We discuss a notion of universe in toposes which from a logical point of view gives rise to an extension of Higher Order Intuitionistic Arithmetic (HAH) that allows one to construct families of types in such a universe by structural recursion and to quantify over such families. Further, we show that (hierarchies of) such universes do exist in all sheaf and realizability toposes but neither in the free topos nor in the Vω+ω model of Zermelo set theory. Though universes in Set are necessarily of strongly inaccessible cardinality it remains an open question whether toposes with a universe allow one to construct internal models of Intuitionistic Zermelo Fraenkel set theory (IZF). The background information about toposes and fibred categories as needed for our discussion in this paper can be found e.g. in the fairly accessible sources [MM, Jac, Str2]. 1 Background and Motivation It is commonly agreed on that elementary toposes with a natural numbers object (NNO) provide a concise and flexible notion of model for constructive Higher Order Arithmetic (HAH). Certainly, a lot of mathematics can be expressed within HAH. So what is the need then for set theory (ZFC) which is generally accepted as the foundation for mainstream mathematics? Well, ZFC is much stronger than HAH in the following respects: (1) ZFC is based on classical logic whereas HAH is based on the weaker intuitionistic logic. (2) ZFC postulates the axiom of choice whereas HAH does not. (3) ZFC postulates the axiom of replacement which cannot even be formulated in HAH. 1Notice, however, that the axiom of replacement obtains its full power only in presence of The logic of toposes (with NNO) is inherently intuitionistic and in HAH the axiom of choice implies classical logic. Therefore, we have to give up (1) and (2) above when considering Grothendieck and realizability toposes as models of some kind of set theory. But what about (3), the axiom of replacement? First of all notice that there are models of set theory without replacement but satisfying classical logic and choice, namely Vω+ω. 2 On the other hand a lot of toposes, in particular Grothendieck toposes and realizability toposes, do model the axiom of replacement whereas in most cases they refute classical logic and the axiom of choice. More precisely, the above mentioned toposes model IZF, i.e. ZF with intuitionistic logic and axiom of regularity reformulated as ∈-induction. Though a large class of toposes validates IZF one still may complain that the formulation of IZF suffers from "epsilonitis", i.e. that it "implements" informal mathematics via the ∈-relation rather than axiomatizing mathematical practice in terms of its basic notions. So one may ask what is the mathematical relevance of the set-theoretic replacement axiom? Maybe a set-theorist would answer "for constructing ordinals greater than ω+ω" which, however, may seem a bit disappointing because most mathematics can be formulated without reference to transfinite ordinals. Actually, what axiom of replacement is mainly needed for in mathematical practice is to define families of sets indexed by some set I carrying some inductive structure as, typically, the set N of natural numbers. For example, most mathematicians would not hesitate to construct the sequence (P(N))n∈N by (primitive) recursion over N. Already in ZC, however, this is impossible because {〈n,P(N)〉 | n∈N} 6∈ Vω+ω. Usually, in ZFC the sequence (P(N))n∈N is constructed by applying the axiom of replacement to an appropriately defined class function from the set of natural numbers to the class of all sets. However, in a sense that does not properly reflect the mathematician's intuition who thinks of (P(N))n∈N as a function f from N to sets defined recursively as f(0) = N and f(n+1) = P(f(n)). There is, however, a "little" problem, namely that the collection of all sets does not form a set but a proper class. Notice, however, that a posteriori the image of f does form a set the full separation scheme. In recent, yet unpublished work by S. Awodey, C. Butz, A. Simpson and T. Streicher [ABSS] it has been shown that set theory with bounded separation, i.e. separation restricted to bounded formulas, but with replacement (and even strong collection) is equiconsistent to HAH as long as the underlying logic is intuitionistic. Otherwise the classical Principle of Excluded Middle allows one to derive full separation from replacement. In the context of this paper when we say replacement we mean the power of replacement together with full separation (although the latter does not make sense from a type-theoretic point of view!). 2But notice that Vω+ω validates ZC, i.e. ZFC without replacement, which, however, is still stronger than HAH as already Z proves the consistency of HAH. 3Axiom of regularity and ∈-induction are equivalent only classically as in IZF the principle of excluded middle follows from the axiom of regularity just as in HAH the principle of excluded middle follows from the least number principle. 4There are notable exceptions typically in the area of descriptive set theory as e.g. Borel determinacy which is provable in ZF (as shown by D. A. Martin) but not in Z (as shown by H. Friedman). Even IZF does not decide Borel determinacy as it holds in Set but not in Hyland's effective topos Eff .


A method for generating a carry output signal (cy) (8) from a transfer network (2), which is used for adding at least two predetermined bit groups (A, B), wherein the transfer network is implemented in a static hardware and a generation path (4) and a forwarding path (6) for generating the carry output signal comprises, and into which a majority of the same input signals are input, the method being characterized by the steps of: a. Using the generation path (4) at predetermined, redundant logic functions to implement a logic design in a shorter form than without using the redundant logic functions, with repeated AND-OR logic chains or their equivalents, b. Operating the generating path (4) having a plurality (10) of input inverter stages (I), and c. Operating said forwarding path (6) without an input inverter stages (I).


A driver's feelings of transmission serve as a basis to judge not only the transmission but also the entire automobile that he or she drives. The importance of transmission feelings is increasing daily because of driver's desire for increased torque and other improved functions. In order to accommodate such desire of drivers, new friction materials have been developed. The study in this report compared the affects of such materials and the force for transmission theoretically and empirically. By doing so, the study attempted to establish basic references for computation of capacity and other factors to be determined at the time of design of synchronizer system.


In this paper, a new leakage-tolerant circuit design technique for high fan-in domino circuits is presented. This technique uses stacking effect to reduce the leakage of the evaluation network of domino gates. It also uses a current mirror in parallel with the evaluation network to reduce the evaluation delay. Depending on the fan-in, the proposed technique exhibits 2.0X to 17.7X leakage and noise tolerance improvement compared to a standard domino counterparts designed in a 70-nm technology node.


The Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL, is conducting research on biomass characterization, handling, devolatilization, and char gasification to develop a single-stage, pressurized, oxygen/air blown, fluidized-bed gasifier. Characterization of a wide variety of biomass species showed insignificant differences in proximate and ultimate analysis when expressed on a dry, ash-free basis. In general, the density of biomass is greater than that of its char, which requires special considerations in gasifier design. Ash fusion temperatures were significantly greater than the anticipated average gasifier temperature. It is possible to drive away the film and adsorbed moisture and dry biomass to about 6%, which may be desirable for some gasification strategies. The fluidization data obtained with biomass char mixed with sand or alumina are useful for gasifier design and operation. Data were also obtained to determine the effect of process variables on reaction rates and product yields during biomass devolatilization and char gasification. Based on these investigations, a 455 kg/h process research unit was constructed for operation at 2.17 MPa and 1089 K.


Background: Globally, 830 women die every day from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications, 99% of whom are in developing regions. In Zambia, the maternal mortality ratio is 398 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births, yet the majority of these deaths could have been prevented by using the partograph to detect abnormal progress of labour. Aim: To determine the use, practices, and level of knowledge among midwives on the labour ward at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka. Methods: A cross-sectional design was implemented to determine the use of the partograph among 110 skilled birth attendants. This involved a self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist, which was used to assess the completion of 370 partographs from the records. Findings: In the initial audit 40 (36%) of 110 skilled birth attendants who worked in labour ward completed the questionnaire. Of these, 35 (87.5%) used the partograph all the time. When asked for the reasons why the partograph was not used, 3 (7...


Today, industry stakeholders are producing building elements using more ergonomic, lighter and more strength materials. This has increased the demand for fiber reinforced composites. Composite materials, which used in different environments and loading conditions, must have several mechanical properties according to their use. One of the factors affecting these mechanical behaviors of the material is crack formation that occurs during production, assembly or usage. The deformation rate, crack length and crack geometry directly affect the fracture behavior of the laminated composites. In this study, the fracture behaviors of S-2 glass/epoxy laminated composites having cracks in different lengths and geometries were investigated at different deformation rates experimentally and numerically. Within the scope of the study, the Mode I (opening mode) and Mode I/II (mixed mode) fracture behaviors of the samples with 5mm, 10mm and 15mm crack length and 0o and 45o crack geometry were investigated at different deformation rates. Fracture tests were carried out in three different deformation rates, such as 8.3×10, 8.3×10 and 8.3×10 s to express the relationship between crack onset and deformation rate. Also, the fracture behavior of S-2 glass/epoxy laminated composites was analyzed by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). It was found that the results obtained were compatible with each other. Experiments and FEM results show that the fracture behavior of S-2 glass/epoxy composite material is sensitive to environmental temperature and strain rate in both Mode I and Mode I/II crack tip opening conditions and varies according to the investigated test parameters.


