We survey a research line recently initiated by Mavronicolas et al. [14, 15, 16], concerning a strategic game on a graph G(V,E) with two confronting classes of randomized players: ν attackers who choose vertices and wish to minimize the probability of being caught by the defender, who chooses edges and gains the expected number of attackers it catches. So, the defender captures system rationality. In a Nash equilibrium, no single player has an incentive to unilaterally deviate from its randomized strategy. The Price of Defense is the worst-case ratio, over all Nash equilibria, of the optimal gain of the defender (which is ν) over the gain of the defender at a Nash equilibrium. We present a comprehensive collection of trade-offs between the Price of Defense and the computational efficiency of Nash equilibria proved in [14, 15, 16]. • We present an algebraic characterization of (mixed) Nash equilibria. • No (non-trivial) instance of the graph-theoretic game has a pure Nash equilibrium. This is an immediate consequence of some covering properties proved for the supports of the players in all (mixed) Nash equilibria. • We present a reduction of the game to a Zero-Sum Two-Players Game that proves that a general Nash equilibrium can be computed via Linear Programming in polynomial time. However, the reduction does not provide any apparent guarantees on the Price of Defense. • To obtain guarantees on Price of Defense, we present an analysis of several structured Nash equilibria: – In a Matching Nash equilibrium, the support of the defender is an Edge Cover of the graph. Matching Nash equilibria are shown to still be computable in polynomial time, and that they incur a Price of Defense of α(G), the Independence Number of G. – In a Perfect Matching Nash equilibrium, the support of the defender is a Perfect Matching of the graph. Perfect Matching Nash equilibria are shown to be computable in computed in polynomial time, and that they incur a Price of Defense of |V | 2 . • We consider a generalization of the basic model with an increased power for the defender: it is able to scan a simple path of the network instead of a single edge. Deciding existence of a pure Nash equilibrium is shown to be an NP-complete problem for this model. This work was partially supported by the IST Program of the European Union under contract number IST-2004001907 (DELIS), and by research funds at University of Cyprus. Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus. Email: {mavronic,viki,firstname.lastname@example.com Research Academic Computer Technology Institute (RACTI), Rion, Patras 26500, Greece & Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patras, Rion, Patras 26500, Greece. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


In shallow and eutrophicated lakes,submerged macrophyte is the crucial factor for clear water state or turbid state.While strong competition of periphyton for illumination,carbon sources,and nutrition has become the determinant on growth and development of submerged macrophytes communities.Tilapia,as the dominant species in south freshwater ecosystem,its top-down effect could alleviate the negative influences of periphyton on submerged macrophytes growth because of its probability of gazing and consumption on periphyton.So,as the dominant species of waterbody in South China,author think that tilapia can be used to control growth of periphyton and prompt submerged macrophyte development in shallow and eutrophic lake.Besides,tilapia can also accelerate nutrition regeneration by excretion and herbivory on submerged macrophytes.Therefore,this paper summarizes predecessor's conclusions,and proposes some intensive studies should be down to the relationship among tilapia,periphyton and submerged macrophytes with consideration of all the factors.It is very important for management and ecological restoration of shallow and eutrophicated lakes in south of China.


tem for extracellular potentials of neurons and the living neuronal network cultured on a 2-dimensional electrode array. The map of functional connections between neurons revealed that each culture contained some hub-like neurons, and the connections were drastically re-organized by continuous feedback stimulation. These results strongly suggest that the network structure of the cultured hippocampal neurons is neither stable nor random,


We investigate high bias non‐linear magneto‐transport through two weakly coupled vertical quantum dots and quantum wells fabricated from the same triple barrier structure. We examine first the two‐dimensional limit in the quantum well device. By gate tuning, we can then track continuously the crossover from the quasi‐two‐dimensional regime to the strong zero‐dimensional limit of the lateral confinement in the quantum dot device.


BACKGROUND: In central India (M.P.) there is high prevalence of hepatitis; of which hepatitis B contributes as a major cause of hepatitis. In our area there were no major efforts to contain the disease. According to one estimate most of the hepatitis B occurs due to negligence transfusion of infected blood (Hepatitis B). Therefore we have tried to found percentage of population infected with this disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study design – Prospective study. For screening donors we have used one step rapid test for the detection of HBsAg and confirmatory test was done by ELISA method. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was done by using Minitab 17 Pennsylvania, USA. RESULTS: In our study we found 2.8% HBsAg infected blood among healthy donors; which was significantly (P < 0.05) more in voluntary donors in comparison to replacement donors. Male between age groups 39-48 were found highly infected in comparison with other age groups. We also found prevalence was highest in Hindu community (2.9%) and more in working group (3.9%) in comparison to students and farmers. CONCLUSION: For effective control of transfusion of infected blood and to prevent its spread, we have to improve community knowledge towards vaccination; educational programs for blood bank personals; and government should open blood banks at Community Health Center level.


Monte Carlo simulations based on a Spin-1 Ising Model for binary alloys have been used to investigate the non-equilibrium partition coefficient (k(sub neq)) as a function of solid-liquid interface velocity and orientation. In simulations of Si with a second component k(sub neq) is greater in the [111] direction than the [100] direction in agreement with experimental results reported by Azlz et al. The simulated partition coefficient scales with the square of the step velocity divided by the diffusion coefficient of the secondary component in the liquid.


Individualized measures are relevant for the assessment of therapeutic results and allow patients to identify the aspects that they value the most in assessing their clinical improvement. PSYCHLOPS, as an individualized measure, invite the patient to create their own items. The items created by the patients were compared with the contents of standardized measures. A sample composed by 107 patients admitted for psychological treatment in Hospital Espirito Santo (Evora), and three institutions for drug misuse fill in the PSYCHLOPS and two standardized measures presented in a random order: CORE-OM and PHQ-9. 279 items were created in PSYCHLOPS and later recoded, by thematic analysis, in 51 subthemes. Work-related problems was the most common subtheme identified by patients


Abstract In this paper, a fault-tolerant flight control method based on control allocation is proposed. Control allocation has been commonly used as an actuator management technique that distributes redundant actuators in an over-actuated system. Not only do redundant actuators provide the higher performance to satisfy the various tactical requirements, but also they offer an opportunity to tolerate faults in the system. This paper presents a redistribution law of redundant actuators for tolerating structural faults as well as actuator faults. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using numerical simulations with application to the F-18 HARV aircraft. A set of simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can offer a fast and effective strategy for tolerating faults in both actuators and structure.


This work is a review of experimental research about the electronic properties of strongly correlated electrons systems under high pressure observed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS). General aspects of pressure induced phenomena and basics of RIXS are presented in the introductory material. In the main part, we debate about pressure induced magnetic collapse and metal-insulator transitions in 3d compounds, and valence fluctuations phenomena in 4f and 5f compounds.


Nuclear receptors are key transcriptional regulators. The subfamily of steroid hormone receptors responds to hormones, small molecular ligands, which diffuse into the target cell from the blood stream. As a response to nuclear receptor activation, a specific set of responsive genes is transcribed that are involved in development, cell differentiation and organ physiology. Steroid hormone receptor functions have been the focus of intensive studies since their discovery in the 1960s, which produced detailed insights into the functioning of these key transcriptional regulators. This was achieved by applying a broad range of biochemical techniques. The emergence of genetically encoded fluorochromes from the beginning of the 1990s, like GFP, yielded a new set of tools to study the behavior of steroid hormone receptors in a living cell in time and space. Although biochemical and imaging based techniques differ profoundly and possess their own intrinsic strengths and weaknesses, integration of these techniques allows further and more detailed understanding of the hormone dependent transcription regulation of many genes. Here, we describe the benefits and possible pitfalls of both approaches when studying steroid hormone receptor activity and behavior. How the various techniques are applied for the different steps in receptor activation will be systematically and critically reviewed.


One of the fundamental components of basic statistics is to examine a data distribution, namely its centre (median, mean, etc.), shape (skewness, symmetry, modality, etc.) and spread (variability, range, etc.). When examining research data, most educators are keenly aware of these fundamentals, but curiously seem to forget these fundamentals when examining course and instructor evaluation data. What often occurs is evaluators rely solely on mean score ratings as the basis for making inferences about a course and/or its instructor(s). This is problematic because a mean score alone does not illustrate the underlying score distribution, which in turn could completely alter the meaning of the data. The aim of this article is to present an illustrative example from basic statistics illustrating how course and instructor evaluation score inferences may be distorted by the underlying distribution of scores, thus threatening the validity of the measures. Suggestions for improving data reporting are provided.


In this paper an estimate is given for the Schatten norms of integral operators with symmetric decreasing kernels. It is shown that the maximum of a Schatten norm among all domains of given measure is attained on a ball. As an example, the Newton potential is considered on a set in R. A consequence is that the Schatten norms of the Newton potential are maximised on a ball, and explicit computations of such norms are given. Let H be a separable Hilbert space. We denote the family of compact operators P : H → H by S∞(H). Recall that the singular numbers {sn} of an operator P ∈ S∞(H) are the eigenvalues of the positive operator (P ∗P ) [1]. The Schatten p-classes, 1 6 p < ∞, are defined as S (H) := { P ∈ S(H) : {sn} ∈ l } .


