Lapsley and Woodbury raise some essential questions for the field of teacher education regarding the ways in which preparation programs and professional development opportunities shepherd teachers toward becoming moral and character educators. They call into question why teacher education programs are not preparing teachers to build on philosophical orientations related to moralcharacter education. At least two intersecting layers of site analyses are addressed in the essay: moralcharacter development in teacher preparation programs and in preK-12 classrooms. Some essential and compelling points are raised drawing from philosophical rationalization to support their argument. However, lack of empirical evidence and instead anecdote framing make it difficult for us to fully support the position that it is teacher education's responsibility to build moral-character educators. We are particularly struck by the undertreatment of some pertinent issues related to what it might mean to build moral and character educational opportunities for teachers as well as for the students whom they teach. Of particular concern are questions about what moral and character education is and who decides.


by KIMBERLY MARIE DUNBECK Behavioral Inhibition (BI) tendencies during infancy and early childhood have been consistently related to the development of anxiety, particularly social anxiety, later in life (Gladstone et al., 2005). Children high in BI tendencies are also more likely than those lower in BI to have negative peer interactions and poor social skills. The ability of a child to interact appropriately with their peers is associated with the child's emotional understanding and emotion regulation ability (Calkins, 1994). A child's understanding of emotional processes is partially based on a child's emotion socialization which primarily occurs through parent-child interactions surrounding emotional situations. For instance, how parents react to their children's expression of negative emotion is influential in the child's understanding of emotion in social contexts (Eisenberg et al., 1999). The current study aimed to better understand how parent's behaviors may influence the relationship between level of BI and social skills with peers.


Abstract National playing styles are part of national identities. During the 1940s, a series of defeats questioned the virtue of the Spanish playing style, known as the Spanish Fury, characterized by improvisation, genius, courage and enthusiasm. Isolated from international football trends, Spain has despised the use of man-marking and tactical discipline. Analysis of both official documents and the Spanish press would show that Francoism was sympathetic to the fury's discourse, being close to the regime's narrative itself, but needed victories to gain internal support and international recognition in a critical moment of diplomatic pressure and isolation. Therefore, the dictatorship forced the football authorities to undergo a modernization process, which involved abandoning the traditional discourse of the fury, at least momentarily.


Some introduced species compete directly with native species for resources and their spread can alter communities, while others do not proliferate and remain benign. This study compares community structure and diversity in adjacent areas dominated by the introduced alga Avrainvillea sp. or native algal species on a hard substrate reef. The biomass and species composition of 15 paired plots (30 in total, plot type based on dominance of Avrainvillea sp. or native species) were quantified. Plots dominated by Avrainvillea sp. had a significantly different assemblage of species characterized by lower algal diversity, mostly Dictyota spp. and Laurencia sp., and a higher abundance and diversity of invertebrates, such as small arthropods, polychaetes, and brittlestars. These results suggest that as Avrainvillea sp. becomes more abundant on hard substrate reefs, it will engineer a different community composed of algal epiphytes and an invertebrate assemblage more typically associated with algae in soft sediments.


Concentrate of von Willebrand factor containing factor VIII: C, having a ratio of activity units vWF: RCoF units of vWF: Ag greater than 1, characterized in that it can be obtained by a process in wherein a liquid containing the factor VIII: C and von Willebrand factor is subjected to a fractional precipitation, which includes the following steps: 1) precipitation by glycine in a concentration of from 0.93 to 2.13 mol / l ( 70 to 160 g / l) and 2) precipitation by sodium chloride in a concentration of from 1.17 to 2.74 mol / l (100 to 160 g / l).


The general goal of this work has been to determine the mechanism(s) of coal liquefaction with donor solvents to aid the search for improved liquefaction technology. Specifically, we have tried to determine the chemical factors that control the transfer of hydrogen from the hydroaromatic solvent, hydrogen gas, and hydrogen-rich portions of the coal structure to the portion of the coal structure undergoing ''liquefaction'' reactions. To this end, the project has focused on the experimental basis for, and potential impact of, the bimolecular transfer of hydrogen from cyclohexadienyl ''carrier'' radicals in the respective PCAH-containing liquefaction solvents to aromatic clusters in the coal structure. We have called this reaction radical hydrogen-transfer (RHT). 37 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.


PURPOSE/BACKGROUND
During the 2013-14 school year, over 763,000 female athletes participated in interscholastic running sports in the United States. Recent studies have indicated associations between the female athlete triad (Triad) and stress fracture or other musculoskeletal injuries in elite or collegiate female running populations. Little is known about these relationships in an adolescent interscholastic running population. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between Triad and risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury among adolescent runners.

METHODS
Eighty-nine female athletes competing in interscholastic cross-country and track in southern California were followed, prospectively. The runners were monitored throughout their respective sport season for lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. Data collected included daily injury reports, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) that assessed disordered eating attitudes/behaviors, a questionnaire on menstrual history and demographic characteristics, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan that measured whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition (lean tissue and fat mass), and anthropometric measurements.

RESULTS
Thirty-eight runners (42.7%) incurred at least one lower extremity musculoskeletal injury. In the BMD Z-score ≤ -1 standard deviation (SD) adjusted model, low BMD relative to age (BMD Z-score of ≤ -1SD) was significantly associated (Odds Ratio [OR]=4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-13.3) with an increased occurrence of musculoskeletal injury during the interscholastic sport season. In the BMD Z-score ≤ -2 SDs adjusted model, a history of oligo/amenorrhea was significantly associated (OR=4.1, 95% CI: 1.2-13.5) with increased musculoskeletal injury occurrence.

CONCLUSION
Oligo/amenorrhea and low BMD were associated with musculoskeletal injuries among the female interscholastic cross-country and track runners.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Regular, close monitoring of adolescent female runners during seasonal and off-season training may be warranted, so that potential problems can be recognized and addressed promptly in order to minimize the risk of running injury.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
2.


This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activity of methanol extract of Alikokop leaves (Dischidia nythesiana). The extraction method used is maceration extraction using methanol solvent. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical deterrent method and the anticancer activity assay was carried out using the MTT (Microculture Tetrazolium) method using P-388 cancer cells. From this study, the antioxidant test results showed that the methanol extract of Alikokop leaves had antioxidant activity with moderate concentration, with IC50 of 67.136 μg / mL, and the results of anticancer tests showed that methanol extract of Alikokop leaves had anticancer activity on leukemia cells P388 with concentration inhibition values medium, with IC50 of 24.88 μg / mL. The methanol extract of Alikokop leaves has the potential as an antioxidant and anticancer leukemia.


The main aspect of the formation of communicative speech competence of foreign students who master economic specialties is the expansion by applicants of higher education of their vocabulary with the necessary terminology vocabulary, a clear understanding of their stylistic and semantic shades of vocabulary, its practical assimilation taking into account the scope of application. The presented article focuses on the importance of considering the phenomenon of synonymy during the study of the language of the specialty and the need to expand the vocabulary, mastery of foreign languages, we are students of synonymous series of Ukrainian economic terminology, the formation of skills of distinguishing contextual shades of synonym values for use in professional communication. The formation of foreign students 'skills and abilities to select the correct words in accordance with the context and communicative purpose, terms, phrases, phraseology and increase the level of linguistic, speech, communicative and, accordingly, professional competence. The study identified the key method and mastery of the synonymy phenomenon, such as: description of objects, phenomena, properties and features, as well as translation of phraseology, work with terminology dictionaries, etc. to use of synonyms in the Ukrainian language. The importance of developing a system of relevant tasks and exercises is determined, which will increase the effectiveness of the organization of work with Ukrainian vocabulary and professional terminology. The authors of the article give a number of practical tasks with various synonymous phenomena, which are expedient tooffer foreign students within the framework of the study of the discipline «Ukrainian as a foreign language».


This wide-ranging volume traces the distant roots of modern financial economics across Europe (with emphasis on the major commercial centers) and through time, from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment.


In high temperature tokamak regimes, the m=1 reconnecting mode is governed by two fluid effects associated with the electron skin‐depth de=c/ωpe and the ion sound radius ρs=cs/Ωci. To clarify the early nonlinear dynamics of this mode, numerical simulations of a two fluid model are presented. To simulate physically reasonable parameters in a tokamak geometry, an efficient approach is used in which only a narrow layer surrounding the q=1 surface and m=1 magnetic island must be simulated. In the usual tokamak case ρs≳de, as well as the limit ρs=0, the early nonlinear growth of the mode is faster than exponential due a broadening of the flow layer. This broadening appears to result from tension in the magnetic field lines, which acts to pull the layer open as the island grows.


Laboratory scale sake brewing, in which moto was made of sake-cake instead of steamed rice, was carried out. Results were as follows 1. To make moto with sake-cake, sake-cake had to be dissolved in double quantity of water, becuase sake-cake was not dissolved enough in 120% quantity of water, and the growth of yeast added was poor at this water quantity. 2. The moromi incubated with moto made of sake-cake fermented favorably, or even more actively than that of moromi using moto made of steamed rice. 3. The resulted sake contained more amino acids and showed higher absorption at 430 nm than the ordinarily made sake, and heavy taste and rough taste were pointed out in sensory tests. 4. The resulted sake showed a possibility to be used for low-alcohol sake by adding water and treating with active carbon.


