Background: Twin pregnancy is the simultaneous development of two embryos and then two fetuses in the uterine cavity. Objective of present study was to assess the epidemiological, clinical, prognostic and therapeutic aspects of twin delivery in two referral maternity units in Dakar. Methods: A descriptive and analytical retrospective bi-centric study of all cases of twin deliveries recorded in two referral center in Dakar was conducted during the period January 1, 2005-December 31, 2015, i.e. an 11-year period. It concerned 619 pregnant women who gave birth to twins in these two referral medical structures. The epidemiological parameters, clinical, prognostic and therapeutic aspects of twin childbirth were studied. The data were entered and analysed using Epi info version 3.5.3. Results: The twinning prevalence was 1.11%. The majority of our parturient women (506 or 81.7% of the cases) came from the Dakar suburbs. The average age of the parturient women was 28 years and the gestity age 3.1. Pregnancy was well monitored for 98.5% of the parturient women with an average number of prenatal consultations of 3.6. The first prenatal consultation was performed in 52% of cases in the first quarter. In more than one third of cases (234 or 37.8%), the diagnosis was made in the third quarter of pregnancy. 113 cases (18.2%) of premature rupture of membranes, 10 cases (1.61%) of threat of premature delivery and 7 cases (11.13%) of placenta previa were registered. During labour, the diagnosis was made by clinical examination in 32.2% of cases. Bichorial biamniotic twin pregnancy was the most frequent anatomical type (62.6%). On admission, the first twin (T1) was in cephalic presentation in 56.7%, in breech presentation in 15.2%; The second twin (T2) was in breech presentation in 21.1% of the cases. Caesarean section was related to the first twin in 50.6% and the second twin in 53.8% of the cases. Caesarean section was performed in 50.6% for the first twin and in 53.8% for the second twin. The mean time interval between the delivery of T1 and that of T2 was 17.4 min. Low birth weight was more frequent for the second twin (54.3%). The stillbirth rate was 48.26 per thousand. Maternal complications were dominated by renal-vascular syndromes (4.2%), haemorrhagic causes (1.86%), perineal lesions (1.6%) and uterine rupture (0.97%). Postpartum haemorrhage was observed in 8 cases (1.29%). Maternal mortality was nil Conclusions: Twin delivery poses varying difficulties due to the complexity of obstetrical mechanics and the frequency of dystocic presentations. Despite improved maternal prognosis, in recent years, perinatal mortality and morbidity, still high, remain a constant concern.


The Budget for Fiscal Year 2007 contains a package of new tax incentives for individuals and employees who are covered by high deductible health insurance policies and contribute to Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). The new proposals would make the tax system more complex, less fair, and add to our budget woes, especially over the long run. The proposals would reduce revenues by $156 billion over ten years. Perhaps most problematic, they are likely to exacerbate the problems in the health care market.


Abstract. This work deals with artificial circulation as a shallow water aeration technique. Large waterbodies (for instance, lakes or reservoirs) get much of their oxygen from the atmosphere through diffusion processes. Artificial circulation increases water's oxygen by forcefully circulating the water to expose more of it to the atmosphere. Two techniques are the most common: air injection and mechanical mixing. The former has been analyzed from an ecological viewpoint in several works (see, for instance, [3] and the references therein). However, in this work we will focus our attention on the latter that, as far as we know, has remained unaddressed in the mathematical literature. In this work we will introduce a mathematical formulation of the environmental problem as a control/state constrained optimal control problem of partial differential equations. Then, we will analyze the optimal control problem and finally, we will deal with the numerical resolution of the problem, presenting a complete numerical algorithm and a realistic computational example [4].


The model with which we can evaluate project management capability and technology level objectively and quantitatively is called Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM)? It can also play an important role in the continuous improvement of enterprise project management and process. This paper introduces the basic knowledge about PMMM. It gives a description of the concept of PMMM and the reason, time range,main body of application, and some famous models will be presented. In addition, it prospects the future of PMMM.


THOUGH Galton and Charcot began the scientific study of imagery in 1880, little is yet known about the ability to form mental images. Galton observed great individual differences in clarity of visual images, and Charcot suggested that there are distinct imaging types of people, some of whom produce predominantly visual imagery, others mostly auditory, and still others tactile, olfactory-gustatory, or kinesthetic imagery. Little research has been done in this field since 1909 (Holt, 1964), when Betts presented the view still current that the individual who was good in one form of imagery tended to be good in other forms too, suggesting that individual differences are unrelated to types of imaging. The present study examined this hypothesis and studied the interrelation of imagery modalities as measured by different assessment devices.


The north border of the Sarapul depression consists of Frasnian-Famennian reef carbonates. These form a structural high that has several crests. Practically every one of these crests contains an oil pool. See Fig. 1. The age of these rocks has been debated; new paleontological data, however, has led to much clarification. Two reef zones are now recognized: Frasnian-Famennian and Tournaisian. Further oil exploration is recommended in the peripheral parts of the Chutyro-Kiyengop and Mishkin local carbonate reefs; these have multiple crests. The Tournaisian is favorable for oil exploration for tectonic-sedimentational uplifts of the Yuzhno-Kiyengop type.


Recent trends in programming models for server-side development have shown an increasing popularity of event-based single-threaded programming models based on the combination of dynamic languages such as JavaScript and event-based runtime systems for asynchronous I/O management such as Node.JS. Reasons for the success of such models are the simplicity of the single-threaded event-based programming model as well as the growing popularity of the Cloud as a deployment platform for Web applications. Unfortunately, the popularity of single-threaded models comes at the price of performance and scalability, as single-threaded event-based models present limitations when parallel processing is needed, and traditional approaches to concurrency such as threads and locks don't play well with event-based systems. This Dissertation proposes a programming model and a runtime system to overcome such limitations by enabling single-threaded event-based applications with support for speculative parallel execution. The model, called Parallel event loop, has the goal of bringing parallel execution to the domain of single-threaded event-based programming without relaxing the main characteristics of the single-threaded model, and therefore providing developers with the impression of a safe, single-threaded, runtime. Rather than supporting only pure single-threaded programming, however, the parallel event loop can also be used to derive safe, high-level, parallel programming models characterized by a strong compatibility with single-threaded runtimes. We describe three distinct implementations of speculative runtimes enabling the parallel execution of event-based applications. The first implementation we describe is a pessimistic runtime system based on locks to implement speculative parallelization. The second and the third implementations are based on two distinct optimistic runtimes using software transactional memory. Each of the implementations supports the parallelization of applications written using an asynchronous single-threaded programming style, and each of them enables applications to benefit from parallel execution.


Due to the obvious development of wireless network and video application, video encoding and transmission become the major problem of wireless transmission. To cope with this problem, we propose a video streaming distribution algorithm based on the Variance Coefficient Weighting (VCM) and the Modified Grey Relational Analysis (MGRA) for SVC streams in this paper. The proposed algorithm considers different channels parameters comprehensively, and makes the dynamic option of networks when transmitting the SVC streaming is over the heterogeneous wireless network. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed algorithm can improve transmission efficiency and decoded quality of SVC video comparing with the algorithm of Bandwidth Optimal and Bit Error Optimal.


An adaptive detector for the case of a radar target with unknown Doppler and unknown complex amplitude in AR (autoregressive) noise of unknown parameters has been derived. The secondary data is also used to improve the detection performance. The proposed detector has the form of a detector bank. The computational load of efficient realization of this detector bank is also presented. Finally the performance of the proposed detector is evaluated using both simulated and real clutter data.


Rapidly increasing input current of microprocessors resulted in rising cost and motherboard real estate occupied by decoupling capacitors and power routing. We show by analysis that an on-die switching DC-DC converter is feasible for future microprocessor power delivery. The DC-DC converter can be fabricated in an existing CMOS process (90nm-180nm) with a back-end thin-film inductor module. We show that 85% efficiency and 10% output voltage droop can be achieved for 4:1, 3:1, and 2:1 conversion ratios, area overhead of 5% and no additional on-die decoupling capacitance. A 4:1 conversion results in 3.4/spl times/ smaller input current and 6.8/spl times/ smaller external decoupling.


GEORGE W. BUSH WAS IN TOWN LAST week in preparation for his inauguration. You can imagine how delighted I was when he invited me over to his transition office to give him some advice on science and...


Multi-disciplinary analysis and design optimization allow designers to break away from the traditional design spiral approach and focus on searching the design space for the best overall design rather than considering best discipline-specific designs. The effects of uncertainty in the disciplinary calculations of complex design simulation models are considered. Uncertainty is quantified using a "confidence of success" calculation that is developed based on the Mean Value Method. The confidence of success is the probability that a design will satisfy all constraints and meet performance objectives. Multiple sources of uncertainty are quantified and represented in a ship synthesis model. Optimizations using confidence of success as a third objective, in addition to cost and effectiveness, in a multi-objective genetic algorithm are executed. It is demonstrated that designs lying along constraint boundaries, which are typically identified as optimum designs in deterministic design optimizations, likely have a very low chance of being successful.


