Based on the spatial analysis of GIS,the Landsat images were used to extract the urban boundary of Xi′an city in 2000,2005,2010 and 2013,the characteristics of Xi′an city were explored by quadrant and buffer analysis and the efficiency of economic,social and environment were evaluated.The study showed that the sprawl of construction land in Xi′an city was rapid from 2000 to 2013,and the speed was fastest in 2010—2013.The average growth rate is 5.81%.The south,north,northwest is the main extension direction,and 6~18km from the bell tower is the rural expansion scope.The economic efficiency of urban sprawl in Xi′an city was very well,on the contrary,the social and environment efficiency declined over the past 14 years.It reflected that the construction land expansion faster than population expansion and the heat island area expand rapidly,especially in the high-speed urban sprawl zone.


Observations on the presence of fishes in krill catches were carriec! out during the First and Second Polish Scientific Expeditions to the Antarctic, organised by the Sea Fisheries Institute in collaboration with the Polish Academy of Sciences' lnstitt•te of Ecology and the "Odra", "Gryf" and "Dalmor" deep-sea fisheries companies. Although both the :rn10unts aHd frequency of occurrence of fishes in the catches were very lGw, it has been decided to discuss the topic, the discussion being treated as a contribution to the studies on the Antarctic fishes zoogeography.


—In the last years, the risk to become a victim of a gun fight or to be involved into an amok situation increased. This leads to a higher demand for ballistic protection of civilians. Therefore, another capability profile for ballistic armor is necessary, compared to the military or police sector. The focal point of civil ballistic armor is wearing comfort, weight and invisibility. This paper provides information about the development of flexible and lightweight ballistic body armor. The manufacturing process is showed, heat- and sag test are presented, and first ballistic trials will be discussed below. The aim of the project is to create a ballistic body armor, which is flexible, and body fit enough to be worn under a sweater or suit. Furthermore, the body armor should meet the fourth level of ballistic protection of the "Association of test laboratories for bullet resistant materials and constructions" (VPAM 4). The idea can be realized by using an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite. A material with well-balanced properties to fulfill the ballistic and mechanical requirements.


The analysis of human actions, such as recognition and person identification, is important but challenging. Previous studies usually separate person identification from action recognition. In this paper, we propose a skeleton-based end-to-end model that can simultaneously implement both person identification and action recognition and strengthen the learning of hard samples. Inspired by the recent application of recurrent neural networks and convolution neural networks to action analysis, the models of the temporal and spatial domains are created by modeling the global, local, and detailed feature-related information of the human skeleton. Moreover, during training, we add a mining and learning mechanism for hard samples that mines and focuses on them to avoid overfitting. This mining and learning mechanism enables the model to avoid a bottleneck and improve performance. The proposed model is experimentally verified on three datasets, where the results show that it can yield the state-of-the-art performance.


Memetic engineering is proposed as (1) a practical method for e-business design; (2) a possible way of resolving certain acute sociocultural problems related to globalization; (3) a paradigm for multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary (MIT) research. Our Authentic Travel International project is a prototype instance of memetic engineering where e-business plays a key role. Memes are to society and culture as genes are to an ecosystem – units of inheritance and reproduction. Power interests (power structure), recently enhanced by globalization, tend to create degenerate memes (business practices, values etc. which are harmful for environment, local economies and cultures). This has recently been recognized by sociologists as a new global risk. The purpose behind memetic engineering is to reverse this negative trend by creating beneficial memes which are competitively stronger than the degenerate ones. Analogous to genetic engineering, this approach consists in finding a 'good' base meme (in our example authentic travel), and making it resilient and strong by combining suitable elements of various agile auxiliary memes (in our case e-business, franchising and value-based marketing). Since creating powerful memes requires a combination of backgrounds and skills, memetic engineering is inherently MIT;


Selective growth of InP and related materials on patterned planar and non-planar substrates is one of the key steps in the fabrication of discrete and integrated optoelectronic devices. Growth of current blocking InP layers around the edge emitting laser (EEL) mesas are successfully used in many laboratories. In recent years, not only quantum wells have replaced the bulk active layers in the laser structures, but also, more and more advanced optoelectronic component structures continue to emerge; besides, ever since the successful demonstration of electrically pumped long wavelength vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) at low temperatures, there is an increasing urge to demonstrate it at room temperature. Both these situations set special demands on the selective regrowth of semi-insulating InP:Fe around mesas for current confinement, namely, a) the regrowth has to be rapid enough to avoid excessive quantum well mixing and unwanted dopant diffusion and b) it has to be successful even if the mesas are /spl sim/10 /spl mu/m high as in the case of VCSEL mesas. The purpose of this paper is to address these two points. Hydride Vapour Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) is best suited for the purpose owing to its selectivity, planarity and high growth rate. After successful regrowth of current blocking InP by HVPE for fabricating three types of edge emitting lasers (EEL) such as Fabry-Perot(FP), Distributed Feed Back (DFB) and Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) lasers, we have extended our studies to the regrowth of InP around cylindrical and cuboidal mesas of height up to 14 /spl mu/m with the intention of fabricating electrically pumped VCSEL. To the knowledge of the authors, such studies have not been reported. Here we present a comparison of the regrowth aspects in EEL and VCSEL cases. We also present a summary of certain device results of EEL fabricated by incorporating this technique.<<ETX>>


Pre-hospital emergency medical work is an important part of medical work.In the rapid development of the economy and society today,we must take practicing the scientific concept of development,taking as the first priority,adhere to the people-centered,adhere to the comprehensive,coordinated and sustainable prehospital emergency work and promote sound and fast development.


Report about the new-development of formaldehyd-gelatine-tents for careful cervical dilatation after the principle of the laminaria tents. Representation of the cause to swell of formaldehyd-gelatine-tents and possibilities of their use.


A variety of probable world political environments are postulated. From these environments, possible concepts for future warships, merchant ships, salvage ships, and research vehicles, both on the surface and undersea, are discussed. A forecast is made of the ship control systems requirements for these future ship concepts of the 21st century; and the needs for action today are highlighted.

Because we can project the future best when we fully understand the past, such a history is included where suitable. Trends in ship control systems are traced up to the present time when navigation is assisted by spacecraft orbiting the earth, and these trends are projected into a future of high speed, unmanned and automated seapower.


Hand posture recognition has been a wide region of applications in Human Computer Interaction and Computer Vision for many years. The problem arises mainly due to the high dexterity of hand and self-occlusions created in the limited view of the camera or illumination variations. To remedy these problems, a hand posture recognition method using 3-D point cloud is proposed to explicitly utilize 3-D information from depth maps in this paper. Firstly, hand region is segmented by a set of depth threshold. Next, hand image normalization will be performed to ensure that the extracted feature descriptors are scale and rotation invariant. By robustly coding and pooling 3-D facets, the proposed descriptor can effectively represent the various hand postures. After that, SVM with Gaussian kernel function is used to address the issue of posture recognition. Experimental results based on posture dataset captured by Kinect sensor (from 1 to 10) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and the average recognition rate of our method is over 96%.


The effects of lead pollution in soil on the contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of potato varety"CVFavorita"were investigated by potted trail. The results showed that there was no significant difference of nitrogen content in potato between light pollution and the control,but sharply decreased with the growing intensity of lead pollution. Phosphorus accumulations of light and moderate pollution were significantly higher than that of the control( 1. 67 g / kg),but the lowest( 0. 13 g per plant) in intense pollution treatment. Potassium content of potato increased with the increasing intensity of lead pollution,but the potassium accumulation per plant was the highest( 0. 68 g) in the control. Lead content and accumulation of potato increased significantly with the growing intensity of lead pollution,that of potato tuber were significantly linearly correlated to the concentration of lead in soil.


All music is ambiguous. Even the most direct melody, attempting to be a clarion call to joy, with all the structural signifiers of happiness, can evoke sadness in a listener. This situation occurs because we filter all music through our own experiences and associations. Furthermore, ambiguity is one of the reasons why music is a powerful, universal, timeless and unique channel of communication. Ambiguity is celebrated within aesthetic epistemologies and beauty and meaning are constructed along an infinite number of dimensions. Contrastingly, research is concerned with the reduction of ambiguity. Whether through the desire to establish cause and effect relationships or offering detailed and sophisticated case studies, engaging in research is concerned with transparently developing new ideas, conclusions or, dare I say, facts. Within clinical research epistemologies, ambiguity, therefore, has a more controversial place. Not least because goals are to enhance wellbeing, alleviate suffering and ameliorate pain and distress by accurately describing and predicting the effects of specific interventions. With time and resources in demand like never before, researchers working in this area seek to reduce uncertainty to further knowledge about how interventions can be developed and delivered. In contributing to the growing body of knowledge that seeks not only to understand the health benefits of music but also shed light upon the mechanisms that underpin these developments, the third edition of Music Therapy Research, edited by Barbara Wheeler and Kathleen Murphy, is both a celebration of, and desire to reduce, ambiguity. Music is a unique and separate channel of communication capable of facilitating and enhancing relationships when language and other modes of communication are problematic. Given these features, there are numerous potential links between music and health. Music is also ambiguous, complex and wondrous, and understanding how musical communication functions is one of the primarily objectives of music psychologists. Music therapists make significant contributions to this question since their practice is predicated on a sophisticated understanding of how musical communication functions. In the 22 years since the first edition of this book, music therapy research has flourished, and this third edition highlights these advances. It is undoubtedly a landmark text. It is a tour de force, exploring key issues, methods and theoretical ideas, offering a superb and essential introduction to anyone interested in music therapy research. Sixty-eight chapters across nine units present a comprehensive and detailed account of how the relationship between musical engagement and health and wellbeing can be rigorously and transparently investigated. Individual units, which include: Preparations, Foundations and Principles, Objectivist Designs, Interpretative Designs, usefully sectionalise the book to help navigation across the research landscape. The distinction between objectivist research (e.g. realism, truth and post-positivist thinking) and interpretative research 741247 POM0010.1177/0305735617741247Psychology of MusicBook Review book-review2017


This article is concerned with translatability and non-translatability of stylistic techniques, in particular, the issues of the reproduction of Tajik antithesis constructions in Russian, as one of the most popular figures of contrast. The topic, according to the author, is very relevant, because at the present stage of its development, Tajik science does not have research that is somehow related to the antithesis as a linguistic concept. Based on a large material of samples of the antithesis expressions drawn from modern Tajik short prose, the author attempts a comparative analysis of the original and translated texts, while identifying cases of using translation transformations and the degree of stylistic adequacy of translation.