MOLTMANN'S THEOLOGY is important because it addresses the question of responsible participation in political revolution. Religion, Revolution, and the Future is a collection of essays, most of them delivered in the United States during 1968 and 1969, which develop the eschatological categories of "hope," "new," and "future" in relation to political and social revolution. The result is a significant contribution to the theological effort of understanding the constructive and destructive forces of modern revolutionary and liberation movements. Moltmann argues that contemporary Christianity is victimized not by the pride of Prometheus but by the timidity of Sisyphus. Whereas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries men assumed that they could save the world themselves, now they assume that they can do nothing about it. Christianity has lost its social relevance and has become a matter of private, individualistic, nonpolitical salvation. The result is cheap grace, which Moltmann finds both un-Christian and irresponsible. The modern dilemma is between socially irrelevant Christianity and non-Christian social relevance; between God without a future and a future without God. This theological dilemma arose, according to Moltmann, with the disintegration of the synthesis of Christianity and Western culture at the end of the nineteenth century. It was the discovery of the eschatological dimension of the gospel that freed Christianity from acculturation to Western civilization, culminating in protestant liberalism, and reestablished its prophetic and critical role. But, Moltmann argues, the eschatological discovery was never carried through. When it was freed from acculturation, rather than becoming prophetic and critical, Christianity became socially and politically irrelevant. In the transcendental theology of Barth, the existential theology of Bultmann, and the axiological theology of Althaus, Christianity lost its political and social dimension. It became otherworldly, private, spiritual and nonpolitical. Moltmann's theology seeks to recapture the prophetic and critical function of Christianity, to emphasize its social and political dimension, and to bring it into political relevance. But Moltmann is also aware of the danger of acculturation. How can Christianity become culturally significant without becoming acculturated? The answer, Moltmann argues, is for Christianity to oppose politically and


The vast majority of these midges. (Simuliidae) is the bloodsuckers of humans and domestic animals. On the vast territory of Russia and the CIS, in the steppe, forest-steppe and especially in the taiga and tundra, midges occupy one of the first places among the blood-sucking Diptera. The family of blood-sucking midges is represented in Russia by more than 300 species. There are numerous midges in the valleys of large rivers with clean fast flowing water; their number is especially high in the taiga zone – in the valleys of the large rivers of Siberia and, to a lesser extent, the European part. On the territory of Russia moshki are found everywhere, but their abundance decreases from North to South. The zone of taiga and deciduous forests is most rich in them.


ion may, however, provide a clue to this form of causal influence. This problem of "abstraction" is deeply rooted in some of the most basic assumptions of Enlightenment metaphysics. In their haste to reject Platonic forms, and to embrace a nominalistic materialism, where general principles and formal properties are only causally relevant when materially embodied in some specific substrate, enlightenment thinkers inadvertently eliminated the possibility of conceiving of a bridge across this ontological gulf. This goes to the heart of the problem in a number of respects. Not only is self unable to be identified with any distinct physical material or energy, neither is the content of the thoughts or experiences of that self. How can what is not present influence what is? In answer to this quite general criticism, we take a page from information theory. Information, as Claude Shannon6 defined it in a classic 1949 monograph on the topic, is not something present; not a signal or sign or magnetic orientation of an iron fragment on a computer storage medium. Information is something removed: uncertainty. He demonstrated that information is measured in terms of how some medium used to convey it is constrained from exhibiting states that it could have been in. For example, when in 1775 Paul Revere saw two lanterns shining in the old North Church in Boston instead of one, the uncertainty about British troop movements was eliminated. The 50/50 uncertainty of the day before was reduced by this either/or signal. No choice, no information. In this way information is a relationship to what is not exhibited. When a search party fans out into the woods to locate a lost child, the people who find nothing are contributing as much as the one discovering the child. Constraint refers to options, or degrees of freedom not realized— something not immediately present and not physically intrinsic. But even so, a constraint is something quite precise. 6 Shannon, C., and Weaver, W. (1949).


Abstract : Traditionally path planning software has been developed in LISP or C. With the recent government mandate for the use of Ada, this thesis seeks to demonstrate the feasibility of using Ada for both path preplanning and real-time path replanning. Land vehicle path planning can be accomplished with two horizontal components. However, for autonomous underwater vehicles, the two horizontal components and a vertical component are required. Memory and computational speed restrictions dictate that special processing of the search space be conducted to optimize the time-space trade-off. In this research a four dimensional array of nodes (two horizontal components, one vertical component and one orientation component) is used to represent the search space. By use of an orientation component, the number of nodes that can be legally moved to is limited, in effect pruning the search space. Three search methods were investigated: the Tendril search, the Direction search and the Real-time A* search. The Tendril search is a wavefront, breadth-first search. The Direction search uses a vector field for path planning. The Real-time A* search uses the Tendril search to a specified search depth then applies a heuristic to determine the best path to expand upon.


X-ray mammography is one of the most significant diagnosis methods in early detection of breast cancer. Usually two X- ray images from different angles are taken from each mamma to make even overlapping structures visible. X-ray mammography has a very high spatial resolution and can show microcalcifications of 50 - 200 micron in size. Clusters of microcalcifications are one of the most important and often the only indicator for malignant tumors. These calcifications are in some cases extremely difficult to detect. Computer assisted diagnosis of digitized mammograms may improve detection and interpretation of microcalcifications and cause more reliable diagnostic findings. We build a low-cost mammography workstation to detect and classify clusters of microcalcifications and tissue densities automatically. New in this approach is the estimation of the 3D formation of segmented microcalcifications and its visualization which will put additional diagnostic information at the radiologists disposal. The real problem using only two or three projections for reconstruction is the big loss of volume information. Therefore the arrangement of a cluster is estimated using only the positions of segmented microcalcifications. The arrangement of microcalcifications is visualized to the physician by rotating.


With the advancement of ultrashort pulsed-laser processing technologies, greater control of processing conditions has come into demand. A factor which particularly complicates ablation situations is "damage incubation," a phenomenon in which the intrinsic optical properties of the processed material change due to accumulated defects from repeated laser excitation. Damage incubation can induce striking changes in the observed morphology during ablation and should be an important factor governing processing results. However, only a few studies have incorporated these effects into multiple-pulse ablation models due to its complexity. Here, in order to quantify the effects of damage incubation in a practical processing setting, we study ablation morphologies of shallow grooves formed on the surface of sapphire ( α-Al 2O 3) with varying laser pulse number and energy in a purpose-made experiment. We observe clear evidence of incubation-induced changes in ablation phase and nonlinear dependence of depth on the incident total energy density. To understand the results, we create a simple empirical model for material energy absorption by characterizing interpulse absorption changes and analytically derive solutions for two limiting cases in which the material has either a very low (quasistatic absorption) or very high (accumulative absorption) damage incubation characteristic. By following the energy absorption characteristics predicted by the latter model, we were able to derive universal relations between ablated depth and incident energy density for sapphire. This work serves to highlight the effects of damage incubation on multiple-pulse ablation situations and provides a simple and practical method to predict such morphological characteristics of an arbitrary material.


A high sensitivity triple-coupled quantum well infrared photodetector (TC-QWIP) based on high strain InGaAs/AlGaAs/InGaAs material system has been demonstrated. It consists of a high strain Si-doped In0.25Ga0.75As quantum well and two undoped thin Al0.11Ga0.89As/In0.12Ga0.88As quantum wells (QWs) separated by a thick Al0.11Ga0.89As barrier layer. We also investigate the performance dependence of this QWIP with two different numbers of quantum well periods (5- and 10-period). Two response peaks at 9.5 micrometer and 7 micrometer were observed under different negative bias conditions, which are attributed to the transitions from the ground state to the second excited states and the continuum states, respectively. Spectral responsivities of 2.77 A/W and 1.55 A/W and the BLIP detectivities of 2.24 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W and 1.68 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W were obtained at Vb equals -3 V and (lambda) p equals 9.6 micrometer with 45 degree facet illumination and normal incidence illumination, respectively, for the 5-period device. As to the 10-period device, spectral responsivities of 2.7 A/W and 1.05 A/W and the BLIP detectivities of 2.21 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W and 1.38 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2/W were obtained at Vb equals -5 V and (lambda) p equals 9.6 micrometer with 45 degree facet illumination and normal incidence illumination, respectively, for this device. This represents the highest normal incidence response ever reported for a QWIP operating at 9.6 micrometer peak wavelength. Based on the responsivity and detectivity data the minimum detectable photon flux for this new device is found to be 1.08 X 1011 and 1.09 X 1011 cm-2s-1 for the 5-period and 10- period devices, respectively, at (lambda) p equals 9.6 micrometer, bandwidth equals 1 micrometer, and FOV equals 180 degrees. Thus, the HS-TC-QWIP reported here is capable for lower background IR imaging array applications.


Abstract : The aim of this program was to develop the techniques and understanding necessary for the growth of films or single crystals of a variety of materials by molten salt electrocrystallization. The conditions for stable growth of materials by this technique have been explored both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical studies have shown the importance of a high solute concentration, the potential gradient at the crystal-solution interface and of a material parameter which we have termed the growth rate constant. The current density, which determines the rate of deposition, is also a crucial parameter in many experiments and a value in the range 10-50 milli-Angstrom/sq cm must not be exceeded if stable growth is to occur.


Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is an advanced pressurecontrol method that is used to precisely control the annular pressure throughout the wellbore in an oil well drilling. Because downhole measurements are unreliable due to slow sampling, transmission delay, and loss of communication for low or noflow conditions, the challenge is to accurately estimate the flow and pressure along the annulus and the unknown in/out flux at the bottom of the well using only topside measurements. This paper describes the development of an adaptive control and observer for such problems that models the transport phenomenon as a 2 2 linear hyperbolic system. The adaptive design, which relies only on the measurements taken at the right boundary, is based on the backstepping method. The design is tested using data from a field scale flow-loop test conducted in Stavanger, Norway by the Statoil oil company. The results show that the observer converges to the actual value and that the update law accurately estimates the unknown parameter.