The Northern Territory (NT) of Australia has a longstanding reputation for enduring the highest rates of alcohol-related harm in the country, and possibly the world. For a country which counts itself among the wealthiest of democracies, our (Australia's) status as a world leader for alcohol-related harm ought to be a cause of urgent ameliorative and restorative action at all levels of government. But, as we explore here, vested commercial interests appear to maintain a firm grip on how alcohol policy plays out in practice. And like most forms of preventable disease, disability and premature death, socially and economically vulnerable populations pay the highest price. Aboriginal people make up about 30% of the NT population, suffer significant social disadvantage, and endure high levels of harm from alcohol misuse. On the other hand, Aboriginal Territorians are more likely than their non-indigenous counterparts to abstain completely from alcohol, and if all Aboriginal drinking was subtracted from total consumption, per capita alcohol use in the territory would still be approximately 50% higher than the national average. The general public, media, policymakers and even health professionals could all benefit from realising that heavy or risky drinking is not just something that other people do. Central Australia is a good testing ground for alcohol policy effects, as alcohol-related harms are very high, and in the midst of a pandemic which has demonstrated its potential to wreak havoc on frontline healthcare services, the focus of the study by Wright et al. on alcohol-related intensive care unit (ICU) admissions to Alice Springs Hospital is timely. That alcohol's toll on human life and society at large can be ameliorated by policy is good news in unsettling times. In more concrete terms, the message that lies at the core of the study's findings is that policies aimed at reducing alcohol's availability—whether by way of reduced physical access or increased price—can be relied on to save lives, save hospital beds and save dollars. In this respect, the study by Wright et al. is in concert with decades of scientific evidence and theory supporting the crucial role that alcohol availability plays in driving problematic alcohol consumption and its consequences. Australian governments and their agencies are relatively well informed of the evidence concerning the range of supply, harm and demand reduction strategies at their disposal to address alcohol-related problems and their enormous human and economic costs. This is evidenced by the many federal-level expert committees, frameworks, inquiries and guidelines that have emerged over past decades. Current initiatives, for instance, include the 2019–2028 National Alcohol Strategy, the draft National Preventive Health Strategy (alcohol and other drug-related harm listed among six focus areas), a senate inquiry into fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and the newly minted Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol. A past initiative of particular note was the Henry Tax Review, published in 2009. The review strongly recommended reform of the national alcohol taxation system, and prioritised the cessation of preferential tax treatment bestowed on the Australian wine industry by the wine equalisation tax (WET). That recommendation was never enacted, and to this day the WET props up the very large bottom end of the wine industry by taxing its products at a flat 29% of wholesale value while all other beverages (beer, spirits, cider) are taxed according to their pure alcohol content. This means that per unit of alcohol, wine generally attracts a lower tax compared to other beverage types, and the cheaper the wine at wholesale, the lower the tax. This has created a perverse incentive for wine producers to oversupply the market with the tremendous assortment of cheap, low quality, cask wines, cleanskins and home


In a receiver apparatus that converts a radio-frequency signal received by an antenna into video and audio signals, there are arranged on a single circuit board a tuner circuit portion that converts the radio-frequency signal received by the antenna into an intermediate-frequency signal, a digital demodulating portion that converts the intermediate-frequency signal outputted from the tuner circuit portion into a compressed digital signal, a digital circuit portion that converts the compressed digital signal outputted from the digital demodulating portion into digital video and audio signals, and a video/audio output circuit that converts the digital video and audio signals outputted from the digital circuit portion into analog video and audio signals. This makes it possible to realize a receiver system provided with a video display apparatus having a simple configuration.


Provenance is derivative journal information about the origin and activities of system data and processes. For a highly dynamic system like the cloud, provenance can be accurately detected and securely used in cloud digital forensic investigation activities. This paper proposes watchword oriented provenance cognition algorithm for the cloud environment. Additionally time-stamp based buffer verifying algorithm is proposed for securing the access to the detected cloud provenance. Performance analysis of the novel algorithms proposed here yields a desirable detection rate of 89.33% and miss rate of 8.66%. The securing algorithm successfully rejects 64% of malicious requests, yielding a cumulative frequency of 21.43 for MR.


The photochemical carbon-carbon bond formation of C{sub 60} with ketene silyl acetals is described to give a new way for fullerene functionalization chemistry. The photoaddition of ketene silyl acetals to C{sub 60} occurs efficiently under irradiation of the visible light in benzene as well as benzonitrile to yield the fullereneacetates. The comparison of the observed rate constants determined from the dependence of the quantum yields on the concentrations of ketene silyl acetals as well as the quenching of triplet excited state of C{sub 60} by ketene silyl acetals with those predicted for the electron transfer processes indicates that the photoaddition proceeds via photoinduced electron transfer from ketene silyl acetals to the triplet excited state of C{sub 60}. The negative shift in the one-electron reduction potentials by the adduct formation of C{sub 60} is examined by the cyclic voltammetry measurements. The factors to control the formation of mono- and bisadducts of C{sub 60} are clarified based on the rates of photoinduced electron transfer from ketene silyl acetals to the triplet excited states of C{sub 60} and the adducts. 40 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.


Abstract Buyer-driven governance systems and the related value chain entry and stay barriers are known to have led to smallholder farmers exiting the Kenyan fresh fruits and vegetables export value chain. This paper addresses two gaps in this literature. First, the paper addresses the question of how the fresh fruits and vegetable export smallholder farmers have managed to secure their stay in this value chain known for its high entry barriers. Second, the paper addresses the question of what happens to the smallholders known to have exited the value chain. To explore the two gaps, transaction costs theory was applied. The results show that smallholders entry and stay in the value chain was underpinned by relational contract enforcement mechanism of supply reliability. Second, smallholders were found to occasionally exit and re-enter the value chain, depending on the prevailing risks. In conclusion, the paper argues that contemporary African value chain scholarship should consider the analysis of relational contracts and their enforcement mechanism as well as the totality of smallholders' farming, in order to understand the motives behind smallholder value chain entry and stay decisions.


Chapter 1.' INTRODUCTION Chapter 2.1 TERM-REWRITING SYSTEMS I 2.1 Automated Deduction 2.2 Formal Systems 2.2.1 Definiti~ns and Notations 2.2.2 Sequent Calculus 2.2.3 A Refutational system 2.2.4 Resolution Systems 2;3 Term-rewriting Methods 2.3.1 Definitions and Notations 2.3.2 Orderings 126.96.36.199 Orderings' Based on Operator Precedence 2.3.3 Term-rewriting Modulo Equations 2.3.4 Completion 2:3.5 Narrowing 2.4 Comparison of Simplification Orderings 2.5 Conclusion .... Chapter 3. DERIVATION OF HIERARCHICAL C=:RATOR ORDERING 3.1 Pre-requisites 3.1.1 Grammatical Pre-requisites 3.1.2 Derivation of Operator Ordering 184.108.40.206 Standard Fo!:ms 11 3.2 Presentation of Hierarchical Operator Ordering 3.3 Exploitation of Hierarchical Operator to Orientate Equations 3.3.1 Orientation of Equations .3.4 Conclusion Ordering Chapter 4. A NEW STRATEGY FOR TERM-REWRITING SYSTEMS I: AN EXAMPLE 4.1 A New Approach 4.2 Illustration of the Stracegy as Applied to a Boolean Algebra 4.2.1 The Orientation of'Equations 4.2.2 The Normalization Procedure 126.96.36.199 The Initial.Expression 18.104.22.168 Adjusting'Operator Ordering 18.104.22.168 Restructuring and Simplifying of Expression using AC Properties of Operators 126.96.36.199 Standardization· of Sub-expression Length 188.8.131.52 Factorization of The PDNF 4.3 Conclusion


BACKGROUND
Molecular characterization in pediatric papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), distinct from adult PTC, is important for developing molecular targeted therapies for progressive 131I-refractory PTC.

METHODS
PTC samples from 106 pediatric patients (age: 4.3-19.8 years; 21 boys) who attended Seoul National University Hospital (January 1983-March 2020) were available for genomic profiling. Previous transcriptome data from 125 adult PTCs were used for comparison.

RESULTS
Genetic drivers were found in 80 tumors; 31 with fusion oncogenes (RET in 21, ALK in 6, and NTRK1/3 in 4), 47 with point mutations (BRAFV600E in 41, TERTC228T in 2, and DICER1 variants in 5), and 2 with amplifications. Fusion-oncogene PTCs, predominantly detected in younger patients, presented with a more advanced stage and showed more recurrent or persistent disease than BRAFV600E PTCs, which were detected mostly in adolescents. Pediatric fusion PTCs (in those aged < 10 years) showed lower expression of thyroid differentiation genes, including SLC5A5, than adult fusion PTCs. Two girls with progressive 131I-refractory lung metastases harboring a TPR-NTRK1 or CCDC6-RET fusion received fusion-targeted therapy; larotrectinib and selpercatinib decreased the tumor extent and restored radioiodine uptake. The girl with the CCDC6-RET fusion received 131I therapy combined with selpercatinib, leading to a tumor response. In vitro 125I uptake and 131I clonogenic assays showed that larotrectinib inhibited growth and restored radioiodine avidity.

CONCLUSIONS
In pediatric fusion-oncogene PTC cases with 131I-refractory advanced disease, selective fusion-directed therapy may restore radioiodine avidity and lead to a dramatic tumor response, underscoring the importance of molecular testing in pediatric PTC patients.

FUNDING
The Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (grant number NRF-2016R1A2B4012417 91 and 2019R1A2C2084332), the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number 92 H14C1277), the Ministry of Education (grant number 2020R1A6A1A03047972), and the Seoul 93 National University Hospital Research Fund (grant number 04-2015-0830).


The paper firstly investigates the present situation about accounting major's undergraduate graduation thesis of Jiaxing University in 2011 from three aspects,namely the attitude of undergraduates,the writing process,and the effectiveness of graduation thesis.Secondly,based on the questionnaire,the paper proposes that the objective of accounting major's undergraduate graduation thesis should be the training about comprehensive abilities and the cultivation of program rational thinking.Finally,the paper constructs the quality control system for accounting major's undergraduate graduation thesis from earlier stage,middle stage and later stage.


Objective: To extract and determine the content of polysaccharide in Aconitum Paniculigerum Nakai.Methods: Polysaccharide was abtained by ethanol,and the content of polysaccharide was identified by anthrone-sulfuricacid colorimetry and UV method with the wavelength was(490±1) nm.Results: Polysaccharide had a good linearity within 0.020 2-0.101 0 mg/ml(r=0.999 7),the average recovery was 100.60% and RSD was1.97%.Conclusion: This method is quick,accurate and reliable for determination of Aconitum Paniculigerum Nakai.