BACKGROUND: Despite progress in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), the problem of achieving target values of glycemic control remains relevant. In this regard, the search for new integrated solutions that could strengthen disease control and improve clinical outcomes becomes relevant.AIM: To assess the impact of the developed integrated approach to disease management on the clinical and metabolic outcomes of patients with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participating in the "NORMA" pilot program for 3 and 6 months.MATERIALS AND METHODS: "NORMA" is the first Russian program designed to implement an integrated approach to DM management combines structured online education, blood glucose monitoring, supervision by endocrinologist, and administrative support. Interium retrospective analysis analysis of pre-existing data generated in the Program was performed from October 2020 to November 2021. Adults (≥18 years) with uncontrolled T1DM or T2DM on insulin (HbA1c>7,0%) with duration of DM ≥6 months were included. The following characteristics were considered: social-demographic parameters, duration of DM, complications, HbA1c, hypoglycemia events, daily insulin dose, patients' perception of DM checklist (scaled 1-10), level of DM knowledge (questionnaire of 20 points).RESULTS: Data from 185 persons were analyzed: 132 with T1DM and 53 with T2DM, 67% women, the mean age was 41.3±14.4 years; the median DM duration was 12.0 [6.0; 19.0] years, 30 persons (16.3%) were free of any DM complications. Mean HbA1c decreased from 8.8±1.5% to 7.4±1.2% at month 3, and to 7.6±1.5% at month 6 (p<0.001). HbA1c <7.0% was achieved in 38.9% and 38.1% participants after 3 and 6 months, respectively. The total insulin dose has not changed within the program. The DM knowledge level after 3 months of Program increased significantly by 25.4±15.0% (p<0.001). The mean scores of patients' perceptions of DM after 3 and 6 months increased by 2.1±10.2 % and 2.4±11.0 % (p<0.01), but the median scores (interquartile range) did not change: 0.00% (-3.00–6.00%) and 0.50% (-3.00–9.00%) respectively.CONCLUSION: In a real-life setting, the implementation of an integrated approach to the diabetes management was associated with the improvement of glycemic control without significant changes of total insulin dose.


Some folk images still remains in some of the popular sayings in Heyang County on the western part of Shaanxi Province.Some of the images have disappeared or are fading away,but the folks still use them.To explore the origins of these sayings may help us understand the customs in the past and get to know some aspect of the life.


As you know, I pay just as much attention to painters as I do to writers because, except technically, their problems are the same. They seem to move in the same direction at the same time. You and I know that when a poet is writing merely like other poets it amounts to this: that when he is in New York he writes like the poets in New York, but if he moves to Paris, he writes like the poets in Paris. The same thing is true of painters.


An activity-dependent increase in postsynaptic currents produced by a single vesicle of neurotransmitter is an important mechanism for synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) and possibly involved in learning and memory. We have found a similar form of postsynaptic potentiation at the D. Melanogaster neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where a brief increase in impulse activity results in an increase in the amplitude of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), resulting in miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials (mEPSPs). To visualize sites of postsynaptic potentiation along the synaptic terminal, we have used a Ca 2+ indicator, GCaMP to observe postsynaptic Ca 2+ signals. Since the postsynaptic glutamate receptors admit Ca 2+ , these postsynaptic Ca 2+ signals should reflect the magnitude of the mEPSCs. We can observe the postsynaptic potentiation using this technique since a brief increase in impulse activity produces an increase in the amplitude of the Ca 2+ signal. To confirm that the Ca 2+ signals are responsible for the previously observed increases in mEPSPs, I have developed an analysis technique to match the Ca 2+ signals and mEPSPs produced by the same vesicle of neurotransmitter. This approach matches the two events correctly. Our data suggests that in most cases, there is a correlation between Ca 2+ signal amplitudes and mEPSP amplitudes in unstimulated preparations. This will allow us to use GCaMP imaging to study postsynaptic potentiation at these synapses. We also found no correlation in unstimulated preparations that would suggest a possible function of the muscle subsynaptic reticulum in filtering synaptic current.


The transcription factor RUNX1 and its binding partner CBFβ form a heterodimer whose activity is essential for normal blood cell development. A subset of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) are marked by chromosomal abnormalities such as inversions and translocations affecting RUNX1 or CBFβ, leading to malignant hematopoiesis. For example, an inversion of chromosome 16 is seen in patients with the M4Eo subtype of AML and leads to the expression of the fusion protein CBFβ-SMMHC. This fusion protein acts as a driver of leukemogenesis but there are still many unanswered mechanistic questions about the leukemogenic process as well as the molecular activity of the fusion protein. The conditional knock-in mouse model (Kuo et. al, 2006; PMID: 16413472) allows us to study the earliest molecular events in leukemogenesis, since it takes 3-4 months to develop leukemia after the expression of CBFβ-SMMHC is induced in the adult mice. Previous work indicated that CBFβ-SMMHC expression leads to the formation of pre-leukemic hematopoietic cell populations in the bone marrow. In this study, we have utilized single cell RNA-sequencing to profile dynamic changes of hematopoietic cell populations based on gene expression analysis in individual cells, in order to understand the function of the CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein in hematopoietic cells and leukemogenesis.
 Flow cytometry was used to enrich for Cd117+ (c-Kit+) stem and progenitor cells from the total bone marrow of a) wild-type mice (n=2) b) pre-leukemic CBFβ-SMMHC expressing mice (n=2), and c) leukemic CBFβ-SMMHC expressing mice (n=2). The 10X Genomics Chromium platform was utilized to capture individual cells in droplets, with each cell and its transcripts uniquely tagged at the time of isolation. Prepared cDNA libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 500. After post-sequence alignment and QC, expression matrices were imported into Seurat (Butler et. al, 2018; PMID: 29608179) for further analysis. In total, cDNAs from more than 14,000 cells were sequenced, each expressing between 1500-4000 genes. This high dimensional data was reduced using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), a process that "clusters" the cells that are the most related to one another based on their transcriptional profile (See figure). Cluster identities can then be assigned based on canonical markers expressed within each cluster.
 In wild-type mice, tSNE clustering revealed at least 14 unique cell identities among the c-Kit+ cells comprising stem cells, multipotent progenitors, and cells of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid lineages. Similar heterogeneity was observed for the c-Kit+ cells from CBFβ-SMMHC expressing mice that were pre-leukemic. The c-Kit+ cells from leukemic CBFβ-SMMHC expressing mice were more homogeneous, indicating a dominant leukemia clone. In the two pre-leukemic mice examined, a small cluster of c-Kit+ cells express some markers of megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEP), but express numerous other genes that classify them as "abnormal", a leukemogenic cell type that has been reported previously as abnormal myeloid progenitors (AMPs, Kuo et. al, 2006; PMID: 16413472). We have identified novel markers of this population, which expands as leukemia progresses. Interestingly, the top canonical pathway identified from markers in this AMP population is heme biosynthesis. In humans, upregulated heme biosynthesis has recently been reported in aggressive pediatric AMLs which overexpress MYCN (Fukuda et. al, 2017; PMID: 28768907). In the sequencing data from our mouse model, however, we see no alteration in Mycn, potentially suggesting an alternative driver of heme biosynthesis in inv[16] leukemogenesis.
 Lastly, we noted numerous other alterations when comparing the data from wild-type to pre-leukemic c-Kit+ cells, both in the number of cells occupying a cluster (cell type) as well as gene expression differences within a cell type. These data truly underscore the large impact CBFβ-SMMHC has on the hematopoietic landscape and, because these data were obtained on the single cell level, we will be able to examine the gene expression alterations the fusion protein drives in specific cell subtypes.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The quantum Hall effect (QHE) is a topologically protected phenomenon which has been observed in various systems. In experiments, the size of Hall bar device to realize the QHE is generally much larger than the phase coherence length, in which the quantum coherence of electrons is destroyed. Here, we theoretically study the influence of dephasing effect on the quantized Hall (QH) plateaus. We find that the QH plateaus disappear in perfectly quantum coherent systems if the coupling between leads and central region is imperfect. The Hall resistance is very large and strongly oscillates instead of presenting the QH plateaus in this case. However, by introducing the dephasing, Hall resistance decreases and the QH plateaus appear gradually. Similar results can also be observed for the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Our results propose that dephasing effect promotes the appearance of QH plateaus, which opens a new topic of the dephasing effect on topological systems.


This paper addresses improvement of automatic transcription of speech distorted already during recording or by consequent processing. We focus on distortions that cannot be represented by most often used models, that is, as an additive noise or a linear convolutive channel distortion. We consider a) signals distorted through overgained microphone preamplifier and b) recordings exhibiting unnatural spectral sparseness, caused by application of excessive denoising or low-bit-rate compression. We demonstrate that these distortions deteriorate ASR accuracy significantly. To compensate, we propose to employ a combination of two general robust speech recognition techniques: a front-end feature normalization method and a channel/speaker adaptation technique. We present a significant improvement of transcription accuracy in the case of lectures distorted during recording, compressed broadcast data and utterances recorded with an inappropriately applied denoising.


In many applications of kernel method, such as support vector machine (SVM), the performance greatly depends on the choice of kernel. It is not always clear what is the most suitable kernel for one specified task. Multiple kernel learning (MKL) allows to optimize over linear combinations of kernels. A two-step approach, which alternately optimizes the standard SVM and kernel weights, is proposed to solve the non-convex MKL problem. The generalized convexity of MKL is studied which guarantees the strong duality of the corresponding optimization problem. A further contribution is the utilization of a computationally efficient inexact-projection-based method to optimize the standard SVM. In addition, a nonmonotone gradient method is proposed to optimize the kernel weights and the Hessian matrix is approximated with a variation of Limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) approach. The global convergence of the proposed two-step approach is analyzed. The utility of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by empirical study with several datasets, and its performance is compared with state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and scalability. The results show that the proposed method performs as well as existing methods in accuracy, but takes much less time to converge to the stationary point.