Localized changes in the productivity of marine and inland waters induced by climate change will pose new challenges to the fishery and the aquaculture sectors in West Africa. However, climate change does not occur in isolation of other drivers of change: processes of environmental, economic and social change can affect the fishery sector, potentially creating additional vulnerability to climate change. Scenarios are a useful tool to explore uncertainties and understand non-climatic drivers of change. Despite their prevalence in global environmental change research, few have focused on the fisheries sector. This article presents the construction of fisheries sector scenarios for Senegal and Mauritania required for the analysis of climate change adaptation policies. Introduction: In Senegal, 47% of animal protein intake comes from fisheries (FAO 2005) and the sector generates 600 000 direct and indirect employment3. In Mauritania, the sector is export oriented, contributing to foreign exchange earnings and the budget envelope: 20% of the government budget came from the sector between 1993 and 2000 (MAED 2002). In these countries uncertainties exist on how future biophysical changes due to climate change will interact with other stressors and impact the fisheries sector. Scenario building can be a creative method that provides a robust framework for strategic decision-making and understanding of uncertainty. Scenarios are not forecasts or projections; they are plausible stories about how the future might unfold. They can help strengthen the policy development process in confronting uncertainty and change, and the development of alternative adaptation strategies. The WorldFish Center and the Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology invited experts from Ghana, Mauritania and Senegal to a workshop held on the 14-16 April 2010 in Dakar, Senegal, to debate critical issues facing their fisheries in the next 40 years and construct plausible scenarios for 2050. The scenarios developed during the workshop are based on assumptions related to various drivers identified by the experts in an electronic survey where they were asked: "Given your area of interest or expertise, list 10 drivers you think would have the most significant impact (positive and negative) on fisheries and aquaculture production systems over the next 40 years". These were ranked according to their importance in terms of impact, and their level of uncertainty in terms of rate and direction of change. In this article we focus on the preliminary results from Senegal and Mauritania. 1 Marie-Caroline Badjeck, Scientist Climate Change, Quest_Fish project www.quest-fish.org.uk. The WorldFish Center, P.O. Box 500, GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia. Email: email@example.com Tel (+60-4) 62


Musician Khyam Allami thought the Middle East music scene was in decline, until he went on a personal quest and encountered the new talent of the region


The heat accumulator,air and gas jet design and reversing valve selection were analyzed.The general situation of technique parameters,heater arrangement and gas discharge types of No.3 regenerative heating furnace of Plate Mill of Chongqing Iron Steel Group Co.were introduced.In view of the malfunction of its reversing valve,a new type was developed and the good effects were obtained.


This paper proposes an approach to visualize the benefits of applying contemporary technology in explicit knowledge management processes. The "Knowledge Long Tail" is a novel way of categorizing individual and organizational knowledge, and of modeling knowledge in organizations in terms of its type and frequency of use. The concept is inspired by the market long tail phenomenon raised by Chris Anderson [1]. Based on theoretical considerations, it is proposed that by using the three "long tail technology drivers" to integrate individual knowledge into an organizational knowledge management system, individual and organizational knowledge can be utilized in a more efficient and effective manner.


ABSTRACT This study explores the linguistic landscape of the departments that teach East Asian languages and cultures in a university in the U.S. Midwest. By investigating promotional materials produced by the Chinese, Japanese and Korean departments, it makes visible the discursive constructions of 'East Asianness'. Research questions are asked about which languages and codes are preferred on flyers and advertisements, with particular reference to the arrangements and presentations of the materials. Analyzing the three-year collection of advertising materials, three patterns emerge. First, in presentation, materials used to introduce courses and events of the East Asian departments usually contain two languages: English and an East Asian language. The use of an East Asian language is not for those who know the language but functions to elicit 'East Asianness'. Their national identities are expressed by antiquated, archaic typefaces. While modern alternatives are not presented, traditional images are displayed by using Asian-style calligraphy fonts. Second, in content, the departments use images emphasizing their long history and cultural heritage. Drawing upon a traditional sense, the departments purposely differentiate themselves from Western cultures. Images depicting historical and traditional East Asian settings elicit non-Western feelings. Additionally, the departments do not use any localized East Asian English varieties.


A CD-ROM based laboratory manual for the torsion experiment in the Strength of Materials Laboratory was developed through collaboration between Civil Engineering and the Interactive Multimedia Department. The labware is intended to enhance student learning through the development of and exposure to richer learning tools, resources, and advanced technologies. The pedagogy promoted by our approach is to engage students in active learning. The approach is to develop an interactive multimedia program for the laboratory component of the courses, which in turn strengthens the bridge between application and classroom theory. For laboratories equipped with the appropriate equipment, the labware is designed with the expectation that students review various aspects of the CD at different stages of the learning process. Prior to attending laboratory, students will be expected to review the basic concepts of the theory and to experience a "virtual lab" prior to their hands-on experience. After the experiment, students can use the labware to understand data reduction and data analysis in addition to accessing additional sets of experimental data. This additional data can include data from the same material measured in the laboratory in order to understand statistics or data resulting from varying parameter conditions. In the case of equipment failure or poor experimental controls and/or data collection by the students, the additional data will allow students to complete data reduction and data analysis critical to the link between theory and application of the experiments. For laboratories that do not have access to state-of-the-art equipment, the students can still investigate and link the theory, experimental methods, data collection, data reduction and data analysis.


Sorghum grown as fodder, food and biofuel crop in about 100 countries is a dietary staple food for more than a million in subtropical and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. The reliable characterization of genotypes serves as a base for every crop improvement programme and a machine vision system is a prime option for efficient discrimination. The 39 sorghum landraces collected from various parts of Trichy district were measured for area, perimeter, width, length, aspect ratio, rectangularity, and circularity by Grain Scanner (Grain Scanner RSQI 10A). The maximum area, perimeter, length and width were recorded in Ammapatti local 2 (12.68 mm2), Keezhapuliyur local 1(13.27 mm), Muthiyampalayam local 3 (4.90 mm) and Ammapatti local 2 (3.82mm), respectively. Among the genotypes observed, Ammapatti local 2 and Keezhapuliyur local 1 showed significance for all the traits except aspect ratio. The cluster analysis grouped genotypes into four clusters and number of genotypes in each cluster was 15, 8, 3 and 13 in clusters I, II, III and IV, respectively. Based on aspect ratio, the members of cluster I and III were elliptical and II and IV were circular. The members of cluster II have high germination percentage, threshability and grain yield due to its boldness. Hence circular bold seeded high yielding sorghum varieties can be developed from members of cluster II. Relatively small-seeded genotypes come under cluster IV. The major contributors for the cluster formation were the length, width and area. The genotypes collected from different locations of the same geographical area were grouped into different clusters and this is due to minor variation that happens in same species during evolution. The minor variation which is not detected by general characterization can be easily scanned by Grain Scanner and so, it is an evident tool in characterizing genotypes based on grain morphology.


Most gas engines in practical use are modified petrol or diesel engines which range from the smallest through normal vehicle engines to the largest diesel motors. There are therefore available gas engines covering a wide range of speed and performance. The availability today of anti-knock natural gases, mainly derived from methane, enables the economic introduction of gas engines which will have the same efficiency as diesel engines. The exhaust gas turbo-driven superchargers with appropriate procedures for the cooling of supercharged gases points to important increases in performance. The clean low-pollutant combustion also facilitates use in areas with particularly severe environmental protection controls. Because the waste heat consisting of water, oil and exhaust gas can be relatively easily used, there results a particularly interesting area of use for stationary installations, which can be utilized both in combination and singly for the production of energy. /TRRL/


Objective
To explore what cause the screw loosening after the internal fixation with thoracic and lumbar pedicle screws in the elderly and to develop the preventive measures.

Methods
Retrospective analysis were used to collect the clinical data from patients ager 60 years and over who had undergone surgeries of thoracolumbar pedicle screw internal fixation in our hospital during May 2011 and May 2013. Totally 187 cases were included in this study. According to whether there was a loosening of the screws, patients were divided into fixtion-loose and -well groups. The operation time and blood loss volume in the two groups were recorded. Visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), the rate of screw loosening were compared at 6 months after operation and the last follow-up. The causes of screw loosening were analyzed.

Results
The main causes for the thoracic and lumbar pedicle screw internal fixation were thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis, fractures, spondylolisthesis, cancer and degenerative diseases, etc. Patients were followed up for an average of (35.2±8.7) months. 13 patients (7.0%) were found screw loosening, 5 males and 8 females, with the mean age of (78.4±3.5) years. The screw loosening occurred 3 months to 1 year after the surgery, (7.6±3.7) months on average. Among the 13 patients with screw loosening, 1 patient suffered screw loosening in single segment, 3 patients in two segments, and 9 patients in three segments or above. Osteoporosis combined with screw loosening.appeared in 10 patients VAS and ODI scores in all subjects had statistically differences at 6 months after operation and the last follow-up versus preoperation (P 0.05). There were significant differences in gender and preoperative osteoporosis rate between the two groups (P<0.05 for both).

Conclusions
Osteoporosis is one of the reasons for the screw loosening in elderly patients after pedicle screw internal fixation. The increased probability of the screw loosening in long segment may be related with the change of the older spine mechanics. Further randomized controlled trials are still required to confirm whether elderly osteoporosis patients need to receive bone cement augmentation treatment.