21 Understanding whole-brain-scale electrophysiological recordings will rely on the collective work 22 of multiple labs. Because two labs recording from the same brain area often reach different 23 conclusions, it is critical to quantify and control for features that decrease reproducibility. To 24 address these issues, we formed a multi-lab collaboration using a these results suggest that across-lab standardization of electrophysiological procedures from the shuf- 214 fled null-distribution. Because a test is performed per region-metric pair, the p-values were cor- 215 rected for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure ( Seabold and Perktold, 2010 ; 216 Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995 ). We found that all electrophysiological features were reproducible 217 across laboratories for all regions studied.


Undergraduate tutorial system has become a new trend in higher education.It has entered a substantive stage as a great potential model for the education in the medical colleges.How to avoid it into a superficial phenomenon is an important topic.Tutorial system can consolidate the professional idea,improve the clinical ability,enhance the awareness of innovation and train the synthetic diathesis for the medical undergraduates by developing the spirit of innovation and dedication.At the same time,tutorial system can combine education and personnel training as to bring up medical professionals who adapt themselves to the modern society.It also can improve the core competitiveness of the university.


Abstrcat Environmental problems severely deter sustainable development of the Western Regions even the whole China.Incapacity of the traditional accounting to calculate the cost of environmental pollution results in enterprises' lack of motivation to decrease environmental pollution.Enterprises try to lower the manufacturing cost at the cost of environmental pollution.Green accounting objectively helps solve the environmental problems of the Western Regions by calculating environmental pollution and taking compensatory measures and raising enterprises' consciousness of environmental protection.


The ultrafast measurements of the return electron‐transfer kinetics have been made for the excited benzene/Cl complex in benzene solution. The excited state of the complex is prepared by ultrafast optical excitation of the charge‐transfer band of the complex. Formation constant of the benzene/Cl was measured in carbon tetrachloride solution, using picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The benzene/Cl complex (K=52 M−1) is stronger than the benzene/Br π complex (K=0.2 M−1). Ab initio calculations of the benzene/Cl complex indicate that the equilibrium geometry has Cs symmetry with the Cl atom positioned over the C‐C bond, i.e., a π complex. A σ complex of comparable energy is also observed. Ultrafast transient absorption studies of the benzene/Cl charge‐transfer band show the ground‐state recovery of the complex on the time scale near 400 fs. The return electron transfer for the excited benzene/Cl complex is very fast similarly to the return electron transfer for the excited benzene/Br complex in be...


Using finite element analysis software(ANSYS) to simulate test predecessors did,this paper make an analysis on bending properties of concrete slab before and after the reinforcement,mainly focuses on the model and the selection of parameters.Through comparing it with the comparing value,it proposes valuable proposals for future work of concrete reinforced with finite element software.


POSSIBILITIES OF NONTRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN ADDITIONAL TREATMENT FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT O. О. Rechkina, O. V. Strafun, М. О. Polianska, М. Р. Budyonna Abstract Oxidative stress plays an important role іn the pathogenesis of airway inflammatory diseases. Multivitamin preparations containing antioxidants, nutritional supplements are significant support in the fight against oxidative stress. The healing properties of one such supplement, badger fat, have been known for centuries. It is used in folk medicine as a natural and effective agent with bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating and general strengthening effects. The main active components of badger fat include unsaturated fatty acids and vitamins, especially A, E and D. Vitamins of these groups enhance the anti-inflammatory effect of unsaturated fatty acids, and also exhibit high antioxidant activity, while unsaturated fatty acids (including omega-3, omega-6), help to improve metabolic processes and tissue trophism, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The article presents the characteristics of the dietary supplement "Borsukovy zhyr", the results of studies of its effectiveness and tolerability in the complex treatment of chronic bronchitis and AE COPD, as a component of therapy of adults and children with bronchopulmonary diseases, showing its effectiveness, safety and good tolerability. The supplement can be used in the complex treatment of bronchopulmonary pathology in both adults and children as a safe source of fat-soluble vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Key words: oxidative stress, antioxidants, dietary supplement, badger fat.


In order to determine resolving power of electronic and optical devices and photo materials, first and foremost interference methods are considered to be used. For further development of the transmission of television systems with high-resolution there have been considered use of the following ranks of instruments: laser interference rezolvometer dissector, the laser polarization interferometer of longitudinal shear and acoustic and optical correlator. Authors mark the main advantages of LIR that works according to the scheme of polarization interferometer compared to LIR that works according the scheme based on the projective technique. Interference method gives much greater contrast. This proves that in the projection method with an increase in spatial frequency contrast of the test pattern falls and the results obtained by this method are be recalculated with taking into account dependence of ratio of transmission contrast focusing optics on the spatial frequency.


We have made a survey of CH3OH in 27 of our standard sample of 11 cirrus cores and 27 Clemens-Barvainis translucent cores whose structures and chemistry have been studied earlier in this series. CH3OH is detected in 17 objects, favoring those with larger extinctions. The mean fractional abundance is 1(-8), but if the four highest abundance objects are omitted, the mean abundance is 3(-9), the same as in two cold dark clouds. Collision rates remain poorly known for CH3OH, but uncertainties in propensity rules are shown not to affect abundances more than 10%. The "geometric" component of the rates is uncertain by a factor of 2; hence, also, the abundances. The gas-phase chemistry is particularly simple, formation occurring only via the radiative association reaction CH+3+H2O→CH3OH+2+hυ followed by electron recombination. We have verified the predictions of this simple model by using the full Standard Model of over 3000 reactions, with conditions suitable for translucent clouds. These gas-phase models predict abundances 4 orders of magnitude less than the observed abundances. We have examined grain surface chemistry in which accreted CO hydrogenates to CH3OH on the surface under the action of UV or cosmic rays and then desorbs in various ways, photodesorption dominating. Despite the uncertainties of the grain processes, they can easily explain the observed abundances and in fact imply much lower desorption efficiencies than are usually adopted. Methanol is of "intermediate" complexity, as are several other species we will study in the next papers, with the goal of testing the boundary between gas-phase and grain chemistry, the latter believed to be important for the most complex species.


The NASA Johnson Space Center employs Monte Carlo analysis incorporated within the Simulation and Optimization of Rocket Trajectories program to analyze trajectories of space vehicles. A basic function of this analysis is to assess the dispersion of a trajectory from a prescribed one due to dispersions of various vehicle and environmental parameters. The satellite design performance is evaluated using a large number of Monte Carlo simulations. Since this method is computationally very expensive, only a few design alternatives can be evaluated. In a previous paper, we argued that the computational efficiency of the design performance evaluation could be substantially improved by replacing the Monte Carlo simulations with a simulation technique based on orthogonal arrays. In this paper we have integrated this simulation technique into a multiobjective decision support environment using a compromise decision support problem formulation. This allows us to minimize the system variation while concurrently maximizing the achievement of other design goals, thus improving design quality by enabling a rational trade-off between nominal design performance and robustness.


Peroxisomes were resolved from mitochondria, microsomes, and lysosomes by a single step centrifugation of whole liver homogenates on a continuous metrizamide density gradient.' Peroxisomes (marker enzyme : catalase) equilibrated at a median density of 1.206 2 0.006 g/ml while mitochondria (marker enzyme: glutamic dehydrogenase], microsomes (marker enzyme: NADPH cytochrome c reductase) and lysosomes [marker enzyme: acid phosphatase) equilibrated respectively at 1.1122 2 0.0087, 1.1060 * 0.0085, and 1.0911 * 0.0079 (mean S.D., of at least nine independent experiments with whole human liver homogenates). Phosphoglucomutase was measured as marker of the soluble compartment. The procedure, develop to study the distribution of enzymes related to @oxidation in human liver, yields highly purified peroxisomal fractions, as estimated from enzyme markers for contaminating organelles (Fig. 1). The fractions collected between densities 1.19-1.23 contained 50 to 60% of the peroxisomes, 2 to 3'70 of the endoplasmic reticulum, and 1.5 to 2.5% of the mitochondria. As shown by marker enzymes in FIGURE 1, the localization of enzymes in peroxisomes can be easily estimated qualitatively by this fractionation procedure. However, quantitative evaluations of enzyme localization in peroxisomes are complicated by enzyme release due to organelle fragility and because some enzymes have multiple localization. Linear regression analysis [LRA) has been used as a method to evaluate the subcellular distribution of constituents with multiple l o c a l i ~ a t i o n . ~ ~ ~ However, in some cases the analysis of fractionation experiments by LRA leads to statistically significant negative values for the fraction of a constituent present in a subcellular compartment. To overcome this problem we have applied a novel procedure based on constrained linear regression (CLR) analysis of data. As in LRA. it is assumed that the distribution of constituents with multiple localization will be a linear combination of the distribution of marker enzymes for the various compartments involved (postulate of biochemical homogeneity) i.e.:


1 Problem & Motivation Sparse linear algebra is a key component in many scientific simulations ranging from quantum physics to fluid and structural mechanics. However, iterative numerical methods and important building blocks of sparse linear algebra frequently feature strong data dependencies, making them difficult to parallelize. Typically, loop-carried dependencies occur in iterative solvers (e.g., Kaczmarz, Gauss-Seidel) or preconditioners and write conflicts show up in the parallelization of building blocks such as symmetric sparse matrix-vector multiplication. Scalable, hardware-efficient parallelization of such methods and kernels is known to be a challenge. Multicoloring is a widely used approach to enable parallelization of iterative solvers with distance-k dependency; e.g., the redblack Gauss-Seidel algorithm solves the distance-1 dependency problem. However, most of those standard solutions suffer from low performance onmodern hardware, are highly problem specific, or require tailored sparse matrix storage formats. RACE addresses these shortcomings by combining ideas from graph traversal and multi-coloring to ensure data locality, to generate appropriate levels of parallelism, and to enable hardware-efficient parallelization schemes. It is applicable to many problems (i.e., matrix structures) and general sparse data storage formats. Outline The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the underlying dependency problems and conventional solutions. Section 3 demonstrates the major drawbacks of the existing approaches. We then introduce the RACE method in Section 4, its uniqueness and how its basic design addresses the existing problems. In Section 5 we compare RACE performance for thread-level parallelization of symmetric sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SymmSpMV) to available standard solutions including Intel MKL. Finally we use RACE to parallelize a sparse eigenvalue solver provided by Intel MKL and demonstrate RACE's superiority in terms of performance and attainable problem sizes.


