A Q-learning-based multirate transmission control scheme (Q-MRTC) for radio resource control (RRC) in WCDMA systems is proposed. The RRC problem is modelled as a semi-Markov decision process (SMDP). We successfully apply a real-time reinforcement learning algorithm, named Q-learning, to accurately estimate the transmission cost for the multi-rate transmission control. For the cost function approximation, we apply the feature extraction method to map the original state space into a more compact set which represents the resultant interference profile. Simulation results show that the Q-MRTC can achieve higher system throughput and better users' satisfaction index, by an amount of 87% and 50%, respectively, than the interference-based multi-rate transmission control scheme, while keeping the QoS requirement.


In this paper, the seismic susceptibility of Imphal city with respect to ten synthetically generated samples of the historic 1869 Cachar (Mw 7.5) earthquake that occurred in the Kopili fault is presented based on the finite-fault seismological model in conjunction with nonlinear site response analyses. For all the synthetic sample earthquake events, the mean and standard deviation of surface level spectral ground acceleration at peak ground acceleration (PGA) and natural periods of 0.3 and 1 s have been reported in the form of contour maps. These contour maps can serve as guidelines for engineers and planners to identify vulnerable areas for possible seismic disaster mitigation of Imphal city.


A hypothesis about independence of correlations of local heat currents along the cylinder due to the loading operating mode of a diesel engine is considered in the paper. The mathematical model of heat transfer in the cylinder and the results of computing investigation of this hypothesis based on the cylinder of a marine diesel engine are given.


An appropriate theory has been developed to derive the effect of atmospheric oblateness on the acceleration n˙, defined as the rate of change of mean motion n. This effect is a periodic one, as would be expected, having half the period of the argument of perigee. The theoretical expression so derived was used to find the effect of atmospheric oblateness on one hypothetical satellite and three actual satellites: 1958γ, 1958ζ, and 1960γ2. The effect can be significant for low satellites and should be taken into account for a precise computation of densities, which can be in error by ±18 per cent at an altitude of 230 km if atmospheric oblateness is ignored. For higher satellites, however, this effect is much smaller. To apply this procedure to derive atmospheric oblateness, we need a few low satellites with small eccentricity in polar orbit having a lifetime in which the perigee has made several revolutions of the earth. The preliminary work done so far indicates that the atmospheric oblateness increases with altitude. An exact determination of the atmospheric oblateness must, however, await more extensive data.


In cloud environment, maximum utilization of resource is possible with good resource management strategies. Workload prediction plays a vital role in estimating the actual resource required for successful execution of an application on cloud. Most of the existing works concentrated on predicting workloads which either showed clear seasonality/trend or for irregular workload patterns. This paper presents a new perspective in forecasting both seasonal and non-seasonal workloads. To accomplish this, a hybrid prediction model which is a combination of statistical and machine learning technique is proposed. Suppose the seasonality exists in the workload pattern, Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model is applied for prediction. For non-seasonal workloads Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTM) or AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is used based on the results of normality test. This paper presents a prediction model which forecasts the actual resource required for diverse time intervals of daily, hourly and minutes utilization. The experimental results confirm that accuracy of the prediction of LSTM model outperformed ARIMA for irregular workload patterns. The SARIMA model accurately forecasts the resource usage for forthcoming days. This work actually helps the cloud service provider (CSP) to analyze the workload and predict accordingly to avoid over or under provisioning of the cloud resources. Keywords—Workload prediction; SARIMA; LSTM; ARIMA; cloud service provider


OBJECTIVE—To describe the diagnosis of a patient with neonatal diabetes who had been misdiagnosed with type 1 diabetes and referred to our hospital for pancreas and kidney transplantation because of end-stage renal disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A diagnosis of neonatal diabetes was made after a molecular genetic study revealed a mutation in exon 34 of the ABCC8 gene. Pancreas transplantation was ill-advised. RESULTS—The patient was switched from insulin to glibenclamide 4 months after kidney transplantation, confirming that pancreas transplantation would not have been a good decision. CONCLUSIONS—This is the first report of a patient with neonatal diabetes who developed diabetic nephropathy that progressed to end-stage renal disease. This report illustrates that careful endocrinological evaluation, including molecular genetic studies, if necessary, is mandatory before a decision to perform a pancreas transplant is made.


The first Accounting History International Emerging Scholars' Colloquium (1AHIESC) was hosted by the University of Siena, Italy during 15–17 July 2009. The event was held at Certosa di Pontignano, a landmark and prestigious venue on the outskirts of Siena. Built as a monastery in 1341, Certosa currently houses the Conference Centre of the University of Siena. With its historical significance, the Certosa proved to be an ideal setting to host the inaugural AHIESC, an international forum designed for emerging scholars of all ages and career stages – including doctoral degree students, new faculty and other emerging accounting researchers – who have an interest in accounting's past and present and who seek directions and guidance in embarking upon and undertaking specific historical accounting research projects. The forum was organized by Angelo Riccaboni and Elena Giovannoni, both of the University of Siena, and it was strongly supported and promoted by the joint editors of Accounting History, Garry Carnegie and Brian West. The faculty members in charge of providing directions to the delegates of the Colloquium are all members of the Accounting History editorial team and comprised: Angelo Riccaboni, University of Siena, Italy; Nola Buhr, University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Christopher Napier, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK; Lúcia Lima Rodrigues, University of Minho, Portugal; Elena Giovannoni, University of Siena, Italy (Colloquium Convenor and president of the panel) as well as Garry


Due to imperfect renovation of the unit 4's controlling and security systems of the Guodian Jiujiang Power Plant,some problems occurred such as the servomotor of medium-high and medium pressure governor steam valve was not sufficient in openness during the static test and the movable test of the main steam valve could not be carried out normally.An analysis was carried out on the causes and practical countermeasures were taken to eliminate the renovation-caused problems,which are proved to be effective.


Objective Reversibility of the systemic and renal alterations induced by Nω-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (l-NAME) was assessed by treatment with irbesartan and enalapril (30 and 10 mg/kg per 24 h, respectively) alone or in combination. Design l-NAME (20 mg/kg per 24 h) was given to rats for 6 weeks and treatments were administered during the last 2 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow [GFR and RPF per g of kidney weight (KW)] were determined using the clearance technique. Results Arterial pressure was similarly reduced by treatments. GFR was lower in l-NAME-treated rats than in controls (552 ± 52 versus 1106 ± 78 μl/min per g KW), whereas RPF was reduced to a larger extent, thus resulting in an increase in filtration fraction. GFR was normalized by irbesartan but not enalapril or the combination (1042 ± 50, 790 ± 79 and 725 ± 38 μl/min per g KW, respectively). RPF returned to normal and filtration fraction fell markedly with the combination. All treatments reduced the lesions of preglomerular vessels and reversed l-NAME-induced albuminuria and cardiovascular hypertrophy. At a dose of 3 mg/kg per 24 h, irbesartan only reduced the lesions of the afferent arteriole. Conclusions Through its effects on AT1 receptors, angiotensin II may play an important role in the maintenance of l-NAME hypertension and associated alterations. The lower GFR and filtration fraction observed with enalapril in the presence of irbesartan suggests the intervention of non-angiotensin II-mediated mechanism, and at the postglomerular level, in the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.


The focus of this paper is on estimating the market demand for Electronic Toll and Traffic Management (ETTM) systems. It presents the results of the ETTM market demand studies for four different toll road authorities.


COMMERCIAL concentrates of human antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) have been available for nearly 20 years and have resulted in dramatic changes in the treatment of classic hemophilia. Home thera...


Taking Lop Nor as a study case, the paper not only systematically discusses the dating of the Tamarix cone, the methods and technical routes to extract its climatic environmental information, but also interprets the environmental change in Lop Nor region in the past about one hundred and sixty years, which provides a new theoretical basis and technical reference for building the high-resolution environmental sequence in the relevant area.


Earthquake resilient steel frames, such as frames with self-centering connections or frames with passive energy dissipation devices, have been extensively studied during the past decade but little attention has been paid to their column bases. The paper presents a rocking damage-free steel column base, which uses post-tensioned (PT) high strength steel bars to control rocking behavior and friction devices to dissipate seismic energy. Contrary to conventional steel column bases, the rocking column base exhibits monotonic and cyclic moment-rotation behaviors that are easily described using simple analytical equations. Analytical equations are provided for different cases including yielding or loss of posttensioning in the PT bars and their efficiency is compared with numerical results from a three-dimensional non-linear finite element (FE) model in ABAQUS. Moreover, a simplified model is developed in OpenSees to evaluate how the use of the rocking column base affects the global behavior of a self-centering moment-resisting frame. Nonlinear dynamic analyses show that the rocking column base fully protects the first story columns from yielding and eliminate the first story residual story drift.


The problem of obesity in modern society is becoming truly large-scale - out of 7.5 billion people living on earth, about 1.2 billion suffer from this disease. According to epidemiological forecasts, while maintaining the existing rate of increase in obesity, it is assumed that by 2025 it will suffer from 30% to 50% of the population of economically developed countries.


