. Sly hands must be put to writing the biographies of the university presidents who led American education into the twcnricth century. Powerful, pompous, unloved men like those who bossed Harvard, Clark, and Columbia between 1869 and 1945 can still command reverence. They preserved the necessary documents or wrote the articulate autobiographies that still hold historians in awe. We still can see the presidents as they saw themselves-c-as prime movers who made it their business to oversee changes in secondary schools, universities, and the scholarly disciplines during the half-century of academic revolution that followed Charles W. Eliot's accession to power in 1869. The influences on modern scholars all lead toward sober biography that strays not very far from what the old executives themselves might have sanctioned. The compelling presence of the presidents is enlarged by the unhesitating approval we still feel for the institutional revolution they directed. So we confront a merciless temptation to see them through their own eyes, to accept their own judgments of their .ucompf islnucms. Genuine analysis fails, too often the victim of a mere cva luation of the great men's "achievements." The task of detaching ourselves from this ceremonial past will require some subtle sahotaze. In three new hiographical studies 01' presidential personages, the old executives continue to wield their power. Richard Whittemore has not written a full biography of Nicholas Murray Butler. He intentionally limited the scope of his book to a brief sketch of Butler's youth, his role in founding Teachers College, and his part in reforming secondary education. The story ends in ]911, when Butler was president of Columbia; Whittemore does not discuss the presidency. Whit-


Objective To investigate the variation of cytokines interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and interleukin-4(IL-4 ) in maternal placenta in pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome(PIH).To discuss the role of cytokine and immunologic imbalance in the pathogenesis of PIH.Methods Forty patients with PIH who had cesarean section delivery (CS) during 2006 to 2007 in obstetrics department were choosen as study group and 20 normal pregnant women as control group.The study group was divided into three groups:mild PIH patiens(10 cases),moderate PIH patients(20 cases) and severe PIH patients(10 cases).RT-PCR was used to measure the level of IFN-γ and IL-4 in placenta of all.Results ①The levels of IFN-γ mRNA in placenta in PIH patients were significantly higher than those in normal pregnancy.In severe PIH,IFN-γ mRNA level was significantly higher(P0.01).②The levels of IL-4 mRNA in placenta in PIH patients was significantly lower than those of in normal pregnancy (P0.01).Conclusions In PIH patients,the level of Th1 type cytokine (IFN-γ) increased while Th2 type cytokine (IL-4) decreased,these variations were correlated with the development of PIH.These changes of the cytokine levels may be a kind of important mechanism in the pathogenesis of PIH.


Editor—The several papers on evaluating new healthcare interventions omit any mention of a crucial sector of health care: diagnostics.1–3 The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) shares this blindspot.

The importance of diagnostics has …


Abstract:  We present a new full‐field strain measurement method based on diffusing‐wave spectroscopy. Our technique makes it possible to measure strains in the vicinity of the surface of highly light‐scattering materials. Its main feature is an extreme sensitivity: the range of deformations measured is 10−5–10−3. To validate the measurements, experimental results from several plane stress configurations are compared with theoretical and numerical calculations. Furthermore, we propose an extension of the method for non‐scattering materials.


Designing cost-sensitive real-time control systems for safety-critical applications requires a careful analysis of both performance versus cost aspects and fault coverage of fault tolerant solutions. This further complicates the difficult task of deploying the embedded software that implements the control algorithms on a possibly distributed execution platform (for instance in automotive applications). In this paper, we present a novel technique for constructing a fault tree that models how component faults may lead to system failure. The fault tree enables us to use existing commercial analysis tools to assess a number of dependability metrics of the system. Our approach is centered on a model of computation, Fault Tolerant Data Flow (FTDF), that enables the integration of formal verification techniques. This new analysis capability is added to an existing design framework, also based on FTDF, that enables a synthesis-based, correct-by-construction, design methodology for the deployment of real-time feedback control systems in safety critical applications.


ABSTRACT This paper offers evidence on the impact of communication on the provision of public goods whose quality is uncertain, such as investment in prevention or fundraising in favour of non-governmental organizations (NGO). We run a laboratory experiment with two treatments, where the control variable is pre-play communication via unrestricted text chat. A binary threshold public goods game with four-person groups, threshold of three contributors and provision mechanism with elements of ambiguity is at the core of the design. A private signal linked to the real value of the public good supports the contribution decision. We find that unexpected low-valued public goods can undermine future willingness to contribute, although the benefits of communication still prevail in the form of higher public good provision. We also detect unprecedented inefficiency coming from overcontribution, given that subjects tend to neglect the free-rider problem. Chat analysis reveals that players favour the minimization of ambiguity over the maximization of the group earnings, so that we finally speculate that under uncertainty satisficing is more salient than optimizing.


CPUs and dedicated accelerators (namely GPUs and FPGAs) continue to grow increasingly large and complex to support todays demanding performance and power requirements. Designers are tasked with evaluating the performance and power of similarly increasingly large design spaces during pre-silicon design for CPUs and GPUs to reduce time-to-market and limit manufacturing costs, or to figure out how to best map applications onto FPGAs using high-level synthesis tools. Typically, cycle-accurate simulators are used to evaluate workloads for pre-silicon CPUs and GPUs and to avoid the overhead of synthesis and place-and-route when targeting FPGAs; however, simulators exhibit prohibitively long run times that limit the number of design points and workloads that can be evaluated in a reasonable timeframe. This survey focuses on predictive modeling as an alternative to cycle-accurate simulation, which enables rapid evaluation of workloads and design points. When applied properly, predictive modeling can improve time to market, and can facilitate more comprehensive design space explorations with far less overhead than simulation. The survey focuses on predictive models applied to CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs, noting that the general approach has been applied to many other computing platforms as well.


In this paper we analyze the temporal distribution of fluid induced microseismicity and show which information about reservoir and source can be extracted from the seismicity rate. We assume that microseismic events induced through fluid injections are triggered by a pure diffusive process of pore pressure relaxation. We improve an existing formulation for the seismicity rate of fluid induced microseismicity, which is developed based on this assumption. In this way we derive to a formulation, which describes the temporal distribution of microseismic activity in dependency on the parameters of source and reservoir. In the next step we show that the well known Omori law, which describes the frequency of aftershock occurrence, can be transferred to the case of fluid induced microseismicity to describe the temporal distribution of events induced after injection stop. Even in seismology the controlling parameters of the characteristic p-value of the Omori law are still under discussion. Here we identify the controlling parameters of the p-value for fluid induced seismicity and show, which parameters of source and reservoir can be reconstructed by a p-value analysis. Finally we apply the developed theory to synthetic data sets and to the Fenton Hill (1983) real data example.


According to popular accounts of politics, candidates often appear to under-sell their qualities. Insofar as candidates, political and otherwise, typically construct images of high quality, it is unclear why a candidate would report an expected performance level below what he thought possible. The standard explanation of this practice is that candidates are trying to manage the expectations of potential donors and voters, hedging against unanticipated failures and taking advantage of unexpected successes. In this paper, we develop a model designed to identify the conditions under which this downward management of expectations is possible. The core tension we consider involves the candidate's interest in setting expectations low enough to be able to take advantage of the supposed benefits of expectation management yet not so low that he is not given a chance to demonstrate high quality. We find that candidates should be increasingly likely to announce below their true quality as their political skill increases. The most skilled candidates are the most likely to under-report quality. This result suggests implications for how potential supporters, or more broadly, employers might structure the candidate review process to induce truthful revelation of quality. Managing Expectations: When Can Candidates Profitably Under-Report Competence? "Expectations – you beat 'em by a dollar, life is great. Under by a dollar, put a gun to your mouth and make sure I'm standing behind you." –Ari Gold in the episode "One Day in the Valley" on HBO's Entourage "The campaigns will of course try to lowball expectations and then, when the figures come out, say 'We raised more than expected.' " –Bill Schneider, CNN's The Situation Room, March 23, 2007 In the days preceding the 1960 West Virginia presidential primary, John F. Kennedy's campaign possessed internal polling information suggesting that Kennedy would win roughly 60% of the vote. Yet, the campaign publicly reported an expected vote below 50%.1 George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign promoted an image of their candidate as an outrageously bad debater prior to the first debate with Al Gore, despite a confidence that Bush could effectively articulate his core campaign message in the format on which he had agreed (Bruni, 2003). As Bill Schneider suggests, political candidates frequently misreport their expected quarterly fundraising marks, announcing levels far below what they believe to be likely. Insofar as job candidates, political and otherwise, typically construct images of high competence, we might wonder why a candidate would communicate an expected performance level below what he believes he can accomplish. The conventional answer is that in many cases in politics, absolute performance quality may not be as important as performance relative to expectations, especially expectations communicated by a candidate. There is nothing worse than under-performing on a promise. Consequently, political campaigns are frequently about managing the expectations of potential donors and voters. By setting expectations low enough, candidates can protect themselves against unanticipated failures and take advantage of unexpected successes. Kennedy's landslide in West Virginia was considered "remarkable" rather than merely "anticipated." Bush was rated highly following the debate despite his obvious public speaking limitations. Candidates who lowball fundraising marks never have to answer for poor quarters. Michael Kramer. "Grading Expectations." Time Magazine. February 12, 1996.


