The preparation of Ti coatings on mild steel can both effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the substrate and reduce the application cost of Ti, which is an effective measure to improve the service performance of mild steel in the marine environment. Plasma cladding technology is an efficient method for preparing metal coatings, and the type of powder is a key process parameter for coating preparation. In this work, high-performance Ti coatings are prepared on the surface of mild steel by plasma cladding technology, and the effects of different particle sizes and shapes of Ti powders on the surface morphology, microstructure and properties of the coatings are studied. The results show that powder particle size and sphericity are the key factors affecting the morphology, structure and service performance of Ti coatings. After 1000 h of salt spray test, the spherical powder cladding coatings only suffer slight corrosion, while the irregular shape powder coating is more severely corroded. Powder cladding with moderate powder particle size and good sphericity have a smoother coating and fewer defects. Ti powders with different particle sizes and shapes all have the diffusion of Fe element during the cladding process. The surface of Ti coating prepared by spherical powder are dominated by α-Ti and Fe0.2Ti0.8 phases, while the surface of Ti coating prepared by irregular shape powder is dominated by FeTi and Ti2Fe. The interface between the coating and the substrate shows metallurgical bonding, and the increase in Ti-Fe brittle phase will deteriorate the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the coating. The shear strength of coatings prepared from spherical Ti powders of 75–150 μm can reach 105.18 MPa, the corrosion potential is the most positive (−0.2206 V), and the self-corrosion current density is the lowest (6.220 × 10−8 A/cm2).


A Research Project Submitted to the School Of Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Masters Degree in Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies Kenyatta University. March, 2017


In situ precipitation data are recorded at observing stations typically using either manual or automated gauges (some countries have ruler measurements of snowfall, which were then converted to their water equivalent using some version ratio). Unfortunately, there are random erroneous values, which could be unusually large values or false 0s. The latter usually arose from mis-recorded missing values (i.e., missing values were mis-recorded as 0 precipitation in the climate Archive).

In doing quality control (QC) of Canadian in situ precipitation data records, we have found that it is necessary to apply a pair of QC procedures to identify these two types of random errors: one procedure is applied to the untransformed monthly precipitation series, which is good at finding outliers of unusually large values; another is applied to the log-transformed monthly precipitation series, log(P+0.1) (in mm), which is good at identifying outliers of zero or near-zero monthly total precipitation. The four nearest stations’ data for the same month are used to determine if the suspect outlier is a real extreme value or an erroneous value. All the monthly values identified to be erroneous are set to missing, and so are the corresponding daily values.


Intereconomics, September/October 2008 256 The question of whether central banks should react to stock price developments has been hotly debated. This discussion has intensifi ed since the eruption of the credit crisis. According to some analysts, including myself, the failure of the US Federal Reserve under Greenspan to react to the bubbles in the stock and housing markets helps to explain the fi nancial excesses and the subsequent crisis. As Greenspan famously remarked, the central bank should not "interfere with the pollinating bees of Wall Street" and he strongly believed in the capacity of the fi nancial market to regulate itself without government interference.


AbstractFormation of typical volatile carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs and N-DBPs) during aqueous monochloramination of oxytetracycline (OTC) was investigated in this study. Impact factors including reaction time, pH, monochloramine (NH2Cl) dosages, and bromide concentrations were examined. The results showed that six DBPs including chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloronitromethane, 1,1-dichloropropanone, 1,1,1-trichloropropanone, especially extreme toxic N-Nitrosodimethylamine were found. Formation of these DBPs increased over time and monochloramine dosages with maximum yields given as 14.2, 4.3, 0.8, 2.1, 0.7, and 4.1 μg/mg at pH 7, respectively (μg/mg represents DBPs yields per mg of OTC). Solution pH exerted significant influence on the formation of all the DBPs species. Peak yields were found under circumneutral conditions. Production of bromine-substituted DBPs increased in the presence of bromide. Removal of presented OTC in waters should be implemented before ch...


Recently, social networks have provided an important platform to detect trends of real-world events. The trends of real-world events are detected by analysing flow of massive bulks of data in continuous time steps over various social media platforms. Today, many researchers have been interested in detecting social network trends, in order to analyse the gathered information for enabling users and organisations to satisfy their information need. This article is aimed at complete surveying the recent text-based trend detection approaches, which have been studied from three perspectives (algorithms, dimension and diversity of events). The advantages and disadvantages of the considered approaches have also been paraphrased separately to illustrate a comprehensive view of the previous works and open problems.


description of the contents with appropriate philological or textual historical observations is followed by its provenance and physical description, with interesting remarks on owners' inscriptions and readers' notes or any other details relevant to its subsequent history. In the case of the more elaborately illustrated manuscripts, which demand often disproportionally long entries, some entries have benefited from thesis work by students of the Universities of Rome and Venice towards a degree in Oriental Studies. Where these have not been available for consultation, as in the case of a Khamsa of Nizaml, Shlraz c. 1540-80 in the Braidense in Milan (pp. 176-7, Fondo Castiglioni 22) Piemontese has limited himself to brief preliminary identifications. His remarks on condition are also relevant notably to cases of rebinding and consequent disordering of the sequence. These, however, bring up the curious fact that the most common damage to the paper is water-staining. Given the primitive interior lighting available to Muslim scribes and scholars one would prima facie expect burns or oil-stains from candles or lamps which had been knocked over to be far commoner. How did the manuscript get to the water or the water to the manuscript? Perhaps it was an Italian fire-brigade.


Objective To understand the epidemic dynamics and the current situation of disease control and prevention of leishmaniasis in Maoxian county,and provide evidence for the disease control strategies.Methods Processed patients' medical records were collected from medical institutions and network reports after verification.Investigated the implementation situation of disease control and prevention in epidemic areas.Adopted comprehensive disease control and prevention measures by diagnosing and treating patients,guarding dogs,preventing and killing phlebotomus and offering people health education.Results There were 58 leishmaniasis cases in the whole county from 1990 to 2010.The epidemic analysis showed an increasing and spreading tendency year by year since 2005.Cases mainly happened in Yadu village which adjacent to Heishui county,a severely leishmaniasis affected area,accounted for 39.66% of the total cases.Patients were almost males.Children under the age of 10 accounted for 58.62% of all patients.Incidence during February to May accounted for 51.72% of the whole year.84.48% patients had a course of disease within 6 months.The detection on domistic dogs with rk39 immunochromatographic strip showed 8.00% positive.The infectious vector,phlebotomus sinensis,was dominant species with the density peaked in the middle and late August.Conclusion Dogs are the reservoir hosts of leishmaniasis in Maoxian county.Guarding dogs well,reducing dog density by eliminating dogs,seeking infected and sick dogs are the main measures to control the prevalence of leishmaniasis.Lessening phlebotomus' contact with dogs and people is one of the important methods to cut off the transmission of leishmaniasis.Increasing the dosage of antimony sodium gluconate in treatment and improving the medication have a remarkable treatment effect,and the recurrence rate decreased significantly.


Abstract Objective: To report the long-term effect of the dorzolamide/timolol (DTFC) and latanoprost/timolol (LTFC) fixed combinations on intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual field defects over time in naïve primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Study design and methods: Prospective, 4-year, open-label, interventional study. Setting: high-volume outpatient clinic. Patients: 178 patients were assigned to receive medical treatment with either DTFC or LTFC. Intervention: over 4 years, tri-monthly IOP and yearly visual field assessment (Octopus 101, Program G2). Outcomes: effect of treatment on IOP, visual field indices mean defect (MD), and visual field indices variance loss (VL) over time. Results: DTFC and LTFC significantly (p ≤ 0.001) reduced mean IOP over time (from 22.6 ± 3.0 to 13.8 ± 1.9 mmHg and from 22.3 ± 4.0 to 14.7 ± 1.9 mmHg, respectively). In all, 56 patients (70.9%) and 14 (17.9%) showed a significant MD improvement in the DTFC- and LTFC-treated groups, respectively, p = 0.0001. DTFC progressively and significantly decreased mean VL (from 30.21 ± 23.88 to 8.11 ± 8.50 dB). Mean sensitivity slopes during follow-up were 1.14 dB/year and −0.34 dB/year for DTFC and LTFC treatment groups, respectively; p = 0.028. Conclusion: Both treatments significantly reduced IOP as compared with baseline. Additionally, treatment with dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination seem to be effective in preventing glaucomatous visual field progression. This study has some limitations that should be noted, among them its open-label design.


The synthesis of 4-(anthracen-10-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenoxy azetidin-2-one is presented here. The AM1 calculations for characterizing the physical properties of the molecule are also given.


Among all the 25 QSAR models PA 1 to PA 25, the number of good QSAR models is 10 whose regression coefficient is greater than 0.7. In all the best 10 QSAR models, heat of formation is common. It means the best descriptor to predict the activities are the heat of formation. Also, the predicted activity obtained by taking heat of formation as single descriptor possesses the good value of regression coefficient which is 0.721430.


The preferred ring conformations of the nine-membered lactam rings of indolactams, which are extremely sensitive to substituent groups on the ring, were predicted by a high-temperature molecular dynamics calculation method. Two new ring conformations were predicted as preferred ones in two congeners, indolactam G and epiindolactam V. The predicted structures were validated by analyses of the crystal and solution structures by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy


(57) Abstract: The present invention prevents the adhesion of aquatic organisms to interface soaked long time in water, novel and known compounds and methods. More particularly, the present invention is a novel isonitrile, formamide, on the protection of immersed surface using an isocyanate and isothiocyanate anti-fouling agents.