Background: Previous researches on the association between the use of social media and depression have yielded conflicting results. As some studies reported that social media use may reduce depression, whereas other studies observed that frequent use of social media may be associated with depressive symptoms. Objectives: To assess the relation between overuse of social media and depression as well as identifying other risk factors related to depression among medical students. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was carried out among a representative random sample of male and female medical students in King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Anonymous self-administrated questionnaire was utilized for data collection. It consists of socio-demographic characteristics, details of social media use and PHQ-9 instrument to assessdepression among the participants. Data were collected through sending the questionnaire online through a specific WhatsApp group for the students. Results: Out of 297 students invited to participate in the study, 239 responded by completing the questionnaire giving a response rate of 80.5%. Their age ranged between 19 and 26 years with a mean±SD of 21.4±1.5 years. Depression was reported among 67.4% of them, based on PHQ-9 instrument; it was mild among 41.8% and severe among 9.6% of the participants. Depression was more reported among female than male students (74.1% versus 63.6%), p=0.034. The highest age was reported among students with no depression (22.1±1.3 years) whereas the lowest age was observed among those with moderate depression (21.3±1.7 years), p=0.018. Histories of having family problems (p<0.001), financial problems (p=0.001), study problems (p<0.001), physical or emotional abuse (p<0.001), psychiatric problems (p=0.007) and family history of depression (p=0.047) were significantly associated with depression and its severity among the participants. Conclusion:Depression is a common hidden health problemamong medical students in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was not significantly associated with pattern of using social media


The formulae for calculating surges in an air cushioned surge tank following load rejection are derived from the solution of the basic equations of the surge tank by use of the asymptotic expansion of infinitesimal parameters. These formulae,simple in form and good in accuracy,are easy to be applied in engineering practice.


We show that an equivariantly embedded Hermitian symmetric space in a projective space, which contains neither a projective space nor a hyperquadric as a component, is characterized by their fundamental forms as a local submanifold of the projective space. Using some invariant-theoretic properties of the fundamental forms and Se-ashi's work on linear differential equations of finite type, we reduce the proof to the vanishing of certain Spencer cohomology groups. The vanishing is checked by Kostant's harmonic theory for Lie algebra cohomology.


The dynamics of transitions between the cells of a finite phase-space partition is analyzed for deterministic and stochastic dynamical systems in continuous time. Special emphasis is placed on the dependence of mean recurrence time on the resolution \ensuremath{\tau} between successive observations, in the limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}0.$ In deterministic systems the limit is found to exist, and to depend on only the intrinsic parameters of the underlying dynamics. In stochastic systems two different cases are identified, leading to a \ensuremath{\tau}-independent behavior and a ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{1/2}$ behavior, depending on whether a finite speed of propagation of the signals exists or not. An extension of the results to the second moment of the recurrence time is outlined.


The processes of creation and expression of our scientific, social, and humanistic inspirations are culminating in a vast corpus of stunning and even life-changing documents, films, recordings, Web sites, and other media, including software. Advances in technology have enabled new kinds of scholarship—the most obvious and profound impact is occurring in the realm of science. Science is an interwoven system of experimentation, observation, verification, and replication that demands access to durable research results. Investigations into scholarly communication and research practices have brought attention to the evolving conduct of science. Service opportunities have been revealed for supporting the research process, sustaining and capturing the non-published conversations of science, and curating the resulting data.1 An ARL workshop in 2006 elicited many salient issues regarding data curation, and a new body of literature has been building.2 Recent developments offer compelling reasons to engage in the future of data. Since 2008, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have mandated that researchers deposit their peer-reviewed, NIH-funded research articles in PubMed Central.3 The NIH already had in place a requirement for researchers to deposit their data with NIH and to do so in prescribed formats.4 Calls for stronger data management plans by other federal granting agencies are growing. Spurred by the National Science Foundation's (NSF) initiative to build a supportive infrastructure for science, 5 campuses are forming committees and formulating Datanet proposals that involve many segments of the institution, including libraries.6 In June 2009, Senators Cornyn and Lieberman reintroduced the Federal Research Public Access Act that would direct other federal agencies to require the deposit of articles in a certified repository.7 These public investments in science are predicated on the idea that the sharing of research data and publishable results stimulates additional innovation and discoveries. Such an open system of knowledge demands an infrastructure that will endure well Leaving digitally based information to languish in personal electronic filing drawers amid a jumble of unrelated information and with no plans for its survival guarantees its disappearance.


The paper uses the arbitrary difference fine integration for 3-D wave equation seismic forward modeling, the key issue of which is how to eliminate the boundary reflection from the boundary of finite wavefield region in numeric computation.The paper adopts the absorption boundary condition of electromagnetic wave fully-matched layer presented by Mr.Berenger,deduces computation formula of 3-D wave equation arbitrary difference fine integration seismic forward modeling with absorption boundary condition of fully-matched layer and gives computational cases of absorption boundary condition of fully-matched layer.The computational results showed that the approach has identified effects of suppressing the boundary reflection.The 3-D wave equation seismic forward modeling cases showed that the arbitrary difference fine integration with absorption boundary condition of fully-matched layer provides a practical forward modeling tool for study of seismic wave propagation in complex area.


This research aimed to develop appropriate English reading materials for grade eleventh students in SMK Farmasi-YPFSU Medan. The research was conducted by Research and Development (R & D) design by adapting Borg and Gall's research theory (2003) through six steps, such as: (1) Gathering data and information, (2) Analyzing data, (3) Designing new materials, (4) Validating new materials by experts, (5) Revising, and (6) Final product. The data of this research were the existing reading materials and the results of need analysis. The sources of the data were the textbook, students and teacher. The class consisted of 30 grade eleventh students. The instruments for collecting the data were questionnaire, interview, and documents. The questionnaire was analyzed as quantitative data and the interview result was analyzed as qualitative data. The questionnaire and interview was done to get the students' need. The interview and questionnaire results prove that the students need English reading materials which cointain English for pharmacy program. Thus, developing English reading materials were procedure text. The developed procedure texts were related to the pharmacy program. The products have been validated by experts. The average scores are 4,03 from English Lecturer and 4,57 from English Teacher. It means the developing reading materials categorized as appropriate or relevant for the grade eleventh students in SMK Farmasi-YPFSU Medan.


The noise characteristics of high-power laser systems are becoming more and more important for a host of high-end applications that include, for example, attosecond pulse generation [1]. For these experiments, the noise level of the driving laser is very important since the HHG-process that drives the attosecond-pulse generation depends strongly on the driving laser field. Up to now, only thin-disk lasers have been systematically investigated regarding their noise characteristics [2]. In a previous work [3], we began with the examination of the transfer function of the relative intensity noise (RIN) in a high-power fiber laser system, and found out that it can be significantly attenuated due to saturation effects. This is in accordance with previous theoretical works [4]. We also found out that the noise characteristics of the fiber laser system depends on fiber design.


This video was produced as part of the participatory speculative design project "Sankofa City." The project engages community residents to design emerging technologies (e.g. augmented reality, ubicomp, and self-driving cars) tied to their cultural practices. This collaboration is based in the African-American neighborhood of Leimert Park, in South Los Angeles. With increasing urban development in the area, residents are concerned about cultural displacement. In this twelve-week workshop series, local residents worked with university students (Figure 1) to design and plan their neighborhood's future. Groups began by brainstorming high-level concepts through "what if" hypothetical questions. Then they created prototypes and scenarios based on their user personas, which were inspired by local residents. Lastly, they created seven collages (Figure 2) and a design fiction video to share at a local stakeholders' meeting, in order to gather larger community feedback. The video portrays an ARenabled self-driving shuttle that dynamically displays local history. The video was particularly effective for gaining community buy-in and has since been shown at a number of local events and festivals. By grounding speculative designs in a community context, students and residents imagined novel technologies that support Leimert Park's local economy and project their cultural heritage into the unknown future.


Short-term traffic flow prediction plays an important role in route guidance and traffic management. K-NN is considered as one of the most important methods in short-term traffic forecasting, but some disadvantages limit the widespread application. In this paper, we use four tests to find the key factors of the K-NN method, which will give inspires to the further research to improve the method.


