore necessary to build a sy nergy between the rural farmers and scientists so that indigenous knowledge and modern sciences are integrated to showcase innovation and pragmatic agricultural prac tices.


The reactions of 3-phenylprop-1-ene and its p-methyl, m-chloro-, p-chloro-, and m- and p-bromo-derivatives, with sodium ethoxide in ethanol have been investigated at 81 °C. It was found that the effect of substituents on the rate of isomerization of these compounds to the corresponding 1-arylprop-1-enes follow the order p-Cl > m-Br ∼m-Cl > H > p-Me. The results are consistent with the view that the rearrangement occurs through the BSE1′ mechanism. The reaction of 3-(p-bromophenyl)-1-ene is complicated by the incursion of the reaction leading to nucleophilic displacement of bromine by ethoxide.


An exact description of the statistical motion of active particles in three dimension is presented in the framework of a generalized diffusion equation. Such a generalization contemplates a non-local, in time and space, connecting (memory) function. This couples the rate of change of the probability density of finding the particle at position $\boldsymbol{x}$ at time $t$, with the Laplacian of the probability density at all previous times and to all points in space. Starting from the standard Fokker-Planck-like equation for the probability density of finding an active particle at position $\boldsymbol{x}$ swimming along the direction $\hat{\boldsymbol{v}}$ at time $t$, we derive in this paper, in an exact manner, the connecting function that allows a description of active motion in terms of this generalized diffusion equation.


The biosorption of C. I. Reactive Red 2 from aqueous solution onto biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. The biosorption studies were carried out under various parameters such as initial pH, contact time and initial dye concentration. The experimental results showed that optimum pH for dye biosorption was found to be 2.0 for the yeast biomass. The bosorption capacity was increased with the increasing initial dye concentration in studied dye concentration range. It was found that the adsorption equilibrium data followed the Langmuir adsorption model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir equation at temperature of 30°C was 500mg/g (R2=0.991) for the dye. The results indicate that the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as an effective biosorbent to removal C. I. Reactive Red 2 from aqueous solution.


Using a panel data set of Indian states between 1983–84 and 2011–12, this paper studies the impact of public health expenditure on the infant mortality rate (IMR), after controlling for other relevant covariates like per capita income, female literacy, and urbanization. We find that public expenditure on health care reduces IMR. Our baseline specification shows that an increase in public health expenditure by 1 percent of state-level GDP is associated with a reduction in the IMR by about 8 infant deaths per 1000 live births. We also find that female literacy and urbanization reduces the IMR. dependent variable in all regressions is the state-level infant mortality rate. Public Health Expenditure = expenditure on medical & public health, water & sanitation, and nutrition (% of state GDP); Female Literacy = proportion of women aged 15 years and more who can read, write and carry out simple arithmetic calculations; PCNSDP = per capita net state domestic product 2004 − 05 prices); Sex Ratio = females Urbanization proportion of population living in urban areas; state-level social sector expenditure;


To eliminate fertility and health risks associated with the use of an IUD the main contraindications must be closely observed: 1) those who have never given birth 2) previous experience of extrauterine pregnancy 3) genital infection 4) menorrhagia or metorrhagia for unknown reasons 5) endouterine polyps 6) uterine malformations and 7) possible genital cancer. A patient using an IUD should consult her physician immediately if any of the following symptoms occur: 1) bleeding is little but often 2) a sudden rise in fever occurs 3) abdominal pain or cramps occur severely or frequently 4) white discharge with a strong odor 5) an extra day of bleeding 6) late period and 7) the thread cannot be felt.


In dentistry, endodontic treatment becomes necessary when dental caries progresses deep into the tooth and reaches the dental pulp or the periapical tissue. A large part of this treatment is performed without direct observation of the root canals. Previously, we reported a prototype of a dental endoscope. In this study, we attempted to develop a novel image sensor for dental endodontic diagnosis and treatment that allows capturing an image of the fine constructions inside the root canals. Our fabricated probe contains an image fiber, a GRIN lens, and optical fibers as light sources. These materials are encased inside a stainless steel tube to ensure the durability. In previous experiments, we attempted to connect all materials in one step. However, the captured images had deviations along the center axis between the image fiber and GRIN lens. To solve this problem, we considered a new, two-step method for connecting the two materials. In this method, an image fiber and a GRIN lens with the same diameter were placed on stages capable of three-dimensional fine positional adjustments at a resolution of 0.01 mm. The surfaces of the materials were connected under observation through a microscope. An evaluation of the captured images showed that the deviations in the previous images were 22.4 μm along the X-axis and 45.7 μm along the Y-axis. In contrast, the deviations with the new method were 16.7 μm and 8.9 μm along the X-axis and Y-axis, respectively. Therefore, the new method greatly improved precision along each axis. With this method, our fabricated probe could capture and evaluate images more efficiently. We are now trying to fabricate and evaluate a new image sensor.