Nature has gone through evolution over the 3.8 billion years since life is believed to have appeared on the Earth. It has evolved species with high performance using commonly found materials and rather basic fabrication techniques. Biomimetics means mimicking biology or living nature. Biomimetics research allows derivation of optimal designs benefitting from improvements made during the evolution of living nature and efficient use of natural resources in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly (green) manner. Bioinspiration or biodesign would be a more appropriate term as it applies to engineering. The field is highly interdisciplinary, involving understanding biological functions, structures and principles of various objects found in nature by biologists, physicists, chemists, material scientists, engineers, and even artists and architects. Biological materials are highly organized from the molecular to the nano-, microand macroscales, often in a hierarchical manner with intricate nanoarchitecture that ultimately makes up myriad functional elements. Properties of materials and surfaces result from a complex interplay between surface structure and morphology and physical and chemical properties. Many materials, surfaces and objects in general provide multifunctionality. Biologically inspired materials and surfaces have generated significant interest and are helping to shape green science and technology [1]. The major emphasis on nanoscience and nanotechnology since the early 1990s has provided a significant impetus in mimicking nature using nanofabrication techniques for commercial applications. Biomimetics has spurred interest across many disciplines. It was estimated that annual revenues from bioinspired products in 2015 was several billion US dollars. Annual sales are expected to continue to increase dramatically. The field is still emerging and this theme issue will help summarize the many recent developments. The theme issue focuses on superliquiphobic, superliquiphilic and low-drag surfaces, and is coherent,


From the vocational education attraction of connotation,career education background from ascension height,five-year higher vocational education school level analysis of the main causes of the lack of appeal,five-year higher vocational education attraction for ascension to search path and strategy.


The harmonious society is a society of rule by law in essence.To develop socialist democracy,public participating in legislation is indispensable.In this article,the author holds that the construction of harmonious society needs public participating in legislation urgently,at the same time,public participating in legislation plays an important role in the construction of harmonious society in such aspects as strengthening democratic legislation,promoting rule by good law,advancing civil consciousness,coordinating interests and supervising power of state.


This paper overviewed the history of database development in China and analyzed its application and developing mode.ThUS the paper made advises on the developing trends of biomedicine database construction,to provide strategies for digging the features of biomedicine database,developing market,and improving biomedicine database itself.

Key words:
Bibliography ofbiomedicine; Database; Study on strategies


Haloalkane dehalogenase (HLD) enzymes employ an SN2 nucleophilic substitution mechanism to erase halogen substituents in diverse organohalogen compounds. Subfamily I and II HLDs are well‐characterized enzymes, but the mode and purpose of multimerization of subfamily III HLDs are unknown. Here we probe the structural organization of DhmeA, a subfamily III HLD‐like enzyme from the archaeon Haloferax mediterranei, by combining cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) and x‐ray crystallography. We show that full‐length wild‐type DhmeA forms diverse quaternary structures, ranging from small oligomers to large supramolecular ring‐like assemblies of various sizes and symmetries. We optimized sample preparation steps, enabling three‐dimensional reconstructions of an oligomeric species by single‐particle cryo‐EM. Moreover, we engineered a crystallizable mutant (DhmeAΔGG) that provided diffraction‐quality crystals. The 3.3 Å crystal structure reveals that DhmeAΔGG forms a ring‐like 20‐mer structure with outer and inner diameter of ~200 and ~80 Å, respectively. An enzyme homodimer represents a basic repeating building unit of the crystallographic ring. Three assembly interfaces (dimerization, tetramerization, and multimerization) were identified to form the supramolecular ring that displays a negatively charged exterior, while its interior part harboring catalytic sites is positively charged. Localization and exposure of catalytic machineries suggest a possible processing of large negatively charged macromolecular substrates.


Correlation filter-based trackers are commonly used nowadays and has shown good results in both precision rate and frame per second rate, and have been developed from working on raw pixels, to features of the image, ending on applying them on layers of convolutional neural networks. However, those trackers have not shown good results dealing with complex object appearances such as blur caused by fast motion, deformation, and difficult illumination cases. In this paper, we present a method that treats tracking objects in low illumination case. It makes a low illumination enhancement to each dark image before each treatment of a sequence using two different enhancers: Light Image Enhancement via Illumination Map Estimation (LIME) and Contrast Enhancement (CE) applied on two different trackers: tracking with Kernelized Correlation Filters (KCF) and Hierarchical Convolutional Features Tracker (HCFT).


Abstract This study aims to cement the link between systems thinking (ST) and education for sustainability by presenting an example of systems education for young children. A systems education guidebook focused on water and a learning framework based on the guidebook were developed, together with two ST assessment instruments (a shared reading and a concept mapping activity with interview protocols). The learning framework was implemented over the course of four-weeks with 32 children aged 5–6 in a pre-school in Turkey. To measure the outcomes, the children were pre-tested and post-tested with the assessment instruments using a mixed method approach. The results revealed a significant development in the ST skills of the children. Children defined system elements related to water more, came to see invisible elements as parts of the system and established high-quality causal relations between system elements related to water.


ABSTRACT 1. A new assessment method for duck footpad dermatitis (FPD) evaluation was developed, combining visual and histological characters using the images and sections of 400 ducks' feet at 340 d of age. All ducks were graded as G0 (healthy), G1 (mild), G2 (moderate) and G3 (severe) according to the degree of FPD. 2. To reveal the potential biomarkers in serum related to duck FPD, non-targeted metabolomics and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were used to explore differential metabolites in each group. 3. There were 57, 91 and 210 annotated differential metabolites in groups G1, G2 and G3 compared with G0, which meant that the severity of FPD increased in line with the number of metabolites. Four metabolites, L-phenylalanine, L-arginine, L-leucine and L-lysine, were considered potential biomarkers related to FPD. 4. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the FPD was mainly involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism. These are related to production metabolism and can affect the physiological activities of ducks, which might explain the decrease in production performance.


Every connected compact Lie group is the quotient by a finite central subgroup of a product of circles and compact simply connected simple Lie groups. Let each of the circles be equipped with a constant metric, and each of the simple groups be equipped a metric that is a constant multiple of the negative of the Cartan-Killing form, under the requirement that the periods of the Schrodinger flow on each component are rational multiples of each other. This metric on the covering group is pushed down to a metric on the original group, which is called a rational metric. This paper establishes scaling invariant Strichartz estimates for the Schrodinger flow on compact Lie groups equipped with rational metrics. The highlights of this paper include a Weyl differencing technique for rational lattices, the different decompositions of the Schrodinger kernel that accommodate different positions of the variable inside the maximal torus relative to the Weyl chamber walls, and the application of the BGG-Demazure operators to the estimate of the difference between characters.


Introduction During the spatial planning at certain areas, meteorological date have great impact on planning decisions as they could be the cause of natural disasters and could influence the development of tourism, agriculture, and placement of industrial facilities. Climatic factor, among others, directly affects the hydrologic, biogeographic and soil conditions in the area. The most important climatic parameters of a settlement and area, such as: insolation, air temperature, frequency, wind direction and speed, air humidity, cloudiness, precipitations and so, are analyzed in the spatial planning process (Kicošev, Dunčić, 1998), what was the main starting point during this paper's work out. The Una Sana Canton is situated inside the net of coordinates 44°15, 2' and 45°13, 6' N and 15°44, 4' and 16°55, 5' E. With the surface of 4125, 0 km2 it comprises about 8, 1 % of the state territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which it is situated in its northwest part. (Fig.1) Due to its stretching direction northwest-southeast, the Canton is under the influence of the two main climatic belt zones, and these are: south parts of the north moderate belt and north parts of the subtropical belt in the north hemisphere, to which also contributes meridian direction of rivers' valleys which cut the relief. North, middle and east parts of the Canton are more under the influence of the Abstract


Kanishka's reign was clearly a time of unprecedented prosperity for Kashmir. There are numerous Kushan art treasures with Buddhist themes scattered throughout the valley, which proves this. The only people who can get to some of these places even now are intrepid explorers. The large number of Kanishka's coins that have been found so far in Kashmir proves this. Vasishka is also known as Vajheshka in records from the time, and it is likely that he was known by this name in Kashmir, which was called Juska until the time of Kalhana. This is another important sign that Kashmir became a famous place in the Kushan empire. In addition to writing about the building projects of the three Kushana rulers and the growth of Buddhism during their time in power, Rajatrangni also mentions Juska's time in power. As the saying goes, "that wise king Jayasvami, who built Juskapura with its Vihara, was also the founder of Jayasvamipura." In this study at attempt has been made to explore and analyse the Kushan rule in Kashmir.


A new method of scientometrics used in studying the layout and fabrication of standard system is put forward. Firstly, the information characters are selected and obtained through the analysis of standard information, which becomes the basis of successfully setting up the database system of standard management and analysis. After the standard management and analysis database is set up, the character information of its standards are chose by the intelligence means of scientometrics and literature searching, which is used for studying the information distribution of standards, such as total quantity, time composition, products, technology fields, standard sorts and so on. At the same time the method is applied and demonstrated through taking solar technology standards of China and Japan as an example. The results show that the methods can supply the information reference for the layout of national standards and its fabrication.


A set S of vertices in a nontrivial connected graph G is a total dominating set if every vertex of G is adjacent to some vertex of S. The minimum cardinality of a total dominating set for G is the total domination number of G. A function h : V (G) → {0, 1} is a total dominating function of a graph G if σh(v) = ∑ u∈N(v) h(u) ≥ 1 for every vertex v of G. A total dominating function h of a nontrivial graph G is irregular if σh(u) 6= σh(v) for every two vertices u and v of G. While no graph possesses an irregular total dominating function, a graph G has an antiregular total dominating function h if there are exactly two vertices u and v of G such that σh(u) = σh(v). It is shown that for every integer n ≥ 3, there are exactly two non-isomorphic graphs of order n having an antiregular total dominating function. If h is a total dominating function of a graph G such that σh(v) is the same constant k for every vertex v of G, then h is a k-regular total dominating function of G. We present some results dealing with properties of regular total dominating functions of graphs. In particular, regular total dominating functions of trees are investigated. The only possible regular total dominating functions for a nontrivial tree are 1-regular total dominating functions. We characterize those trees having a 1-regular total dominating function. We also investigate k-regular total dominating functions of several well-known classes of regular graphs for various values of k.