This paper presents a fuzzy multiobjective linear programming model (FMLPM)for the odnance material transportation problem.Its compromise solution can be obtained by using a defuzzifying function and a fuzzy programming arithmetic thich is based on linear membership function.The proposed approach is easy and effective,and provides scientific basis for the ordnance material transportation.


One‐ and two‐dimensional solitons of a multicomponent nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) system are constructed. The model finds applications in nonlinear optics, where it may describe the interaction of optical beams of different frequencies. We asymptotically reduce the model, via multiscale analysis, to completely integrable ones in both Cartesian and cylindrical geometries; we thus derive a Kadomtsev‐Petviashvili equation and its cylindrical counterpart, Johnson's equation. This way, we derive approximate soliton solutions of the nonlocal NLS system, which have the form of: (a) dark or antidark soliton stripes and (b) dark lumps in the Cartesian geometry, as well as (c) ring dark or antidark solitons in the cylindrical geometry. The type of the soliton, namely dark or antidark, is determined by the degree of nonlocality: dark (antidark) soliton states are formed for weaker (stronger) nonlocality. We perform numerical simulations and show that the derived soliton solutions do exist and propagate undistorted in the original nonlocal NLS system.


At present, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is raging around the world. In Spain, the percentage of intensive care unit (ICU) patients is very high, as well as the mortality rate. This article discusses a 38-year-old woman admitted to the ICU for acute respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early physiotherapy improved lung secretion removal, respiratory mechanics outcomes, gas exchange, and muscle strength without adverse effects. Regarding the lack of information about physiotherapy effects in this context, these data are essential to demonstrate the feasibility of early physiotherapy in such patients who are young as well as older.


Introduction The impacts of climate change now represent one of the most significant environmental, social and economic problems. The consequences of increasing temperatures, changes in the amount and frequency of rainfall affect different sectors of economy. Drought represents one of the most limiting factors for a plant. Plants are able to adapt to water deficiency in soil due to their adaptation mechanisms. More recently, emphasis is placed mainly on a targeted selection of the appropriate species of trees and herbs in the environment with less favorable conditions. The aim of our experiment is by way laboratory methods to verify the adjustment capacity of the selected species of Spiraea japonica L. ́LITTLE PRINCESS ́ to a lack of water in the soil. We focused on changes in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, relative water content (RWC) in the leaves and dry matter content of the aboveground parts of plants, which are the crucial indicators of the adaptive capacity of plants in conditions of reduced presence of water in soil.


TagRadar is a smart phone accessory that helps users to locate objects with radio frequency tags. We employ a directional antenna and combine signal strength readings with headings obtained from the compass of the smart phone. While scanning a space by waving the smart phone, the aggregated data is presented on an on-screen polar graph that dynamically reveals the most likely heading of the target object. A user test showed that users favor TagRadar and that it is both faster and has a higher accuracy compared to using only signal strength.


Taking the public selective course music in colleges as an example, the article analysis the situations of music quality of those students who select this course. It points out the teaching goals of public selective courses, presents some teaching methods, and researches the transformation of teaching views for teachers.


"Becoming a Learning Agile Organization" describes the most prevalent cultural attributes and talent management methods of learning agile organizations. Overall, it is shown that the same learning agile attributes on the individual level (e.g., quickly learning from experience; being strategically focused, willing to experiment and take risks; understanding one's personal strengths and limitations; and being responsive to feedback) transcend to organizations that are highly learning agile. For example, leaders in learning agile organizations tend to be approachable and empathetic, and they promote a high degree of psychological safety that promotes experimentation and learning. Recommendations are provided to promote organizational learning agility by optimizing talent management practices, including talent differentiation, staffing, career management, talent development, and succession planning.


Interpretation Early and high dose of IVIG therapy may improve the prognosis of COVID-19 patients only in critical type, which provides the clinical basis for the choice of treatment population and method of IVIG therapy for the SARS-CoV-2 infection.


The appraisal of filled soil and sub-grade treatment are problems often encountered in construction works.In this paper the filled soil engineering properties are summarized into five groups.They are briefly discussed with combination of construction practice.


In the 1830s, as Britain navigated political reform to stave off instability and social unrest, Ireland became increasingly influential in determining British politics. This book is the first to chart the importance that Irish agrarian violence – known as 'outrages' – played in shaping how the 'decade of reform' unfolded. It argues that while Whig politicians attempted to incorporate Ireland fully into the political union to address longstanding grievances, Conservative politicians and media outlets focused on Irish outrages to stymie political change. Jay R. Roszman brings to light the ways that a wing of the Conservative party, including many Anglo-Irish, put Irish violence into a wider imperial framework, stressing how outrages threatened the Union and with it the wider empire. Using underutilised sources, the book also reassesses how Irish people interpreted 'everyday' agrarian violence in pre-Famine society, suggesting that many people perpetuated outrages to assert popularly conceived notions of justice against the imposition of British sovereignty.


W Stuart A Smellie and Gavin P Spickett explore best practice in the investigation and monitoring of paraprotein bands in blood or urine, look at the pitfalls, and provide a summary of guidance


Submitted for the MAR11 Meeting of The American Physical Society Simulation of pH-dependent Behavior of Liposome REJWAN ALI, Fordham University & Queensborough Community College of CUNY — Optimized liposome for biomedical delivery applications has been a field of vigorous research for past few decades. While experimental techniques of fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering report physical suitabilities in several applications of liposomes, molecular dynamics simulation can provide more detailed feature at atomistic level for such biophysical systems. In recent times, experimental results of liposome's physical properties in different pH environment have widely been reported. The system draws interest for potential applications in several biomedical areas. We will present our molecular simulation results for such system highlighting the effect of pH on hydrogen bonding as well as correlation of dynamics to observed phase behavior. Rejwan Ali Fordham University & Queensborough Community College of CUNY Date submitted: 15 Nov 2010 Electronic form version 1.4


The paper takes the evaluation of the regional innovation efficiency as the research object. By analysis, the paper believes that the super efficiency data envelopment model is more suitable for the evaluation of the regional innovation efficiency than the general data envelopment model and the SE-DEA model is used. By constructing the input system and the output system, 30 provinces of China is evaluated as the object. The result shows that there is clear difference for the regional innovation efficiency of China and the statistical result supports the conclusion that the eastern part of China is the most effective and the western part of China is the least effective. The research result shows the scientific of the model.


This paper presents the results of experimental and analytical study on the mechanical behavior of grouted ceramisite concrete block masonry. 18 specimens subjected to compression and 24 specimens subjected to shear were tested to study the failure process and mechanical behavior of grouted ceramisite concrete block masonry. Test results showed that the failure process of composite block masonry was similar to the ordinary concrete hollow block masonry under compression, and showed obviously brittle failure mode under shear. However, the composite block masonry had better mechanical behavior and ductility. The theoretical analysis for compressive strength and shear strength of composite block masonry were included, which presented to guide future efforts on calculation.


Beginning with Paul Holloway's view that the letter to Philippians is a letter of consolation aimed at comforting the "grief" of the grieving among the Philippi community, this paper argues one step further that the grief in the community is a problem of perception, with the help of new institutional economics (NIE). The primary reason for the divergence in perception is due to living in the Roman colony, the believing community was greatly affected by the values embedded in both formal and informal rules of the economy. In order to justify this view, this paper will, first, demonstrate the textual evidence showing that Paul's major concern is the perception of believing community. Then, with the help of NIE, I will show how the formal and informal economic institutions of the Roman colony might constitute a perception that is very different from what Paul would expect.


Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common hereditary retinal degeneration. It primarily affects rods and then cone photoreceptors. RP manifests with night blindness and concentric visual field loss, reflecting the dysfunction of rod photoreceptors. Central visual acuity loss occurs last period of disease due to cone dysfunction; otherwise, macula involvements like cystoid macular edema. Classically described fundus appearance of RP includes mottling and granularity of the retina pigment epithelium, bone spicule intraretinal pigmentation, attenuated retinal vessels, and optic disc head pallor. RP can be transmitted as Mendelian's an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked trait. Mitochondrial or digenic forms also rarely have been described. However, the sporadic or simplex form is the most commonly seen in the clinic. Recently great progress has been made in the identification of the causative genes. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the clinical, genetic, and fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, microperimetry dark adaptometer, and ocular electrophysiology characteristics of RP.


Allowable tensile stress at the elevated temperatures used for design of high temperature structural components is determined based on a longterm creep strength, such as 100,000 hours creep rupture strength. Aim of the Creep Data Sheet project conducted in National Research Institute for Metals and National Institute for Materials Science is to obtain longterm creep strength data of engineering creep resistant steels and alloys. A timetemperature parameter method is applied for creep rupture life prediction, and several parameters are proposed. A wide variety of equations are examined to describe and to predict a long term creep deformation behavior. Creep strength of ferritic creep resistant steels after very longterm exposure at the elevated temperatures is controlled by an inherent creep strength that is almost the same independent of chemical composition, heat treatment, initial microstructure and shortterm creep strength. A region splitting analysis method was proposed as accurate life prediction method of ferritic creep resistant steels by consideration of 50 of 0.2 offset yield stress. Allowable tensile stress of some ferritic steels was revised according to reevaluation of longterm creep strength by means of region splitting analysis method.


