Social capital is a new concept that Today is discussed in, economic and social studies and modern societies studying this approach has several projects in economic, social and environmental development, Indicating the important role of social structures and relationships between people (Social capital) on the development the variables of dimension all. Economic theorists believe the capacity of countries to achieve to economic and social goals related to their ability to govern cities urban development has today significant . Cities in national income, the transfer of information technology and build social capital through human resources play a crucial role. According to report of Human settlements Centre the United Nations by contemporary societies development is primarily due to the growth of management and urban development. Social capital and its recognition as a capital what in macroeconomic management level of the developing countries and in the management level organizations and businesses can create new knowledge of economic systems and social and assist managers in the conduct or management systems. This object of this article introduces the concept and subject of social capital And its functional role in the sustainable development of the urban. the research method and study is documentary type . This means that the analysis of documents and writings of various scholars, attempted to identify the logic connection and to take paid to analyze the relationships and links among the concepts. So while describing concepts and theories approaches relevant also are discussed their analysis. This paper points out that the existence of social capital among groups, organizations, agencies, and between them can be bring effectively operation sustainable development.


In this paper the author shows that compound sentences with cause-subordinated clause are powerful means of figurative syntax in classical and optional forms of such sentences realization. They realize their expressive and artistic potential in such components of a literary text as landscape, description of the interior and of exterior circumstances of the action, portrait description. They are the integral structural components of the building of exposure, plot, action development, culmination, and denouement as compulsory components of the text composition. Keywords: compound sentences with cause-subordinated clause, expressive means, expressive and artistic potential.


This paper addresses aspects related to the limitations of the mass sports extra teaching hours in educational Unit 4 November Manta, Ecuador. It is a topical issue and need for massive sport contributes to the development of the personality of children and young people to influence the formation of values, interests, strengthening relationships of the participants, from the proper use of free time for additional teaching hours, work therefore seeks to: diagnose the condition with the massification of sport extra teaching hours in the educational unit tax Manta November 4, for compliance empirical research methods are applied to enabled highlighting the poor incorporation of students to mass sport and weak impact of teachers on student motivation. Empirical methods that allowed the realization of diagnosis were applied. Key words. Spreading, sports, students, additional teaching hours


SIP-Eval uses the concept of a decision support system and is developed with a SDLC model by designing using UML. SIP-Eval uses three tests that is assessment testing, usability testing and user accepted testing. Testing do to determine the quality of the item's product by SIP-Eval and to know the usefulness of the SIP-Eval and to know SIP-Eval can function property. The test results conducted at Vocational High School 7 Jakarta and Vocational High School 26 Jakarta involving 3 Server Administration subject teachers and 27 students of the Computer Network Engineering expertise program show that SIP-Eval has a good ability in assisting users in completing the evaluation of learning outcomes process and can function very well for educators and students in the implementation evaluation of learning outcomes in schools with 73.75% obtained in usability testing and 94.70% in UAT testing. SIP-Eval produces 40 items that are declared valid. Difficulty analysis states that 5 items are too difficult, 34 items are moderate and 1 item is too easy. Differentiating power analysis states that 2 items have a very good, 19 items have well, 7 items are good enough for their power, 3items are not good for their power and 9 items are not very good at their power. Test equipment (assessment) used in the test subjects of server administration class XI even semester has a very high reliability scale with reliability test results obtained at 0.896.


Al-Jbory, A.A.A. and A.A Hasan. 2021. Diagnosis and Inhibition of the Virulence Factor Phaseolenone of the Pathogenic Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina Using Some Chemical and Biological Methods. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(4): 252-256. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-039.4.252256 Results obtained in this study confirmed the efficacy of some chemical and biological factors in reducing the concentration of Phaseolenone toxin produced by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina grown on potato dextrose broth medium. The toxin concentrations were measured in different treatments using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The citric acid treatment at 5% concentration surpassed the other treatments (lactic acid, acetic acid, SDS salts, EDTA, bacterial filtrates of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis). Citric acid treatment reduced by 5% the toxin concentration to 1.74 microgram/ml compared to 6.94 microgram/ml for the control treatment. This reduction in Phaseolenone concentration was also noticed through the reduction of the area under the curve which amounted to 1.684% for the citric acid treatment compared with 6.814% for the control treatment. Keywords: Phaseolenone, Macrophomina Phaseolina, charcoal rot, mycotoxin.


We wish to thank Dr. Nelson Steenland for his interest in, and his comments on, our recent paper. We also acknowledge the written, but unpublished, comments of Messrs. Helmut Linsser and M. S. Reford and the oral communication with Dr. R. J. Bean and others.


I am happy to be here. As many of the students who are currently taking a class with me know, I have been working on a letter to George Bush, ever since the events of a few days ago. I have spoken to them about this letter, but have not shared it until now. I would like to begin my discussion today by sharing a passage from my letter. And then I will conclude by linking this letter to my ideas on how artists might begin to deal with grief.


In 5-10% of cases of brucellosis may lead to central nervous system manifestation presenting most often as a meningitis or meningoencephalitis. We report three neurobrucellosis who have different presentation. First patient; a 49-year-old-woman who developed diffuse cerebral white matter lesions as leukoencephalopathy associated with neurobrucellosis, presented with gait disturbance, behavior change and seizure. Second patient; 44-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of progressive motor weakness in his bilateral legs for four months and headache for one year. The patient's symptoms may be explained with myeloradiculopathy and meningoencephalitis but the clinical picture didn't correlate with imaging findings. Third patient; 23-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of transient numbness attacks in his left of face and hand and headache for twenty days. He presented as meningitis which is the most clinical presentation of neurobrucellosis and meningovascular complications. Conclusively, brucellosis is still endemic in Turkey and thus neurobrucellosis should be considered in the unexplained neurological symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, young transient ischemic attacks, paraparesis and psychiatric symptoms.


By analyzing the advantage and disadvantage of different WebGIS platforms,the characteristic,key technique are introduced and the design and implementation of the major functions of Aspmap for.NET is discussed.In light of the idea of multi-tier and component,a new architecture,.NET-based WebGIS system on the model of server side is discussed.This thesis regards time as the breakthrough point,is devoted to exploring that draws support from the superiority of platform of this frame under.NET frame,combine ASP.NET and AJAX,the technological feature and implementation of.NET-based WebGIS system is discussed.Based on this,the WebGIS earthquake prevention and disaster reduction service system is designed.Finally,the applied example of service system proves that is feasible and practicable.


