The paper is help to understand the customer relationship management with household appliances. Data was collected from a sample size of 100 users of household appliances. Mandya is a small city located between Bangalore and Mysore in Karnataka. The results show that necessary to improve relationship with customers and household appliances, in overall service provided by household appliances towards customers and customers would like to buy the products of these companies in the future. The companies should concentrate on improving on to understand buying behavior, demonstration provision, delivery of product, follow up of calls and service camps. The major contribution of the study is to strengthen the customer relationship management and their operations in Mandya city those purchase household companies.


Summary The importance of the metabolic state of Chinese hamster cells (HA1) in relation to the sensitivity of the cells to supranormal heat shock (43°) was investigated, and the following results were noted. 1.The sensitivity of cells to hyperthermia (as well as their ability to repair heat-induced damage after 43°) is strongly related to their nutritional history. Chinese hamster cells chronically deprived of serum (and probably other medium components) become extremely heat sensitive. 2.The role of oxygen and glucose may be less important; chronic or acute deprivation of oxygen has only minor influence on survival of exponentially growing or plateauphase cells. Similar conclusions appear to be true for variations in available glucose concentrations. 3.An appreciable fraction of cells killed by heat in the absence of serum lyse either during or shortly after heat exposure. The presence of serum inhibits the lysis process. 4.At temperatures of 41–43°, cells are sensitized to the chemotherapeutic agents, nitrogen mustard and bleomycin, but not to a nitrosourea. This sensitization may be related to repair inhibition at the elevated temperatures. The importance of these findings in the possible utilization of hyperthermia as an adjunct to conventional therapy is discussed.


Abstract Although the concept of student feedback literacy has drawn increasing attention in higher education, empirical research on this matter is still in its infancy. In the area of peer feedback, little research has investigated the role of teacher follow-up feedback on peer feedback in the development of student feedback literacy. To address the research gap, a multiple-case study of three Chinese master's students enrolled in an academic writing course was conducted, drawing on the students' drafts with peer feedback, teacher written feedback on that peer feedback, semi-structured interviews, retrospective verbal reports, observation field notes and class documents. Three students' epistemological and practical knowledge about, attitudes towards, and self-efficacy beliefs in peer feedback were found to improve at different paces and to different degrees. However, considerable individual variations were observed with two high-achieving, highly motivated participants becoming more feedback-literate than their under-achieving, minimally motivated peer. Teacher feedback on peer feedback was found to have distinct impacts on individual students, depending on learner factors including language ability, beliefs and motivation. These findings suggest that teacher feedback on peer feedback, if consistently provided and compatible with learner factors, can scaffold both cognitive and social-affective aspects of student feedback literacy.


The production of ethanol from cassava flour using Zymomonas mobilis a gram negative bacterium was conducted at 30oC, 33oC, 35oC and 37oC. The fermentation reaction was also carried out at different substrate concentrations; 5% W/V, 7% W/V and 10% W/V. The microorganism Zymomonas mobilis was detected in palm wine, isolated and identified. It was found to be gram negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, anaerobic and plump rods with an unusual width. Results obtained from the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation reactions carried out with Zymomonas mobilis showed that maximum theoretical ethanol yield of 63% was obtained for 7% W/V cassava flour at 35oC. This was followed by a theoretical yield of 56.23 and 54.12 for 5% W/V and 10% W/V cassava flour, respectively. Fermentations at 30oC and 33 oC gave similar results with 7% W/V cassava producing higher ethanol yield when compared to 5% W/V and 10% W/V. Fermentation reactions at 37oC gave the lowest ethanol yields. The optimum pH for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cassava was found to be pH of 6.


aSchool of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand and bFaculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, Passara Road, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka *Address correspondence to Xiong Zhao He. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. Handling Editor: Zhi-Yun Jia


SUMMARY We present a complete derivation of the equation governing long-term sea-level variations on a spherically symmetric, self-gravitating, Maxwell viscoelastic planet. This new 'sea-level equation' extends earlier work by incorporating, in a gravitationally self-consistent manner, both a time-dependent ocean^continent geometry and the in£uence of contemporaneous perturbations to the rotation vector of the planet. We also outline an e⁄cient, pseudo-spectral, numerical methodology for the solution of this equation, and present a variety of predictions, based on a suite of earth models, of relative sea level (RSL) variations due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). These results show that the contribution to the predicted RSL signal from GIA-induced perturbations to the rotation vector can reach 7^8 m over the postglacial period in geographic regions where the rotationally induced signal is a maximum. This result is sensitive to variations in the adopted lower-mantle viscosity and is relatively insensitive to variations in the adopted lithospheric thickness. We also show that the rotationally induced component of RSL change is su⁄cient to in£uence previous estimates of Late Holocene melting events and ongoing sea-level change due to GIAwhich were based on a RSL theory for a non-rotating Earth. In particular, estimates of Antarctic melting over the last 5 kyr, based on the amplitude of sea-level highstands from the Australian region, may require an adjustment downwards of the order of 0.5 m of equivalent sea-level rise. Furthermore, present-day rates of sea-level change are perturbed by as much as *0.2 mm yr {1 by the rotational component of sea-level change, and this has implications for GIA corrections of the global tide gauge record. Over the period from the last glacial maximum to the present, we predict a distinctly non-monotonic variation in the rotation-induced component of RSL. This is in agreement with our previous preliminary study (Milne & Mitrovica 1996), but contrasts signi¢cantly with predictions presented by Han & Wahr (1989) and Bills & James (1996).We demonstrate that the disagreement arises as a consequence of approximations adopted in the latter studies. We furthermore refute an assertion by Bills & James (1996) that previously published constraints on mantle viscosity and ice-sheet histories which did not incorporate a rotation-induced RSL component are 'largely invalidated' by this omission.


Nanoparticles of CdS have been stabilized in aqueous medium by surface capping with 6- dimethylaminopurine at pH 11.0 in the presence of excess Cd 2+ . The nucleation of the cluster is controlled through coordination of 6-dimethylaminopurine via. −N(CH3)2 group. Excess 6-dimethylaminopurine binds to the core structure through H-bonding involving protonated N(9). CdS capped with 6-dimethylaminopurine produced relatively small sized particles (2 nm) having a narrow size distribution. These particles did not exhibit any Ostwald's ripening and its solid sample could be fully redispersed in aqueous medium. Ther- molysis results in the growth of these particles but demonstrates a better photocatalytic activity. Relaxation kinetics reveals the surface to contain a large number of surface states and the emission is originated by the presence of sulfur vacancies on the particle. The addition of indole simply quenches the emission of CdS in a bimolecular collisional process at a diffusion-controlled rate of about 9 × 109 dm3 mol−1s−1. Irradiation of the reaction mixture containing CdS and indole by light of λ> 360 nm results in the formation of indigo with a quantum efficiency of 0.1.


The theory of hegemonic masculinity has been influential in studies of men, masculinities, and gender relations. In most human societies, accordingly, a normative conception of manhood dominates over a network of subordinated, marginalized, and complicit masculinities within an intricate web of relations that sustain the overall subordination of women to men. Focusing on one representation of complicit masculinity in this article, I build on the notion of gender visibility in literary fiction towards a critique of masculinity in contemporary Iran from the vantage point of postcolonial feminism. In fact, masculinities and femininities are highly visible phenomena in Goli Taraghi's In Another Place, especially and exclusively when representations of urban, upper middle-class, and contemporary Iranians are concerned. The curious case of Amir-Ali, the novella's protagonist, is the scope of study as I contextualize a problem of complicity with hegemonic masculinity in modern-day Tehran. The problematic unfolds in the narrative towards Amir-Ali's fruitless but performative revolt, and eventually sheds light on Taraghi's exclusive feminist agenda.


Nowadays, the demand of Over-The-Top (OTT) services such as multimedia streaming, web services or social networking is rapidly increasing. Consequently, there is a wide interest in studying the quality of these services so that Internet Service Providers (ISP) can deliver the best experience to their clients. For this purpose, we present FlexiTop, a flexible and scalable system to actively monitor these OTT services, which allows an operator to obtain metrics with a limited resource usage. Due to the continuous evolution of OTT services, this system was designed with different approaches that can be extrapolated to future situations. By looking at the results, the proposal meets all the expectations and requirements and therefore it proves its success. The proposed design was implemented and validated with different alternatives whenever it was possible, both in wired and wireless networks. Moreover, long-time testing was performed to both ensure its stability and analyze the obtained data.


This paper describes the ActiveX technology and discusses how to transfer The ActiveX controller. An example of the ActiveX controller in the Authorware Multimedia system is shown.


The dissertation is one of the important literature resources, in the course of its data processing, the keyword indexing undoubtedly is an important link. In order to give better play to the dissertation's intelligence value, this paper probes into how to make proper use of the keywords in the subject indexing of dissertation for improving the data quality and users' retrieval efficiency.