THE dental literature contains numerous articles concerning the chemical analysis of human teeth.1-9 Most of this work was done in the early 1930's. Naturally, in these analyses the common chemical methods and procedures known at the time were used. Recently, a request was received for an analysis of some Greek teeth to compare their chemical compositions with that of domestic teeth. In recent years new methods in analytical chemistry have been developed which make the analysis of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus easier, faster, and more accurate. In this investigation some of these new methods have been applied. It is the purpose of this report to describe these methods and the compositions obtained. Some investigators" have shown that the composition of enamel and dentine of the teeth of one person may vary as much as that obtained from the teeth of several individuals. Others2 have shown that even the difference between the chemical compositions of well-developed and hypoplastic enamel is of the same order as the difference between one individual and another. Thus, the sampling of human teeth for chemical analysis is quite important. In this analysis, 10 domestic and 10 Greek teeth were crushed separately and the results reported represent an average value for each group. The human tooth is made up largely of inorganic material, and many investigators have analyzed only this portion of enamel and dentin. However, teeth contain organic as well as inorganic components, and some investigators, such as Deakins and Volker,3 have reported the organic content of the enamel of human teeth. This report describes only the determination of the inorganic content of enamel and dentin. After analyzing the inorganic part of human teeth, different investigators tried to assign a chemical formula to this structure. As a result, 3 rather important formulas have been given to tooth structure.


Registration is a fundamental but critical task in point cloud processing, which usually depends on finding element correspondence from two point clouds. However, the finding of reliable correspondence relies on establishing a robust and discriminative description of elements and the correct matching of corresponding elements. In this letter, we develop a coarse-to-fine registration strategy, which utilizes rotation-invariant features in frequency domain and a new graph matching (GM) method for iteratively searching correspondence. In the GM method, the similarity of both nodes and edges in the Euclidean and feature space is formulated to construct the optimization function. The proposed strategy is evaluated using two benchmark datasets and compared with several state-of-the-art methods. Regarding the experimental results, our proposed method can achieve a fine registration with rotation errors of less than 0.2° and translation errors of less than 0.1 m.


This research is motivated by children who are less able to concentrate when learning activities take place. This is addressed by children with indifferent attitudes during learning. The child pays little attention to the teacher speaking in front of the class, when the teacher asks to complete activities such as stacking blocks or sticking leaves on a picture book the child cannot complete it, and the child also does not want to do the activities given by the teacher, when the learning activity takes place the child only able to concentrate for 5-7 minutes because the attention is often changing to do activities that children prefer. The purpose of this study was to determine the planning, implementation, and results of increasing children's learning concentration through sensorimotor play. The indicators in this study are to recognize rough, smooth, and slippery textures. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach to class action research. The research subjects were 32 children with an age range of 4-5 years. Data collection tools using observation guidelines, interview guides, and documentation. The results of this study showed that the research subjects experienced an increase in learning concentration of 80% in the very well-developed criteria for each assessment indicator. The indicators for recognizing coarse textures achieved very good results of 83.03%, the indicators for recognizing smooth textures reached 88.08%, and the indicators for recognizing smooth textures reached 88.08%. The results of the research show that planning is carried out by compiling learning designs, determining learning objectives, designing media, RPPH, and room arrangement. The process of carrying out sensorimotor children touches the surface of the skin of fruits to recognize rough and fine textures. Meanwhile, to get to know the slippery texture, the teacher peels the skin of the fruit which is then touched by the child. Sensorimotor play can be used as a learning activity to improve children's learning concentration. The result of sensorimotor games is that children are trained to follow rules, and wait their turn so that children are more organized and help improve children's learning concentration.


Problem, research strategy, and findings: Historic preservation has the potential to serve as a constructive agent of change within the built environment and to contribute to goals of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. However, tensions between sustainability goals and preservation policy and practice are impeding opportunities to forge common ground and a shared agenda. I review the existing literature related to the preservation–-sustainability nexus and critically analyze how preservation policies and practices conflict with or support key sustainability goals of energy consumption reduction, alternative energy production, urban densification, economic development, inclusion, diversity and participation, and intergenerational equity. Key findings of this research include the need to resolve tensions between sustainability and historic preservation practice through research and data, evolving preservation policies, and aligning historic preservation with the goals of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. Takeaway for practice: The future of the preservation field and its engagement with sustainability goals hinge on the ability to contribute to environmental, economic, and social aims, but to also demonstrate why social concerns may sometimes trump economic and environmental ones given the fundamentally social aims of historic preservation. Understanding where tensions lie and why conflicts arise is an important step toward enhancing research about preservation outcomes and their contributions to sustainability and evolving preservation policy to better respond to changing environmental, economic, and societal conditions.


There were 1.83 million cars and average passenger car age was 18 years in Lithuania in 2013. Increasing number of cars has an insignificant effect on car age change but it is contrary to automotive waste, both hazardous and non-hazardous, that accumulates during vehicle exploitation and after it ends. The aim of this study was to assess different mathematical modelling methods abilities to forecast non-hazardous and hazardous automotive waste generation. Artificial neural networks, multiple linear
regression, partial least squares, support vector machines, nonparametric regression and time series methods were used in this research. Results revealed that nearly perfect theoretical results in both cases can be reached by smoothing splines and other nonparametric regression methods. It is very doubtful that results would be so precise using data outside of currently used data set range and due to this reason
further testing using 2014–2015 data is needed.


Two possible mechanisms of surface plasmon (SP) oscillations damping in metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), not connected with electron-phonon interaction are investigated theoretically: a) the radiation damping of SP, b) resonant coupling of SP oscillations with electronic transitions in matrix. It is shown that the radiation damping rate is proportional to the number of electrons in MNP and therefore this channel of energy outflow from MNP becomes essential for relatively large particles. The investigation of second mechanism shows that the rate of SP oscillations energy leakage from MNP dos not depend on particle size and is fully determined by the optical characteristics of the matrix. It is demonstrated that for very small MNPs of 3-5 nm size, where the strong 3D size quantization effect suppresses the electron-phonon interaction, the resonance coupling in certain cases provides an effective energy outflow.


For realizing the excitation and synthetic speed control of an electromechanical velocity modulated dieselgenerator set,a new decentralized L2 attenuation control for an interconnected multi-input system is proposed and the corresponding formula is calculated. In the new control method,because the K-class functions are used in the control law,the convergence speeds of the state parameters and the L2-gain attenuation ability are improved. The simulation results show that when the loads are increased suddenly,the new proposed method can increase the convergence speed and the performance of the terminal voltage can also improve the disturbance attenuation ability. This is achieved by using the K-class functions in comparison to the traditional nonlinear robust adaptive control method.


We consider channel equalization with Gaussian Belief Propagation (GaBP) in a SISO polar coded single carrier transmission. GaBP requires soft values on reliability information for coded bits when the channel decoder is concatenated and iteratively decoded with GaBP. However, it is not so easy to generate the soft values of coded bits in general polar decoders. In this paper, we use soft successive cancellation list (SSCL) decoding for generating log-likelihood ratio (LLR) values of coded bits. In addition, we propose simpler methods to generate LLR values based on Log-domain SSCL decoding. The simulation results show that the SSCL decoding and its modified versions work well with GaBP and that the proposed method provides the same or better performance with less complex algorithm than that of SSCL decoding.


Nowadays, purchasing decisions are increasingly considering both tangible and intangible factors that in supplier selection. If suppliers have capacity or other different constraints, the problem is to identity the potential suppliers and to allocate the optimal order quantity among the selected suppliers. In this paper an integrated model of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and preemptive goal programming (PGP) is proposed. The model attempts to incorporate volume discount in a conflicting multi-objective scenario wherein one needs to maximize the total purchase value and minimize the total cost. The framework of the model will be illustrated by means of a numerical example.


In this paper we introduce the concept of minus edge domination in graphs,give two lower bounds for the minus edge domination number γ′m(G) of a graph G,and determine minus edge domination numbers for complete graphs、cycles and wheels.In addition,we prpose some open problems and conjectures.


Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the factors affecting in human resources productivity at sport Federations of Iran. Methods: The method of research is the descriptive nature performed in a field form. The statistical universe of this study was included all the human resources at sport federation of Iran (1394 people). Sample group was consisting of 302 people that randomly selected. For data collection, two researchers - made questioner were used. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The relationship between main internal factors, complement internal factors & external factors with components of productivity is significant (α=0/01).The main internal factors have a significant effect on the component of organizational effectiveness but there isn't significant effect on the other components of productivity (α=0/01). The complement internal factors haven't a significant effect on the components of productivity. The external factors have a significant effect on the components of productivity. Conclusion: with regard the significant influence of external organizational factors in increasing employee productivity, the officials of sports federation must pay particular attention to these factors.


In mammals, a key transition in spermatogenesis is the exit from spermatogonial differentiation and mitotic proliferation and the entry into spermatocyte differentiation and meiosis. Although several genes that regulate this transition have been identified, how it is controlled and coordinated remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the role in male gametogenesis of the Doublesex-related gene Dmrt6 (Dmrtb1) in mice and find that Dmrt6 plays a crucial role in directing germ cells through the mitotic-to-meiotic germ cell transition. DMRT6 protein is expressed in late mitotic spermatogonia. In mice of the C57BL/6J strain, a null mutation in Dmrt6 disrupts spermatogonial differentiation, causing inappropriate expression of spermatogonial differentiation factors, including SOHLH1, SOHLH2 and DMRT1 as well as the meiotic initiation factor STRA8, and causing most late spermatogonia to undergo apoptosis. In mice of the 129Sv background, most Dmrt6 mutant germ cells can complete spermatogonial differentiation and enter meiosis, but they show defects in meiotic chromosome pairing, establishment of the XY body and processing of recombination foci, and they mainly arrest in mid-pachynema. mRNA profiling of Dmrt6 mutant testes together with DMRT6 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing suggest that DMRT6 represses genes involved in spermatogonial differentiation and activates genes required for meiotic prophase. Our results indicate that Dmrt6 plays a key role in coordinating the transition in gametogenic programs from spermatogonial differentiation and mitosis to spermatocyte development and meiosis.