Extended abstract 1Introduction As a direct result of migrations rising and population growth, particularly in developing and undeveloped countries, the population of cities was increased. Different results and problems such as density, pollution, unemployment, housing shortage and urban services, have been caused by the fast population growth across the developing countries during last three decades (Atash & Shirazi Beheshtiha, 1998:1). First and foremost, developing of living in cities following with its special problems has necessitated finding some solutions in order to optimize citizen's life (Zarabi & Ghanbari, 2010: 1). In the majority of historical periods, from the first civilization, new towns have


To investigate the influence of different years and aircraft dynamic load parameters on the thawing settlement of airport runways in frozen soil region, a three-dimensional numerical model is applied to analyze the thawing settlement effect of the runway in frozen soil region under different aircraft quality, taxiing speed, pavement evenness index and years. And the prediction model of runway thawing settlement in frozen soil region is established, which is affected by the multi-factor comprehensive influence of aircraft quality, taxiing speed, pavement evenness index, and years. The goodness of fit of the prediction model is 0.988 under a 95% confidence level, which shows that the prediction model can objectively predict the thawing settlement of runway in frozen soil region. The study provides technical support for airport construction and development in frozen soil region.


Two years later, the consequences of the Arab Spring are a masculinity of powers and a retreatregarding the rights of women who paid a high price for the change. Subsequently, the Islamistscome to power after the Arab revolutions that talk about democratization, but without the rights ofwomen. The democratization that promotes the parental rights and affects profoundly the dignityof the other half of society. This brings to the table the issue of safety or even legal certainty.The sustainability of women's rights is a risk to safety and a threat to the achievements of women'sgroups after years of militancy language. It has a cost and a negative impact on the developmentof the Arab world.Indeed, sustainability also implies the legitimacy of governors chosen by men and women who arenot able to protect the rights of half of society who has chosen and accepted them. This consideringthat the social contract is only the selection and acceptance of leaders who must, in return, ensurethe safety and protect the human rights of governed men and women.


Objective: To investigate the mechanism of the protective effect of 17β-Estradiol (E2) on warm ischemiareperfusion (IR) injury in rat model. Methods: 24 Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and 12 SD female rats were randomized into six groups. Sham group (Male, Female, Male+17β-E2), IR group (Male, Female, Male+17β-E2), 6 per group. E2 (4 mg/kg) was used by peritoneal injection in Male+17β-E2 groups 1 h before IR injury. Male and female group received same quantity of saline. The rats were sacrificed at 6 h after I/R, concentration of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), histomorphology of liver tissue, apoptotic ratio of hepatic cells, expression level of of p-Akt and p-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β) were detected. Results: (1) 6 h after IR injury, the concentration of ALT and apoptotic ratio of hepatic cells in Female and Male+17β-E2 group was significantly lower than in Male group. (2) The degree of hepatic injury in Female and Male+17β-E2 group was lower than in Male group. (3) The activation of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β in Female and Male+17β-E2 group was higher than in Male group. Conclusion: E2 protects the liver against warm IR injury through the Akt/GSK-3β kinase pathway. Estrogen therapy might be a "promising treatment" in clinical settings associated with warm IR injury during hepatectomy.


OH-PLIF (Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence) allows for capturing two-dimensional images of flame fronts by visualizing OH radicals. While it is widely used for diagnostics of scientific and technical flames, its application to explosion experiments is less common and has mostly been limited to singleshot PLIF so far. Low speed PLIF systems (around 10 Hz repetition rate) deliver pulse energies of several mJ (pumped dye lasers) or even a few 100 mJ (excimer lasers). Resolving explosion processes and in particular the fast deflagration regime in time requires repetition rates in the kHz range. Pulse energies thereby reduce to about 100 μJ in typical commercially available dye laser systems. This work presents—to the best of our knowledge—the first application of HS (High Speed) OH-PLIF to an explosion experiment with fast deflagrations. Our intention is to particularly discuss the potential and limitations of HS OH-PLIF and thereby provide practical guidance.


Typologies of nursing diagnosis generally focus on potential or actual deficit states. In this article a research-generated typology of nursing diagnoses for healthy school-age children is presented that was developed from a study on the perceptions of school-age children regarding health.


District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. Abstract Currently, turbomachinery design optimization methodologies are mainly restricted to steady state approaches, due to the high computational cost associated with time-accurate shape optimization algorithms. However, the possibility to include unsteady e ff ects in turbomachinery optimization can significantly increase the level of accuracy of the design predictions, leading to a more realistic representation of the actual performance and ultimately to a substantial increase in operating e ffi ciency. Unsteady e ff ects are particularly relevant in Organic Rankine Cycle turbines. A trade-o ff between high-fidelity time-accurate unsteady simulations of the flow solution and computational cost is therefore needed at design level. In this paper, a first application of the harmonic balance method to non-ideal compressible flows is presented. The methodology allows to solve the unsteady flow equations for a set of specified frequencies only, with significant computational time savings. An algorithm is proposed for non uniform time sampling in order to resolve frequencies that do not need to be integral multiple of one fundamental harmonic. This enables the solution of quasi-periodically forced non-linear flow problems, in combination with complex fluid models based on accurate equations of state. The method is applied to the unsteady analysis of a supersonic Organic Rankine Cycle stator with quasi-periodic inlet operating conditions, showing about one order magnitude lower computational cost compared to time-accurate simulations. Abstract Currently, turbomachinery design optimization methodologies are mainly restricted to steady state approaches, due to the high computational cost associated with time-accurate shape optimization algorithms. However, the possibility to include unsteady e ff ects in turbomachinery optimization can significantly increase the level of accuracy of the design predictions, leading to a more realistic representation of the actual performance and ultimately to a substantial increase in operating e ffi ciency. Unsteady e ff ects are particularly relevant in Organic Rankine Cycle turbines. A trade-o ff between high-fidelity time-accurate unsteady simulations of the flow solution and computational cost is therefore needed at design level. In this paper, a first application of the harmonic balance method to non-ideal compressible flows is presented. The methodology allows to solve the unsteady flow equations for a set of specified frequencies only, with significant computational time savings. An algorithm is proposed for non uniform time sampling in order to resolve frequencies that do not need to be integral multiple of one fundamental harmonic. This enables the solution of quasi-periodically forced non-linear flow problems, in combination with complex fluid models based on accurate equations of state. The method is applied to the unsteady analysis of a supersonic Organic Rankine Cycle stator with quasi-periodic inlet operating conditions, showing about one order magnitude lower computational cost compared to time-accurate simulations. c Systems. Abstract Currently, turbomachinery design optimization methodologies are mainly restricted to steady state approaches, due to the high computational cost associated with time-accurate shape optimization algorithms. However, the possibility to include unsteady e ff ects in turbomachinery optimization can significantly increase the level of accuracy of the design predictions, leading to a more realistic representation of the actual performance and ultimately to a substantial increase in operating e ffi ciency. Unsteady e ff ects are particularly relevant in Organic Rankine Cycle turbines. A trade-o ff between high-fidelity time-accurate unsteady simulations of the flow solution and computational cost is therefore needed at design level. In this paper, a first application of the harmonic balance method to non-ideal compressible flows is presented. The methodology allows to solve the unsteady flow equations for a set of specified frequencies only, with significant computational time savings. An algorithm is proposed for non uniform time sampling in order to resolve frequencies that do not need to be integral multiple of one fundamental harmonic. This enables the solution of quasi-periodically forced non-linear flow problems, in combination with complex fluid models based on accurate equations of state. The method is applied to the unsteady analysis of a supersonic Organic Rankine Cycle stator with quasi-periodic inlet operating conditions, showing about one order magnitude lower computational cost compared to time-accurate simulations.


It was hypothesized that IR triggered premature senescence in dental pulp, resulting in loss of mineralization potential and enhanced expression of senescence-associated inflammation. It was found that IR induced premature senescence and phenotypic alterations in DPSCs in terms of mineralization potential and inflammatory response. Furthermore, IR also led to DNA damage in the dental pulp cells in vivo. It was demonstrated that the application of Yel2, a promising radioprotector, mitigated IR induced premature senescence and DNA damage. These findings elucidated the molecular mechanism by which dental pulp cells responded to IR and may have potentials in advancing therapies for irradiated patients.


The current agricultural drought indicators produced by Meteo-France are derived from digital simulations of soil moisture produced by the SURFEX modelling platform. In the framework of the FP7 IMAGINES European project, a research was conducted in order to assess the impact on the monitoring of agricultural droughts of the integration of satellite data into SURFEX. A data assimilation system (LDASFrance) was implemented to this end. It provides simulations of the biomass and leaf area index of straw cereals and grasslands over France. It is shown that these simulations can be improved through the assimilation of satellite products distributed in nearreal-time by the Copernicus Global Land service (http://land.copernicus.eu/global/).


Studies were made on the reactions of C/sup 11/ in methane containing oxygen. The nuclear reactions C/sup 12/(n,2n) and C/sup 12/(p,pn) were used to produce C/sup 11/. Concomitant radiolysis of the methane during C/sup 11/ production clearly affected product distribution. C/sup 11/-labeled ethane and propane decreased while methane, ethylene, and acetylene decreased. It was assumed that reduction by hydrogen atoms was probably occurring in the unscavenged system. The effects of oxygen and of phase are discussed. In all cases, in duplicate systems, the product distributions resulting from inducing the C/sup 12/(p,pn) reaction were the same within experimental error as those resulting from the C/sup 12/(n,2n) reaction. (P.C.H.)