The present paper deals with the performance and role of small entrepreneurship in socioeconomic development of rural poor women. The selected households for the study divided into three categories of enterprises, namely livestock and poultry, nursery & handicraft making. The sample size for this study was 90.Findings revealed that the average annual income generation per household of livestock and poultry, nursery, and handicraft enterprise groups were Tk 55080, Tk39558 and Tk35630 respectively. Average change in annual income was 110.74 percent after being involved with different small enterprises. Findings also showed significant development indicators revealed that most of the respondents of all three enterprises reported "high" in different indicators. The different aspects of health status, sanitation awareness increased to expected level. Change in housing unites after involvement is quite reverse to that of before involvement. There has been great change in the number of own tube-well after involvement with enterprise and 100 percent households used the sanitary latrines whereas it was only 24 percent before involvement. And 138 per cent increase in working days; this positive change indicates that the small enterprise has generated new self employment activities for the rural poor women. The analysis revealed that different small enterprise activities contributed significantly to livelihood development of the household in general and increased participation of rural poor women in economic activities and household decision making in particular.


The demographic characteristics of the patients of one psychiatric outpatient clinic were studied and compared to the local population to determine how representative the Clinic sample is of the surrounding community. Comparisons also were made between presenting symptoms and demographic characteristics. The significance of such studies is discussed.


Background: Patients with liver cirrhosis frequently undergo secondary prophylactic endoscopic band ligation (EVL), and these patients can suffer from EVL with non-sleep endoscopy. Given the impaired metabolism of drugs administered for sedation in cirrhotic patients, we investigated the safety of sleep endoscopy for secondary prophylactic EVL in those patients who had a previous history of variceal bleeding Methods: A total of 59 cases with secondary prophylactic EVL that were performed at our institution between August, 2010 and April, 2013 were consecutively recruited. We compared the frequency of hepatic encephalopathy (HEP) between patients with sleep endoscopy and non-sleep endoscopy. Midazolam was intravenously injected for conscious sedation, and flumazenil was always used as antidote after sleep endoscopy. Results: The median patient`s age was 55 years (range, 29-89 years). The most common causes of liver cirrhosis were hepatitis B virus infection (44.1%) and alcohol (42.4%). Of the 59 cases, 39 (66.1%), 13 (22.0%), and 7 (11.9%) had Child-Tur- Turcotte- Pugh class A, B, and C, respectively. Sleep endoscopy was performed in 52 (88.1%) of the 59 cases [CTP class A (n=35, 67.3%), B (n=13, 25.0%), and C (n=4, 7.7%), respectively], and the remaining 7 (11.9%) underwent non-sleep endoscopy. Median dosage of midazolam was 5 mg (range, 2-10 mg). None of the patients had experienced HEP after sleep endoscopy for secondary prophylactic EVL, and this result was same to those with non-sleep endoscopy. Conclusions: Our data showed that intravenous midazolam may be used safely in cirrhotic patients, even in those with CTP class C undergoing secondary prophylactic EVL for conscious sedation, but large scaled prospective randomized studies should be performed to confirm our results.


Application of systemic teaching in disease of spleen and stomach was brought forward to combine each disease's teaching with the whole feature and the common law.It's beneficial to all diseases of other categories in Traditional Chinese in- ternal medicine.


Arabic diacritics play a significant role in distinguishing words with the same orthography but different meanings, pronunciations, and syntactic functions. The presence of Arabic diacritics can be useful in many natural language processing applications, such as text-to-speech tasks, machine translation, and part-of-speech tagging. This article discusses the use of bidirectional long short-term memory neural networks with conditional random fields for Arabic diacritization. This approach requires no morphological analyzers, dictionary, or feature engineering, but rather uses a sequence-to-sequence schema. The input is a sequence of characters that constitute the sentence, and the output consists of the corresponding diacritic(s) for each character in that sentence. The performance of the proposed approach was examined using four datasets with different sizes and genres, namely, the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology text-to-speech (KACST TTS) dataset, the Holy Quran, Sahih Al-Bukhary, and the Penn Arabic Treebank (ATB). For training, 60% of the sentences were randomly selected from each dataset, 20% were selected for validation, and 20% were selected for testing. The trained models achieved diacritic error rates of 3.41%, 1.34%, 1.57%, and 2.13% and word error rates of 14.46%, 4.92%, 5.65%, and 8.43% on the KACST TTS, Holy Quran, Sahih Al-Bukhary, and ATB datasets, respectively. Comparison of the proposed method with those used in other studies and existing systems revealed that its results are comparable to or better than those of the state-of-the-art methods.


Socrates (C.C.W. Taylor): introduction life Socratic literature and the Socratic problem Plato's Socrates Socrates and later philosophy. Plato (R.M. Hare): life and times Plato's forebears how Plato became a philospher understanding Plato knowing things definition, dialectic, and the good education and the good life the divided mind the authoritarian state Plato's achievement. Aristotle (Jonathan Barnes): the man and his work a public figure zoological researches collecting facts the philosophical background the structure of the science logic knowledge ideal and achievement reality change causes empiricism Aristotle's world-picture psychology evidence and theory teleology practical philosophy the arts afterlife.


Veterinary staff are in a good position to recognise differences in the behaviour of their clients that might suggest domestic abuse, according to Christine Goodall, founder of the Medics against Violence (MaV) initiative. Dr Goodall was speaking at a lunchtime debate organised by the BVa during the London Vet Show on november 15. entitled 'Making the links between human and animal abuse', the debate discussed the activities of the Links Group, a multiagency interest group that promotes the welfare and safety of vulnerable children, animals and adults so that they are free from violence and abuse, and MaV, a charity begun by healthcare workers in Scotland that aims to prevent violence. Changes in client behaviour that vets might see, Dr Goodall explained, included things like clients who began to miss appointments when in the past they had always attended, clients who stopped bringing their animals in for inoculations, or those who attended with a partner who was very overbearing. She added that, if a client arrived at the surgery with clear signs of having been physically assaulted, they might want to be asked how the injury had happened. She explained that animals were often abused as part of domestic abuse scenarios and victims would sometimes choose not to leave home because they worried about what would happen to their pet. the second speaker in the debate was Freda Scott-Park, chair of the Links Group, who explained that vets typically fell into one of three categories when presented with a client who might be being abused: the 'don't see, don't hear' category; the 'see and hear but don't want to know' category; or the 'see and hear and want to help' category. the Links Group, she said, was supporting MaV in the development of its Domestic abuse Veterinary initiative, a programme in Scotland that aims to help vets identify and act on cases of domestic and animal abuse, and to work with those vets who want to help (VR, May 12, 2012, vol 170, p 482). the initiative includes veterinary guidance and a practice protocol and a pilot study, which will be launched in Scotland in the coming months. this will give veterinary staff training over a period of approximately six hours to help them recognise animal and human abuse and to give guidance on how to react. the aim of the training, said Dr Scott-Park, was to help ensure that staff would never miss 'the golden moment', which she described as 'the point where we realise we have the opportunity to extend the paw of friendship to the vulnerable person'. it was hoped that once the pilot was underway in Scotland it would be extended to other parts of the UK. in the debate that followed the presentations, Jacqui Molyneux, the rCVS President, noted that her surgery in County Durham had taken in animals because either they or their owners were at risk from abuse, and had rehomed them. She suggested that vets and veterinary staff should discuss with practice owners whether they were willing to offer to do this for clients. She added that, in terms of rCVS guidance, client confidentiality should only be breached if the vet had reasonable grounds to suspect that an animal was being abused or was at risk of being abused. Vets should also consider whether a child might also be at risk. She suggested that any vets who suspected an animal or a client was being abused should seek advice from the rCVS Professional Conduct Department.


Objective To study the volatile components of Genuine Rendong-garlic.Methods The volatile oils were extracted from garlics collected from eight different villages of Rendong Town in Yulin city by steam distillation.The chemical constituents of volatile oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS).Results 30 compounds were separated and 22 of them were identified,which accounted for 94% to 99%.The main compositions were dallyl disulfide(28%-33%) and allyl methyl sulfide(13%-19%).Conclusion Constituents of garlic oils derived from eight villages are basically the same while relative contents are quite different.Results of PCA-MD and PLS-DA show garlic oils collected from eight villages can be classified into three types.


The cleaning element is the key part to the small w ho le-stall sugarcane harvester, which is suitable to the highland. And it is the bottleneck of the design of the small sugarcane harvester. The working mechanism of centrifugal cleaning method of the cleaning element in brush shape is based on the high speed rotating cleaning element that push, scrub, and strike the sta lk to separate the leaves from the sugarcane. The paper elaborated the worki ng mechanism of cleaning element in brush shape of the sugarcane harvester, and analyzed the state of cleaning procedure and the reacting force that the cleanin g element was subjected. Combined with the earlier stage experiments and researc hes, it was found out that the factors, which affect the cleaning efficiency and fatigue life of cleaning element, were quite many, and the factors were complex and random. So it was difficult to analyze and design cleaning element in theor y. Moreover, if the design parameters were got from experiment it would be time consuming, laborious, and costly. The method of numerical value simulation ortho gonal experiment is used to analyze the reacting force by means of establishing finite element analysis model for cleaning element on ANSYS. According to orthog onal experiment principle, the different parameter groups were made to do finite element calculation. And then orthogonal experiment analysis and regression ana lysis were made to find out the effect on the calculated result that was caused by the changes of different parameter groups, and get optimal design parameters of cleaning element. In conclusion, this virtual design method is a quick and ef ficient way in innovative mechanical product design. This method economizes mate rial, labor, and time, and then it is the right way of high efficiency and speed to reduce the development period, and increase the quality of product and the r atio of successful development at once.