The earth is getting warmer day by day and we are going to be in deep trouble. Now a day the climate change has become a thorny issue across the world. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. This paper discusses the adverse impact of climate change on socio-economic development in Bangladesh through the study of cyclone, flood, river bank erosion, droughts & others. For climate change study, increases in cyclone, more frequency in the bay of bangle, droughts and increases of sea surface temperature rise of 2 c to 4 c are mentioned. Impacts of black water effect are in a worst condition in urban areas, due to sea level on flood situation in the country. Finally with the study of climate change, a few recommendations are made for reducing negative effect on socio-economic development of Bangladesh.


Chronic liver inflammation and immune/inflammatory response promote hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to characterize the immune status of HCV‐related cirrhosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV‐HCC) as compared to HCV patients without hepatocellular carcinoma.


Accessible online at: www.karger.com/journals/nef Dear Sir, Since IgA nephropathy was first described by Berger and Hinglais [1], several kinds of therapy have been tried for this disease. Although patients with IgA nephropathy generally show slow progression of renal dysfunction [2], many of them eventually develop end-stage renal failure [3]. Some previous studies have suggested that steroid therapy is beneficial for progressive IgA nephropathy [4–7]. We currently use histological activity and chronicity indexes modified from those described by Andreoli and Bergstein [8] to decide when steroid therapy is indicated for IgA nephropathy. We have already reported that these indexes are useful markers for assessing IgA nephropathy [9, 10]. In this study, we investigated the relationship between steroid therapy and histological activity or chronicity by evaluating repeat biopsy specimens. Eleven patients with IgA nephropathy (1 male and 10 females aged from 14 to 57 years) underwent needle biopsy at the Second Department of Internal Medicine of Hiroshima University School of Medicine before and after steroid therapy. Steroid therapy was started with prednisolone at 40 mg/ day for 4 weeks and then was gradually tapered. The parameters assessed were the activity index, chronicity index, urinary protein, hematuria, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, serum and urinary ß2-microglobulin, and blood pressure. The activity index and chronicity index were determined as described previously [9, 10]. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests, and correlations were assessed by calculating Spearman's rank correlations or by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A p value ! 0.05 was considered significant. After steroid therapy, the activity index was decreased in 8 out of 11 patients. Urinary protein loss decreased in all patients, falling by more than 30% in 6 of them. The chronicity index decreased in 5 patients, was unchanged in 3, and increased in 3 (table 1). There were significant changes of the activity index and urinary protein loss before and after steroid therapy (activity index, p = 0.0051; urinary protein loss, p = 0.0033). However, there was no relationship between the chronicity index and any clinical features before and after steroid therapy. Therefore, the activity index and urinary protein loss decreased with steroid therapy, but the chronicity index and other clinical features were unchanged. It is difficult to evaluate the activity or chronicity of IgA nephropathy, although the activity and chronicity indexes are useful Table 1. Activity index (AI), chronicity index (CI) and urinary protein loss (UP) before and after steroid therapy


PART I. THE STRATEGIC APPROACH. 1. The Strategic Approach to Human Resource Management. 2. Formulating a Corporate and Human Resource Strategy. 3. The External and Global Environment for Human Resources: Change and Diversity. PART II. STRATEGIES FOR HUMAN RESOURCE ACQUISITION AND PLACEMENT. 4. Human Resource Planning and Information Systems. 5. Equal Employment Opportunity and Managing Diversity. 6. Job Analysis. 7. Recruitment, Selection, and Retention. PART III. STRATEGIES FOR MAXIMIZING HUMAN RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY. 8. Job Design. 9. Socialization, Training, and Development. 10. Strategies for Effective Performance Appraisal Systems. 11. Strategic Compensation Systems. 12. Improving Productivity. PART IV. STRATEGIES FOR MAINTAINING HUMAN RESOURCES. 13. Benefit Plans. 14. Managing Health, Safety, and Stress. 15. Ethics, Employee Rights, and Employer Responsibilities. 16. Unions and Strategic Collective Bargaining. PART V. STRATEGIC SEPARATION. 17. Separation Restructuring and the Virtual Organization.


This paper gives an overview of the main institutional constraints on provision of family planning in Latin America. The sources of information are data obtained by international agencies special analyses of problems in some countries data from fertility surveys on contraception and the source of supply and a small survey of family planning associations carried out by the authors. We take an historical perspective and consider institutional constraints from the time that programs began to be formulated and try to identify those that continue to be important at the present time. Because the national government is the most influential institution involved in the provision of these services the paper reviews government policies and the strength of the family planning program effort of the public sector relative to the role of the private sector. In addition to examining government policy the paper reviews constraints on the accessibility and availability of contraception in general and on specific methods which have been more problematic (e.g. the IUD and sterilization). These include legal regulations and conservative values which reflect the attitudes and practices of the medical profession the Catholic Church the media and the judicial system. In addition we touch upon the problems of inadequate managerial capacity and financial resources to expand and in some cases to maintain programs. The paper concludes that while institutional constraints have made access more difficult than it need be and while they continue to be a major problem in a few countries family planning services are in general reasonable accessible in the region. However given that the majority of the population who cannot afford private sector prices depend on subsidized services the present conditions of access may change at any time depending on fluctuations in government and foreign aid spending on family planniNG. (Authors)


When returning from the low power mode to the normal power mode, the radio communication apparatus capable of flexibly, sets the appropriate transmission power in accordance with the surrounding environment. In the wireless communication device (100), reception quality recording unit (120), while operating in the awake mode (normal power mode), the first reception quality is a received signal quality from the destination of the AP, and, other than the destination to record the second reception quality is a received signal quality from the AP. Variation determining unit (130) determines a difference between the first reception quality and the second reception quality. Initial value setting unit (150), based on the difference between the first reception quality and the second reception quality, the initial value of the transmission power of the awake notification signal to be transmitted at the start of operation of the next awake mode (normal power mode) to set.


The process of freezing of water and blockage of pipes are summarized. Current research on freezing and its applications are briefly reviewed. Design concepts are introduced for doing work by utilizing pressures caused by ice blockage. Several conceptual designs are presented for experimental setups for the isostatic pressurization of thin walled tubes. Potential practical uses of pressures generated by freezing of water and blockage are mentioned. These include the burst testing of tubes made of composite materials, compaction of powders, as well as the plastic deformation of thin tubes.


PURPOSE
This study aimed to examine the influence of sagittal plane trunk posture on lower extremity energetics during running.

METHODS
Forty asymptomatic recreational runners (20 males and 20 females) ran overground at a speed of 3.4 m·s(-1). Sagittal plane trunk kinematics and lower extremity kinematics and energetics during the stance phase of running were computed. Subjects were dichotomized into high flexion (HF) and low flexion (LF) groups on the basis of the mean trunk flexion angle.

RESULTS
The mean (±SD) trunk flexion angles of the HF and LF groups were 10.8° ± 2.2° and 3.6° ± 2.8°, respectively. When compared with the LF group, the HF group demonstrated significantly higher hip extensor energy generation (0.12 ± 0.06 vs 0.05 ± 0.04 J·kg(-1), P < 0.001) and lower knee extensor energy absorption (0.60 ± 0.14 vs 0.74 ± 0.09 J·kg(-1), P = 0.001) and generation (0.30 ± 0.05 vs 0.34 ± 0.06 J·kg(-1), P = 0.02). There was no significant group difference for the ankle plantarflexor energy absorption or generation (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Sagittal plane trunk flexion has a significant influence on hip and knee energetics during running. Increasing forward trunk lean during running may be used as a strategy to reduce knee loading without increasing the biomechanical demand at the ankle plantarflexors.


Abstract AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADERSHIP. Iris Carlton-LaNey (Editor) Silver Springs, MD: NASW Press, 2001. Reviewed by Charles Guzzetta. CONTEMPORARY ETHNIC FAMILIES IN THE UNITED STATES: CHARACTERISTICS, VARIATIONS, AND DYNAMICS. Nijole V. Benokraitis (Editor). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002. Reviewed by Keith A. Alford.


This paper addresses the well and near well formation damage mechanisms encountered on geothermal district heating wells producing/injecting low to medium temperature brines in an aqueous CO2/H2S environment. Corrosion of exposed metal surfaces and forming of heavy metal sulphide and calcium carbonate scale are reviewed. Remedial strategies based on material definition (removable fiberglass lining of metal casings) and downhole chemical inhibition technologies are presented and monitoring/economical aspects are presented in fine.