Laboratory experiments on submerged MBR were carried out to investigate the influence of aeration on characteristics of the activated sludge and membrane fouling. Results showed that membrane fouling included 2 stages under different level of aeration, with the membrane fouling rate of MBR-B (0.6 m3/h of aeration ) higher than MBR-A (0.2 m3/h of aeration) in Stage 1 of the first 20 d, and lower in Stage 2 after 20 d. Different aeration led to viscosity discrepancy, which however didn't show clear relationship with membrane fouling. It was found that mixed liquid suspended solids(MLSS)was no different in 2 MBRs, i.e., aeration didn't play an important role on MLSS. The influence of aeration was important on loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS) but not on tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS). LB-EPS and LB protein had strong positive effect on membrane fouling, which indicated that protein was the major pollutants.


Abstract Images provide an exceptional medium for drawing out nuances and contradictions that might not become evident in textual or oral discourse. This study examined premeditated images of teachers that were created by preservice teachers in a foundational teacher education course. Social semiotic analyses of these images as well as discourse analyses of accompanying textual descriptions resulted in readings of preservice teachers' conceptions of teachers and the teaching profession. While the constructed teacher images ranged across a continuum of intent from active, positively-oriented renderings to active, negatively-oriented renderings, a significant number of preservice teachers created a teacher representation that appeared stereotypical and superficial, and whose orientation, information value, and other modality cues presented a static, neutral, and somewhat middling individual. Because preservice teachers' conceptions of teachers and the teaching profession play a critical role in understanding and shaping educational culture, it remains important to examine their ongoing evolution within a postmodern world.


A new dynamic distributed strain sensor is presented in this work. It is based on a phase-sensitive OTDR and linearly chirped pulses. Linear strain measurements at kHz rates with 4 ne resolution are demonstrated.


Introduction and objectives Empyema is estimated to account for around 80 000 hospital admissions per year in the UK. Recent guidelines produced by National Specialty Report for Cardiothoracic Surgery recommends that patients who do not recover from medical treatment of empyema within 5–7 days, are reviewed by a Thoracic surgeon, and that Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Decortications (VATSD) should be used in preference to Open Thoracotomy Decortication (OTD). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 171 patients who underwent operations for empyema during the time period of January 2015 – August 2017, six patients were excluded (n=165). All patients who were recorded as having undergone empyema decortication or debridement were included in the review. Preoperative data, including markers of sepsis, duration of symptoms, duration of chest drain, pre-operative antibiotics and referral sites, was used to assess which factors influenced whether patients underwent VATSD versus. OTD. The data was correlated with post-operative data, to determine whether any preoperative factors influenced post-operative outcomes for patients. Results 165 patients underwent empyema decortication at our regional thoracic centre between January 2015 and August 2017. 83 patients (n=83) underwent OTD, of which 18 were converted from VATSD, and 82 patients (n=82) underwent VATSD. 72.7% of patients were referred from peripheral centres. Median duration of symptoms in the OTD group was 20 days (14–21) and 14 days (14–21) in the VATSD group (p=0.039). Median length of post-operative stay was 6 days (5–6) in the OTD group and 5 days (5–7) in the VATSD group, (p=0.033). 68.5% of our patients were male, and 90.3% of patients were referred as an emergency. Two patients died in hospital, and both patients were within the VATSD group. A further two patients had a 30 day mortality, one patient per group. Conclusion VATSD remains a safe and effective technique for performing empyema decortication in early stage empyema. Delayed presentation for surgery can result in advanced empyema, not amenable to VATSD. OTD is associated with longer post-operative stay in hospital, and worse patient outcomes. Early surgical referral is key to promoting more VATSD usage, shorter in hospital stay and fewer post-operative complications.


A compact multiple input multiple output (MIMO) planar monopole antenna consisting of the combination of Koch and Minikowaski island fractals is presented. Impedance bandwidths (S11≤-10 dB) of 14% for band 1 (1.65 to 1.9 GHz) and 64% for band 2 (3.3 to 6.45 GHz) are achieved which cover multiple wireless communication bands. Measured results will be presented during the symposium.


The question most often raised in initial care decisions for disruptive calcaneal fractures is, "When should an open reduction of an as calcis be done?" The answer for some might be never. This presentation presumed there is a place for open reduction. A study of 110 calcaneal fractures in 93 patients treated at the University of Miami Medical Center was undertaken to delineate decisions of primary care. The treatment modalites were separated into three categories: (1) closed techniques-92 (83%); (2) combined pin traction and closed manipulation-4 (4%); (3) open reductions-14 (13%). The study period was four years (1974-1977) with the shortest follow up of 6 months and longest follow up of five years. In the process of the study, there was the development of a scoring system used prospectively for the past year to determine which fractures should be opened. At this time the answer to the question and result of the study is a better awareness of residents and attending surgeons of those factors that enter into the decision to do an open reduction through the presented scoring system.


The old electric control tank is improved hulking operation way and draggle starting mode, safety protection capability of drilling working equipment. DK-100 new type electric control tank is designed as the following: it is convenient for installing,its capability is excellent,it is optimized reductive pressure circuit of electromagnetism conversion.It is played down failure frequency by electric component of abso- lute structure it is strengthened redundance quotiety of electric component and maneuverable repair. It has gained good economic benefit in drilling working.


The history oflreland in the 1640s and 1650s remains to be written. Despite a few brave sallies most historians have chosen to ignore these decades. In many ways this is surprising since the origins of many features oflater periods are to be found there. It was, for example, in those twenty years that an effective system of local government was established in Ireland, and many aspects of the economic structure of the country were laid down. One of the principal obstacles to a proper understanding of the Interregnum is the complex political and military chronology of the period. As yet no satisfactory outline of the events of the 1640s and 1650s has appeared. In this respect Dr Stevenson's book is an important advance for it provides a detailed account ofa crucial aspect of the history of Ulster in the I64Os: the involvement of the Scots army there. Dr Stevenson charts the activities of the Scottish army in Ulster under Munroe from 1642 until 1649. He argues that the Scots became involved in Ulster in order to protect and consolidate the gains made by the plantations in the early seventeenth century and that by 1642 they "undertook the creation ofa party in Ulster ... so that Scotland could never again be threatened" (p, 118). After 1644 the influence and power of the army declined due to a fall in its numbers and increasing alienation from its English paymasters as the Independent grouping replaced the Presbyterians in English politics. The heavy casualties of the battle of Benburb, and the success of the Cromwellian campaigns in Scotland and Ireland, finally decimated the Scots army. Perhaps the least satisfactory aspect of this argument is the analysis of the pre-1641 relations ofScotland and Ireland. Did Scotland really look on Ulster as "her plantation" (p. 295)? It seems clear that she did not. The Scottish Privy Council, for example, derided Ulster's colonial status. Those who came to Ulster were the rejects of Scottish society: younger sons, the ambitious and the speculators. Any links which they had with Scotland, such as bonds of debt, kinship, or land ownership, grew weaker as a distinct colonial society grew up in Ulster. As John Lynch observed in the I660s, "when the colonist fixes his home ... the land of his adoption becomes dearer to him than the mother country". Nor where these settlers avid Presbyterians. They attended the Anglican services and their ministers were inducted into cures of the Calvinist Church of Ireland. No presbytery was set up before 1642 and the radical Presbyterian minister Patrick Adair was horrified to find a pre-1642 "Presbyterian" minister using the Book of Common Prayer to administer Holy Communion at Belfast in 1646. What the Scottish army did in Ulster was not to confirm the Scots link with Ulster but to transform


A case is reported of a 25‐year‐old woman stricken with prolonged and life‐threatening menorrhagia from abnormal uterine vessels resembling hemangioma cavernosum. The condition was suspected at ultrasonic investigation. Hysterectomy was performed as an emergency operation.


While it is important that evaluation of thickness of a product made with press working to evaluate a mold, currently, there is not an appropriate system which can measure thickness of a free curved plate. The study deals with a development of an automatic measurement and evaluation system for thickness of free curved plates, called Orthros. The system measures thickness of a plate with laser displacement gauges and an industrial robot. While the system has been capable for measurement of a relatively simple shaped workpiece, it had collisions between laser-path and workpiece for that of a complicated shape, owing to a geometrical limit about measuring posture of the gauges. In this article, a new method to detect collision and to avoid collision by changing measuring posture on the basis of CAD data is proposed. In the method, not only the geometrical characteristic of the laser-path but also the measuring error characteristic of the gauges depending on the measuring posture are considered and continuous measuring path having change in posture to avoid collision is devised. From the experiment result, it is confirmed that the proposed method has an ability to measure a thickness of a workpiece with complicated shape.