Objective: To determine the risk profile of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods: This is an observational cross sectional study involving 130 patients for which data was collected prospectively.. Sixty five subjects with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 120 ml/min/1.73 m2 were recruited via random sampling technique from nephrology clinic in a tertiary nephrology referral center. Medical history, demographic data, urinary and serum biochemistry tests were obtained. Results: Most of the CKD patients who were referred to the nephrology clinic were asymptomatic. The most common laboratory abnormalities noted among CKD patients were proteinuria, anaemia and hyperkalaemia. Advancing age, pre-existing morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and overweight are characteristics that are strongly associated with the referred CKD patients. Conclusions: Most of the referred CKD patients are in advanced age with diabetes, hypertension and overweight. Majority of the CKD remained asymptomatic despite in the advance stage of CKD. This strongly calls for cost effective screening for population at risk.


Industrial activities of mankind are feared to damage the environment irretrievably. Especially the release of huge amounts of harmful gases causes concern. In this regard the environmental pollution caused by the one billion motor vehicles on earth is particularly important. The platinum-group metals (PGM) are well known for their catalytic activity. They are used extensively for reducing the amounts of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from the exhausts gas emitted by automobiles. In 2012 20% of platinum and 27% of palladium produced were used in the manufacture of catalytic converters. With the increasing use of PGM-containing autocatalysts, the reclaiming of PGMs from spent catalysts has become essential. Particularly attractive hydrometallurgical methods are those based on the use of halide ions e.g. sodium chloride, as complexing agent in conjunction with nitric acid as oxidant. The chemical reactions between mixtures of aluminium chloride and nitric acid have been studied, but the electrochemical reactions have received little attention. The research reported in this dissertation is aimed at providing data relating to the electrochemical behaviour of platinum in mixtures of aluminium chloride and nitric acid. The construction of Pourbaix diagrams of platinum in chloride environments confirmed that the stable chloro-complexes [PtCl4] and PtCl6], as well as platinum oxides (PtO and PtO2) could play a role under the experimental conditions employed in this study. From the thermodynamic results it can be concluded that the systems deserving consideration favour high chloride concentrations and high temperatures. Notable anodic reactions found were the adsorption of chloride on the platinum surface and the gradual formation of [PtCl6], followed by the formation of platinum oxides at 1.00 to 1.01 V. The results show that anodic currents diminished with lower chloride concentrations. A seemingly anomalous anodic behaviour at 35 °C and 45 °C could be explained in terms of a competition between platinum oxide formation and the formation of platinum chloro-complexes. Evidence for the following cathodic reduction reactions was found: hydrogen evolution, reduction of dissolved oxygen to hydrogen dioxide (-1.3 V SHE), nitrate ion reduction to nitrite ions (-0.01 V SHE), nitrite ion reduction to nitric oxide (-0.85 V SHE) and reduction of PtO and PtO2 to Pt (at -1.00 V and 1.01 V SHE, respectively).


There is too much theology in this study to present more than a minimum treatment in a brief review. Of special mention are: (i) the author's endeavor to demonstrate precisely how both Lutheran and Reformed theologians were intent, in different ways and with differing degrees of success, on maintaining the unity of the Person of Christ and the reality of the natures there hypostatically united. Both affirmed that the Incarnation did not require that the Eternal "Word cease to govern the universe. Yet the Lutherans insisted that the majesty of Christ's humanity exalted it, by virtue of the communicatio idiomatum, to governing the universe in union with the divine nature, while the Calvinists resorted to a more traditional provision for the Word's governance of the universe after the Incarnation: the doctrine that the Incarnate Lord never ceased to have his existence etiam extra carnem (p. 25); (2) following Oberman's research, Willis notes that Scripture for Calvin is not opposed to tradition but the former must be expounded and tested in the life of the congregation of the faithful (p. 119); and (3) Calvin's doctrine of double justification is appraised as being in conformity with such reforming Roman Catholic theologians as Gasparo Contarini and Girolamo Seripando (p. 139).


A review of the antiferromagnetic exchange and spin-fluctuation pairing theory in the cuprate superconductors is given. We briefly discuss a phenomenological approach and a theory in the limit of weak Coulomb correlations. A microscopic theory in the strong correlation limit is presented in more detail. In particular, results of our recently developed theory for the effective p‐d Hubbard model and the reduced t‐J model are given. We have proved that retardation effects for the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction are unimportant, which results in pairing of all the charge carriers in the conduction band and a high Tc proportional to the Fermi energy. The spin-fluctuation interaction caused by kinematic interaction gives an additional contribution to the d-wave pairing. The dependence of Tc on the hole concentration and lattice constant (or pressure) and an oxygen isotope shift are discussed.


Objective:This study is to investigate the effect of the paraoxonase-1(PON-1)in type2diaˉbetes mellitus complicated by coronary artery disease.Methods:PON-1Q/R polymorphism was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).Serum PON-1activˉity was determined using paraoxon as substrate by measuring the increase rate in the absorbance at405nm due to formation of4-nitrophenol.Results:(1)As to the distribution of the PON-1Q/R polymorphism,there was no significant difference among the four groups(χ 2 =4.95and5.27,P0.05).(2)Serum PON-1acˉtivity in the three patient groups was significantly lower compared to that in the control group(P0.05).Serum PON-1activity in T2DM complicated by CAD group was also significantly lower than that in both the T2DM and CAD groups.(3)Hypertension and low serum PON-1activity were the independent risk factors of T2DM complicated by CAD.Conclusions:The present study suggests that:(1)There was no significant corˉrelation between PON-1Q/R polymorphism and T2DM complicated by CAD.(2)Hypertension and low serum PON-1activity were the independent risk factors of T2DM complicated by CAD.Therefore,the measures that can increase serum PON-1activity are useful to prevent the great vessels complications of T2DM.


The above paper contains a misleading calculation of the mean of the output of a logarithmic detector whose input is a sine wave plus Gaussian noise. In this correspondence the nature of the inaccuracy is described, an exact expression for the mean is derived, and asymptotic expressions for the cases of low signal-to-noise and high signal-to-noise are obtained and compared to the previous result.


Readers will find a change in the table of contents beginning in this issue. In some regards, ADC is returning to a more traditional layout of articles. Up until now, the organisation of articles was based on the work venue (community vs acute/hospital). From hereon, the content will be organised by type of work—original research, perspectives, leading and review articles, and so on. This structure will prevail in the table of contents on the website and online, and in the print issues of ADC and ADC Fetal and Neonatal edition.

Why the change? After much discussion, the associate and section editors …


The joint Viterbi detector decoder (JVDD) was recently proposed as an alternative to iterative detector/decoder systems (also known as turbo equalizers) used in communication applications today. Despite being conditionally optimal over coded additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)/inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels, the JVDD suffers from an exponential growth in the number of survivors when used with existing codes such as random low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. This paper proposes a class of JVDD codes designed for the JVDD which mitigate this undesirable trait. This class of codes consists of 4 code designs - 1) fixed row weight, 2) fixed column weight, 3) proportionate row weight and 4) proportionate column weight. While the proposed JVDD codes do effectively bring about a reduction in complexity and enhance the performance of the JVDD, the design parameters of these codes require optimization. In this paper, a design of experiment (DOE) technique that employs the response surface methodology (RSM) is used as a tool to optimize the parameters of each of the proposed codes.


Optimized geometries, total energies and electronic structures of some gaseous atoms and molecules of uranium-oxygen system are calculated with harmonic vibration analysis using ab initio method. The potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the uranium oxidation process are also constructed. The calculated optimized geometries, infrared vibrational frequencies and the first ionized potential energies are in well accordance with available experimental data. Although U6p, U7s and U6d valence orbital electrons take part in the formation of U-O bond, the U5f electrons play an dominant role in this process and because the energies of U5f, U6d, U7s and Uds atomic orbitals are close to each other, these orbitals may hybrid and interact with O2p orbital, simultaneously, to form molecular orbitals of uranium oxides. The PESs show that different reaction modes result in different product geometries.


Abstract Attenuated total reflection (ATR) properties have been investigated for azobenzene LB films adsorbing cyanine dyes on aluminum thin films. The ATR properties changed as the LB films were annealed. From the ATR properties, the complex dielectric constants were calculated as a uniaxial anisotropic dielectrics. It was thought that the ATR properties and the dielectric constants were caused by the dispersion properties due to the absorption bands.


We prove that for any euclidean ring R and n ≥ 6, Γ = SL n (R) has no unbounded quasi-homomorphisms. By Bavard's duality theorem, this means that the stable commutator length vanishes on Γ. The result is particularly interesting for R = F[x] for a certain field F (such as ℂ), because in this case the commutator length on Γ is known to be unbounded. This answers a question of M. Abert and N. Monod for n ≥ 6.


In this article,it not only discussed systematically the developments of theroies and methods on conservation but also things about MAS conservation and a method to conserve the livestock rescources at present and in future in china was got by combining the conservation method based on population genetics and the assistant conservation of molecular genetic markers based on molecular genetiscs.