Key words:
Fracture fixation, internal; Bone Screws; Thoracic vertebrae; Lumbar vertebrae


This paper proposes a novel joint channel estimation and beamforming scheme for the massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-division duplexing (FDD) wireless legitimate surveillance system. With the proposed scheme, the monitor with the full duplex capability realizes the proactive eavesdropping of the suspicious link by leveraging the pilot attack approach. Specifically, exploiting the effective eavesdropping rate and the mean square error as performance metrics and setting a total power budget at the training and transmission phases, while guaranteeing the information from suspicious source can be successfully decode, joint pilot design, power allocation and beamforming strategy are formulated as optimization problems for the two objective functions: MSE and effective eavesdropping rate. A closed-form expression of the optimal pilot with the limited length can be obtained via the channel correlation. The optimal power problem at the training phase can be solved by a simple bisection method. Then, based on the obtained imperfect estimated channel, the jamming beamforming at monitor optimization algorithm is proposed by utilizing the convex Semidefinite Programming approach to maximize the effective eavesdropping rate. Numerical results show that the proposed joint pilot design, power allocation and beamforming optimization scheme can improve the surveillance performance of the legitimate monitor as compared to the existing passive eavesdropping and jamming-assisted eavesdropping.


Trauma in children has been a concern but given little attention. Lately however, in Oman, it has been widely discussed in light of prevention of road traffic accidents and home accidents. Trauma in children comes only second to acute infection responsible for morbidity in children, with an annual cost of over £200 millions per year in UK.1 However, there are no cost figures from gulf countries currently available.

In Oman, all limb fractures are managed in the regional referral hospitals established in all regions of the country. A good network of referral system exists for referring and transport of children from local health centers to regional referral hospitals, which are staffed by well trained specialized trauma units. There is a steady increase in hospital admission rates from accidental injuries, but there are no published data on the pattern, management and outcome of limb fractures in the pediatric age group.

Keeping in mind the above mentioned facts, an audit of pediatric limb fracture at Nizwa regional referral hospital, was conducted to evaluate; a) the annual inpatient workload arising from pediatric limb fractures, b) pattern of fractures and their management, and c) areas where management could be improved.

Pediatric trauma has low priority and as such has been given little attention. The aim of this study is to review and audit the pattern of pediatric fractures, their management and outcome in our local setting.


IntroductionActive public participation in science changed markedly during the twentieth century and has evolved rapidly since the beginning of the present century. The flow of information has been an important factor in these developments: styles of non-professional activity have been influenced significantly by new channels of communication.The terms "citizen science" and "crowd-sourced science" highlight the newly recognized societal dimensions of such activities. While used imprecisely, both labels hint at technology-mediated possibilities opened to professionals and non-professionals alike, and to the unprecedented scale of involvement by lay participants. Both "citizen" and "crowd" are loaded terms, however, that beg for careful analysis. The way in which information is channeled and controlled is a distinguishing feature having ethical implications. These new variants of established practices offer novel configurations of power relations between professional and amateur communities of science practice. Facilitating distinct societal interests, organizers and participants in such initiatives may identify benefits and beneficiaries in distinct ways.Scientific practice, long understood as a hierarchical activity in which professional authority is hard-won and appropriately protected, is challenged by the increasing access to information and redistribution of expertise. For an early recognition of the theme of power relations between professional and amateur communities of science practice, see Morris Berman (1975). The role of non-professional scientific expertise has been highlighted more recently in fields as diverse as environmental planning (Heiman 1997), medical sociology (Prior 2003), and science and technology studies (e.g., Collins & Evans 2002), and the notion of lay experts as a professional or societal threat has been raised (e.g., Bennett et al. 2009; Welsh & Wynne 2013). With knowledge production itself a product of particular types of labor (known as immaterial labor), ethical issues concern access to the process of production and fairness in access to, and appropriate exploitation of, knowledge (e.g., Fuchs 2009).Beginning from a baseline of twentieth-century models, the present paper traces social interests and information channels that became associated with lay science. Print media identified amateur scientists alternately as a societal resource, as proto-professionals, or as volunteer labor for professional scientists. Examples of electronically-mediated information flow illustrate the appropriation and recuperation of scientific authority being played out in contemporary models of active public engagement. In this dynamic process, the role of traditional publishing media as intermediaries in the flow of information has been significantly eroded.This paper argues that information-sharing via electronic media can reshape scientific identity and practice for the better. By lowering the boundaries limiting access and participation by wider active audiences, it can enable more egalitarian expressions of "oppositional science" by extra-disciplinary communities (Longino 1990). By contrast, the channels of communication can alternatively be constituted to reproduce or reinforce conventional professionalamateur relationships. Thus redistribution of power is not an intrinsic property of the communication channels, but can instead be engineered by those designing and having access to particular implementations.Historical Context: Twentieth-Century Media Portrayals of Lay ScienceScientific amateurism became increasingly visible through the twentieth century as a personal enthusiasm and leisure pursuit (e.g., Stebbins 1980). Print media were important vectors for this, actively championing scientific pastimes through a variety of publishing initiatives. From the first decade of the century, books and magazines increasingly promoted personal engagement with science and technology to broad audiences. …


From the aspect of appearance size, gain and directivity, the simulation analysis of isotropic antenna and directional antenna is carried out by HFSS software. The simulation results show that isotropic antenna is suitable for projectile-carried communication jammer.


We present a method to perform a downstream task of transformers on generating question-answer pairs (QAPs) from a given article. We first finetune pretrained transformers on QAP datasets. We then use a preprocessing pipeline to select appropriate answers from the article, and feed each answer and the relevant context to the finetuned transformer to generate a candidate QAP. Finally we use a postprocessing pipeline to filter inadequate QAPs. In particular, using pretrained T5 models as transformers and the SQuAD dataset as the finetruning dataset, we obtain a finetuned T5 model that outperforms previous models on standard performance measures over the SQuAD dataset. We then show that our method based on this finetuned model generates a satisfactory number of QAPs with high qualities on the Gaokao-EN dataset assessed by human judges.


Comets lose mass primarily in the form of large particles that form meteoroid streams in the comets orbits. At visible wavelengths, comets often have long dust tails directed away from the Sun, consisting of small dust particles being blown away by solar radiation pressure.


The potential hazard of water bodies rich in nitrogen and phosphorus at low temperatures is usually neglected due to no algal blooms.This paper studies the removal of typical nutrients in eutrophic water bodies by a native psychrotolerant denitrifying bacterium Acinetobacter johnonii DBP-3 in simulation systems.The results show that the addition of strain dBP-3 significantly increases the removal of nitrogen,phosphorus,and dissolved organic carbon under stationary cultivation conditions at 10 ℃ in darkness.In the simulation system without sludge,the concentrations of nitrate,ammonia,dissolve phosphate,and DOC decreases by 65.7%,57.2%,62.4%,and 71.1%,respectively,after 7 days'cultivation.Moreover,strain DBP-3 gives priority to the utilization of nitrate,as compared to ammonia.The addition of sludge slows down the removal of nutrients due to the release of nutrients into the upper water,whereas the concentrations of nutrients are still lower than that in the controlled treatment.During the entire experimental period,the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments decreases by 6.5% and 2.9%,respectively.The strain keeps numerical superiority in upper water and some of it is absorbed into the sediment during the whole experiment.It is indicated that the psychrotolerant Acinetobacter johnonii DBP-3 would be applicable for the biological treatment of eutrophic water bodies at low temperatures.


We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with effort angina, dyspnea and a septal mass causing atrioventricular block, treated with pacemaker implantation, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (induced by septal mass protrusion into left ventricular cavity).


CD36 glycoprotein is expressed by various cell types, including platelets (PLTs), monocytes, and erythroid precursors, and is also the receptor for several ligands. However, absence of CD36 expression seems asymptomatic and is poorly described in Caucasians. In contrast, the frequency reaches 7% and 11% in African Caribbean and Asian persons, respectively. Lack of CD36 expression exposes to the risk of immunization in case of pregnancy or PLT transfusion. Two types of deficiency have been described: in Type I, PLTs and monocytes lack CD36 expression and the subjects are homozygous or compound heterozygous for CD36 mutations, whereas in Type II, only PLTs (Type IIa), and rarely also erythroid cells (Type IIb), are affected. Molecular events leading to Type II deficiency are poorly understood.


The role of the quintessence field as a probable candidate for the repulsive dark energy, the conditions for tracking and the requisites for tracker fields are examined. The concept of `integrated tracking' is introduced and a new criterion for the existence of tracker potentials is derived assuming monotonic increase in the scalar energy density parameter \Omega_\phi with the evolution of the universe as suggested by the astrophysical constraints. It provides a technique to investigate generic potentials of the tracker fields. The general properties of the tracker fields are discussed and their behaviour with respect to tracking parameter \epsilon is analyzed. It is shown that the tracker fields around the limiting value \epsilon \simeq \frac 23 give the best fit with the observational constraints.


ODP Leg 119 drilled on the Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean and in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. A geomagnetic polarity zonation for the late Miocene to the Quaternary has been determined from the sediments of the Kerguelen Plateau. Hole 745B on the south Kerguelen Plateau provided the excellent reversal sequence for the last 6 Ma including the Cobb Mountain event in the Matuyama Chron and the unidentified subchron in the Gilbert Chron. Hole 738C drilled a complete Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. The volume magnetic susceptibility measurement around the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary shows high values at the iridium-concentrated region. This supports the results by Worm and Banerjee (1987) that the high susceptibility and indium concentration coincide at about the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. The limestone sequence at Hole 738C from the Turonian to Santonian stage shows a low paleolatitude (54°S) compared to the present (64°S). This paleolatitude is nearly same as the Tertiary paleolatitude estimated from paleomagnetic poles of Antarctica. At Hole 742C in Prydz Bay, a glacial sequence was penetrated to a depth of 316 mbsf. The magnetic susceptibility of this sequence correlated well with changes of lithology. The magnetic inclinations of the sequence from the middle Eocene to the Oligocene indicated a dominant normal polarity zone containing several short reversals.