This paper attempts to made an assessment of the water pollution its impact on traditional occupations under the musi river belt. The impactt estimates are based on the detailed primary (household level) data collected from an intensive study of four villages– based on the distance of the water flows, located in most of the industrial belts in Hyderabad. This papers focus on detailed study of 1) water pollution impact on traditional occupation. 2) Water pollution its impact on fisher man economic conditions. 3) The impact on livestock population.4) socio-economic conditions of the respondents. The cost estimates revealed that the impact of industrial pollution on traditional occupations in terms of density of water pollution. The paper argues that the compensation principle might work if the estimates of damage are realistic. Further, mere passing of laws and creating institutional structures are necessary but not sufficient awareness of the people for the environmental problems. Policies should be implemented in their right perspective. Institutions should be strong enough, with more autonomy and powers, to deal with the problems at hand.


Ultrathin films of poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA)/polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and PDDA/poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS) were constructed on Ta2O5 films through layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) method for a surface modification purpose. The self-assembly ability of PDDA/PSS and PDDA/PEDOT-PSS ultrathin films on Ta2O5 film was investigated. The results showed that the ESA ultrathin films can be constructed on Ta2O5 film surface with a layer-by-layer deposition method, and the Ta2O5 film covered with ESA film exhibited smoother surface roughness compared with Ta2O5 film without surface modification. Moreover, the electronic performance of Ta/Ta2O5/ESA films/polymer film capacitor structure was investigated. The results revealed that the capaci- tor composed of ultrathin ESA film exhibited better anti-voltage endurance ability and less leakage current, which resulted from the isolation of leakage current channel in Ta2O5 films because of surface coverage of ultrathin ESA film on Ta2O5. It also can be found that the thicker ultrathin ESA film for surface modification resulted in better anti-voltage endurance ability and higher equivalent series resistance (ESR) of Ta2O5 ca- pacitor. The further investigation confirmed that lower ESR of capacitor composed of PDDA/PEDOT-PSS ESA films because of high conductive ability of PEDOT-PSS. Keywords electrostatic self-assembly; Ta2O5; anti-voltage endurance ability; equivalent series resistor;


Recently as the competitiveness and market responsiveness of the companies which have their own production facilities has declined, the cases of using local production companies are increasing. Especially global electronics manufacturing service (EMS) companies, which are based on their professional production technologies and intelligence capabilities, have appeared. The consumer electronics companies and the companies selling small IT products are using the EMS companies increasingly in order to become a market leader and to be more competitive. With the object of proposing ways to improve the outsourcing production plans and especially to help ordering companies manage the EMS companies, we reviewed the status of EMS, analyzed the EMS companies and reviewed the partnership between the ordering companies and the contracting companies from the viewpoint of manufacturing service. In addition, we arranged the evaluation criteria for selection of EMS company. Based on a survey including the interview, we examined the evaluation criteria and draw several implications.


Different models of benzothiazole dye thioflavin T binding to amyloid fibrils were analyzed. It was shown that the model assuming thioflavin T binding to amyloid fibrils in monomer form explains the increase of fluorescence quantum yield accompanying the incorporation of this dye into fibrils. The approach was elaborated to determine ThT amyloid fibril binding parameters and spectral properties of bound dye by absorption spectrophotometry of solutions prepared by equilibrium microdialysis. The proposed approach enables new ways to use ThT for amyloid fibrils structural examination.


Abstract Introduction Cholesteatoma in children can be acquired or congenital and is generally extensive. The most commonly used technique for the removal of cholesteatoma is intact canal wall mastoidectomy. This invariably leads to second-look surgery to assess for recurrence or residual cholesteatoma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with non–echo-planar imaging (non-EPI) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an accurate noninvasive imaging option that can be used in diagnosing primary cholesteatoma. This can also be used to diagnose residual or recurrent cholesteatoma in patients who have undergone intact canal wall mastoidectomy. Case Report A 7-year-old male patient presented with a 1-week history of foul-smelling discharge from the right ear. On examination, a polypoidal mass with keratinized debris was seen. A diagnosis of cholesteatoma of right ear was made. Imaging with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone and non-EPI DWI MRI confirmed the same. The child underwent an intact canal wall mastoidectomy and was followed up at 2 years with non-EPI DWI MRI to monitor any residual or recurrent cholesteatoma. Conclusion Non-EPI DWI MRI provides a convenient, accurate, and noninvasive method of evaluating and monitoring for residual or recurrent cholesteatoma and thus helps avoid unnecessary second-look surgery.


The end region of turbine generators represents a complicated three-dimensional geometry. In order to reduce the size of the problem, we treat the fields as axiperiodic. A general method for axiperiodic linear magnetostatic problems is developed in this paper, followed by its application to the end region of a turbine generator.


Metallic iron is one of the most abundant phases that condense from cooling gas of the solar abundance, and its size distribution and number density are crucial parameters to determine thermal structures of protoplanetary discs because of its large opacity. We carried out condensation experiments on metallic iron on a substrate of alumina under controlled gas and solid temperatures and supersaturation ratio S with the same experimental techniques as [1]. The condensation temperatures were 962 and 1064°C, which are close to that of metallic iron in a proto-solar disc. Figure 1 shows FE-SEM images of the surface of metallic iron condensed at 962°C with S ~26 from gas at ~1360°C for different durations. Step structures on all the surface suggest the presence of kinetic hindrance. The steady growth of heating duration 9~54 hours enables us to calculate the growth rate by using the weight gain of condensed phase. The condensation coefficient, which represents the kinetic hindrance defined as the ratio between the measured growth rate and the ideal growth rate that is expressed by the Hertz-Knudsen equation, is ~0.8 at 962°C. Ikeda et al. [1] showed that the condensation coefficient is close to unity at 962°C for the gas temperature of ~1300°C, and thus the present result may suggest an importance of the difference in temperature between gas and condensed phase. An experiment with a small saturation ratio S ~5, which was not obtained in [1], at 1064°C from gas at ~1320°C showed that the condensation coefficient is ~0.5. The small condensation coefficient prolongs the formation time of metallic-iron dust.


The present invention relates to a method for matching the sensitivity for recognizing an object from an ultrasonic sensor of the vehicle (1) to which the first adjusting sensor sensitivity, the sensitivity of the sensor is selected so that the ultrasonic sensor (1) emits an intersection with the ground (7 ) acoustic valve (5). Embodiment measured by means of ultrasound sensors (1) In the next step, the surroundings where the vehicle in the object to the pitch of the vehicle is greater than the ultrasonic sensor (1) to a distance intersection (7) of the acoustic flap (5) with the ground (9) ( 11), so (11) detecting an ultrasonic distance sensor (1) to the acoustic flap (5) and the intersection (7) of the ground (9) is the shortest distance to the object. The ultrasonic sensor is then adjusted ultrasonic sensor (1) and the acoustic valve (5) detected before and ground (9) from the intersection (11) between (7) (1) the sensitivity of such acoustic sensitivity lobe after adjustment at its point closest to the ground (9) (31) at the ground (9) a distance not less than a predefined distance (33).


A new species of Idiostolus, Idiostolus schaeferi n. sp. is described. This new species is associated with Nothofagus antarctica (Nothofagaceae) and Pilgerodendrum uviferum (Cupressaceae). The last is the first host record on Cupressaceae for the Idiostolidae.


In fall 2003, the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University implemented a revised core curriculum that created a more collaborative learning environment, one built on a foundational course: Core Seminar (COS), The Idea of the Human. This course introduces students early in their academic careers to the methodology of open-ended inquiry in pursuing questions and answers that transcend any particular department or discipline. It not only makes liberal learning a shared activity for students, but also provides faculty with unique interdisciplinary development opportunities and an engaging teaching laboratory. This article traces how AACU they read philosophical and theoretical works so as to question their world and themselves; and they write so as to sharpen their thinking. Small-team structured field experiences lead them into new sites and settings. Presentations of their findings, often in workshops with students from other sections, hone their listening skills and presentational prowess. In library sessions students explore their own preliminary questions, and learn to tailor them into topics worthy of in-depth consideration. They learn to measure their impressions and their findings, to pose more complex questions, and to refine their own thoughts.Because students write about the entire process (in journals, response papers, and research projects) and compile their own portfolios, they accumulate a compendium unusually rich in knowledge, insight, and reflection. …


1* 2,3 1 3,4 Opabode, J. T. , Oyelakin, O. O. , Akinyemiju, O. A. and Ivan L. Ingelbrecht Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria Central Biotechnology Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; c/o Lambourn Ltd, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, K L Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. *Corresponding author (Received: March, 2013; Accepted: June, 2013)


Tomato waste is an important source of natural carotenoids. This study was carried out to assess the extractability of tomato waste carotenoids in different organic solvents and to optimise the extraction parameters (type of solvent, extraction time, temperature and extraction steps) for maximum yield. Among other solvents, we tested a new environmentally friendly one, ethyl lactate, which gave the highest carotenoid yield (243.00 mg kg -1 dry tomato waste) at 70 °C, compared to acetone (51.90 mg kg -1 ), ethyl acetate (46.21 mg kg -1 ), hexane (34.45 mg kg -1 ) and ethanol (17.57 mg kg -1 ). The carotenoid recovery was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the number of extraction steps and temperature in all solvents. Mathematic equations predicted rather satisfactorily (R 2 = 0.89-0.93) the rate of carotenoid extraction in the above-mentioned solvents. Carotenoid concentration increased with time, approaching a quasi-saturated condition at approximately 30 min of extraction.


Titania-alumina mixed oxides catalytic materials give new ways for the studies of the selective hydrogenation, oxydehydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization chemical engineering processes. Titania-alumina mixed oxides attract more and more attention from multi-industries experts because of the tailor preparing method and the easy operating process. The preparation of titania-alumina mixed oxides, and the applications of titania-alumina mixed oxides as catalysts or catalyst supports for ester exchange reaction, selective hydrogenation, selective catalytic reduction of NO, oxydehydrogenation, methanol synthesis reaction, photocatalytic reaction, hydrodesulfurization, and so on, were summarized. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods for preparion of titania-alumina mixed oxides were compared, the prospect of application was discussed as well.