Considered is the so called radar deception problem to motivate a change in paradigm in the approach to formation control that would address the key issue of dynamic feasibility. In this problem a team of possibly heterogeneous fixed winged unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) cooperate to deceive a ground radar network into seeing a spurious phantom track in its radar space. A real-time motion planning algorithm is developed for this collaborating multi-agent system. At the heart of the proposed algorithm is the explicit consideration of actuator and operating constraints of the individual agents. Constrained dynamics of the multi-agent system are derived such that these constraints are transparent in the dynamic equations, to address the key issue of dynamic feasibility in formation control. Simulations are given validating the proposed approach.


Yeast that can use starch directly,except for Endomycopsis and Trichosporon spp.was isolated from Lin-fan rice wine starter during the saccharification.The isolation method and property of yeast coded as DS57,were introduced in this paper.It was identified as saccharifying yeast according to its property.Its function and property were also introduced complementarily.


Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a fibro-inflammatory disease of pancreas with no targeted therapy and is considered irreversible. Antifibrotic agent pirfenidone is FDA approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
 However, exact molecular mechanism of its action is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate pirfenidone as a therapeutic agent for CP.

 Caerulein-CP was induced in C57BL/6 mice by caerulein injections (50ug/kgx7, i.p., hourly x twice weekly x10 weeks). At 11 weeks, animals were randomized and assigned to either saline or pirfenidone group (400 mg/kg/d by oral gavage for 5 weeks). Mice were euthanized at 17 weeks. L-arginine induced CP was induced by i.p. injections of L-arginine (4.5g/kg x2 hourly, once a week x 4) and treatment was started after 5 weeks of start. Mice were sacrificed at early time-points after starting treatment. Single-cell suspension of pancreata were used for flow- cytometry. Pancreatic atrophy, histology, fibrosis and cytokine mRNA profile were evaluated. In vitro studies were done on stellate cells.

 The treated caerulein-CP mice had improvement in pancreas/mouse weight ratio, (7.03±0.41 vs. 4.75±0.28; p<0.0001). Histology scores and fibrosis markers were reduced. Pancreatic atrophy and histology scores showed significant improvement by day 14 of treatment in L-arginine CP. Flow cytometry showed that by day 7 of treatment there was significant reduction in macrophage infiltration (1.09 ± 0.18 % vs 3.26 ± 0.4 %; p<0.001) and pro-fibrotic M2 macrophage markers [IL-4 (1.5 ± 0.1 % vs 2.8 ± 0.2%; p=0.007)], while M1 marker (MHC II) did not change. mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines decreased, and of anti-inflammatory cytokines increased. In vitro study on stellate cells showed reduction in mRNA levels of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as fibrosis markers in treatment group.

 Pirfenidone ameliorates well-established CP in mouse models by altering immune cells.


The present invention discloses a method for managing the key of the sensor network with a clustering structure, each node can adopt different types of secret key encryption to the different information, at the same time the different secret key pair storing mode is corresponding arranged, the different types of secret key encryption are stored respectively aiming at the base station, cluster head node and cluster member node. Aiming at the key managing method the invention discloses a low-power consumption self-adapting cluster system namely the method for running the LEACH route system basing on the cluster. The invention has the advantages of reducing the storing space of the node and the communication energy, satisfying the low-power consumption requirement and guaranteeing the network safe capacity, perfecting the network, and effectively avoiding the illegally interception of the node number and data.