FIELD: oil and gas production. SUBSTANCE: invention refers to procedure for treatment of hydrocarbon fuel. In effect the procedure consists of multitude of shock waves with various nominal frequencies transmitted to fuel by motion of magnetic receptive body in contact with hydrocarbon fuel at rates and intensity facilitating increased efficiency of fuel combustion. Also, relative motion of a body is caused by effect of pulse magnetic field onto the body. The invention also refers to the procedure of engine operation, to the device for treatment of hydrocarbon fuel and to the internal combustion engine. EFFECT: raised efficiency of fuel combustion, reduced fuel volume required for engine operation. 13 cl, 1 ex, 1 tbl, 2 dwg


A study on changes in composition of synthetic groundwater during a stepwise leaching of crushed or whole pieces of concrete has been performed. The experiments have been made both in air and in inert nitrogen atmosphere. The concrete samples were made from Standard Portland Cement, aged approx. 1 year after moulding. The water was exchanged once a week during 11 weeks and the samples were then analysed in order to detect changes in the ion content, and in pH. The pH of the water samples increased in the first week to a value close to 13. In later steps the pH value gradually decreased, although it was above 12.4 all the time. The analysis covered N a + , K + , Mg + , Ca + , Al + , Η CO J and Si02 . In comparison with these analyses, equilibrium calculations were performed, using the PHREEQE code. The calculations showed that the content of major ions was possible to predict, while pH and silicate concentration were higher and sulphate concentration lower than predicted by the calculations. This may be due to the fact that the reactions of cement with sulphate giving a formation of the mineral ettringite have not been included in the calculation.


Abstract Sclerolepidia are minute specialized structures found only alongthe metepisternal suture in the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae, Cossoninae, Baridinae and some tribes in the Cryptorhynchinae, Conoderinae, Molytinae, Curculioninae and Cyclominae of the Curculionidae. Their presence has been used to establish relationships at subfamily level in the Curculionidae, although some of these are questionable, because of misperceptions of the distribution of the structure across taxa. Within the Curculionidae sclerolepidia are probably homologous, but provide limited information aiding establishment of sister‐group relationships between subfamilies, and multiple loss is likely. Analogous structures occur in the Erirhinidae and the Eucnemidae, but not elsewhere in the Coleoptera. Structural evidence shows sclerolepidia to be derived from scales. Their morphology allows division into 'squamiform', 'digitate', 'peg‐like' and 'plumose' types. Squamiform sclerolepidia are only slightly modified from the ancestral scale and are probably the plesiomorphic type, with modification probably occurring independently a number of times. Taxonomic characters and phylogenetic information are provided by distribution of different types within the weevils at species, genus and higher levels. Numerous systematic changes were identified as necessary during this project from the study of the sclerolepidia; 27 genera are transferred at tribal level and these changes are listed in an appendix. The functions of sclerolepidia probably differ across the Curculionidae, and may include sensing the relative positions of the metepisternum and metasternum during flight, and diffusion of secreted wax or other chemicals.


This essay originally appeared in Representation and Decoration in a Postmodern Age, edited by Alfred Hornung and Rudiger Kunow (Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag Winter, 2009), 65–96. Gunter H. Lenz's important essay focuses on W. E. B. Du Bois's education and experiences in Germany. Tracing Du Bois's time in Germany, from his university years there (1892–1894) to his visits in the 1920s and 1930s, and finally to his last stay in 1958 when he received an honorary doctorate in Berlin, Lenz's analysis of Du Bois's work indicates how political factors and social change in Germany influenced and transformed Du Bois's interpretation of the US but also shifted the ground of Du Bois's critique to the larger forces of global imperialism and colonialism. Moving from a study of The Souls of Black Folk (1903) through an analysis of the less popular Dark Princess (1928) and on to essays and books such as Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace (1945), Lenz develops an argument for reading Du Bois's "radical cosmopolitanism" as "an open, trans (and post-)national, diasporic discourse that acknowledges and negotiates intercultural multiplicity, heterogeneous interests and positions, and hybrid publics."


Hydrodynamics plays a major role in wet grinding processes used to produce nanoparticles, but its influence on the mechanisms of fragmentation is not fully understood. The focus is on hydrodynamics in the gap between two grinding beads. Using particle image velocimetry in a large-scale experiment, the velocity field between the beads has been investigated when the beads get closer (down to one-tenth of their radius). Different configurations have been studied, varying from frontal approach to tangential collision. Finally, a capture probability of suspended particles has been estimated.


The extendibility is an important target of a good system design. Visual Foxpro is a development kit faced the middle and small database application. How to strengthen a VFP based application's extendibility? This article shows a concise solution.


Aim To investigate the application of rb-bFGF(Recombinant Bovine Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor For External Use) in the treatment of tympanic membrane perforation.Methods 89 cases with tympanic membrane perforation were treated with rb-bFGF dose patch.Results the total cure rate was 85.40%,the method was more effective in treatment of traumatic perforation and tension piercing,moreover,earlier treatment lead to higher cure rate.Conclusion rb-bFGF is an effective drug for treatment of tympanic membrane perforation.


BACKGROUND
Identification of specimens that contain ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is frequently necessary when investigating potentially mislabeled or improperly collected specimens.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of rapid EDTA detection test strips in clinical specimens.

METHODS
We applied specimens to test strips designed to detect EDTA (QUANTOFIX EDTA) using a pipet (drop mode). Reactions were scored visually on a scale from red (no EDTA) to orange (low/indeterminate EDTA) to yellow (contains EDTA).

RESULTS
Test strips reliably identified specimens from EDTA-containing tube types. Although test strips did not detect strong reactivity in other specimens, tubes containing NaFl/K-oxalate produced an orange (low/indeterminate EDTA) reaction. Bismuth and citrate levels were higher in specimens after we dipped test strips into solution (dip mode).

CONCLUSIONS
Test strips detected the presence of EDTA in concentrations found in EDTA-containing primary tubes. Test strips were less effective in evaluating low-level EDTA concentrations expected with intravenous line contamination or backflow. Indeterminate reactions required further investigation. Dip mode can produce analytical problems for assays that measure (or are interfered by) the contents of test strips.


AIM To investigate the important role in the progress of carcinogenesis of stomach and the significance of p16 gene in the diagnosis of early gastric cancer. METHODS The expression of p16 gene mRNA in gastric mucosa of each phase from normal ones to precancerous lesions and gastric cancers were detected by in situ hybridization. RESULTS The positive rate of p16 in normal gastric mucosa was 94.1%. In mild. moderate and severe dysplasia gastric cancers they were 93.9%, 80.0% and 31.3%; in small and colonic type of intestinal metaplasia (IM) 69.5% and 21.4%, and in gastric cancer it was 25.0%. The positive rates of p16 had no significant difference between normal gastric mucosa, mild and moderate dysplasia, and the small intestial type of IM (P0.05), and between severe dysplasia, colonic type of IM and gastric cancer ( P0.05 ), but there was significant difference between the positive rate of p16 gene of each former groups. CONCLUSION The variation of p16 gene plays an important role in the progress of carcinogenesis of stomach; detecting the p16 gene in dysplasia and colonic type of IM gastric mucosa could predict the canceration trend and contribute to the diagnosis of gastric cancer early.


The demand for foodgrains in India is growing very fast due to increase in population coupled with rising economic status of the common people. To meet the fast growing demand of food-grains, farmers are using inputs for crop production in an intensive and unsustainable manner. The negative consequences of this are reduction in crop productivity and deterioration in the quality of natural resources. The crop cultivation with intensive management has a significant impact on the carbon and nitrogen cycle. Agricultural system contribute to carbon emission through several mechanisms, i.e., (a) direct use of fossil fuel in farm operations; (b) indirect use of embodied energy for producing agricultural inputs (fertiliser, pesticides etc.); and (c) loss of soil organic matter during cultivation of soils (Pretty and Ball, 2001). Every year, agriculture releases about 10 to 12 per cent of the total greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, which is accounted for about 5.1 to 6.1 Gt CO2 (Cole et al., 1997). The negative consequences of climate changes might have significant impact on crop production (Reilly et al., 1996). Agriculture has potential to reduce the emission of GHGs by crop management and agronomic practices. Normally, nitrogen application rate in organic farming are 60 to 70 per cent lower than the conventional agriculture, due to recycling of organic/crop residue and use of manures. In addition, the availability of limited nitrogen in organic system requires careful and efficient management (Kramer et al., 2006). Many researchers have reported that yield of crops grown under organic farming system are comparable to crop yield under conventional system. Efficient use of inputs and net income per unit cropped area is at par due to reduction in fertiliser and other inputs application (Pimentel et al., 2005; Mader et al., 2002). Nemecek et al. (2005) have reported that GHGs emissions from organic farming were 36 per cent lower than conventional system of crop production.