165 Background: In order to optimize molecular screening in advanced prostate cancer patients, we implemented a prospective molecular triage trial PETRUS (NCT01786031), based on molecular characterization of fresh tumor biopsies and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with mCRPC. The primary objective was to investigate the feasibility of prospectively performing molecular profiling of CRPC patients. Methods: A tumor biopsy from a metastatic and tumor primary site, along with blood samples specimen were collected from patients, and both frozen and FFPE samples were obtained. CTCs were detected using two methods, CellSearch and filtration (ISET, isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor cells) combined to four-color immunofluorescent staining. Results: From December 2012 and March 2014, 51 CRPC patients with metastases accessible for biospy were included in 5 centres in France. Tumor biospy were successful (≥ 50% tumor cells) in 36/51 pts (72%). CTCs with different phenotypes were detected by CellSearch...


In designing fixed offshore platforms located in regions of severe wave conditions, the potential resonant response of the hull structure due to wave loads must be checked. Since the natural frequency of vibration of the hull structure is typically much higher than the dominant design wave frequency, conventional wave load analysis based on linear wave theory does not show dynamic amplification. However, it is known that steep waves are nonlinear and may contain significant energy at higher harmonics of the fundamental frequency. When the forcing frequency of the higher-harmonic wave load is close to the natural frequency of the structural vibration, a resonance i.e. ringing will occur and the structural dynamic response will be significantly amplified.This paper describes an analysis procedure to estimate high-frequency dynamic load on a Gravity Based Structure (GBS) exposed to severe sea states using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and modal analysis. To fill the statistical gap between the extreme values from short-duration CFD-modal analysis and that from 3-hour design sea states, an approximation method has been developed to estimate the global dynamic load from the measured quasi-static load in earlier model test and to obtain a calibration factor for the CFD-modal analysis results.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


The access channel and basin features described in this chapter include the following: (1) location; (2) alignment; (3) length; (4) width; (5) side slope; (6) water depth; (7) dredging; and (8) aids to navigation. The chapter assumes that a number of alternative port locations have been chosen and cargo throughput forecasts have been made for them. It is also assumed that the numbers of ship arrivals in each major category per annum (or per season) have been estimated. Some of the features listed above clearly influence each other. For example, location, width and alignment affect both capital and maintenance dredging requirements, while width and depth are related through their effects on the navigability of ships moving along the channel.


We present an x-ray scattering study of the oxidation of AIN/sapphire films into λ-A1 2 O 3 upon annealing. Epitaxial AIN/Sapphire(0001) transforms into nano-crystalline epitaxial λ-A1 2 O 3 during annealing at temperatures above 800°C in air. The crystalline orientational relation between the λ-Al 2 O 3 and AIN are // in the film normal direction, and 1 0 > // 2 0 > in the film plane direction. The domain size of the spinel λ-A1 2 0 3 crystalline is smaller than 50 A in both out-of-plane and in-plane directions. The XPS depth profiles of the oxide film showed that the film is composed of aluminum and oxygen, and the atomic concentration ratio is about 2:3.


Experiments are described in which the picosecond ultrasonic technique is used to study the effects of dispersion and elastic nonlinearity on the shape of longitudinal acoustic pulses propagating in crystalline solids. In these experiments, a subpicosecond light pulse (pump pulse) is used to generate an acoustic pulse at one surface of the sample. After propagation through the sample, the shape of this acoustic pulse is modified. When the amplitude of the pump pulse is sufficiently low, nonlinear effects can be neglected and a measurement of the acoustic pulse shape can be used to determine the phonon dispersion. This measured phonon dispersion is compared with various lattice dynamical models. When the pump pulse intensity is high, the nonlinear effects become strong enough to balance the dispersion, and acoustic solitons emerge from the original acoustic pulse. Measurements of the characteristics of these solitons are in agreement with the results of computer simulations based on the Korteweg‐de Vries e...


In this work, we used the constituted carrier wave (CCW) which we developed in a previous study to determine the dynamics of energy attenuation in HIV/AIDS patients. The CCW is the superposition of two incoherent waves, the 'parasitic wave' and the 'host wave' and it describes the coexistence of the parasite HIV and the human system which of course is now the host. We also used Fourier transform technique to determine quantitatively the spectrum of energy attenuationconveyed by the CCW. It is established in this study, that the reduced velocity of the CCW causes a delay in the energy transfer mechanism which eventually leads to starvation and weakening of the initial strength of the active cells that make up the human biological system. It is shown that in the absence of specific treatment, the HIV infection degenerates to acquire immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after about92 months (8 years) and this is indicated by the reduced frequency of the energy spectrum. The energy of the CCW which now describes the new biological system of Man after infection with HIVfinally goes to zero - a phenomenon called death, when the multiplier approaches the critical value of 13070 and the time it takes to attain this value is about 126 months (10 years). Keywords : Energy attenuation, 'host wave', 'parasitic wave', CCW, HIV/AIDS, 'third world approximation'.


This paper is concerned with the fundamental limit on the identification of discrete-time SISO (Single Input Single Output) system, where the diagonal canonical form of the system is inferred from a finite number of input/output sample trajectories. Through the analysis of the Fisher information matrix used in Cramér-Rao bound, we show that the sample complexity of the identification problem using any unbiased estimator explodes superpolynomially with respect to system dimension in the average sense, assuming that the eigenvalues of the system matrix are uniformly distributed. Furthermore, we extend our result to the widely applied Ho-Kalman algorithm and prove that the algorithm is ill-conditioned for high dimensional SISO systems. Numerical results further demonstrate the conclusion of this paper.


Base catalyzed condensation of 1 with 2 gives compound 3 [1-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(1-phenyl-3-aryl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-propen-1-one]. On oxidative cyclization with DMSO-CuCl 2 3 gives 2-(1-phenyl-3-aryl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-chloro-6-fluorochromones 4. On cyclization with DMSO-I 2 , 3 gives 2-(1-phenyl-3-aryl-lH-pyrazol-4-yl)- 6-fluorochromones 5. When 3 is heated with hydrazine in dioxane gives 6 [5-(1-phenyl-3-aryl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazolines. The products 3, 4, 5 and 6 are characterized by spectral and elemental analysis. Compounds 3, 4 and 6 are tested for their antimicrobial activities.


The invention provides an LED constant current drive and photovoltaic module MPPT integrally controlled street lamp system, which adopts a bidirectional DC/DC converting circuit to substitute the traditional solar charge control circuit and an LED constant current drive circuit. The DC/DC converting circuit is used for forward direction energy control in the daytime, so as to perform MPPT charge management for a storage battery, and is used for reverse direction energy control at night, so as to drive the LED lamp with constant current. The LED constant current drive and photovoltaic module MPPT integrally controlled street lamp system utilizes one hardware circuit to realize two functions, thereby reducing the cost and the size of the controller.


A drop impingement on a hot surface is known as an effective way for heat removal. The present work uses a VOF (volume of fluid) model to simulate the flow behavior and temperature distribution on a 50 °C heated plate while relatively cold water drop is impinging. The temperature distribution at the impingement zone is used to examine the transient heat transfer coefficients using a single drop and double drops conditions. The spreading factor is tested in both cases. A test rig is built to verify the temperature distribution and a heat balance method is introduced to find the experimental heat coefficients on the heated. The CFD solution and its flow results gives a good agreement for single drop previous results. The results for the double drop condition show a high tendency for rebound and splash of the drop leaving the central zone without water drop coverage which way causes a burn out in case of high heat fluxes. The single drop condition show a symmetrical temperature and heat transfer coefficients distribution while the double drop impingement gives lower value of coefficients with non-uniform and unsymmetrical distribution specially at the bigger drop to plate distances. The experimental average heat coefficients gives relatively low error of only 5% in case of double drop when compared to the single drop values.


Materials and Methods: 32 male Wistar rats, approximately eight weeks old, with a weight range of 200±10 grams, were prepared and kept for one week under standard conditions of light, temperature, and humidity. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 series: healthy control group, aerobic training group, nanocurcumin group and aerobic training + nanocurcumin group. The training protocol was for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, in the first week, 20 minutes of activity with a speed of 18 meters per minute, and finally in the 4th week, it reached 35 minutes of activity with a speed of 20 meters per minute. Nanocurcumin supplement was also used for each animal at 80 mg / kilogram of body weight. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used at the significance level (P<0.05).


In this paper, we propose an algorithm which computes the energy-efficient P2MP-path for MiDORi network rapidly. By computer simulation, proposed algorithm can calculate within 3 seconds and reduce 30kW in large scale network.


Liquid low-level waste (LLLW) is generated by various programs and projects throughout Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). These wastes are collected in underground collection tanks, bottles, and trucks; they are then neutralized with sodium hydroxide and treated for volume reduction at the ORNL evaporator facility. This report presents historical and projected data concerning the volume and characterization of LLLW, prior to and after evaporation. Storage space for projected waste generation is also discussed.


The title salt comprises di-isobutylammonium cations and centrosymmetric tetrachlorobis-(3-trifuoromethylphenyl)stannate(IV) anions, which are connected in the crystal by N—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯F interactions.