CH3NH3PbI3 with perovskite crystal structure has attracted considerable interest for high power conversion efficiency. Metal oxide grown via ALD provides pinhole-free uniform and dense films which are suited to function as passivation layer since ALD is deposited by self-limiting sequential chemical reaction. Highly dense inorganic electron transport layer (ETL) has been deposited onto perovskite using ALD process at relatively low temperature (100 oC). The devices shows excellent water-resistant properties and long-term stability at 85 °C under illumination compared to devices without ETL grown by ALD.


Background Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is now established as a standard therapeutic modality for different malignant and benign diseases. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has many complications. Infection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remain the major source of morbidity and mortality in patients who undergo BMT. Aim The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of hepatitis B and hepatitis C (HCV) viral infection on the outcome of fully matched sibling donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients and methods A total of 328 patients with AML who received allogeneic PBSC transplantation using BU/CY or FLU/BU conditioning regimen after the consent of the Ethical Committee of Nasser Institute Hospital during the period from 1997 to December 2016 were included in this study with a follow-up of 12 months. Results In seropositive patients, neutrophil engraftment was reached at a median of 14.57 days and platelet engraftment was reached at a median of 12.7. However, in seronegative patients, neutrophil engraftment was reached at a median of 14.3 (P=0.287) and platelet engraftment was reached at a median of 12.66 (P=0.917). In seropositive patients, the incidence of SOS was 2.1%, acute GVHD grades 2–4 was reported in eight patients, whereas chronic GVHD was reported in nine patients. In seronegative patients, the incidence of SOS was 0.70% (P=0.33), acute GVHD grades 2–4 was reported in 30 patients (P=0.184), whereas chronic GVHD was reported in 45 patients (P=0.54). Overall survival for HCV seronegative and seropositive patients was 58.4 and 44.6%, respectively (P=0.001), whereas disease-free survival for HCV seronegative and seropositive patients was 56.9 and 43.4%, respectively (P=0.0001). Conclusion Analysis of 46 HCV-positive adult AML patients and 282 HCV seronegative patients who had peripheral blood stem cell transplantation shows that HCV infection does not affect platelet or neutrophil engraftment or the incidence of SOS. HCV viremia did not show a significant effect on the incidence of acute and chronic GVHD. We also documented that there is a significant effect of HCV on both the disease-free survival and overall survival.


Abstract Special purpose hardware has been traditionally viewed as the only practical solution for high speed video signal processing (VSP). However, new parallel computing technologies may provide a much more flexible alternative. In this paper we discuss techniques for implementing VSP algorithms on data-parallel computers, including data distribution and the tradeoffs between memory usage, communication, and computation. We provide theoretical analyses and illustrate them with examples of implementations written for the MasPar data-parallel computers. The algorithms studied here are a selection of classical algorithms that includes block-discrete cosine transform coding, subband coding and block-matching motion estimation. Additionally, two new algorithms of the authors are also presented, on intraframe nonorthogonal subband coding and on motion-compensated three-dimensional subband coding.


We study the minimum vertex cover problem in the following stochastic setting. Let $G$ be an arbitrary given graph, $p \in (0, 1]$ a parameter of the problem, and let $G_p$ be a random subgraph that includes each edge of $G$ independently with probability $p$. We are unaware of the realization $G_p$, but can learn if an edge $e$ exists in $G_p$ by querying it. The goal is to find an approximate minimum vertex cover (MVC) of $G_p$ by querying few edges of $G$ non-adaptively. This stochastic setting has been studied extensively for various problems such as minimum spanning trees, matroids, shortest paths, and matchings. To our knowledge, however, no non-trivial bound was known for MVC prior to our work. In this work, we present a: * $(2+\epsilon)$-approximation for general graphs which queries $O(\frac{1}{\epsilon^3 p})$ edges per vertex, and a * $1.367$-approximation for bipartite graphs which queries $poly(1/p)$ edges per vertex. Additionally, we show that at the expense of a triple-exponential dependence on $p^{-1}$ in the number of queries, the approximation ratio can be improved down to $(1+\epsilon)$ for bipartite graphs. Our techniques also lead to improved bounds for bipartite stochastic matching. We obtain a $0.731$-approximation with nearly-linear in $1/p$ per-vertex queries. This is the first result to break the prevalent $(2/3 \sim 0.66)$-approximation barrier in the $poly(1/p)$ query regime, improving algorithms of [Behnezhad et al; SODA'19] and [Assadi and Bernstein; SOSA'19].


The aim of the present BA thesis is to determine the role of ball games and ball activities in pupils' everyday life. Our basic objectives were as follows. We wanted to find out whether there exist any differences between boys' and girls' preferences regarding different sports activities, certain games and ball activities during their PE classes. We also tried to find out whether the interviewees feel frightened while performing the activities mentioned above. Furthermore, we were interested in the differences between boys' and girls' preferences regarding joining different sports clubs, and we wished to identify the interviewees' favourite ball activity. Finally, we tried to determine whether any of the two genders takes part in sports competitions more frequently than the other, and whether there are any differences between boys' and girls' self-esteem in ball games.

The research was conducted on a sample of 333 third-, fourth- and fifth-graders at some of the primary schools in the Gorenjsko region. The data were gathered in the form of an anonymous questionnaire. Answers to the qualitative questions were entered into charts, and the number of same answers was recorded. Regarding the quantitative data, descriptive statistics (i.e. individual answer frequency, arithmetic mean and standard deviation) were calculated first, and then statistical analyses were carried out by means of a t-test (where the data were measured on the interval scale) and a chi-square test (with the data on the nominal scale). Finally, the data were presented in charts and interpreted.

The results obtained in the research prove the following facts. Statistically, gymnastics and dancing are more popular with girls, whereas ball games are more popular with boys. We found out there are no statistically significant differences in the popularity of selected known ball games with respect to pupils' gender. Among various ball activities, balloon games and bouncing a ball with hands tend to be more popular with girls, while advancing and hitting the ball using one's feet or a stick are more popular with boys. Children of both sexes do not feel fear during ball activities. The percent of boys and girls who participate in a sports club is approximately the same. Interviewees' favourite sports club is football (22.3 %), closely followed by volleyball (15.2 %). There exist no significant gender-related differences in participating in sports competitions. Boys' self-esteem in the field of ball games is considerably higher than the girls'.


The decoupling of the retention time of easily degradable and persistent substances relieves the degradation process from inhibitors and increases the biogas yield. Anaerobic digestion of maize silage was investigated in a pilot‐scale plant with a coupled ultrafiltration membrane. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the influence of the membrane‐based relief of the degradation process and the increase of the retention time of persistent substances. For that purpose, the fermenter content was separated into solid and liquid fractions. The solid fraction was recirculated to the fermenter for longer retention time and higher substrate degradation rates. The fermentation process was improved by the removal of the liquid fraction and adding volatile fatty acids. The results showed an increase of the biogas yield by 7.2% in comparison to the anaerobic digestion without membrane filtration.


The earthworms (Eiseniafetida) were collected from Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Centerand introduced in cattle manure, paunch manure and cattle manure supplemented with wheat sraw, paunche manuresupplemented with wheat sraw and cattle manure plus paunch manure supplemented with wheat sraw.300 numbers of red worms (Eisenia fetida) were introduced in to each treatment. At the end of vermicomposting, the earthworm populationand vermicompost amounts were examined to assess the effect of feeding materials on multiplication of worms (Eisenia fetida), vermicompost yield and vermicompost qualities. The highest numberof worms (688.3) was achieved in the paunch manureand lowest (333.7) in the cattle manure vermicompost as sole source of feeding material as compared to all treatments. But the amount of vermicompost was found to be highest (9.6 kg) in mixture of paunch manure and wheat straw vermicompost. The vermicompost samples were analyzed for the parameters: pH, EC, total nitrogen, organic carbon, available phosphorus. The laboratory analysis results showed highest total nitrogen (3.03%), organic carbon (31.04%), andavailable phosphorus (1523 mg/kg) were recorded in case of vermicompost prepared paunch manure alone. The C:N ratio of all vermicompost samples was in the optimum range (< 20%) and the EC of vermicompost prepared from paunch manure was in the optimum range and the rest were above the optimum rangeof EC values for plants growth. However, the bedding materials give different results and have their own characteristic on selected physic-chemical parameters, all the vermicompost samples were contains sufficient amount of plant nutrients and optimum pH for the better seed germination, plant growth and best fertility and quality of soil. Therefore, all the vermicompost samples could be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. But based on its highest number of red worms (Eiseniafetida), highestyield of vermicompost and highest total nitrogen contents, organic carbon andavailable phosphorus, vermicompost prepared from paunch manure as sole source of feeding material was considered as quality vermicompost.


The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate nanoparticles containing insulin in different polymer ratio by ionotropic gelation method. The average particle size was found to be 130.4±3.4 -155.5±6.4nm. SEM indicates that nanoparticles have shown smooth and spherical shape. The zeta potential of optimized formulation was 35.5 mv which indicates moderate stability with no agglomeration. The average drug content was found to be 130.4±3.4 -155.5±6.4nm. The in vitro drug release data was analyzed using zero order, first order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. It was observed the best fit model for nanoparticles was higuchi model. The developed formulation in situ polymeric gel is designed in such a way that the gel will load insulin in higher concentration and it will also contain penetration enhancer which will enhance the absorption of release drug from gel to systemic circulation.
Keywords: Insulin, Nanoparticle, invitro drug release study.