The new trend of management of higher vocational college is humanization and market guidance management. The paper discusses connotation of the two trends and their application in the practice of management.


Combining ability for 8 quantitative characters was studied through line X tester analysis involving 11 lines and 4 testers in Triticum aestivum (Linn, emend. Thell). The estimates of s2sca/s2gca and their ratio (s2gca/s2sca) indicated non-additive type of gene action for yield and most of its components. Among females 'WH 157' and 'UP 270', and among males HD 1982, were found to be the best combiners on the basis of gca effects as well as per se performance. The ranking of hybrids on the basis of per se performance was not reflected in their ranking on the basis of sca effects.


Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency. The standard treatment of acute appendicitis is appendicectomy which can be
performed by either open or laparoscopic approach. While during laparoscopic approach the stump is mostly not invaginated, in open method
management of stump remains debatable- simple ligation or ligation and invagination of the stump.
Aim of the study was to compare results of simple ligation alone or ligation and invagination of the appendicular stump during appendicectomy.
Materials And Methods: Altogether 74 patients were included in this study and divided into two groups. Group I ligation and invagination of the
stump with purse string suture and Group II simple ligation of the stump. The two methods were compared with respect to operative time,
intraoperative and post-operative complications.
Results: There was no signicant difference in either the rate of post-operative complication and post-operative hospital stay between the two
groups. The average operative time was shorter in group without invagination.
Conclusion: simple ligation of appendicular stump is a safe, simpler good technique associated with shorter operative time.


Three Synroc-C samples, containing simulated high level waste were studied. One was produced by the conventional hot-pressing method at ANSTO, Australia, and the others were obtained using cold crucible technology at Radon, Russia. One of the melted samples was prepared using the Australian sol-gel precursor and the second one was obtained from an oxidenitrate mixture. It was established that the specimens have closely similar mineral compositions, with major hollandite, perovskite, zirconolite, and rutile. Small amounts of hibonite were also found. Unlike the hot-pressed Synroc containing metallic alloy particles, melted Synrocs contain molybdates. An investigation of mineral compositions and elemental distribution in the samples was carried out. Features of hot-pressed and melted ceramics were compared. Unit cell parameters of the Synroc phases were determined and preliminary results on durability of the melted Synroc are presented.


The feasibility of using thermal performance lines to assess the efficiency of using energy in air-conditioned commercial buildings in Hong Kong is being explored. The paper describes a regression study aimed at identifying a suitable climatic variable that would yield linear thermal performance lines for commercial buildings in Hong Kong. The study was based on the monthly electricity consumption of 26 existing office/commercial buildings obtained from a recent survey. Candidate weather parameters considered include monthly mean outdoor temperature, outdoor air moisture content and global solar radiation, and their square and product terms. The regression analysis shows that the square of monthly mean outdoor temperature would be the most appropriate climatic variable. Explanations are also given as to why moisture content and global solar radiation were considered less appropriate, notwithstanding that in Hong Kong, the humidity is high for most of the time in the year and the cooling load due to solar heat gain is a significant component of the design cooling load of airconditioned buildings.


Abstract : Although vehicle mobility in soft and wet soil has been studied in the past, the more complex problem of vehicle mobility on thawing soils has not been addressed. This problem is being examined in CRREL's Frost Effects Research Facility (FERF), where field-scale testing can be conducted under controlled conditions. The soil is frozen and then thawed to the desired test conditions. Traction and motion resistance are measured using an instrumented vehicle. To date, mobility testing has been conducted for nine different thawing conditions of a frost-susceptible silt. The failure mechanisms of the tire-soil interaction were observed, the soil strength was calculated, and vehicle performance was analyzed. For the tire and soil conditions tested, the initial failure of the tire-soil interaction is totally within the soil. At higher tire slip the failure occurs at or near the tire-soil interface. Frost effects research facility, Laboratory tests, Mobility testing, Road damage, Thawing soils, Vehicle mobility.


Nitriles were synthesized by one-pot reaction of aldehyde and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of I2/Al2O3 without solvent under microwave irradiation.


The invention discloses the Chinese sauerkraut for promoting appetite and helping digestion, wherein the Chinese sauerkraut for promoting appetite and helping digestion comprises the raw materials in part by weight as follows: red cabbage, traditional Chinese medicine and salted seasoning, 70-80% of red cabbage, 12-22% of traditional Chinese medicine and 6-8% of salted seasoning; the traditional Chinese medicine comprises 18 parts of radish, 12 parts of hawthorn, 10 parts of Chinese yam, 8 parts of pericarpium citri reticulatae, 8 parts of radix polygonati officinalis and 6 parts of radix ophiopogonis; the salted seasoning comprises 65 parts of refined salt, 5 parts of white spirit, 10 parts of crystal sugar, 5 parts of cane sugar, 5 parts of pepper and 10 parts of aniseed. The Chinese sauerkraut for promoting appetite and helping digestion has the effect of tonifying Qi and spleen, promoting appetite and helping digestion after using for a long time.


Within thе contеxt of DR Congo, this study еxaminе whеthеr morе еducatеd mothеrs givе birth to hеalthiеr offspring (N=30,203). Wе obsеrvеd that Congolеsе mothеrs with morе еducation givе birth to hеalthiеr offspring comparеd to thosе with lеss еducation. Quantitativеly, onе morе еducational yеar is associatеd with 5.8869 grams incrеasе in birth wеight and 0.41 pеrcеntagе points dеcrеasе in incidеnt of low birth wеight.


Fluidized bed boilers for steam electric power plants have been developed recently to improve efficiency and to utilize coal and a wide range of other fuels. The fluidized bed waste (FBW) generated by these boilers is expected to reach large volumes as new plants are built. It is an anhydrous waste containing substantial amounts of CaSO/sub 4/ and unreacted CaO. Since no previous agronomic evaluation of FBW has been reported, greenhouse pot experiments were carried out. At moderate rates of application, FBW is satisfactory as a source of sulfur for crops and as a soil liming material. High disposal rates of new waste initially restrict crop growth, apparently because of high alkalinity resulting from the high oxide content of the FBW. On acid Mountview sil, fine (<0.1 mm) FBW was 47% as effective as fine CaCO/sub 3/ over a 5-week period for increasing soil pH. Coarse (<3.4 mm) FBW was only 8% as effective as fine CaCO/sub 3/, because of less reactivity apparently resulting from its granular nature and CaSO/sub 4/ coatings on the granules. On pyritic coal mine spoil, lower liming rates did not affect spoil pH, but at higher rates coarse FBW was 44% as effective as finemore » CaCO/sub 3/ for increasing spoil pH over a 10-month period.« less


Existing theoretical and structural empirical analyses of mergers assume that firms have complete information about their rivals' demand and marginal costs. On the other hand, if marginal costs are private information and serially correlated, firms may wish to use their price or quantity choices to signal information, in order to affect how their rivals will expect them to set prices in the future. We show that even quite small asymmetries of information can have very large effects on equilibrium pricing in concentrated markets, which can make merger simulations based on the complete information assumption misleading, and which are large enough to explain post-merger price increases that might otherwise be attributed to tacit collusion or 'coordinated effects'. JEL CODES: D43, D82, L13, L41, L93.