The article is devoted to a problem of realization of a principle of legal definiteness in the antimonopoly law. The maintenance of a principle of legal definiteness, a rationality rule is investigated, their parity is outlined.


The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought the world to a standstill. More than half of the world's population was in lockdown at the beginning of April. People were urged not to go out and avoid public transport. A few figures to take stock of the situation: around 4 billion people subject to various movement restrictions worldwide, air traffic is reduced by about 90% and shared mobility platforms activity reduced to 2% to 5% of their regular business. The current crisis, which is impacting both the supply and demand for transport, appears to be a privileged moment to rethink mobility and place it on a more sustainable trajectory. The Covid-19 crisis has a significant repercussion on demand and supply of mobility in Victoria as the Victorian government has put citizens in lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19. This research aims to investigate the travel containment measures (government restrictions) taken in response to the COVID-19 emergency have on Victorian's mobility as this insight is vital to estimate parameters appropriate for the different stages of the crisis, before and after the implementation of prevention policies.


By means of the analysis of grinding technological parameters for non-blade reamer,this paper provides calculation formula for grinding radial feed and angle of main shaft inclination.It can be used to control the dimension and tolerance of the width of the reamer cylinder edge and to ensure its cutting inclination.


PURPOSE: A learning contents service method is provided to store experiment or learning modules related to contents of a textbook at a database, and to enable a student and a teacher to simultaneously participate in the experiment or the learning by enabling the teacher to easily construct a learning environment so that it makes it possible performing a remote learning or monitoring. CONSTITUTION: The method comprises steps of constructing an education module database(S31), offering information on the database to a teacher(S32), enabling the teacher to search for desired information in the database, to extract the searched information, to generate education contents via a modification or a compensation, and to transmit the generated education contents to a server(S33), storing the transmitted education contents at the database and giving a student a right to use the education contents(S34), enabling the student to receive the education contents, to use the education contents, and to transmit the usage result to the server(S35), enabling the server to store the usage result, to assess it by using an education assessment program, and to store the assessment result, or enabling the teacher to perform a real time monitoring in a case that the user receives a real time education over a network(S36), and modifying or compensating for controversial points found in performing the education(S37).


Mechanical rheometry and birefringence measurements are used to study the low-frequency dynamics of a homogeneous, star diblock copolymer melt as it is cooled through its microphase separation temperature (MST). Anomalous low-frequency behavior in both mechanical and optical properties are observed at temperatures close to the MST. We conclude that a general condition must be satisfied before unusual low-frequency behavior is observed, namely that the time scale of flow must be less than the relaxation time of structural features perturbed by flow


This paper further elaborates on the topic of conductor optimization for planar helical foil windings. Part 1 of this work briefly covers the classical design methods and new schemes suggested for ac-inductors supported by two case studies. Optimisation of the windings used in filter inductors, carrying both ac- and dc-currents simultaneously, are handled in Part 2 of the publication. Winding shaping techniques, formerly used for cylindrical conductor windings, are adapted for helical foil windings placed in gapped cores. The concept of varying conductor thickness is further used here to achieve substantial reduction in overall losses with the further advantage of drastically reducing the time needed for obtaining the optimal winding shape. The calorimetric methods used to verify results experimentally are also included in this part.


Weekly forecasts are important for call centers, but they present a host of challenges, including "recurring irregular occurrences" such as paydays and billing cycles. In this article, Dan describes his techniques for cleaning the weekly data, accounting for the irregular-event effects, and generating weekly forecast of call volume. Copyright International Institute of Forecasters, 2006


Precast concrete manufactured off-site negates the need for temporary works and reduces material wastage resulting in a more efficient use of material. Research date: [Add date range of research] Date: [Add date of report] Front cover photograph: Delivery of precast concrete floor components WRAP and Mtech Consult Ltd believe the content of this report to be correct as at the date of writing. However, factors such as prices, levels of recycled content and regulatory requirements are subject to change and users of the report should check with their suppliers to confirm the current situation. In addition, care should be taken in using any of the cost information provided as it is based upon numerous project-specific assumptions (such as scale, location, tender context, etc.). The report does not claim to be exhaustive, nor does it claim to cover all relevant products and specifications available on the market. While steps have been taken to ensure accuracy, WRAP and Mtech Consult Ltd cannot accept responsibility or be held liable to any person for any loss or damage arising out of or in connection with this information being inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. It is the responsibility of the potential user of a material or product to consult with the supplier or manufacturer and ascertain whether a particular product will satisfy their specific requirements. The listing or featuring of a particular product or company does not constitute an endorsement by WRAP and WRAP cannot guarantee the performance of individual products or materials. For more detail, please refer to WRAP's Terms & Conditions on its web site: Executive summary Offsite construction methods are increasingly popular in the construction industry. Offsite construction, also referred to as Modern Methods of Construction (MMC), offers many advantages in terms of quality of construction, cost control, construction time and environmental credentials. It is also seen as a means to help reduce the amount of waste generated on site. Precast concrete manufactured offsite for structural and ornamental elements have been extensively used for a wide variety of projects, from railway sleepers to bridge elements, housing and stadia. Precast concrete products are reported to potentially reduce waste on construction site by as much as 50% when compared to more traditional approaches. The nature of concrete and of the production methods allows manufacturers to produce standardised elements using pre-set forms and shutters that are endlessly reused. Furthermore, the design and the manufacturing process does …


This study describes the applicability of the Catchment hydrologic cycle Assessment Tool (CAT) for improving the water cycle in a river basin, and suggests appropriate water cycle improvement methods for adapting the impact of future climate change on river basin hydrology. For future assessment, the Gyeongan‐Cheon River Basin located in the north‐eastern part of South Korea was selected. To evaluate future water cycle improvement, the data from two general circulation models (GCMs), MIROC3.2 hires and HadCM3 with A1B and B1 scenarios, were adopted and downscaled by using the Long Ashton Research Station–Weather Generator (LARS‐WG) after bias correction with 30 year (baseline; 1970 ~ 2000) ground measurements. The future annual surface runoff, groundwater flow and evapotranspiration changed up to +49, −45 and +44% in the late twenty‐first‐century of MIROC3.2hires A1B scenario and up to +56, −44 and +47% in the late twenty‐first‐century of HadCM3 A1B scenario. Under the condition of water cycle improvement are included by facilities, the hydrological cycle was enhanced by increasing groundwater flow and evapotranspiration, and decreasing surface runoff. The future annual surface runoff, groundwater flow and evapotranspiration were improved by −38, +13 and +24% in the late twenty‐first century MIROC3.2hires A1B scenario, and by −38, +13 and +25% for the HadCM3 A1B scenario. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


An approach of combining the rigid body theory and improved Fourier series method is proposed to model the single-stage isolation system based on an elastic plate-shell coupled structure, and the isolation performance is investigated. Considering the practical problems of the machinery system design in the field of marine engineering, the influences of various structural parameters on the isolation performance for the isolation system is implemented. The numerical simulation results are given and discussed.


A fault recovery scheme of a fault-tolerant processor for embedded systems is introduced in this paper. The microarchitecture of the fault-tolerant processor called RSED is modified from superscalar processor architecture. The fault-tolerant mechanism of RSED is implemented mainly using temporal redundancy technique. Fault recovery scheme is an important part of the fault-tolerant mechanism. In order to resolve the problem of possible single point of failures, a novel TMR approach is adopted to generate re-execution instruction address. Compared with similar works, the fault recovery scheme proposed can recover processor execution more reliably.


Three-year-old 'Nijisseiki' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees were treated twice with 13CO2 in October (fall). The distribution of labeled 13C within the tree during dormancy and remobilization in the following season were determined. After leaf-fall, about 63% of the total 13C recovered from the tree was distributed in the roots. At anthesis the 13C content from the previous season's organs showed a significant decrease : the aerial organs decreased by about 53% and the roots by nearly 60%. About 35% of the total 13C recovered from the trees after leaf-fall was consumed by respiration until anthesis. New shoot, flower, and root growth accounted for 8.5%, 9.9%, and 3.9% of the total 13C recovered from the tree after leaf-fall, respectively. One month after anthesis, the 13C remaining in the previous season's organs, had further decreased, having been exported to the new leaves and current shoots. The 13C remaining in the fruitlets dramatically decreased because of the abscission of sepals, petals, stamens, and partial pistils (style and stigma). New roots had the highest concentration of 13C among all new organs. These data suggest that root systems play a special role in the storage of carbohydrates in young pear trees. All organs depend on carbohydrate reserves for spring growth, especially new roots which seem to depend on reserves for a longer time.


ABSTRACT Contrary to common perception, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature does not contain provisions that turn (ichno)specific names into nomina dubia if their holotype is lost or destroyed. Such names are only nomina dubia if the original diagnosis and/or description is insufficient to recognise the taxon. For this reason, there is no need to introduce a category "axiotype" to be recognized in the Code as a possible name-bearing type, as proposed recently. The designation of neotypes is tied to a formalized process that can be the ultima ratio under certain conditions only.


Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and requires long term treatment with GCs. GC-related end organ damage in SLE appears in the form of: osteoporosis, Avascular Necrosis (AVN), cataracts, diabetes (DM) and cardiovascular disease.
Aim of the work: the present work was to assess the prevalence of the complications in SLE patients who were treated with GCs for long periods and with moderate to severe cumulative steroid doses.
Patients and Methods: This study was done on 50 SLE patients who fulfilled the SLICC criteria for diagnosis of SLE. All patients subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, slit-lamp examination to assess cataract, laboratory investigations (ESR, CRP, FBS, 2-H PP, CBC, C3, C4 and anti-dsDNA), DEXA scan, MRI scan (when needed), SLEDAI score and SLICC score assessments. All data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: Regarding the frequency of steroid induced complications, 38% were osteopenic, while 18% were osteoporotic patients. 10% had AVN. 18% had cataract. 14% had DM. There was very strong relationship between steroid duration and the frequency of DM and cataract. But in osteopenia, osteoporosis and AVN, there were weak relationship regarding steroid duration. There was very strong relationship between cumulative steroid dose and the frequency of DM, cataract, osteoporosis and AVN. There was no relationship between age and osteoporosis and AVN but in cataract and DM, there was strong relationship. There was no relationship between sex and complications (DM, cataract, osteopenia, osteoporosis and AVN). There was no relationship between disease activity (measured by SLEDAI score) and frequency of steroid complications (DM, cataract, osteopenia, osteoporosis and AVN). There was strong relationship between end organ damage (measured by SLICC damage index) and frequency of steroid complications (DM, cataract, osteoporosis and AVN). Conclusion: Steroid intake (duration and dose) were major risk factors for developing end organ damage in SLE patients.


Inhibition of the organic matter consumption rate of a saline and rich proteic effluent by free ammonia was assessed in anaerobic filters at 37 °C. Inhibition of substrate (total organic carbon, TOC) consumption rate by ammonia was fitted by the Luong and noncompetitive models. Calculated kinetic parameters using the Luong model were maximum specific growth rate, μmax = 0.28 day 2−1; average saturation constant, KS = 568 mg TOC/L; Luong inhibition parameter, KNH3 = 1707mg ammonia‐nitrogen (NH3–N)/L; and Luong exponent, γ = 0.283 and the noncompetitive calculated parameters were μmax = 0.26 day 2−1, KS = 703 mg TOC/L, and inhibition parameter, INH3 = 325 mg NH3–N/L. The Luong and noncompetitive models predicted 50% inhibition of the substrate consumption rate at ammonia concentrations of 147 and 325 mg NH3–N/L, respectively, suggesting biomass adaptation to the ammonia concentration (80 mg NH3–N/L as average) at which the anaerobic filters were previously operating. Ammonia formation by anaerobic digestion of fishing effluent would produce a maximum of 65.1 and 58.6% inhibition of the efficiency, predicted by the Luong and noncompetitive models, respectively. Ammonia influence on the digestion steps was determined by comparing fishing effluent with volatile fatty acids as substrates. The noncompetitive model predicted a 50% inhibition of methane production rate at ammonia concentrations of 196.6 and 188.6 mg NH3–N/L for fishing effluent and volatile fatty acids, respectively, suggesting that the methanogenic step is the one most affected by ammonia.


Police storytelling is an understudied aspect of police culture(s). In the literature, two views can be found. One view is that storytelling helps officers to learn the craft of policing. Another view is that storytelling is merely part of a 'canteen culture' that deals with the lack of excitement in real police work. On the basis of a two-year ethnographic study in a Dutch police station, I claim that the practice of storytelling is a crucial part of everyday police station life. However, the work police stories do and the forms they have differ from one backstage context to the next.


Prior research shows that internationalization increases information asymmetry and conflicts of interest between managers and outside investors, which lead to greater agency problems. Agency theory predicts a demand for higher quality auditors when agency problems are more severe. This study investigates whether the extent of internationalization influences auditor choice and whether audit quality has performance implications for internationalization. Using a set of U.S. firms from 2003 to 2009, we find the extent of internationalization positively related to audit quality. Furthermore, higher quality audits positively moderate the relation between internationalization and firm performance. Taken together, these results suggest that higher quality audit mitigates the agency problem associated with internationalization.


Rats, orally inoculated with Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 and Actinomyces viscosus Ny-1, received 18 meals daily of either sucrose, cooked wheat starch or a 1:1 m


The recently published book, The Tensions Between Culture and Human Rights: Emancipatory Social Work and Afrocentricity in a Global World, edited by Vishanthie Sewpaul, Linda Kreitzer and Tanusha Raniga, explores and interrogates the relationship between culture and human rights and contextualises it across a few countries in Africa. It demonstrates the fact that Africa is not a homogenous society and that there are multitudes of cultures across and in countries in Africa. The book sets out to explore the "tension" between culture and rights, and indeed this tension is apparent throughout.


Computer education has been a based subject in today's college education.Whether have awareness of using compuer and the ability to solve practical problems by compuer has became important indicator of talent in the 21st century.In this article,we have started with the status of college computer-based education,analysised some characteristics of the university basic education,and explored several teaching methods such as hierarchical teaching,student-centered theory of materialized teaching,task-driven experimental teaching,and some innovative teaching advanced with the times


It is now known that tunable dye laser light leads to resonance enhanced photoionization of molecules in a mass spectrometer via multiphoton absorption. In some cases this process also leads to ion fragmentation. Time delayed tandem laser pulses of different wavelengths are employed to study the mechanism of this multiphoton ionization and fragmentation process in benzene. The experimental results strongly indicate that excitation does not proceed up an autoionization ladder of the neutral molecule, rather the multiphoton process is shown to be due to the climbing of two independent ladders, one up to the ionization potential in the neutral molecule, the second in the new species of molecular parent ions produced. Hence multiphoton ionization could also form a new basis of ion spectroscopy.


ABSTRACT Background COVID-19 and measures to contain it may have impacted college students' behavior, including their drinking behavior. Students' drinking may have decreased—for example, due to the closure of bars—but problematic drinking may have increased—for example, due to (solitary) drinking at home. Another behavior that has increased due to COVID-19 and the accompanying social isolation is students' social networking site (SNS) use. This is worrisome because students' SNS use has been shown to increase their alcohol use. Nevertheless, little research has investigated these behaviors and the possible link between them during a lockdown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine (1) whether students engaged in drinking during a lockdown, (2) whether they displayed their drinking behavior on SNSs, and (3) whether exposure to and posting of alcohol-related content was linked to their daily alcohol use. Methods 337 college students (M age = 20.63 years, SD age = 1.55 years; 50.3% male) participated in a two-week daily diary study. Descriptive statistical analyses and generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM) were deployed. Results Descriptive analysis results showed that during the week, students' drinking occurred with friends in dormitories, while in the weekend, this behavior shifted to drinking with friends and parents at home. Moreover, students mostly saw visual and posted textual posts of this drinking on SNSs. Furthermore, GLMM revealed associations between exposure to alcohol postings, sharing of alcohol postings, and students' probability of drinking on the same day. Conclusion This study provides important insights into students' alcohol use and its underlying mechanisms during health crises.


This paper will review the research conducted on multi criteria location problem for undesirable facilities in two
separate groups. First, multi attribute studies to select appropriate site for undesirable facilities such as landfill and treatment center are reviewed. Thereafter, some of the important and common criteria and sub-criteria to select site for landfill from reviewed studies are derived. Second, multi-objective model to locate undesirable facilities are surveyed. Also, different objectives that are considered usually in location undesirable facilities are extracted. This study can help decision makers and researchers to know significant criteria in field of undesirable facilities location
problems. Also, it can help to have knowledge about solution methods to tackle multi criteria problem.


In addition to angiotensinⅡ,angiotensin-(1-7) is another important regulatory peptide of the renin-angiotensin system.It mainly binds with a specific receptor known as Mas,showing a vascular dilation and an anti-proliferation effect,which counterbalances the effects of angiotensin Ⅱ,including vasoconstriction,blood pressure increase,proliferation,urine retention,etc.Recent studies demonstrate that angiotensin-(1-7) and its Mas receptor play active roles in local physiological process and show an protective effect in many pathological conditions.