This research seeks to analyze what is the tourist reality of the state of Nayarit and of each of the municipalities that make it up and in turn wants to know if municipal tourism is practiced correctly in the state. The main objective is to know the current state of tourist activity in the most important municipalities of said state to develop municipal tourism. A detailed investigation was carried out where various sources of consultation were used as a methodology, in which the use of the platform of the Institute of transparency and access to public information of the state of Nayarit stands out, and in turn a questionnaire was applied to the municipal tourism addresses. of said place. The information was processed and as a result it was obtained that in the state of Nayarit, municipal tourism has only been developed on the southern coast of the state, this is due to the polarization of tourism by the government and investors who have only focused on develop the Riviera Nayarit brand mainly in the municipality of Bahía de Banderas and in turn leaving aside the other municipalities of the state. As main findings it is obtained that in the state of Nayarit municipal tourism is not practiced correctly since there is a municipal administration focused on an optimal issue for tourism development, nor a plan on real development and no coordination against the different directions of the city council, to achieve advances in the matter of tourism; and the various municipalities do not have the trained personnel to direct the tourism directorates since they have little knowledge in tourism to prepare a good municipal tourism development plan.


This study examined the accuracy with which trained and conditioned females could set Maximum Acceptable Weights (MAWs) using ratio estimation. Examined were two lifting ranges, floor-to-knuckle and knuckle-to-shoulder, and four lift frequencies (lifts every 9-, 20-, 60-, and 120-seconds). In each of the eight conditions subjects set the MAW using the method of adjustment. Immediately after the MAW had been set, the task was changed, performed for a few cycles, and rated using ratio estimation. This rating was used to establish an estimated MAW for the second lifting task. On a later day, the MAW was set for the second task using the method of adjustment and the MAW for the original task estimated with ratio estimation. This allowed comparison of the accuracy of MAWs set by psychophysical and ratio estimation methods as affected by the frequency and lifting zone of the standard task. Consistent with previous research there were significant effects on the MAW due to frequency of lift and the lift range. Also, and importantly, there were no significant differences between MAWs set by ratio estimation and by the traditional method of adjustment (p>0.6). This indicates that ratio estimation is an accurate method to quickly establish MAWs for a variety of lifting tasks. This indicates that MAWs for entire classes of lifting tasks can be quickly and accurately determined with ratio estimation.


In this paper, two low-complexity belief propagation (BP) based detectors are proposed for multiple-input multiple-out (MIMO) system. The factor graph is leveraged to represent the MIMO channels, and based on which our algorithms are developed. Unlike the existing complicated standard BP detectors that consider all the edges when updating the messages, our algorithms only focus on single edge, which largely reduce computational complexity. In particular, we propose a novel Gaussian approximation with feedback information (GF) mechanism to enable the proposed single edge BP detector. In order to further improve the detection performance, we also propose to integrate the linear MIMO detector into the initial GF based single edge BP detector, where the pseudo priori (PP) information obtained from linear detector is judiciously exploited. Convergence and complexity analyses, along with the numerical simulations, verify that the proposed single edge BP detectors outperform the existing BP detectors in performance while with low complexity.


Thiomersal, the sodium s a l t of ethylmercuri-thiosalicylic ac id is widely used as a p re se rva t ive f o r aqueous ophthalmic so lu t ions and b io log ica l products. Evidence e x i s t s which i n d i c a t e s t h a t thiomersal i s unstable, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the presence of l i g h t (Meakin & Khanmas 19781, although t h e r e i s no evidence o f a concomitant decrease i n ant imicrobia l a c t i v i t y . This work was i n i t i a t e d t o determine t h e ant imicrobia l a c t i v i t y o f t he degradation products of thiomersal and we now repor t t h e i n i t i a l r e s u l t s of the ac t ion of photochemically degraded so lu t ions on the gram p o s i t i v e Staph. aureus NCTC6571 and the gram negative Ps. aeruginosa NCTC6750. A so lu t ion of thiomersal 0.008% W/v i n Sdrensens phosphate buffer a t pH7 was d i s t r i b u t e d i n t o 1-1 g l a s s ampoules and exposed t o a high i n t e n s i t y simulated day l igh t source (Cox 1975) and ampoules were removed a f t e r 2,4,6,8 and 10 days f o r t e s t i n g . The b a c t e r i a were grown i n a chemically defined medium and 22 hour secondary growth c u l t u r e s were harvested, washed and suspended i n phosphate buffer . An a l i q u o t was added t o t h e thiomersal so lu t ions t o give an i n i t i a l v i ab le count of about 1 x 106 organisms ml-1. Samples were removed a t i n t e r v a l s , placed i n a recovery medium and assayed f o r v i a b i l i t y . Survivor curves f o r Staph. aureus and 3. aeruginosa a r e shown i n the f igure .


The problem dealt with in this paper is that of optimizing the path of the extraction rate (and, consequently, the price) for the monopolistic owner of the primary sources of a totally or partially durable non-renewable resource (such as precious metals or gemstones) in a continuous-time frame, assuming that there is an upper bound on the extraction rate and with an interest rate equal to zero. The durability of the resource implies that, unlike the case of non-durable resources, at any time there is a stock of already-used amounts of the resource that are still potentially reusable, in addition to the resource available in the ground for extraction. The problem is addressed using the Maximum Principle of Pontryagin in the framework of optimal control theory, which allows identifying the patterns that the optimal policies can adopt. In this framework, the Hamiltonian is linear in the control input, which implies a bang-bang control policy governed by a switching surface. There is an underlying geometry to the problem that determines the solutions. It is characterized by the switching surface, its time derivative, the intersection point (if any) and the bang-bang trajectories through this point.


An incredible amount of data and analysis has been packed into the few pages of this book. The title indicates its range and scope but gives little idea of the focused yet comprehensive analysis that follows. This is especially laudable since the concepts of poverty, gender and choiceespecially reproductive choice-have multiple connotations that elude any simplified interpretation. The two authors have been successful in not only elaborating these concepts but also in connecting them to the social, economic and cultural contexts which interact with the available choices


One of the most serious problems associated with Diesel engines is pollutant emissions, specially nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. However, although current emissions standards in Europe and America with regard to light vehicles and heavy duty engines refer to the particulate limit in mass units, there has been increasing concern of late to know the size and number of particles emitted by engines. This interest has been promoted by the latest studies about the harmful effects of particles on health and is enhanced by recent changes in internal combustion engine technology. This study is focused on the implementation of a method to determine the particle size distribution that could be appropriate for the current methodology of vehicle certification in Europe. This method uses an automated Digital Image Analysis Algorithm (DIAA) to determine particle size trends from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of filters charged in a partial dilution system used for measuring specific particulate emissions. The experimental work was performed on a stationary electric generation direct injection Diesel engine with 0.5 MW (671 hp) rated power, which is considered as a typical engine in middle power industries. Particulate size distributions obtained using DIAA were compared with distributions obtained using an Optical Particle Counter (OC) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), the latter currently considered as the most reliable technique. Although the number concentration detected by this method does not represent the real flowing particle concentration, the algorithm gives a fair reproduction of the trends observed with on-line techniques (SMPS and OC) when the engine load is varied.


This paper points out that the mobile radio communications in the EMI filter is introduced on the interference phenomenon and its influence.Based on the high frequency parasitic causes of EMI filter structure to give the topology,and the introduction of radio frequency interference is analyzed.Given for interference field strength estimation model and formula.Finally put forward the mobile communication radio frequency interference in EMI filter screen and elimination method.


The near-field dynamics of a femtosecond Bessel beam propagating in a Kerr nonlinear medium (fused silica) is investigated both numerically and experimentally. We demonstrate that the input Bessel beam experiences strong nonlinear reshaping. Due to the combined action of self-focusing and nonlinear losses the reshaped beam exhibits a radial compression and reduced visibility of the Bessel oscillations. Moreover, we show that the reshaping process starts from the intense central core and gradually replaces the Bessel beam profile during propagation, highlighting the conical geometry of the energy flow.


The present invention relates to a green light emitting phosphor particles and a manufacturing method, the color conversion sheet, the light emitting device and the image display device assembly, wherein the method for manufacturing a green light emitting phosphor particles comprising the steps of: from a solution containing a europium compound and a strontium compound Preparation of a powder containing europium and strontium; powder and a powdered gallium compound obtained by mixing; and performing firing.


Let $K$ be a field of characteristic zero and $A_{2}:=A_{2}(K)$ the 2$nd$–Weyl algebra over $K$. We establish a close connection between the maximal left ideals of $A_{2}$ and the simple derivations of $K[X_{1},X_{2}]$. MAIN THEOREM. Let$d = \partial_1 + \beta\partial_2$be a simple derivation of$K[X_1, X_2]$with$\beta\in K[X_1, X_2]$. Then, there exists$\gamma\in K[X_1, X_2]$such that$d + \gamma$generates a maximal left ideal of$A_2$. More precisely, the following is true: $\deg_{X_2} (\beta) \geq 2$ or $\deg_{X_2} (\beta) = 1$ and $\deg_{X_1} (\partial_2(\beta)) \geq 1$; $d + gX_2$generates a maximal left ideal of$A_2$if$g \in K[X_1]\\{0\}$is such that (a) $g \in -(\partial^2_2(\beta)/2)\mathbb{N}$when$\deg_{X_2} (\beta) \geq 2$, (b) $\deg_{X_1} (g) < \deg_{X_1} (\partial_2(\beta))$when$\deg_{X_2} (\beta) = 1$. As applications, we obtain large families of concrete examples of cyclic maximal left ideals of $A_2$; such examples have been rather scarce so far.