The model of West, Brown and Enquist (WBE model) showed that lumen hydraulic resistance in trees can be independent of path length, provided that vascular conduits widen basipetally and sufficiently, and the number of functional conduits is constant from twigs to trunk. To test the anatomical realism of this model, we investigated axial and radial changes in xylem characteristics of six angiosperm tree species (fourteen trees, 15–25 m tall) and three coniferous tree species (seven trees, 16–45 m) in Yunnan, China. Conduit lumen diameter increased linearly with distance from the top of the bole to its base in six trees. In all but one of the fifteen remaining trees, lumen diameter increased from the top to near the base of the crown but remained constant or increased more slowly below the crown. Similar, but inverse patterns were found for axial variation in vessel density of the angiosperms, which indicated that the number of conducting vessels increases from trunk to twig as they become narrower. Vessel diameters increased almost linearly with cambial age for the first 20 to 40 years, and then stabilized or increased more slowly in eight trees of Fagaceae. Axial trends in conduit lumen diameter and number were consistent with only partial buffering of hydraulic resistance from pathlength effects, generally confined to the crown region. Neither conduit taper nor number was consistent with the WBE model.


The fifth telecommunication generation (5G) is expected to be deployed in 2020 with significant improvement and services. This paper studies a preliminary model of Indonesia 5G channels based on statistical spatial channel model (SSCM) for operating frequency of 28 GHz. We calculate the estimate channel capacities of Indonesia 5G (per link) from the obtained power delay profile (PDP) to observe the outage probability representing the theoretical performances of 5G in Indonesia. The outage probability is calculated from the probability when the channel capacity C dropped into a value below the channel coding rate R with a probability of P (R ≥ C) due to the dynamic fading, indicating a failure of detection. The outage probability is in detail analyzed in this paper since it is expected to be used as a reference performance of 5G in Indonesia. We conduct a series of computer simulations to evaluate the performance of Indonesia 5G under the obtained channel model based on cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) with a channel coding scheme. We found an agreement in terms of diversity of practical and theoretical outage probability confirming a good estimation of the performance of 5G in Indonesia. The results are expected to be useful to assist real-field 5G experiments in Indonesia and help optimal design and implementation of Indonesia 5G networks in Indonesia.


Substantial solid solution strengthening of GaAs by In acting as InAs_4 units has recently been predicted. This strengthening could account for the reduction of dislocation density in GaAs single crystals grown from the melt. High temperature hardness measurements up to 700oC have been carried out on (100) GaAs and Ga_(0.9975)In_(0.0025)As wafers. Results show a significant strengthening effect in In-doped GaAs even at concentration levels of about 0.2 wt%. A temperature independent flow stress region is observed for both these alloys. The In-doped GaAs shows a higher plateau stress level compared to the undoped GaAs. The results are consistent with the solid solution strengthening model.


The security of an application is the most important problem in an information system integration process. The authentication and authorization process is usually carried out using Single Sign On (SSO). Authentication and authorization methods are used to secure data in a system. The authentication and authorization processes are carried out on the client side (web browser) in the form of a session and on the server side (web server) in the form of cookies. Sessions and cookies are valuable assets in the authentication and authorization process because they contain the data required for the login process so that the session and cookies need to be secured. Session is a combination of username and password data that has been encrypted while cookies store login information data so that they are still in a state of gaining access according to the privileges given to the user. So important is the role of sessions and cookies in the authentication and authorization process, so we need a way to secure data on sessions and cookies. One way to secure data is to use the REst API and Auth Token.


Microfluidic devices for cell immobilization have significantly advanced the biological analysis at the single-cell level. However, the previous research on immobilization of multiple single cells, especially with deterministic quantities, is insufficient. In this paper, we proposed a novel microfluidic device based on the passive hydrodynamics and the uniform geometric design principle, which can array different numbers of cells in every capture cavity. The capture cavities could be stretched to accommodate more cells, and the trapping force was adjusted by modifying the related geometric parameters of the inside channel. The whole procedure was monitored and further automatized by integrating computer vision technology under a microscope. On the proposed integrated on-chip platform, we realized full-automated arraying of a single cell, two cells, and three cells on a single chip, achieving success rates up to 95%, 75%, and 72%, respectively. As a primary experimental demonstration, the cell viability test of arraying multiple cells with different quantities showed excellent biocompatibility and no significant association between trapping quantity and cell survivability. We envision that the proposed quantity-controllable, high-efficiency microfluidic devices for multiple cell arraying could be a powerful platform for an in-depth study of cell heterogeneity and cell communication between multiple cells. Note to Practitioners—This article is motivated by the biomedical applications of multi-cell arraying. The designed microfluidic devices employ passive hydrodynamics, and the capture cavities are stretched to accommodate different numbers of cells. The whole arraying procedures are automatized using computer vision technology. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the high efficiency, controllability of the cell quantity, and excellent biocompatibility.