For k-dimensional ellipsoids E with k 9 we show that the number of lattice points in rE is approximated by the volume of rE up to an error of order O(r k?2), as r tends to innnity. The estimate is best possible and uniform in the class of ellipsoids with bounded ratios of lengths of axes. It improves the classical estimate O(r k?2k=(k+1)) due to Landau (1915).


The review briefs about the status of worldwide studies into impact of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the oxidation environments of polymeric composites and biological objects. CNTs reveal the higher antioxidant capacity preferably operating as a thermo-stabilizer in polymers and radical scavengers in vivo. In this respect, CNTs may be compared with strong commercial and natural well-known antioxidant moieties.


Cancer is the number one disease killer of children and adolescents in North America. For adolescents, this diagnosis comes at a particularly vulnerable stage. Educating adolescents with cancer from diagnosis through treatment teaches and empowers them. Increasing evidence shows that these adolescents want more information. Few educational tools exist for young cancer patients; none are interactive; therefore, a CD‐ROM was developed to meet this need.


Fullerene is used as a monomer in this simple method to prepare soluble, well-defined polymers. The sterically controlled azomethine ylide cycloaddition polymerization of fullerene (SACAP) yields macromolecules with molecular weights of around 25 000 g mol–1. Importantly, cumbersome comonomers are employed to restrict cross-linking. Extensive characterizations, with the help of modeling studies, indicate that the polymers are regio-irregular with a majority of trans-3 isomers. Of particular interest is the exceptional ease of preparing polymers with zero metal content.


PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate a set of competencies that are important for superior performance across three top levels of management in the provincial government executive offices.Design/methodology/approachUsing the case of the West Java Province Government, Indonesia, a qualitative approach with document analysis and behavioural event interview techniques were employed. The results were confirmed using focus group discussions. The Mann–Whitney U test was also conducted to further analyse the results.FindingsThe authors found 19 competencies grouped into five competency clusters: managing personal, managing task, managing work unit, managing socio-cultural and functional aspects. The Mann–Whitney U test results showed that managing work unit and socio-cultural aspects were more important for upper-level management, while functional aspects were more necessary for lower and middle levels of management. Two competencies, that is, achievement orientation and innovation, were the main characteristics of superior performers across all management levels, differentiating them from average performers.Practical implicationsThe study suggests the need for the Government of Indonesia to improve the current competency model. Its implications on educational and training institutions are discussed.Originality/valueThis study considered three different levels of management, grouped into superior and average performers and thematically analysed their past experiences when performing their jobs. It thus extends previous competency studies that mostly focus on a particular management level and individuals' perceptions.


This paper addresses the load scheduling problem in smart home with the uncertainty of photovoltaic power generation system. A distributed uncertain set is proposed to coordinate the robustness of uncertain sets. Based on the digital characteristics of the historical data of multiple small samples, each agent reduces the impact of singular scenes on the data through information interaction, thereby avoiding the appearance of overprotected scenes. The effectiveness of the method is proved in simulation, and the photovoltaic power generation is estimated.


Discriminating leaf and wood components in terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds is a prerequisite for accurately estimating 3-D structural and biophysical attributes of both individual trees and entire forests. However, most existing separation methods are conducted at local (i.e., individual or plot) level. The local level separation methods need a presegmentation of the acquired point clouds, and the separation accuracy and reliability are greatly influenced by forest occlusion effect and point cloud qualities. A new generalized method merely based on differences in geometric features, including curvature, density, and salient features, is proposed in this study for separating leaf and wood components at the TLS single-scan level. A preliminary separation is conducted using the quantity of normal change rate (i.e., surface variation) given that leaf points often demonstrate sharp local curvature changes. Then, separation is continually conducted on the basis of calibrated density data (i.e., number of points in a given radius) because of the scattered orientations and small sizes of leaves. Finally, a new self-adjusting connectivity segmentation algorithm is proposed to group remaining points into different clusters. Leaf and wood clusters are separated in accordance with salient features and sizes simultaneously. Results indicate that derived geometric quantities from curvature, density, and salient features of individual points and segmented clusters can be jointly used to discriminate leaf and wood components effectively and robustly in single-scan TLS point clouds with a mean overall accuracy of approximately 93%. In addition, results show good performance in terms of the insensitivity to distance, instrument type, occlusion effect, and forest composition of the proposed method.


Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a highly researched area; however, despite this, there is a lack of knowledge about the well-known problem of moisture distorting the results of GPR surveys. This research analyses the results of a GPR survey on a Case Study Bridge structure in order to analyse this effect, specifically when checking for the positioning of rebar. The expected distortions of the GPR results due to the presence of moisture were indeed present, as further evidenced by subsequent destructive testing and velocity analysis. Furthermore, neural networks were also utilised to detect moisture ingress from the GPR raw data.


8245 Background: While about two-thirds of all new cancer cases occur in people ≥65 years old, 70 years old were identified from outpatient clinic lists at Princess Margaret Hospital between 4/03 and 9/03. A one-time self-administered survey was mailed to subjects. The survey was developed using a modified Delphi method and examined demographics, cancer history, previous trial participation, willingness to participate in trials using clinical scenarios, and factors that may influence willingness to participate. Scenario 1 examined the willingness to participate in cancer screening or prevention trials; scenario 2 explored treatment trials comparing experimental with standard treatment, and scenario 3 included treatment trials in situations where no standard treatme...


The Karyotype and meiotic studies are investigated in 17 populations of four Clypeola species growing in Iran for the first time. The species studied showed 2n=2x=14 for C. lappacea and C. dichotoma while C. aspera and C. jonthlaspi were tetraploids. For C. aspera 2n=4x=26 & 24 and for C. jonthlaspi 2n=4x=32 were counted, supporting the published reports on C. jonthlaspi, C. lappacea, C. dichotoma and C. aspera. The karyotypic study was performed for C. aspera and C. lappacea. The chromosomes in these species were mainly metacentric and submetacentric. Mixoploidy and polysomaty has been observed in C. aspera populations. Meiosis studies were performed on 6 populations of three species of Clypeola. Chromosome number of n=16 for C. jonthlaspi, n=12 & 13 for C. aspera and n=7& 8 for C. lappacea were observed. Disploidy was observed in C. aspera and C. lappacea. Desynapsis and B chromosome are present in C. lappacea. Unreduced pollen grains were observed in three species.


This study is to determine the relationship between the performance of the ASEAN Capital Market and the Indonesia Capital Market for the 2015-2019 period. The population in this study were all ASEAN countries. The research sample is ASEAN-5 countries, namely Singapore, Malaysia, Phillipine, Thailand and Indonesia with the purposive sampling method as a sampling technique. Hypothesis testing in this study uses multiple linier regression analysis. The results of this study indicate partially only the Strait Time Index of Singapore which has no significant effect on the Jakarta Composite Index of (0.460 > 0.05). Jakarta Composite Index, Stock Exchange of Thailand 0.000 has significant effect on Jakarta Composite Index, the result also show that tha Strait Time Index. Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, Phillipine Stock Exchange and Stock Exchange of Thailand simultaneously influence the Jakarta Composite Index.


The rapid development of wireless technologies has become major solution for next generation wireless communication networks. The demand for secure communication is an important research issue. And also with the development of Internet and multimedia applications, the processing of information, storage and transmission become most important crucial factor. A combined encryption and compression process are needed to satisfy the mentioned issues. Chaotic cryptographic scheme is a new dimensional encryption algorithm for both real time and non real time communications. Chaos signals are random in behaviour, continuous in nature and sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Image Compression is the solution linked with transmission and storage of large amount of information. In this paper an optimized combined fast chaos based multikey encryption followed by DCT compression methods are proposed for grayscale images. Simulation results show that the proposed combined scheme outperforms the existing scheme in terms of considerable reduction in encryption decryption time as well as the storage and transmission capacity. The security of the proposed scheme is also analyzed by various cryptanalysis attacks.


This paper introduces a new statistical framework for constructing triphonic models from models of less context-dependency. The new framework is derived from Bayesian statistics, and represents an alternative to other triphone-by-composition techniques, particularly to the model-interpolation and quasi-triphone approaches. The potential power of this new framework is explored by an implementation based on the hidden Markov modeling technique. It is shown that the new model structure includes the quasi-triphone model as a special case, and leads to more efficient parameter estimation than the model-interpolation method. Two strategies of state-level tying have been investigated within the new model structure. Phone recognition experiments on the TIMIT database show an increase in the accuracy over that obtained by other systems.


First, some existing problems about web application interfaces development are analyzed,then an open-source based presentation layer framework named Tapestry is introduced with its theory, and a concentrated example about Tapestry is given, the advantages and disadvantages of Tapestry are analyzed in the last.


This study constructed a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) coupled model which researched on the migration process in vadose zone and aquifer using the software of HSSM and Visual MODFLOW. The paper predicted the risk of benzene leaching accident which is the typical pollution of petrochemical industry. A quantitative analysis of groundwater contamination and the adjacent sea area pollution impact was conducted. The results showed that benzene can infiltrate through the vadose zone and form lens on the aquifer water table causing long-term pollution to the groundwater. The total amount of benzene transporting into the sea would up to 3428 kg in 8.2 a which will cause adverse effects on marine water quality and ecological environment.