In this paper, the authors present the results of applying an Elman recurrent net to the prediction of the motion of an object. This neural network predictor can be used in the robot navigation system developed by Meng and Picton (1992) as an online predictor. An Elman net, a fast learning algorithm and an online learning scheme using specialised learning are described. Finally, they present the simulation results for three cases and conclusions.


Clinical imaging research of spinal cord has urgent realistic needs, and faces enormous challenges and opportunities. Among them, functional magnetic resonance imaging is a hot and difficult topic because of the particularity of spinal cord structure and related technical bottlenecks. In recent years, advances in magnetic resonance hardware and software technology have led to breakthroughs in the technical nodes, which have opened up a new prospect for the clinical application of spinal cord imaging. The recent progress in functional magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord is reviewed in this article.

Key words:
Spinal cord; Magnetic resonance imaging; Resting-state functional connectivity; Low frequency fluctuations; Blood oxygenation level dependent


In this paper, we analyzed the demand of the Mobile Internetbased Position Service System, and explained how the integrated use of GPS technology, mobile communications technology, database technology, combined with geographic information services, and thematic information such as integrate personnel, mobile terminal equipment, to build GPS positioning platform, and offered GIS data sharing, comprehensive analysis and integration services of personnel information. The key technology and application mode of GIS in LBS application were discussed in detail.


A novel method of sub optimal Sage adaptive Kalman filter is presented in this paper. A parallel filter structure of adding a concomitant filter is creatively designed to eliminate system biases that the standard Sage adaptive filter always suffers, and the accuracy is improved.


ABSTRACT Debriefing is routinely used in pilot training. Limited empirical studies, however, have investigated what aspects of debriefing contribute to learning outcomes across professions. In this investigation, we focus on the learning of pilots flying large commercial aircraft in a multi-crew flight deck. The researchers observed, recorded and analysed over 32 biannual simulator training and assessment sessions. Each pilot pair engaged in two kinds of experiences across these two-day assessments: (a) a four-hour simulator session with a one-hour debriefing and (b) a three-hour simulator session with an extended period of debriefing. This preliminary report explores the quality and outcomes of these learning experiences, particularly the efficacy of the simulator-to-debriefing ratio. Thematic analysis of post-debriefing semi-structured interviews with three pilot pairs and their shared flight examiner suggests that appropriate debriefing duration and processes should be determined through considering personal readiness of pilots and situational factors during the training.


Summary. Collagenase activity was measured 66 to 75 hr after parturition in does at 34, 167 and 204 weeks of age. Uteri of ageing does con-tained less collagenase than those of young does. Uterine collagen content tended to increase with age. At Day 12 ofpregnancy, uterine acid-soluble collagen was higher in does 174 weeks old than in does at 38 weeks of age. Tissue collagen tends to increase with age. Both an increase and a change in the configuration of uterine collagen have been reported in the ageing rat (Burack, Wolfe, Lansing & Wright, & McGavack, Schaub, A decrease in the activity of collagenase and other proteases capable of degrading collagen was also reported (McGavack Schaub, 1964/65, This investigation was conducted to examine changes in uterine collagen and collagenase activity in ageing female rabbits with declining reproductive ability. Fifteen parous does were divided into three groups of five, averaging 34, 167 and 204 weeks of age and averaging one, nine and twenty-four previous litters, respectively. The does were killed and exsanguinated between 66 and 75 hr after parturition. In preliminary trials, this was found to be the time of highest collagenase activity. Woessner (1962) found the peak of collagen degradation in the involuting rat uterus to be between 48 and 72 hr after parturition. The uteri were removed and excess fluids were squeezed out before weighing. To measure collagenase content, each horn was cut longitudinally along the mesenteric and antimesenteric region and a 5-g (wet weight) sample was removed, minced and homogenized


The sports industry convergence is not a overnight change but a process of dynamic development under the combined action of many factors. Based on the dominant factors of China's ports industry convergence and its characteristic,the integration can be divided into four different models: the osmosis technology,multiple functions,market extension and resource sharing. The integration of the development of China's sports industry will be enhanced through five measures: the future development of the Pan-sports industry is guided by the " great fusion",nurture and develop sport enterprise market competitiveness,achieve multi-industry management system dialogue and coordination mechanisms by reforming management system,promote the development of integration of sports industry through sports industry cluster and focus on integration of sports talents cultivation.


The effect of spatial dispersion on the phase-speed degeneracies of acoustic waves in noncentrosymmetric crystals is explored in the framework of continuum elasticity. It is shown that the degeneracies, which in the nondispersive limit occur in directions neither lying in a symmetry plane nor parallel to a rotation inversion axis, are lifted on account of spatial dispersion. The degeneracies lying in symmetry planes change their in-plane orientation depending on the frequency, unless remaining fixed to a symmetry axis. Given that the degeneracy with regard for linear spatial dispersion occurs in some direction m, the value of degenerate phase speed coincides with the value of one of the speeds assigned to m in the nondispersive limit. Relations for the acoustic-wave parameters with dispersive corrections are derived and discussed for various particular cases.


This article examines the impact of the idea of community identity upon the Local Government Review in England. It considers the extent to which the notion of community identity was built into the Local Government Review nationally and, moreover, locally in Hampshire, and the extent to which it shaped the outcomes of the Local Government Review. Three conceptions of community identity are examined - affective, effective and deliberative community identity - and their interplay assessed in shaping the process of restructuring local government. The article argues that the issue of community identity figured prominently in the early stages of the Local Government Review, but faded away as it got caught up with the political machinations of central government, local authorities and political parties.


IT system construction and operation of telecom were thought,put forward the importance of building IT knowledge base,and describe the core issues of knowledge base construction.Then,focuses on the construction of IT knowledge base of framework for a comprehensive study in detail.


Employee job satisfaction is a parameter that measures the depth of Employee affectionate or positive experience derived from the work. Researchers have mentioned that employees with higher satisfaction tend to be more loyal and productive, yet there are no exact formula on maximizing employee job satisfaction, let alone a research to serve as an exact parameter of the factors influencing the job satisfaction. The writer's purpose in this study is to examine and analyze the influence of the working environment condition towards employee job satisfaction and to provide insight on how to increase employee job satisfaction through the work environment. The writer is using the multiple regression analysis with 74 samples to measure the significance of work environment towards the job satisfaction through the distribution of questionnaire in PT. X. The result of this research shows that simultaneously work environment factors is significant towards the employee job satisfaction. Keywords: Work Environment, Job Satisfaction, Human Resource Management, Gas Industry. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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Aviation has emerged as an additional and quicker vector for infectious diseases. Therefore, preparedness plans are put together to assist the public health and aviation sectors in a pandemic. This paper went through these preparedness plans, as well as the guidelines issued during two events, the H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics, so to study, understand, assess and compare them. The method used was a thorough theoretical review supported by specific research questions, which are the basis for the analysis and discussion. The examination reveals consistent data which can work as a basis for measures of precaution and/ or mitigation of diseases.


To obtain economical extraction of 235 U in the molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) process, 16-μm laser beams must be generated in a parahydrogen Raman cell with high repetition rates and sufficient intensity. Because the intensities of the 16-μm laser beams are dependent on the intensity of the incoming pump laser beams, the intensity of the CO 2 lasers must be kept as high as possible. The maximum intensity has, however, been found to be controlled by the onset of gas breakdown in the Raman cell at too low a level for efficient Raman conversion. Through tests, the origin of gas breakdown in a 2-kHz-repetition-rate Raman cell is identified as particle contamination. The effect of the degree of contamination is determined and compared with experimental results. Conditions are set and modifications implemented on the Raman cell to ensure efficient Raman conversion.


Whereas the demand of pure Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) jobs is increasing, young people interested on STEM studies are decreasing. Among the reasons, different studies show that male and female students do not have a clear perception of engineering. Furthermore, there is a very worrying gender gap in fields as Computer Science. The lack of role models, stereotypes and the perception of a machine and programming oriented discipline are pointed out as possible reasons. In order to reverse the situation, this paper presents an ongoing project to be conducted at the early years of high school to connect computer engineering with environment giving the students the idea that computer engineering is not only about programming and giving them real-life applications. Then, the project serves of Internet of Things (IoT) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) to propose students a real world problem to face and promote engineering vocations. One of the key aspects of the project is to be directed to young students. This increases the impact in both number of students attending the activity and the possibility that teachers accomplish actions against the gender gap before it is well established.


In this paper,we research that transcriptional rate has the effects on the protein concentration in the two no-time-delay gene transcriptional regulation systems by computational modeling.It is found that the rates can induce gene switch in the positive feedback system,and can regulate the oscillation range in the positive-negative feedback system.


After completing this course, the reader will be able to: 1. Discuss the history of clinical trials using surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy in head and neck cancer. 2. Explain the benefit of chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer. 3. Describe the role of adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-FU followed by chemoradiation with or without taxanes. 4. Evaluate the toxicity of adding taxanes and the need for further clinical trials adding taxanes.


Organizations are managed with little direct reference to their roles as components of social institutions. Understanding these roles requires research centered on building theory at the macromanagement level. Research on interorganizational relationships is a step in this direction, but more research is needed on institutionalization processes and related humanistic values.