In Poland, approximately 2 million hectares of agricultural land are at risk of flooding, which constitutes approximately 7% of the country's area, half of which is protected by flood embankments. The total length of the embankments is approximately 8.5 thousand km. kilometers. The age of the embankments and their related technical condition, as well as insufficient funds allocated for maintenance and renovation, mean that the flood risk in the areas protected by the embankments is higher than would result from the geometric parameters of the embankments and floods assumed for their design. The need to renovate embankments, including their sealing, causes an increase in interest in new technological and material solutions, and it is expected that these solutions will be pro-ecological: low-emission and consistent with the idea of a circular economy. The research was aimed at presenting the possibility of using fly ash from lignite combustion (low-rank coal) in Pątnów Power Plant, in raw form and fractions separated from it. The article presents the method of preparation and properties of hardening slurries containing mineral by-products of coal combustion. The tests showed the usefulness of the fly ashes used as the main component of hardening slurries. Additionally, a beneficial effect of the fine fraction (0–30 μm) of fly ash on the properties of the slurry, especially on tightness and hydraulic conductivity, was found.


These two fragments begin with the same verse, but the second one is different: maybe line 2 of fr. 175 N.2 comes from another text, so that we should print it as a new Euripidean fragment of uncertain location: οὗτος ἧσσόν ἐστιν ὄλβιος


The archival profession faces many challenges in the near future, including electronic records, new technology, defining the profession, diversity, cooperation with other information professions, access to records, and enhancing the public image of archivists. Individual archivists and manuscripts curators also face daily challenges of resources, funding, and time. However, there are many resources available for learning more about manuscripts and archives.


Distributed underwater sensors are expected to provide environmental (oceanographic) monitoring over large areas. As fabrication technology advances, low cost sensors will be available for many applications. The sensors communicate to each other and are networked using acoustic communications. This paper proposes a method for ocean current tomography using distributed networked sensors and presents preliminary experimental results by this approach. Conventional acoustic tomography uses the acoustic sensors distributed on the periphery of an area of interest. Environmental reconstruction requires solving a challenging high dimensional inverse problem, typically requiring substantial computational effort. Given distributed sensors, currents can be constructed locally based on data from neighboring sensors. It is shown using simulated data that results obtained by the proposed method are similar to those obtained by a conventional tomographic method based on peripheral sensors. In addition, one finds that the distributed sensors consume much less energy than that by the conventional tomographic approach. An acoustic communication and networking experiment was conducted near the Sizihwan Bay in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in May 2011. The communication signals are analyzed to measure currents as a function of space and time. The procedure is simple and can be implemented in real-time using in-buoy processing.


"If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well / It were done quickly." These words of Shakespeare's dark Scots villain might serve as a fitting motto for Zbigniew Herbert's gloomy contemporary anti-tragedy Drugi pokdj [The Other Room]. Just as in the Renaissance masterpiece, in this play we have a husband and wife team who plot the death of a person standing in the way of their gain. However, despite the manifold similarities of Drugi pokdj to Macbeth, Herbert's work is a contemporary piece par excellence. An apartment, rather than a kingdom, is at stake, and the murder weapon in this wcruelest of all of Herbert's plays"1 is one that far too many of us employ on a daily basis. The play, which begins with the female lead's hateful line Me mogena nia patrzeC [I simply can't look at her] centers around a young couple, identified only as He and She, who have been sharing an old woman's apartment for three years in the hope that their protectoress will die shortly and leave the entire property to them. Po cos'my tu wleili? [Why the hell did we crawl in here?] She asks during the initial scene of the play, to which He responds Kto mdgl wiedzieC, ie to potrwa trzy lata. Wydawalo sie, ie lada chwila [Who could've known that it would take three years? Back then it seemed like any moment. . . ] (1:40-43). The play is short, little over 3,000 words, and, true to Herbert's poetic style, the language is sparse and classically functional. As Bronislaw Mamori puts it:


Homogeneous data in radiological image databases consumes an extraordinary amount of storage space. An example of this is the multiple voxels representing different cross sections of a body part being imaged, which are referred to as volumetric data sets. Lossless compression algorithms are imperative for efficient storage and transmission of volumetric data sets. This paper presents a diagnostically lossless medical image volume compression algorithm that achieves better compression than the other compression algorithms typically available on computer systems. Our algorithm is a combination of predictive coding and integer wavelet transforms plus a special preprocessing procedure to remove noise outside the diagnostic region in medical image volumes. This volume compression improvement is demonstrated with MR (magnetic resonance) brain images. Our algorithm results in a compression ratio of around 3:1 for a set of medical images.


The blackbody is considered in the external general field. The additional coefficients of stimulated emission and absorption are introduced into the Einstein mechanism. Then, the generalized Planck formula is derived. The Einstein and Debye formula for the specific heat is possible to generalize. The application of the theory to the sonoluminescence, the relic radiation and solar spectrum is discussed.


The key security issues in the data aggregation for wireless sensor networks (WSN) are data confidentiality and data integrity. In this paper, a framework for secure data aggregation has been proposed. The framework is based on the existing concepts of clusters and key management. We compare the proposed scheme with the existing scheme SCAF (Secure Cluster-based Architecture Formation Scheme) and with the normal aggregation process on various parameters such as packet delivery ratio, throughput and drop. Our results show that the proposed scheme performs better compared to other related schemes.


As a national Palestinian concept, sumud, or, literally translated, "steadfastness," carries the meaning of a strong determination to stay in the country and on the land. In this article,1 we will sketch the historical development of the concept and then make the case, on the basis of dozens of interviews and discussions with Palestinians in the West Bank, that today's meanings projected onto the concept have become more plural, "democratic," and closer to people's experiences in daily life.


This paper examines a phenomenography of spirituality in the music experience examining the internal relationship between the experiencer and the experienced and its diverse awarenesses.1 It will examine these questions:• Is all music a sacred experience?• Is there a secular music?• Is the aesthetic a contemporary version of spirituality?• Can spirituality be freed from a particular religious tradition?The model proposed is based on five domains that can be identified in accounts of the musicking experience, the way the phenomenon is reviewed in research traditions, how it appears in the literature, treatises and textbooks and how it has been handled in different cultures. It approaches music through the experiencer rather than the music itself. It seeks to re-establish a notion of spirituality as relationality within the musical experience based on Buber's notion of the I/Thou experience,2 drawing on theorists such as Dewey,3 Maslow,4 Turner,5 Csikszentmihalyi,6 Jackson,7 Hay and Nye8 and practitioners s...


s: Objective To study the value of CK20 mRNA detection in the diagnosis of micro metastasis to the blood in the patients of coloretal carcinoma. Methods CK20 mRNA was detected in the blood samples from 50 patients with coloretal carcinoma with RT PCR. Results Positive rate of CK20 mRNA was 68%(34/50) and the difference of it with the Ducks stage was significant, but no difference was found with the pathological types. In 10 cases of benign lesion the CK20 mRNA was negative. Conclusion Detection of CK20 mRNA before and after operation is valuable in guiding the treatment and prognosis in colorectal carcinoma.


Ethylene evolution rate and percentage of soluble solids of thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.) increased with maturity and ripening, while titratable acidity decreased. Following harvest of "purple" fruits, their respiration and ethylene evolution rates increased during 7 days at 25°C. Ethylene evolution rates and differences in shelf-life among cultivars were inversely related. We conclude that thornless blackberry is a climacteric fruit.


FIELD: electricity. SUBSTANCE: invention suggests assembly of hand-operated module and intervening tool, magnetic resonance system and method for control of the assembly. The assembly contains the first transmission line (102) connected to winding (106) of the device passing almost up to the intervening tool (104). Axial position of the winding (106) is set selectively by means of axial sliding of the device in regard to the first winding (108) of the intervening tool (110). The assembly contains a hand-operated module consisting of an insulation barrel (70) supporting a section of the intervening tool with the second transmission line (50, 112) in an internal opening (62) at a certain gap from it; and winding (64, 118) of the hand-operated module placed along the opening, at that winding of the hand-operated module interacts with the second transmission line in order to form an electromagnetic coupling with the transmission line. The second transmission line (112) connected to the second winding (114) of the intervening tool passes along the intervening tool (110); axial position of the second winding (114) of the intervening tool is set selectively by means of axial sliding of the intervening tool in regard to a coil (118) of the hand-operated module (32). EFFECT: improving safety of a patient during use of the assembly. 13 cl, 4 dwg


This study aimed to put forth a project of nine wastewater treatment systems
for an allotment in Sambaetiba, in the municipality of Itaborai (Rio de Janeiro), so
that its residents could have access to basic sanitation. The allotment's infrastructure
is considered irregular and precarious. The proposed solution was to use the
condominial system, which is a decentralized effluent treatment system with low
installation and operation costs. It can serve communities in unsatisfactory sanitation
conditions, where basic housing infrastructure is deficient. The proposed system is
composed of anaerobic septic tanks and filters and has an estimate of organic load
removal around 87%. It is suggested that the population should take part in the
process of implanting the treatment system in order to cut implantation and
monitoring costs.