This study reveals the conflict Resolution in organization through Strategic management. There are different causes of conflicts within Organization and impact of conflicts on organization performance. The past decade researches identify the negative relation of conflict with employee performance. The research methodology was case study approach of different National and Multinational companies. The aim of study is to alleviate conflicts in organization through strategic management for enhancing organizational performance and managing change in order to attain competitive edge in this dynamic era. This paper covers the role of strategic management in resolving and minimizing conflict that brings positive impact on organization. Conflict in the workplace just seems to be a fact of life. The fact that conflict exists, however, is not necessarily a bad thing: As long as it is resolved effectively, it can lead to personal and professional growth. Conflict in the workplace is a painful reality and a key reason for poor productivity and frustration. Conflict does not magically go away and only gets worse when ignored. So to resolve conflicts strategic management is important.


This is a paper about the transgression of the boundary between art and everyday space. It traces the development of a practical and theoretical critique of this divide from Dada and surrealism to situationism and postmodernism, whilst showing how these movements have themselves often perpetuated a specialized notion of cultural production. The ultimate failure of these movements, with the exception of situationism, to develop a coherent and effective challenge to the dualism art—everyday space is related to their reliance upon the artistic ideologies of antiart, indifference, and spontaneism.


"Personalized medicine" holds its promise only at the substantial cost of widespread use of the awesome tools of molecular science, and at a time of intense scrutiny of the costs and benefits of medical treatments, can we really afford it?


Analysis of patterns of performance on the subtests of the Meeting Street School Screening Test administered in first grade was expected to be a better predictor of later placement in a learning disabilities program than the recommended cut-off score. The hypothesis was not supported. Use of subtest scatter predicted learning disability placements less accurately than chance.


Summary The reproductive cycle of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is compared in two different areas (Saint-Vaast la Hougue, Normandy, and Marennes-Oléron, Charentes). Major differences were observed with respect to the success of spawning: although the general course of gametogenesis appeared to be similar, gonial mitoses were delayed on the Normandy shore and the timing of the subsequent expansion of gonadal tubules was different. However, spawning time was the same in both areas. This spawning was massive in Atlantic oysters and only partial in Normandy oysters. Storage tissue development in the gonadal area was also investigated and related to the process of gametogenesis.


Historical ecology is an interdisciplinary approach to study the longterm development and interactions between nature and human societies (Beller et al., 2017; Szabó, 2015). Because of its focus on the past, historical ecology often connects information from different disciplines. Indeed, the past of any ecosystem is strongly linked to the development of human societies (Bürgi et al., 2017; Ellis et al., 2021), which is the research domain of history or archaeology (Morrison et al., 2021). Historical ecology therefore seeks to combine evidence from the natural sciences and the humanities, two quite distinct fields with their own conceptual and methodological approaches. It is the different disciplinary traditions that tend to pose the greatest challenge in such interdisciplinary mergers because it is easier to work with established procedures than to combine completely different methods. However, it is not only the methods themselves that are important but also the spatiotemporal framework (Wiens, 1989). This, both within ecology and history, covers an extensive range from very short (seconds in ecology, hours in history) to very long (millennia and longer); and from small to large (continents and the Earth). In history and ecology, entire subdisciplines are defined based on scaling and subject of study, for example, from microhistory to global history or from single individuals and their traits to macroecology. Scale determines the nature of the data collected, and meaningful overlaps between ecology and history are ultimately determined by data compatibility (Szabó & Hédl, 2011). The topic of compatibility is becoming increasingly important as large databases are built, used, and opened for exploitation. Ecology as a quantitatively oriented natural science has developed from simple empirics to the standard use of large electronic databases (Hampton et al., 2013). In contrast, while history also uses digitization, the preferred mode of analysis tends to be expert interpretation. It is these deep disciplinary incompatibilities that represent the greatest obstacle to successful collaboration between disciplines. This is well illustrated by the existence of two essentially parallel perspectives on natural history: historical ecology and environmental history. Historical ecology views nature from the perspective and in the discourse of the natural sciences, specifically ecology, while environmental history is essentially an independent view from the humanities (McNeill, 2010, but see, for example, Van Goethem & Van Zandem, 2019). It is therefore interesting to look at particular data as well as spatial, temporal and disciplinary frameworks, within which specific studies that can be labelled historicalecological are produced. As vegetation scientists, our specific focus will be on the plant component of ecosystems, i.e. plant communities and their humandriven changes (Inderjit et al., 2017). The aim of this Special Feature is to present a spectrum of perspectives on the outlined topic. Most of the eight studies were presented at the 61st annual symposium of the IAVS in Bozeman (MT, USA) in July 2018. This is also during this meeting that the Historical Vegetation Ecology working group of the IAVS has been officially launched.1This is the editioral of the special feature historical vegetation ecology, edited by Radim Hédl, Sara Cousins, Guillaume Decocq, Péter Szabó and Monika Wulf.


Cationisation during the mercerization process with an epihalohydrin results in novel cotton cellulose that gives a new dimension to cotton pre-treatment and finishing. The modified cotton retains all the beneficial properties of mercerized cotton with a change of the surface charge that ensures higher adsorption of water, surfactants, and dyestuff. Therefore, in this paper cotton fabric was cationized during mercerization with an epihalohydrin 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) and with cationic reactive polyammonium compounds Rewin OS (CHT-Bezema) and Rewin DWR (CHT-Bezema). Based on the researched electrokinetics, the modified cotton fabrics were dyed with natural dyestuff Juglans regia L. isolated from dried chestnut shells without mordant. The the spectral coordinates, the colour strength (K/S) and the colour fastness according to ISO 105-A05:1996 were determined using remission spectrophotometer. For the test of fastness fabrics were washed according to ISO 6330:2012.


As the days go by, there are technologies that are being introduced everyday, whether it is a tiny music player iPod nano or a robot "Asimo" that runs 6 kilometers per hour. These technologies entertain, facilitate and make the day easier for the human being. It is not arguable anymore that the people need these technologies with the smart systems to lead their regular life smoothly. The smarter the system is; the more people like to use it. One major part of this smartness of the system depends on how well the system can interact with the person or the user. It is not a dream anymore that a system will be able to interact with a human just the way that one human interacts with another. To make that happen, it is obvious that the system must be intelligent enough to understand a human being. For example, if we need a Robot that can have a random conversation with a human, the system must recognize and understand the spoken word to reply the human. And the reply will be based on the current mood and behavior of the human. In this scenario, a human uses his senses to receive the inputs such as voice through the hearing senses, behavior and movement of the body parts, and facial expression through seeing sense from the speaking human. And it is now apparently possible to take such inputs for a system which can be stored as data; later it is possible to analyze the data using various algorithms and also to teach the system through Machine Learning algorithms. We will briefly discuss issues related to the relevance and the possible impact of research in the field of Artificial Intelligence, with special attention to the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Natural Language Processing, Human Computer Interaction, Data Warehouse and Data Mining that is used to identify and analyze data like psychological signals, voice, conversation, geo location, and geo weather, etc. In our research, we have used heart rate that is a successful physiological signal to detect human mood and used smartphone usage data to train the system and detect mood more accurately than other methods.


Trafficking in persons is a crime against the individual and the state as it affects their security alike, and it is a form of slavery and an extension of slavery practiced by societies since ancient times. For it is a form of violating international family law because it involves distortion of legitimate family practices or their misuse, that this phenomenon is an illegal trade, the commodity in which women or children are mostly traded and has a very dangerous psychological and physical impact, in addition to that trafficking in persons is a crime that transcends borders Nationalism is as dangerous as the arms and drug trade, as its danger can extend to many countries and societies. In addition to the awareness of many countries of the seriousness of this phenomenon and thus addressing it through the issuance of legislation criminalizing this trade, but the phenomenon is widely exacerbated depending on the development that took place in the means of communication and transportation between the various countries of the world, which prompted many of the world's governments and international organizations to fight it And reduce its negative effects on the peoples of the world, that the phenomenon of trafficking in persons is very dangerous and operations to combat it have multiple dimensions, and this research comes within the attempts made by researchers to introduce the phenomenon of trafficking in persons by shedding light on the political - economic and social dimensions and the statement of the most important international efforts to combat this phenomenon. Keywords: e-commerce, family disintegration, globalization, government corruption


Objective To evaluate the procedure and the effects of maxillary sinus augmentations with self-last-the-knot-stanza-bone and Bio-Oss in maxillary posterior region. Methods 5 patients without enough alveolar bone height to place the implant received maxillary sinus augmentation with self-last-the-knot-stanza-bone transplantation and Bio-Oss.All patients received the simultaneous implant placement. Results 6 months postoperatively, the postoperative X-ray showed Boss-Oss reformed new bone.There were no implants which were loosened or lost.They osseointergrated tightly with new bone. Conclusion The use of maxillary sinus augmentation with self bone and Bio-Oss expands implant rehabilita.


Objective:To investigate the bacterial contamination of air and articles in ambulance,and observe the effect of disinfection.Methods:The bacterial contamination of the air and articles in one ambulance were detected before and after disinfection in early,middle and end per month from May.2009 to Oct.2009.Results:The pollution situation of air and articles in ambulance was serious before disinfection.The bacterial contamination was decreased significantly after disinfection.And the difference was statistically significant(P0.01).Conclusions:The pollution situation of air and articles in ambulance is serious.It is necessary to establish a strict disinfection management system.


OBJECTIVE
In order to explore the risk factors of geriatric depression, a longitudinal follow-up study was conducted on elderly population living in the community so as to provide evidence for the development of depression prevention and control.

METHODS
A sampled population consisting 2506 elderly was selected from urban and rural communities in Beijing, using well-established sampling techniques as cluster, stratification and random selection. Data was collected by trained staff members, using standard survey instruments in 2000 and 2004.