An anisotropic conductive material body includes an insulating medium; and a plurality of conductive members dispersed in the medium. At least a surface of each of the plurality of conductive members is conductive. A force is applied to at least one of the plurality of conductive members so as to change the at least one conductive member, so that the conductive property of the anisotropic conductive material body provided by the at least one conductive member is changed to an insulating property.


The structural optimization have been carried out in the continuous design space or in the discrete design space. Methods fur discrete variables such as genetic algorithms , are extremely expensive in computational cost. In this research, an iterative optimization algorithm using orthogonal arrays is developed for design in discrete space. An orthogonal array is selected on a discrete des inn space and levels are selected from candidate values. Matrix experiments with the orthogonal array are conducted. New results of matrix experiments are obtained with penalty functions leer constraints. A new design is determined from analysis of means(ANOM). An orthogonal array is defined around the new values and matrix experiments are conducted. The final optimum design is found from iterative process. The suggested algorithm has been applied to various problems such as truss and frame type structures. The results are compared with those from a genetic algorithm and discussed.


AbstractThe following sections are included:IntroductionThe Just-In-Time SystemFoundations for Implementing JITProduction smoothing philosophyWork standardizationSetup time reductionAppropriate machine layoutComponents of JITJIT "pull" productionAutonomation and total quality managementMultifunction and flexible workforceFocused supply chainKaizen Activities — Engine for Advancing JITWastes Elimination and Cost Reduction Framework of JITConclusionReferences


PURPOSE: To investigate gender differences in central macular thickness (CMT) in underserved diabetic patients who were judged to have clinically significant macular edema (CSME), using the criteri ...


This paper considers the recent experience of civil society organizations in Nicaragua within the Poverty Reduction Strategies Papers (PRSP) process. The focus of the paper is not the poverty reduction strategy itself but rather civil society responses to this initiative in Nicaragua. It highlights the problems beginning to emerge within this process in relation to the World Bank-IMF, the national government and organized civil society. Fundamental to the conceptualization and design of PRSP is the idea of 'national ownership' facilitated by wide consultation and participation of civil society in the formulation and evaluation of individual country strategies. This paper uses Nicaragua's PRSP process to examine the extent to which organized civil society can really influence PRSP formulation. It highlights the differences that exist in how poverty is defined and discussed by the key actors and examines civil society's response to government proposals and the strategies they have adopted to promote an 'alternative' people-centred development perspective.


The H2O abundance of a planetary atmosphere is a powerful indicator of formation conditions. Inferring H2O in the solar system giant planets is challenging, due to condensation depleting the upper atmosphere of water vapor. Substantially warmer hot Jupiter exoplanets readily allow detections of H2O via transmission spectroscopy, but such signatures are often diminished by the presence of clouds composed of other species. In contrast, highly scattering water clouds can brighten planets in reflected light, enhancing molecular signatures. Here, we present an extensive parameter space survey of the prominence of H2O absorption features in reflection spectra of cool (Teff < 400 K) giant exoplanetary atmospheres. The impact of effective temperature, gravity, metallicity, and sedimentation efficiency is explored. We find prominent H2O features around 0.94 μm, 0.83 μm, and across a wide spectral region from 0.4 to 0.73 μm. The 0.94 μm feature is only detectable where high-altitude water clouds brighten the planet: Teff ∼ 150 K, g ≳ 20 ms−2, fsed ≳ 3, m ≲ 10× solar. In contrast, planets with g ≲ 20 ms−2 and Teff ≳ 180 K display substantially prominent H2O features embedded in the Rayleigh scattering slope from 0.4 to 0.73 μm over a wide parameter space. High fsed enhances H2O features around 0.94 μm, and enables these features to be detected at lower temperatures. High m results in dampened H2O absorption features, due to water vapor condensing to form bright, optically thick clouds that dominate the continuum. We verify these trends via self-consistent modeling of the low-gravity exoplanet HD 192310c, revealing that its reflection spectrum is expected to be dominated by H2O absorption from 0.4 to 0.73 μm for m ≲ 10× solar. Our results demonstrate that H2O is manifestly detectable in reflected light spectra of cool giant planets only marginally warmer than Jupiter, providing an avenue to directly constrain the C/O and O/H ratios of a hitherto unexplored population of exoplanetary atmospheres.


The use of ethnopharmacological therapies is a part of human tradition. For centuries, they have been used in the treatment of diabetes, as well as other illnesses. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of traditional medicine use in Serbia. The study was conducted as an online survey in February 2018. 130 people were surveyed, 55.38 % of which were people diagnosed with diabetes. The most commonly used herbal substituents were M. piperita L. (21 %), traditional herbal mixtures designed to regulate the primary and secondary diabetes complications (15%), M. chamomilla L. (13 %) and pharmaceutical supplements based on traditional recipes (10 %). 100 % of people with diabetes adhere to contemporary pharmacotherapy, while 25.86 % of people without diabetes do not use pharmacotherapy, but exclusively traditional medicine. There is no significant difference between the diabetic population that uses traditional medicine (51.34 %) and the one who does not (48.61 %), whereas in non-diabetic population the difference is significant (p < 0.05) so that 87.93 % of them regularly use medicinal herbs. More women than men use ethnopharmacological treatments (p < 0.05). The age of the respondents and their education also have an impact on the choice of therapy, so ethnopharmacological approaches are the most often used by faculty educated people aged 30 to 50 years. Moreover, people pay attention to the quality of supplements they use, i.e. 57.96 % of people buy them in pharmacies, 29.55 % with certified sellers, and only 12.49 % at the local market.


The activity in the pharmacy with oncological profile generates a series of challenges both from the point of view of the staff, of the management and the preparation of the medicines. These challenges are directly related to the legislation regarding the activity with cytostatic drugs, and the connection between the two aspects is the theme of this paper.