During the past decade, I have received branchiobdellid material from biospeleologists who are in the process of inventorying cave dwelling animals and investigating their ecology and zoogeography. The branchiobdellids will contribute litte, I fear, to our knowledge of the routes and times of invasion of eastern North American caves by true troglobites. Nonetheless, there seem to be a few branchiobdellids that are restricted to caves, mainly those known to infest troglobitic asellid isopods. Most, however, are common epigean species that are able to move easily back and forth from epigean to hypogean habitats, and some of these have taken up a life on troglobitic crayfishes. The nolorious lack of host specificity on the part of the branchiobdel. lids (Goodnight, 1940; Hobbs, Holt and Walton, 1967;Holt, 1968a;interalia) and their obvious "preadaptations" to cave life lend credence to these opinions. I know only one reference to a cave dwelling branchiobdellid: the description of Cambarincola alieniis Holt, 1963. Since many spdeologists for whom this paper is written, may not know the branchiobdellids and the methods employed in a taxonomic treatment of them, a few remarks may b,~in order. The branchiobddlids compose a monotypic order of annelid worms, closely related to the oligochaetes, the acanthodrilids and the hirudineans (Holt, 1965b). Their body is composed of fifteen segments, but only the last eleven, the trunk ones, are numbered, since the first four form a head (the segmentation of the head is still debatable). There are no setae or prostomium; the peristomium and last one or two segments form anterior and posterior suckers. The single spermatheca opens midven trally on (trunk) segment V; the male efferen t apparatus by a single midven tral pore on segment VI; the ovipores lateroventrally on segment VII. For further anatomical details see Moore, 1895, and Holt, 1949; 1960a; 1965a; 1968a. The animals are uniquely Holarctic in their distribution (contra Bishop, 1968) and are known only as epizoites (commensals, parasites, "hitch-hikers") on freshwater crustaceans, principally astacid crayfishes, but they have been reported from isopods (Holt, 1963), freshwater crabs (Hobbs and Villalobos, 1958; Holt, 1964, 1973a) and freshwater shrimp (Liang, 1963), and there is the remarkable case of Cambarincola vitreus Ellis, 1919, occurring in the gill chambers of the marine crab,


The utility model discloses an arc-shaped damping sole embedded with a damping component, in particular to a damping sole with both spring type reliable damping performance and air bag type damping comfort and lightness; the arc-shaped damping sole comprises an arc-shaped middle bottom and a large bottom, wherein the radian of the heel part that is made by PU (polyurethane) injection molding in the arc-shaped middle sole is 35 degrees, the large bottom is made of natural rubber; the damping sole is provided with the damping component that is a hollow cushion, and the center of the upper part of the hollow cushion is opened; the heel part under the middle sole is provided with a groove from bottom to top; the damping component is embedded in the groove; the middle sole is provided with an air output and input pipeline that extends to the heel from the front sole to be communicated with the damping component in the groove; and the middle sole and the damping component are fixed together by the large sole, and advantages of the air bag type damping technology and the spring type damping technology are combined together.


The carbon tax regulation that will be implemented in Indonesia has been postponed considering the macroeconomic situation that is happening nowadays. This research studies the readiness for its implementation in Indonesia by assessing the implementation of POJK No. 51 in 2021 which regulates the carbon emission disclosure in the sustainability report. In addition, this research discusses an effective scheme for carbon tax implementation in Indonesia based on POJK No. 51. The data that is used in this research mainly is secondary data obtained from coal sector companies' sustainability reports in Indonesia which are listed in Bursa Efek Indonesia for 2021, government's regulation, and previous studies about the carbon tax. It is found that 34,62% of the coal companies haven't disclosed their carbon emission. However, POJK No. 51 is proven to improve the readiness of the coal sector companies for the tax carbon implementation. Carbon tax implementation can use sustainability report that published by each company, which already contains the carbon emission. Even though, a more detailed regulation is still needed to support the carbon tax implementation based on the carbon emission disclosure by coal companies in 2021.


Purpose / Context - Rural heating design temperature is closely related to building thermal perfor-mance design, indoor plain layout and energy consumption. Methodology / Approach - Focus on residential behavior pattern, this paper studied the rural heat-ing design temperature based on the site research. Results – Firstly, a site research is carried out taken rural region in south Liaoning province as an example, which in terms of the plain layout of yard and interior, residential behavior, residential cloth-ing and activity, indoor thermal environment, residential thermal sense and so on. Secondly, based on site research, the influence of current residential behavior pattern on their clothing and activity intensity is analyzed. Thirdly, the subordination relation curves between indoor temperature and thermal sense subsets are established by means of fuzzy theory. Key Findings / Implications – Based on maximum membership principle, rural residential heating design temperature is determined. And it is from 12 to 16 centigrade for master room. Originality - This paper will offer theoretical foundation to the design of heating system in rural new rural construction.


Nowadays, social development has entered a new period, and in the new social background, the internal quality control has a direct effect on the accounting information quality. In order to improve the quality of accounting information overall, it is sure to do internal control work well and starts with the improvement of internal control quality. This can not only provide practical guidance for accounting management, but also improve the utilization rate of accounting information.


Article: RT0472 DNA polymerases are specialized in the synthesis and repair of the genetic material. Y-family DNA polymerases lie at the heart of the mutagenesis process, a process commonly known as translesion synthesis. Y-family DNA polymerases have special characteristics of synthesizing the bases on damaged DNA. Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a process carried out by special polymerases for the prevention of cell death. This article mainly emphasizes the process carried out by DNA polymerases for prevention of cell death viz., TLS along with their necessities, and also for error-prone replication. Popular Art ic le Art ic le History Received in 6th January 2021 Received in revised form 9th January 2021 Accepted in final form 10th January 202


SabatSterry, Hans-Dieter Volk, Bianca Maria Wittig and RobertDoecke, Stefanie Endesfelder, Khusru Asadullah, Wolfram Kerstin Wolk, Ellen Witte, Ute Hoffmann, Wolf-Dietrichhttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/9/5973J Immunol€2007; 178:5973-5981; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/178/9/5973.full#ref-list-1This article cites 49 articles, 19 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai.org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:


In recent years,the psychological health of transient students in key middle schools caused great anxiety in the society.As a special group in school,they displayed a series of psychological and behavioral problems.These not only affected their full scale development,but also disturbed the school's normal teaching practice.As the instructors,we should pay more attention to the psychological development of those transient students.And try to achieve "quality education" by carrying out the policy of treating all students without discrimination.


ana tomopathologique studyin 86 % of the cases. The treatment consisted in an endo-uterineaspiration with a followup of the diminution of shCG. 68 % of the patients had a favorable evolution. 32 % of the cases had evolved towards trophoblastiques tumors which were all of low risk. The evolution was favorable for the majority of them under chemotherapy. Keyw ords: trophoblastiques diseases; trophoblastiques tumors; shCG; chemotherapy.


To alleviate the queue spillovers at intersections of urban roads during rush hours, a solution to the cross-spill problem based on vehicle networking technologies is proposed. This involves using connected vehicle technology, to realize the interactive information on vehicle and intersection signal control. The maximum control distance between intersections is determined by how vehicles are controlled and would travel in that connected environment. A method of calculating overflow tendency towards intersection queuing is also proposed, based on the maximum phase control distance. By this method, the intersection overflow is identified, and then the signal phases are re-optimized according to the requirements of different phases. Finally, overflow prevention control was also performed in this study. The VISSIM simulation results show that the method can better prevent the overflow of queues at intersections.


On the basis of theory on genetic algorithm,the basic process is introduced for the optimal solution of problems by using differential equation and partial differential equation.The determination method for different parameters in genetic algorithm is demonstrated by examples. Finally,the approximate optimal solution is obtained for the equation and the feasibility of the method is verified.


Today, there are several ways to obtain polystyrene foam. Unfortunately, not every constructive solution, being suitable for solving heat engineering and other problems, turns out to be optimal in terms of creating a heat-insulating, noise and sound-absorbing material that meets the following requirements: energy saving, energy efficiency, minimization of waste generation during its manufacture, increasing labor productivity and reducing costs. We have created a cassette technology for producing polystyrene foam without a press. The proposed technology makes it possible to obtain polystyrene plates of the required thickness with a compacted surface layer, simplifies the design for the formation of polystyrene plates, reduces the cost of foam plastic production, and creates ease of maintenance and obtaining up to ten foam plastic sheets in one cycle at a time. The advantage of the technology is that each foam sheet of the required thickness has a compacted surface layer, which reduces the water and moisture absorption of the foam and leads to an increase in the energy efficiency of the resulting plates and the disappearance of waste. In addition, this block form has a simplified design, it doesn't require pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, pumps, etc., which reduces the cost of foam plates, facilitates labor and ensures the safety of operation of this equipment. Also, this unit is mobile, it can be used on a construction site, which is important for northern territories characterized by active development of oil and gas fields, placing it in shift camps of the oil and gas industry in the Arctic for the production of construction cabins and trailers for shift workers.


Introduction: Relevance of this project Immigration to Norway has increased dramatically the past thirty years with migrants coming from every continent in the world. Approximately 8.3% of the total population in Norway is counted as immigrant in the country, while this percentage increases to 23% in Oslo − a picture that is similar in other European countries today. Multiculturalism and multilingualism are inevitable consequences of migration. Contact between different cultural and linguistic groups contributes to an increased need to develop symbolic expressions of identities and to the formation of identities that are hybrid and complex. Identity is ever-present in practices of multilingualism and multiculturalism. Identities both shape and are shaped by language and cultural expressions, hence an inherently reflexive relationship.