To assess whether serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations relate to transitions between the states of robustness, prefrailty, and frailty and to mortality in older adults.


OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of an early,single application of(chlorhexidine) CHX for oral cavity care on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP).METHODS A total of 40 patients undergoing mechanical ventilation through endotracheal intubation with CPIS 6 were randomly assigned to the chlorhexidine group(treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine) and the control group(treated with normal saline),the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia between the two group was compared.RESULTS The CPIS was significantly lower in chlorhexidine group of(4.9±0.7,5.0±1.1)points than that in control group of(5.4±0.8,5.6±0.6)points as they enrolled in hospital for 48 h and 72 h,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05);as compared with chlorhexidine group and the control group as enrolled in hospital,the difference in CPIS was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION An early,single application of CHX for the oral cavity care can significantly reduce the incidence of VAP.


Deepening rural economic system reformation is the necessary approach to solving the problem of "agriculture,countryside farmers".Attaching great importance to rural economic system reformation,Jiang Zemin has made a profound discussion on its general goal,basic principles,basic purpose and political guarantee.Jiang Zemin's ideas on rural economic system reformation are of guiding significance to solve the problem of "agriculture,countryside farmers" and the overall construction of the well-off society.


We propose that early speculations on the nature of the normal state of the CuO 2 planes in high T c superconductors can be revised and brought into agreement with more modern theories, simulations and experimental observations. The early speculations proposed an "RVB" state which is an incompressible liquid of singlet pairs in which the magnetic excitations are spin 1/2 fermion-like objects called spinons, the charge exhibiting a separate dynamics (charge-spin sep-aration.) The revisions proposed are the following: (1) At finite concentrations x of holes there are two non-Fermi liquid, charge-spin separated states, (I) a metal with a full Fermi surface (the "Luttinger Liquid") and no spin gap, and below a crossover (II) a spin-gapped RVB state of "d" symmetry with spinons at gap nodes ("nodons"). (2) Since spinons have no phase—no charge—the gap parameter in the second phase be real, d x 2 − y 2 , as proposed by Affleck and Kotliar.


: The simulation of a complete manufacturing process to produce an aero engine case, including forging, rolling, and machining processes, is analyzed via finite element software. The deformation of the turning and drilling processes is quantitatively studied using the energy principles. Firstly, simulations of multi-stage forging of aero engine case and machining-induced residual stress are conducted and verified via the residual stresses test in order to provide the initial elastic strain energy condition prior to machining processes. The effects of blank forging-induced residual stress and machining-induced residual stress on the deformation of titanium alloys aero engine case are investigated. Secondly, a potential energy expression for the machining processes is developed. The predicted results of turning and drilling simulations indicate that there is an optimal process in which the deformation and potential energy decline rapidly compared with the other processes and finally, gradually stabilize at the end of the process.


A kind of Lagrange quadrature formula is constructed,and a kind of estimation for its average errors on the rfold integrated Wiener space is obtained. The result shows that this Lagrange quadrature formula are universal operators with high accuracy for functions with different smoothness simultaneously.


February 14, 2005, downtown Ciudad Juarez, V-Day march. Irma is sitting on the curb and smoking a cigarette. Her black tunic is bunched around her waist; her pink hat dangles from its string down her back. She is one of the Mujeres de Negro leaders (voceras); they are the symbolic figures for today's march for justice. She has just asked us if we had an aspirin: "I have a headache." [The V-Day march was organized by Amnesty International, the V-Day Foundation, and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Chihuahua and Ciudad Juarez to bring attention to the murders of some 350 women in the past decade and to the impunity surrounding the crimes. Mujeres de Negro means "Women in Black," but they are not part of the international Women in Black movement, although they have participated in shared events.] With me are some friends/activists, including Isabel, another Mujer de Negro, who, like Irma, traveled with the group from Chihuahua City-about 360 kilometers south. I am guessing that at least a thousand people are here [later confirmed to be two thousand plus], mainly from Mexico, some from El Paso, Texas; Arizona; and California. I am leaning against a pole and scribbling notes. The march has just ended with the rally in the plaza. Eve Ensler, Sally Field, Jane Fonda, Marcela Lagarde [a Mexican legislator], and the usual activists have all spoken. The air is cool, but the sun is hot. Women, mainly, scatter in all directions, carrying signs with victims' photos on them, signs demanding justice, an end to the violence, an end to the impunity. More people would be here if "the split" hadn't happened. One of the "mothers" organizations has broken off and organized its own march, down a different route. The alternative march's coordinators have charged those involved in the originally planned march with "selling out" to "American feminists" by putting domestic violence on the agenda. They wrote a letter to Eve Ensler [which was later posted on the Web]. People here are either annoyed or confused. Internal divisions continue to plague this movement. Foreign supporters-academics, activists, NGOs-don't want to show favoritism. Local activists fall into camps. Juarez versus Chihuahua. Mothers versus nonmothers. Feminists versus nonfeminists. Class, race, insiders versus outsiders. What is theoretically significant about the divisions? Something that keeps coming up in the movement is the accusation of lucrar (profit)-which groups, people, are "profiting" over others. Profiting here means exploitation: taking political and economic advantage of the family members who have lost loved ones. The idea is that activists are using the families to further their own agendas-domestic violence, reproductive rights, and so on, which the families don't necessarily support. And the accusation also has an implicit critique of representation: Who has the authority to represent the "pain" of families as evidence of injustice? Of what kind of injustice? But this accusation of "profit" has been noxious for the movement, and groups are using it against each other. And I have many questions: What are the circumstances in which someone is said to profit because she demands that the government do something about violence against women? What are the connections between "profit" and "activism"? If I think about the division in V-Day, how does one "sell" a movement to "American feminists"? Does the accusation of "profit" carry more weight because the movement is composed of women? Because the victims are women? February 16, 2004, Ciudad Juarez, my house. Many reactions from local activists over the march. Many are angry over the divisions, over the poor media coverage, over the lack of response from the governor's office. …


Technical Analysis is a study of the stock market relating to factors affecting the supply and demand of stocks. Technical analysis recommend that users fine tune these parameters according what they see suitable for their strategy. It helps in understanding the intrinsic value of shares. This is a significant technical analysis of Union bank which helps to understand the price behaviour of the shares. This paper describes about the use of technical analysis for investors while buying and selling decisions with the technical analysis done for the stocks of Union Bank. It helps investors to identify the current trend and risk. For the purpose of analysis weekly average are used for the analysis to know if the stock is technically strong or not.


This paper proposes an Extended-Kalman-Filter-like observer for parameter estimation during synchronization of chaotic systems. The exponential stability of the observer is guaranteed by a persistent excitation condition. This approach is shown to be suitable for various classical chaotic systems and several simulations are presented accordingly.


The number of genes identified as relevant for human diseases has substantially increased in recent years. This is mostly due to the advent and increased application of next-generation sequencing (NGS). An unexpected outcome of these major sequencing efforts was the identification of a surprisingly large number of carriers of an allegedly pathogenic mutation who eventually did not develop the disease in question. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as 'reduced penetrance'. Formally, 'penetrance' is defined as the conditional probability of being affected with disease X given a specific genotype. While penetrance relates to the proportion of a population actually expressing the phenotype in the context of a given genetic variant, 'expressivity' describes the extent to which the phenotype is expressed. In this respect, it needs to be acknowledged that 'reduced penetrance' is an evolving concept and in the current literature is less often used in the sense of all-or-none phenomenon than originally defined. Specifically, in conjunction with disease traits, penetrance is typically agedependent and may border on 'variable expressivity' in cases of late or subtle disease manifestations or endophenotypes. Reduced penetrance is a conundrum well-documented in hereditary diseases where it initially emerged from case and family studies of monogenic disorders. However, the scope of this phenomenon appears to have been substantially underestimated and, in light of a generalized preoccupation with disease susceptibility, the concepts of protection against disease or delay of its onset age have thus far been largely neglected within the genomic research community. One of the remarkable discoveries of the 1000 Genomes Project in 2010 was that each person carries an average of 50-100 variants previously implicated in inherited diseases. Large-scale NGS efforts, such as the 1000 Genomes Project and ExAC, allow at an unprecedented scale to assess penetrance of putatively pathogenic mutations and gene variants from the reverse perspective based on large numbers of presumably non-diseased individuals and to discover protective alleles. This concept offers the possibility to specifically test for modifier genes and protective alleles among at-risk individuals and to study the efficacy of therapeutics based on the so-called 'genetics of health'. Delineating and understanding the mechanisms underlying reduced penetrance of mutations otherwise known to cause movement disorders has a particularly high imperative given that the phenomenon of reduced penetrance may be viewed as a means of 'endogenous' disease protection, e.g. by significantly delaying or even preventing the development of the implied disorders. Intriguingly, elucidating the cause(s) of reduced penetrance in these and other conditions may directly contribute to a more personalized medicine even in the absence of a complete understanding of the disease mechanism itself. For instance, it is still unclear how mutations in the SGCE gene lead to the development of myoclonusdystonia. However, our discovery that SGCE is maternally imprinted explaining why mutations are nonpenetrant when transmitted through the mother has enabled specific counseling of SGCE mutation carriers for more than a decade. Another striking example is that of DYT1 dystonia, in which a nonsynonymous polymorphism, i.e. p.D216H (rs1801968), in TOR1A reduces the penetrance of the otherwise pathogenic TOR1A GAG deletion to 3% when present in trans to the mutated allele. The aforementioned cases of movement disorders with a single, discernable genetic or epigenetic factor explaining the appearance of reduced penetrance not only underline the translational potential of such findings but also demonstrate that they can be discovered using relatively small sample sizes. For instance, imprinting of SGCE as the cause of reduced penetrance in myoclonus-dystonia was found based on only two families. Likewise, the penetrance-modifying effect of p.D216H on the TOR1A GAG deletion was discovered using less than 250 mutation carriers and less than 200 controls. Notwithstanding, it is likely that in many cases the drivers of reduced penetrance will be more difficult to identify, e.g. due to smaller effect sizes and/or interactions between different factors. For example, penetrance may also be influenced by ethnicity, as demonstrated for the PD gene LRRK2 showing markedly different penetrance rates of the autosomally transmitted p.G2019S mutation in Tunisian vs. Norwegian carriers. Another interesting example is XDP, which is caused by the same gene defect on the X chromosome in all affected individuals. Despite this identical cause, a broad, age-related penetrance and wide variability in disease expression is observed in mutation carriers, with ages of onset ranging from 12 to 64 years, implying the existence of yet undiscovered genetic or epigenetic factors modifying the eventual phenotype. When trying to dissect the determinants of these differences, a 'renaissance' of the study of monogenic or oligogenic conditions seems warranted and particularly powerful when combined with genomics and other 'omics' approaches, such as transcriptomics or proteomics. Although the mechanisms by which the vast majority of the >3,000 genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci currently known to be associated with common diseases – including 28 well-established risk loci for PD exert their pathogenic (or protective) effects are still mostly unknown, recent technological advances now provide unprecedented opportunities to elucidate these effects. Large public databases, such as the ENCODE project data or genome-wide 3D proximity maps of the human genome (e.g. 3D/virtual 4C genome browser (http://promoter.bx.psu.edu/hi-c/virtual4c.php) and HiC databases (http://hic.umassmed.edu)), provide unique resources of extensive functional genomic data that will help to close this knowledge gap. In addition, recent developments and improvements of new technologies (e.g. chromatin conformation capture assays) now also allow identifying specific interactions of selected genomic regions with other loci opening up new avenues of research to investigate the pathogenic as well as the protective functions of non-coding variants in or close to disease-associated genes. It is the aim of the ProtectMove Consortium (DFG-sponsored Research Unit FOR2488; www.protectmove.de; starting date: December 2016) to elucidate mechanisms of reduced penetrance and endogenous disease protection in hereditary movement disorders.