When driven with a high-voltage reverse bias of 15 V, a germanium photodiode with a silicon waveguide exhibits responsivity of over 1.14 A/W in the entire C-and L-bands. The high responsivity in the L-band is due to Franz-Keldysh (F-K) and avalanche effects. We prove by numerical calculation that the high responsivity under high bias driving is due to both effects. For accuracy in the calculation, we consider a change in the thickness of depletion layer in the germanium mesa with bias voltage. Calculation results, considering the contributions of both effects, show good agreement with measurement results. Considering the contributions of both effects to minimum detection limit, we discuss optimization for dark current and the electric field applied to Ge.


We studied oscillation of the solutions of Neutral hyperbolic damped partial differential equations with nonliear diffusion coefficient,Some sufficient conditions for solutions to be oscillation were obtained under two kinds of boundary conditions by using Riccati transformation and calculous technique.


This paper considers the problem of losing the rules when people use the Apriori algorithm or the ML-T2 algorithm to mine the association rules in the database.It introduces two feasible solutions. The first: without changing the idea of the algorithm ,from top to bottom,people can make full use of the pre-set minSup. It ensures that the useful rules will all be extracted through pre-keep the possible candidate large itemsets for the low-level at the high-level. The second: it adopts the idea of from bottom to top and without generating the candidate large itemset. It construcs the FP-tree at each level, then people will not lose useful rules.


Thirty Italian patients with sporadic, early‐onset, primary dystonia were screened for the DYT1 mutation. Five patients were positive (mean age at onset, 8 years); two had the typical phenotype, two a generalised dystonia also involving the cranial muscles, and one a segmental dystonia. In the other 25 patients (mean age at onset, 7.7 years), dystonia was generalised in 22 patients and remained segmental in three. Our results indicate the role of DYT1 mutation in Italian patients and confirm clinical and genetic heterogeneity of early‐onset primary dystonia. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society


We report measurements of dynamo action in a new experimental set-up, named Fury, based on the use of an anisotropic electrical conductivity. It consists of a copper rotor rotating inside a copper stator, electrically connected with a thin layer of liquid metal, galinstan. Grooves have been cut in the copper so that, everywhere, electrical conductivity can be considered to be that of copper along two directions while it is zero along the third one. The configuration is efficient and dynamo action can be powered by hand. We have also used a motor with better control, enabling us to drive the rotor at specified velocity or torque functions of time. The structure of the axisymmetric magnetic field produced is found to be close to the numerical modelling using FreeFem++. The experimental dynamo behaves very nearly as expected for a kinematic dynamo, so that the threshold dynamo velocity cannot be exceeded, or only briefly. More mechanical power in the rotor rotation leads to an increase in the magnetic field intensity, the magnetic energy being proportional to the extra mechanical power beyond the threshold. In the transient following a step increase of torque, magnetic and angular velocity oscillations have been observed and explained.


The invention relates to a gearbox assembly part of a wire drawing machine, comprising a box body and a gear component installed in the box body. The gearbox assembly part is characterized in that the gear component comprises a serrated shaft, a first step pulley shaft and a second step pulley shaft, wherein the serrated shaft is used for connecting an output shaft of a power input unit so as to input the power and provided with a serrated shaft gear; a first step pulley shaft gear is sleeved on the first step pulley shaft and engaged with the serrated shaft gear; the serrated shaft, the first step pulley shaft and the second step pulley shaft are arranged in parallel, the first step pulley shaft and the second step pulley shaft are respectively located at the left side and the right side of the serrated shaft, a shaft extension end of the serrated shaft is located at the back side of the box body, and the shaft extension ends of the first step pulley shaft and the second step pulley shaft are located at the front side of the box body. The invention has compact and reasonable structure, convenient assembling and disassembling and stable operation, and can effectively reduce and output the speed driven by the power input unit.


The 2008 economic crisis has triggered a series of reflections around the world. Human history has recorded other crises, but this latest event has become significant because it has taken on global contours and gravity as never before recorded in history. The intention is not to address the crisis itself, but, above all, the prevailing need for a new economic order. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to analyze the current civilization of wealth


Speci®city for antigen is the hallmark of adaptive immunity and is conferred by cells of the lymphocyte lineage. Aberrant immune responses lead to disease in an antigenspeci®c fashion. In order to avoid the generalized immunosuppressive effects of treatments such as corticosteroids and cyclosporin, efforts have been increasingly focused on devising therapeutic strategies which are equal in speci®city to the disease-initiating event. In the early 1980s Lamb and colleagues demonstrated the induction of antigen-speci®c non-responsiveness following challenge of puri®ed T-cell clones with high doses of speci®c peptide [1]. The concept of high dose peptide antigen for immunotherapy is attractive, particularly in the context of allergic diseases where conventional desensitizing therapy has been confounded by the presence of anaphylactogenic immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies. Peptide-induced tolerance has been demonstrated in a number of animal models of disease such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [2,3], collageninduced arthritis [4,5], diabetes [6] and more recently, in models of allergic disease. Briner and colleagues sensitized mice to the cat allergen Fel d 1 and subsequently demonstrated the ability of allergen-derived peptides to downregulate T-cell cytokine and antibody production [7]. Hoyne and colleagues demonstrated the ability of peptides from the house dust mite allergen Der p 2 to downregulate T-cell and antibody responses to challenge with intact protein and also to prevent sensitization by prior administration [8]. More recently, attempts have been made to translate ®ndings in animal systems into viable therapies for human disease. Norman and colleagues evaluated the ability of two peptides from Fel d 1 to downregulate allergic responses to cat in 95 sensitized individuals in a double-blind placebocontrolled trial [9]. Ef®cacy was demonstrated but fell below expected levels resulting in cessation of the programme. More recently, the pendulum of future therapy for allergic diseases has swung in favour of production of recombinant allergens [10]. In particular, interest has focused on allergen isoforms and their genetically modi®ed counterparts [11± 14]. These molecules display reduced IgE binding whilst retaining T-cell epitopes and thus hold promise for safe desensitizing allergen immunotherapy. However, despite the current interest in recombinant allergen and isoformbased therapy, the immunology underlying responses to these proteins, particularly within the context of natural environmental exposure, is complex. In the current issue of the Journal, WuÈrtzen and colleagues [15] have investigated the epitope speci®city of T-cell lines and clones reactive with the group 5 grass allergen of Phleum pratense. Phl p 5 has two major isoforms which share regions of profound sequence homology but also differ considerably in some areas. Within the disparate regions of the two isoforms, WuÈrtzen and colleagues have identi®ed isoform-speci®c T-cell epitopes. The signi®cance of this ®nding should be placed in the context of the large numbers of allergen proteins which have multiple isoforms. These appear particularly to be derived from plant species and are less common among animal dander and mite allergens. The authors suggest that since modulation of the speci®c T-cell response appears to be pivotal in successful immunotherapy, recombinant and/or isoform-based whole allergen immunotherapy will need to take such diversity into account. Unlike animal models, the human population is heterogeneous in terms of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression. Since the expressed MHC alleles dictate which sequences will be Tcell epitopes, the numbers of potential epitopes within a single allergen molecule is very large. Ultimately, the numbers of isoforms required for a single therapeutic preparation to be ef®cacious at the population level, may make this approach impractical. The same argument is brought to bear on the potential of allergen-derived peptide sequences for therapy of allergic disease mediated by allergens with multiple isoforms. Whilst these arguments are compelling there are, at least conceptually, counter-arguments which can be applied based on some recent observations about the way in which T-cell receptors and MHC molecules interact with peptides and also the way in which tolerance induced by a region of a molecule, can effect tolerance to the entire molecule. The binding of peptide sequences to MHC molecules is dependent upon peptide sequence and charge, and the shape of the peptide-binding groove. Individual MHC molecules clearly have the capacity to bind large numbers of different peptide sequences [16]. Equally, certain peptide sequences have the capacity to bind almost universally to MHC molecules [17]. It follows therefore that many antigenderived peptides recognized by T cells can bind to more than one MHC molecule and are thus `promiscuous' in this regard. Moreover, whilst some peptides bind promiscuously to MHC molecules, it has been demonstrated that T-cell


A new general methodology utilizing Minisci-type chemistry has been developed that cleanly and efficiently prepares alkyl- and (hydroxymethyl)pyrazines. The new methods eliminate toxic catalysts and halogenated solvents, providing a greatly improved route to these natural products which are prevalent in many natural systems as bacterial volatiles, plant volatiles, and insect pheromones.


Objective To explore the method of procedure nursing of posterior cruciate ligament rebuilding.Methods Procedure nursing to 12 patients with posterior cruciate ligament rebuilding by joint mirror. Psychology nurse, propagate the condition of the disease, perfect examine before operation. Observe the condition of patients carefully after operation.Nursing to patients according to their individual condition. Direction convalesce train in five phases and guide after discharged from hospital.Results The follow-up period was 14 months in average. All patients had not infection and complication, symptom disappear. The stability of joint improve manifestly,actions normal ,recover routine livelihood and working.Conclusion Perfect and success procedure nursing is indispensable to recover the function ofposterior cruciate ligament patients.A key point to operation success is function convalesce train by plan long-term and stringent.