A methodology for performing a simulation study is defined. Specifically, ten steps in a simulation study are listed, defined, and briefly described. A case study on an automatic degreaser is then presented as a backdrop for illustrating the application of the methodology.<<ETX>>


Abstract Chrysin, a natural flavonoid, has been investigated for its anticancer biological properties. Antifungal and anticancer properties of hydrazone derivatives have been proven. In this study, eight compounds of substituted Chrysin hydrazine derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and screened against cancerous cell lines, including MCF-7 and HepG-2. All products are reported for the first time. Most compounds exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against selected cell lines. The chemical structures of all compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods and elemental analyzes. In vitro evaluation of these synthesized compounds showed most of them have potential antiproliferative activity. Compounds 3e and 3f have shown significant anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell lines, respectively, compared to Chrysin (P < 0.05). The IC50 values of compounds 3e and 3f were 101.44 and 166.19 µM after 48 h, respectively. Moreover, the compounds 3e and 3f induced significant apoptosis more than Chrysin (P < 0.05). The Results of this research might help the design and synthesis of novel drugs toward developing new antitumor agents for cancer treatment.


Summary Compounds native to the pineal were screened using a bovine pituitary cell culture system to investigate their effects on pituitary prolactin secretion. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (10−11-10−7 M) and arginine vasotocin (10−10-10−6 M) increased prolactin in medium and this increase was linearly related to increasing log concentrations of each peptide. In contrast, dopamine (10−9-10−7 M) and norepinephrine (10−10-10−8 M) decreased prolactin accumulation in medium and decrease was linearly related to increasing log concentrations of catecholamines. Serotonin (10−10-10−6 M) also inhibited prolactin release and decrease was linearly related to increasing log concentrations of serotonin. Melatonin, 5-hydroxytryptophol and 5-methoxytryptophol had no direct effect on pituitary prolactin secretion. We conclude that compounds indigenous to the pineal have the potential to regulate PRL secretion from the pituitary.


Postponing childbirth is becoming increasingly common and consequently serious social problem in Korea, among married-working women. It is relatively unknown which factors determine married-working women's childbirth intention. This study investigated the effects of demographical factors, labor mark...


The practice of capital punishment within the United States now provokes concern and condemnation in many parts of the world. The United States and Japan are the only developed countries to retain this barbaric sanction. Capital punishment has fallen into disuse as a part of criminal law in virtually all of Europe, most of Latin America and much of Africa. It is excluded by the ad hoc international tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, as well as by the newly-created International Criminal Court. According to statistics published by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, approximately two-thirds of the world's countries have abolished the death penalty.


This paper compares Roy Bhaskar's core critical realism with the philosophy of science of Nancy Cartwright. It argues for either profound similarity or exact correspondence between the two on a number of key elements: strong realism, depth ontology, closed and open systems, intransitive and transitive dimensions of science, philosophical method, emergence and stratification, and explanatory critique. Through detailed, side-by-side textual comparison this paper provides a rigorous first step for critically engaging, and ultimately integrating, two influential and highly complementary philosophies of science.


Objective: To study the biocompatibility on Ceramiclike Xenogeneic Bone(CXB) with cultured bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs). Methods: Bone marrow stromal cells were cultured with CXB in vitro, The affects on morphologic features,growth,attachment and proliferation of BMSCs were observed by phase microscope and electronic scanning microscope. Results: CXB had not any bad affects on the morphologic features,growth,attachment and proliferation of BMSCs, So CXB had good biocompatibility. Conclusion : CXB has good biocompatibility and it could be used to repair bone defects combined with bone marrow.


This paper examines some of the ways that Canadian art museum education departments used Instagram during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for young virtual visitors. The author studied this use of Instagram through a visual content analysis of ten Canadian museums' educational posts, stories and IGTV videos, using the theory of connectivism and the way learners can engage with learning opportunities outside of their physical environments. The findings from this study reveal that Instagram became instrumental in allowing museum educators to continue their mission of promoting meaningful engagement with collections for their visitors.


The purpose of this book is to present an overview of the current status of the field of social cognitive neuroscience. More specifically, it is aimed at highlighting the ways in which innovations in neuroscience have been used to advance our understanding of social behavior and cognition. The book is organized into four general sections, each of which includes several more focused chapters authored by some of the leading social neuroscience scholars. The first section, "Understanding and Representing Other People," includes chapters on social representation and social evaluations of faces. The second section focuses on group-based processes, with chapters on social categorization, perceptions of outgroup members, and dehumanization. Section three primarily consists of chapters on emotional and evaluative social processing. The final section, "Navigating Social Life," includes a more diverse collection of chapters including neural processes associated with reciprocal social exchange and links between physical and psychological pain. Although Heatherton frames these topics in terms of the components of the social brain: self-awareness, theory of mind, threat detection, and self-regulation, readers may still find this section rather fragmented. There is both a subject and an author index at the conclusion of the book. Overall, the book provides a good summary of some of the most popular areas within social neuroscience and the extensive indices make it easy for readers to quickly locate relevant chapters and sections. Readers can be certain that they are getting the most accurate review of social neuroscience topics, given that chapters are authored by some of the leading researchers in the field of social neuroscience. Each chapter is fairly self-contained; in other words, chapters do not need to be read in sequential order, which may be of value for those who would prefer to limit their reading to specific chapters of interest. Given that each chapter includes a concise introduction to the relevant neurological areas or signals, this book is readily digestible for both experts and readers who have little experience with social neuroscience. Furthermore, most chapters contain


Samples of L-alanine irradiated by y radiation were exposed to sunlight and to light from a luminescent lamp. The exposure resulted in significant changes in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra in both their intensity and line shape. The experimental spectra were numerically decomposed into three components reflecting contributions of three radicals (R1-R3) generated by ionizing radiation in alanine. The light exposure causes a decrease in the EPR signal intensity. For similar intensity and exposure times, the decay was stronger in the samples exposed to sunlight than in those illuminated by the lamp. In both cases the decay of R1 radicals was observed. Sunlight exposure resulted in small decay of R2 radicals and in an almost twofold increase in R3 radicals. The light from the luminescent lamp significantly increased the population of R2 radicals and did not affect the R3 radical component. Quantitative analysis of changes in populations of R1 and R2 radicals indicates R1>R2 free radical transformation induced by the luminescent light. The presented effects of light on the dosimetric EPR signal in alanine should be taken into account in dosimetry protocols, assuring protection of irradiated alanine dosimeters from extended exposures to light.


Cola makers in India may have a battle on their hands if a recent breakthrough in making a carbonated version of lassi, a traditional Indian yoghurt-based drink, is commercialised.


Background/Aims:  Oxidative stress has been implicated in liver cirrhosis. Carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide are the most widely used models to develop cirrhosis in rats and the present study compares oxidative stress in the liver induced by these compounds at different stages of cirrhosis development.


In this paper we present a case study of 117 Colombian elementary grade students' performance and perceptions of a learning activity aiming to promote computational thinking guided by the College Board's CS Principles and Scratch. The lesson plan was designed by the teacher as part of a three-day teacher professional development workshop within an advanced topics course for a master degree in engineering. As part of the workshop, participants were invited to implement their designs in their own classrooms and, together with the researchers, conduct classroom action research. Workshop participants designed their own instruments and gathered data on students' perceptions of the learning module and identified the level of achievement of the selected learning objective. Our research questions are: (a) what are students' levels of achievement of the identified CS principle learning objective as evidenced by their performance on the design learning activity? And (b) what are students' perceptions and engagement with the design learning activity? Student grades, the perceived usefulness, the appeal of the learning activity, and Scratch were considered as positive. Similarly, as part of an exit interview, the teacher participant highlighted the usefulness of Scratch software to implement the learning task guided by the CS principles and backwards design approaches. These results pose significant implications to integrate computing principles and procedures sooner and often into the K-6 curriculum.


Some classical problems of applied mathematics and mechanics seem inexhaustible. Each appeal to them reveals some new facets, highlighting the existence of hidden connections between various areas ...


This study aimed to determine the productivity and nutrient content of three grasstypes with or without rubber trees shading. It was conducted in May-September 2020at Sangga Buana Village, Seputih Banyak, Central Lampung and Animal Nutrition andFood Laboratory, University of Lampung. This study used nested design with two factorsof rubber trees shaded and grass types with six replications. Both factors were shadedconditions: N0 (land without shade) and N1 (land under rubber trees shade); and grasstypes: elephant grass (A1); setaria (A2); and odot (A3). The results showed the shadeddecreased (P<0.05) leave length of each grass compared to non-shading conditions.Grass under the shade decreased their production and odot grass showed the lowestproduction (P<0.05). The number of tillers and plant height under the shade decreasedsignificantly (P<0.05) on elephant grass and setaria grass. Leaf width under the shadedecreased significantly (P<0.05) on setaria and odot grass. The shaded effected (P<0.05)nutrient content on elephant grass, setaria, and odot. It was concluded that Setariagrass (Setaria sphacelata) had the best productivity under the shaded based on yield.The nutrient content of each grass varied depending on the ability of the grass to adaptto shaded conditions.