Immigration is an important factor in America's population growth. In the last 200 years over 50 million persons immigrated to the U.S.; 99.6% of the current total population are descendents of those immigrants. In the 1930s, American population decreased by about 7.2/1000, but during the 1950s the annual rate of natural increase rose to 18.5/1000. In the 1960s, this rate began to decrease until the 1970s when it was about 9/1000. By 1981 and 1982, the rate of natural increase declined to 7/1000. These changes are due to the relatively slow decline in the mortality rate of the last 30 years (10.6/1000 in 1945 to 9/1000 in 1981) and to the fluctuations in birth rates (from 19.5/1000 in 1945 to a high of 25.3/1000 in 1957 and back to 16/1000 in 1981). Birth rates are influenced by factors such as the number of fertile women, age structure, fecundity, marriage, family, occupation, and education. In 1950 there were 38,920,000 women aged 15-49, and by 1980 there were 57,630,000. Of these, in 1950, 31.28% were aged 20-29, the most fertile period for women, as compared with 35.04% in 1980. Thus, in postwar America, the changes in birth rate did not follow changes in the number of fertile women. Marriage patterns also underwent changes, particularly in the last 20 years. From 1930 to 1935, the marriage rate was 8.6/1000. By 1945, it rose to 16.4/1000. But during the 1960s, an increasing number of women aged 20-29 years remained unmarried. At the end of the 1970s, there was also an increase in the number of married women who did not have children. Furthermore, the number of divorces increased, an additional reason for a declining birth rate. Changes in family structure also influenced postwar American reproduction. In the last two decades, the traditional family has almost disappeared and the nuclear fammily is on the decline. By 1970 there were more people living alone, single parent families, and unrelated people sharing a domicile, than there were family units. Also, educated women who worked often married at a later age, thus placing restrictions on the birth rate.


The existence of own accounting standards in most countries of the world results in using different financial accounting models. However, the increase of trends towards integration and globalization in the world economy caused the necessity to make the existing accounting models more alike, or even to shift to common standards. International Standards of Financial Accounting (ISFA) are called upon to promote this transfer. The application of ISFA into the Russian bank gave rise to a number of problems, solution to which could allow to use ISFA in the banks providing a higher degree of quality, as well as to define the prospects of their development.


Zwick and Velicer (1986) have reported favorably on the usefulness of parallel analysis (Hom, 1965) as a method for determining the number of components to retain. paRANA~..TOK is an interactive program for developing parallel analysis criteria to use as a decision aid. Sets of random data are automatically generated according to user specifications; an eigenanalysis of each dataset is then performed. The results of each eigenanalysis are saved (as a separate case) into a file which cumulates the results for each dataset generated. The file of cumulated results from the eigenanalyses is saved for further analysis as needed by the user (e.g., for developing confidence limits for any degree of precision), and basic descriptive statistics are automatically produced and saved. The data file can be constructed using as many replications


Two sets of time-specific food webs were constructed using all known details of trophic biology of the 87 component species found in two tropical freshwater pond systems. Analysis of the webs showed that several food web statistics were scale-dependent. To examine the robustness of this finding, 11 500 computerized analog webs were built upon the specified rules of non-random trophic links (L) between the organisms found in the ponds. The structural properties of the analog webs, like the recently published species-rich webs, disagreed with several generalizations made by food web theorists over the last two decades. The magnitude of L and the frequency of long food chains increased with S. Proportions of top, intermediate and basal species showed strong nonlinear variation with S. The mean number of links between different trophic levels seemed to be scale-dependent, though apparently scale-invariant for the pond webs. However, the relative proportions of link fractions appeared to be scale-invariant, with the intermediate-basal links most numerous. The mean predator-prey ratio appeared to be the most scale-invariant of 'all the web properties, but the scale invariance of the ratio may not be directly derived from species fractions. The study represents the largest tropical aquatic food web database, and indicates that (a) as many details of inter-specific interactions as possible within a web are necessary for unraveling the actual complexity of real ecosystems, and (b) computerized analogs of real webs, incorporating all necessary details of interactions, may be fruitfully used to ensure robustness of conclusions about the web features


A computer program for processing analytical data from the Perkin-Elmer Plasma II inductively coupled plasma spectrometer is presented. Nonlinear calibration curves are constructed using the spline method. This is documented by comparing analytical results on standard reference materials treated by both procedures


Objective
To investigate the chemical constituents from Xanthium mongolicum.

Methods
The constituents were isolated and purified by silicagel,Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectral data and physiochemical characteristics.

Results
Ten compounds were isolated and identified as hexadecanoic acid( 1), methyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate ( 2), protocatechuic aldehyde( 3), caffeic acid methyl ester( 4), vanillic acid( 5), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid( 6), caffeic acid ethyl ester( 7), chlorogenic acid( 8), caffeic acid( 9), 3, 4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid( 10).

Conclusion
Compounds 1 ~ 5,7 and 10 are isolated from this plant for the first time.


The common development of cognitive level and technology has led to geovisulization. In this paper, the last development of new technology and the focuses of current research on geovisulization which is from static, 2D to dynamic, 3D and VR are introduced. At the same time, CyberMap, Augmented Reality and Collaborative Visualization Environment are all studied .


Dr. Donald L. Stone: This upper-gastrointestinal series is that of a 46-year-old white woman who had experienced some occasional epigastric discomfort for one year, and more recently had been noted to be somewhat pale. She had lost 5 lb (2.3 kg) over the two months prior to this examination. Laboratory data included a guaiac test of the stool which was 2 + and a hemoglobin level of 10.2 gm/100 cc. Discussion Dr. Laurence L. Robbins: Is the fluoroscopist here? Dr. Willard Perry: I examined this patient and found a large radiolucent filling defect in the antral portion of the stomach (Fig 1,left). It seemed to vary in size and shape with peristaltic activity (Fig 1,right). It appeared to be on a stalk, but it did not prolapse into the duodenum. I thought a gastric polyp was the most likely diagnosis, although I also suggested a lipoma because of the


A new leadframe design is proposed as a solution to eliminate package cracking in a HVQFN (heatsink very thin quad flat no lead) package. The impact of the new design was first analyzed using finite element modeling (FEM) particularly the interfacial stresses brought about by coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatches between materials. Result was further verified experimentally using thermo mechanical analyzer (TMA) and actual engineering evaluation. TMA was used to determine and compare the delamination and cracking temperature between the standard HVQFN leadframe design and the new design. With the modification of the leadframe design, package cracking was eliminated. Package was able to pass MSL 1 (Pb-free condition) from a level 3 classification without changing the current assembly material set. It has even withstood the extended JEDEC standard number of thermal cycle test.


Abstract We present a binary code for spinors and Clifford multiplication using non-negative integers and their binary expressions, which can be easily implemented in computer programs for explicit calculations. As applications, we present explicit descriptions of the triality automorphism of Spin(8), explicit representations of the Lie algebras 𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔶 (8), 𝔰𝔭𝔦𝔶 (7) and 𝔤2, etc.


tation or get dietary advice and a re-check of vitamin B12 levels in 3 months. The audit demonstrated a 27% prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients on metformin, which is significantly higher than the estimated 10–15% prevalence for the general older population (Oh, 2018), indicating these patients are at increased risk of deficiency. A small proportion of the deficient patients actually had documented evidence for the vitamin B12 deficiency-related complications of megaloblastic anaemia or peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, annual screening and appropriate supplementation for deficient patients is warranted (LeRoith et al., 2019). This objective is supported by diabetic patients' usually having annual blood tests taken and the relative cheapness of the vitamin B12 test. Given the increased prevalence of deficiency and the potential for development of complications we suggest annual screening of vitamin B12 levels in patients on metformin, and then treatment as per local guidelines. The protocol designed as part of this audit (Fig. 1) for use within our practice, can be extrapolated to other locations (taking into account differences in test reference ranges). The protocol guides management of deficient patients through either dietary, or oral or intramuscular therapies, dependent on symptoms and lab test results.


The main objective of this research is to analyse the beta-convergence in European Union (EU-28), showing the regional income disparities. The estimated rate of convergence was around 0.46% in the EU-28. OLS tends to be biased, the substantive form of spatial autocorrelation being obvious for the data. The absolute convergence is at an annual rate of 1.85% between 2001 and 2012. The results of the estimations suggest not significant convergence within EU-28 members.


The microstructure and properties of the B-RE-Cr coinfiltration layer for Steel 45 are investigated. The results show that comparing with mono-boronizing layer, the co-boronizing layer's microstructure, microhardness, brittleness and wear-resistance are greatly improved.


The Treasury Single Account (TSA) policy was introduced to block financial leakages, promote transparency and prevent mismanagement of government's revenue, unifies all government accounts, enabling it  prevent revenue loss and mismanagement by revenue-generating agencies. This research examines the effect of treasury single account policy on the public financial management in Nigeria. The objective of this research is to examine the extent to which Treasury Single Account can block financial leakages, promotes transparency and accountability in the public financial management. Both primary and secondary data had been employed. The populations of this study are Ministries, Department and Agencies (MDAs) within Bauchi metropolis using a sample of 72 respondents through judgment sampling. The data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation techniques.The result of this research shows that adoption of a Treasury Single Account (TSA) is capable of plugging financial loopholes, promoting transparency and accountability in the public Financial System. Thus, the researchers recommend that for the success of this policy government should promulgate more legislation to make it mandatory for all the three tiers of government in Nigeria. Keywords : Treasury Single Account, Public Financial Management, Transparency, Accountability.