1. A study has been made of the effect of conditions of growing and of maturity on the concentration of total carotenoids (t.c.) in the root of the carrot, Daucus carota L. 2. Carotene comprised nearly 90% of the total carotenoids in all categories of carrot roots except the very small seedlings. Hence t.c. concentration may be used as an index of carotene concentration. 3. In order to develop their full t.c. concentration by autumn, carrot varieties with normal t.c. values must be sown before the end of May. High-carotene varieties must be sown at least a month earlier. 'Stecklings' grown from summer-sown seeds and examined in spring had only about a third of their fully mature t.c. value.


This article discusses Data.gov, the world's largest open government, data-sharing website, and the use of linked data in some of the site's community pages.


The two-component reaction of 1,2-phenylenediamine derivatives and trichloroacetyl isocyanate proceeded smoothly and cleanly at room temperature and N- (1 H- benzimidazol-2-yl) acetamide derivatives afforded in excellent yields and no side reactions were observed. The structures of the products were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. Also, in this investigation, the structural, electronic properties, IR, 13C and 1H NMR parameters of synthesized molecules were computed in gas in the M062X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were evaluated by employing of the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. NBO analysis was exploited to examining of the atomic charges and their second order stabilization energy within these molecules.


The strength of the legislature has been identified as one of the strongest predictors of democratic survival. Executive-legislative relations are defined by formal constitutional arrangements, but also by their interpretation in the practice of political power and in the courts. Renegotiation of executive-legislative relations thus occurs through reinterpretations of political practice as well as constitutional change. What conditions and processes prompt the renegotiation of executive-legislative relations and influence whether changes favor a strengthening of the executive or the legislature? These issues are examined through an analysis of the renegotiation of executive power and executive-legislative relations in Botswana. Although Botswana has never had a strong legislature, the weakness of the legislature became more glaring in the 1990s as the long-ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) faced growing competition from both the opposition and internal factions. Growing opposition, both internal and external to the BDP, made the legislature more threatening to the executive. A number of developments further concentrated power in the hands of the executive. These include constitutional amendments, court cases, and changes in political practices such as an increased reliance on presidential directives that favor the executive. Calls for constitutional reform to check the power of the executive and strengthen the legislature featured prominently in Botswana's 2009 elections. When the tenth parliament opened in November 2009, MPs from across the political divide stood up and called for constitutional reforms. The paper will analyze the dynamics associated with the strengthening of the executive and evaluate the possibilities for launching a renegotiation of executive-legislative relations that is more favorable for the legislature. The analysis draws on research conducted in Botswana during August 2009 and May – July 2010.


Pretreatment or fractionation is one of the key steps for the conversion of lignocelluloses to sustainable biofuels, biomaterials or biochemicals, because pretreatment/fractionation can break the natural recalcitrance of lignocelluloses, improving the conversion efficiency of downstream processes. This paper will review the recent progress on pretreatment and fractionation of lignocelluloses for biorefinery in Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT). Main technologies introduced were alkaline twin-screw extrusion pretreatment, modified alkali pretreatment, hydrogen peroxide-assisted sodium carbonate pretreatment, fractionation with formic acid, as well as the two-step fractionation by hot water treatment coupling ammonium sulfite treatment. With the development of these technologies, a pilot scale platform of pretreatment and saccharification was established in the pilot plant of QIBEBT.


MWCNT loaded bimetallic PdNi nanoparticles(PdNi/MWCNT) have been prepared by using the chemical reduction method.And MWCNT loaded bimetallic AgCo nanoparticles(AgCo/MWCNT) have also been prepared by the hydrothermal method using ethanol as both the solvent and reduction agent.Cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric data show that the prepared PdNi/MWCNT presents stable and high electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol,ethanol,n-propanol and n-butanol in alkaline media.The AgCo/MWCNT exhibits significant electroactivity for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media and high tolerance towards the alcohols with high concentrations.A novel membraneless self-breathing direct alcohol fuel cell has been designed by using the anode which is produced from the PdNi/MWCNT nanoparticles and the gas diffusion electrode which is produced from the AgCo/MWCNT nanoparticles.The membraneless fuel cell can be stably discharged and presents higher power densities and output voltages when methanol,ethanol,n-propanol and n-butanol are used as the fuels respectively.


This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to determine the influence of horizontal reinforcement on the strength and behavior of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) wall panels under two way in plane action. The percentage of horizontal reinforcement adopted was 0.25, 0.45 and 0.65. Two wall panels were cast corresponding to each percentage of horizontal reinforcement and were tested under two way in plane loading. The test results show that the increase in ultimate strength is about 14.6% for a increase in horizontal reinforcement from 0.25 to 0.45% and beyond 0.45% of horizontal reinforcement the increase in strength was negligible. The increase in energy absorption capacity was about 48% for an increase in the percentage of horizontal reinforcement from 0.25 to 0.65%.


J A D E P O W E R S O T O M A Y O R Ten Thousand Waves, a multichannel video installation that exists in various permutations and is reconfigured for each exhibition space. It is interesting to observe how the logic of the book parallels the format of this artwork, as each chapter functions like the suspended vignettes of this multifaceted video installation that collapses both space and time. We witness spectral figures flitting across these screens, traversing a variety of landscapes, and we are encouraged to imagine otherwise in the discontinuous gaps between. 'To understand globalization', as Metzger claims, would require a 'dialogic and inductive approach that works against top-down views that produce generalisations rarely sustainable when applied across particular localities' (9). We witness this approach in practice as we bridge continents in this book, visiting the ports that dot the coastline forged in the wake of empire, from Hong Kong to Cape Town to Martinique to Morecambe Bay while seeking traces of Chineseness, or what Metzger offers up as an 'oriental sensitivity' (148), a 'corporeal manifestation of unease' (161) produced through 'physical attachments to and enactments of Chineseness' (161). This array of objects requires an equally capacious critical framework to orient the reader across the changing seascapes. Metzger deftly draws from a range of interdisciplinary scholarship for this purpose. This includes key concepts in performance studies like Joseph Roach's 'surrogation' and his writings on circumAtlantic performance, Diana Taylor's notion of the repertoire and José Esteban Muñoz's 'disidentifications'. The dense geopolitics of the trans-Atlantic slave trade bracket the concept of the Chinese Atlantic, and Metzger wades into weighty conversations around writings by Édouard Glissant, Paul Gilroy and Frantz Fanon, and provides an occasional critique to potential blind spots of these writings specific to their imagination of Chineseness (91). Most significantly, Metzger extends recent work by AsianAmerican scholars on minor transnationalism (Shu-mei Shih and Françoise Lionnet), the kinesthetic embodiment of urbanity (SanSan Kwan), transmedial entanglements (Rey Chow) and the figure of the coolie trafficked among the intimacies of four continents (Lisa Lowe) to refract aesthetics and identity through the lens of hybridity and theatricality. The ambitious scope echoes its unknowable and mercurial referent. Metzger's book is sharpest when it is reflexive and personal, as in a bifurcating chapter where he discusses with surprising candour his own health issues during fieldwork and the paradox of blockage in a chapter on 'flows'. The pace of the book prevents us from diving too deep into any particular object as we are swiftly transported and kept afloat. The frictions of aestheticizing the traffic of bodies are hinted at briefly, but the complicated and unnerving aspects of political economy, migration and class differentiation among the Chinese diaspora remain out of focus within the field of vision. The Fata Morgana, after all, is best admired from a distance, an abstract hint of concrete existence that ultimately belongs somewhere else. It gestures to potential, and it is up to us to journey beneath and beyond.