The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast has been increasing, presumably owing to increased use of screening mammography since


Like many libertarian thinkers, Simpson assumes that the minimal state is culturally neutral. This is false. Libertarianism is a theory opposed to hierarchy at the state level. As such, it also undermines the grounds for hierarchy at the community level. Since communities require some form of hierarchy not only to exist but to generate meaningful culture, libertarianism is inherently nonneutral towards culture. From this it follows that Simpson's idea of a minimal state overseeing various nonliberal communities cannot be realized within the libertarian framework. In its place, I defend republicanism, which makes no pretensions toward cultural neutrality.


Abstract In this note, we calculate projective limits of localization functors. We relate the results, thus obtained, to the construction of structure sheaves for noncommutative rings.


Piezo actuators are commonly used within Fast Steering Mirrors (FSM) for active stabilization, pointing and tracking functions. Such compact mechanisms are requested for Free-Space Optics and Deep Space Optical Communication since they are embedded and offer fast (up to 1kHz) and precise (μRad) tip tilt motion (up to +/-2°) [1]. The use of large amplified actuator within mirror telescope [2] is new and become relevant since it displays enough power, reliability and do not fall apart when a failure occurs: steady state design with high stiffness 64N/μm. The purpose of this paper is to present the development and the qualification of the world largest amplified piezo actuator ever integrated in a telescope tip-tilt mirror of more than 2 meters diameter.


Abstract Using data from the ATNF pulsar catalogue, 186 binary pulsars are shown in the magnetic field versus spin period (B-P) diagram, and their relationship to the spin-up line is investigated. Generally speaking, pulsars in binary systems should be below the spin-up line when they get enough accretion mass from their companions. It is found that there are seven binary pulsars above the spin-up line. Based on the parameters of these seven binary systems, we describe possible reasons why they are above the spin-up line.


Effects of different bagging treatments on the soluble sugar contents and sucrose metabolism of 'Chili'(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)fruit during growth and development were studied.The results showed that the contents of fructose,glucose,sucrose and total soluble sugar in the fruits increased with the fruit growth and development.Bagging,especially with yellow waxed paper bags,reduced the soluble sugar increases.Invertase(Ivr)activity decreased with fruit development,and bagging affected the acid invertase(AI)activity.AI activities in fruits of bagging treatments were lower than that in control in 75,90 and 150 d after flowering.The neutral invertase(NI)activity showed no significant difference between bagging treatments and control.Sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)activity increased with the fruit development and affected markedly by bagging.Among 4 tested bags,the yellow waxed paper bags affected SPS activity of fruits more than the white waxed paper and non-woven fabric bags did,and there were not significant different between fruits in plastic film bags and non-bagging control in most of the tested points.Sucrose synthase(SUS)in synthesis activity(SSs)of fruits increased gradually and sucrose synthase in cleavage activity(SSc)decreased as fruit growth.Bagging did not showed significant effect on the SSs activity in most tested points,but depressed the SSc activity in fruit development late stage.Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis of sucrose metabolism related enzyme genes AIV1,AIV2,SPS1 and SUS1 expression showed that bagging reduced the relative expression of AIV2,and non-woven bags had more effects than plastic film bags.Bagging delayed the maximum accumulation time of SPS1,and the SPS1 relative expression were significantly lower in fruits with plastic film bags than in non-bagging control in the fruit growth early stage.Bagging altered the time course of SUS1 expression,the relative expression amount of SUS1 in fruits with plastic film bags did not reveal obvious peak,and in fruit with yellow waxed paper bags appeared a maximum accumulation 15 d earlier than control and became lower after.


In Zhenguan period,the relation of Tang dynasty and Ashina,Turkhan,lastly became the friendly unity relation.But in this course,they uninterruptedly fused both living together peacefully and contradicting each other.The paper mainly probed into the development of Tang-Ashina relation.As mirror with history, for the sake of making the relation to develop harmoniously and to unity of nationalities and joint development, we from beginning to end handled national questions with thinking mode of harmonious coexistence.


The coal gasification technology is widely used in industrial production, but in its production process, there exists a tough problem that the gasified temperature is not easy to detect and monitor. This paper proposes the approach of pso neural network, the neural network optimized by the particle swarm optimization(pso), and it adopts soft-sensing technique for real time detection and monitoring. Therefore, the goal of improving the efficiency of production and providing the control decision can be realized.


Care is an expansive concept that includes the set of activities aimed at ensuring the survival and well-being of the population. This article aims to analyze and characterize care as an economic good whose provision is made through the market, public administration and households, with different implications and treatments in these three spheres. To this end, once the problem posed by this good from a multidisciplinary perspective is presented, we will focus on the characteristics that economic theory gives to economic goods and discuss how each of them manifests in the case of care. We will also analyze care's supply and demand curves, the agents involved and its market equilibrium. The economic description leads us to consider that the behavior of this market deviates substantially from the characteristics of the so-called perfect competition market and it also indicates the need to carry out a social reorganization of care.


The present dialogue piece briefly examines six perspectives of functional failure (individual-level, societal-level, life spheres impacted, number of severe consequences, attribution of consequences to drug misuse, and socio-environmental generalizability) as they might apply to seven degrees of drug misuse (constant, dependence, heavy, binging, controlled use, "dry," sober). Variation in judgments of failure is posited across the perspectives and across degrees of drug misuse.


Disclosed are a process for producing aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a hydrocarbon feedstock having boiling points of 30-250 C. and a catalyst useful therefor. In the presence of Said catalyst, aromatic components in the hydrocarbon feedstock are converted to BTX-enriched components of liquid phase through hydrodealkylation and/or transalkylation, and non aromatic components are converted to LPG-enriched gas eous materials through hydrocracking. The products of liquid phase may be separated as benzene, toluene, Xylene, and Co or higher aromatic compounds, respectively accord ing to their different boiling points, while LPG is separated from the gaseous products, in a distillation tower.


Cultural differences have a significant impact on international business. Therefore, employers must understand the potential risk of misinterpretation due to the inhomogeneity or instability of national cultures. Using Hofstede's model, this case study analyses the influence of selected demographic variables on the homogeneity of the Czech national culture in the context of radical economic and political changes. The results based on the questionnaire survey with the quota sampling show that age and education influence the homogeneity of cultural dimensions whereas the impact of gender is weak. In particular, human resource managers should pay attention to the young generation, which requires less distance from superiors, accept decentralisation better and reject visible signs of status.


It is shown by a simple sample path argument that the ruin probabilities for a risk reserve process with premium rate p(r) depending on the reserve r and finite or infinite horizon are related in a simple way to the state probabilities of a compound Poisson dam with the same release rate p(r) at content r. In the infinite horizon case, this result has been established by Harrison and Resnick (1978), and in the finite horizon case with constant p it extends well-known relations to the M/G/1 virtual waiting time.


Glycosphingolipids locate in the bilayer lipid membrane.They are important compositions of the mem-brane of mammals.Their biological function is very complex.They play important roles in the immune response,cell growth,cell recognition,differentiation,etc.The abnormal expressions of glycosphingolipids in various tissues often have obvious associations with diverse diseases.Therefore,structure characterization,QSAR studies,biosyn-thesis and catabolic pathways of glycosphingolipids have become hot issues in recent years.And the up-to-date stu-dies have shown that glycosphingolipids play an crucial role in the development and treatment of diseases.The cur-rent papers about structure,function,biosynthesis and metabolism of glycosphingolipids are summarized.


New 2/3-rate convolutional codes for 8-ary continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) with modulation indices h = 1/8, 1/4, 3/8 nd 1/2 are presented. The design of these coded CPFSK schemes is based on the continuous-phase modulation (CPM) decomposition technique. It is shown that some of the presented codes achieve 2 to 3 dB of gain in minimum Euclidean distance over the best codes found by the conventional optimization technique.<<ETX>>


Personality and religiosity have consistently been found to be related to subjective well-being. However, the relative impact of these factors has not been clear. This quantitative study of 1855 church attenders from 20 denominations in the 2011 Australian National Church Life Survey found that their psychological type profile confirmed patterns found in other church-going populations, with high proportions of introverts, sensing types, feeling types, and judging types. Results also showed that positive relationships were found between extraversion and well-being, but not for the predominant psychological types (sensing and judging). Religiousness and well-being were also positively related; however, denominational affiliation made no difference. In terms of the relative contribution of psychological type and religiosity to well-being, the results confirmed that both made a similar unique and significant contribution. It was concluded that both factors should be taken into account.


DNA synthesis was studied in vitro in lymphoid tissue taken from hibernating, cold adapted and active golden hamsters in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of suppressed DNA synthesis during hibernation. The rates of DNA synthesis at temperatures varying from 4 to 37°C were greatest in cells from active animals, less from cold adapted and least from hibernating animals. The depression in cells from cold adapted animals was 70% reversible by returning the animals to a warm environment 40 minutes before they were sacrificed but the hibernating animals had to be aroused for more than 12 hours before their rates recovered, suggesting a different mechanism responsible for depression in these two instances.

Radioautographic and biochemical measurements of DNA synthesis in cells taken from hibernating animals indicated that the depressed synthesis seen during hibernation is the result of a reduction in the percentage of cells engaged in DNA synthesis. This implies that the low body temperatures of hibernation produce a block in the cell cycle of lymphoid cells not unlike that observed when other mammalian cells are exposed to cold in vitro.