Physicians depend on their insight and experience and on a fundamentally indicative or symptomatic approach to decide on the possible ailment of a patient. However, numerous phases of problem identification and longer strategies can prompt a longer time for consulting and can subsequently cause other patients that require attention to wait for longer. This can bring about pressure and tension concerning those patients. In this study, we focus on developing a decision-support system for diagnosing the symptoms as a result of hearing loss. The model is implemented by utilizing machine learning techniques. The Frequent Pattern Growth (FP-Growth) algorithm is used as a feature transformation method and the multivariate Bernoulli naïve Bayes classification model as the classifier. To find the correlation that exists between the hearing thresholds and symptoms of hearing loss, the FP-Growth and association rule algorithms were first used to experiment with small sample and large sample datasets. The result of these two experiments showed the existence of this relationship, and that the performance of the hybrid of the FP-Growth and naïve Bayes algorithms in identifying hearing-loss symptoms was found to be efficient, with a very small error rate. The average accuracy rate and average error rate for the multivariate Bernoulli model with FP-Growth feature transformation, using five training sets, are 98.25% and 1.73%, respectively.


This paper tries to assess the educational role of museums in the formal sphere, in which the relationship with the teaching institutions is indispensable, although often difficult. Museums and colleges have struggled to integrate the cultural heritage in teaching strategies which might help understand the message of displayed collections and promote the development of basic curricular competencies. School visits are good examples in which museums and teaching institutions must create cooperative learning environments


The invention discloses micro-alloying seamless pipeline steel and process for preparation. According to weight percentage, the range of the chemical components of the invention includes that C holds 0.08% to 0.20%, Si is equal to or less than 0.04%, Mn takes 0.60% to 1. 50%, S is equal to or less than 0.015%, P is equal to or less than 0.025%, Al is equal to or less than 0.04%, Ti is equal to or less than 0.04%, H is equal to or less than 2.5*10-4%, O is equal to or less than 25*10-4%, the rest is Fe and unavoidable foreign matters. The process for preparation comprises technique steps, including smelting, refining, continuous casting, hot rolling and slow cooling. Round steel with the size of phi 70 to 150 millimeters can be produced by the process for preparation. The seamless pipeline steel of the invention has perfect anti-sulphide stress corrosion (SSC resistance) capability and anti-HIC property. The pipeline steel which can substitute for welding pipe can be utilized in the filed of oil pipeline and the like, and the invention increases the reliability of material and adaptability of variety, in particular being adaptable for the low submarine temperature and corrosion-resistant environment and for manufacture of thick-walled tubes.


John proved that a function φ on the manifold of lines in R 3 belongs to the range of the x-ray transform if and only if φ satisfies some second order differential equation and obeys some smoothness and decay conditions. We generalize the John equation to the case of the x-ray transform on arbitrary rank symmetric tensor fields: a function φ on the manifold of lines in R 3 belongs to the range of the x-ray transform on rank m symmetric tensor fields if and only if φ satisfies some differential equation of order 2 ( m + 1 ) and obeys some smoothness and decay conditions.


Objective To study the effects of the orthosiphon extract on canine's respiratory system. Methods The effects of different doses of 48.0, 144.0, 432.0mg/kg of the orthosiphon extract (be to the health dose of the orthosiphon extract of 0.48,1.44,4.32g/kg) on canine's respiratory system via duodenum were recorded by eight-channel physiological recorder. Results Orthosiphon extract has no obvious influence on the frequency and depth of respiration of dogs. Conclusion The orthosiphon extract has no obvious effects on respiratory system of the experimental animal.


AbstractThe microstructural changes that occur during static annealing at 1311K of the nickel-base superalloy IN-100 are described. Samples were prepared from an extruded powder consolidate which had been worked in the temperature range 1348–1388 K. The microstructure was examined in detail in the as-extruded condition and after static annealing for 1.5 h at 1311K using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the microstructures of specimens deformed superplastically at 1311K were examined, and showed that both the γ- and γ′-phases recrystallize and that recrystallization is initiated near prior particle boundaries where high localized strains and diffusion rates exist. Recrystallization is seen to advance on a well defined front. A mechanism for recrystallization is proposed which accounts for the present observations.


pandemic led to an increase in the value of some forms of female labor? To what extent will the COVID-19 pandemic change gendered (power) relations in the labor market and organizations? We wanted to attract papers focused on moving forward after the COVID-19 crisis, centering around the long-term gendered consequences of the pandemic. How and in what ways might women take the lead in shaping a more sustainable economy, based on a broader concept of welfare that goes beyond the traditional welfare concept, primarily focused on economic growth in terms of GDP? How might the COVID-19 pandemic continue to change workplaces and organizations moving forward? Will such changes alter or reinforce the traditional gendered (power) structure of these institutions? What will happen to women's visibility if part of the work will be permanently done from home? To what extent will these changes intersect with broader gender inequality issues arising from techno-logical advancements (e.g., telework)? Academically, how does the COVID-19 pandemic extend or challenge our theoretical knowledge about gendered labor markets, gendered workplaces, and/or gendered distributions of paid work, care tasks, household tasks, and leisure? To what extent does the COVID-19 pandemic challenge existing gender and/or feminist theories about women's position at home, in the workplace, and in society more broadly? Given that the pandemic has endured for over 2 years, it is likely to have long-lasting effects on gendered dynamics within work, organizations, and families. As such, examining questions such as these are vital for gaining insight into the effects of the pandemic and identifying strategies for reducing gendered inequalities that the pandemic has exacerbated. Shafer et al., 2020), and Steinmetz, Vandecasteele, Lebert, Voorpostel, and Lipps extend these findings by demonstrating that such exposure may have been triggered by changes in time availability due to short-time, remote or overtime working schemes. As such, this paper demonstrates that gender explanations alone are insufficient for explaining the impact of the pandemic on divisions of housework and childcare. chosen to structure longer-term changes to the organization of work can have important implications for gender equality. Another perspective requiring further elaboration is how gendered experiences have varied across country contexts, particularly in regards to low-income countries and countries in the Global South. Differences in economies and access to vaccines likely create very different lived pandemic experiences that need to be considered. One thing is clear: the pandemic has had wide-reaching effects on all aspects of society, such as education, healthcare, the labor market, and the economy, but also social relations. Our primary aim for this special issue was to advance knowledge on how the pandemic has affected gendered dynamics within work, organizations, and societies, and we hope that the papers contained in this issue advance gender theories and spur future research on these topics.


A novel Amycolatopsis hebeiensis (CCTCC No.M203099) and its typical strain are disclosed. It can be used to prepare demethyl vancomycin hydrochloride through fermenting, extracting and purifying.


Background: the mental disorders represent 11% of all the illnesses in the world, if measures are not adopted, it will rise to 14% in 2020. Objective: to determine associated risk factors to the schizophrenic premiere in patients entered in a Psychiatry service. Methods: an observational, analytic, and retrospective of case-controls study was carried out in Psychiatry Service, Comandante Pinares Hospital, during 2018. Universe was 203 patients, the sample: 79 (cases) and 79 (randomized). The variables were: age, sex, family antecedents of schizophrenia, premorbid personality, single civil state, stressed event and dysfunctional family. The relative opportunity was calculated. The test square Chi of Pearson was applied, with 95% of reliability. Results: the family antecedent of schizophrenia (58 cases for 36. 7% and 33 controls for 20.9%) it was a highly significant genetic factor. While, the premorbid personality (70 cases for 44.3% and 47 controls for 29.7%), single civil state (45 cases for 28.5% and 25 controls for 15.8%), stressed event related (72 cases for 45.6% and 35 controls for 22.2%) and the dysfunctional family (62 cases for 39.2% and 45 controls for 28.5%) were non-genetic associates factors. Conclusions: the contribution of genetic factors as family antecedents of schizophrenia was decisive for the schizophrenic premiere. It was significant the influence of non-genetic factors as the premorbid personality, single civil state, stressed event and dysfunctional family. That´s why is necessary the work and the advice with the risk families for better prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. DeCS: SCHIZOPHRENIA/epidemiology; SCHIZOPHRENIA /therapy; SCHIZOPHRENIA /prevention & control; SCHIZOPHRENIA /rehabilitation; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.


Calcining magnesite slag to capture CO2 is a new and simple method of processing CO2 and magnesite slag simultaneously. In this work, the CO2 capture capacity by calcined magnesite slag in wet flue gas simulated by adding water vapour was investigated. The magnesite slag exhibits excellent CO2 adsorption performance, with 3.01 mmol/g CO2 adsorption capacity, which is reduced to 2.18 mmol/g after 8 cycles and is obvious superior to magnesite. The structure and characterization of the magnesite slag are examined by XRF, FT-IR, TGDSC, XRD, CO2-TPD and BET. It can be confirmed by X-ray fluorescence analysis that the key component of magnesite slag is MgSiO3 and MgCO3. The results of this work indicate that the magnesite slag is an available adsorbent for CO2 adsorption after calcination.


Uterine perforation is a serious complication which can happen after intrauterine device (IUD) insertion. Following the uterine rupture, an IUD may migrate into gynecologic, urinary or gastro-intestinal system organs. There are many reports of migrated iuds but fewer report of iuds embedded in the abdominal wall. Laparoscopic removal of a migrated IUD wasn't yet described in our country For more information : https://symbiosisonlinepublishing.com/


In Nature, enzymatic reactions proceed through exceptionally ordered transition states giving rise to extraordinary levels of stereoselection. In those reactions, the active site of the enzyme plays crucial roles - through one position, it holds the substrate in the proximity to the reaction epicentre that facilitates both the reactivity and stereoselectivity of the chemical process. Inspired by this natural phenomenon, synthetic chemists have designed bifunctional ligands that not only coordinate to a metal centre but also preassociate with an organic substrate, e.g. aldehyde and ketone, and exerts stereodirecting influence to accelerate the attack of the incoming reacting partner from a particular enantiotopic face. The chief goal of the current review is to give an overview of the recently developed approaches enabled by privileged bio-inspired bifunctional ligands that not only bind to the metal catalyst but also activates carbonyl substrates via organocatalysis, thereby easing in the new bond forming step. As carbonyl a-functionalizations are dominated by enamine and enolate chemistry, the current review primarily focusses on enamine- and enolate-metal catalysis by bifunctional ligands. Thus, developments based on traditional cooperative catalysis occurring through two directly coupled but independent catalytic cycles of an organocatalyst and a metal catalyst are not covered.