AbstractNowadays, a large amount of steel slag (SS) not only occupies land resources but also pollutes the environment, and the low early strength and poor stability limit the application of SS in ...


Medical implants, devices, for the preparation of implantable pharmaceutical formulations, carboxymethylcellulose composition having a molecular weight of less than about 100 kilodaltons is provided. Advantageously, the medical implant of the present invention, apparatus, implantable pharmaceutical formulations and drug delivery device is bioabsorbable the subject within 30 days after implantation.


The room-temperature crystal structure of a molecular 1:4.5:1 complex of C[sub 70], hydroquinone (HQ), and benzene (bz), C[sub 70](HQ)[sub 4.5]bz, is reported. The solid-state architecture of the donor-acceptor complex has trigonal symmetry and consists of a novel H-bonded superoctahedral HQ host network with three different types of cavities enclathrating the C[sub 70] and bz guest molecules. Giant HQ twin cages shaped according to the shell of a peanut house a pair of C[sub 70] molecules, large single cages accommodate one C[sub 70] guest, and smaller HQ cages of tetrahedral shape embrace a sandwich pair of bz molecules. The long axes of the C[sub 70] guest molecules are orthogonal to the trigonal crystal and cage axes. Their HQ host cages may be viewed as expanded supercubes and related to the simple supercube cavities of the sister complex C[sub 60](HQ)[sub 3] reported previously. A topological analogy exists between the tetrahedral HQ cages and the supertetrahedral building blocks of the pyrochlore network. The HQ host network of C[sub 70](HQ)[sub 4.5]bz is essentially ordered, and the C[sub 70] and bz guest species are orientationally disordered. The adopted benzene guest model is provisional only and requires further backing. 8 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.


Foot infections were the most common septic problem requiring hospitalization of the diabetic patient, in 2005, with about 20-25% of diabetics developing foot infections. These infections tend to be polymicrobic, with greater than four species isolated per specimen from deep tissue infections. Aerobic organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, aerobic streptococci, and Gram (-) negative aerobic bacilli have been reported from foot lesions Lambe and Ferguson cultured multiple types of lower extremity infections from 434 diabetic patients. They found that the most common aerobic species included S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Group B Streptococcus, alpha Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.


Abstract In previous studies of actoprotective activity of 5-R-thio-tetrazolo[1,5]quinazoline derivatives in normal and complicated experimental conditions, sodium 2-(tetrazolo [1,5-c]quinazoline-5-ylthio)acetate (KB-28) was found to be the leader of the experiment. The objective of the current study was to characterize the effects of KB-28 compounds on carbohydrate and lipid exchange indices under the conditions of physical load as a possible mechanism of actoprotective effect. In the course of the experiment, the indices of carbohydrate and lipid exchange in the muscle, blood and liver of animal models were determined following a 15-day physical load course. In doing so, glucose, glycogen and total lipid concentrations were assessed. The KB-28 compound was administered daily at levels determined during the course of regular physical load normalized metabolic processes in rats. The results were then compared to a control which received intraperitoneally the equivolume 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The phenomenon of actoprotection consisted in enhancing concentrations of glycogen in skeletal muscles and liver. Compared to the control figures, this increase was 28.8% and 25.0%, accordingly. Moreover, the course of KB-28 caused a statistically significant reduction (by 32.1%) of the total serum lipid concentration in the animals under physical load. The effect may be a sign of the ability of this substance to utilize active lipolysis for improvement of the skeletal muscle performance. Having analyzed the results obtained, we can draw a conclusion that influencing the biochemical processes in the study models is one of the mechanisms of the KB-28 actoprotective effect.


To significantly reduce greenhouse gas, the Korean government announced an ambitious EV deployment plan in 2010. According to that plan, one millions EVs would be provided by 2020. However, the target of EV deployment was not achieved despite strong political support. As a result, the government modified the initial plan by reducing the target number of EVs from 1 million to 200,000. Many EV experts thought the issue arose from poor policy framework and implementation process. The purpose of this paper is to find relevant policy direction in Korea by comparing the policy formulation and implementation process between EU countries and Korea. Concerning policy formulation, we examined the legislation and planning process to know what to prepare for successful EV policy framework. And for the policy implementing process, we analyzed various incentive measures on how to stimulate the deployment of EV. With comparative research results EV policy implications are drawn.


Temperament is an early developing set of characteristics related to later personality. Commonly studied dimensions of temperament include activity level, anger/frustration, behavioural inhibition/fear, effortful control and positive affect. Personality includes a range of traits, including major traits of extraversion, neuroticism and impulsivity/sensation-seeking. Different aspects of personality and temperament are related to important developmental outcomes such as behavioural problems and psychopathology. Both behavioural genetic and molecular genetic research have contributed to the understanding of major traits of temperament and personality. Behavioural genetic approaches use twin and adoption study designs to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in traits. Most behavioural genetic studies have found substantial heritability for personality and temperament. Molecular genetic investigations focus on the effects of specific genes (primarily dopamine- and serotonin-related genes in studies of temperament and personality).

Key Concepts:

Rothbart's broad extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity and effortful control dimensions of temperament are related to three of the Big Five personality factors: extraversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness, respectively.

The results of twin and adoption studies have shown significant genetic and nonshared environmental variance in temperament and personality.

Contemporary researchers investigating personality and temperament from a molecular genetic standpoint typically use either candidate gene studies or genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

Although behavioural and molecular genetics are separate fields, most behavioural genetic researchers have begun incorporating molecular techniques into their research programs.

Genotype–environment interactions, genotype–environment correlations and endophenotype approaches are utilised in genetic studies of temperament and personality.