GRO J1744–28, commonly known as the 'Bursting Pulsar', is a low-mass X-ray binary containing a neutron star and an evolved giant star. This system, together with the Rapid Burster (MXB 1730-33), are the only two systems that display the so-called type II X-ray bursts. These types of bursts, which last for tens of seconds, are thought to be caused by viscous instabilities in the disc; however, the type II bursts seen in GRO J1744–28 are qualitatively very different from those seen in the archetypal type II bursting source, the Rapid Burster. To understand these differences and to create a framework for future study, we perform a study of all X-ray observations of all three known outbursts of the Bursting Pulsar which contained type II bursts, including a population study of all type II X-ray bursts seen by RXTE. We find that the bursts from this source are best described in four distinct phenomena or 'classes' and that the characteristics of the bursts evolve in a predictable way. We compare our results with what is known for the Rapid Burster and put out results in the context of models that try to explain this phenomena.


I I n 1980, the United States announced that it had achieved the technical ability to build aircraft with radically reduced observability to radar-so-called "stealthy" aircraft. Since that time, five air vehicle programs have been identified as having a stealthy nature: 1) the Advanced Cruise Missile (ACM), to be carried by strategic bombers; 2) the Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB); 3) the U.S. Air Force's Advanced Tactical Fighter; 4) the U.S. Navy's Advanced Tactical Aircraft; and 5) the recently announced F-117A fighter. All of these programs have been carried out in a highly classified manner, with the budget level and even the schedule of development hidden from public view. With the current downturn in the defense budget as a whole, and with new non-stealthy combat aircraft programs limited to modifications and model changes, there is increased questioning of the wisdom of this major U.S. commitment to stealth. To be sure, much of the questioning comes from committed opponents of U.S. defense spending in general. But others who are genuinely concerned for national security are asking questions as well. The purpose of this article is to lay out a framework of the issues that should be addressed in any responsible effort to assess the value of stealthy aircraft. To this framework will be added examples and historical analogues, in a manner intended to permit an interested, generally well-informed nonspecialist to follow the line of argument. In order to keep the paper unclassified, some issues will not be pursued to conclusion, nor will the discussion center on data or numerical evaluation. Nonetheless, substantial information and logic are available to support a judgment that stealth technology holds a promise of major geostrategic importance. Stealth is first examined as an additional capability obtained within particular design constraints. Next, ways are explored in which the additional capability (i. e., radically reduced radar detectability) removes some other


Corporate Governance (CG) has gained importance over the past decade due to its major role in directing, observing, and controlling the organization's performance and results. Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is expected to reduce the risk of deception and corporate collapse, particularly after the big scandals of several multinational organizations such as: Enron in 2001, WorldCom in 2002 and Parmalat in 2003. Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is also perceived to increase firm value by reducing agency costs and by building investors' confidence. Moreover, to create wealth by improving financial performance. Previous studies have addressed the role of good corporate governance mechanisms in increasing firm value in many countries, but there has been limited research done in the Egyptian case and limited work on factors which may mediate the relationship between corporate governance and the private firms' sustainable strategic performance. Working with different theories of corporate governance derived from Calder (2008), this research focuses on the impact of the structure of the board of directors – as an indicator of corporate governance - on employee satisfaction as an indicator of sustainable strategic performance, with an application on private Egyptian Television Channels. In this research, the structure of the board of directors has been studied as the independent variable. Dependent variable chosen for this research is the Employee Satisfaction. The purpose of the research is to provide insight into whether corporate governance - through the structure of the board of directors - impacts or does not impact the employee satisfaction, which is essential to achieve the firm's sustainable strategic performance.


Velocity estimation is a very critical and important concept in seismic exploration. Wave propagation velocity in media plays a key role in seismic imaging. Reliable velocity estimates during imaging can improve the accuracy subsequent structural interpretation and the consistency of stratigraphic analysis. Velocities are crucial links during the early stages of time processing, which are often estimated on widely separated common midpoint gathers. We propose a new approach where initial velocities serve as seed points and are then interpolated to fill each grid point in a 3D volume. One simple approach for interpolation is to smooth the velocities horizontally, although such smoothing can intersect with structure or subsurface interfaces and degrade the accuracy of the interpolated velocity in areas of complex geology. In contrast, smoothing the velocity along structure is highly desirable and can provide improved interpolated results. We present a novel practical approach to interpolate (and extrapolate) sparsely sampled velocity values into fully-populated grid points of a 3D velocity cube. The interpolation estimates velocity values sampled at arbitrary locations to all grid points along structural trends defined in seismic images. The key new idea is to introduce a mask whose initial values are set to be one where the input velocity is defined, and zero elsewhere. Based on the anisotropic diffusion equation, we apply structure-oriented smoothing (SOS) to the sparsely defined velocities and the mask weights. Since diffusion is a physical process that simulates movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential), the velocity is interpolated automatically and efficiently under the guidance of structural information. Finally, the 3D velocity cube is fully populated by using the point-to-point division of the smoothed velocity using the mask. Our structure-oriented velocity interpolation (SOVI) method has been applied to a 3D Red Sea dataset. Since the structures in the area are quite complicated, it is very challenging and time consuming to pick velocity functions accurately that honor the complex subsurface features. Our interpolation methodology works very well, producing an interpolated velocity volume that is consistent with subsurface structure, significantly reduces manpower and processing cycle time while improving the quality of the final stack.


Abstract The mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. has been recognized in disjunct geographic areas such as the European shore, the Pacific coasts of Asia and North America and in South Africa and Australasia. This mussel form is considered genetically fairly homogeneous within each geographic area, and the evolutionary relationships among disjunct populations are unclear. European Mytilus galloprovincialis populations from a total of 54 sampling places were examined for 3 allozyme polymorphisms (AP, Odh and Pgi) from published data. Cluster analyses show that all studied European M. galloprovincialis populations split in 2 geographically delimited clusters: Mediterranean and Atlantic. These two sets of populations are geographically separated by the Almeria-Oran oceanographic barrier and the degree of genetic differentiation within each group seems to be limited. Mytilus galloprovincialis representative populations from world-wide disjunct geographic areas were analyzed for 5 allozyme loci (AP, Lap, Mpi,...


The identification of groups of characteristics with approximately equal frequencies of occurrence is of importance in several areas of information science. This case study describes the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) for the identification of such groups. Experiments with several text dictionaries show that the GA is able to generate groups with a high degree of equifrequency; however, the results are inferior to those produced by an existing, deterministic algorithm if the characteristics are ordered in some way. G2.2.1 Project overview Statistical analyses of many types of bibliographic entity show that their frequencies of occurrence all follow a well-marked, near-hyperbolic distribution (Wyllys 1981, Zipf 1949). Examples of this behavior include the numbers of papers published by different authors, the numbers of citations to different papers, the lengths of posting lists in inverted-file retrieval systems, and the occurrences of characters and character substrings in natural language texts. Simple information theoretic considerations suggest that such distributions will limit the efficiency with which information can be stored and retrieved (Lynch 1977, Zunde 1981), and much work has thus been undertaken with the aim of producing sets of characteristics with equal, or at least less disparate, frequencies of occurrence. The resulting sets have been used for the generation of bitstrings for text signature searching, for the compression of natural language texts, for the sorting of dictionaries, and for the generation of monograph identifiers for document delivery systems, inter alia (see, e.g. Cooper et al 1980, Cooper and Lynch 1984, Goyal 1983, Schuegraf and Heaps 1973, Williams and Khallaghi 1977, Yannakoudakis and Wu 1982). Concepts of equifrequency have also been used in the selection of access paths for numeric database management systems (Motzkin and Williams 1988) and they play a central role in the design of substructural indexing systems for databases of chemical molecules (Ashet al 1991). The work described in this paper was carried out as part of a 2.5 person-year research project, funded by the British Library Research and Development Department, to evaluate the use of genetic algorithmsB1.2 (GAs) for a range of problems in information retrieval. Three main applications were studied in this project: (i) the creation of nonhierarchic document classifications, (ii) the selection of optimal weights for the indexing of query terms in ranked-output retrieval systems, and (iii) the selection of equifrequent groups as discussed below. Full details of the work are presented by Robertson and Willett (1994, 1995) while other applications of GAs ininformation retrieval are described by Gordon (1988), Petry et al G2.1 (1993), and Yanget al (1993), inter alia. G2.2.2 Design process Motivation for an evolutionary solution. There are two obvious ways of dividing up a file of entities with associated frequencies of occurrence to produce sets of equifrequent groupings: in the first method the order of the original file is not preserved (assuming that it was originally ordered in some meaningful way), while the second method partitions a previously sorted input file (such as an alphabetically ordered c © 1997 IOP Publishing Ltd and Oxford University Press Handbook of Evolutionary Computationrelease 97/1 G2.2:1 A genetic algorithm for the generation of equifrequently occurring groups of attributes dictionary), that is, the file is divided into groups while preserving the original order. These two approaches will be referred to subsequently as division andpartition, respectively, and are illustrated by the following example. Consider a set of seven objects with frequencies 5, 7, 4, 6, 3, 10, and 5. It is possible to divide this set into four groups with perfect equifrequency, since the groups {5, 5}, {10}, {6, 4}, and{7, 3} all have frequencies summing to ten. But it is not possible to achieve perfect equifrequency in the present case if the frequencies are partitioned: for example, one possible set of groups, given the initial ordering above, is {5, 7}, {4, 6}, {3, 10}, and{5}, with the sums of the groups being 12, 10, 13, and 5, respectively. Thus, a divisive procedure that was able to test all of the possible partitionings for all of the possible orderings of the seven objects in this data set would be able to identify that ordering and that partition that optimized the equifrequency criterion. The partitioning procedure, conversely, can only generate possible partitions derived from the single ordering that is presented to it and is thus far less likely to be able to identify an equifrequent grouping of the frequencies. The greater simplicity of partitioning means that several partitioning algorithms have been suggested for the identification of equifrequent groupings (see, e.g. Cooper et al 1980, Cringeanet al 1990, Schuegraf and Heaps 1973). Division algorithms are far less common, and appear to have been studied in an information retrieval context only by Yannakoudakis and Wu (1982). Their algorithm involves an initial allocation of frequencies to groups followed by a heuristic procedure that searches through all possible moves of the individual frequencies from each group to all other groups to find those that most increase the equifrequency of the partition. The procedure is extremely time consuming and can be used only when there are limited numbers of frequencies and groups: using frequency data from over 30 000 records in the British National Bibliographythe experiments of Yannakoudakis and Wu involved dividing the 26 letters of the English alphabet into between 4 and 20 groups and dividing the 244 MARC record subfields into between 5 and 44 groups. The work reported here was carried out to determine whether the novel characteristics of the GA might enable the development of a divisive procedure that was able to process larger data sets than can be encompassed by conventional deterministic algorithms for this purpose. General description of the type of EA used. The work involved a GA, which was tested with a wide range of parametrizations. Representation description.The input to the program is a file of N frequencies, each of which denotes the number of times that a specific word in an N -element dictionary occurs in a database. The frequencies are read into an integer array of length N . An analogousN -element integer array is created to hold the number of the group (in the range [1, n] for a set ofn groups) to which each of the frequencies has been assigned. The first n frequencies are assigned, one to each group, and each of the remaining frequencies is then assigned to the group with the smallest current total (thus ensuring that each group is assigned at least one value, for N ≥ n). The I th element of these two arrays thus contains the occurrence frequency of the I th word and the group to which that I h word has been allocated. Once the initial chromosome has been created in this way, the other chromosomes in the first generation are created by random rearrangement of the second array (i.e. that giving the group membership of each frequency in the input data set). The genetic operators are then applied to the array of group numbers. Fitness function. Two measures of equifrequency were used as the fitness function. The first was the relative entropy(Lynch 1977, Yannakoudakis and Wu 1982). If there are to be n groups such that each group containsP(I) occurrences, then the total number of occurrences, total freq, is given by