Additive manufacturing has introduced a great step in the manufacturing process of consumer goods. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and in particular 3D printers for home desktop applications are employed in the construction of prototypes, models and in general in non-structural objects. The aim of this new work is to characterize this process in order to apply this technology in the construction of aeronautical structural parts when stresses are not excessive. An example is the construction of the PoliDrone UAV, a multicopter patented, designed and realized by researchers at Politecnico di Torino. For this purpose, a statistical characterization of the mechanical properties of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) specimens in compression tests is proposed in analogy with the past authors' work about the tensile characterization of ABS specimens. A desktop 3D printer, including ABS filaments as the material, has been employed. ASTM 625 has been considered as the reference normative. A capability analysis has also been used as a reference method to evaluate the boundaries of acceptance for both mechanical and dimensional performances. The statistical characterization and the capability analysis are here proposed in an extensive form in order to validate a general method that will be used for further tests in a wider context.


Energy efficiency is becoming increasingly important for small form factor mobile devices, as battery technology has not kept up with the growing requirements stemming from ubiquitous multimedia applications. This paper addresses link adaptive transmission for maximizing energy efficiency, as measured by the "throughput per Joule" metric. In contrast to the existing water-filling power allocation schemes that maximize throughput subject to a fixed overall transmit power constraint, our scheme maximizes energy efficiency by adapting both overall transmit power and its allocation, according to the channel states and the circuit power consumed. We demonstrate the existence of a unique globally optimal link adaptation solution and develop iterative algorithms to obtain it. We further consider the special case of flat-fading channels to develop an upper bound on energy efficiency and to characterize its variation with bandwidth, channel gain and circuit power. Our results for OFDM systems demonstrate improved energy savings with energy optimal link adaptation as well as illustrate the fundamental tradeoff between energy-efficient and spectrum-efficient transmission.


An extensive suite of hydrothermally altered basalts, gabbros, and plagiogranites was recovered from the trench-facing slope of the Tonga forearc. The tectonic setting, lithology, and geochemistry of these samples make them a unique collection for comparison with suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolites. Petrography, mineral chemistry, and geothermometry are used to constrain the metamorphic evolution of ocean crust formed in a modern SSZ setting. Seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids first penetrated the lower crust along grain boundaries and microscopic fracture networks at temperatures >800°C. As the plutonic sequence cooled, amphibole progressively replaced the mafic phases, followed by chlorite and epidote below ∼550°C. Basalts record peak alteration temperatures up to 773°C; however, most were altered at lower temperatures typical of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanic sequences [Kelman, 1998]. Epidosites formed by pervasive alteration of basalt and plagiogranite at greenschist facies conditions and at high water-rock ratios. Pervasively altered gabbros and basalts display evidence of late cataclastic deformation and/or contain veins that is likely related to a later tectonic event such as trench rollback. The range of alteration temperatures and mineral assemblages in basalts and gabbros are similar to those described from both SSZ ophiolites and MORs. However, the degree of alteration in basalts and the presence of epidosites in the Tonga collection are most similar to alteration characteristics in SSZ ophiolites. The initiation of high-temperature brittle deformation in the absence of ductile deformation suggests that the Tonga forearc crust was constructed in a magma-rich environment, similar to fast spreading MORs.


Second generation C-B NGA ground motion attenuation relationship of Campbell and Bozorgnia was used to count PGA predicted value,the mean value μ and random error σ of predicted and observed values were analyzed in different scales of PGA. The error distribution characteristics of PGA attenuation relationship were found. A new segmented uncertainty correction method was used to analyze the difference between this method and the classic method in three different earthquake risk site example analysis.


Being teaching media and the main source of the target language input,teacher talk plays an important role in foreign language teaching.In order to improve English teaching by creating a good learning atmosphere,it is necessary to enhance the quality of teacher talk.


We design the project to link influenza and leukocytes. In our research project one hundred people included. The subjects belonged to university. It was University from Pakistan Bahauddin Zakariya. The students were of age 21 to 25. There was a link between influenza and urine leukocytes.


PURPOSE:To study the value of orthodontic extraction for impacted lower third molar compressing the inferior alveolar nerve.METHODS:Twenty patients with impacted lower third molar which compressed or close to the inferior alveolar nerve diagnosed by panoramic and CT scan were included in the study.Orthodontic extraction was used first for 3 to 10 weeks.After the root apex was away from the inferior alveolar nerve,the impacted lower third molar was then removed.RESULTS:All 20 patients had their teeth removed without numb of the lower lip and minimal postoperative reaction.CONCLUSION:Application of orthodontic extraction for impacted lower third molar compressing the inferior alveolar nerve can avoid complications like postoperative lower lip numbness and mandibular fracture.It can also make the tooth extraction easier and faster.


A previously healthy 18-year-old male was admitted with acute abdominal pain and bilateral lower extremity paresis. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed a total occlusion of the abdominal aorta including the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, both renal arteries, and the left common iliac artery (Fig. 1A, B). Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated two left atrial masses, one of which was attached to the leaflet of the mitral valve and which C. Ma and B. Tutkun contributed equally to this article.


The effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) on adiposity index, serum levels of liver enzymes, lipid profile, blood glucose, leptin and insulin hormones and renal antioxidant capacity in obese diabetic rats were investigated. Forty five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups. Group (1) was fed on basal diet (negative control), while the other 4 groups were fed on high fat-diet for 6 weeks to induce obesity. The obese rats were then rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (120 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Thereafter, group (2) obese diabetic was kept as positive control and the other 3 groups were orally given RGE at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected for separating the serum which used for biochemical analyses. Kidneys were taken to assay the activity of tissue antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that oral administration of RGE significantly (P < 0.05) reduced adiposity index; decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma- glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoproteins and improved atherogenic index in obese diabetic rats. Blood glucose and leptin hormone decreased, but insulin increased by administration of RGE. It also increased activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase antioxidant enzymes in kidneys of obese diabetic rats. These results point to the potential possibility of use of red ginseng plant for the treatment of obese diabetic patients.


Knowledge of how travelers respond to spikes in gas prices is key to planning for future instabilities in gas prices and offers insight into possible pricing strategies as mechanisms for reducing vehicle travel or improving efficiency of fuel use. A survey of over 500 residents in Austin, Texas capitalized on a severe spike in gas prices that transpired in September of 2005. This work examines how respondents' travel behavior changed during and following the spike. The paper describes the findings using basic descriptive statistics and uses ordered probit and binary logit models to determine which factors are responsible for behavioral changes in response to gas price spikes. Respondents indicated a strong tendency to reduce overall driving and/or chain together activities in more efficient tours as a way of coping with high prices, and nearly every gas-saving behavior questioned exhibited a significant percentage of persons reporting an increase. The results suggest that urban form, more than demographics, dictates the behavioral responses adopted by individual respondents. Finally, in the wake of the spike, respondents suggested many reasons for the price shifts and voiced support for policy measures that would encourage more efficient fuel use.


OF THESIS submitted by: Alexandra IBRAGIMOVA for the degree of Master of Science and entitled: Private sector participation in the waste management scheme of the Krasnoyarsk region, Russian Federation Month and Year of submission: July, 2011. This research covers the socio-economic factors and policy gaps of the Russian Federation policy on regional level, with Krasnoyarsk region as a case study. The goal of this research is to contribute to the currently existed waste management system improvement in the Russian Federation. Public-Private Participation (PPP) is considered to be an important tool for implementation of the socially important projects, including those in waste management. It was discovered during the research that there are some significant drawbacks of the currently established waste management system, which could discourage business to participate in the waste minimization scheme through public-private collaboration. The main factors that could be a reason of low effectiveness of the Russian waste management system are as follow: absence of the comprehensive legislative and intuitional framework for solid waste management recycling; low priority of waste management sphere in finance policy on both national and regional levels; limited use of economic instruments for private sector support; weak controlling and enforcement mechanisms for environmental policy implementation and compliance; lack of environmental awareness amongst the population is also considered to have significant influence on business sector participation; low level of information exchange between all groups of stakeholders and absence of reliable information. All these factors can discourage private sector to participate in the PPPs project implementation on waste-related issues, planned by the Government of the Krasnoyarsk region. As policy implementation is insured mostly by regional government the main effort should be put on improvement of enforcement mechanisms with simultaneous change of national policy toward the encouragement of more sustainable practices.


The technology of the fuel cell electric vehicle(FCEV) is a new and high technology that is being studied in the world.In this paper,the constructions and working principles of the power system and the fuel cell system in fuel cell electric vehicles are introduced first.Then the key technologies for development and industrialization of fuel cell electric vehicles are studied,which are concerned with the design of the body and chassis,the fuel cell system,the electromotor driving system,the electronic controlling system,and optimization of the whole vehicle,and corresponding technology routes and measures are put forward.


In previous works, Bohemian matrices have attracted the attention of several researchers for their rich combinatorial structure, and they have been studied intensively from several points of view, including height, determinants, characteristic polynomials, normality, and stability. Here we consider a selected number of examples of upper Hessenberg and Toeplitz Bohemian matrix sequences whose entries belong to the population P = {0,±1}, and we propose a connection with the spectral theory of Toeplitz matrix sequences and Generalized Locally Toeplitz (GLT) matrix sequences in order to give results on the localization and asymptotical distribution of their spectra and singular values. Numerical experiments that support the mathematical study are reported. A conclusion section ends the note in order to illustrate the applicability of the proposed tools to more general cases.


UNLABELLED
RESIDENCY PROGRAM: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK.