In view of the problems in the business process management of railway logistics enterprises,we proposed the IT-business integration mode,on the basis of which we presented the specific model of business process reengineering for these enterprises and in the case of a Xi'an railway logistics enterprise,applied the model to its business process reengineering from the perspective of IT-business integration.


Up to now, only two viruses are known to produce hemolytis in vitro, mumps and Newcastle disease. However, during the course of studies on Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ), previously known as Newborn Pneumonitis Virus or Sendai Virus, hemolytic activity of the virus on chicken or guinea pig cells has been noticed. As two schools in this country have already ovserved the same fact, this paper chiefly concerns to further explanation of this property, especially from the view-point that whether the differentiation between the phenomenon of elution and that of hemoysis is possible or not.On the purification procedure of the virus, using adsorption to and elution from chicken red cells, both hemagglutinin and hemolytic activities detected in the infected allantoic fluid have been recovered in the same manner. Specific immune serum against the virus inhibited the hemolysis as well as hemagglutinin. These results may suggest that the hemolytic activity is intrinsic character of the virus itself and is not due to other constituents of the allantoic fluid.The mediation of the hemolysis through the same receptors of red cells as are concerned with hemagglutination has been also confirmed by the fact that cells could be rendered insusceptible to hemolysis by treatment with enzyme RDE or by the action of influenza virus PR 8. The result described above will indicate that the adsorption of virus to red cell is an indispensable step for viral hemolysis to follow.Further kinetic studies on the hemolysis after adsorption, revealed the difference between the phenomenom of elution and that of hemolysis. When cells on the course of elution at 37°C was chilled, the elution will not follow so far, but the hemolysis will continue in the same manner as when these cells were kept at 37°C. Moreover, when adsorbed cells were kept under different temperature, the characteristics of elution curve was quite different from the curve of hemolysis.In final experiment, eluting ability, enzymatic activity and hemolytic activity of both formalin treated virus and purified virus with methanol have been compared with that of untreated virus. Methanol treated virus did agglutinate chicken red cells, eluted from cells as well as that of control. Moreover, the treated virus had full activity of enzyme to destroy α-inhibitor. Never the less, hemolytic activity has completely lost after methanol treatment. Thus the dissociation of luting activity and hemolytic activity has been established with treated virus. The difference of heat stability found between the hemolytic property and hemagglutinin was also in favour of this conclusion.However, by means of ultraviolet irradiation or by treatment with sodium periodate, the hemolytic property of the virus was not differentated from the eluting activity.


This paper attempts to describe the relationship between the embodied practice of fieldwork and the written articulation of this experience. Starting from Valerie Hey's conceptualization of 'rapport' as form of 'intersubjective synergy', a moment of recognition of similarity within difference – similar in structure to Laclau and Moufffe's conceptualization of hegemony – the paper explores how we can understand these moments of recognition as positioned within a complex web of signifying chains that interlink social, psychic and linguistic means of representation. Laclau and Mouffe's logics of equivalence and difference and Lacan's account of the production of meaning through metaphor and metonymy provide a theoretical language through which to explore chains of meaning in two fragments of data drawn from a study comparing disciplines and institutions in higher education. My argument is that an awareness of these processes of production of meaning is necessary to the development of an ethical mode of interpretation.


Methods have recently been developed to allow the study of protein–protein and cell–surface interactions on a molecular level. These techniques rely on nanoscale arrays for highthroughput analysis of biological functions. Researchers working in areas including biosensors, biodiagnostics, genomics, proteomics, cytology, materials science, and general chemistry have benefited from these advances. To further drive this technology, high-precision patterning techniques are necessary to allow a wider range of biomolecules to be deposited onto a substrate. A variety of methods including UV lithography, electron-beam lithography, contact printing, nanoimprinting, and scanning probe lithography have been used to deposit biomolecules on various surfaces with nanometer accuracy. One such technique is dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). DPN is a scanning probe lithography method based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using DPN, nanostructure patterns of extraordinary complexity can be created. This technique has potential applications for gene chips and multiple biomolecular arrays because one can create patterns with numerous molecules in a directwrite fashion. The driving force of DPN for transporting materials is molecular diffusion through the water meniscus formed between the AFM tip and the surface. Although DPN provides a simple and efficient method to deposit DNA, peptides, and proteins on surfaces at nanoscale resolution, most DPN methods struggle with higher-molecular-weight biomolecules. Molecules larger than 15 nm (the maximum size of most immunoglobulin G proteins) are not efficiently transported through this water meniscus. Recently, many strategies have been employed to solve this problem by modifying tip surfaces, and by adding carrier materials to ink solutions. For example, Mirkin and co-workers published a description of a polymer-pen lithography (PPL) method, in which elastomeric tips without cantilevers are used to deliver ink solutions. These tips, which are made entirely of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), make it possible to control feature sizes by varying the tip–substrate contact time and contact force. However, no general methods have been developed that would allow the direct-write DPN technique to create patterns of large-sized biomaterials such as viruses. Herein, we describe a novel and effective method for fabricating porous polymer-coated AFM tips, which overcome the shortcomings of DPN, such as the difficulty of transporting large bioparticles and the limited amount of ink solution that can be delivered. Using this tip, we have generated patterns of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). Our approach uses a nanoporous poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx)-coated tip (Scheme 1). A bare SiO2 AFM tip was first modified with 11-iodoundecyltrichlorosilane as an initiator through a silanization reaction. This active layer was then used to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of 2methyl-2-oxazoline monomer, which resulted in the formation of nanopore network structures. A typical scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the fabricated PMeOxcoated tip shows that the pore sizes ranged from 50 nm to a few hundred nanometers (Figure 1a). The AFM image of PMeOx, taken under ambient conditions, showed similar nanopore structures (Figure S1 in the Supporting Information). PMeOx is a well-characterized, hydrophilic, biocompatible, and water-soluble nonionic polymer that is often used for drug delivery. A variety of PMeOx hydrogels can be formed by chemically cross-linking a hydrophilic polymer matrix through covalent bonds or by physically cross-linking with hydrogen bonds. In our method, when the PMeOx-coated AFM tip is brought into contact with an aqueous ink solution, the surface-immobilized porous polymer layer absorbs the ink solution and forms a swollen hydrogel. Because the AAV used [*] Y.-H. Shin, S.-H. Yun, S.-H. Pyo, Y.-S. Lim, H.-J. Yoon, K.-H. Kim, Prof. K.-M. Kim, Prof. J.-H. Lim Department of Polymer Science and Technology Chungju National University 72 Daehangno, Chungju-si 380-702 (Korea) Fax: (+ 82)43-841-5420 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


AFFILIATIONS: 1Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 2Data Science Across Disciplines Research Group, Institute for the Future of Knowledge, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 3Institute for the Future of Knowledge, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 4Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 5Department of Applied Information Systems, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa


This paper describes the implementation of an autonomous switching resistor–inductor (R–L) shunt circuit for the control of structure vibration. The resulting switch shunt circuit, compared to present shunt circuit techniques, does not require a power for its operation and is almost as effective. Moreover, experiments show that the damping performance is robust against temperature variations due to environmental conditions, whereas present shunt circuits lose their damping performance. The proposed autonomous switching R–L shunt circuit requires a small number of electronic components, therefore making it a viable and effective solution for the control of structural vibration.