A prolonged but transient neonatal jaundice due to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia was observed in two unrelated babies who were siblings of patients with Crigler–Najjar disease (Arias type I). The bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity measured in the liver of both patients, at the age of 6 and 7 months, respectively, was found to be low, suggesting a permanent deficiency in bilirubin glucuronidation, which might be the expression of a heterozygote state.


Background: Regorafenib, an oral multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that shares with sorafenib several targets on tumor angiogenesis, oncogenesis, and tumor microenvironment, was recently approved for patients (pts) with pretreated advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC). The drug improves the pts' outcome, but with significant toxicities, underscoring the need to identify those who will not benefit. A previous study (SoMore trial) showed that early FDGPET-based metabolic response assessment (MRA) may adequately discriminate pts with chemorefractory aCRC unlikely to benefit from a sorafenib-capecitabine combination. RegARd-C aims to explore early MRA in pts treated with regorafenib as a clinical tool to spare pts from needless toxicity from a drug that gives them little or no benefit and as a translational tool to guide comprehensive genomic and epigenetic research on the determinants of drug resistance. Methods: RegARd-C's (EUDRACT 2012-005655-16) is a multi-centric prospective study. Its primary objective is to identify in a population of pts with pretreated aCRC, those who will not benefit from regorafenib given at 160 mg/day, three weeks/4. Baseline PET is repeated at D14 of the first treatment course. MRA results are blinded for the investigators. Tumor tissues, optionally obtained from a PET-measurable lesion, and blood samples (at baseline; after the first chemotherapy course; and every two months) are collected. Overall survival (OS) is the primary endpoint and will be correlated with metabolic parameters, and genetic, epigenetic and molecular aberrations assessed from tumor biopsies and blood samples using gene expression and methylation profiling, RNA and exome sequencing. As the study is exploratory, no formal hypothesis was formulated. We arbitrarily decided to have a sample size of 105 evaluable pts with 70 pts as a derivation set and 35 pts as a validation set. Taking into account an expected 20-25% drop-out rate, between 124 and 140 pts will be accrued.This sample size is, however, sufficient to validate the hypothesis generated by the SoMore study, which found a prognostic impact of homogeneous metabolic response on OS, with an estimated HR of 0.59. RegARd-C has accrued 76 pts since August 2013. Clinical trial information: NCT01929616.


Glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2)is a peptide hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells,which can promote the growth of intestinal mucosa,enhance intestinal mucosal barrier,upregulate nutrient absorption,stimulate intestinal blood flow,inhibit gastrointestinal motility and acid secretion.Recently,the widespread use of GLP-2 in clinical trials necessitate elucidation of the mechanism of GLP-2.GLP-2 acts through a specific G protein-coupled receptor(GLP-2R),which is expressed in various intestinal cells,so it′s inferred that GLP-2 plays its biological role through multiple downstream mediators.The intestinotropic actions of GLP-2 on the colon are mediated through the keratinocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-2,whereas small intestinal growth has been linked to IGF-1,IGF-2,and ErbB ligands.The anti-inflammatory and blood flow effects of GLP-2 are dependent on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide released from submucosal enteric neurons and nitric oxide,respectively.


Security threats in a distributed environment are one of the greatest threats in IT and big data on distributed infrastructure makes it more complex and difficult to implement a fool proof security framework. Network provides the access path for both inside and outside attacks which makes it the key access point for any type of security threats. Securing distributed infrastructure is not an easy task as it is complex, it requires careful configuration and it is subject to human errors. Distributed environment should be open but with proper security framework in place. Testing security threats in this kind of a complex infrastructure, with huge and unstructured data is an on-going process. Hence we need a security testing model which is capable to identify any unauthenticated intrusion immediately. This paper presents a technique to test distributed environments against attacks on data integrity. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of scientific committee of International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies and Applications (ICACTA-2015).


To investigate the epidemiology of H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses in yunnan province,5728 samples from poultry and swine in difference places were randomly collect between June 2006 and April 2007.2 pairs of primer were designed and synthesized based on nucleoprotein(HA and NA)gene and variability of known H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses.The 276 samples were infected with H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses by RT-PC R.HA gene of 17 strains were cloned into PMD-18T vector.Sequence analysis shows that homology of HA gene of H9N2 subtype from different districts samples was between 92%-100%.The homology of HA gene of 12 strains is 97% as a branch,which HA of 556 amino acids in 11 strains existed the same four-amino-acids deletion in the HA stalk at 6-9aa and homology of HA gene encoding 560aa in other 5 strains is 98% as another a branch.The 17 of strains with H9N2 subtype influenza virus isolated is low homology comparing with abroad other domestic strains including in 1999,2000 and 2001 of Yunnan province(except Qa/ST3143/05,97%).There were no basic amino acid inserted into the cleavage sites of HA,and variation of amino acid at receptor binding sites either.The glycosylation site of HA in 4 strains existed variation with different modality.


First-principles calculations are employed to study four frequently proposed surface models for the Fe3O4s001d surface, i.e., the A-terminated surface sA modeld, the A-terminated surface with Fe vacancy sA-vac modeld, the B-terminated surface sB modeld, and the B-terminated surface with O vacancy sB-vac modeld. However, calculations have revealed that the outmost surface Fe atoms of the four surface models are all from the B-type layers, i.e., the A-site Fe atoms which were originally situated at the surface, according to the ideal bulk-terminated positions for the A and A-vac models moved underneath the next B-type layer following relaxation processes. Magnetic degradation of the four surface models is demonstrated to be mainly due to atomic relaxations. The half-metallic property remains in the B and B-vac models but destroyed in the A and A-vac models. The relative stability of the four surface models is also discussed.


This project summary briefly outlines the process used to develop a plan for how Cyrus Math, Science and Technology School can improve its marketing to increase student enrollment.


Selection of rainfall‐runoff models is dependent on the modeling objectives and the simulation accuracy required. Output reliability is proposed as a measure to help in choosing the appropriate model for a given rainfall‐runoff model use. Output reliability can be expressed by the output variable cumulative distribution function, probability density function, confidence limits, standard deviation, or probability of acceptable percent deviation from the predicted value. Approximations of these reliability measures could be established by methods such as first‐order second‐moment reliability analysis. To demonstrate the approach, an example is given of estimating peak discharge for a watershed in central Illinois using both the HEC‐1 and RORB rainfall‐runoff models.


Critically heralded Bay Area punk band THE STORY SO FAR has released a new song today titled "Out Of It." In effort to raise awareness and money for ...


Embryogenesis occurs within a complex and dynamic cellular environment that influences cell fate decisions. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a valuable tool for research into disease models as well as a resource for cell therapy due to their capacity to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types. Mimicking aspects of the embryonic microenvironment in vitro impacts the resultant functional cells. The aim of this work was to develop a controlled and scaleable process for the generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We demonstrated with bioreactor-grown embryoid bodies (EBs) that increased HPC generation can be elicited by decreasing the oxygen tension by a mechanism where vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) activation is controlled through competition with the ligand decoy VEGFR1. This is important as it demonstrates the inherent responsiveness of the developing hematopoietic system to external forces and influences. We also established a serum-free system


Purpose To describe the treatment of macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) with concomitant pars plana vitrectomy/arteriovenous sheathotomy and intraoperative intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Methods Retrospective case series. Results Four eyes of four patients were identified. Patients improved from a mean best-corrected visual acuity of 20/124 at baseline to 20/122 at month 1, 20/83 at month 3, 20/74 at month 6, 20/59 at month 9 and 20/44 at month 12 (p=0.01). All patients demonstrated improvement in visual acuity and macular oedema on fluorescein angiography and/or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Conclusion For patients with persistent macular oedema due to BRVO refractory to pharmacotherapy and/or laser photocoagulation, concomitant pars plana vitrectomy with arteriovenous sheathotomy and intravitreal triamcinolone may improve best-corrected acuity and reduce macular oedema on fluorescein angiography and OCT.