The main goal of this paper is to provide the analysis of the measured data from infiltration system (infiltration shafts) at university campus in real conditions and to describe the effectiveness of infiltration facility depending on required local conditions. Infiltration shafts are located at campus of the Technical University of Kosice. All rainwater runoff from roof of PK6 building flowed into the two infiltration shafts. The permeability of infiltration area is an essential qualitative and quantitative prerequisite for infiltration of rainwater. Filtration coefficient kf of the soil in explored infiltration shafts near the PK6 building was determined by taking samples of soil from the bottom of the infiltration shafts. Through the laboratory tests, the samples were evaluated as gravel blended with a fine-grained soil and infiltration coefficient set at 10 -3 m/s. Therefore, the most important design parameter of the infiltration facilities is to determine the filtration coefficient kf on-site. The results from the overall measured data during the research indicated that infiltration process of the total volume of rainwater runoff inflow into the infiltration shafts, took place at the time of termination of rainfall events, respectively short-time after. Therefore, despite the smaller surface for percolation of infiltration shafts compared to other types of infiltration facilities, the infiltration coefficient of surveyed infiltration shafts kf = 1.10 -3 m/s ensures safe disposal of surface runoff. With the correct design, realization and maintenance of infiltration facilities, it should be operation of this device safe, fluent and without complications and real estated damages.


This study established power-related efficiency measures from the perspective of reliability, namely, power system availability, expected power deficiency, accumulated power deficiency, instantaneous power capacity, and accumulated power capacity for a hybrid power system (HPS) in a generic smart grid. Methodologically, a power supply–demand stochastic model that simultaneously considers the inherently stochastic nature of power supply and demand was developed to quantify their interrelationship and characterize the dynamic behavior of an HPS in a continuous-time Markov chain. Preventive maintenance (PM) models were also constructed to determine the optimal PM strategy in alignment with specific scenarios that reflect the power performance requirements and resource limitations. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using the design of experiments (DOE) scheme that simulated climate change and revealed that extreme climate worsens power-related efficiency measures. This analysis provides further insight into the extent to which extreme climate conditions diminish the engineers and designers of smart grid systems' power-related efficiency measures. The proposed approach will potentially contribute to sustainability and maintainability in the clean energy industry.


The invention is a kind of energy-saving air conditioning wind purifying device which mainly includes an air inlet, a primary filter, a high efficiency filter, an electric adjusting valve, a surface cooling device, a low noise fan, an air outlet segment, controller, particle density sensor. The device uses variable processing method according to the particle density change in the fresh wind. When the particle density is low, the controller sends out signal to open the adjusting valve, uses the first class filter; when the particle density is high, the controller controls to close the adjusting valve, uses the second grade filter, it eliminates the particle in air effectively. The primary filter uses metal silk mesh to eliminate particle with size above 5 micro meters, thus it has protection effect to the high efficiency filter. The high efficiency filter uses superfine glass fiber or synthesized fiber as filter material, thus it can eliminate particles with size larger than 0.5 micro meters.


This paper focuses on the design of a hyper redundant snake robot inspired from a real biological snake. Snakes have unique capabilities for moving on a wide range of terrain. The snake robot, rather than wheeled and legged mobile mechanisms, offers high stability. The paper presents a design of a snake robot that possesses the ability to map and navigate in its surroundings and also to find the possibility of human life. The snake robot is designed using sensors such as Ultrasonic sensors, PIR sensor and is designed to a moderate size segments so that easy locomotion is possible. The most effective movement pattern, flexible locomotion gaits such as side winding, crawling, plunging and leaping can be implemented on a snake robot. The snake robot can be used for many applications such as search and rescue operations in collapsed structure and inspection of tightly packed space that people and conventional machinery cannot access. To make the snake robot work or function like a real biological snake, it is constructed using many joints that enables the robot to have various degrees of bends, and gives the robot ability to be flexible enough to reach or approach different terrains. This ability of snake robot enables it to move around in complex environments.


Background There has been a recent focus on language use in relation to suicide, with concerns raised about the potential to cause distress, perpetuate stigma and discourage help-seeking. While some terms are promoted as more sensitive than others, empirical research exploring the views of people affected by suicide to inform academic and media guidelines is lacking. Methods An anonymous, cross-sectional online survey was promoted opportunistically via online channels. Participation was requested from adults affected by suicide. Participants were asked to rate descriptors pertaining to suicidal behaviour according to perceived acceptability. A descriptive analysis of quantitative data was conducted alongside thematic content analysis of free-text data. Outcomes There were 2,719 responses, of which 1,679 (61·8%) were complete. Of phrases describing non-fatal suicidal behaviour, "attempted suicide" had the highest median acceptability score. Of phrases describing fatal suicidal behaviour, "took their own life" and "died by suicide" had the highest median acceptability scores. The scores for "commit suicide" were most variable and spanned the range of acceptability scores. Free text data illustrated the nuances in decision-making. Interpretation Variation in opinion exists amongst people affected by suicide regarding most phrases, often depending on contextual factors. "Attempted suicide", "took their own life", "died by suicide" and "ended their life" were however considered most acceptable. We argue that academic and media guidelines should promote use of these phrases.


Route travel time variability estimates provide performance information related to the reliability of a trip and allow for confidence bands to be placed around the mean travel time estimates. The naïve (and sometimes used) method to estimate route travel time variance (reliability) is to assume independence of link travel times and consequently sum the individual link variances along the route. In this approach, correlation between links is assumed as zero and the approach is straightforward, but assuming independence is not realistic. This paper describes a post-processing procedure for providing improved route travel time mean and variance estimates, while taking into consideration the correlation existent between individual link travel times. Using automatic vehicle identification (AVI) and inductance loop detector (ILD) data from two separate routes in Texas, a practical application of the theory established by Fu and Rilett (1998. Expected shortest paths in dynamic and stochastic traffic networks. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 32(7), 499–516) is used to quantify link travel time correlation. The paper also provides an investigation on the usefulness of the loess statistical method and a polynomial regression model to estimate the distributional properties of link and route travel times. Another significant finding is that route reliability estimated from link ILD speeds (extrapolated to travel times) was not correlated to actual route travel time reliability measured by simultaneously operated probe vehicles. This work is unique in that instrumented probe vehicles were operated at exactly the same times as the roadway sensor data were collected, allowing direct comparison of the travel time estimates from all empirical data sources. The research presents valuable insight on how confidence intervals may be placed on travel time mean estimates for all traffic conditions. With the increased use of travel time data sources such as smartphones, connected vehicles, and private-sector data sources, the methods presented in this paper are invaluable for effective transportation system performance monitoring of both persons and freight movement.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of residual variability and carryover on average bioequivalence (ABE) studies performed under a 2×2 crossover design. ABE is usually assessed by means of the confidence interval inclusion principle. Here, the interval under consideration was the standard 'shortest' interval, which is the mainstream approach in practice.


mit und ohne thermo-motorische Belastung. (Experimental studies on effect of chronic aerogenous toxic gas exposure of unwcaned piglets with ammonia of various concentrations. II. Reaction of cellular and humoral infection dcfence mechanisms of ammonia-exposed unweaned piglets under conditions of experimental Pasteurella multocida infection with and without thermo-motor stress.) 241 Ferkel. (Experimental studies on effects of chronic aerogenous toxic gas stress on unweaned piglets with ammonia of varying concentrations. 3. Light-and electronmicroscopic studies on the pathology and pathogenesis of chronic aerogenous ammonia damage to the respiratory apparatus of the piglet.) 260 LÖVGREN, K., A. UGGLA, and B.MOREIN: A New Approach to the Preparation of a Toxoplasma gondii Membrane Antigen for Use in ELISA 274 HERBST, W., und TH. SCHLIESSER: Serologische Verlaufsuntersuchungen bei der Virusarteritis des Pferdes in einem Gestüt. (Serological following-up studies about equine viral arteritis in a study.) 283 beim Hund: Klinische, pathologische, parasitologische und serologische Befunde. (Experimental canine leishmaniasis: A clinical, Pathological, parasitological and serologic reports.) 288 HAAS, J., und J.KÖSTERS: Die Auswirkung des Paramunitätsinducers PIND-ORF auf die Flugleistung von gesunden und erkrankten Brieftauben (Columba livia Gmel., 1789, var. dorn.). (The effect of the paramunity in-ducer PIND-ORF on the flight Performance of healthy and sick homing pigeons (Columba livia Gmel., 1789, var. Summary Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) strain RacH is used after attenuation (256 passages in embryonic porcine kidney cells) as a live Vaccine against rhinopneumonitis and abortion. The genome of this strain shows a different DNA pattern after digestion with the restriction endonuclease Bam HI from that of the abortigenic virus isolates. A virus subpopulation revealing this pattern existed already at passage 182. This pattern is likely to serve as an in vitro marker for differentiation of field virus from the Vaccine strain.


PURPOSE: A processing method for a lens and a grinding device is provided to simplify grinding steps to lens cleaning process from a rough grinding process. CONSTITUTION: A processing method for a lens comprises: a step of adhering to a first surface of a precisely ground lens material using a suction holder(12b); a step of maintaining the curvature center of the first surface at an axial center of rotational center; a step of performing a second side rough grinding process(a), a second side fine grinding process(b) and a outer periphery processing process(f) where the adsorption holder keeps the adhering state; and a step of roughly grinding a second side(4b) of the lens material by a rough grinding stone.


A scintillation apparatus comprising a ceramic scintillator body, the body comprising a polycrystalline ceramic scintillator material containing gadolinium. The ceramic scintillating material of the polycrystalline crystallographic pyrochlore structure as a burn. A method for preparing a ceramic scintillator body comprising a rare earth element of the precursor A solution was prepared containing precursor precursor hafnium precursor and an activator (Ac). The method further comprises the solution obtained from a precipitate and calcining the precipitate to produce a polycrystalline ceramic scintillating material, the scintillating material comprising the rare earth element, hafnium, and the activator, and to have a pyrochlore stone structure.