Correspondence 2005-2013, transcript of interview with Denton, photos on disc, copies of Australasian Science Vol. 29, No. 3, April 2008 and Vol. 29, No. 4, May 2008.


According to the university orientation and based on the evaluation of undergraduate teaching,the new domestic first-class laboratory of engineering ropeway is unique,embodied in the largest construction scale,the most-pronged testing equipments,the most experiment projects,the union together with the remote-controlling cableway which is possession of independent intellectual property rights and slip cableway,and so on.The platform of practical teaching in engineering ropeway will help to improve the students'overall quality,cultivate the innovative thinking,stimulate the ability of scientific practice research and the creativity,and so on.At the same time,as an innovation testing platform for university students,it provides a good condition in extra-curricular innovation research for students.


duction, even on small islands; all the more so where conventional energy providers enjoy a 'natural monopoly' status, with no competitive market forces in place. For those small island economies dependent on tourism from distant source countries and/or on carbon-guzzling ferries and airlines crucial to maintaining the islands' links to significant mainlands, any green label will remain an elusive or, at best, a partial accomplishment. Moreover, while green entrepreneurs seek to develop artisanal products that are made from locally sourced material, there is an inherent danger of assuming a protectionist stance that discriminates actively against imports. This is not a clever strategy for islands, which often depend crucially on export markets to survive. One country's slow food strategy is easily another country's loss of export revenue. The road to pursue, achieve and expand 'green jobs', like the goal of sustainable development that is today championed by practically everyone, is riddled with inconsistencies and contradictions. Indeed, can there ever be a sustainable island? The devil, as always, lies in the details. The Green European Foundation, which published this study, has national European Green foundations, the Green Group in the European Parliament and the European Green Party as its main stakeholders.


1. A semiconductor converter beta radiation into electricity comprising a semiconductor plate having a textured surface, a diode structure along the textured surface layer and the radioactive beta-emitting material on the textured surface, characterized in that the textured surface of the semiconductor wafer is formed in a plurality of through channels having the form circle, oval, rectangle, or other arbitrary shape, and a radioactive substance covers the channel walls and most of wasps tal surface of the semiconductor wafer. ! 2. The semiconductor converter beta radiation into electricity according to claim 1, characterized in that the channel walls and the surface of the wafer are microtopography. ! 3. The semiconductor converter beta radiation into electricity according to claim 1, characterized in that the distance between the channels is commensurate with channel width and preferably less than 100 microns. ! 4. The semiconductor converter beta radiation into electricity according to claim 1, characterized in that as beta-emitter radionuclides used nickel-63, tritium, or both.


Abstract This article aims to explore one way of making connections between a teaching problem, a research process and a theory arrived at through action research. The article suggests this as a fruitful approach to pedagogic research in general. It focuses on a particular action research project on developing critical academic writing in an international context, illustrating how a particular teaching problem led to an action research investigation which resulted in a principled, theoretical framework to describe and guide the development of critical academic writing. Arriving at the theoretical framework involved the iterative interaction of theory with practice and required the integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. The theoretical framework was based on general principles or praxiology. There are few studies of this type on critical academic writing, or indeed any pedagogic issue, which seek to: (1) provide a framework for teaching; (2) operationalise this framework; (3) rigorously research its impact in in-depth case studies; and then (4) revise the framework in the light of reflection and analysis.


Eudaimonists deny that eudaimonism is objectionably egoistic, but the way in which they do so commits them to eschewing an important insight that has been a central motivation for eudaimonism: the idea that an individual must, in the end, organize her life in such a way that it is good for her. In this paper I argue that the egoism objection prods eudaimonists to make a choice between (what we might roughly call) welfare-prior and excellence-prior eudaimonism, and I make some preliminary remarks on behalf of welfare-prior eudaimonism.


Assortative mating refers to the tendency of two partners' characteristics to be matched in a systematic manner, usually in the form of similarity. Mating with a similar partner has profound implications at the species, societal, and individual levels. This article provides a comprehensive review of research on couple similarity since 1980s. The review begins with the general patterns and trends observed in couple similarity on a range of domains including demographic variables, physical/physiological characteristics, abilities, mental well-being, habitual behaviors, attitudes, values, and personality. Next the bulk of the review focuses on analyses of 4 mechanisms leading to similarity: initial active choice, mating market operation, social homogamy, and convergence. Specific future research avenues are outlined to improve understanding of these mechanisms. Finally, the review discusses genetic, social, and psychological consequences of couple similarity.


A study of how trained soldiers kill and wound, with an insight into how human beings can be turned into deadly, fighting machines. The skills include martial arts and barehand fighting, as well as the use of sophisticated weaponry such as hand-held anti-tank guns, grenades and flame-throwers.


cases of tularaemia were diagnosed in three counties in central Norway: 21 cases of oropharyngeal type, 10 cases of glandu-lar/ulceroglandular type, two of respiratory and two of typhoid type. Three cases were asymptomatic and clinical information was unavailable for one case. The mean age was 40.3 years (range 2-89 years). Thirty-four reported use of drinking water from private wells. An increased rodent (lemming) population and snow melting may have led to contamination of the wells with infected rodents or rodent excreta. (16 female and 23 male) of tularaemia were reported from the counties of Sør-Trøndelag (28 cases), Møre og Romsdal (5 cases) and Nord-Trøndelag (6 cases) in central Norway. A confirmed case was defined as a person who had clinical symptoms compatible with tularaemia or had used drinking water from the same source as a previous case, and in whom Francisella tularensis infection was confirmed by a laboratory test as described below. The cases were geographically scattered within each county, involving 13 different municipalities (Figure), and were not linked to one common source. In comparison, seven cases were reported in total from other parts of the country in the same period. In 2009 and 2010 four and eight cases respectively were reported from central Norway. Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium F. tularensis. Four F. tularensis subspecies are recognised: tularensis, holarctica, mediasiatica and novicida. In Europe, the infection is due to subspecies holarctica which causes in general less severe disease than subspecies tularensis, which is common in North America. Several vectors may be involved in transmitting the disease to humans, commonly rodents and hares, but infection may also be transmitted via insect bites [1]. Several clinical forms are recognised, with oropha-ryngeal and ulceroglandular disease being the most common clinical presentations in Norway [2]. Oropharyngeal disease is commonly associated with contaminated food and water, while ulceroglandular forms are more often seen when there has been skin contact with infected animals or after insect bites [3]. Outbreaks of oropharyngeal tularaemia have previously been reported from several European countries [3,4]. Tularaemia is a notifiable disease in Norway and during the past 10 years, three outbreaks were reported in Norway [5-7] and all were associated with water sources in areas where dead lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) had been observed previously. From 2001 to 2010, between three and 66 cases of tularaemia were reported annually in the whole country, with an increase from …


A magma is just a set A with a single binary operation f : A × A → A. We introduce the class of extended magmas and show that any extended magma A decomposes as the orthogonal disjoint union of well-described ideals. If A is of division, it is shown that the above decomposition is by means of the family of its simple ideals. The obtained results are applied to the structure theory of arbitrarily graded arbitrary algebras and to the structure theory of arbitrary superalgebras admitting a multiplicative basis. We state a second Wedderburn type theorem for the class of arbitrary algebras with an arbitrary weak-division grading and for the class of arbitrary superalgebras admitting a division multiplicative basis.


This paper describes the molecular assessment of antibiotic resistance (AR) determinants in a large collection of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacterial strains isolated from various sources and multiple decades. The investigations were focused on the most frequently identified resistances in the genera studied, i.e. erythromycin and tetracycline. In total 367 isolates were analyzed by various tools and the most commonly identified antibiotic resistance gene was tet(W), encoding for a tetracycline ribosomal protection protein. Furthermore, tet(M) and tet(S) besides the erythromycin resistance determinant erm(B) were also frequently characterized. However, some AR genes were demonstrated for the first time in the LAB and bifidobacteria investigated e.g. erm(X) in Bifidobacterium sp., mosaic tet genes in Bifidobacterium thermophilum and Lactobacillus johnsonii and erm(A) in Lactobacillus amylovorus. Multiple tet determinants, in various pairs, were found in several individual bacteria, but unique results were obtained analyzing two Lb. johnsonii strains both containing tet(L), tet(M) and tet(W) and one Bifidobacterium thermophilum harboring tet(L) and 2 different mosaic tet genes. The absence and/or presence of the erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes will be discussed in relation to the displayed phenotype of the isolates.


ABSTRACT This article argues that elder abuse in institutional as opposed to domestic settings remains invisible because institutions for elders are mainly all-female spaces where ageism and sexism converge and clients and workers are economically and socially disadvantaged. A general culture of violence that increasingly legitimates the everydayness of abuse and that conforms to dominant gender stereotypes refuses to investigate abuse of women by women. Research is needed into the different kinds of abuse committed in institutional settings by women. Staff and clients need to be enabled to report abuse and effective measures for combating it put in place.