With the rapid decrease in the younger population, Japan has become an aging society in the recent years. Althoughmore and more elder people are in need of care in their daily life, it is difficult for the work to be done by a relatively smallworkforce. Many elder people have to manage to take care of themselves with the help of automatic machines. Therefore,there is the very crucial task for engineers to make the user interface on these machines more understandable and easy tooperate. In this speech, some examples of new user interfaces such as light curtain and touch switch are introduced and theadvantages of these new inventions over the conventional designs are explained in detail.


In the petrochemical industry, centrifugal pumps are extensively used in a wide range of applications. The pump characteristics, such as required head and flow rate, can be specified using the pump specific speed. Of particular design interest to Flowserve Hengelo are the pumps with low specific speeds. These are pumps with a high head and low flow rate. In these pumps hydraulic and secondary losses play a larger role. Also pumps tend to become unstable at flow rates below the design flow rate, thus diminishing the stable operating range. Because customers require a continuous rising head-flow rate curve from the design point to the shut-off point, some research shall be done to better understand the flow phenomenon occurring at part load and to implement this in a design strategy.
The first part of this report is a literature study to find out what is already known about the flow through a centrifugal diffuser pump at part load. Also some research was done to find possible solutions to increase the stable operating range of low specific speed centrifugal diffuser pumps. Since the head loss at part load seems to be caused by the diffuser geometry, this research concentrates on different diffuser geometries. Little was found on centrifugal diffuser pumps, however, expanding the search to include centrifugal compressors did result in some solutions.
The second part of this report deals with the implementation of the proposed solutions in computational models to test their effect on the stability, head capacity curve and efficiency of the pump.
The third part will be to actually produce the designed diffusers and test them with the specified impeller. And of course relate the test results to the CFD results. The final step can be to optimize the design procedure for centrifugal diffuser pumps with low specific speeds.


This document specifies the problem statement for IPv6-based vehicle-
to-infrastructure networking. Dedicated Short-Range Communications
(DSRC) is standardized as IEEE 802.11p for the wireless media access
in vehicular networks. This document addresses the extension of IPv6
as the network layer protocol in vehicular networks and is focused on
the networking issues in one-hop communication between a Road-Side
Unit (RSU) and vehicle. The RSU is connected to the Internet and
allows vehicles to have the Internet access if connected. The major
issues of including IPv6 in vehicular networks are neighbor discovery
protocol, stateless address autoconfiguration, and DNS configuration
for the Internet connectivity over DSRC. Also, when a vehicle and an
RSU have an internal network, respectively, the document discusses the
issues of the internetworking between the vehicle's internal
network and the RSU's internal network (e.g., prefix discovery,
prefix exchange, and service discovery), and also security and privacy
issues.


The fatigue crack growth rate of aluminum-lithium (Al-Li) alloy 2195 plate and weldments was determined at 200 degrees F, ambient temperature and -320 degrees F. The effects of stress ratio (R), welding process, orientation and thickness were studied. Results are compared with plate data from the Space Shuttle Super Lightweight Tank (SLWT) allowables program. Data from the current series of tests, both plate and weldment, falls within the range of data generated during the SLWT allowables program.


Introduction: Children with nephrotic syndrome are vulnerable to bullying and a sense of stigma. Encouraging patients to express their feelings and addressing their psychological needs may be an essential measure to confront with this disease. Aim of the study: The objectives of our study were to identify the differences between children with nephrotic syndrome and normal children in both dealing with bullying behavior and stigma, asses the correlation between dealing with bullying behavior and stigma in children with nephrotic syndrome and if there are differences between males and females with nephrotic syndrome in dealing with bullying behavior and in stigma. Methods: This study is a comparative case control which was conducted on 60 pediatric patients suffering from nephrotic syndrome in Pediatric Department, at Benha University Hospital, and 60 apparently healthy children, after obtaining informed consent from children's parents. All participants were subjected to full history examination and psychometric assessment. Results: this study show that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of control group and those with nephrotic syndrome in both methods of dealing with bullying behavior and dimensions of stigma in favor of children with nephrotic syndrome. We found that there is an inverse relationship between the methods of dealing with bullying behavior and the feeling of stigma Conclusion: it is important to research dealing with bullying behavior and stigma and their impact on children with nephrotic syndrome, to avoid the harms caused by bullying and stigma, and to improve the condition of children who are victims of it.


Discounting addresses the problem of translating values from one time period to another. The larger the discount rate, the more weight an analyst places on costs and benefits in the near term over costs and benefits in the future. When evaluating policies that span generations, choosing a discount rate can have an overwhelming effect on the analysis. That choice, in turn, reflects the analyst's beliefs about the distant future. This Article focuses on how to choose a discount rate for analyzing intergenerational public policy choices. These policies encompass issues such as global warming and nuclear waste disposal. The ongoing challenge is to characterize distant future costs or benefits in a way that is relevant for policy makers, who must evaluate trade-offs today. Unfortunately, the solution to that challenge lies in unknowable answers to what the world will look like in the deep future. For example, many analysts expect future generations to be wealthier than we are, but the degree of wealth can have a critical effect on our comparison of costs or benefits that future generations face in relation to ones we face. We begin by discussing the underlying issues in choosing an appropriate discount rate for evaluating policies in the not-too-distant future. We then discuss the approaches used to discount distant future costs and benefits and how those approaches depart from the standard cost-benefit analysis.


The reinforcement of aluminum alloys with particles leads to the enhancement of their mechanical properties at room temperature. However, the creep behavior at elevated temperatures is often negatively influenced. This raises the question of how it is possible to influence the creep behavior of this type of material. Within this paper, selected creep and tensile tests demonstrate the beneficial effects of boron on the properties of precipitation-hardenable aluminum matrix composites (AMCs). The focus is on the underlying microstructure behind this effect. For this purpose, boron was added to AMCs by means of mechanical alloying. Comparatively higher boron contents than in steel are investigated in order to be able to record their influence on the microstructure including the formation of potential new phases as well as possible. While the newly formed phase Al3BC can be reliably detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD), it is difficult to obtain information about the phase distribution by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) investigations. An important contribution to this is finally provided by the investigation using Raman microscopy. Thus, the homogeneous distribution of finely scaled Al3BC particles is detectable, which allows conclusions about the microstructure/property relationship.


A cross-shaped horn and a square waveguide polarizer for a circularly polarized antenna for a broadcasting satellite are designed using a finite difference method and a beam contour of an offset parabolic reflector fed with three cross-shaped horns is given.


This thesis consists of discussion on land dispute which is happened at Kuala Namu Deli Serdang caused by the existence of land liberation for constructing the Kuala Namu Airport as the replacement of Medan Polonia Airport. Key word: Land dispute, land liberation , constructing, replace and conflict. The design of this thesis is based on the result of field research towards social community as well as parties involved in the process of land liberation which is planned for constructing Kuala Namu Airport in order to replace Medan Polonia Airport. This research tries to describe the process of land liberation happened and how the receival wether the refusal reaction of the people suround toward the process it self. Several analysis show that cases on social land liberation often invite the conflicts in the society it self. Some say the couses are: unappropriate compensation, the liberation process tends to be manipulatif to particular category, and presures by some parties in the negotiation. Data research finds that the land liberation happened in both Kecamatan Beringin and Pantai Labu which consist of eight villages: sidodadi Ramunia, Beringin, Pasar V Kebun Kelapa, Pasar VI Kuala Namu, Sidourip, Ramunia Perkebunan, Pantai Labu Baru and Pantai Labu Pekan possess distinct reaction toone another. Of eight villages, seven of them tend to accept the proposal, while the one rest Pasar VI Kuala Namu Village, fell the process of overtakking payment by the responsible party is not already clear until now and still fight throught Kerukunan Warga Masyarakat Lemah (KWML). The differences of land status owned which are land of individual property and land of the farming party, make the execution of liberation process in some stages, starts from sociallization, measuring, inventarizing and overtaking pay ment. Group of people with land status of individual property, undergo all the steps of the process until it is clear while Pasar VI Kuala Namu village of which lands are thr property of PTPN II do not pass all the steps of liberation process procedurally so that it invites the conflict until today. Therefore it can be said the process of land liberation does not move democratically as a whole. Based the data colected, the result of writer's analysis


The development of rural migrant workers' education is an opportunity for college adult education.The paper accordingly discusses the marketing status,sorts out the market components,in an attempt to position the market and formulate correspondent strategies to achieve the frog-leaping development of the education market.


The present invention provides a bolt and a bolt anti-rotation means of the sub-mounting method. Wherein the bolt anti-rotation means comprising: a base (10), having a limiting hole (11), limiting hole (11) for a nut (62) to be mounted or accommodated bolts (61) to be installed and to be installed to limit (61) rotates the nut (62) or bolts to be installed; and a positioning portion (20), disposed on the base (10), for engaging with the fixed base positioning, the positioning portion (20) of the axis of the limiting hole (11) parallel to the axis. Aspect of the present invention can be advantageously assembled of bolts and nuts.


Based on the British Meteorological Office global SST,NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and 160 stations temperature data in China,by using the EOF,composite and singular value decomposition(SVD) methods,the effect of the Indian Ocean(IO) SSTA on East Asia atmospheric circulation and temperature has been studied in the present article.Results show that the IO SSTA arose anomalous atmospheric circulation,influenced the East Asian winter monsoon thus the temperature anomaly in China.When the autumn SST in the Indian Ocean is wormer(cool),winter temperature in China is also higher(lower).When the Indian Ocean Dipole is positive,temperature is high in the Northeast China and low in Southwest China;and the East Asian winter monsoon is weaker.