The invention relates to a power generating system for a dual voltage electrical network, comprising an electric machine of three-phase alternator type whose stator phases are rectified to generate the required power on the sub-network operating at a first voltage value (Us) and whose stator is wound in a star so as to present a neutral point (N) to which is connected the second sub-network operating at a second voltage value (U b) lower than the first, the system further comprising electronic control means (22) and control voltages (Us and Ub) of the two subnetworks.


With increasing bit-rate PMD (polarization mode dispersion) is becoming major system impairment. As the birefringence of a fiber changes randomly along a fiber link and the state-of-polarization (SOP) of an optical signal changes, with environmental conditions, PMD effects on the data signal are stochastic and time varying. Consequently, compensation of PMD, especially for the first-order PMD is necessary to maintain adequate performance in long-haul systems at a high bit rate of 10 Gbit/s or beyond. In this paper, we successfully demonstrated automatic and tunable compensation for first-order polarization-mode dispersion. Furthermore, we reported the statistical assessment of this tunable compensator at 10 Gbit/s. Experimental results, including bit error rate measurements, are successfully compared with theory, therefore demonstrating the compensator efficiency at 10 Gbit/s. The first-order PMD was max 274 ps before PMD compensation, and it was lower than 7ps after PMD compensation.


Subjects with right and left frontal and non-frontal lesions, and a control group were asked to solve mathematical problems of simple combinatory operations. Subjects with lesions in the left frontal area were found to be significantly inferior.


The state of the art and the recent progress made in Muon Catalyzed Fusion is reviewed. Over 100 dt fusions per muon were experimentally observed, while the most reliable value for dt sticking is ~...


This thesis presents a brief biography of the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, then follows with a discussion of the influence of the Bible in Longfellow's poetry.


Twenty-eight patients who had two or more coronary angiograms with no intervening surgical procedure were studied in order to evaluate natural progression of coronary artery disease. Various clinical and laboratory data were examined to determine if any of these factors would be helpful in predicting which patients would have an accelerated progression in their coronary lesions. In the criteria studied, no correlation was found. However, we found that progression can occur in as short an interval as five weeks, and that it does not always correlate with symptoms.


Metaphor is practised in all languages worldwide. Over the last two decades, investigation on metaphor has relied on some perspectives, such as lexical-constructional, critical, conceptual, axiological, cognitive theory or underlined aspects, as well as semantic and cultural pragmatic as the least of all. This qualitative study focused on how semantic components and cultural pragmatic were used to study the meaning and function of Balinese women metaphor. The purposive sampling method was to collect data from various sources and triangulated it into key informants. The results showed two classifications of Balinese women's metaphors, namely physical perspective as a concrete metaphor that depicts their body parts and personality perspective as an abstract, which emphasizes their ideal role. The pragmatic cultural interpretation involved the cognitive process of declarative analogy that referred to the similarity of values. Meanwhile, the personality perspective metaphor produced higher emotive values than the physical one. Hence, this type of metaphor is used by the Balinese people to advise women.


A new ocean wind vector retrieval method is proposed that the wind speed and direction are estimated simultaneously using the normalized radar cross sections detected from different angles and geophysical model function according to the sounding characteristics of airborne SAR. The wind direction ambiguity is removed by using the odd symmetry property of polarimetric correlation coefficient with the changes in wind direction. To evaluate the ocean wind field retrieval errors and effects, the C band airborne SAR data are used to obtain the wind speed and direction by the proposed method. Estimated wind vector are compared with wind measurements from buoys. We show that the wind field retrieval method is suited to retrieve high precision wind speed and direction from airborne SAR sounding data without other background sources. Keywords—Retrieval; airborne synthetic aperture radar; wind vector; PPC


The NREL Fast Ablative Pyrolysis Technology was employed to generate oils from various biomass feedstocks. The oil yield from wood (64 percent) was higher than from herbaceous species (51 percent). Biomass oils have potential to be used as fuel though their properties are different from those of petroleum derived oils. They are multicomponent mixtures containing various groups of organic compounds such as sugars, aldehydes, acids, and phenolics. The density of the oils is about 1.2 g/ml and the pH is in the range 2.5-3.7. The viscosity of 20-80 cP (at 45°C) corresponds to that of No. 6 fuel oil. The high heating value for the biomass oils is in the range of 22.5-24. 4 MJ/kg on a water-free basis. Considering the highest oil yields, it corresponds to approximately 65 percent of the wood heating value transferred to the oil


The purpose of this research is to study impact of Social Networking Service (SNS) in higher education, and find out how WhatsApp can create a positive effect when used in education and to study its impact on student learning. This experimental study was carried out in university of Bahrain at undergraduate and graduate levels. The study was conducted on one semester which last for 14 weeks. The teachers created a whatsApp group for the students and use it to support the face-to-face learning environment. The study was conducted on undergraduate class of 18 students and graduate class of 5 students. The required information was collected using questionnaire created by the authors. The questionnaire consisted of 22 statements about WhatsApp and its impact in mobile learning skills. Results show that WhatsApp could improve the teaching process and students learning skills. Results also indicate that WhatsApp helps teachers in setting up a friendly environment that help the students outside the classroom in solving assignment and in studying the course materials.


ABSTRACT The objective of this article was to investigate the relationship between serum leptin concentration and airway inflammation in preschool children with asthma, the individual serum leptin concentration, obesity index, and respiratory function, including bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), were investigated. The relationship between the serum leptin concentration and the obesity index was determined in 103 healthy preschool children aged 6 as controls. For the BHR investigation, the serum leptin concentration in 57 preschool children aged 6 (33 with asthma and 24 wheezers) was determined. These children then underwent lung function tests using methacholine inhalation challenge by the oscillation method. The BHR was also measured in 15 of the 103 controls subjects. In the control group, serum leptin concentration was significantly correlated to the obesity index. There was no statistical difference in both serum leptin concentration and the obesity index among the asthma patients, the wheezers and...


Coherent demodulation in digital wireless communications involves generating a local carrier that is in phase with the received carrier, and then using this local carrier in order to coherently demodulate the received signal. Generation of the local carrier is done via a carrier synchronization phase lock loop (PLL). The receiver also includes a symbol timing synchronization PLL, whose purpose is to determine the optimal times for sampling of the recovered symbol waveforms. PLLs are either: (i) analog; (ii) digital; or (iii) hybrid. In this paper we develop a methodical approach for the application of digital signal processing theory to the design and implementation of hybrid PLLs used in coherent receivers. The methodological nature of our approach will manifest itself in the development of a clear step-by-step procedure for the design of the constituent components of the hybrid PLL. This procedure will explicitly address various aspects and difficulties unique to hybrid implementations


The vast research conducted on Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond in recent years opened the door for a wide range of NV based applications. However, some properties of the NV center dynamics and energy levels remain unknown. In this work, we propose a charge conversion pulsed sequence scheme for locating the NV center singlet manifold energy level, by multi-color excitation using a tunable laser. We present two approaches for readout - photo-induced current and NV$^0$ population - and discuss their efficiency for different regimes in the relevant spectrum.


For future wireless networks, enormous numbers of interconnections are required, creating a disorganized topology and leading to a great challenge in data aggregation. Instead of collecting data individually, a more efficient technique, computation over multi-access channels (CoMAC), has emerged to compute functions by exploiting the signal-superposition property of wireless channels. However, the implementation of CoMAC in disorganized networks with multiple relays (hops) is still an open problem. In this paper, we combine CoMAC and orthogonal communication in the disorganized network to attain the computation of functions at the fusion center. First, to make the disorganized network more tractable, we reorganize the disorganized network into a hierarchical network with multiple layers that consists of subgroups and groups. In the hierarchical network, we propose multi-layer function computation where CoMAC is applied to each subgroup and orthogonal communication is adopted within each group. The general computation rate is derived and the performance is further improved through time allocation.


Abstract Acquiring accurate quantitative and qualitative information is necessary for the technical and scientific management of forest stands. In this study, stratification and systematic random sampling methods were used to estimation of quantitative characteristics in study area. The estimator (((E%) 2 xT)) was used to compare the systematic random and stratified sampling methods. 100 percent inventory was carried out in an area of 400 hectares; characteristics as: tree density, crown cover (canopy), and basal area were measured. Tree density of stands was compared through systemic random and stratified sampling methods. Findings of the study reveal that stratified sampling method gives a better representation of estimates than systematic random sampling.Key Words: inventory, systematic random, stratification, zagros forests Received: October 18, 2014. Revised: December 13, 2014. Accepte d: December 16, 2014.Corresponding author: Mehrdad MirzaeiFaculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Someh Sara 1144, IranTel: (98)9187429259, 1344323600, Fax: (98)9187429259, 134432360 0, E-mail: email@example.com


Peperomia ekakesara (Piperaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Mathikettan shola National Park in southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Information is given on the distribution, ecology, phenology, and conservation status of this new species. A key for the identification of south Indian species is provided.


In terms of complicated objects, large application scope and multiplicate models the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method involves, some basic DEA models are analyzed and some typical characters of DEA models are provided. At the same time, a synthetic data envelope analysis model that includes all the characteristics of the analyzed models is given, and a goal programming method and some of its properties are discussed. At last, an algorithm and software for judging DEA efficientcy are provided.