ANSWER
In patients with suspected OSA, it is reasonable to use PMs if the patient has a high pretest probability (based on an Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) ≥10 and clinical symptoms*) without significant co-morbid heart disease or other sleep disorders and he/she is able to prove competency in setting up the home equipment properly without assistance. However, if the patient has a negative PM, it is standard to perform PSG as it appears approximately 20% will have a false negative PM. (*Clinical symptoms include snoring, witnessed apneas, obesity, pulmonary hypertension, refractory hypertension, morning headaches, increased neck circumference-->17 inches in men, >16 inches in women--daytime sleepiness.) LEVEL OF EVIDENCE FOR THE ANSWER: A. SEARCH TERMS: obstructive sleep apnea, polysomnography, portable home monitors, efficacy.

INCLUSION CRITERIA
polysomnography, ambulatory, adults, humans. ESCLUSION CRITERIA: children.


In fighting against forest fires, it is crucial for the ground-based firefighting team to reach a fire area in critical response time in which the chance of controlling the fires is significantly high. Road networks are the key infrastructures that provide access to the forest areas for the protection of forest resources. In order to benefit from this important function of roads, especially in forested areas with high natural forest fire risk, they should be built in with adequate technical road standards since the low standards limit the fire truck speed that increases the arrival time of the firefighting team to the fire areas. Most of the forest roads in Turkey are Type-B secondary forest roads with low technical road standards (road width, curve radius, surface materials) that limit the speed of fire trucks. This paper aimed to evaluate the potential contribution of improving the standards of Type-B secondary forest roads in terms of increasing accessible forested areas in critical response time in the case of forest fire occurrence. The study area was Kahramanmaras Forestry Enterprise Directorate (FED), where forests are sensitive to forest fires at the first degree. In the solution process, firstly, accessible forest areas by the firefighting teams (six teams) located in the study area according to the critical response time were determined by considering the existing road network in the study area. In the second scenario, the possible increase in the accessible forest areas with improved forest road standards and increased travel speed in forest roads was investigated. The results indicated that the areas that can be reached promptly by the firefighting teams in critical response time were 21% and 44% for considering existing roads and improved roads in the whole study area. On the other hand, the accessible forested areas in critical response time increased from 17% to 36% when standards of the forest roads were improved. It is indicated that improving road standards has a significant value to contribute the efficiency of firefighting activities if the practitioners implemented presented methodology.


Fly ash zeolites (FAZ) are promising materials for adsorbents, ion-exchangers and catalysts. FAZ usually possess a mixed micro-mesoporous structure that facilitates mass transport phenomena through their framework. Due to the transfer of iron spinel oxides and many metal species from the raw material, their catalytic and adsorption ability can be improved further by modifying them with metal oxide nanoparticles. In the present study, copper- (Cu-FAZ) and cobalt-modified (Co-FAZ) FAZ were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation technique, the loading of 6 wt. % copper or cobalt in the zeolite framework was achieved. Cu-FAZ and Co-FAZ were investigated by X-ray diffraction to clarify the state of Cu and Co into the FAZ matrix, while surface studies by nitrogen adsorption/desorption technique were carried out to trace the effect of modification on the FAZ surface characteristics. Modified and parent FAZ were investigated as adsorbents and catalyst for decontamination of water and gases from organic pollutants. The simultaneous presence of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cu2+/Fe3+ or Co2+/Fe3+ species in the modified FAZ stipulates easier oxygen release essential for organic degradation. The favorable combination of morphological and compositional peculiarities of modified FAZ contributes to their effective organic removal performance.

Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the National Science Funds, Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria under contract DN 17/18 and under Grant DNTS Slovak Republic 01/6.


This post deadline contribution reports on telecommunication applications, constraints, limitations, and (dis)advantages of libers, with special focus on attenuation/amplification, chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, and fiber non-linearity. A guidance for future development is reported as well.


The development of Ziegler-Natta catalysts for propylene polymerization up to the high activity supported catalysts is reviewed.

Special attention is paid to the structure of the support.

By quenching the polymerization with radioactive carbon monoxide, the number of active centres and the propagation rate constant (Kp) have been determined for propylene polymerization in the presence of a highly active catalyst.

The higher activity of this catalyst in comparison with TiCl3 based catalysts appears to be mainly due to a higher number of active centres; however higher values of kp are also observed.


Thank you very much for downloading growth games for the creative manager. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this growth games for the creative manager, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some harmful bugs inside their laptop. growth games for the creative manager is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the growth games for the creative manager is universally compatible with any devices to read.


In the National Hockey League (NHL), there is a perception that high draft picks are the best way to build a competitive team. This paper empirically tests whether high draft picks are a good predictor of team success using an instrumental variable approach to measure the causal effect of high draft picks on a variety of measurements of team performance. The NHL Draft Lottery is used as a means of eliminating the endogeneity problem present in this analysis. I find that high draft picks have a strong positive effect on team success in the future, and provide an analysis about why this might be the case. These results indicate the existence of perverse incentives for team executives in the NHL, and offers different courses of action for the NHL to pursue in attempting to eliminate these negative incentives. Special Thanks: Thank you to Rob Gillezeau, without your guidance and positive energy, none of this would have been possible. To my fellow Honours students, thank you for always motivating me to be a better version of myself and supporting me throughout this past year. Zach Williams V00799513 ECON 499 2


In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Zn(C6H5COO)2(C12H12N2)]·C6H5COOH, the Zn atom is pentacoordinated in distorted square-pyramidal geometry by two O atoms of a benzoate anion and two N atoms of a 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand occupying the basal plane and an O atom of another benzoate anion located at the apical site. In the crystal structure, intermolecular O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π interactions are present.


One of the main contributions poststructuralism makes to education is its careful and detailed theorisation of the productivity of pedagogic interactions and relationships. In the sense that knowledge and identity are (re}produced in relationships of power in teaching-learning interaction, pedagogy is reconceptualised as curriculum. Although my teaching in mathematics education in the tertiary sector is
informed by poststructuralist notions of the human subject, an analysis of the discursive (pedagogic) practices reveals that they could be seen to reinforce traditional patterns of teacher authority and learner dependence that the novice teachers had previously experienced in school. Given the current emphasis in mathematics education on student initiated investigative learning processes and ownership of knowledge, the question arises as to how well ways-of-being a teacher and learner constituted in teacher education equip novice teachers for teaching mathematics in new times.


A gas turbine engine steam piston balance means has a pressure chamber and this pressure chamber a steam supply thereto in one form thereof, and means for applying a force in this wall. This pressure chamber is partially defined by a portion of the inner surface of the member, and this member is connected with a thrust bearing part and rotates, whereby the effect of a tractive force applied thereto within the thrust bearing surface.


Global climate change is becoming an alarming problem of the 21 st century, with global warming as the biggest challenge. Anthropogenic activities have added significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere ever since the Industrial Revolution. The agriculture sector is a significant source of GHG emission in many countries. Crop stubble burning or agricultural biomass burning is one of the highest contributors to this emission. In India, around 92 million tons of crop residue is burned every year, causing several negative impacts on the climate as well as on human health. Under the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon trading and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are the two robust processes to mitigate the GHG emissions for any country. In this study, we have assessed the overview of world's carbon market and analysed how much carbon credit India may have traded in the world carbon market, if emission from the crop residue burning was stopped in the Indian agricultural sector. Further we have fitted an econometric model to determine the effect of carbon trading on other stock market variable. Short Research Article


The relevance of the research topic is determined by the differences in the conditions of Russian border regions development depending on their type, as well as certain tourism features in these territories. The purpose of the study is to identify and justify differences in the tourist preferences of border regions residents. The subjects of this research are so called development corridorborder region, represented by the Kaliningrad region, and the peripheral resource region, represented by the Altai Krai. The choice of regions is defined by the high level of tourist industry development. While doing the research, the authors of the article used general research methodology, quantitative and qualitative assessment, methods of economic, statistical, comparative and factor analysis, statistical groupings, and sociological observation. A statistical analysis revealed and analytically justified the difference in the level of socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad region and the Altai Krai. Development corridors show significant advantages in foreign trade and the size of the gross regional product, which confirms the correctness of the considered approaches to the classification of border regions. A sociological survey of tourist preferences showed differences in the tourist orientation of young people that correlate with the typology of border regions, which may define the developed programs for the marketing promotion of tourist destinations considering the main barriers. * Corresponding author Valentin S. KORNEEVETS, Alexander G. REDKIN, Tomash STUDZIENIECKI, Natalia A. ZAITSEVA 570


The new system of access to the Bar that is about to be implemented in Spain requires a mandatory period of 6 to 12 months (30 ECTS credits) of in-job training for law students willing to sit in the Bar exam. The provisions in the relevant Law and regulations leave substantial freedom to universities and partner institutions (law firms, legal departments at companies and public bodies) to set their own training programs, on the basis of a lawyer to lawyer mentoring system. This paper suggests some ideas to develop and implement an effective system of training and supervision of trainee lawyers.


This paper estimates price and GDP/income elasticities of several energy goods in OECD countries over 1978 to 1999 by applying the one-step GMM estimation method suggested by Arellano and Bond (1991) to a panel data set. The energy demand is specified by a simple partial adjustment model. We find that compared to conventional OLS and Within estimator, the one-step GMM estimator gives more intuitive results in terms of sign and magnitude. The results show that for electricity, natural gas and gas oil demand, price elasticities are in general larger (in absolute value) while GDP/income elasticities are lower in the residential sector than in the industrial sector. This paper yields lower values for price elasticities compared to the results from earlier studies. The long-run GDP/income elasticities found in this paper, however, are quite similar to those found in earlier studies, and are around unity in general.