The concept of modeling an impact cratering event with an explosive event with the explosive buried at some equivalent depth of burst (d.o.b.) is discussed. Various and different ways to define this equivalent d.o.b. are identified. Recent experimental results for a dense quartz sand are used to determine the equivalent d.o.b. for various conditions of charge type, event size, and impact conditions. The results show a decrease in equivalent d.o.b. with increasing energy for fixed impact velocity and a decrease in equivalent d.o.b. with increasing velocity for fixed energy. The values for an iron projectile are on the order of 2-3 projectile radii for energy equal to one ton of TNT, decreasing to about 1.5 radii at a megaton of TNT. The dependence on projectile and target mass density matches that included in common jet-penetration formulas for projectile densities greater than target densities and for the higher energies.


In 1950s-60s of 20 century,the political supervisor restriction of our country mechanism presents obvious features.The leading position of the Communist Party of China has decided different levels leading party groups are on leading position all along during supervisor restriction actual running process;the non independence of the supervisor restriction main part inside of party has weakened supervisor restriction function,power place upside down of the supervisor restriction main part outside the party and guest body makes it hard to receive the effect of basic skill of supervisor restriction.


Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of renal injury caused by Guanxinsuhe pill(冠心苏合丸,including slander dutchanspipe root(青木香)).Methods:The clinical data of 27 patients with renal injury caused by Guanxinsuhe pill were studied.The clinical characteristics of the renal damage caused by Guanxinsuhe pill and the relationships between duration of illness,duration of taking Guanxinsuhe pill,anemia,renal atrophy and the progression of renal injury respectively were also analyzed.Results:Twenty-seven patients all taken Guanxinsuhe pill for suspicious coronary heart disease(CHD) and were diagnosed as chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy accompanied with renal tubular acidosis,renal glucosuria and hyposthenuria after admission.Anemia was of more severity than renal dysfunction.Atrophic kidney occurred in 26 patients.The main complains were nonspecific symptoms including fatigue,anorexia,nausea,vomiting,etc.and accompanied with different degrees of chronic renal dysfunction.Twentyfour hours urinary protein excretions were 120-900 mg((490±250) mg).There were few red and white cells in uroscopy.Sixteen patients discontinuously took the Guanxinsuhe pill(one capsule,2-3 times a day) according to the pharmacopoeia for a long period.Ten patients took a dosage(two capsules,2-3 times a day) higher than that limited by the pharmacopoeia.Twenty-six patients took Guanxinsuhe pill discontinuously.One patient continuously took Guanxinsuhe pill until got renal dysfunction.The duration of taking Guanxinsuhe pill was 1-120 months(37.38±31.58),and the amount of 50-43 800 pills(4 576.00±8 830.54) were used,but the amount of pills of 3 cases was uncertain.The renal injury occurred within 30-216 months(95.41±56.74) after initiation of the drug taken.The renal injury obviously correlated with the anemia and the duration of taking Guanxinsuhe pill.Conclusion:Taking Guanxinsuhe pill can cause renal injury.The Guanxinsuhe pill dose indicated in pharmacopoeia also causes renal damage.The onset of renal injury is insidious.Most of the patients have the history of CHD and when the chronic nephropathy in most of such patients is detected,it is advanced to stage 5.The renal injury induced by Guanxinsuhe pill usually presents as chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy,renal tubular dysfunction and anemia.Anemia is of more severity than renal dysfunction.The 24 hours urinary protein excretions of all the patients are lower than 1 000 mg daily.It is suggested to avoid taking Guanxinsuhe pill,adjust the prescription of Guanxinsuhe pill and do not use slander dutchanspipe root as an ingredient.


The advances in ICTs have decisively changed the method of operation in the library and learning environment which has in turn transited into information society. This transition has metamorphosed the world today into a fast and massive transformation in social, cultural, political and economic terms. This transformation process affects almost all organizational structures. One of the structures that is affected of this process is the library with its culturally and socially organizational characteristics as they collect, preserve and disseminate the information and eventually aim to meet the information needs of the society trough massive adoption of ICT. The aim of this study is to examine how libraries adopt ICT in the creation of an information society and to give information on the status of the libraries in the information society.


Concrete bridge structures often fail structural assessments because they have details that do not comply with current requirements. These details often include inadequate anchorage and lap lengths. In order to provide assessment data for such situations, 96 bond tests have been performed on reinforcing bars with anchorage lengths less than those currently required, ranging from 2.5 to 30 bar diameters. The cover ranged from one to six bar diameters. The results show that the average failure load varies linearly with embedded length at constant cover. However, due to the scatter of the test data it is not possible to rely on an anchorage length of a single bar of less than about three bar diameters. Reliability increases as the number of bars anchored at a section increases. It was also found that cover has little effect on the bond performance of plain bars. Deformed bars show an increase in bond performance with increased cover thickness up to approximately four bar diameters cover. It was also found that there is a residual pull-out resistance after bond failure. This observation has significant implications for load redistribution within an overloaded structure. (A)


Through-the-earth radio offers a possible means of communication with trapped miners after a mining disaster. Much of the original work was the outgrowth of war research. Since the 1920's the efforts to develop through-the-earth radio have paralleled developing electromagnetic geophysical techniques. The electrical characteristics of the earth medium as well as the ambient electromagnetic noise have been determined and theoretical models of electromagnetic propagation have been derived. Since 1969, under U.S. Bureau of Mines leadership, numerous researchers have tried to develop deployable systems. Despite some successes the basic problem remains unresolved. Low frequency signals must be used to penetrate the earth to a sufficient depth; but low frequency equipment is bulky, heavy, expensive and requires large power supplies which are not available to trapped miners. New techniques utilizing miniaturized circuitry and computers shows promise of providing a technology from which workable through-the-earth ...


The matter of neutron stars is characterised by the density of the order of typical nuclear densities; hence, it can be described with methods of nuclear physics. However, at high densities, some effects that are absent in nuclear and hypernuclear physics can appear, and this makes neutron stars a good place for studying the properties of baryonic interactions. In the present work, we consider neutron stars consisting of nucleons, leptons and Λ hyperons with Skyrme baryonic forces. We study the character of the ΛN interactions taking place in neutron stars at high densities. In particular, we show the difference between three-body ΛNN and density-dependent ΛN forces. We also demonstrate that the Skyrme ΛN forces proportional to nuclear density are better suited for the modelling of neutron stars than the forces proportional to fractional powers of density. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the point of appearance of hyperons in a further search for parameterizations which are suitable for describing neutron stars.


A study has been made of factors affecting the operation of high temperature hollow-cathode lamp discharges for the emission-spectrographic determination of trace elements in steels, high temperature alloys and related materials. The factors studied include electrode geometry, carrier-gas pressure and exposure times. The effect of these parameters on element sensitivity and the precision of analysis is discussed.The analysis of dissimilar alloy types has been shown to present problems associated with inter-element effects, and the magnitude of these effects is illustrated. A simple method for overcoming inter-element effects is described, involving the addition of silicon as a buffer to both samples and standards. Results by this method for the analysis of a wide variety of materials from calibration graphs based on a single set of synthetic powder standards are presented. It is possible by this technique to obtain quantitative trace-analysis results without the necessity of providing chemically analysed standards.


semantics rules for the remaining Titanium language constructs are relatively straightforward, so we do not discuss them here. The abstract semantics rules are applied over the entire program until no changes are made to the abstract state. Since the set of abstract teams is finite, as assured by the rules for team allocation expressions and splitTeam calls, the team set for each program operation grows monotonically4, and the abstract semantics rules take finite time to apply, team analysis is guaranteed to terminate eventually.


Today Public History may be viewed as a particularly promising area of academic teaching and research at German universities within the science of history. Progress and form of its institutionalization have so far mostly followed the US-American model.1 Certainly, Public History has been established internationally as an academic research and teaching discipline.2 However, in the German Higher Education system Public History is still in a kind of standby position: The institutionalization of Public History had in recent years been rooted with a noticeably increasing number in professorships, staff positions, university courses and areas of focus. So far, however, it has not been possible to determine to what extent this trend has contributed to the establishment of Public History as a generally accepted part of historical research in Germany. A number of important questions have not yet been answered: They relate on the one hand to content, theoretical and methodological boundaries of Public History.3 On the other hand they refer to the actors involved: Who exactly are Public Historians? Do they differ from 'normal' historians and, if so, in which form?4 What about the many contact zones between the science of history and the public? And how can we overcome


The present invention allows smoothly passing a suture needle through a donor cornea and a recipient cornea, and also allows suturing the donor cornea and the recipient cornea with good reproducibility, without being dependent upon the proficiency of an operator, etc. Provided is a suture hole creation device, comprising: an input tool (12) which receives an input of suture conditions including shapes of a donor cornea (41a) and a recipient cornea (41b), a number of sutures, and positions of holes for needle insertion; a medical laser device (20) which forms tunnels (42) for needle guidance for joining two hole positions; and a control unit (35) which, on the basis of the suture conditions, sets the hole positions in the donor cornea (41a) and the hole positions in the recipient cornea (41b), and after the setting, controls the output of the medical laser device (20) so as to form a plurality of tunnels with arc-shaped cross-sections in the tissues of each of the corneas (41a, 41b) and to approximately simultaneously form a transplant incision (41x) in the recipient cornea (41b).