The coexpansion of the brain's neocortex and cerebellum is a defining feature of human evolution. Much smaller than the cerebrum, the human cerebellar cortex contains so many small and tightly packed folds that computationally reconstructing its surface at the level of all individual folds is challenging. Using ultrahigh magnetic fields, Martin Sereno et al. (pp. 19538–19543) generated multicontrast, high-resolution MRI scans of preserved postmortem human cerebellum specimens and reconstructed, unfolded, and flattened the cerebellar cortex at the individual fold level. Based on the reconstruction, the authors estimate that the surface area of the cerebellar cortex is 1,590 square centimeters, an area that is approximately 78% the size of the neocortex and substantially larger than thought. In addition, the authors show that the same approach applied to the brain of a macaque monkey reveals that the cerebellum in this primate species is only one-third the size of its neocortex. In addition to providing a quantitative map of the human cerebellar cortex resolved to individual folds, the study suggests that the cerebellum influences uniquely human cognitive abilities and behaviors, according to the authors. — T.J.


[Objective] The aim was to explore the biological properties of antibacterial peptide from Tenebrio molitor.[Method] The antibacterial peptide was induced from larvae of T.molitor by injecting bacteria solution and then they were determined in heat sensitivity,stability by repeated freezing and thawing,suitable pH for antibacterial activity and partial antibacterial spectra,and the antibacterial peptide from T.molitor haemolymph were preliminary isolated and purified.[Result] The antibacterial peptide from T.molitor had good heat stability and repeated freezing and thawing had little influence on its activity,which showed certain acidic and alkali resistances.The antibacterial peptide had best antibacterial effects at pH 5,and they had inhibitory effect on 6 tested animal pathogens at different degree,especially for porcine pathogenic Escherichia coli and Streptococcus suis and they had stronger antibacterial activity on them.Three activity peaks were isolated by SephadexG-25 gel filtration chromatography,which showed that many antibacterial activity components were existed in haemolymph from T.molitor larvae.[Conclusion] The research laid the theoretical basis for utilization of antibacterial peptide from T.molitor.


Since its founding in March 2003, Queue has addressed the informational needs of the software development community through its printed version and Web site. Each issue has been carefully planned by a working board of prominent computing professionals and guest experts who meet monthly to set the magazine's editorial agenda and suggest and enlist the most qualified and authoritative authors. Our Queue team has greatly benefited from your feedback over the past five years. You've helped us shape a unique magazine, and we thank you for your input and your loyalty.


The circunstance and results of field test for in situ leaching of uranium are discussed in this paper.The well field situation of producting and injecting and the shape of drop cone of producting well is analyzed as well.Some comments for further industrial test are proposed.


Results are reported from mm-wave observations CO isotopes and other molecules in the Bok globule B335 (Lynd L663). The data cover the C-12O, C-13O, C-18O, and H-12CO(+) J = 1 yields of 0 rotational transition. Spectral data were also obtained for the preceding molecules and C-17O, H-13CO(+) and DCO(+). The data were used to calculate quantitative density and mass relationships and distributions, determine the rotational parameters, and characterize the force balance within the cloud for inclusion in a spherically averaged cloud model. A nonspherical cloud model which considers magnetic fields is presented. B335 has a dense core within a moderately dense cylindrically shaped envelope, which in turn is surrounded by a more diffuse elliptical envelope. The object is 250 pc from the earth.


A rigorous analysis of guided modes in chirowaveguides is presented. The numerical examples clarify that not only surface waves but also leaky waves exist owing to the chirality of the medium.


Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has been widely reported as a noninvasive and high‐penetration therapy for cancer; however, the design of an efficient sonosensitizer remains an urgent need. To address this issue, molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers (MoS2 NF) as piezo‐sonosensitizers and introduced sulfur vacancies on the MoS2 NF (Sv‐MoS2 NF) to improve their piezoelectric property for cancer therapy are designed. Under ultrasonic mechanical stress, the Sv‐MoS2 NF resulted in piezoelectric polarization and band tilting, which enhanced the charge carrier separation and migration. This resulted in an improved catalytic reaction for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ultimately enhancing the SDT performance. Thanks to the high efficiency of ROS generation, the Sv‐MoS2 NF have demonstrated a good anticancer effect in vitro and in vivo. Following a systematic evaluation, Sv‐MoS2 NF also demonstrated good biocompatibility. This novel piezo‐sonosensitizer and vacancy engineering strategy provides a promising new approach for achieving efficient SDT.


Cell division in animals is an exquisitely exact process. Before a cell splits, it has one set of chromosomes and one centrosome, a structure just outside the nucleus that plays an important part in the process. The chromosomes replicate, the centrosome duplicates, and the resulting two centrosomes migrate to opposite sides of the nucleus. Each centrosome then sends out threads that grab onto and reel in one of the two sets of chromosomes. The result: two identical "teams" that go on to make up the nuclei of the two daughter cells.


With the increase of renewable energy in power systems, the number of traditional coal power plants is decreasing year by year. The emergency control by tripping off the generators is no longer sufficient to maintain the stability of the system. Aiming to solve the problem with the help of wind farms, a cutting method based on reducing fatigue and motion damage is proposed. Firstly, FCM is used to select machines suitable for removal from the wind farm; then, an optimization model to minimize mechanical loss and output error is constructed by analyzing the shutdown process, and the cutter solution is obtained by solving the 0-1 planning problem; finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by example analysis.


The topic of the presented essay is the issue of evidence in
the Czech Republic and it is aimed at making the readers
familiar with this issue in basic and general context. Within
its framework, I shall in particular point out how the said
term may be defined and what basic principles of criminal
proceedings are applied within such term. I shall also mention
the purpose and subject of evidence, the extent in which the
evidence should be produced and what can and on the contrary
cannot serve as evidence. In conclusion, I shall present a
generally summary of the topic.


The electrically‐evoked contractions of the rat vas deferens were selectively inhibited by β‐endorphin, the preparation being much less sensitive to enkephalins and narcotic analgesic drugs. However, introduction of D‐Ala in position 2 of [Leu]‐enkephalin enhanced the activity of the opioid peptide to the order of that of β‐endorphin. It is concluded that the rat vas deferens preparation constitutes a specific bioassay for endogenous opioid peptides and related compounds.


In conclusion it should be noted that although most of the genetical work on oenotheras has not been interpreted by the Mendelian system of notation there is, nevertheless, clear evidence of order in the sharply defined results of both inbreeding and crossing. A few cases are known of simple and clean cut segregation in ratios fairly close to Mendelian expectations, notably in crosses between Lamarckiana and brevistylis and probably in time more of these will be found. The difficulty has been to discover and to isolate simple material in the confusion of mixed and impure forms present in this group of plants. A great forward step will be taken in Oenothera genetics when types of proven purity have been established, since such forms as standard material in breeding tests may prove to be the keys that will open doors of mystery.


An image acquisition and preprocessing system is designed in which FPGA is the core device.Verilog hardware description language is used to design and implement the video input and output modules,image storage control module(SDRAM controller) and the image′s median filter module.The principle of each module,and the data transmission between modules are introduced.The design results of the modules and the whole system are observed and verified by embedded logic analyser SignalTapII in QuartusII 8.1.After debugging,the ultimate results satisfy the demands of each module.This system provides image to the image mosaic,image target detection and other complex algorithm in the DSP.


1. Access to the courts is rightly regarded as a matter of constitutional importance. However, such access is not absolute. This article explores the difference between the "sufficient interest" standing test to be satisfied by a prospective claimant in judicial review proceedings, the statutory "person aggrieved"1 test under the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (TCPA), the "victim" test under s. 7 of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and the "direct and individual concern" test under Art. 2302 of the EU Treaty.


Introduction: The implementation of competency-based residency training in plastic surgery is underway. Key competencies in plastic surgery have been previously identified, however, within the domain of pediatrics, data suggest limited exposure throughout training for Canadian graduates. This study aims to identify the exposure and involvement of residents in core pediatric cases. Methods: We performed a retrospective, multicenter review of plastic surgery resident case logs (T-Res, POWER, New Innovations) across 10 Canadian, English-speaking training programs between 2004 and 2014. Case logs were coded according to the 8 core pediatric competencies previously identified by a modified Delphi technique. Results: A total of 3061 of 59 405 cases (5.2%) logged by 55 graduating residents were core pediatric procedures with an average of 55.6 ± 23.0 cases logged per resident. The top 3 most commonly logged procedures were cleft lip repair, cleft palate repair, and setback otoplasty. The number of cases per program varied widely with the most at 731 and least at 85 logged cases. Roles across procedures have wide variation and residents are most commonly identified as the assistant rather than surgeon or co-surgeon. Conclusion: These findings highlight variability both within and across residency programs with a paucity of exposure and involvement in pediatric plastic surgery cases. This may present a conflict between current recommendations for residency-specific procedural competencies and true clinical exposure. Further curriculum development and simulation may be of benefit.


The present paper focus the experimental work done in determining the stress, strain, poisson's ratio and modulus of elasticity for geopolymer concrete. The molarity used for the preparation of geopolymer specimens was 12. The grade choosen for the investigation were M-30, M-40, M-50 and M-60. The alkaline solution used for present study is the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the ratio of 2.50. The test specimens were 150x150x150 mm cubes, 100x200 mm cylinders cured in ambient room temperature. The experimental results reveal that the poisson's ratio was in the range of 0.20 to 0.24 and modulus of elasiticity was in the range of 27 to 29 N/mm 2 . The obtained values are hence in par with the equations developed for ordinary Portland cement concrete in compression.