Candidate gene studies of dopaminergic and serotonergic genes have informed ongoing molecular genetic research in temperament and personality.

Increasingly, studies of other candidate genes as well as GWAS approaches are also extant in the literature.

Keywords:

personality;
temperament;
behaviour;
development;
genetics


A major argument against evaluation of teacher performance by students pertains to the instruments being used. Colleges conduct instructional evaluation using instruments they devise, borrow, adopt, or adapt from other institutions. Whether these instruments are tested for content validity is unknown. This study determined how evaluation questions were presented in a sample of 200 evaluation instruments collected from 414 schools of education. Analysis of the evaluation questions indicated that there are questions of validity in many of the evaluation instruments used by these colleges. No particular instrument is accepted by all colleges and universities, and few tests of validity have been performed for instruments in use. Flawed responses were skewed, ambiguous, or unclear, or else they did not correspond with the evaluation question. Some 58% of instruments were found to contain such flaws. Six tables and nine figures present study findings. (Contains 29 references.) (SLD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office r4I Educational Ramn and improvement EOM. TIONAL RESOURCF.S INFORMATION CENTER (EPIC) his document has Peen reproduced as received from the person or organization originating .t 0 Minor changes have been made to.improve reproduction quality Points of mew or opinions staled in this zloty ment do not neCessanly represent &Iloilo OERI positron or policy CONTENT ANALYSIS OF EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS USED FOR STUDENT EVALUATION OF CLASSROOM TEACHING PERFORMANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 41/41ret 7T //96 6 University of Hawaii at Manoa Laurence A. Bishop University of San Francisco Harry T. Tagomori TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERICI" A major argument against instructional evaluation pertains to instruments used. Colleges conduct instructional evaluation using instruments they devise, borrow, adopt or adapt from other institutions. Whether these instruments are tested for content validity is unknown. This study determined how evaluation questions were presented in evaluation instruments. Based on analysis of the evaluation questions contained in the instruments, a question of validity in many of the evaluation instruments used by colleges exists. Introduction Instructional evaluation has been recognized as an important function in education for centuries. It goes as far back in history as 350 A.D. (Doyle, 1983). During the early Christian era through the middle ages students paid their fees directly to their teachers where more esteemed teachers were paid a higher fee. This practice in essence was a form of student evaluation of instruction (Seldin,


The continuing release of caesium isotopes into the environment has highlighted the necessity for efficient removal of Cs from industrial waste effluents prior to discharge. Existing technologies, e.g. zeolite ion-exchange for Cs removal, can be expensive and microbial metal adsorption/accumulation may represent a cheap alternative. The distinct chemical properties of Cs + , which dictate a high degree of metabolism-dependent uptake via monovalent cation transport systems, indicate that different approaches are required for biological Cs removal to those which are generally adopted for other metals/radionuclides. The low toxicity of Cs + eliminates one potential problem in the use of live cells for Cs removal. High levels of Cs + accumulation have been reported in a number of microorganisms, but uptake levels vary markedly in different organisms and are strongly influenced by a number of physico-chemical and mechanical parameters, e.g. the use of batch or continuous-flow systems, biomass immobilization (which tends to increase Cs+ adsorption at the expense of metabolism-dependent accumulation), pH and particularly the prevalence of other monovalent cations such as K + and Na + . Inherent differences in Cs + uptake capacities of different microorganisms appear to be largely attributable to differences in the affinity of monovalent cation transport systems for Cs + . The application of rigorous screening procedures involving the use of autoradiography has great potential for isolation of microorganisms with particularly high affinities for Cs + . Alternatively, manipulation of the physiological status of microorganisms can dramatically alter the transport of Cs + and other monovalent cations. Hyper- and hypo-osmotic shock, respectively, have so far proved to be the most successful treatments for stimulating Cs removal and recovery. Other manipulations, at both the cellular and molecular level, which are known to influence K + fluxes but have yet to be characterized for Cs + , are outlined here


Using Saturn as a driver, we are pursuing both photoresonantly pumped and photoionization/recombination lasers. Our lasing targets are gas cells with thin windows that are pumped by a z pinch 2 cm away radiating 10 TW. In both schemes the lasant and gas fill is neon. We will present evidence for inversion in the sodium/neon photoresonant scheme but we have yet to detect the lasing transition itself. To increase our chances of measuring this line we have introduced potassium into a sodium z-pinch and have eliminated oxygen from the gas cell windows.


Abstract A recent phylogenetic revision placed Afro‐Malagasy Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 into the genus Euprepis Wagler, 1830, with the type species Lacerta punctata Linnaeus, 1758 (syn. Mabuya homalocephala fide Andersson [1900]). Identification of L. punctatus with Euprepis destabilizes existing name usage for both a common southern African skink and a common south Asian skink. Reconsideration of the types of this taxon reveals another interpretation that maintains nomenclatural stability for both taxa. A lectotype is selected for Lacerta punctata that fixes this name to the Asian species currently known as Lygosoma punctatum. The first type designation for Euprepis is invalid and the oldest valid designation places Euprepis in the synonymy of Mabuya sensu stricto. The name Herini Gray, 1839 is a nomen dubium and is not applicable to Afro‐Malagasy "Mabuya". The oldest available name for this clade is Trachylepis Fitzinger, 1843 (type species Euprepes savignyi Duméril & Bibron, 1839 [syn. Scincus quinquetaeniatus Lichtenstein, 1823]), which thus replaces Euprepis as the appropriate name for this group.


The purpose of this investigationis to study the psychological and emotional needs of patients diagnosed with cancer in the different stages of the disease. The reason for this research is to promote therapeutic interventions in the psychologicalfield, in a specialized and specific form according to the patient's needs. On the basis of the theoretical and practical principles ofPsicooncology, an interview was carried out with five patients diagnosed with cancer inside the Hospital de los Valles. The interview was guided by a questioner that would facilitate the dialogue based on the experiences and needs of the patient. The results obtained showed that the hardest stage for the five patients was the diagnosis. It was also inferred that patients experiencedifferent psychological needs and emotions in each stage of the disease.


A vision disorder rehabilitating eye shade consists of an eye shade base (12) and an eye shade acupuncture core (26), wherein, the eye shade acupuncture core (26) is inserted in an inner cavity (25) having corresponding size to an eye shade base treatment pole (24) after being applied with proper amount of silicone adhesive, the eye shade base (12) and the eye shade acupuncture core (26) are connected into a curer and made into the vision disorder rehabilitating eye shade, the shape of which is a regular shape covering 22 periocular points. The eye shade is a needle-free, medicine-free, electricity-free, and magnetism-free passive medical device, can act in one minute after being put on, each time of treatment only needs about 5 minutes, the therapeutic action can last more than 12 hours, and the service life is more than ten thousands times.