The adoption of IOLIS by the Center for Computer Assisted Legal Instruction (CALI) in the United States has opened up new opportunities for law faculty to explore computer-based teaching. CAL materials can be created in a much shorter time and CALI is hoping to inspire hundreds of individual explorations among faculty. In addition, CALI has developed tools to allow the delivery of IOLIS-based lessons on the Web and on the Apple Macintosh. CALI has also written a conversion tool to convert IOLIS lessons into Asymetrix's Toolbook to allow faculty to create even more sophisticated interactions that IOLIS does not support. Finally, CALI is working with various entities to convert old multiple choice exams and bar exam questions into IOLIS format to be used by faculty as starting points for new CALI lessons.


Background:  Intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) shortens the cortical silent period (CSP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor hand area (M1HAND). This response is absent in healthy individuals with a photoparoxysmal response (PPR). Here we combined TMS of the M1HAND with IPS to examine whether patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) exhibit an abnormal cortical response pattern to IPS.


Objective To explore the effect of TRPV4 channel on pain threshold in the process of chronic compression toward dorsal root ganglion(DRG).Methods 49 adult,male wistar rats were randomly classified into four groups,of which 7 were unoperated control group,42 were experiment model group and sham-operation group.Pain threshold was studied on 6th day,13th day and 27th day after compression toward DRG.The expression of the TRPV4 protein was analyzed by Western-Blotting.Results Pain threshold was significantly decreased on 6th day,13th day and 27th day,the expression level of TRPV4 in the experiment model group was significantly increased on 7th days,14th days and 28th days.Conclusion These data suggest that TRPV4 channel may play an important role in the pain following the chronic compression to dorsal root ganglion.


The efficiency of melamine cyanurate and a clay filler for improving the flame retardancy and other physical properties of polyamide 6 was examined. Partially intercalated-exfoliated morphologies were obtained. Nanocomposites suffered from polymer degradation during compounding, while the molecular weight was enhanced in the case of the flame retarded samples. Silicates were shown to restrain crystallization, whereas melamine cyanurate induced heterogeneous nucleation. Both additives positively influenced the tensile modulus of the prepared samples, decreasing their ability to elongate. With respect to the UL94 flammability test, melamine cyanurate was proved to be not sufficiently capable of increasing the tendency of nanocomposites to drip, negatively affecting flammability.


We report 17 IgM seropositive patients fordengue who presented diff e rent neurological manifes-tations in the course of the acute infection. With thesemanifestations, patients were divided in four groups: hea-dache, encephalitis, myelitis and GBS. Total and differ-ential cell count, protein and glucose levels and ELISAfor IgM and IgG dengue antibodies were examined inthe CSF samples from all 17 patients. In six of them (my-elitis and GBS patients), the albumin and IgG concen-trations were determined in serum and CSF. CSF andserum from Brazilian and German patients with otherneurological diseases were used as controls for IgG andIgM dengue tests.


The performance of the composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control law relies on the selection of the linear feedback gain and the nonlinear function. However, it is a tough task to select an appropriate linear feedback gain and appropriate parameters of the nonlinear function because the general design procedure of CNF control just gives some simple guidelines for the selections. This paper proposes an operational design procedure based on the structural decomposition of the linear systems with input saturation. The linear feedback gain is constructed by two linear gains which are designed independently to stabilize the unstable zero dynamics part and the pure integration part of the system respectively. By investigating the influence of these two linear gains on transient performance, it is flexible and efficient to design a satisfactory linear feedback gain for the CNF control law. Moreover, the parameters of the nonlinear function are tuned automatically by solving a minimization problem. The proposed design procedure is illustrated by applying it to design a tracking control law for the inverted pendulum on a cart system.


After more than a decade of research in the area of e-government adoption research, no study has performed a literature analysis on the specific aspects of e-government adoption such as challenges and critical success factors. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the studies on challenges and critical success factors of e-government adoption research to suggest the future researchers about the salient facts about it. This study can help the researchers to evaluate the challenges and factors required for the successful implementation of e-government services in the different circumstances. This literature analysis was performed through filtering the usable studies specifically on challenges (C=43) and critical success factors (C=8) from an overall research studies (C=448) on e-government adoption research. The findings indicated that digital divide, poor management and infrastructure, ICT related challenges, lack of resources, lack of trust, privacy and security, and technical challenges were among the most commonly experienced challenges across the relevant studies. Moreover, user satisfaction, information accuracy, and security were few common critical success factors. The paper also acknowledges the limitations of this research and suggests further research directions for the researchers.


To explore the early diagnostic value of the lower trunk thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) by electrophysiological examination of the warm and cold sensation. Methods 50 patients with lower trunk TOS (100 sides) were studied and 50 health subjects (100 sides) matched as control group. The warm and cold sensation thresholds at 5 cm elbow to medial ante-brachial (dominated by medial ante-brachial cutaneous nerve) were electro-physiologically measured respectively, and the difference value was compared. Results In TOS group, the cold sensation threshold was (22.1 ±3.0)℃ in diseased side and (27.7±2.5)℃in healthy side respectively, the warm sensation threshold was (40.9±4.1)℃ in diseased side and (35.8±3.0)℃ in healthy side respectively, whereas in control group, the cold sensation threshold was (27.2±3 .0)℃in diseased side and (26.9±3.2)℃ in contralateral healthy side respectively and the warm sensation threshold was (36.3±3.2)℃ in diseased side and (35.7±2.7)℃ in healthy side respectively. There were significant differences in diseased side and contralateral healthy side ( P0.05). Conclusion The difference values of the warm or cold sensation thresholds between diseased side and contralateral healthy side ≥4℃ can be used as one of the reference index in early diagnosis of the lower trunk thoracic outlet syndrome.


Survey of parity violation in neutron experiments parity-violating phenomena in compound nuclear states - statistical and regular aspects optical model, doorway state approach, the role of giant resonances, statistical spectroscopy and model space approaches in the theory of parity violation enhancement of symmetry breaking in chaotic systems the role of intermediate structure spreading widths of symmetry-violating interactions the role of deformation - parity doublets parity violation in low-lying states the parity-violating nucleon-nucleon interaction and its medium modifications tests of time reversal violation (TRV) - TRV in nuclear processes, TRV interactions, future experiments reaction theory of parity- and time-reversal-violating processes anapole moments TRV in the Kaon system.


The future development of our energy system is still unclear. This uncertainty is based on numerous aspects. In addition to the currently most relevant climate debate this will also be a question of available technologies as well as of available resources. Hence the global energy resources and their distribution will be one of the most influencing factors in the design of our future energy system. To model and administrate global energy potentials a geographical (GEO) database has been implemented. The intention to implement such a global GEO database is based on the fact that numerous aspects describing our energy system rely on spatial characteristics. Particularly renewable energy resources depend on numerous datasets, the most important ones are topography, land cover, climate, population distribution and precipitation. With respect to these datasets the theoretical and furthermore useable global potentials of renewable energy carriers were estimated, in this paper the computation of wind power is shown exemplarily. When modelling renewable energy potentials special attention has to be paid to the fact that renewable energy potentials are often not additive, what means that the land surface is only available once and therefore several potentials exclude the option to yield another potential on the same area. For the estimation of the highest possible energy potential on a certain area, a competition analysis regarding the utilization of the land surface was carried out.


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The impact of optical illumination on the breakdown characteristics of pHEMTs is investigated for the first time. Illumination is found to influence deep-level trap related currents in the pHEMTs under test when V/sub DS/ > 2V.


High-resolution photoemission and two-photon photoemission spectroscopy have been used for a comparative study of the electronic structure of a single layer of Na and K on Cu(111), Co(0001), and Fe(110). All systems under investigation exhibit an occupied alkali-induced state near the Fermi energy as well as a series of unoccupied states converging toward the vacuum energy, which are identified as image-potential states. For Na (K) on any of the substrates we find the lowest image state to be located at an energy of 2.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV (1.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV) above the Fermi level. From this and from the convergence behavior of the image-state series we conclude that the work function for the perfect single alkali layer is independent of the substrates investigated, and is characteristic for the alkali metal. This is in contrast to results of conventional work-function measurements, but in accordance with the theoretical expectation.