Clinacanthus nutans, known to the locals as Belalai Gajah, is a medicinal plant widely used by Malaysians in the belief to cure various diseases including cancer. However, the production of Belalai Gajah hardly fulfils the market demand since the growing techniques of stem cutting and tissue culture are inefficient and expensive. Therefore, improvements in tissue culture techniques and materials application are required. Hence, this study tested Carica papaya (locally know as papaya) stem, an agricultural waste, to enhance the tissue culture of C. nutans. The effects of C. papaya stem powder and extract on the shoot proliferation of C. nutans parameters were investigated. The average number of shoot, leaves and length of leaves were observed. Phytochemicals screening was also conducted. Overall, C. papaya stem extract showed positive performance and 1% extract was found to be the optimum concentration to enhance the shoot proliferation. Meanwhile, C. papaya stem powder inhibited the shoot proliferation. It was also found that flavonoids, glycosides, steroid and terpenoid contributed in the shoot proliferation. In conclusion, the papaya stem extract is a potential in-vitro supplement for tissue culture studies. This study gained insights in sustainable green economy and showed that Chia Chay Tay, Najihah Mohamad Nasir, Nur Liyana Jamaluddin and Wan Nurul Hidayah Wan Annuar 620 Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 27 (2): 619 632 (2019) zero waste can be attained by converting local papaya stem waste to valuable product. In addition, sustainable technology in pharmaceutical approach could be addressed through in-vitro low cost large-scale production of Belalai Gajah medicinal plant.


Test results of axial shift of "technical ceramics - glass" parts in taper interference fit joint under axial loading are presented. The load-carrying capacity was tested under normal conditions; a servo press was used to load the test samples. The tested samples were assembled by thermal method.


Critical Care Medicine • Volume 46 • Number 1 (Supplement) www.ccmjournal.org Learning Objectives: Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage (DAH) results from damage to the small pulmonary vessels which can disrupt gas exchange, the consequences can be fatal if not treated. Dabigatran, a newer oral anticoagulant, works as a direct thrombin inhibitor and is indicated for use in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. Methods: A 66 year old Caucasian male with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, atrial fibrillation on dabigatran, and abdominal aortic aneurysm presented to the ED with complaints of hemoptysis. Patient reported fever, cough, and dyspnea on exertion for 2 weeks which worsened the night prior to presentation. Initial labs showed leukocytosis 13.6, lactate 2.9, APTT 50.1 and hemoglobin 13.4. CT scan of the chest showed bilateral perihilar consolidation and ground glass opacity associated with interlobular septal thickening consistent with DAH. Given continued hemoptysis and labored breathing, the patient was intubated. Idarucizumab was administered to reverse the anticoagulation effects of dabigatran. Less than 48 hours following intubation, repeat CT scan showed clearing of the hemorrhage and he was successfully extubated. Respiratory cultures grew Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae, and he treated with ceftriaxone. Vasculitis work up including ANA, c-ANCA, p-ANCA, C3, C4, total complement and Myeloperoxidase antibody, was negative. Additionally anti-gm antibody, mycoplasma pneumonia IgM and mixing studies were also negative. No other cause of the pulmonary hemorrhage could be identified, and it was attributed to the use of dabigatran. Results: Our research did not identify any reported case of the use of praxbind to reverse DAH secondary to dabigatran in the setting of pneumonia. Another case of DAH secondary to dabigatran was reported in Japan in 2012 before the advent of idarucizumab. DAH is fatal if not treated in a timely manner. This case raises the importance of identifying risk factors such as an underlying pneumonia, which can increase the risk of hemorrhage while on an oral anticoagulant. The use of a reversal agent in a timely manner can drastically alter clinical course.


The present invention relates to a wireless communication control apparatus and method, and a corresponding storage medium, and a program. With the main, from the role of the master device as a system controller, managing pico network control functions of the device. When a slave tries to control another slave device, the slave device to the master device sends a command, and the master device will transmit it to the appropriate slave device. In the pico network, each slave device may exercise control from among the devices, and in addition to the master device, without aware of the existence of other devices. Accordingly, from the pico network device configuration, the inter-slave switching command consists of a master device and a plurality.


In this article,we especially discuss the difference between the Circumstances Comedy and other TV popu-lar programmes, indicate the shortages of the Circumstances comedy,forecast its future,and provide the countermeasure and advice to its growing up.


A biomass pelletizer was designed and fabricated to produce pellets using coffee husks and spent coffee grounds. The pelletizer works on a principle of a rotating roller pellet mill in which power from the prime mover is transmitted to the rotating spindle at a reduced speed, and causes the roller dies to drift and press the pellet mixture through the thick perforated die plate. An unsharpened knife attached to the spindle facilitates easy detachment of pellets from the die plate upon extrusion and the perforated pellet chute separates the non-pelletized particles and fines from the pellets itself. The performance evaluation of the machine revealed an average pelleting capacity and efficiency of 1.50 kgh−1 and 92.49 percent, respectively, suitable for small-scale pellet production and also a low percentage losses (5%). The physical characteristics of the pellets produced were found to have high uniformity with an average length of 9.86±0.63 mm, diameter of 5.71±0.41 mm, mass per pellet of 0.12 g, moisture content (dry basis) of 16.65 percent, and a bulk density of 850 kg m−3. The researchers recommend that the performance of the pelleting machine be optimized by attaching a feed controller on the hopper and manipulating the speed of the roller dies. Furthermore, it will also be best to analyze the thermochemical properties of the pellets including the proximate and ultimate composition employing standard test methods.


This paper describes deeper water clastic to hemipelagic sediments from the Adriatic microcontinent, at the contact zone between the Adriatic and Dinaric carbonate platforms. The flysch section from Mt. Nanos contains a sedimentary sequence deposited close to the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. We dated this section biostratigraphically, reconstructed the paleoenvironments, and established a correlation with the northern part of the central Tethys. Samples were studied for calcareous nannoplankton, planktonic foraminifera, small and large benthic foraminifera, and ostracods. Calcareous nannoplankton assemblages of the Nanos section belong to the Discoaster multiradiatus zone NP 9 in the uppermost Paleocene. Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages allow the assignment to the biozone Morozovella velascoensis (P 5) in the uppermost Paleocene as well. Both nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera are consistent with a period of global warming in the latest Paleocene just below the PETM. Nannoplankton assemblages are relatively rich in discoasters which suggests that they were deposited in a warm oligotrophic environment. Planktonic foraminifera indicate oligotrophic habitats, warm surface water and a well stratified water column with stable thermocline. Predominance of planktonic foraminiferal species and the presence of the deep-sea ostracod species Cytherella sp suggest sedimentation in deeper opensea environments. A peculiar sphaerical benthic foraminifer – Aberisphaera sp., which has been found in the NE Himalayas and in the Nanos section, possibly indicates a connection between these two geographically remote areas._________________________


In this article, we introduce the distributional family B�+mn n(V ) defined by (3). Bmn n(V ) is a generalization of distributional family R�(u) defined by (6), due to Y. Nozaki and this is called in (2) the Marcel Riesz Ultrahyperbolic Kernel. We obtain the formula L k {B�+mn n(V )} = C�,m,nB�+mn n 2km(V ) and evaluate B�+mn n(V ) at � = −2m( n + k − n 2m ) for the cases: µ = 2ms + m,


SUBTITLE: LOGISTICS IT PROVIDERS ARE HELPING SHIPPERS, CARRIERS, 3PLS, AND CONSIGNEES CREATE COST SAVINGS WITH LITTLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT THANKS TO INNOVATIVE WEB-BASED LOAD PLANNING APPLICATIONS. FROM BETTER ASSET UTILIZATION TO INCREASED COMPLIANCE, LOAD PLANNING SOFTWARE CREATES EFFICIENCIES BEFORE SHIPMENTS ENTER THE TRANSPORTATION STREAM.


CO2 bubble behavior in the anode flow field of a transparent Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) was investigated visually. The DMFC consisted of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with an active area of 4.0×4.0 cm2 , two transparent enclosures made of Lucite material, and two bipolar plates made of 316 stainless steel plate, in which a single 2.0×2.0 mm2 serpentine channel having a total length of 420 mm was formed. An image recording system was employed to capture images of the two-phase flow behavior in the anode flow field. It is found that at low current densities, small discrete bubbles appeared in the anode flow field. At moderate current densities, a number of gas slugs formed in addition to small discrete bubbles. At high current densities, the flow field was predominated by rather long gas slugs. The effects of methanol solution flow rate, cell operating temperature, and methanol concentration on the CO2 behavior and the cell performance have also been investigated. Furthermore, for the present flow field consisting of a single serpentine channel, the phenomenon of big CO2 gas slugs blocking the channel was never found for all the test conditions in this work.© 2004 ASME


Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. There is no consensus about disclosure of this risk to patients with iRBD.


This present study was conducted to produce defatted oil palm shell (OPS) nanoparticles. Wherein, the OPS nanoparticles were defatted by solvent extraction method. Several analytical methods including transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), SEM energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were used to characterize the untreated and defatted OPS nanoparticles. It was found that 75.3% OPS particles were converted into nanoparticles during ball milling. The obtained OPS nanoparticles had smaller surface area with angular, irregular and crushed shapes under SEM view. The defatted OPS nanoparticles did not show any agglomeration during TEM observation. However, the untreated OPS nanoparticles had higher decomposition temperature as compared to the defatted OPS nanoparticles. Based on the characterization results of the OPS nanoparticles, it is evident that the defatted OPS nanoparticles has the potentiality to be used as filler in biocomposites.