Objective: To synthesize gareinia glycosides and investigate its antitumor activity. Methods: Gambogic acid was extracted from the starting material Gamboge resin. Through six-steps,gareinia glycosides with antitumor activity were synthesized. Its antitumor activity was preliminarily screened. Results and Conclusion: The structure of gareinia glycosides were verified by1H-NMR and ESI-MS. In vitro NCI experiments showed that gareinia glycosides were effective in 59 kinds of human cancer cells,of which 22 species were significantly inhibited.


occasions that stored radioinsulin even after the usual purification failed to react with the antibody. Since such a problem may be encountered in radio immunoassay of insulin, our observations on this type of deterioration of radioinsulin are described below. Iodine-125-labeled bovine insulin with specific ac tivity of 50 fid/pig (5 /¿Ci/ml)was purchased from the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England. As soon as it was received it was stored at —30 °Cfor


—In light of Japan's low birthrate and aging pop- ulation, technology is needed for facilitating the activities of elderly persons as well as their caregivers. Wearable assist devices, such as the Smart Suit Lite (SSL) developed at our laboratory, are effective for this purpose. It is important to evaluate such devices from not only physical, but also from psychophysical perspectives. Experiments involving lifting a heavy object with and without SSL were conducted, and SSL was evaluated psychophysically. The muscle activity was mea- sured by surface electromyography. The psychophysiological evaluation was conducted by using the visual analogue scale, in which reductions in load of 22.01 % for muscles and 19.74 % for the sense of lumbar load were confirmed. This report proposes the human load sense model based on the sense of weight and the amount of muscular activation. This model is expected to find application in humanoid robots for robust evaluation of power assist devices.


This paper analyses the influence of highway lighting on the safety of road users. It describes highway design and discusses road accidents in Belgium and in Quebec Province, Canada. A chart shows distributions of total accidents by hour of day in both countries. Tables are given for numbers of fatalities, serious injuries, slight injuries, and total casualties, for daytime and at night with and without lighting. Tables are also given of odds ratios, used to measure the severity risks related to presence or absence of lighting, and of odds ratio confidence intervals, as estimated by the chi-square test. They show that, in both countries, night driving generates more serious or fatal accidents by about one third. The results for Belgium should be viewed with some caution, because Belgium always has greater accident severity and also had higher speed limits, so that its higher accident rates seem to be correlated with higher speeds. Other factors which combine their effects with those of lighting are road design and maintenance, traffic volumes, and seat belt wearing. The effects of different qualities of lighting should also be considered.


Background: Time to ROSC has been shown to be an important and independent predictor of mortality and adverse neurological outcome. In resource limited situations judicious deployment of resources is crucial. Prognostication of arrest victims may aid in better resource allocation. This study aimed to assess the time to Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) in cardiac arrest victims and its relationship with opening rhythms.Methods: Consecutive victims of cardiopulmonary arrest who presented to a single center were included in this study if they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Time at which opening rhythm was analyzed and time at which ROSC was achieved was noted. This was done for all cases and mean time to ROSC was calculated for each opening rhythm. All those patients who achieved ROSC were followed up till hospital discharge or death.  Primary outcome measured was achievement of ROSC and the secondary outcome was the survival to hospital discharge.Results: A sample size of 100 was calculated to yield a significance criterion of 0.05 and a power of 0.80 based on prior studies. Out of 100 patients studied. 58% had shockable rhythms and 42% had non-shockable rhythms.  Mean time to ROSC for shockable rhythm was 5.55±3.51 minutes, and for non-shockable rhythm is 17.29±4.18 minutes.  There was a statistically significant difference between opening rhythms in terms of survival to hospital discharge (p=0.0329).Conclusions: Cardiac arrests with shockable rhythms attained ROSC faster when compared to nonshockable rhythms. Shockable rhythms have a better survival to hospital discharge when compared to shockable rhythms. Opening rhythms may aid the clinician in better utility of resources in a resource constrained setting.


The kinetics and mechanism of curing reaction of lignin phenol formaldehyde resin(LPF) were studied.The results of DSC analysis showed that onset temperature of curing reaction of LPF was high above phenol formaldehyde resin(PF),and terminate temperature and activity energy was lower than the PF.Therefore,LPF was harder to jell than PF with better storage ability and higher curing speed.The results of Infra-Red(IR) spectra analysis showed that mechanism of curing reaction of LPF was similar to PF.Both of them were condensations between hydroxyl groups and between the hydroxyl group and hydrogen on the aromatic ring,the different point was that the after curing reactions,the LPF still contained some ether links.


Motion is an act or process of changing place. Migration too. According to the State of World Migration report [1] made by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the current movement of people is becoming even more significant as a result of continued globalization and economic liberalization. Smith [2] treats globalization not as an accomplished fact, but as an unfinished project of social and political practice. With 214 million people now living outside their countries of origin [1], international migration has the potential to be a decisive force for future developments. This phenomenon of massive people's mobility is physically transforming both the urban and rural landscapes by creating diffuse, frictional and transitional habitats. The fact is that poverty is now growing faster in urban than rural areas (UNFPA). More than 828 million people [3] live in urban slums, which are typically overcrowded; polluted and dangerous; and lack basic services such as potable water and sanitation.


The mechanisms by which the environment regulates flowering time have evolved as crops and wild populations have adapted to diverse climates, and the specific variants involved are increasingly known.


The Rasch model is known in particular for its properties of parameter separability and specific objectivity. The extent to which this property is attained depends on the magnitude of the discrepancy between the data and the model. The use of reliable model fit tests which can detect model violations is therefore essential before a psychological test is used and inferences based on the requirements of the Rasch model are drawn. This paper provides a critical analysis of the performance of the parametric bootstrap model test (von Davier, 1997) in the presence of non-parallel item response functions as violations of a basic requirement of the dichotomous Rasch model. Based on results from simulated data it is shown that in general the bootstrap test leads too often to failures to reject non-fitting data.


This paper deals with the theoretical investigation of thermal instability of a thin layer of electrically non-conducting, incompressible, rotating micropolar fluid saturating a porous medium in the presence of horizontal magnetic heated from below. A dispersion relation is obtained for a flat fluid layer contained between two free boundaries using a linear stability analysis theory and normal mode analysis method. The influence of various parameters like medium permeability, rotation, coupling parameter, micropolar coefficient , magnetic field and micropolar heat conduction parameter has been analyzed on the onset of stationary convection and results are depicted graphically. The principle of exchange (PES) is found valid. The sufficient condition for non-existence of overstability are also obtained.


After approval of RotaShield, the first licensed rotavirus vaccine, surveillance identified an excess number of intussusceptions (a telescoping of one


The goal of the Localisation Industry is to produce sites that "look like they have been developed in-country" (LISA 2004, p. 11), even when due to cost-effectiveness considerations international versions are frequently released for languages with multiple locales. Thus, the industry's discourse links quality in localisations to texts that are received as local productions, while its internationalisation strategies strive to erase certain dialectal and cultural differences. This paper researches the strategies applied by multinational corporations when dealing with neutral international version of localised websites. After a theoretical review of the interrelated notions of internationalisation, quality, neutral language version and localisation level, the empirical study researches the case of Spanish, one of the languages with the greater number of different locales. Following a corpus-based approach, the Spanish localisation strategies of the 600 largest US companies are analyzed. Detailed statistics for each model and locale are provided. In a second stage, a longitudinal study is presented that contrasts data collected in 2006 with the localisation strategies observed in 2009. The results show that multinational companies apply different strategies for the European and Latin American markets, while the largest US companies have gradually increased the Spanish localised versions of their websites. Additionally, the fuzzy US Spanish locale continues to grow despite the fact that this locale is not still internationally recognized and standardized.


ABSTRACT This research explores service failure-recovery strategies within the Chinese context in order to create a consumer-centered typology of failure types and expected roles of restaurant service providers in recovery attempts. Findings indicate that consumers classify recovery strategies into three categories of human intervention, monetary incentives, and no response. Any recovery attempt is far more beneficial than none. Human intervention is expected from the service provider when the failure is part of the core service product while monetary incentives are expected when the failure is peripheral to the core product. Although this finding confirms previous research from the West, culture is found to influence what the definitions of peripheral and core products are, with the Chinese cultural emphasis on collectivism influencing both failure seriousness ratings and expectations for recovery strategies. The importance of culture within the restaurant context is discussed. Implications for restaurant service providers are included.


Typically in the philosophical literature, kinds of minds are differentiated by the range of cognitive tasks animals accomplish as opposed to the means by which they accomplish the tasks. Drawing on progress in cognitive ethology (the study of animal cognition), I argue that such an approach provides bad directions for uncovering the mark of the human mind. If the goal is to determine what makes the human mind unique, philosophers should focus on the means by which animals interact with objects in their environments, and not on the sorts of tasks they are able to accomplish.


Understanding the psychopathological symptoms among drug addicts is an important step for treatment and rehabilitation of drug addiction. Consequently, the measurement of psychopathological symptoms requires a valid and reliable instrument to be used. This study aimed to examine the consistency and validity of the Symptoms Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) in measuring psychopathological symptoms. The SCL-90-R is a self-report inventory that has 90 items with nine dimensions namely, somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal-sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia, paranoia, and psychoticism. The sample consisted of 599 respondents from six drug rehabilitation centers. Results showed that the instrument has good reliability and validity indicating that it is suitable and can be used to measure psychopathological symptoms among drug addicts. The results of this study provide insight into the validity of psychopathological symptoms experienced by drug addicts which has to be taken into consideration in designing an effective treatment program. Programs that can increase the drug addicts' motivation to change must be specifically tailored to address the seriousness of clinical problems in drug addiction.