Software testing verifies and validates software systems. Mutation testing is a testing procedure where mutants are created by seeding fault to the code. Test cases are exercised on these mutants to measure the adequacy given by mutation score. If the mutants are not killed, then either the test data is not sufficient or there is the presence of equivalent mutant, which is an undecidable problem. Equivalent mutant problem makes testing process more difficult and tedious. A technique has been proposed in this paper to detect equivalent mutants by observing RIP model and control flow graph of original and mutant program. The approach has also been tested on some sample programs.


ABSTRACT Politics, and by extension states, are marginal in debates about the genesis, evolution and functioning of the global value chain (GVC)-based global economy. We contend here that the core complexity of state agency and state power needs to be much more carefully understood in GVC and related debates, as a basis on which the governance of the evolving GVC world can be properly theorised as revolving around the inseparability of economic and political power. We advance a framework for understanding the role of politics and states in the construction and maintenance of a GVC world, using a three-fold typology of facilitative, regulatory and distributive forms of governance, and propose a notion of 'outsourcing governance' as an attempt to capture the ways in which states purposefully, through active political agency, have engaged in a process of delegating a variety of governance functions and authority to private actors. Our overarching argument is normative: 'outsourced governance' of the form we currently observe is associated with regressive distributional outcomes, and is antithetical to an inclusive and sustainable global economy.


This thesis further study descent conjugate gradient methods based on the modified FR method and the modified PRP method give the class of conjugate gradient methods formed by the convex combination of the MFR method and the MPRP method. This class of methods enjoys the same nice properties as those of the MFR method and the MPRP method. Firstly the methods generate sufficient descent directions for the objective function. This property is independent of the line search used. Secondly if exact line search is used, the methods possess quadratic termination property. Thirdly if Armijo type line search is used, then the methods are globally convergent when used to minimize a general nonconvex function. Finally, we do extensive numerical experiments to test the performance of the members in the class with different parameters. And then compare the performance of one of the method in the class with the MFR method and the MPRP method.


Medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) comprise a highly conserved enzyme family that catalyse the reversible reduction of aldehydes. However, recent discoveries in plant natural product biosynthesis suggest that the catalytic repertoire of ADHs has been expanded. Here we report the crystal structure of dihydroprecondylocarpine acetate synthase (DPAS), an ADH that catalyses the non-canonical 1,4 reduction of an α,β-unsaturated iminium moiety. Comparison with structures of plant-derived ADHs that catalyse 1,2-aldehyde and 1,2-iminium reductions suggest how the canonical ADH active site can be modified to carry out atypical carbonyl reductions, providing insight into how chemical reactions are diversified in plant metabolism.


Distance learning courses for engineering requires experiment lessons. On the other hand, various pressures such as economics, space or time for traditional on-site laboratory are increasingly emerging. The development of new technologies has spur red the creation of new modes for delivering engineering laboratories in education. In this paper, a web-based remote experiment system was presented as an experimental means of distance education or as a complement to the traditional experimental approach. An integrated framework of the remote system was constructed with remote simulated experiments and remote control type experiments. Natural to the separation of teachers and students in time and space, the requirements of remote experiment system were analyzed and interactions were devised among learning materials, students, teachers and experimental equipments in the process of teaching and learning. Finally, a web-based experimental platform was developed and implemented for the engineering course on machine design.


A data reduction method for transmission of a borehole image to the surface of the earth using restricted band widths of LWD telemetry systems is based on the measurement physics rather than mathematical compression algorithms. Measured data 71 from a sensor are fitted, within the logging tool, to a response function relating sensor response to a parameter of interest. The coefficients 74 of the fitted response function are scaled 76 to a predetermined number of bits (e.g. 32) and then telemetered to the surface. The measured data are reconstructed 80 at the surface by combining the telemetered coefficients with the response function. A borehole image is formed by combining reconstructed reduced data. The response function may be a modified Gaussian function with five coefficients. Parameters of dipping beds intersecting the borehole can be determined from the coefficients. The method is suitable for low resolution imaging devices such as gamma ray, neutron and bulk density tools.


The finite-sample properties of threshold autoregressive cointegration tests are examined in the presence of structural changes in cointegrating relationships. It is shown that spurious asymmetric cointegration may be exhibited when there is a change in the degree of cointegration between two series.