Background. The article focuses on articulating the role of chromatic button accordion in the modern sociocultural system of Ukrainian musical art, based on the case of one leading school established in 1951 on the basis of Kharkiv National Kotlyarevskyj University of Arts. Objectives. The objective of the article is to provide an analysis of Kharkiv regional accordion school (since the second half of the 20th century to the present day), as well as its personalities using as an example five generations of performersteachers. Methodology of the study includes researching of the history and practice of performing chromatic button accordion (the fundamental works of M. Imkhanycjkyj, U. Loshkova, I. Snjedkov, A. Mirek, А. Stashevskyj) Results. After the invention of the chromatic button accordion a little over 100 years ago, it went from a primitive musical instrument satisfying everyday needs to one recognized on the professional concert stage. The status of the instrument has been changing hand in hand with its improvement and the creation of original repertoire. Now the chromatic button accordion is on par with other academic instruments recognized worldwide. Currently there are four chromatic button accordion schools in Ukraine - in Kyiv, Odessa, Lviv and Kharkiv. Kharkiv has been viewed as a regional center of development of the chromatic button accordion performing since early 20-ies of the 20th century. However, the original "Kharkiv school of performing" was fully established with the opening of the chromatic button accordion class at the orchestra department of the University in 1951. This event became final in the formation of the system of professional chromatic button accordionists and teachers preparation. It is as follows: music school, music college, conservatory. The founder of the chromatic button accordion class was L. M. Horenko (1925- 1989). Volodymyr Yakovych Podgornyj (1928-2010), an outstanding performer, composer and teacher, played the key role in the formation of Kharkiv original chromatic button accordion school. His unique compositional and performing style dramatically changed the teaching methodology, performance priorities, approaches to transcription and translation of works for an chromatic button accordion, the "harmonic mindset". Volodymyr Yakovych contributed greatly to the creation of original chromatic button accordion repertoire which surpassed existing samples in its quality, giving a new direction to the chromatic button accordion development not only in Kharkiv, Ukraine but also abroad. Thus, L. M. Horenko and V. Y. Podgornyj became the first generation of chromatic button accordion teachers in Kharkiv National Kotlyarevskyj University of Arts. The second generation of teachers at the department including Podgornyj's students O. I. Nasarenko and A. P. Ghaidenko used to uphold these principles, but they also brought additional details generally related to their inherent features of character. The representatives of the third generation at the department - professors O. V. Mishhenko and I. I. Snjedkov brought innovative characteristics to the general terms of the performing school. They have been known to pay attention to the logic of dramatic development, conciseness of musical forms, technical perfection, academicism, the balance of the emotional and rational performance components, the perfection of small intonation pieces. The fourth generation includes Andrij Ghetman who`d been working since 1995 to 2007, and Andrij Strilets who started his career in 1998. They both were students of Kharkiv chromatic button accordion school taught by Professor I. I. Snjedkov. Following general principles of "Podgornyj school", those personalities deviate significantly from the original source. A. Ghetman's performing is characterized by specific academicism both in the quality of performing and in selecting a concert repertoire. A. Strilets distinguishes by advanced orchestral thinking, focused work with the viewer, attention to a musical phrase structure, expressiveness and emotional completeness of performance. The fifth generation consists of Dmytro Zharikov (a soloist of the regional Philharmonic society) who has received a Master's degree at Rostov Academy of Music named after. S. V. Rakhmaninov under the direction of the world-famous accordion player Yurij Shyshkin and Yurij Djjachenko (a student of O. I. Nasarenko) who teaches the conducting course. They have worked at the department since 2015. Conclusion. The modern chromatic button accordion through developing in the plane of professional instrumental performing, repeats the path of other famous academic musical instruments. Moreover, Kharkiv regional accordion school, being one of the leading development centers of the chromatic button accordion in Ukraine, has entered the value system of the 21st century culture. Its development and increasing authority in the world arena are related to: 1) the further integration into the extensive network of European music universities; 2) experience exchange not only at the level of teaching methods, but also through the introduction of exchange programs with students from leading conservatories of different countries worldwide; 3) the creation of the conditions for the training of a certain unification specialists according to the existing genre and stylistic directions of performance on chromatic button accordion; 4) the orientation on the implementation of all the advanced instruments constructive capabilities (sound production and strokes) and timbral coloring; 5) the search for forms of the chromatic button accordion (as an academic instrument) creative synthesis: from established forms of ensembles (such as strings or wind) to modern theatrical, vocal and dance performances, music and light show.


The emerging SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) is still following the increasing trend of infection worldwide with an elderly male predominance. Studies reported that majority of male patients with COVID-19 suffer from severe testosterone deficiency and are likely to die from the coronavirus mainly due to a less effective immune response and high level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a condition called cytokine storm. Testosterone (a steroid having protective anti-inflammatory properties) therapy reduces circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Testosterone therapy is effective in the management of elderly Alzheimer's disease where pro-inflammatory cytokines are the potent mediators of inflammatory processes, and aged men having HIV infection. As, currently there is no specific therapeutic drug targeting the SARS-CoV-2, and, considering the present pandemic circumstance, and the immunomodulatory and protective findings of testosterone therapy in previous studies, it can be hypothesized that testosterone therapy could be a potential approach for treatment of elderly male COVID-19 patients.
J. Bio-Sci. 29(1): 181-187, 2021 (June)


Annotation
Purpose. Optimization terms of repair and maintenance works due to monitoring of the technical condition in mobile agricultural machinery on the basis statistical simulation using of its technical resource.
Methods. System analysis and methods for statistical processing results of operational reliability tractors in experimental farms on NAAS. For the development statistical simulation models, discrete-event simulation, "Any Logic" simulation environment is provided.
Results. The intensity using of mobile agricultural machinery during the year by the amount of fuel consumption is established, which makes it possible to plan the terms and scope of repair and maintenance works during the period of minimum load of equipment. The advantages strategy of adaptive maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery in comparison with the planning and warning system, which consist in determining the periods of repair and maintenance work, taking into account the intensity using mobile equipment and residual resource, which is basis for the development and implementation of operational management plans for its technical. Prerequisites for statistical simulation of the process of using the technical resource of mobile equipment are highlighted; the stages of establishment of its residual resource and appointment of terms of repair and maintenance works are defined.
Conclusions. The economic effect on the results of research will be to monitor the technical state of mobile equipment, minimization of downtime for technical reasons during intense field work and effective use of technical resources maintaining a crop of potential losses by 8–10% due to the timely implementation processes.
Keywords: mobile technology, adaptive repair strategy, initial data, modeling process, modeling algorithm, statistical simulation model, technical condition, residual life, terms of repair works.


This paper demonstrates a GPS receiver research platform. It can generate digital Immediate Frequency (IF) GPS signal and some signal synchronize functions on high dynamic and weak signal environment. It is based on a mathematical signal model which expresses the digitized IF GPS signal as a function of various errors during propagation. The simulator is able to simulate more than 12 GPS satellite signals due to user. In order to validate the signals and develop more effective algorithm for various GPS signals and different tracking techniques are discussed. Performances of different type tracking loops outputs on particular environment are demonstrated and analyzed. Especially, for weak signal environment, aiming at tracking degraded signal, an errors tracking scheme based on modified Unscented Kalman Filtering (UKF) is designed and implemented. The 30dB/Hz weak signal test result validated the tracking scheme.


The time-series relationship between investor sentiment and market returns, in particular the direction and size of the effects, remains ambiguous, being assessed under the restrictive assumption of linearity. This paper reveals the presence of four, intuitive, regimes in price and sentiment formation in the US stock market at the monthly level over the period 1965-2003, even after controlling for various economic and financial factors. An optimistic state of high returns (occurrence probability: 44%) alternates with a pessimistic state of low returns (35%), while two infrequent, highly volatile states capture temporal irregularities: episodes of extreme negative returns and strong pessimism (13%) and a reversal phase of intense optimism (8%). Five main findings arise: i) In the high return (low return) state, only individual (institutional) sentiment is influential, being a contrarian (momentum) signal for the subsequent return and responding positively (negatively) but weakly to its lagged value. In the former case, the impact of sentiment is consistent with correction of a previous mispricing, possibly induced by individuals, while in the latter, it indicates institutions' correct predictive ability. ii) The impact of institutional sentiment is substantial but constrained in the pessimistic state, while the effect of individual sentiment is moderate but augmented substantially at irregular times. iii) Individuals interpret institutional optimism as a positive signal, whereas institutions perceive individuals' optimism as a contrarian indicator. iv) Total arbitrage cost exerts a positive impact on both subsequent returns and institutional optimism. v) Interest rates' reductions amplify investors' optimism at irregular times, most evidently during the market reversal phase.


Event scheduling applications such as Doodle allow for very limited privacy protection. Even if the participants are anonymous, their inputs are revealed to the poll administrator and the application server. There exist privacy-enhanced scheduling services (e.g., Kellermann and Böhme, CSE'09), but they require heavy computation and communication on the client's side, leak information to the participants or poll administrator, and allow only for a restricted scheduling functionality. In this work, we present a privacy-preserving scheduling system based on secure two-party computation, that allows to schedule meetings between a large number of participants efficiently, without requiring any participant to reveal its availability pattern or other sensitive information to any other participant, server, or even the poll administrator. The protocol allows for various functional extensions and requires the client to perform very little work when securely submitting its inputs. Our protocol is secure against semi-honest non-colluding servers and malicious participants.