Identity theft is a serious crime in the United States which does great harm to the general public.In order to stop such cases from happening,the United States has a series of actions.


In the Ministry's quest toward a more environmentally sustainable construction program, our recycling policies specifying when and how much Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is permitted in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) required review. The review came on the heels of the successful completion of a demonstration contract constructed in 1999 utilizing hot in-place recycling and Recycled Hot Mix (RHM). The demonstration showed that premium surface courses required for freeways could perform equally well with RAP in the HMA. To assist in revisiting our policy, a survey of other state agencies' recycling policies was conducted in 2008. Based on our findings, the Ministry is confident that the paving industry can produce HMA with higher percentages of RAP and has taken steps to permit HMA mix designers to make that choice. This also includes allowing RAP in mixes where we have traditionally not permitted any RAP, such as premium surface courses. Details of the Ministry's innovative pavement recycling program, which aims at providing a sustainable rehabilitation option that is safe, efficient, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and that meets the needs of present-day users without compromising those of future generations, are summarized in this paper along with the results of our environmental scan.


We report on the generation of ultra-low phase noise microwave signals at 12GHz by photodetecting the pulse train of an Erbium-doped fiber-based optical frequency comb phase locked to a ultra-narrow linewidth ultra-stable laser at With advanced photodetection techniques and homemade phase noise measurement apparatus, our experiment demonstrates generation of a microwave source with absolute phase noise below -170dBc/Hz at 10kHz and above, and below -100dBc/Hz at 1Hz from a 12GHz carrier, which pushes even further the best results reported so far.


The development of double contrast (DC) radiology, reviewed by James (1978), in which the whole mucosal surface is imaged in fine detail by means of an even layer of barium sulphate (BS) particles while the viscus is distended by C02, requires re-examination of the properties of BS preparations intended for such use. The sensitivity of DC techniques depends on the thickness and uniformity of the mucosal BS layer, hence interaction of BS particles with mucus and their resistance to flocculation are important. Electrophoretic mobility (EM) is one way to study this aspect.


There are nematodes of several genera that feed on plant stems and foliage, including Aphelenchoides, Bursaphelenchus, Anguina, Ditylenchus and Litylenchus. Herein, we apply the common name "foliar nematode" specifically to plant-feeding nematodes in the genus Aphelechoides, specifically Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae, and Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi. While most members of Aphelenchoides are fungivorous (feed on fungi), these three species have populations that are facultative plant-parasites that can feed on live plant tissue. Ten other species of Aphelenchoides also are recognized as facultative plant-parasites, but these are not as commonly encountered or as economically significant as the aforementioned species. Unlike most plant-parasitic nematodes, foliar nematodes can infest the aerial portions of plants rather than dwelling strictly in soil and plant roots. Damage from their feeding can reduce yield in food crops and ruin the appearance of ornamentals.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1279


Objective:To observe promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis of Huoxue Sanyu granule.Method:Sixty Wistar rats(n=10/group) were randomly divided into six group,the normal goup,the model group,the Fufang Danshen Tablets group,high Huoxue Sanyu granule group(16 g·kg-1),middle Huoxue Sanyu granule group(8 g·kg-1) and low Huoxue Sanyu granule group(4 g·kg-1).The trement groups were orally administered once per day for 9 d separately,whereas the normal and model group were orally administered with distilled water.Except norml rats,all the other rats were injected subcutaneously adrenalin 10 μg·kg-1,swam in icy water 5 min after 2 h the acute blood stasis rat models were made,and these rats were injected subcutaneously adrenalin 10 μg·kg-1 again after 2 h.The indexes on hemorheology after given drugs for nine days were measured order to investigate the influences of Huoxue Sanyu granule;mesenteric microcirculatory disturbance rat models were established with adalin in order to observe the effects of this drug.Result:Huoxue Sanyu granule could decrease rats blood viscosity,plasma viscosity,and relieve viscosity and coagulating condition of blood stasis rats blood,so it inhibited thrombosis;it could also inhibit the caliber decreasing of thin artery,the slowing of blood flow,the reducing of open capillaries and chang of fluid condition and improve these phenomena.Conclusion:Huoxue Sanyu granule may improve blood stasis rats hemorheology and microcirculatory disturbance.


Electronic scanning radar apparatus, comprising: To a transmitting antenna, which is driven by a transmission signal electromagnetic FMCW (frequency modulated continuous wave) - (cw) to send or CW -waves, a receiving antenna having an array of antenna elements, and a signal mixer circuit for mixing the received signals of a plurality of channels, each corresponding to the antenna elements, with the transmission signal to derive respective beat signals of the channels, an A / D converter circuit for sampling and quantizing each of the beat signals at a fixed sampling frequency to convert the heterodyne signals for the respective channel signals and sequentially store the following intervals or samples of the channel signals as respective channel data sets, each of the channel data rates, a fixed number of data values which correspond to the respective data points in time, a circuit for extracting a plurality of short segments of data from each of the channel data rates, each of the short data segments comprising a fixed number of data values, an interference component detecting circuit, which is designed to derive respective frequency spectra corresponding to the short data segments, and from the frequency spectra of a plurality of ...


Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability characterized by proteoglycan loss and collagen matrix disruption in the cartilage. Quantitative T1ρ and T2 mapping obtained in a static setting have been proposed to detect the biochemical changes associated with OA, which however lack the functional information of the cartilage. We here present a novel dynamic approach to elucidate biochemical recovery of knee cartilage after stair-climbing exercise with high-spatiotemporal-resolution simultaneous 3D T1ρ and T2 mapping. It could serve as an innovative, clinically feasible imaging biomarker to evaluate both biochemical and functional properties of cartilage for early OA diagnosis and prognosis.


The invention belongs to the fire safety field and relate to a method for automatically calibrating a smoke detector alarm value and a system for automatically calibrating the smoke detector alarm value. The method for automatically calibrating the smoke detector alarm value of the invention comprises the following steps that: sampling is performed respectively in two smoke concentration ranges so as to obtain a first sampling smoke concentration AD value A1 and a second sampling smoke concentration AD value A2; a reference smoke concentration value B1 in first sampling, a reference smoke concentration value B2 in second sampling and a reference smoke concentration alarm threshold value B3 are read; and the first sampling smoke concentration AD value A1, the second sampling smoke concentration AD value A2, the reference smoke concentration value B1 in first sampling, the reference smoke concentration value B2 in second sampling and the reference smoke concentration alarm threshold value B3 are obtained, and a smoke concentration alarm threshold value AD is calculated, and smoke concentration alarm threshold value calibration is performed. With the method and system for automatically calibrating the smoke detector alarm value of the invention adopted, fast calibration can be realized; consistency in the smoke detector alarm threshold value can be improved; production efficiency of factories can be greatly improved; manpower cost can be saved; and competitiveness of enterprises can be enhanced.


Osteogenic sarcoma involving the skull is an extremely rare, highly aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Fewer than 50 cases have been reported iri the world literature. A recent case treated at Eisenhower Army Medical Center and literature review are presented.


A method is described to confirm the presence of blood in fixed haematophagous insects. It was used to establish that the dark gut contents of individuals of five genera of insectivorous midges (Ceratopogonidae) was not blood.


Lithic-rich tight sandstone is one of the most enrichment lithofacies in the Sulige gas field. Clarifying the enrichment mechanism of high-quality lithic-rich tight sandstone is important to economic and efficient development of the tight gas reservoir. This paper introduces a new classification method, which is based on the origin of particles and interstitial materials and their control on reservoir pores growth. Lithic-rich tight sandstone can be subdivided into three types: sedimentary lithic sandstone, diagenetic lithic sandstone and event-type lithic sandstone. The genetic mechanism of a high-quality reservoir is studied by this new method. Research shows that the sedimentary lithic sandstone has high contents of plastic lithics, strong compaction effects of early diagenesis, large porosity reduction and almost no dissolution-induced porosity. The diagenetic lithic sandstone has high contents of rigid lithics and strong compaction effects. Organic acids promote alteration of a large amount of feldspars into kaolinite, while such sandstones are highly cemented. It is seen with moderate porosity reduction and moderate dissolution-attributed porosity growth. Event-type lithic sandstone also has high contents of rigid debris and strong compaction effects. Synsedimentary volcanic dust materials of subaerial deposition are altered into illite through smectite and illite-smectite mixed-layer clay under the effects of acids, which generate many pores and results in large dissolution-attributed porosity growth. Research shows that the sedimentary lithic sandstone has poor physical properties and is identified as the unfavorable reservoir; the diagenetic lithic sandstone having medium physical properties, as the relatively favorable reservoir; the event-type lithic sandstone having good physical properties, as the favorable reservoir. The research route and results have laid a solid geological foundation for better development of lithic-rich tight sandstone reservoirs. Cited as : Liu, Y., Xian, C., Li, Z., Wang, J., Ren, F. A new classification system of lithic-rich tight sandstone and its application to diagnosis high-quality reservoirs. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2020, 4(3): 286-295, doi: 10.46690/ager.2020.03.06


A method for the detection of red cell agglutinates, allowing in a single stage separation of agglutinates free erythrocytes and the detection of said agglutinates. is subjected after incubation the reaction mixture, disposed in at least one open tube, at a percolation on an inert phase by forcing the flow of the mobile phase, the test reading is operating at the upper portion of said phase inert.