Objective: A random sample of smokers was offered a transfer to the New York State Smokers' Quitline in order to assess smokers' acceptance of "cold calls" offering quitline services. Method: A 30-minute survey to assess adult tobacco use was administered to 121 western New York smokers who were originally sampled for a random digit dialled survey in 2005, and then re-interviewed one year later, between April and July 2006. Smokers' interest in receiving immediate quitline assistance was assessed at the end of the survey, when the smokers could choose to be transferred to the New York State Smokers' Quitline in order to receive the quitline's cessation services. Results: 41% of smokers accepted the offer for, and subsequently received, New York State Smokers' Quitline services. After controlling for factors related to cessation, women were more likely to respond to the offer. Conclusions: Although telephone quitline utilisation is low, these data suggest that the demand is high and "cold calls" may be a strategy to extend the use of quitline cessation services.


Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron condition that is characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons at the spinal or bulbar level with an incidence of about 1/100,000. ALS is categorized in two forms. The most common form is sporadic (90–95% of cases) which has no obvious genetically inherited component. The familial type of ALS (FAL5, represents ~10% of cases) is due to associated genetic dominant inheritance factors. The first onset of symptoms of ALS usually occurs between the ages of 50 and 65. The pathogenesis of ALS is unknown. There are two approved medications for ALS treatment: riluzole and edaravone, both of which have many reported side effects. ALS patients and their family members seek an effective therapy for treating the symptoms and/or delaying the progression of ALS.


Excerpt The recently described disease, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis,1has aroused much clinical and pathologic interest. This disease bears a significant mortality (30%) in the reported cases. De...


" Soundings, C-band radar, data synthesis and model intercomparison for the EPIC2001 stratocumulus study " (PI: Bretherton, co PI: Yuter). Radar and radiosonde data from the Oct. 2001 EPIC SE Pacific (SEP) stratocumulus cruise were analyzed, documenting a well-mixed stratocumulus-capped boundary layer with a diurnal cycle strengthened even far offshore by interactions with the Andes (Bretherton et al. 2004a). A major accomplishment was assessing the importance of precipitation in regulating cloud structure. Periods of substantial night-time drizzle with open-cell organization were observed; most drizzle evaporated above the surface (Comstock et al. 2004). A budget study showed large effects of drizzle and solar absorption on entrainment (Caldwell et al. 2005). Other EPIC contributions include LES simulations of cross-equatorial flow (de Szoeke and Bretherton 2004) and analysis of ITCZ convection (Raymond et al. 2003, 2004). Atmospheric Circulations " (PI: Bretherton). Idealized models of the seasonal-mean tropical circulation were mathematically analyzed (Bretherton and Sobel 2002; Sobel et al. 2004). These models couple the atmospheric circulation to an ocean mixed layer with internally predicted sea-surface temperature, deep atmospheric convection and cloud-radiation feedbacks of both deep and shallow clouds, providing insights into the current distribution of SST and precipitation in the tropics and their sensitivity to climate perturbations such as greenhouse gas enhancement. Simple relationships between tropical oceanic rainfall and troposphere-averaged relative humidity (Bretherton et al. 2004c) were observationally derived used in these models. " Climate Process Team on Low-Latitude Cloud Feedbacks on Climate Sensitivity " (PI: Bretherton). We analyzed cloud climatologies and the diverse climate change responses of three major U.S. AGCMs (Wyant et al. 2006a) and a superparameterization (Wyant et al. 2006b), separating dynamical and thermodynamical feedbacks using vertical-velocity binning. A new single-column methodology for assessing subtropical boundary layer cloud feedbacks was introduced and applied to a mixed-layer model. It suggests that in a warmer climate, a more stable moist adiabat leads to thicker stratocumulus (Caldwell and Bretherton 2007a). Aquaplanet simulations were found to be a promising tool for low cloud feedback analysis (Meideiros et al. 2007). " Wavelet-based statistical analysis of multiscale geophysical data " (c0-PI: Bretherton). New wavelet-based statistical methods were developed and applied to EPIC boundary-layer turbulence data taken in a series of airborne vertical profiles (Cornish et al. 2007). 2D wavelet methods were used to provide a quantitative measure of the mesoscale cellularity of stratocumulus that varies smoothly with location. SEP have been synthesized with satellite observations and modeling. …


The International Standard "ISO 3010 Bases for design of structures - Seismic actions on structures" was published in 1988 through the activity of the working group of ISO/TC98. TC98 deals with "Bases for design of structures." The aim of TC98 is to create a coherent design system of International Standards in the field of building and civil engineering works. ISO 3010 includes principles for the determination of seismic actions on structures and seismic design. The revision of ISO 3010 began in 1995, and the revised ISO 3010 was issued in December 2001. This paper introduces the activities of TC98 and the outline of the revised ISO 3010.


In this paper, we propose and analyze a nonlinear mathematical model to study the spread of HIV/AIDS in a variable population incorporating the roles of immigration, treatment and the effect of time delay. The model exhibits a unique endemic steady state which is globally asymptotically stable if a certain threshold quantity, the treatment-induced basic reproduction number R(λ), which depends solely on the pa- rameters of the model, is greater than unity. Under certain conditions, it has a locally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium. The constant immigration of infective as well as susceptible individuals, however, makes the disease more endemic. The public health implication of this is that the disease-free equilibrium is not feasible when recruitment of new asymptomatic infectives into the population is allowed and consequent- ly, making control of the epidemic more difficult.


Educational science research is a necessary way to promote the teachers specialization and to train primary school teachers as scholar and as scientific researcher,and also is an important means to push the development of basic education curriculum reform.Higher normal university,a place to train middle school and primary school teachers,should pay attention to fostering the comprehensive literacy a qualified middle and primary school teacher must own,and at the same time,should strengthen the cultivation of educational and scientific research literacy,in order to lay a solid foundation for their being a school-teacher-as-scholar or a school-teacher-as-scientific-researcher in the future.


The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of altering farming soil use and storage management of organic carbon in soil. Four types of forage crops; fodder maize and fodder cowpea of annual, hedge lucerne and hybrid Napier of perennial were cultivated in Ramayanpatti (Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu, India). The experiments were conducted in triplicates, the data showed a significance of P<0.05 for carbon sequestered by hedge lucerne. The rate of carbon sequestered by hedge lucerne was lower when compared with hybrid Napier, followed by fodder maize and cowpea, in addition with farm yard manure and fertilizers. Agricultural soils and land studied in the present research has the impending nature to restore carbon and hedge lucerne and Hybrid napier crops could be effectively used to enhance and store carbon in the study area. From the present study hedge lucerne promises to be a potential fodder for carbon sequestration in agricultural ecosystems.


A novel optoacoustic phantom made of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol (PVCP) for optoacoustic studies is described. The optical and acoustic properties of PVCP were measured. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder and black plastic colour (BPC) were used to introduce scattering and absorption, respectively, in the phantoms. The optical absorption coefficient (μa) at 1064 nm was determined using an optoacoustic method, while diffuse reflectance measurements were used to obtain the optical reduced scattering coefficient (μ′s). These optical properties were calculated to be μa = (12.818 ± 0.001)ABPC cm−1 and μ′s = (2.6 ± 0.2)STiO2 + (1.4 ± 0.1) cm-1, where ABPC is the BPC per cent volume concentration, and STiO2 is the TiO2 volume concentration (mg mL−1). The speed of sound in PVCP was measured to be (1.40 ± 0.02) × 103 m s−1 using the pulse echo transmit receive method, with an acoustic attenuation of (0.56 ± 1.01) f(1.51±0.06)MHz (dB cm−1) in the frequency range of 0.61–1.25 MHz, and a density, calculated by measuring the displacement of water, of 1.00 ± 0.04 g cm−3. The speed of sound and density of PVCP are similar to tissue, and together with the user-adjustable optical properties, make this material well suited for developing tissue-equivalent phantoms for biomedical optoacoustics.


Overview : Queens, NY is the most ethnically diverse county in New York City and the world- with 100+ cultural groups and over 800 languages. This curriculum will explore the history of Queens, its waves of immigration, and its diversity through the lens of traditional dance. Topics of discussion will include immigration to Queens and the United States while learning traditional dance forms of various ethnic groups including China, Mexico, Korea, India, Brazil, and the Caribbean.


This study examined the relation between multiple family and child factors and the amount and type of parent participation in schooling activities for 35 families of children aged seven and eight with developmental delays. Informational resources and school characteristics related most strongly to variations in amount and type of participation at school and home. Parental beliefs and attitudes about school related only to variations in amount and type participation at school. Family SES and child status related to variations in amount and type of participation at home but not at school. Implications for practitioners are discussed.


To report our experience with robotic radical prostatectomy (rRP) for prostate glands of >75 g, as this technique is developing rapidly.