The phenomenon of work migration and of the entry of foreign workers into the local labor market is explained as a part of the development of a global capitalist economy that creates inequality between countries with surplus capital and countries with surplus working hands. It is also possible to see this as a gap between core countries and peripheral countries and the relationships of the dependence of the latter on the former. Another possible way to examine this is through the mechanisms of social and economic welfare that exist in these countries that absorb migrant workers and that create a comfortable social infrastructure for the absorption of migrant workers and family members who are interested in ensuring for themselves a better future. In the peripheral countries, there are excess labor forces, which in practice are used to fill gaps in manpower in the economies of the core countries. Lacking sources of income, whether due to shortages or war, many residents of peripheral countries are forced to migrate to developed countries, the majority of which have, to some degree or another, mechanisms of a welfare state and which have developed the demand for unskilled workers who do not hesitate to take on any job. While the Palestinian workers worked in the areas of Israel on a daily basis and returned to their place of residence, the massive absorption of the migrant workers from distant countries led to the formation of foreign communities in the large cities and the agricultural communities in Israel. The steadily increasing process of the friction between the citizens of the state and the migrant workers, alongside the steadily increasing competition for work places, increased the social disputes between the low classes and the migrant workers. The process of the reduction of the number of migrant workers was only partially successful following the continual infiltration of illegal foreign workers and the entry of asylum seekers from Africa. From the moment that the government made the decision to deport migrant workers, the rights of migrant workers worsened. The maltreatment of the migrant workers by their employers worsened because of the workers' constant fear of deportation. Simultaneously, the migrant workers found themselves suddenly stranded in a foreign country without any possibility of approaching the government authorities in cases of the violation of their basic rights.


Abstract High temperatures in summer or winter increased the total branch length, branch numbers, and the number of nodes on young apricot trees. High nutrition promoted an increase in branch length, branch and node numbers, and flower-bud initiation. These latter responses seemed to be largely due to the level of nitrogen. There was no difference in response to nitrate, ammonia, or urea nitrogen. Growth and reproduction of apricot trees are discussed in relation to nutrition, light intensity, temperature, and water availability.


To investigate atmospheric processing of direct urban and biomass burning emissions, I modified and deployed an oxidation flow reactor with submicron aerosol size and chemical composition measurements during FLAME-3, a biomass-burning study at USDA Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, MT, and CalNex, a field study investigating the nexus of air quality and climate change at a receptor site in the LA-Basin at Pasadena, CA. The reactor produces OH concentrations up to 4 orders of magnitude higher than in ambient air, achieving aging by OH reactions in less than 5 minutes that is equivalent to ~2 weeks in the atmosphere. The OH exposure (OHexp) was stepped every 20 min in both field studies. Results show the value of this approach as a tool for in-situ evaluation of changes in OA concentration and composition due to photochemical processing. In FLAME-3, the average OA enhancement factor was 1.42 ± 0.36 of the initial POA. Reactive VOCs, such as toluene, monoterpenes, and acetaldehyde, decreased with increased OHexp; however, formic acid, acetone, and some unidentified OVOCs increased after significant exposure. Net SOA formation in the photochemical reactor increased with OHexp, typically


A multimedia device having an encryption module (1), which prevents an encryption key from being exposed to the outside, is provided. The multimedia device includes; a key processing unit (310), which generates and manages an encryption key; and a data processing unit (320), which encrypts/decrypts content with the encryption key. Both the key processing unit and the data processing unit (310) are located in the encryption module (1). The encryption module (1) can generate an encryption key and encrypt content with the encryption key, independently of an external device, such as a CPU. In addition, the encryption module (1) encrypts the encryption key before transmitting the encryption key to the CPU to record the encryption key on a storage medium. Therefore, it is possible to protect the content and the encryption key from hacking threats by preventing the encryption key from being exposed to the outside of the encryption module.


The quantitative photochemistry of ({eta}{sup 5}-C{sub 5}H{sub 5})Fe(CO){sub 2}I in room-temperature solution involving the heterolytic cleavage of iodide to form ({eta}{sup 5}-C{sub 5}H{sub 5})Fe(CO){sub 2}({eta}{sup 1}-N-pyrrolyl) has been investigated following irradiation at several wavelengths in the 488--647 nm region. The most effective photoconversions were found to take place with excitation at long wavelengths (580--647 nm) into weak low-lying absorption bands; the absolute quantum efficiency for the photoreaction of ({eta}{sup 5}-C{sub 5}H{sub 5})Fe(CO){sub 2}I in room-temperature toluene has been determined to be 0.38 ({+-} 0.02) upon Kr{sup +} laser photolysis at 647 nm. The photochemical results are in accordance with recent assignments for the HOMO orbitals in ({eta}{sup 5}-C{sub 5}H{sub 5})Fe(CO){sub 2}I and demonstrate that long-wavelength irradiation provides a valuable way of effecting heterolytic Fe-I dissociation, facilitating a synthetic pathway to azaferrocene.


The paper introduces the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration and air pollution control technologies, as well as its application in China. The paper discusses the development of MSW incineration in Beijing and proposed that treatment of Beijing MSW should adopt integrated management system including landfill and incineration technologies. It has been estimated that Beijing should establish 3~4 incineration plants on a scale of 1 000 t/d for each in the future based on MSW output, increasing rate, landfill fields life for use. The paper discusses the supporting measures for development of MSW incineration in Beijing yet.


In computational linguistics, sentiment analysis refers to the classification of opinions in a positive class or a negative class. There exist a lot of different methods for sentiment analysis of t...


Shaping a safe space is an extremely complex and multi-faceted process. To large extent, it is based on the cooperation with various entities of the local community, participating in mutual interdependencies within local economies and above all, in the local socio-economic development. In modern realities, activity geared toward making changes in physical space and initiating programs to promote mobilization of society to improve safety takes on particular importance. Crime prevention strategies through shaping space are presented from the perspective of typical bodies which are to ensure safety and the local government as the main entity coordinating these processes in the local section. The article assumes the thesis that spatial conditions determine safety. The objective of this article is to show the importance of a safe space in the local context.


The relevant role of agricultural enterprises in sustainable development processes has been broadly studied; in developed countries these firms are subject to several forces driving them towards an intense, less sustainable, way of growing crops. One answer by small farmers, the most common agricultural organization in Europe, has been to aggregate in order to increase their negotiation power and get access to more efficient production techniques.In this theoretical paper we have focused on sustainable development processes and the strong relationship between their "three pillars", or circles, and alliances by agricultural firms; we have used the lens of Resource-Based Theory (Barney, 1996) with a Market-Driven Management (Day, 1994) approach to understand how these various classes of alliances succeed, or hinder, each single agricultural enterprise in developing the needed capabilities to create and sustain a competitive advantage without endangering none of the two other perspectives.In order to assess sustainable development potential in alliances involving agricultural enterprises we have later developed an interpretative model that will be applied to several alliances types whose main characteristics will be discussed referring to some examples from Italian agricultural alliances.


The seepage field of a certain section of deep-lying tunnel in Jinping cascade 2 hydropower station has been stimulated by means of the finite element method of rain infiltration. On the basis of the present seepage control measures the behaviour of the seepage field is analysed in detail through calculations of given schemes ,finally external water pressure and the optimum seepage control scheme can be obtained.


This discusses learning through work and throughout working life as workplace participatory practices (Billett 2002). These practices comprise a relational duality between what the workplace affords individuals and how they engage with what is afforded them. It is relational, because the social suggestion exercised through workplace activities is of greater or lesser intensity and comprehensiveness. Even if individuals wanted to faithfully reproduce the practices suggested through the workplace, they are still required to construe their intent and process. Yet their construal and construction of these is mediated by their understanding and capacities. Indeed, rather than uncritically and faithfully reproducing what they encounter through their workplace experiences, individuals engage in an active process of construing and constructing meaning that has a cognitive legacy (i.e. learning). Moreover, beyond individuals' learning, this active process of construal and construction also constitutes the active remaking of the cultural practices that comprises their paid work. So both individuals' vocational practice and their work practices


Basic principles of multi-terminal direct current(MTDC) power transmission system are analyzed,and utilizing PSCAD/EMTDC software a model of MTDC power transmission system and a model of multi ring-shaped MTDC power transmission system containing DC circuit breakers are built.The process of switching off a DC transmission line by DC circuit breakers is simulated and researched,and the action of DC circuit breakers in multi ring-shaped MTDC transmission system is analyzed.The process of switching off one of transmission lines as well as the process of switching off a faulty converter station in three-terminal DC transmission system by DC circuit breakers are simulated respectively.Simulation results show that when one of DC transmission line in ring-shaped MTDC transmission system is switched off by DC circuit breakers,the currents in DC transmission lines are redistributed to ensure the continuity of power transmission.Under such a condition,the affection on input or output power of each converter station is not notable,and the affection on AC power transmission network connected to MTDC transmission system is slight too.After the faulty converter station is switched off,the three-terminal DC transmission system can sustain the power transmission to the hilt and effective distribution of currents,thus the stable operation of the DC system can be maintained.