RESULTS
Longitudinal study showed that the four-year cumulative incidence of the geriatric depression in Beijing was 10.58%. Difference on were evident intelligence/education, with the rates for illiteracy (15.2%) and primary school (10.5%) significantly higher than that of junior high school and above (5.1%) (chi2 = 26.587, P = 0.000). Rates also varied substantially with place of residence, individuals living in rural areas had a substantially higher rate of depression (15.4%) than those individuals dwelling in urban district (6.1%) (chi2 = 31.163, P = 0.000). Poor self-rated health condition (chi2 = 23.385, P = 0.000), cognitive impairment (chi2 = 11.947, P = 0.001) and limitations in physical functioning (ADL: chi2 = 15.930, P = 0.000; IADL: chi2 = 9.501, P = 0.002) were related to the worsening of depressive symptoms. Results from logistic regression analysis indicated that education level, dwelling area, self-rated health condition and ADL were the independent risk factors.

CONCLUSION
Lower educational level, dwelling situation, poor self-rated health condition as well as ADL damage might increase the incidence of depression, suggesting more attention needs to be paid to improve somatic function of elderly in order to decrease the incidence of geriatric depression and to improve the prognosis of the disease and the quality of life.


Objective: To observe the safety and the effect of Tanreqing Injection on pulmonary infection in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: 82 pulmonary infection patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group. Besides being used cefoperazone sulbactam in two groups, the treatment group were given the Tanreqing Injection. The clinical effect and the side effect in two groups were observed. Results: The total effective rate in treatment group was superior to that in the control group. The recovery durations of the temperature and the cough in the treatment group were obviously shorter than those of the control group. There were no side effects and superinfections in two groups. Conclusion: Tanreqing Injection is safe and effective in treating pulmonary infection in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. It could increase therapeutic effect of cefoperazone sulbactam.


The present invention relates to a magnetic field sensor device for detecting the displacement in the moving element is provided, wherein, in the displacement range to be detected change direction (6) of the magnetic field on the moving element of the system, whereby it can be detected correspondingly position relative to the fixed sensor (5). In the linear motion or at least one magnet (3, 4; 7; 11; 14) on the other element freedom of motion as part of a magnetic system or other magnetic elements, at least one magnet or other the outer periphery of the magnetic element in a predetermined distance opposite with at least one stationary sensor sensitive to the magnetic field direction (5), wherein the magnet (3, 4; 7; 11; 14) to the preferred direction of the magnetic field with respect to the displacement (6) is oriented at a predetermined angle between 0 ° and 90 ° to the moving member.


[Objective] High-speed countercurrent chromatography(HSCCC) was applied to the separation and purification of the active substance from R.spectabilis.[Method] A three-phase solvent system of n-hexane,ethyl acetate,acetonitrile and water(4∶4∶3∶4,V/V) was selected,and the upper phase and middle phase was used as stationary phase.The samples were eluted by down phase and middle phase in turn,and the pure of compounds were analyzed by HPLC.[Result]Three substances(RS1,RS2,RS3) were separated,and RS1 was a monomer compound.The results of antibacterial experiments showed that RS1 had good antibacterial effect for bacteria and fungi;RS2 could only inhibit bacteria,and had no anti-fungi effect;RS3 had no antibacterial activity.[Conclusion]Three-layer HSCCC could effectively separate antibacterial monomer compounds from R.spectabilis by one step.


The aim of this research is to explore the influence of hysteresis on heat transport in soils under experimental laboratory conditions. The obtained results shown that, thermal properties as are volumetric specific heat capacity (Cv) and thermal conductivity (θ) showed a positive linear correlation with soil volumetric water content (θ). However, thermal diffusivity values (θ) shown divergences between heat transferred and soil moisture. A spatial-temporal hysteresis pattern was observed on the whole of the thermal properties. This fact was related with factors as: degree of saturation, the influence of temperature difference on the heat transport, and the geometry of the water layer around the particle.


Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses have continually undergone multiple evolutionary dynamics for the generation of various clades, subclades, and genotypes where 18.104.22.168c, and 188.8.131.52 become predominant and co-circulating in Vietnam from 2014 to date. In this study, fifteen H5 sequences in our study and 90 from others from different clades, 0, 1, 1.1, 184.108.40.206a, 126.96.36.199c, 2.3.4, 22.214.171.124, 220.127.116.11, 184.108.40.206 and 188.8.131.52 of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, were characterized for hemagglutinin (HA) properties, genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Blast searching using the dataset of the full length of two H5N6 viruses revealed one strain, e.g., A/Duck/Vietnam/HT7/2014(H5N6) in May 2014, belonging to the Sichuan 2014-lineage of Group D (Minor). The other strain, A/Chicken/Vietnam/NT3/2017(H5N6)/or CkNT3-2017 in the Spring of 2017, belonged to the Japanese-Korean late 2016-cluster of Group C (Major). This cluster possessed 140NHETS-145del stretch of Leucine/Serine deletion at position 145 in HA1 (S/L145del), distinct from all the 18.104.22.168 H5N6 viruses known to date. There has been no report of the similar CkNT3-2017 of 22.214.171.124 reassortant in Vietnam prior to our study. The migration flyway might be the route for transportation of this novel H5N6 virus from Japan to Vietnam. In addition, the topology revealed another novel subclade of H5N6 (2018–2019) possibly, of the Vietnamese internal reassortments. The "H5Nx" viruses in Vietnam, in fact, have continually undergone multiple evolutionary processes in parallel with those lineages in China and East-Asia. Variations at the key sites in HA and altered genetic characteristics in novel HPAI H5Nx viruses in Vietnam present a caution for the vaccination program and the risk for human infection.


In this paper, two models for curvelet-regularized nonlinear diffusion are proposed for discontinuity-preserving denoising, using a new tight frame of curvelets and a nonlinear diffusion scheme. Numerical experiments show their good performance to recover the shape of edges and some important detailed components of the image while we use less iterations, in comparison to traditional methods. Mathematics Subject Classification 2000. 65T60, 65M06, 65M12, 94A12.


An oversized TE -to-TM mode converter based on waveguide bend structure is designed for high power transmission line. The curvature distribution of the waveguide bend is analyzed and optimized using mode coupling theory. Analysis results show that the curvature near the output port plays a decisive role in the content of the parasitic modes, which indicates that the restriction on curvature far from output port could be relaxed. Therefore, the asymmetric waveguide axis with enhanced curvature near the front end and lessened curvature near the output port will have a high conversion efficiency and a broad bandwidth. Combining the curvature optimization and the phase rematching technology proposed in our preliminary work, the TE -to-TM mode converter realizes a 90 bend with a conversion efficiency over 95% in the range of 26–32.2 GHz (the relative bandwidth over 21%). To verify the designed mode converter, a prototype is manufactured and measured.


BACKGROUND
Long-term conditions (LTCs) are prevalent in socio-economically deprived populations. Self-management interventions can improve health outcomes, but socio-economically deprived groups have lower participation in them, with potentially lower effectiveness. This review explored whether self-management interventions delivered to people experiencing socio-economic deprivation improve outcomes.

METHODS
We searched databases up to November 2022 for randomized trials. We screened, extracted data and assessed the quality of these studies using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2). We narratively synthesized all studies and performed a meta-analysis on eligible articles. We assessed the certainty of evidence using GRADE for articles included in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS
The 51 studies included in this review had mixed findings. For the diabetes meta-analysis, there was a statistically significant pooled reduction in haemoglobin A1c (-0.29%). We had moderate certainty in the evidence. Thirty-eight of the study interventions had specific tailoring for socio-economically deprived populations, including adaptions for low literacy and financial incentives. Each intervention had an average of four self-management components.

CONCLUSIONS
Self-management interventions for socio-economically deprived populations show promise, though more evidence is needed. Our review suggests that the number of self-management components may not be important. With the increasing emphasis on self-management, to avoid exacerbating health inequalities, interventions should include tailoring for socio-economically deprived individuals.


The need to reduce Australian pulp and paper imports and the rapid growth in the nearby Asia Pacific region suggest that an opportunity exists for the establishment of a new pulp mill in Australia. However, the economic environment, specifically currency fluctuations, has not been favourable for the large investment required to build a conventional bleached eucalypt kraft pulp mill. An alternative might be to utilize the relatively cheap bagasse produced in the sugar cane producing regions of Australia. Despite compelling economic advantages, no bagasse pulp mill has yet been constructed. The main problems appear to be the perceived lower quality of bagasse pulps, coupled with processing issues.


The paper presents new results of automated path planning for an industrial robot manipulator performing microplasma spraying of coatings on substrates with complex surface shapes. Path planning and automatic generation of the manipulator motion program are performed using data of a preliminary 3D surface scanning by a laser triangulation distance sensor installed on the same robot arm. The automatic manipulator working tool path planning algorithm is based on the choice of the starting segment of the working tool trace as a geodetic line on the surface. An algorithm for optimal spatial curve approximation by a sequence of line segments and arcs has been developed as a part of the automatic manipulator program generation system. The developed algorithms and their software implementation were experimentally tested through robotic microplasma spraying of a protective coating on the surface of a jaw crusher plate, which was then successfully operated for crushing mineral raw materials.


Hydrolysis and bromination of phthalic anhydride in water gave a mixture of the monosodium salt of 4-bromo-phthalic acid. These were reacted with phenylacetylene under Sonogashira coupling reaction conditions in an aqueous medium. Acidification afforded 4-phenylethynylphthalic acid and then dehydration of this gave 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride in 76% overall yield. Compared with traditional synthetic methods, this method has the advantage of low cost, convenient manipulation and is environmentally friendly.