In this research four different beans (Glycine max, Mucuna pruriens, Kerstings' geocarpa and Vigna mungo) were germinated in order to evaluate the implication of germination on the kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) of urease isolated from the various beans and compared to the non-germinated (control). The results showed that, Vmax and Km of urease from germinated beans increased significantly when compared (p<0.05) to urease from the control. This simply means that, urease from germinated beans demonstrated higher activity with lower substrate sensitivity when compared (p<0.05) to the control.


The tensor analyzing powers T/sub 20/ of outgoing ..cap alpha.. particles at theta=4/sup 0/ have been measured in the /sup 56/Fe(d,..cap alpha..)/sup 54/Mn reaction at incident energies of 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, and 9.5 MeV. The resulting determination of natural or unnatural parity led to the following new unambiguous J/sup ..pi../ assignments: 839 keV, 4/sup +/; 1073 keV, 6/sup +/; 1137 keV, 5/sup +/; 1391 keV, 1/sup +/; 1454 keV, 1/sup +/; 1.51 MeV, 2/sup +/; and 1.87 MeV, 3/sup +/. In addition, natural or unnatural parity assignments were made to several levels above 2 MeV excitation for which no spin information existed prior to this experiment. A measurement of the angular distribution of outgoing ..cap alpha.. particles in an unpolarized (d,..cap alpha..) reaction led to a tentative 0/sup +/ assignment to a state at 1.68 MeV on the basis of decreasing cross section at forward angles. The results are compared to 1p3h+2p4h shell model calculations and we suggest that the 1.51, 1.68, and 1.85 MeV levels are largely 2p-4h states.


The paper discusses the importance of the overlaps in the southern part of the San Joaquin valley. Two of these overlaps are of remarkable magnitude: one existing at the base of the Vaqueros (lower Miocene) and the other at the base of the Santa Margarita (uppermost Miocene). Each overlap was preceded by an intense folding, and the structural features in these different periods of folding are evidently independent of each other. This is well illustrated in the lower Santiago Canyon in the San Emigdio district where Vaqueros beds are folded into an anticline that is not reflected in an underlying, apparently monoclinal, series of Oligocene beds. Not far from this locality a broad syncline of Etchegoin (Pliocene) overlies vertical beds of Vaqueros. The great overlap of the Santa Margarita and Etchegoin brings these formations into contact with all the older ones. They are therefore able to accumulate the oil produced in different strata of the older rocks. This may explain the great quantities of oil now present in the Etchegoin, without making it necessary to admit that the oil accumulated by migration over long distance.


The level of disability in the patients with traumatic incomplete cervical spinal cord injury depends on the region and the degree of damage in spinal cord, and their conditions of ADL are various in each case. The patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (male: 14 female: 2) were divided into two groups, a complete motor paralysis group and an incomplete motor paralysis group. A comparative investigation of ADL disturbance was performed on the two groups. The result showed that the ADL of the incomplete motor paralysis group was generally batter than the complete motor paralysis group, but considerable spasticity and joint contructure remained as a problem. Besides, F wave recorded from the upper and lower limbs in those two groups and normal subjects was assessed. F/M ratio in the groups with cervical spinal cord injury was significantly greater in the normal subjects.


The southern central Chilean margin at the site of the largest historically recorded earthquake in the Valdivia region, in 1960 (Mw = 9.5), is part of the 5000-km-long active subduction system whose geodynamic evolution is controversially debated and poorly understood. Covering the area between 36° and 40°S, the oceanic crust is segmented by prominent fracture zones. The offshore forearc and its onshore continuation show a complex image with segments of varying geophysical character, and several fault systems active during the past 24 m.y.

In autumn 2001, the project SPOC was organized to study the Subduction Processes Off Chile, with a focus on the seismogenic coupling zone and the forearc. The acquired seismic data crossing the Chilean subduction system were gathered in a combined offshore-onshore survey and provide new insights into the lithospheric structure and evolution of active margins with insignificant frontal accretion.


Time synchronization is a critical piece of infrastructure for any wireless sensor network. It is necessary for applications such as audio localization, beam-forming, velocity calculation, and duplicate event detection. All of which require the coordination of multiple nodes. Recent advances in low-cost, low-power wireless sensors have led to an increased interest in large-scale networks of small, wireless, low-power sensor nodes. Because of the more stringent power and cost requirements that this technology is driving, current time synchronization techniques must be updated to capitalize on these advances. One time synchronization method developed specifically for wireless sensor networks is Reference Broadcast Synchronization. In RBS, a reference broadcast is transmitted to sensor nodes that require synchronization. Be recording the time of arrival, nodes can then use those time stamps to synchronize with each other. This project aimed to make the RBS system even more robust, energy efficient, and cost effective by replacing the reference broadcast with an ambient RF signal (FM, TV, AM, or satellite signals) already prevalent in the environment. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the viability of using Opportunistic RF synchronization by 1.) quantifying error, 2.) applying this synchronization method in a real world application, ii and 3.), implementing a wireless sensor network using Android smart phones as sensor nodes.


The "Solar Cities" initiative was introduced on a relatively limited basis in 2007, to trial the efficacy of solar power in reducing the consumption of mains electricity and carbon emissions. The purpose of the Solar Cities trial had been to assess both the technical merits and household behavioural aspects of solar power in predominantly residential applications. This paper analyses an Adelaide case study of a household that participated in this trial . Net consumption of mains electricity by the case study household was reduced to 12% from 2800kWHr annually as a result of a combination of the electricity generated by a 1 kW system (a 60% reduction) and household behavioural modifications (a 28% reduction). The case study findings and case study research methodology were used to suggest how a major research project could be structured to provide a large body of empirical evidence that would underpin future planning policy designed to maximize the uptake of functionally effective and aesthetically attractive local solar electricity systems in Australia's urban areas. The policy implications of this tentative and exploratory research are discussed and the conclusion that emerges is that evidence based urban planning policies are required that mesh effectively with the new environmental policy imperatives being driven at the national level.


The stress changes of the casing and the next sealed dead is analyzed which wellbore pressure achieves the desired 25MPa and in the limit state of temperature increased from 28℃ to 50℃ by using the finite element software.The wellbore conditions model is established with underground gas-storage well phenomenon in sit.The actual 3D Shaft model is simplified into the plane strain problem to be addressed.The chang process of pressure and temperature is briefly analyzed under conditions of natural gas in storage.According to calculation and analysis,temperature arising increases the stress of the casing and the next head of casing in the process of the inflatable.Gas storagemay will be fatigue damaged while it bearing such long-term alternating load.


The author explores the meanings of "revolution" in the last two centuries and points to the ways in which the term was employed in philosophy, sciences, and in relation to avant-garde movements in art. He shows how the paradigmatic and subversive meaning of the term arose soon after the French Revolution and was developed by a series of authors, ranging from Immanuel Kant to Andre Malraux and recently Jacques Ranciere, only to be widely proclaimed as obsolete in the last decade. He then explores various usages of the term "aesthetic revolution" and argues that it can serve a very productive function in determining some of the specifics of the avant-gardes. Then the essential connection between political and social revolution and revolution in art is the revolution in art is demonstrated. In this respect the author agrees with Miklos Szabolcsi, who in 1970s suggested that the two are essentially linked and interdependent, and that one cannot exist without the presence of the other. In the conclusion the author explores ways in which the avant-gardes might reappear.


It was a busy evening in the casualty department in India, where I was the medical student shadowing a senior doctor.

We were interrupted by the domestic cleaner, who ran up to us asking us to see a patient on the trolley rather urgently. Not waiting for an answer she took the senior doctor by the hand across the room to the patient. …


CsPbBr3 quantum dots were precipitated in phosphate glasses through heat treatment. Controlled formation of CsPbBr3 quantum dots was realized by adjustment of heat-treatment conditions. Absorption and photoluminescence spectra of CsPbBr3 quantum dots were tuned from 432 to 521 nm. Upon ultraviolet or blue light excitation, efficient photoluminescence from these CsPbBr3 quantum dots doped phosphate glasses was observed.


The proliferation of low-cost multimedia-enabled mobile devices and free educational video content is adding strain to existing limited bandwidth resource delivery networks. The newly introduced Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) standard is a cross-platform, efficient and cost-effective solution for media streaming to a variety of IP/multimedia enabled devices. This standard supports access to content stored at multiple hosts, but does not suggest any selection mechanism. This paper describes and evaluates a DASH-aware Performance Oriented Adaptation Agent (dPOAA) which dynamically selects best performing hosts for video delivery. Preliminary evaluation shows that this solution improves the quality of delivered video in terms of maintained estimated MOS and reduced buffering and initial delay on the client side.