Introduction: Adipose tissue has been known for some time to contain regenerative cells. These regenerative cells are able to differentiate into a nucleus pulposus-like phenotype when exposed to environmental factors similar to disc. In an effort to develop a clinical option for cell placement and assess the response of the cells to the post-surgical milieu, adipose-derived cells were collected, concentrated, and transplanted under fluoroscopic guidance directly into a surgically damaged disc in a dog model. Methods: After IACUC approval 12 dogs, 2 years of age, were obtained. Adipose cells were harvested from the super-scapular region of the neck (scruff) and adherent cells separated, collected, and labeled with DAPI. Three lumbar intervertebral disc levels in each dog underwent a partial nucleotomy; other levels served as non-operated controls. Levels of intervention as well as the regimen of treatment were dually randomized. Three interventions were used in this study; adipose-derived cells in hyaluronic acid (HA) carrier, HA alone, or no intervention. All deliveries were guided by fluoroscopy. The dogs were radiographed, received MRI scans and then euthanized by 12 months. The disc tissue was harvested from the lumbar spine in each dog. Cells labeled with DAPI prior to implantation were evident in the tissue. Matrix composition was assessed for aggrecan, Types I and II collagen by both RT-PCR (Table I) and ELISA (Table II) to assess and compare matrix regeneration. mRNA and protein from each level are presented with respect to normal values defined as the 100 percent expression. Results: The results can be summarized as: the regenerative cells are viable following implantation. supplementing adipose cells following injury supports regeneration. morphology was maintained. intervertebral disc height was not lost. MRI signal remained similar to native control. hyaluronic acid was insufficient to prevent disc degeneration or desiccation. lack of intervention resulted in progressive degeneration. Discussion: This study provides evidence that adipose derived cells might offer a reliable source of regenerative potential capable of bio-restitution. The span of this study was sufficient to show that freshly isolated adipose-derived cells can be transplanted percutaneously and will survive the trauma associated with post-surgical inflammation to remain viable and produce appropriate, tissue-specific matrix.


Cognitive radio (CR) provides an effective solution to meet the huge bandwidth requirements in intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which enables secondary users (SUs) to access the idle spectrum of the primary users (PUs). However, the high mobility of users and real-time service requirements result in the additional transmission collisions and interference, which degrades the spectrum access rate and the quality of service (QoS) of users in ITS. This paper proposes a spectrum access algorithm (Feilin) based on federated deep reinforcement learning (FDRL) to improve spectrum access rate, which maximizes the QoS reward function with considering the hybrid benefits of delay, transmission power and utility of SUs. To guarantee the utility of SUs, the warranty contract is designed for SUs to obtain compensation for data transmission failure, which promotes SUs to compete for more spectrum resources. To meet the real-time requirements and improve QoS in ITS, a spectrum access model called FDQN-W is proposed based on federated deep Q-network (DQN), which adopts the asynchronous federated weighted learning algorithm (AFWLA) to share and update the weights of DQN in multiple agents to decrease time cost and accelerate the convergence. Detailed simulation results show that, in the multiuser scenario, compared with the existing methods, the proposed algorithm Feilin increases the spectrum access success rate by 15.1%, and reduces the collision rate with SUs and the collision rate with PUs by 46.4% and 6.8%, respectively.


Objective: One of the most common forms of craniosynostosis which leads to scaphocephaly is the isolated sagittal synostosis, it causing scaphocephaly, it accounts for 40% of cases. The present study is a comparison between the outcomes of two surgical techniques of craniosynostosis; peninsulashaped extended linear craniectomy and parasagittal biparietal bone remodeling with extended strip craniectomy technique. Material and Methods: The present study is a prospective study that includs all the non-syndromic scaphocephalic cases. Patients were children less than one year old, admitted to the Pediatric Neurosurgical Department, Mansoura University Hospital, during the period from 2005 to 2015. Cases were divided into two groups into 26 each. Cases of Group 1 were surgically treated by the first surgical technique and cases of Group 2 with the second technique. The following parameters: Age, sex, weight, Cranial Index (CI), amount of blood loss duration of surgery, time of hospital admission, and postoperative complications. Results: The total number of children admitted with craniosynstosis was 164, only 52 children were with isolated scaphocephaly. The average age of cases was 5.7 months, the median operative time for Group 1 was 55 minutes compared to 130 minutes in Group 2. The post-operative hospital stay in the first group was 3 days and 6 days in the second group. The median intra and post-operative amount of blood transfusion in Group 1 and Group 2 was 60ml and 200ml respectively. There were no complications. As regards CI measurement, it was 65 and 66 preoperative, immediately after operation was 69, and 74. And one year post-operative was 72 and 73 for group one and 2 respectively. Conclusions: Although early outcome of remodeling group proved statistically superior to extended linear craniectomy group as regards the Cranial Index (CI), yet after one year, there was no statistical significant difference between the two groups. In view of the shorter operative time, shorter hospital stay and less blood loss, authors recommend extended linear craniectomy to be the technique of choice.


Word problems are perceived as an essential part of mathematics education, since they require both the conceptual as well as procedural understanding of mathematics. Our study, centered around a nonroutine word problem, involved 25 secondary school pupils aged 15-16 and 19 preservice mathematics teachers. The results showed that while pupils used the whole range of available strategies, preservice teachers utilized almost exclusively algebraic approach. Though, this approach did not lead to greater solution success. Then we compared the preservice teachers' own problem-solving behavior with the way in which they evaluated pupils' solutions. While the pre-service teachers clearly preferred the use of algebra, they did not particularly appreciate this approach in pupils; they put a much greater emphasis on the correctness of the obtained numerical results.


The invention relates to a method and a device for restoring discharge plasma soil. The method comprises the following steps: placing contaminated soil in a low-temperature plasma reactor; applying high voltage between a high voltage discharge electrode and a low voltage discharge electrode to generate the discharge plasma, so that carrier gas passing through a discharge plasma area is transformed into active gas; and finally degrading and mineralizing organic pollutant in the soil. The device comprises the low-temperature plasma reactor comprising a high voltage power source, a high voltage discharge electrode, an air inlet, a reactor chamber, a soil layer, an air outlet and a low voltage electrode; the high voltage discharge electrode is connected with the high voltage terminal of the high voltage power source; and the low voltage electrode is connected with the low voltage terminal of the high voltage power source, or the low voltage electrode and the low voltage terminal of the high voltage power source are simultaneously connected with a ground wire. The method and the device can effectively degrade organic pollutants in the soil under the conditions of normal temperature and pressure, and has the advantages of simple technological process, no secondary pollution, convenient operation, and the like.


Background: Symptoms of depression and anxiety have been shown to negatively impact physical health outcomes among individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, an important step in developing interventions to reduce risk for cardiac event recurrence is to identify the emotional and cognitive predictors of psychological distress. This study examined one possible cognitive predictor: perceived control (PC). Specifically, this study tested whether symptoms of depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between PC and adherence to health behavior recommendations in patients participating in a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program.Methods: Self-report measures were administered to 146 CR patients at the beginning of CR and 12-weeks later, at the end of CR.Results: Anxiety and depressive symptoms did not mediate the relationship between PC and health behavior adherence. Rather, PC was cross-sectionally related to symptoms of psychological distress, and it predicted health behavior adherence 12-weeks later.Conclusions: Results imply that PC has long-term effects on health behavior adherence, an important outcome in CR that reduces risk for recurrence.


Agricultural image enhancement methods based on Contourlet conversion were expounded and had gone on the example applications,the results showed that the algorithm can enhanced the important features of agricultural image effectively comparing with traditional algorithm,and got better effects,helped the detection and classification of injurious insects in agricultural products for agricultural experts.


This study was carried out through two successive seasons (2007& 2008) on a cultivated Picual olive young trees grown at the Research Station Farm of National Research Center, El Nobarya, El Behera governorate. The investigation aimed to study the effect of applying mineral, organic fertilizers and some other treatments on leaf mineral contents at the first two years of planting. Planting holes were prepared for control plants in the first season only. Each treatment received 100 g actual nitrogen/plant/year as recommended by M.A.R.L. (2007). The following treatments were applied: T1 : control (mineral nitrogen + planting hole preparation), T2(100%mineral nitrogen), T3(100% organic N as cattle manure), T4(50% mineral N + 50% organic N as chicken manure), T5 (100%mineral nitrogen + humic acid as soil application), T6(100% mineral nitrogen + activated dry yeast as soil application), T7 (100%mineral nitrogen + GA 3 spray) and T8 (100% mineral nitrogen + sea algae as soil application).At the end of each season, leaves dry weight per plant, and leaf mineral content were determined and recorded. The obtained results revealed that as follow: Effect of treatment on Leaves dry weight (g) per plant, fifth treatment with humic acid and sixth treatment with activated dry yeast gave the highest significant values in the first season, meanwhile in the second season fourth treatment with 50% cattle manure and fifth treatment with humic acid recorded higher significant values. Leaf nitrogen content revealed that first, fifth, sixth and seventh treatments showed higher significant values respectively than those of other treatments in the first season. In the second season, the first treatment had higher significant leaf nitrogen content compared with most of other treatments. (Journal of American Science. 2010;6(12):180-186). (ISSN: 1545-1003).


It is shown from the effect of Nb on γ TiAl based alloys that high Nb content can improve the high temperature yield strength greatly, the higher the content of Nb in TiAl based alloys, the better the strength. TEM analysis shows that the high Nb solution in γ phases can enhance the directionality of d—d bonds and therefore enhance the P N stresses so as to increase the CRSS for ordinary dislocation slip, leading to a higher lattice frictional resistance. The aluminium content has a significant effect on the high temperature yield strength of TiAl based alloys as a result of the changed α 2 content. The athermal activating stress of dislocation slip decreases as Al content increases which results in the decrease of the α 2 content, and the high temperature strength of TiAl based alloys decreases.