Abstract. A generalized inverse matrix-recurrent neural network (GIM-RNN) data processing algorithm for unknown emissivity was proposed to measure high-temperature by multiwavelength pyrometer (MWP). First, emissivity classification was realized quickly according to a solution from generalized inverse algorithm to underdetermined multiwavelength equation group. According to the relationship between the emissivity of 2 adjacent channels of the 6 channel thermometer used in this paper, 243 emissivity models (1  *  3  *  3  *  3  *  3  *  3) were designed for classification. Twelve of them were shown on the schematic diagram in the text. To make the figure clear and easy to observe, the prediction results of six common emissivity models were listed as the experimental results. Then, it was input into the corresponding RNN subnetwork to inverse temperature precisely. Simulation results showed that in the range of 1500 to 3000 K temperature, the relative error of the test set was within 1.0% for the network trained after classification by GIM, whereas the relative error of the test set was within 1.2% for the network trained without GIM classification. After 5.0% random noise was added to the inputting data, the relative error still was controlled within 1.5%, which reflected the good antinoise performance of the algorithm. Multispectral measurement data of rocket engine plumes is processed by the proposed algorithm in this manuscript. The inversion results are consistent with the theoretical results. It is indicated that the proposed algorithm has good adaptability to different materials. It is expected to become a general data processing algorithm for MWP.


The standard treatment for glioblastoma involves a combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy but have limited impact on survival. The recent exponential increase in targeted agents directed at pivotal oncogenic pathways now provide new therapeutic opportunities for this tumor type. However, lack of precision oncology testing at diagnosis means such therapeutic opportunities are missed. To address this unmet clinical need we established Oncofocus®, a clinically validated precision oncology test for solid tumors, detecting actionable genetic variants in 505 genes linked to 764 anti-cancer targeted agents/combinations and immunotherapies. Analysis of trending data in relation to a cohort of 55 glioblastoma cases has revealed a complex and rich actionable mutational landscape in which 166 actionable mutations were detected across 36 genes. The majority of patients harbored three or more actionable mutations (median 3, range 1-9) affecting key cancer related regulatory networks including the PI3K/AKT/MTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling pathways, DNA-damage repair pathways and cell cycle checkpoints. Oncogenic fusion genes were identified at high frequency (23.6%), including two novel fusions in glioblastoma, namely TBL1XR1-PIK3CA and FIP1L1–PDGFRA. Linkage with anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy was also identified in 63.6% of glioblastoma patients as a consequence of either elevated PD-L1 levels or mutations in DNA-damage repair genes. Despite the commonly held perception that treatment options for glioblastoma are limited, we have shown here that glioblastoma harbors a diverse actionable mutational landscape providing a broad therapeutic armamentarium of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Our data indicates that precision oncology testing should be considered as part of the standard molecular diagnostic work up for glioblastoma.


Provided hereby is a shock absorbing balance wheel for forklifts comprising a bearing plate (1), a fixed outer sleeve (2), a suppressing inner sleeve (3), a steering knuckle pin (4), a shock absorbing spring (5), a universal wheel fork (6), wheels (7), a conical bearing (8) and a non-outer roller bearing (9); the utmost top of the shock absorbing balance wheel is arranged with a position fixing bearing seat welded by the fixed outer sleeve (2) and the bearing plate (1); the universal wheel fork (6) is provided on the wheels (7); the steering knuckle pin (4) is disposed on the universal wheel fork (6); the conical bearing (8) is flexibly arranged at the bottom of the steering knuckle pin (4); the bottom of the suppressing inner sleeve (3) provides support to the conical bearing (8) and is capable of rotating; the non-outer roller bearing (9) is arranged between the tops of the fixed outer sleeve (2) and the steering knuckle pin (4). The utility model can ensures that forklifts move stably on uneven grounds.


In this work, we identify and describe a moiety that may be capable of encouraging the formation of polymorphs. Four new N-phenylbenzamide-based compounds have been synthesized yielding four pairs of polymorphs upon recrystallization. The structures of these have been discussed and compared with the previously reported polymorphs of N-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]benzamide. The results indicate that the conformation of the N-phenylbenzamide group is generally constant but is sometimes altered by the crystal packing. The N-phenylbenzamide group is capable of intermolecular N–H···O hydrogen bonding but requires a change in conformation which is generally resisted by the molecule. As a consequence, weak forces such as C–H···O, C–H···N, C–H···π, and π···π interactions play significant but varying roles in these structures. One possible reason for the varying nature of the π···π interactions may be due to the variation of the electrostatic potential across the N-phenylbenzamide group in which negative and positive...


In order to judge the burrs in the hole of nozzle and their influence on oil spray,the photos of oil spray were taken with stroboscope made by authors on pump test-bed.The experiment results showed that the burrs of nozzle not only diminish the fluid flux of nozzles but also change the shape of spray and influence the oil uniformity in the spray.


This paper provides a study of the three most famous skeptical thinkers of classical India, examining both their commonalities and unique differences. Adepts of the controversial debate methodology called vitaṇḍā, "negative debate," these thinkers manage to challenge the very possibility of knowledge, while espousing (at least nominal) allegiance to distinct schools of thought. They also pass negative judgement on the possibility of certainty while appealing to rational persuasion. This paper explores these paradoxes and possible contradictions, with a culminating reflection of the role of the "two truths," ultimate vs. everyday perspectives.


Virtual Reality(VR) technology has been widely used in recent years, but most of people feel to develop a VR system is too difficult . Combined with the requires of water conservancy and feasible technology ,this paper discussed a real time cruise system of visualized 3D project based on desktop VR system technology, the method of construction, transition and usage has been given. A practical system is implemented by DirectX.


An experimental study of evaporative heat transfer in a vertical channel with obstructions was conducted. Tests that encompass a range of mass fluxes of 37-220 klbm/ft2-s (50-300 kg/m2-s), heat fluxes of 960-8000 Btu/ft2-h (3-25 kW/m2), and inlet qualities of 0.2-0.8 were performed with the working fluid R-134a. For both upward and downward flow, both convective and nucleate boiling were observed. At higher mass fluxes, both flow configurations yield the same heat transfer performance. As mass flux decreases, upward flow has higher heat transfer performance relative to downward flow. The upward flow configuration suppresses nucleate boiling when compared to the downward flow configuration. Upon inspection of the data, there appears to be a discontinuity in heat transfer performance which may be attributed to a flow transition. There are no correlations in the literature that accurately describe the experimental heat transfer data present here.


Core collapse of massive stars resulting in a relativistic fireball jet which breaks through the stellar envelope is a widely discussed scenario for γ-ray burst production. For very extended or slow rotating stars, the jet may be unable to break through the envelope. Both penetrating and choked jets will produce, by photo-meson interactions of accelerated protons, a burst of > ∼ 5 TeV neutrinos while propagating in the envelope. The predicted flux, from both penetrating and choked jets, should be easily detectable by planned 1 km neutrino telescopes.


Fast, selective, and noninvasive reporting of intracellular cancer-associated events and species will lead to a better understanding of tumorigenesis at the molecular level and development of precision medicine approaches in oncology. Overexpressed reductase presence in solid tumor cells is key to cancer progression and protection of those diseased cells from the oxidative effects of therapeutics meant to kill them. Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase isozyme I (hNQO1), a cytoprotective 2-electron-specific reductase found at unusually high activity levels in cancer cells of multiple origins, has attracted significant attention due to its major role in metastatic pathways and its link to low survival rates in patients, as well as its ability to effectively activate quinone-based, anticancer drugs. Accurate assessment of hNQO1 activities in living tumor models and ready differentiation of metastases from healthy tissue by fluorescent light-based protocols requires creation of hNQO1-responsive, near-infrared probes that offer deep tissue penetration and low background fluorescence. Herein, we disclose a quinone-trigger-based, near-infrared probe whose fluorescence is effectively turned on several hundred-fold through highly selective reduction of the quinone trigger group by hNQO1, with unprecedented, catalytically efficient formation of a fluorescent reporter. hNQO1 activity-specific production of a fluorescence signal in two-dimensional cultures of respiring human cancer cells that harbor the reductase enzyme allows for their quick (30 min) high-integrity recognition. The characteristics of the near-infrared probe make possible the imaging of clinically relevant three-dimensional colorectal tumor models Abstract Although initially thought to be protective of only healthy tissue cells by their ability to combat cancer-initiating reactive oxygen species (ROS), 1 certain reductases that are upregulated in various tumor-derived cell lines and especially those tumor cells experiencing hypoxic conditions are pivotal to their survival during prolonged oxidative attack, 2 the latter being the major cell-killing pathway provided by chemo- and radiotherapies. 3 Importantly, metastasis from primary solid tumors to other sites can occur via a redox-based escape mechanism that relies upon adaptive cancer cells possessing significantly elevated levels of ROS-combating reductases, 2 and the ability to change phenotype in order to exist as isolated, individual cells. 4 As a result, the presence of said reductases at upregulated values within cancer cells, such as human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase isozyme I (hNQO1) that has been found at elevated levels in more than 50% of the NCI-60 tumor cell line database, 5,6 has been identified as key in the development of a new generation of anticancer drugs (e.g., mitomycin C, 7 β -lapachone, 8,9 deoxynyboquinones 10 ) whose success is derived from their selective reductase activation. leverage to allow the latter's study. measurement regard creation approaches cancer tumorigenesis


The NET command was defined and supported in order to facilitate file transfer between computers. Among the goals of the implementation were greatest possible ease of use, maximum power (i.e., support of a diversity of equipment and operations), and protection of the operating system.