Abstract To in vitro evaluate the effects of different chlorhexidine (CHX) concentrations and application methods on the microshear bond strength (µSBS) between dentin and universal adhesives (UAs) used in self-etch mode with different functional monomers. In this study, 300 third molars were randomly assigned into 25 experimental groups based on the combinations of different variables: the UAs and functional monomers (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick [MDP, CU, Kuraray], Tokuyama Universal Bond [3D-SR, TU, Tokuyama], Gluma Bond Universal [MDP-4-META, GU, Kulzer], Prime & Bond Elect [MDP-PENTA, PEU, Dentsply Sirona], and Single Bond Universal [MDP-Vitrebond copolymer, SU, 3 M]), the CHX concentration (2% and 0.2%), and the application mode (with rinsing [R], without rinsing [WR]). Two composite resin samples were prepared on each tooth for the study groups (n = 24). Then, these samples were submitted to a µSBS test after 500 thermal cycles (load of 50 kgF and crosshead speed, 0.5 mm/min). The resulting data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). The CU-2%CHX-WR, TU-2%CHX-WR, and GU-2%CHX-WR groups had lower µSBS values than the control groups (CU-control, TU-control, and GU-control) (p < 0.05). Using 2% CHX-WR may reduce the SBS of UAs when they were used in self-etch mode. On the other hand, 0.2% CHX can be used with or without rinsing, since this concentration did not affect the μSBS of any UA in self-etch mode, regardless of the functional monomer. When chlorhexidine is used with proper concentrations and application methods, it will not negatively affect the adhesion of a UA to dentin, even if the UA is used in self-etch mode.


A prospective study was done in 74 patients with upper third ureteral stone, 15 (21%) had some of the next criterions inclusions: large stones (> 2.5 cm), chronic severe impaction (> 2 months), after percutaneous drainage, unfavorable stone composition, after failed Shock Wave Lithotripsy, after failed retrograde ureteroscopy. There were no major operative complications. Ureteral perforation was present in 6 patients (40%) and they were treated with internal ureteral stent. The average operative time was 143 mins. 93%had complete stone clearance at the first month and 100% at the end of 3 months. The average hospital stay was 4.6 days and the average follow up was 18.7 months. It is conclude that the percutaneous approach is the first line treatment for patients with upper third ureteral stone and some of the criterions above mentioned.


Following research study highlights the importance of an indispensable process in cellulose fibres (Arbocel UFC100 – Ultra Fine Cellulose) modification, which may easily change the biopolymer properties - drying. Study provides a broad range of information considering the drying process consequences on the chemical treatment of the cellulose and properties of cellulose-filled polymer composites based on an ethylene-norbornene copolymer (TOPAS Elastomer E-140). This research underlines the importance of UFC100 moisture content reduction, considering polymer composites applications, with the employment of techniques different than thermal treating. Therefore, a new hybrid chemical modification approach is introduced (Fig). It consists of two steps: solvent exchange (with ethanol either hexane) and chemical treatment (maleic anhydride - MA). Hybrid chemical modification of cellulose fibres: Path 0 – regular surface modification with MA, Path 1 – solvent exchanges before the surface modification with MA, Path 2 – solvent exchange after the surface modification with MA What should be emphasized, in case of all carried out UFC100 treatments a decrease in moisture content was evidenced. Nevertheless, it may be claimed that ethanol employment highly contributes to the lowering of water absorption ability of cellulose (up to 1.65%). Moreover, regarding composite specimen mechanical properties, the highest performance improvement was noticed in case of TOPAS + UFC100/ND/MA/1/E sample. Here, not dried cellulose has been modified with MA after a solvent exchange with ethanol. What is more, in case of that sample, also an improvement in storage modulus has been detected. Both Payne effect and filler efficiency factor indicate a possibility of a filler reinforcing nature. In performed research new filler hybrid modification approach, being undoubtedly a scientific novelty is introduced. Moreover, valuable data considering composite properties filled with cellulose fibres of various moisture content has been provided (thermal, mechanical, structure).


In this paper we introduce an online algorithm that uses integral reinforcement knowledge for learning the continuous-time zero sum game solution for nonlinear systems with infinite horizon costs and partial knowledge of the system dynamics. This algorithm is a data based approach to the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation and it does not require explicit knowledge on the system's drift dynamics. A novel adaptive control algorithm is given that is based on policy iteration and implemented using an actor/disturbance/critic structure having three adaptive approximator structures. All three approximation networks are adapted simultaneously. A persistence of excitation condition is required to guarantee convergence of the critic to the actual optimal value function. Novel adaptive control tuning algorithms are given for critic, disturbance and actor networks. The convergence to the Nash solution of the game is proven, and stability of the system is also guaranteed. Simulation examples support the theoretical result.


XinRay Systems Inc has a rectangular x-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging setup using multibeam x-ray tubes. These multibeam x-ray tubes are based on cold cathodes using carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitters. Due to their unique design, a CNT x-ray tube can contain a dense array of independently controlled electron emitters which generate a linear array of x-ray focal spots. XinRay uses a set of linear CNT x-ray tubes to design and construct a stationary CT setup which achieves sufficient CT coverage from a fixed set of views. The CT system has no moving gantry, enabling it to be enclosed in a compact rectangular tunnel. The fixed locations of the x-ray focal spots were optimized through simulations. The rectangular shape creates significant variation in path length from the focal spots to the detector for different x-ray views. The shape also results in unequal x-ray coverage in the imaged space. We discuss the impact of this variation on the reconstruction. XinRay uses an iterative reconstruction algorithm to account for this unique geometry, which is implemented on a graphics processing unit (GPU). The fixed focal spots prohibit the use of an antiscatter grid. Quantitative measure of the scatter and its impact on the reconstruction will be discussed. These results represent the first known implementation of a completely stationary CT setup using CNT x-ray emitter arrays.


This project examines the West Papuan community's assumptions regarding the vocational high school major in Tourism, specifically the high school in Manokwari that was established in 2007. Unfortunately, the expectations of the policy makers in the field of vocational education and tourism are not met by the low number of young people who are interested in the school and finally decide to enroll in the school. The Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) used in this study looks at the issues through each of four layers, namely the Litany, Systemic/Social Causes, Discourse/Worldview, and Myth/Metaphor. The analysis moves from the current scenario through the layers to the construction of a new alternative scenario. It is recognized that the school needs innovation in the paradigm of the relational type of leadership model. The recommendations propose four main areas of cooperation through the Appreciative Inquiry approach: 1) within the school, 2) with the community, 3) with the tourism business sector, and 4) with the local Department of Tourism and the Department of Education. The project fills the gap in the literature, which lacks research on tourism vocational high schools in West Papua.


This letter presents a novel high Q resonator. The measurement of the resonator itself shows that the suggested resonator provides a higher loaded quality factor with reduced circuit area compared to the conventional hairpin resonator. The size of the miniaturization SIR resonator reduces to 25% of the size of conventional hairpin SIR resonator. The resonators are designed to operate at 10.0GHz and 9.9GHz using the conventional and novel miniaturization SIR resonator to compare the quality factor performance. The simulation shows novel resonator can achieve better performances compared with conventional hairpin resonator but with smaller size. The loaded quality factor of the novel resonator shows 215, which is better than that of the conventional resonator by 93.


Presently, different river restoration measures have been taking globally so as to mitigate flood risk and improve environmental quality of aquatic systems. Consequently, hydrodynamic modelling becomes an important tool to evaluate the performance of projects and policy development. However, there are a number of difficulties for hydrodynamic modelling at large scale, especially in complex river network systems. Scarcity of measured cross-section data would be one of the most important challenges. In this study, a convenient and reasonable technique for cross-section extraction and readjustment using SRTM-DEM data (3 arc second) was proposed and was combined with MIKE11 to develop a hydrodynamic model for the middle and lower reaches of the Wei River. The performance of both calibration and validation results was satisfactory, with correlation coefficients of greater than 0.9 and Nash efficiency coefficients of greater than 0.6. Therefore, this study provided an economical alternative approach for hydrodynamic modelling in ungauged rivers.


China's postal finance has been experiencing special development since 1986.The licensing of China Post and Savings Bank marks that reforms of postal system and postal finance have made significant achievement.Based on the advantages of postal finance,China Post and Savings Bank should implement strategies including serving common people in urban communities and rural areas,practicing both homogenous competition and differential competition,building operation system with postal finance characteristics,and enhancing efficiency of external cooperation.


In order to precisely design the active sites in two-dimensional (2D) gold-based catalysts, we have developed a convenient and versatile plasma-assisted droplet evaporation-rigid crosslinking metho...


In this paper, I articulate a (somewhat) novel conception of knowledge, one that integrates the most important insights of epistemic contextualism and the idea, for which I am indebted to the later Wittgenstein, that to know this or that is to be able to do something. On my conception, S knows that p if and only if p is true and S is able to Φ (where Φ is a variable determined by the context in which the knowledge claim is made). I contrast my conception of knowledge with epistemic contextualism and an account similar to my own put forward by John Hyman. Unlike the conceptions of knowledge I critique, my account allows us to better understand how the word "know" functions in conversation and what our intuitions track in the Gettier cases.


The National Dry Deposition Network (NDDN) was established in 1987 to document the magnitude, spatial variability, and trends in dry deposition of ozone and acidic particles and gases across the United States. Currently, the network consists of 50 stations: 41 in the eastern United States and 9 in the western United States. The NDDN will be assimilated into the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet). Dry deposition is not measured directly in the NDDN, but is determined by an inferential approach, i.e., dry deposition fluxes are calculated as the product of measured ambient concentration and modeled deposition velocity. Chemical species include O3, sulfate, nitrate, sulfur dioxide, and nitric acid. The temporal resolution for the dry deposition calculations is hourly for O3 and weekly for the acidic particles and gases. The report describes the dry deposition calculation method used in the NDDN/CASTNet program and presents dry deposition data for the network for 1990 and 1991. Sources of uncertainty in the calculations are discussed.