Adverse drug reaction is a frequent cause of drug withdrawals from the market. The drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of new drug candidates is an increasing safety concern of pharmaceutical companies. DDIs frequently oc- cur between coadministered drugs on a pharmacokinetic ground and sometimes create life-threatening conditions. The un- expected increase of the exposure of a drug is most frequently evoked by the inhibition of metabolic enzymes. While the inhibition of CYPs by new drug candidates is unwanted, one has to recognize that several currently marketed successful drugs with relatively clean record of drug-drug interactions are time-dependent inhibitors of drug metabolic enzymes. Therefore, the correct and high throughput prediction of drug-drug interaction propensity of new chemical entities (NCEs) at an affordable cost is a major interest of pharmaceutical research. False negatives and positives, also the misinterpreta- tion of otherwise flawlessly generated data are equally costly or hazardous. While screening methods for the detection of CYP inhibition are available now, the quantitative estimation of DDI potential and its PK effect leaves an ample room for improvement. This is reflected in the great research activity focused on the establishment of correct in vitro-in vivo corre- lations. The impressing number of recent publications and methods recommended in this field provide an increasingly solid ground for the selection of lead compounds and development candidates.


I study the question of what information consumers should disclose to firms. A consumer discloses information to a multi-product firm, which learns about his preferences, sets prices, and makes product recommendations. While the consumer benefits from disclosure as it enables the firm to make accurate recommendations, the firm may use the information to price discriminate. I show three main results. First, the firm prefers to commit not to price discriminate, which encourages the consumer to provide information that is useful for product recommendations. This explains why price discrimination by online sellers seems to be uncommon, which, empirically, has been puzzling. Second, nondiscriminatory pricing hurts the consumer, who would be better off by precommitting to withhold some information. This provides a rationale for privacy regulations that limit the amount of personal data that firms can possess. Third, equilibrium is often inefficient even if the consumer can potentially disclose any information about his preferences. ∗Stanford University, Department of Economics, Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. I am grateful to Paul Milgrom, Gabriel Carroll, Matthew Gentzkow, and Ilya Segal for their unfailing support and guidance. I would like to thank Mohammad Akbarpour, Luca Braghieri, Isaias Chaves, Weixin Chen, Piotr Dworczak, Takako Fujiwara-Greve, Pedro Gardete, Michihiro Kandori, Fuhito Kojima, Shengwu Li, Sitian Liu, Giorgio Martini, Guido Martirena, Shunya Noda, Takuo Sugaya, and participants in Paul Milgrom's group meeting, Stanford Theory Lunch, and Stanford Market Design Seminar. I am grateful for the financial support from the Yoshida Scholarship Foundation and the Stanford Graduate Fellowship.


The punk subculture and its music helped change the way people talked about social stratification in Britain in the late-1970s. Punk reintroduced working-class and youth values of rebellion into British culture, exposing the wider public to the privations of youth in the economic climate of the era. Punk values were promoted through rhetoric both old and new - for example, with the repeated use of words like 'anarchy', 'pop' and 'violence'. Other texts included political affiliations, connections to older art movements, fashion and attitude. These texts acquired attention through the outrageous songs and actions of bands like the Sex Pistols, which were covered widely in the tabloid and music presses. But the subculture's efforts to protest the professionalisation of British society were doomed to failure because the musicians involved could not help becoming professionalised themselves. Young people came to appreciate less iconoclastic versions of punk, especially 'new wave' music. Thus the punk subculture, for all its rhetoric, ultimately failed to create a 'revolution' in British culture.


As a result of heavy rains,steep topography,young and weak geological formations,strong earthquakes,loose soils,land development in mountainous terrain,many mountainous areas in Taiwan are susceptible to landslides and debris flows.This paper introduced the debris-flow monitoring and warning system in Taiwan.


BACKGROUND
Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a crucial tool for the functional evaluation of cardiac patients. We hypothesized that VO2 max and VE/VCO2 slope are not the only parameters of CPET able to predict major cardiac events (mortality or cardiac transplantation urgently or elective).

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to identify the best CPET predictors of major cardiac events in patients with severe chronic heart failure and to propose an integrated score that could be applied for their prognostic evaluation.

METHODS
We evaluated 140 patients with chronic heart failure who underwent CPET between 2011 and 2019. Major cardiac events were evaluated during follow-up. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to study the predictive value of different clinical, echocardiographic and CPET parameters in relation to the major cardiac events. A score was generated and c-statistic was used for the comparisons.

RESULTS
Thirty-nine patients (27.9%) died or underwent cardiac transplantation over a median follow-up of 48 months. Five parameters (maximal workload, breathing reserve, left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction and non-idiopathic cardiomyopathy) were used to generate a risk score that had better risk discrimination than NYHA dyspnea scale, VO2 max, VE/VCO2 slope > 35 alone, and combined VO2 max and VE/VCO2 slope (p= 0.009, 0.004, < 0.001 and 0.005 respectively) in predicting major cardiac events.

CONCLUSIONS
A composite score of CPET and clinical/echocardiographic data is more reliable than the single use of VO2max or combined with VE/VCO2 slope to predict major cardiac events.


A scientific drainage system to catch the storm water is a long term ambition of the society, especially in cities. Increasing development activities have called badly for the necessity of discharging runoff safely in to environment. It is often being happened that over densification and modification of undeveloped land is also resulting increased flow with increased pollution. Irrespective of the city, most of our city's face will be fractured, if a heavy storm with high run off is hit, due to improper drainage facilities. Most of our existing storm water drains are in dilapidated stages and not working properly, losing self cleansing, no proper maintenance, and incorrect design without any scientific base, the bottlenecks go so on. A proper storm water design means a proper knowledge of a collection of data like understanding the precipitation data clearly, know the infiltration indices, concentration time, intensity of rainfall, runoff details etc. It appears most of the time that many of the data may not be correct and thus the design of the storm water drains with these so called data will be a catastrophe. The present study is the work done for the drainage design in Palayam area of Calicut City in Kerala, India where the excess runoff is really a threat to the environment due to dense population. Keyword- Storm water, Rational Method, Rainfall intensity, infiltration.


A radioimmunoassay for β‐MSH related peptides ('β‐MSH') which measures βh‐ and γh‐lipotrophin (LPH) and β‐MSH, was used to assess LPH status and the stability of 'β‐MSH' in blood and plasma.'β‐MSH' concentrations correlated well with ACTH levels in paired snap‐frozen plasma samples from normal subjects, from patients with pathologically elevated hormone levels (except those with chronic renal failure), and during acute stimulation and suppression tests (r= 0.913, P > 0.001). The mean ratio of 'β‐MSH' and ACTH levels in most situations was approximately unity. In chronic renal failure,'β‐MSH' concentrations were significantly higher than ACTH (mean ratio 4.1). Lesser degrees of dissociation of hormone levels were also found in patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome (mean ratio 2.8). Basal 'β‐MSH' levels were uniformly elevated in patients with Cushing's disease after bilateral adrenalectomy, Nelson's syndrome, ectopic ACTH syndrome, and Addison's disease and overlapped the normal range in patients with untreated Cushing's disease. There was complete separation of 'β‐MSH' levels in ACTH‐dependent and ACTH‐independent (adrenal tumour) causes of Cushing's syndrome. Endogenous 'β‐MSH' immunoactivity was more stable than ACTH in blood and plasma. There was no significant decrease of 'β‐MSH' immunoactivity in samples kept at ambient temperature for 24 h or after four cycles of freezing and thawing plasma.'β‐MSH' levels also did not change significantly in unhaemolysed blood samples transported at ambient temperature by first class mail. It is concluded that the 'β‐MSH' assay provides at least as good discrimination as the ACTH assay in situations in which the latter is diagnostically valuable. Determination of the ratio of 'β‐MSH' to ACTH levels may help to distinguish between untreated Cushing's disease and the ectopic ACTH syndrome. The stability of 'β‐MSH' immunoactivity allows unhaemolysed blood and plasma samples to be transported at ambient temperature without loss of diagnostic value.


Significance Canopy trees are keystone organisms that create habitat for an enormous array of flora and fauna and dominate carbon storage in tropical forests. Determining the functional diversity of tree canopies is, therefore, critical to understanding how tropical forests are assembled and predicting ecosystem responses to environmental change. Across the megadiverse Andes-to-Amazon corridor of Peru, we discovered a large-scale nested pattern of canopy chemical assembly among thousands of trees. This nested geographic and phylogenetic pattern within and among forest communities provides a different perspective on current and future alterations to the functioning of western Amazonian forests resulting from land use and climate change. Patterns of tropical forest functional diversity express processes of ecological assembly at multiple geographic scales and aid in predicting ecological responses to environmental change. Tree canopy chemistry underpins forest functional diversity, but the interactive role of phylogeny and environment in determining the chemical traits of tropical trees is poorly known. Collecting and analyzing foliage in 2,420 canopy tree species across 19 forests in the western Amazon, we discovered (i) systematic, community-scale shifts in average canopy chemical traits along gradients of elevation and soil fertility; (ii) strong phylogenetic partitioning of structural and defense chemicals within communities independent of variation in environmental conditions; and (iii) strong environmental control on foliar phosphorus and calcium, the two rock-derived elements limiting CO2 uptake in tropical forests. These findings indicate that the chemical diversity of western Amazonian forests occurs in a regionally nested mosaic driven by long-term chemical trait adjustment of communities to large-scale environmental filters, particularly soils and climate, and is supported by phylogenetic divergence of traits essential to foliar survival under varying environmental conditions. Geographically nested patterns of forest canopy chemical traits will play a role in determining the response and functional rearrangement of western Amazonian ecosystems to changing land use and climate.