OBJECTIVE To study the distribution and drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii(ABA) and to provide guidance for clinical medication.METHODS The character of infection and drug resistance of 520 ABA strains isolated from clinical wards from Jan 2006 to Dec 2008,were analyzed retrospectively.The drug resistance was analyzed by disk diffusion(K-B) method.RESULTS A total of 520 cases of ABA were isolated,sputum was the mainly specimen from which ABA were isolated,ABA was mainly isolated from ICU.The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the drug resistance rates of ABA to imipenem(4.8%-21.1%) and meropenem(5.6%-28.4%) were the lowest,followed by cefoperazone/sulbactam(12.8%-34.4%).CONCLUSION The drug resistance rate of ABA has ascending tendency.It is important to strengthen the clinical monitoring and the rational use of antibiotics.


The main physical and biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels , and correlation estimates between these characteristics were investigate in this study. Mature fruits of S. cumini were collected from ten matrices trees in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Parana, Brazil. The longitudinal and transversal diameters of 100 fruits and 100 seeds were measured. The mass of fresh and dry matter, water content of fruits and seeds, and pulp yield of the fruits were quantified. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, adjustment of statistical distributions, and Spearman's correlation analysis. The Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels ("jambolan") presents variation in fruit, pulp and seed mass, which can be explored for breeding projects and should be considered in the formation of seed lots that are more homogeneous. There were significant positive correlations between the fruit pulp yield (FPY) and the fresh fruit mass (FFM), dry fruit mass (DFM) and fruit water content (FWC). T he S. cumini fruits present great socioeconomic potential for the food industry in Brazil due to the high pulp yield of the fruits (72.93 ± 7.41%). The high fruit pulp yield can be optimized with the selection of plants with fruits of greater fresh mass or dry mass or water content due to the high degree of association between these characteristics and the pulp yield.


Vertical concentration profiles of airborne particulate matter were measured in four different indoor environments- library, coffee room, workshop and undergraduate student hostel- on the University Campus at Sutton Bonington. Measurements were carried out using an electronically-controlled lifting platform carrying a real-time optical particle monitor for sampling air sequentially at different heights within the breathing zone. Data was automatically logged at the different receptor levels, for the determination of the average vertical concentration profile of the various particle size ranges which include inhalable, thoracic, alveolic, PM10 and PM2.5. Vertical concentration profiles measured in these different indoor environments exhibited different characteristics but in almost all cases it was clear that different height groups of the population are exposed to different concentrations of the pollutant. This has implications on setting of air quality standards for the protection of public health. The r...


In the paper, the theory of the continuous straightening and its application in the thin slab are analyzed,and the continuous straightening force of the thin slab which make us confused all the while is calculated.Compared with the SMS/DEMAG calculation,the results shown in this paper are fitted to the practical case and the analysis method can be applied to the analysis and calculation of the similar machine in the engineering.


The model-driven development of systems involves multiple models, metamodels and transformations, and relationships between them. A bidirectional transformation (bx) is usually defined as a means of maintaining consistency between "two (or more)" models. This includes cases where one model may be generated from one or more others, as well as more complex ("symmetric") cases where models record partially overlapping information. In recent years binary bx, those relating two models, have been extensively studied. Multiary1 bx, those relating more than two models, have received less attention. In this paper we consider how a multiary consistency relation may be defined in terms of binary consistency relations, and how consistency restoration may be carried out on a network of models and relationships between them. We relate this to megamodelling and discuss further research that is needed.


To determine the accuracy and reproducibility of cardiac output determinations by thermodilution (COv) in children, simultaneous outputs" were measured by the Fick technique (COt) (using measured oxygen consumption) and thermodilution in 26 children, ranging in age from 8 to 86 months, who were undergoing cardiac catheterization. There was excellent correlation between mean output by thermodilution and by the Fick technique: COT = 1.10 COp -- 0.2 l/minute, r = 0.91. In three-quarters of the patients the CO~ differed by 15% or less" and in none differe d by more than 25%. Serial values of thermodilution outputs were reproducible in each patient with a SD of 5.5%. Our observations indicate that CO~ is accurate, reproducible, and valuable in the care of critically ill infants and children.


Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in inclined supine combined with lithotomy position under ultrasound guidance in the treatment of upper urinary calculi.Methods 56 patients with upper urinary calculi received minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in inclined supine combined with lithotomy position under ultrasound guidance.The patients included 38 males and 18 females,aged 44±16.7(23~70) years.10 patients had upper ureteral calculi,46 had renal calculi(including 26 single stone in pelvis,16 multiple stones and 11 stag horn stone).Results All operations were successful.The operation time was 98±40.1(60~190 minutes).10 cases with upper ureteral calculi were stone-free after a single operation(100%).38 patients with renal calculi were stone-free(71.70%) after a single procedure and 11(20.75%) were stone-free after a second procedure.The total stone clearance rate was 92.45%.Nobody needed blood transfusion and no serious complications occurred during operation.Conclusion Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in inclined supine combined with lithotomy position under ultrasound guidance is an effective and safe treatment method with high stone clearance rate.


The basis for traffic safety research studies, which have developed numerous countermeasures to treat deficiencies in highway design features, surface conditions, traffic control devices, and driving behavior, comes from police reported crash data. However, a significant number of crashes go unreported. Studies show that severe crashes are more likely to be reported than those with lower severity. This issue is called frequency-severity indeterminacy. Because of frequency-severity indeterminacy, it is difficult to determine if a change in the number of reported crashes is caused by an actual change in number of crashes, a shift in severity proportions, or a mixture of both. Using underreported data tends to create the issue of frequency-severity indeterminacy, further producing a biased picture of traffic safety and by extension ineffective treatments. This paper presents a new approach addressing the issue of frequency-severity indeterminacy with a modified latent Poisson regression model. With recent advancements in crash modeling and Bayesian statistics, the parameter estimation is implemented within the Bayesian paradigm using two Gibbs Samplers and a Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) algorithm. The methodology is then empirically applied to investigate the issue of frequency-severity indeterminacy in traffic crashes that occurred on Washington two-lane highways.


Climate change is an important global issue, leading to sea level rise and extreme weather. The impact of climate change on local hydraulic and meteorological conditions such as wind, water levels and currents has to be taken into account when designing coastal and river protection structures worldwide, and in port development. For optimal design of hydraulic structures, accurate and reliable knowledge of hydraulic conditions is essential, and application of numerical models is becoming more and more important. Simultaneously, the model requirements and standards become higher. Several alternative designs should be investigated under various conditions by model simulations in a short period of time. Flexible, fast and efficient deployment of hydraulic models in a multidisciplinary design process is necessary. This holds even more for developing countries, where in general knowledge is lagging and budgets are limited. This paper discusses, by using a case study, how accurate and reliable site specific water level and current predictions can be obtained by means of the numerical flow model FINEL2D, in areas where no 'on the shelf' calibrated models are available yet, within a limited time frame and budget, and thus stimulating port development and other economic activities in developing countries The paper also shows how the triangular mesh provides flexibility to adapt the model to various alternative designs and the client's whishes, also in a later stage of the project. In recent years, the Dutch Olympic sailing team has started using numerical models to obtain accurate and reliable site specific current forecasts in important competitions such as the Olympic Games. Sailors use knowledge on the prevailing currents in the racing area to adjust their strategy in order to optimise their achievement in competition. The numerical flow model FINEL2D is used to provide specific current forecasts for the Dutch team during both training and races at the Olympics of 2008, 2012 and 2016. The Olympics of 2008 and 2016 were held in China and Brazil, which are both considered upcoming economies. The set up, calibration and use of the separate models for each of the venues are practical examples of how the FINEL2D model can be applied to obtain site specific conditions within limited time frame and budget, and may be considered as a guideline for the application of hydraulic models in port development in this paper.


The author discusses a coalition between two East Texas cities which are forging a lasting relationship grounded in a common goal of community development, stimulated by funding from the Pew Foundation. The strategies--open-space technology, community navigators, leadership training and issues forums--used to build regional networks are discussed.


A study has found that US faculty members are twice as likely to hire female over male tenure-track applicants in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM).


Objective To aim at the problem of the perceiving and ability to the healthy education of the nursing students in clinical practice,take corresponding measures and train the capability of the healthy education of the nursing students.Method To train the capability of the nursing students in orthopedics.Results The nursing students is lack of the knowledge and ability about the healthy education.Conclusion The teachers should enable nursing students to understand the importance of healthy education and master the theory of corresponding knowledge and skills.


This article investigates muslims scholars' views about women's creation and their right of leardership based on the Qur'an. Various methods of exegesis of the Qur'an influences significantly in understanding the women's creation and their right of leadership. The failure to find out ideal impression of the verses of the Qur'an is This article investigates Muslims scholars' views concerning creation of women and their leadership right in accordance with the Qur'an. Various methods of Qur'anic exegesis significantly influence understanding of the creation of women and their right of leadership. Failure to disclose the ideal impression of the Qur'anic verses is majorly caused by separation of its texts and contexts. A historical awareness and external reality today are two in each other's pocket variables. Another factor is hadith ( riwayat ) from an ahlul kitab who converted to be a Muslim and recounts that Hawa was created from Adam's left bent rib bone. Whereas according to the Qur'an humankinds, both men and women, have originally been created from the same source in that they share equal position, and men cannot subordinate women. Nor are they competitors one another, rather they are partners with own virtues and women to serve as public leaders as long as they fulfill qualitative criteria of competences, including those of the managerial,  leadership, intellectual, personal, and also of course, with a public support.


Caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1) is an essential structural constituent of caveolae, implicated in mitogenic signaling, oncogenesis, neurodegenerative diseases and senescence. A complex role is exerted by Cav‐1 in human malignancies, which seems to be dependent on histotype, stage and grade of each neoplastic disease. As regards lung cancer, emerging evidence indicates a close relation between Cav‐1 and the development of it. In the present study we investigated the role of Cav‐1 in metastatic lung cancer proliferation. Cell lines were from metastatic lesions of lung adenocarcinoma (RAL) and of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC‐R1), in which Cav‐1 protein was expressed at high levels. Results show that siRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of Cav‐1 caused stable arrest of cell cycle in both cell lines. A marked reduction of cyclin D and of CDK2‐CDK4 expressions were evident in the cells transfected with Cav‐1 siRNA and consequently of phosphoRb on ser795 and ser780. A significant decrease of the expression of phosphorylated Akt and its down‐stream effectors phosphorylated ERK and STAT3 was also evident. This is the first report of a block of metastatic lung proliferation obtained by Cav‐1 silencing, in the same time suggesting a new cell cycle inhibiting pathway, mediated by Cav‐1 knock‐down, in lung cancer and providing new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the pro‐survival and tumor‐promoting functions of Cav‐1


Along with the development of economy, a growing of large electronics workshop projects and the increasing of workshop area, the difficulties of evacuation design in engineering design is increasingly protruding. Due to large cubic construction and the complexity of building function, the evacuation problems in fire protection design is difficult to solve when using existing national specifications. By using the method of performance-based fire protection design in electronic workshop personnel evacuation design, and using computer simulation technology to demonstrate its security, we can find the solution to similar engineering problems.


The present study focused on the wear performance of AA6061/ SiCp (1, 1.5 and 2 wt. %) of nanocomposites at dry sliding condition. The nanocomposite specimens were fabricated through ultrasonic assisted stir casting technique. The wear experiments were conducted under normal atmospheric conditions using a pin-on-disc apparatus. Three different applied normal loads on nanocomposite pin (10 N, 15 N, and 20 N); at various sliding velocities of (1 m/s, 1.5 m/s, and 2 m/s); and at sliding distances of (1000 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m) were considered. The influences of applied normal load on nanocomposite pin, wt. % of SiCp reinforcement particles, sliding velocity, and sliding distance on both friction coefficient and wear loss were studied. The changes of wear loss and friction coefficient with varying applied normal loads, sliding velocities, and sliding distances were plotted. It was observed that the wear loss increased linearly with increasing sliding distance and sliding velocity. This was due to the increase of oxidation layer on the pin surface. The average friction coefficient at sliding velocity 1 m/s for 1 wt. % of SiCp, 1.5 wt. % of SiCp, and 2 wt. % of SiCp reinforced nanocomposites at sliding distance 3000 m, at 20 N normal loads was 0.29, 0.43, and 0.46, respectively. The average friction coefficient at 2 m/s sliding velocity for the same load and sliding distance was 0.26, 0.27, and 0.28, respectively. The increase of SiCp reinforcement in the matrix increased the friction coefficient due to its cubic crystal structure. The increase of sliding velocity and sliding distances reduced the friction coefficient. The worn surfaces of the samples were examined using SEM and EDX analyses. SEM micrograph analysis of the wear surfaces of the nanocomposites exhibited the abrasion wear and oxidative wear with severe plastic deformation. The shallower scratches, circular grooves, and deeper grooves were identified at different conditions on the worn surfaces.


At the moment, for the government at any level of executive power exists the problem of constructing an effective horizontal target-oriented coordination of structural units. Of great importance is the construction of effective organizational structures at the regional level, with the prospect of sharing at the local level. Formation of effective organizational structures of public administration at the regional level must comply with the principles of the organizational structure at the federal level, when adapted to a particular region. The basic principles must include principles of systematic, target orientation, compliance and others. The article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the organizational structures of the Federation. The analysis showed that the presented range of design principles of effective organizational structures have not been fully implemented in any of the regions analyzed. As result of the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of regional organizational structures and management systems based on the principles of building effective structures, a model of the organization of regional management structure that will be enough standard, effective and not particularly depend on the characteristics of the Federation, which at the same time not excludes specific clarifications of certain provisions, depending on the specialty of the region


"I thought this was a literature class, not a geography class!" This complaint is what I sometimes hear the first day of my world literature course. That's because I situate the literature in a geographical context, knowing that most of my students have no sense of direction when it comes to foreign countries. I start with two prereading activities. My most useful "prop" for this class is a world map. It remains on the front classroom wall throughout the course and serves as a visual reference point for the literature that we study. However, before I display it, I hand out outlines of a world map to the students and ask them to identify the seven continents. Most students can do this easily, but they falter when I ask them to write in the names of three countries for any three of the continents they identified on the map. As an alternative, I sometimes give the students the names of three countries whose literature they'll be reading in class and have them write the names with their respective continents. This activity helps students establish a sense of place, a way of visualizing the physical world, even if only on a map. As the course progresses, students eventually learn how geography and human culture complement each other. The other activity requires travel guidebooks (such as those published by Lonely Planet, Fodor, and Frommer) and a worksheet of my own design. The guidebooks (National Geographic magazines can also be used) typically focus on one or more specific countries whose literature the students will


In this paper, a cost-effective, easy-install and fast measurement and analysis method to obtain seismic response of semiconductor manufacturing equipments was developed and its validity was discussed. In the developed method, micro-vibration measurement experiments are first carried out to obtain transfer functions and coherence functions from the floor to arbitrary part of equipment. Using obtained transfer function, seismic response of the arbitrary part of equipment is analyzed with seismic floor response input. In this paper, the developed method was applied to a vertical furnace and a lithography system and their transfer functions were experimentally obtained. It has been confirmed that with additional excitation on the floor near the equipment is effective to improve the accuracy of obtained transfer functions. The validity of developed analysis method was confirmed by the good agreement between the analytical result and the experimental result obtained with a shaking table. The developed method is to be useful to estimate seismic damage of various types of semiconductor manufacturing equipment as well as to take seismic countermeasures.


Pharmaceutical companies operating in Africa are well positioned to contribute to the United Nations' ongoing efforts to improve access to medicine in Africa. This thesis explores how access to finance for businesses in the Ugandan private pharmaceutical supply chain affects access to medicine for end patients. Specifically, we consider three components of access to medicine-payment affordability, on-shelf availability, and geographic accessibility-and how each might be affected by supply chain financing. For payment affordability, we leverage field data via interviews with two distributors, two wholesalers and ten retail pharmacies in Uganda. We use the data to model free cash flows; the estimates gathered from interviewees are modeled with PERT distributions to capture variability in cash flows. For on-shelf availability, we explore methods of categorizing operational uncertainties associated with demand and working capital to inform how financing can improve on-shelf availability. For geographic accessibility, we analyze density in each district of retail pharmacies and financial lending institutions using data visualization. Our analyses reveal several key findings. First, retailers suffer substantial working capital constraints leading to constant product stockouts. Increasing access to working capital for retailers, combined with supply chain management training, may help mitigate stockouts and increase accessibility of medicines for patients. Second, literature on operational uncertainty and disruptions provides a framework for how to allocate financing to help improve on-shelf availability. Finally, a substantial portion of Uganda is still largely underserved in terms of pharmaceutical retail outlets and financial lending services. Our analyses fill a gap in the literature concerning how to approach improving patient access to medicine by financing pharmaceutical supply chain improvements. Our analyses serve as a basis for pharmaceutical companies looking to contribute to improving access to medicine in Africa. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Jarrod Goentzel Title: Executive Director, MIT Humanitarian Response Lab Biographical Notes Charles A. Dokmo grew up overseas in Austria, England, Russia, Romania, Germany, and the United States. After college, he served on active duty in the United States Air Force as an officer and evaluator navigator on MC-130P aircraft for eight years and flew numerous combat missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Upon graduation from MIT, he will join Cintas Corporation as Director of Innovation and Development. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and a Master of Arts in International Relations from The Fletcher School at Tufts University. Nipun R. Patel grew up in Southern California in the United States. After college, he completed a leadership development program at Thermo Fisher Scientific. Upon graduation from MIT, he will attend London School of Economics for a Master of Science in Managerial Economics. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from Boston University, with a concentration in Operations & Technology Management.


Zai"(在) in inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells often follow the verbs to introduce the objects of verbs. From the view of meaning, it already hadn't the meaning of existence, and from the view of grammar, it is difficult to separate "Zai"(在) from the verbs. In a word, "Zai"(在) had the same usage as "Yu"(于), which also was used to introduce the objects of verbs. We should admit that "Zai"(在) was used as a preposition, and the division "Zai"(在) as a preposition from a verb came into being in the Shang Dynasty(商).


The present paper analyzed the enforcement puzzles facing college sports education in management levels and revealed the current situation of college sports education in Zhejiang province in enforcing legal norms in administrative obligations,educational obligations and civil rights.It put forward the following countermeasures: enhancing the inspection on administrative enforcement,strengthening the legal awareness of functional sections and management layers and laying down local legal laws and principles.