An improved protocol for the construction of substituted indenones is presented. Also the effect of substitution on the intramolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation was noted. Specifically, if there is no substitution at the 2-position of the indenone poor yields of cyclized material were obtained, if at all, while the substitution of a methyl or ethyl group greatly improved the yield of cyclized material. Placement of a large group (e.g., benzyl) resulted in a diminuation of the improved yield. The new synthetic procedure could, in principle, allow for the construction of 2,3-disubstituted indenones. One example of this reaction mode was presented.


As positive psychology moves into the workplace, researchers have been able to demonstrate the desirable impact of positive organizational behavior. Specifically, psychological capital (PsyCap) improves employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Advancing PsyCap in sales research is important given the need for a comprehensive positive approach to drive sales performance, offset the high cost of salesperson turnover, improve cross-functional sales interfaces, and enrich customer relationships. The authors provide an integrative review of PsyCap, discuss its application in sales, and advance an agenda for future research. Research prescriptions are organized according to individual-level, intra-organizational, and extra-organizational outcomes pertinent to the sales field.


The reviewer would point out that the extension by R7' serves better to d istinguish the roles of the rules with respect to the connectives than the extension by R5' . For with R7 ' any classical theorem not containing ~ can always be proved without the use of rules concerning ~. But this result fails with R5' for all non-intuitionistic classical theorems (for example, Peirce's Law). T. THACHER ROBINSON


Based on the phenomenon of serious tensile-shear failure of bolts and cables, domestic and foreign scholars' research on the mechanical properties of bolts and cables has gradually changed from pure tensile to tensile-shear performance. To reduce the long-term bolt and cable breakage accidents in deep soft rock tunnels in coal mines, we independently developed a new type of support material—anchor cable with C-shaped tube and a corresponding tensile-shear test system. The system parameters are set through theoretical derivation, and the three main structures of the test system are designed with ANSYS: shear box, vertical loading reaction frame, and horizontal loading reaction frame. The numerical simulation results show that when the thickness of the shear box steel plate is 20 mm, the maximum strain is about 2.7‰. When the diameters of the vertical column and the horizontal bar are 220 mm and 80 mm, respectively, the maximum strains of the column and the horizontal bar are about 0.17‰ and 0.04‰, respectively. The strength and deformation of the three main structures meet the design requirements. The developed test system was tested on-site. The test results show that the system can perform tensile test and two different modes of the double shear test. The main structure has no obvious deformation during the test, meeting the design requirements. In addition, the rational design of the shear box eliminates the error caused by the shear block. The results show that the shear resistance of anchor cable with C-shaped tube is better than that of pure anchor cables. The research results can provide a reference for developing other similar test systems.


A Flexible Machine Vision (FMV) Inspection System has been developed that requires minimal retuning in hardware and software as applications are changed up. The flexibility of the system was evaluated by applying it to an inspection problem with three different types of small parts: plastic gears, plastic connectors and metallic coins, with minimal retuning when moving from one application to the others. The system was required to differentiate between 4 different known styles of each part plus one unknown style, for a total of 5 classes. In previous work, a hybrid Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was developed for the connector application. When applied to the coin application, the hybrid SVM could not achieve the target performance of 95% accuracy. A new hybrid that method that combines SVM and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) or ANN-SVM classifier was subsequently developed to overcome this problem and the results are presented in this paper. The image library used in this study is available at http://my.me.queensu.ca/People/Surgenor/Laboratory/Database.html


We consider the organization methods of art and project activities teaching to designers, including several types: artist, project, information and technology, organization and management, research and teaching, in the modernization of professional education and new state standards adoption. That allows to build a mobile teaching system on the level of modern computer technol-ogies, methods of communication and information transfer. We present the comparative characteristic of methods. It reflects degree of students activity and independence in project activity teaching to designers according to the main stages of design project. In this study we consider the project activity of the designer on the principle of double entry as a mean and result of future professional activity, the methods system as a way of organizing educational, cognitive and project activities of students. The focus is on active and interactive methods of project activities teaching to designers: "round table", "brainstorming", business games, case method, including special: workshop, creative overview and choice following the stages of project design, which allow the most effective to realize individual and group work on the design project. The universality of our early approaches to the choice of teaching methods and the developed automated system allows us to modify the existing database of methods following the specifics of project design, which enables to use it in the system of training designers.


The dynamic non-linear state-space model of a power-system consisting of synchronous generators, buses, and static loads has been linearized and a linear measurement function has been considered. A distributed dynamic framework for estimating the state vector of the power system has been designed here. This framework employs a type of distributed Kalman filter (DKF) known as a Kalman consensus filter (KCF) which is located at distributed control centers (DCCs) that fuse locally available noise ridden measurements, state vector estimates of neighboring control centers, and a prediction obtained by the linearized model to obtain a filtered state vector estimate. Further, the local residual at each control center is checked by a median χ2detector designed here for bad data/Gaussian attack detection. Simulation results show the working of the KCF for an 8 bus 5 generator system, and the efficacy of the median χ2 detector in detecting the DCC affected by Gaussian attacks.


The discourse of marriage tradition when viewed based on a theoretical point of view will result in a form of concepts, meanings, and functions. In this case, the discourse of the tradition in question is the discourse of the sorong serah aji krama tradition. The discourse of this tradition is found in the Lombok-Sasak area located in Jonggat Subdistrict, Central Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB). The axes of aji krama contained in this area have levels ranging from the bottom of the so-called 33, 66, and 100. In this case, the study is to find the value contained in the level aji krama is also explained to the community that in the level of aji krama is not only limited to discourse or celebration in a mere cultural symbol, but contains the value of philosophical life. In this case, the method used in collecting data is an interview with a prominent traditional figure who knows the ins and outs of the tradition of handling the aji krama well. Thus, the data in this study is verbal aspect in the form of interviews related to the level of aji krama contained in the area. Data analysis in this case uses Hermeneutic's Ricoeur's thinking framework that sees a text of three levels, namely semantic level, philosophical level, and level of existence. Based on the results of this study, thrust of aji krama as a tradition of marriage which also has aji aji krama level has a strong philosophical foundation. It can be seen from the level of aji 33 which shows an understanding of self, God, and all his power obtained through understanding the nature of Allah SWT. Aji 66 is a multilevel of understanding aji 33 approaching to the category of human being (rodiallah) and aji 100 is the highest category to the understanding of the nature of self and God and all forms of his power gained from a deep understanding of the 99 ulma asthma that leads to one form, that is Allah SWT. Thus, the understanding is a category of local wisdom that contains the value of character and is represented in the form of religious character.


This study aimed to determine the effect of hamstring botulinum toxin A (Btx‐A) injection in 10 children with crouch gait in terms of changes in muscle length and lower‐limb kinematics. Before Btx‐A injection limb kinematics were recorded. Maximum hamstring lengths and excursions were calculated by computer modelling of the lower limb. Data were compared with the averaged hamstring lengths of 10 control children. Hamstrings were denned as short if their length was shorter than the average maximum length minus one standard deviation. Gait analysis was repeated 2 weeks after isolated hamstring Btx‐A injection. Pre‐ and postinjection kinematic data and muscle lengths were then compared. Four of 18 injected limbs in three subjects had short medial hamstring before injection, none of the subjects had short lateral hamstrings. Muscle excursion was significantly reduced in the short and adequate maximum muscle length groups. A significant increase in the semimembranosus and semitendinosus length in all of the injected limbs was noted. Only in the short muscle group was a significant increase in muscle excursion observed. Knee extension improved by 13° in the adequate muscle length group and by 15.6° in the short muscle length group. Pelvic tilt and hip flexion increased in both groups non‐significantly. Average walking speed postinjection increased from 0.60 ms‐1 to 0.71 ms‐1. Short hamstrings are over‐diagnosed in crouch gait. Hamstring Btx‐A injection in patients with crouch gait produces significant, repeatable muscle lengthening and improved ambulatory function.


Using pump-probe techniques we study coherent magnons in the ferromagnetic semiconductor GaMnAs. The magnetic anisotropy and spin stiffness constants are determined from the magnetic-field dependence of the frequency of the standing spin waves.


Community question answering (CQA) systems such as Yahoo! Answers allow registered-users to ask and answer questions in various question categories. However, a significant percentage of asked questions in Yahoo! Answers are unanswered. In this paper, we propose to reduce this percentage by reusing answers to past resolved questions from the site. Specifically, we propose to satisfy unanswered questions in entity rich categories by searching for and reusing the best answers to past resolved questions with shared needs. For unanswered questions that do not have a past resolved question with a shared need, we propose to use the best answer to a past resolved question with similar needs. Our experiments on a Yahoo! Answers dataset shows that our approach retrieves most of the past resolved questions that have shared or similar needs to unanswered questions.


Cancer mostly is a disease of old age. Evolutionary pressures have pushed the somatic "error rate", especially the mutation rate, down to a level where for most organisms cancer is no longer of any selective significance. This appears to be a by-product of the selection that gives rise to senescence, following the arguments of Medawar, Holliday, and Kirkwood. The development of a cancer is discussed from an evolutionary viewpoint, emphasising the role of selection versus mutation and the fact that each cancer is an independent evolutionary process. The nature of the selective advantages associated with the somatic genetic changes during a cancer's evolution can sometimes be inferred by reference to the known types of mutations found in cancers. Examples are given using colorectal cancer as a model. The major selective forces involve the balance between selection for increased growth rate and against apoptosis. There are strong arguments against the much discussed role of genomic instability as a requireme...