This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. One of the underlying causes of wrongful convictions is scientifically invalid testimony on forensic evidence, and the National Academy of Sciences has called for novel techniques to address this problem. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) provided funds for RAND to examine the effects of two potential techniques to quantify and reduce testimonial bias: blinding experts to their party representation (so the experts do not know whether the prosecution or defense is the hiring party), and providing consensus feedback from a panel of experts. Results of the study may help define strategies, policies, and procedures by which expert testimony can be more effectively presented and evaluated at trial, thus minimizing the probability that wrongful conviction will occur due to biased expert testimony. This report documents the blind collaborative justice study expert panel exercise and experiment. This study marks a first attempt to systematically examine the cognitive effects of expert blinding and consensus feedback in a single representative sample of scientific experts. Evidence that expert blinding and/or consensus feedback can improve the validity of expert testimony would be of great value to the programmatic efforts of the Department of Justice and others who are developing policies and procedures that are effective in reducing rates of wrongful conviction. This report should be of interest to NIJ, criminal justice personnel, lawmakers, potential expert witnesses, and other stakeholders in the criminal justice community who influence or develop policy with respect to the elicitation and delivery of …


Practical innovation ability of ascension is an important topic of China's higher education reform.The five in one practice teaching reform mode of"computer virtual practice teaching,research experiment teaching,pilot imaging unit operation,production practice and social research"is proposed to cultivate college students' pioneering spirit,innovation ability,innovative ideas and sustainable capability and to enhanced college students' social adaptation ability and social service ability by taking Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University majoring in food science and engineering technology of starch course practice teaching reform as an example.


Seven new species of Polyplectropus collected during an inventory of the Trichoptera of Costa Rica are described and illustrated: Polyplectropus clauseni, Polyplectropus exilis, Polyplectropus hymenochilus, Polyplectropuskylistos, Polyplectropus paradelphae, Polyplectropus perpendicularis, and Polyplectropus yolandae.


This work address the fault tolerance topic in the GPS context. Starting from a noiseless GPS receiver, redundant mechanisms can be added to design a more resilient GPS receiver in the presence of errors due to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. These mechanisms are based on different layer of abstraction to guarantee a mutual trade-off of system performance (quality of the position given by the GPS receiver), hardware reliability and implementation complexity. An Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) will be designed with two versions of the GPS receiver: the standard version, and a complex version where fault tolerant techniques are added to make the GPS receiver more tolerant to errors.


Self‐assembled two‐phase vertically aligned nanocomposites consisting of ferromagnetic pillars embedded in a ferroelectric matrix provide an attractive geometry for observing magnetoelectric coupling based on the strain‐coupled magnetostrictive and piezoelectric effects at the interfaces. In perovskite‐spinel nanocomposites the ferroelectric phase typically consists of BiFeO3, BaTiO3 or Pb(Zr,Ti)O3. Here, the ferroelectric phase is Y‐rich YFeO3 which exhibits ferroelectricity originating from the local inversion symmetry breaking caused by YFe antisite defects. Coherent interfaces observed between Y‐rich YFeO3 and a magnetic spinel CoFe2O4 in a vertically aligned nanocomposite enable strain‐mediated magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature, confirming the ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in Y‐rich YFeO3 and extending the range of magnetoelectric nanocomposite compositions.


Planning high-speed trajectories for UAVs in unknown environments requires algorithmic techniques that enable fast reaction times to guarantee safety as more information about the environment becomes available. The standard approaches that ensure safety by enforcing a "stop" condition in the free-known space can severely limit the speed of the vehicle, especially in situations where much of the world is unknown. Moreover, the ad-hoc time and interval allocation scheme usually imposed on the trajectory also leads to conservative and slower trajectories. This work proposes FASTER (Fast and Safe Trajectory Planner) to ensure safety without sacrificing speed. FASTER obtains high-speed trajectories by enabling the local planner to optimize in both the free-known and unknown spaces. Safety is ensured by always having a safe back-up trajectory in the free-known space. The MIQP formulation proposed also allows the solver to choose the trajectory interval allocation. FASTER is tested extensively in simulation and in real hardware, showing flights in unknown cluttered environments with velocities up to 7.8 m/s, and experiments at the maximum speed of a skid-steer ground robot (2 m/s).


Cancer treatments are expected to dominate much of the first wave of biosimilars in the U.S. This Q&A discussion looks at some of the questions pharmacists have about use of biosimilars in cancer treatment.


"C Programming Language" course plays an important role in the electronic information system of professional courses; practice teaching is one of the important aspects. On the basis of detailed analysis of the course, the development of specific teaching practices and program design and planning to carry out targeted practical teaching activities.


This article presents an iterative method to deal with the identification of continuous-time single-input/single-output Hammerstein and Wiener systems, characterized by a series connection of a nonlinear static element and a linear dynamic element. The internal variable between the nonlinear and linear elements is inaccessible to measurements so that simultaneous parameter estimation of the two elements cannot be easily achieved in a least-squares fashion. This difficulty could be circumvented by updating the internal variable at each iteration step. A two-stage estimation algorithm, in conjunction with moving-horizon smoothing and a solution-guiding mechanism, is established to ensure the convergence and accuracy of the iterative method in the face of linear structure mismatch, high static nonlinearity with an unknown characteristic, and severe noise. At the first stage, a good description of the static nonlinearity is given by a multisegment function or a polynomial in an iterative manner. Linear struct...


A mathematical model has been developed for the study of the joint action of a substance administered simultaneously by two routes. The model has been used for the study of the joint action of oestrone on the vagina of the ovariectomized mouse when it is injected simultaneously by the intravaginal and subcutaneous routes.


The main objectives of this research was to use visible laser for determine the optimal harvest time of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var Paulista) and Sweet pea's (Pisum Sativum L. var Sugar Lays) with its optical and electrical properties at different ages. The obtained results are summarized as follow: 1) The values of light reflection intensity were increased by using He-Ne laser (wavelength 632.8 nm) from 15 to 59 Lux for ages of green bean pods from 10 to 31 days, respectively, meanwhile these values were decreased by using He-Ne laser (wavelength 543.5 nm) from 46 to 10 Lux; 2) The values of light reflection intensity were increased by using He-Ne laser (wavelength 632.8 nm) from 10 to 39 Lux for ages of green peas pods from 6 to 33 days, respectively, meanwhile these values were decreased by using He-Ne laser (wavelength 543.5 nm) from 35 to 9 Lux; 3) The values of electrical signals were increased by using He-Ne laser (wavelength 632.8 nm) and decreased by using He-Ne laser (wavelength 543.5 nm) for ages of green pean and pea pods.; and 4) There were relationships between intensity of light and electrical reflections by using two He-Ne laser as a function of the green beans and pea pod's age. And the He-Ne laser with wavelength 632.8 nm is suitable laser results high reflection from green bean and sweet pea pods at ages 22 and 18 days, respectively (optimal harvest time) from the appearance of the flowers pods.


In order to elucidate the formation of reaction tissues during the transition from primary to secondary growth, the developmental anatomy was conducted in the first internode of Ginkgo biloba seeding in horizontal position. The righting of the horizontal first internode took place at the middle portion and gradually proceeded to the base during the primary growth. Reaction tissues were formed corresponding to the righting movement in the horizontal first internode. During the transition from primary to secondary growth, compression wood was gradually developed on the lower side only. The anatomical features of compression wood also extended longitudinally to the lower side of the vertical portion where it coincided with the lower side of the horizontal portion. Thus, compression wood formation in the lower side of the horizontal first internode occurs acropetally from basal to apical portion. Eventually, some of the anatomical features of compression wood occurred at the primary growth. And the typical compression wood is gradually established during the secondary growth. On the other hand, the lower side tracheid and ray were longer and higher than those of the upper side in the horizontal first internode. however, difference in the width of ray was not observed between the lower and upper sides.


By methods of looking up literature, consulting specialists, questionnaire investigation and statistics, according to the orientation of the guiding ideology of colleges and universities in the 21 century, starting from the existing problems, such as the curriculum setup, the organization form of teaching, the standards for teaching evaluation and the construction of the teacher troop, the train of thought for physical education teaching reform in Chinese colleges and universities in the 21 century were put forward. It was indicated that at present physical education teaching activities, teaching organization forms and standards for teaching evaluation are not adapted to the demands of quality oriented education. It was proposed that corresponding reform should be carried out. For the curriculum setup, priority should be given to the nature of body building and skillfulness. For teaching organization forms the proportion of elective courses should be increased. At the same time sports clubs of individual events should be planned and prepared. For the teaching result evaluation consideration should be given to both obvious norms and recessive norms. Moreover, the teacher flow is a feasible way to optimize the staff structure of the teacher troop.


UNTIL quite recently techniques for visualization of the coronary arteries in humans were largely of academic interest, and there was no real place for their application to the practice of clinical medicine. However, recent advances in the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease have led to a renewed interest in coronary angiography, and radiological demonstration of thes~ vesse~s during life must now be regarded as an essential diagnosttc procedure. During the past decade surgery has offered a means of relieving arterial obstruction due to atherosclerosis. Brilliant results are now possible in selected cases of occlusive disease of the aorta, the renal arteries, the blood vessels to the extremities, and even the carotids. Such surgery, in selected patients, is an accepted procedure. No one claims that these operations are curesthey are simply palliative; but, if successful, they may save life or limb for many years.