We report here the first electrochemical study of fullerenes C[sub x] (x = 60 and 70) trapped in polymer films on platinum and carbon electrodes. This work presents a straightforward procedure requiring only a few micrograms of fullerene for producing C[sub x]-containing polymer films on electrodes that will permit their electrochemical properties in common electrolytes and under typical experimental conditions to be studied. Cyclic voltammetry experiments strongly suggest the transformation of C[sub 60] to C[sub 60]H[sub 2] through electrogenerated C[sub 60][sup 5[minus]]. The clear voltammetric data indicate that it will probably be possible to use this electrode modification procedure to study higher or substituted fullerenes that are either not available in adequate amounts or not sufficiently soluble for regular electrochemical studies. 25 refs., 2 figs.


o c ( c g c w M w t s RESCENTIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS is an uncommon occurrence in renal translant recipients. Most cases are caused by recurent disease, and de novo disease occurs even ess frequently. Differential diagnoses of cresents in the allograft are similar to those in the ative kidney, which includes such anti–neutrohil cytoplasmic antibody–associated diseases as egener granulomatosis and microscopic polyareritis, such immune-complex glomerulonehritides as systemic lupus erythematosus and mmunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, and nti–glomerular basement membrane disease. reexisting crescents from the donor kidney lso can be present in the transplant kidney in arly posttransplantation biopsy specimens. e present the case of a kidney transplant recipint with acute renal failure 8 months after his econd transplantation. Renal biopsy showed difuse crescents and a pleomorphic interstitial infilrate associated with diffuse peritubular immune eposits. A complete workup elucidated the athogenesis of these lesions.


Objective: Lessening intra-operative blood loss by the technique of bilateral internal iliac artery ligation as 1st step in Wertheim's Hysterectomy. Methods: 20 cases of early Stage Cancer Cervix, who underwent Wertheim's hysterectomy over period June 09 to Dec 12 in CRG Hospital, Ujjain and Base Hospital Delhi Cantonment, were studied. The demographic data, hemoglobin before and after surgery, and requirement of intra-operative blood transfusion, were studied. Results : 80% patients had less than 200ml intra-operative blood loss. Conclusion : Alleviating troublesome bleeding during dissection of lymph nodes and ureteric tunnel by primary ligation of internal iliac artery is a statistically proven optimum technique of Wertheim's Hysterectomy. [Roy P K et al NJIRM 2013; 4(6) : 145-147]


System for generating a visual representation of the object, the structure for enclosing the object at least in part, a plurality of stationary camera mounted in a fixed relationship to each other, and at least one computer processor. One or more computer processors, subject to start the plurality of still cameras, and to capture a plurality of still images of an object, at least in part, by arranging at least some of the order of a plurality of still images and creating a visual representation, the digital file containing the visual representation of the object is performed and transmitting the accessible storage medium by a user device. Visual representation of the object, to allow for presenting a visual representation in a way that greater than one, can be operated by a user.


This paper takes Hubei Zhongshan Hospital as an example to demonstrate application of a new management mode in the hospital through the construction of a solid foundation, a system and a platform so as to realize scientific supplies management.


N the last two decades significant concepts in secondary-school education have been brought to the attention of educators and the public. Related to the needs of youth in current American democracy, the concepts have been given weight by teachers whose pupils must become useful and happy citizens through a greater social efficiency. One concept that pupils are whole personalities ; that they must see and understand relationships; and that they, as individuals, must confront all of their problems with all of the knowledge, skills, habits, and attitudes that are applicable. Most teachers of speech will agree with Professor Baird, that the fundamental goal of instruction in speech is the development of the individual recording to his needs: The first and most obvious of these premises is that speech instruction should be based upon individual needs and capacities.... The second principle about which I should like to speak is this: speech training should provide for social integration. The assumption here is that every response has social implications.... Still another


Abstract Objective Arthritis gloves are frequently prescribed to people with undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis (UIA) or RA to help reduce hand pain and improve function. Nested within a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of arthritis gloves (Isotoner gloves vs loose-fitting placebo gloves) in people with RA and UIA, this qualitative study aimed to explore participants' views on the impact of wearing arthritis gloves on their hand pain and function. Methods Semi-structured one-to-one interviews were conducted with purposively selected participants following 12 weeks of glove wearing. Participants and the interviewer were blinded to the treatment allocation. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Results Participants (intervention: n = 10; control: n = 9) recruited from 13 National Health Service hospital sites in the UK participated in the interviews. Two main themes, with sub-themes, were elicited from the data: mechanisms determining glove use: 'As soon as your joints get a bit warmer, the pain actually eases' (thermal qualities; glove use in daily activities; glove use during sleep); and ambivalence about benefits of arthritis gloves: 'I suppose a normal pair of gloves would do the same sort of thing?' (are they a help or hindrance?; aesthetic appeal; future use of gloves). Conclusion Participants had ambivalent views on the impact of both the intervention and the loose-fitting placebo gloves on their hand pain and function, identifying warmth as the main benefit. Ordinary mid-finger-length gloves widely accessible from high street suppliers could deliver warmth and provide the perceived benefits to hand pain and function. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN25892131; registered 5 September 2016 : retrospectively registered.


Growth and development of plants are dependent upon the energy gained by fixing carbon dioxide into carbohydrates during photosynthesis and the translocation of newly fixed photoassimilates from their site of synthesis to regions of utilization and/or storage. Following this scheme, plant organs can be divided into two kinds: (a) photosynthetically active source organs (defined as net exporters of photoassimilates), represented mainly by mature leaves, and (b) photosynthetically inactive sink organs (defined as net importers of fixed carbon). Sinks can be divided into at least two different classes (6): (a) 'utilization sinks,' highly metabolically active, rapidly growing tissues like meristems and immature leaves, and (b) 'storage sinks' such as tubers, seeds, or roots, which deposit the imported carbohydrates in the form of storage compounds (e.g. starch, sucrose, fatty acids, or proteins). The flow of carbon from the initial step of carbon dioxide fixation to the translocation to its final destination needs the interaction of different organelles and organs. The principal biochemical pathway of photoassimilate partitioning in source leaves is given in Figure 1. The primary products of carbon fixation are starch and sucrose. In source leaves, starch is synthesized within the chloroplast and serves mainly as an intermediate deposit for photoassimilates, whereas sucrose, synthesized within the cytosol, plays a central role in the distribution of photoassimilates throughout the plant. With respect to starch synthesis, although there are two possible pathways (via starch phosphorylase and/or starch synthase), the main route is believed to be catalyzed by starch synthase starting from ADP-glucose. The synthesis of starch is regulated at the level of the enzyme ADPG pyrophosphorylase,l catalyzing the formation of ADP-glucose from glucose-i-P. The enzyme ADPG pyrophosphorylase is inhibited by Pi and activated by 3-PGA; thus, the ratio between 3-PGA and Pi within the plastid will regulate the rate of starch synthesis (for review see ref. 12). Sucrose synthesis is most likely regulated at two steps: the interconversion of fructose-1,6-bisP to fructose-6-P and the synthesis of sucrose-6-P from fructose-6-P and UDP-glucose by the enzyme SPS. The first reaction is regulated via the signal metabolite 2,6-FBP. This metabolite inhibits the cytosolic FBPase and stimulates the enzyme pyrophosphate:fructose-6-P phosphotransferase, thus driving the flow of metabolites toward glycolysis. The third enzyme, phosphofructokinase, involved in this reaction is not regulated by 2,6-FBP. The enzyme responsible for the formation of 2,6FBP (2,6-FBP-kinase) is inhibited by 3-PGA and activated by fructose-6-P and Pi (for review see ref. 16). The synthesis of sucrose-6-P in many plant species is regulated by protein phosphorylation of the enzyme sucrose-6-P-synthase (7). Our knowledge of the biochemical pathways is based on: (a) isolation and characterization of the respective enzymes, (b) the use of chemical inhibitors, (c) analysis of isolated organelles, and (d) analysis of classical mutants. During the last 10 years, molecular tools have become available allowing for a more precise in vivo manipulation and analysis of postulated biochemical pathways. Prerequisites for molecular manipulations are: (a) the regeneration and transformation of plants, (b) the isolation of promoter sequences allowing the tissueand cell-specific expression of chimeric genes, (c) the isolation of genes encoding enzymes involved in biochemical pathways (either plant or heterologous enzymes), and (d) the targeting of newly synthesized proteins into different subcellular compartments (e.g. plastids, mitochondria, cell wall, vacuole, etc.). Genes encoding enzymes involved in biochemical pathways can be used either to inhibit cellular enzymic activities via the antisense approach (for review see ref. 17) or for the overexpression of enzymic activities. The ectopic expression of foreign genes allows the introduction of new enzymes that differ from the plant endogenous ones either with respect to regulatory and/ or kinetic properties or because they are alien to the plant environment in which they are expressed. Thus, molecular biology permits the creation of transgenic plants that have been specifically modulated with respect to a certain enzymic activity within a biosynthetic pathway. A subsequent analysis of the mutant plant with regard to several biochemical, physiological, and ecological parameters allows a causal relationship between a well-defined in vivo change and its subsequent effects to be established. Our review focuses specifically on this new approach with respect to our understanding of sink-source relations in higher plants. There are several excellent reviews covering the huge literature using nonmolecular genetic approaches (cf. 3, 4, 6).


Developers of software engineering tools are facing high expectations regarding capabilities and usability. Users expect tools tailored to their specific needs and integrated in their working environment. This increases tools' complexity and complicates their customization and deployment despite available mechanisms for adaptability and extensibility. A main challenge lies in understanding and managing the dependencies between different technical mechanisms for realizing tool variability. We report on industrial experiences of applying a model-based and tool-supported product line approach for the customization and deployment of two Eclipse-based tools. We illustrate challenges of customizing these tools to different development contexts: In the first case study we developed variability models of a product line tool suite used by an industry partner and utilized these models for tool customization and deployment. In the second case study we applied the same approach to a maintenance and setup tool of our industry partner. Our experiences suggest to design software tools as product lines; to formally describe the tools' variability in models; and to provide end-user capabilities for customizing and deploying the tools.