This study investigated the effect of subtitling modality on incidental vocabulary learning among Iranian EFL learners. To this end, 90 freshmen students studying English Translation at BA level in Abadan Azad University were selected after taking a proficiency test to ensure their homogeneity. Participants were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, namely: Bimodal group (A), Standard group (B) and Reversed group(C). They watched eight video clips selected from three animated movies with different modes of subtitles: A) Bimodal subtitles, B) Standard subtitles and C) Reversed subtitles. Research instrumentation included a pre-test and a post-test following an experimental design. Participants took a pre-test containing new words selected from the clips. After eight treatment sessions, the post-test was administered. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. To arrive at any difference between the three different modes of subtitles, the researcher conducted one-way ANOVA. The results obtained from the tests showed that participants in reversed subtitling group performed significantly different and learned more new vocabulary items. Standard subtitling was the second type of subtitling which revealed to be more effective than bimodal subtitling.


Objective To evaluate the blond-saving effect of low central venous pressure(CVP) combined with acute hypervolemic hemedilution(AHHD)in patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy.Methods sixty ASA I orⅡpatients of both sexes aged 32-48 yr weighing 47-72 kg undergoing hepatic lobectomy for primary malignant hepatonm under epidural combined with general anesthesia were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=20 each);group I control(C);group 1I AHHD and group Ⅲ low CVP+AHHD.Group C received crystalloid and coloid in a ratio of 1.5:1 during operation.In groupⅡ4% suecinylated gelatin was infused at 50 ml·kg-1·h-1 for 30 min after tracheal intubation (AHHD);while inⅢ group low CVP was induced and maintained by epidural administration of a mixture of 1.5% lidnoaine +O.2% bupivacaine 6-8 ml combined with intravenous infmion of propofol at 6 mg·kg-1·h-1 until 10 min after hepatic lobectomy was completed.then 4% succinylated gelatin was infused at 50 ml·kg-1·h-1 for 30 min.Blood glucose,Hb,Hct, WBC count,blood coagulation (PT,AVIT,Fib),shtmic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and renal function (BUN,Cr) were determined before operation (baseline),immediately before skin incision,immediately before and 10 min after liver lobe was removed,at the end of operation and 7 d after operation.Urine output,intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion and complications were recorded.Results The glood glucose concentration.WBC count and GPT levd were significantly lower;the amount of fluid infused and urinary output before hepatic lobe resection and the percentage of the patients with allogeneic blood transfusion during operation were less;Hb,Hct and the amounl of fluid infused and urinary output after hepatic lobe resection were uigher in grolp Ⅲ than in group I and ⅡⅡⅡ.There were no significant differences in blood coagulation,renal function,the total amount of fluid infused and urine output among the 3 groups.No patient developed any complication.Conclusion The low CVP hefor combined with AHHD after hepatic resection can decrease intraoperative blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusior and is safe.

Key words:
CentrM venous pressure; Kemodilution; Hepatectomy; Blood loss,surgical


This publication aims to propose changes to the overall set of indicators used to measure child poverty. It provides evidence on which items , including material goods, activities, access to services, are now regarded as essential in the UK.


Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe genetic epileptic encephalopathy mainly caused by SCN1A mutations.1 Children usually develop frequent and pharmacoresistant seizures of several types. Besides cognitive delay, some patients later develop gait ataxia. "Crouch gait" has also been described in older patients.2,3


With the increasing development of social media, we now face large amounts of up-to-date data, new information resources, and fast and transparent information propagating methods. They have changed the way we understand the world, which means we can have a different perspective when computing situation awareness. In this paper, we give a detailed explanation on how social media data affect situation awareness and our focus is set on the military environment. We discuss why subject matter expert based human computation is necessary and essential for this procedure and how to involve it in the situation awareness architecture. The goal of our paper is to give readers some suggestions on how to use social media and human processing power within the military situational awareness domain.


The subject matter disclosed herein relates to systems, methods and/or devices for calibrating sensor data to be used in estimating a blood glucose concentration. A relationship between sensor measurements and reference readings may be used to estimate a relationship between sensor measurements and blood glucose concentration. Such sensor measurements may be weighted according to a decreasing function of uncertainty associated with sensor values.


Lactation is one of the periods of considerable physiological stress, which calls for additional nutrient requirements. Generally the diet of lactating mother is supplemented with some special foods. Special attention is given to the diet of mothers during lactation with nutritious supplements. In lactation period there is a tremendous need for production of mothers milk and also for recovery from stress during lactation. The usual routine diets of majority of women in rural India have been found nutritionally inadequate in terms of quantity and quality. The study was conducted in Muzaffarnagar district of U.P.


Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) have been at the core of linear electronics from its beginnings. Here, we suggest an Early‐based inspired geometric model of BJT devices and its application to derive models of related electronic circuits (more specifically a common‐emitter configuration). The approach involves using a beam of isolines converging at the Early voltage as the model of a BJT. The angles of the isolines are experimentally verified often to vary almost linearly with the base current. A numerical methodology is suggested for the Early voltage estimation and applied to 12 real‐world small signal NPN BJTs. Interesting results are obtained, including the identification of diverse Early voltage values for different BJT types and estimation of transfer functions.


A method to estimate the water distribution within wood lumber was developed using bending and longitudinal vibration tests. Sitka spruce and Japanese cedar green wood were left inside a controlled environment of 20°C and 65% relative humidity. The bending and longitudinal vibration tests were performed and the Young's modulus was obtained by each testing method. And then, the temporal changes in the ratio of Young's modulus based on the bending vibration to that based on the longitudinal vibration were investigated during drying. The ratio of Young's modulus increased and then decreased with time during drying due to the difference between the Young's modulus of the outer portion of wood and that of the inner portion. The temporal change in the ratio of Young's modulus was similar to the estimate using a simple cross-sectional model developed in this study. The bending Young's modulus calculated using Euler-Bernoulli's elementary theory could be used instead of that using the Goens-Hearmon regression method based on the Timoshenko theory of bending.


The replication and assembly of vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypic poxvirus, occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm of host cells. While the role of cellular cytoskeletal components in these processes remains poorly understood, vimentin - a type III intermediate filament - has been shown to associate with viral replication sites and to be incorporated into mature VACV virions. Here we employed chemical and genetic approaches to further investigate the role of vimentin during the VACV lifecycle. The collapse of vimentin filaments, using acrylamide, was found to inhibit VACV infection at the level of genome replication, intermediate- and late- gene expression. However, we found that CRISPR-mediated knockout of vimentin did not impact VACV replication. Combining these tools, we demonstrate that acrylamide treatment results in the formation of antiviral granules (AVGs) known to mediate translational inhibition of many viruses. We conclude that vimentin is dispensable for poxvirus replication and assembly and that acrylamide, as a potent inducer of AVGs during VACV infection, serves to bolster cell's antiviral response to poxvirus infection. Summary Statement Acrylamide inhibits poxvirus replication by inducing anti-viral granules and blocking translation. This inhibition is independent of the effect of acrylamide on vimentin filaments which were found to be dispensable for viral replication and assembly.


A passenger railcar was modeled using quasi-linear, frequency domain computer simulation models to compute lateral and vertical rms wheelset forces and relative displacements over a range of speeds, in response to power spectra representations of track geometry deviations in surface, alinement, and crosslevel. A simplified wheel-climb criterion (Lateral to Vertical Force Ratio, L/V) was used to estimate the margin of safety for wheel-climb and to impose limits on combined track geometry deviations which result in development of lateral and vertical forces which would cause a commonly used threshold value to be exceeded on a statistical basis. "Constant performance" contours of speed versus combined track geometry deviations are developed for selected L/V threshold values and exceedance probabilities.


In his article, Using Local Culture to Further the Implementation of International Human Rights: The Receptor Approach, Tom Zwart introduces the receptor approach, an alternative view on the implementation of international human rights that could promote the cultural legitimacy of international human rights law. Zwart's introduction of the receptor approach is a remarkable contribution to the ongoing discussion on the implementation of international human rights standards and the role of cultural communities and institutions. However, we are not convinced of the usefulness or the necessity of the receptor approach. We argue here that the receptor approach does not add much to the existing international human rights framework and that Zwart's arguments can be confusing.


The retained placenta is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity throughout the developing world. It complicates 2% of all deliveries. This is a case of a 25 year female patient who came to our institute with retained placenta. The patient gave history of delayed expulsion of placenta after delivery in her previous pregnancy. An ultrasonography was performed which subsequently suggested placenta increta with the placenta being attached over a 5 cm surface of the endometrium. An informed decision for obstetric hysterectomy was made on the day of admission. The surgery was postponed by a day , until the necessary financial arrangements could be made by the relatives. However, few hours before the scheduled surgery,the patient started complaining of painless passage of clots and on examination, the placenta was felt in the vagina after voluntary separation. Consequently , the patient delivered a bilobed placenta spontaneously. In our case the placenta was delivered spontaneously within 48 hours of delivery without any external aid reinstating that in a case of retained pacenta, with the due risk of infection, in the absense of per vaginal hemorrhage, spontaneous separation of placenta could be awaited in low risk cases.


The present study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating commercially available non-starch polysaccharide enzyme (NSPase) in soybean meal (SBM) and full-fat soybean-based diets on broiler bird development, nutritional digestibility, and gut health. Feed costs account for a significant portion, up to 70%, of overall production expenses in poultry businesses. Broiler diets predominantly consist of cereal grains, which contain varying levels of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), a fibrous component. The presence of NSPs in broiler diets hampers overall performance by reducing nutrient absorption due to increased digesta viscosity, thereby decreasing feed efficiency. It is estimated that 400-450 kcal/kg of feed remains unmetabolized in broilers fed a standard corn-soy diet. Exogenous enzymes function by making previously indigestible substances accessible for digestion by endogenous enzymes. NSPase enzyme has the potential to enhance digestion by reducing viscosity and releasing energy through the breakdown of undigested feed components.