Data from an online survey of undergraduate students at 14 colleges and universities were used to estimate the association of autism with six physical and mental health outcomes, accounting for comorbidity with other disabilities (learning disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sensory impairment, mobility impairment, mental health disorder, or other disabilities). Autism status was determined based on registration for disability accommodations based on autism and/or self-reports of an autism diagnosis. Health outcomes included self-rated physical health, self-rated mental health, depressive symptoms, symptoms of anxiety, sleep deprivation, and binge drinking. Students with autism reported poorer self-rated physical and mental health, more depressive symptoms, and more symptoms of anxiety than other students, even in the presence of controls for other disabilities. Students with autism also reported a lower likelihood of sleep deprivation and binge drinking than other students. Our results extend previous research on the health correlates of autism by considering additional indicators of health and by incorporating a direct comparison to neurotypical students. They encourage consideration of how health services for students with autism can be improved, especially for mental health problems, and argue for integrated support services that address the full constellation of physical and mental health challenges that students on the spectrum experience. Lay abstract Studies have shown that children and older adults on the autism spectrum experience more physical and mental health problems than their neurotypical peers. Less is known about the physical and mental health of college students on the spectrum. Studying college students is important because young adults on the spectrum are enrolling in college at increasing rates and because health problems can be a barrier to succeeding in college. We collected data from 2820 students at 14 colleges and universities using an online survey, some of whom had registered for accommodations based on autism and others of whom had not. We used the data to compare the physical and mental health of students on the spectrum to their neurotypical peers. Because students with autism often report other disabilities that also affect health, we accounted for whether they experienced a learning disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sensory impairment, mobility impairment, mental health disorder, or any other disabilities. We assessed health using self-reports of how healthy they were physically and mentally, and reports of depressive symptoms, symptoms of anxiety, sleep deprivation, and binge drinking. We found that students with autism reported poorer physical and mental health, more depressive symptoms, and more symptoms of anxiety even after taking into account other disabilities they may have experienced. They were also less likely to report sleep deprivation and binge drinking. Our results argue for developing specialized services to address the physical and mental health challenges of college students on the spectrum.


The IEC 61850 standard divided the substation system into the substation level,the bay level,the process level,and standardized process level and gap level communication standards.This paper describes the sampling value transmission service model according to the IEC61850 and the merging unit model defined by IEC60044-8.We designed the merging unit which could gather sampling value of analog signals from the traditional transformers that followed the IEC61850-9-1,and verified its function.The sampling accuracy and transmission delay met standards of power system to analog merging unit.It is significant to reconstruction project of the traditional substation.


This page covers the topics rotating machines, large dc motors,
up to 5, 000hp,
armature rewinds,
partial rewinds,
complete manufacture,
field & interpole coil rewind/replacement,
commutator refurbishment/replacement,
core repair/replacement,
brushgear repair/replacement,
mechanical repairs,
general overhauls;

cleaning & drying,
static testing,
binder replacement,
re-varnish/re-vpi,
re-soldering commutator/connections,
commutator skimming & undercutting,
brushgear overhaul,
ndt testing,
balancing (up to 36t), and


Regulation 1774/2002/EC requires that EU reference laboratories assess the insoluble impurities content in ruminant fat. According to this Regulation, protein-free tallow is defined as fat in which insoluble impurities should not exceed a limit of 0.15%. This article proposes a method that was elaborated, validated and successfully applied on 116 animal fat samples. In the examined contamination range (0.075-0.9%), the values of parameters estimated with this protocol are y=0.989x-0.009, r2=0.999 for linearity, 94.7% for mean recovery, 3.3-8.4% for coefficient of variation, 0.012-0.06% for expanded uncertainty, 0.026 and 0.058% for limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively. The present study also assesses the robustness of the method and shows that none of the factors can significantly influence the results of the method.


A counterexample to the …ndings in the …nance and development literature is that …rms have achieved good performance in many developing economies where the …nancial sector is far from established. One widely suggested mechanism in the literature is that …rms in these developing economies use a high ratio of informal …nancing, i.e., trade credit. This paper, by using a survey of …rms in China conducted by the World Bank in early 2003, examined the impact of trade credit on …rm performance. The ordinary least squares estimations showed that trade credit was signi…cantly and positively correlated with …rm performance. However, after we used the instrumental variable approach to tackle the potential endogeneity issues, trade credit no long had any impact on …rm performance. The results were robust with a series of robustness checks. Our study suggested that the role of trade credit in promoting …rm performance was limited.


This paper introduces a new zinc coated copper wire electrode with coiled cone shape which has low surface resistance and tolerance to the motion artifact for promontory stimulation electrically auditory brainstem responses (PSEABR). Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) can be used to predict hearing threshold level with a great deal of accuracy particularly for a young child who cannot cooperate mechanically and some hearing impaired who are exaggerating a hearing loss for economic compensation. While severe profound sensorineural hearing losses may not be implemented by auditory potentials, PSEABR is proven as a useful tool even for some sensorineural related hearing impaired. It was shown that PSEABR gives the electrical stimuli to promontory of the cochlear instead of giving acoustic stimuli. For this reason, PSEABR can be used as an alternative for cochlear implantation, and can also be used as an optimal device selection and neural information for MAP. It was found that the role of electrode is very important in PSEABR. Even though this cone-shaped electrode was applied in animal experiments, waveforms are well produced by PSEABR. Thus, it was concluded that cone-shaped electrode turned out to be a useful preoperative audiological evaluation tool in deciding time for cochlear implantation surgery.


A new simple low cost technology has been developed for production of field planting stock of Bambusa tulda vegetatively through macro-proliferation in massive numbers. A plan has been developed for production of 25,000 or in multiples, field plantable saplings every year for ant desired number of years depending upon the targets and the facilities.


Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), clinically referred to as ocular hypertension (OHT), is a recognized risk factor for irreversible vision loss. Moreover, clinical studies showed that alterations in blood pressure (BP) are often associated with many ocular diseases. Thus, the combined effect of IOP and BP should be taken into account when assessing disease risks and evaluating the outcomes of different treatments on a specific patient. For example, the outcomes of IOP-lowering medications used for the treatment of OHT are observed to vary significantly among individuals, even though the factors influencing such variability are not yet fully understood. Here we propose a mathematical model to theoretically investigate the relationship between IOP and BP, with the aim of evaluating their potential impact on the individual response to IOP-lowering medications.


Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of biliary leakage following orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT).Methods The clinical data of 6 patients(5 males and 1 female) who developed biliary leakage after OLT were retrospectively analyzed.The common bile ducts were all reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis.The complications included: early post-operative T tube slipping off in 1 patient;biliary leakage following T tube extracting in 1,and biliary anastomosis leakage in 4,among which 2 cases with concurrent bile duct stricture.Five of these 6 patients were treated successfully conservatively,and 1 patient was submitted to re-operation.Results Five patients were cured and 1 died of severe sepsis.Conclusions Early accurate diagnosis of biliary leakage together with the interruption of the vicious circle of "leakage and infection" is the key point to treat this biliary complication.Most of the biliary leakage cases could be cured conservatively,and operation is recommended in a few cases if the conservative therapy failed.


the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract. The paper reports on the improved Mainz experiment on tritum β spectroscopy which yields a 10 times' higher signal to background ratio than before. The main experimental effects and systematic uncertainties have been investigated in side experiments and possible error sources have been eliminated. Extensive data taking took place in the years 1997 to 2001. A residual analysis of the data sets yields for the square of the electron antineutrino mass the final result of m 2 (νe) = (−0.6 ± 2.2stat ± 2.1syst) eV 2 /c 4. We derive an upper limit of m(νe) ≤ 2.3 eV/c 2 at 95% confidence level for the mass itself.


Drug Discovery Reviews Drug Discovery Reviews is a resource of review content aligning the key output of human molecular medicine with the specific requirements of the drug discovery process. It is designed to systematically cover the essential elements of molecular medicine and drug discovery, in a manner that has relevance to those actually working on the discovery and development of new drugs Drug Discovery Reviews will evolve to create a 'rolling textbook' and will act as a one-stop-shop for high quality content. Other titles in the series include:


The kinetics of the reactions of glycine, sarcosine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, proline and pyrrolidine with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) have been studied and it has been found that the rates of formation of the N-bromoamino products are proportional to the NBS and amino substrate concentrations; that they decrease linearly with increasing H+ concentration in the –log [H+] interval 8.50 to 4.00; and that they are independent of ionic strength and the concentration and nature of the buffer. The second order reaction rate constant increases with the basicity of the amino substrate, ranging from 2.7 × 106 dm3 mol–1 s–1 for the formation of N-bromoglycine to 4.74 × 106 dm3 mol–1 s–1 for the formation of N-bromopyrrolidine (I= 0.1 mol dm–3). The activation enthalpies measured for these reactions are small and typical of fast processes while the activation entropies are large and negative and indicative of a highly solvated transition state.On the basis of these observations, we propose that the N-bromo compounds form via a concerted reaction in which the unprotonated amino group of the substrate attacks the NBS bromine, the overall result being 'Br+' transfer from the nitrogen atom of NBS to the nitrogen atom of the substrate.


ion Hierarchies for Multi-Agent Pathfinding Aaron R. Kraft University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Computer Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Kraft, Aaron R., "Abstraction Hierarchies for Multi-Agent Pathfinding" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1247. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1247 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact email@example.com,email@example.com. Abstraction Hierarchies for Multi-Agent Pathfindingion Hierarchies for Multi-Agent Pathfinding A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Daniel Felix Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science University of Denver In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Aaron R. Kraft March 2017 Advisor: Prof. Nathan Sturtevant c © Copyright by Aaron R. Kraft, 2017. All Rights Reserved Author: Aaron R. Kraft Title: Abstraction Hierarchies for Multi-Agent Pathfinding Advisor: Prof. Nathan Sturtevant Degree Date: March 2017


The classical law of the iterated logarithm, which was first established by Khinchin for sums of independent Bernoulli variables, is the source of various generalizations. Thus, the wellknown Hartman–Wintner theorem states that for independent identically distributed variables X1, X2, . . . with EX1 = 0 and EX 2 1 = 1 (such a sequence is called standard) the upper and lower limits of the normalized sums Sn/ √ 2n ln lnn are almost surely equal to 1 and −1, respectively; here Sn = X1+ · · ·+Xn, n 3. After the proof of the celebrated Kolmogorov–Petrovskii integral criterion describing the 'upper' and 'lower' functions for Brownian motion an analogous test was obtained by Erdös and Feller in the scheme of summation of independent random variables. If this criterion is satisfied by a sequence of centralized (possibly independent) random variablesXn with EX2 n <∞ (n ∈ N) and Bn = ES2 n →∞ (n→∞), then, as was shown in [1], for any function φ(t)↗∞ as t→∞


We report on a deep level transient spectroscopy study of Cl-implanted n- and p-type 4H-SiC epilayers. Samples were electrically characterized after each step of an isochronal annealing series, between room temperature and 1800 ∘C, and twelve deep traps were detected. Of these, seven traps were found in n-type material, ranging from 0.15 to 1.6 eV below the conduction band minimum (EC), and five were detected in p-type material, located between 0.5 and 1.7 eV above the valence band maximum (EV). Besides the presence of the well known Z1/2 and EH6/7 levels in n-type 4H-SiC and of the D-center in p-type samples, we found that Cl implantation gives rise to three new traps in n-type material at EC−0.37 eV, EC−1.06 eV, and EC−1.3 eV and one new level in p-type at EV+0.97  eV. These traps are persistent after annealing at 1800 ∘C, and no data were found in the previous experimental studies reported in the literature. The possible involvement of Cl in the microscopic structure of these defects is discussed based...


The article analyzes the philosophical and pedagogical origins of acmeology.
There were historical and philosophical premises determined as a leading factors of acmeology becoming, formation and development. There were akme-oriented ancient philosophy characterized in the article, including primitive age, Antiquity, the Middle Ages. Acme-top is determined from the position of the three worldviews components such as mythological religious and scientific.
The Middle Ages were characterized from the perspective of religious outlook on the man and nature sciences development.
The features of the acmeology development prerequisites in Renaissance epoch, modern times, the Enlightenment, the era of classical German philosophy were specified.
There were ideas of revival, reformation of the church together with socio-economic and technical changes affected the formation of the New Age acme-philosophy.
It is determined that the Enlightenment the need of educational role of labor was understood due to a combination of person's mental and moral development together with his labor skills formation.
The German classical philosophy considered an acme to be a moral improvement of the individual, and it was seen from the perspective of morality being independent from religion influences.
It is determined that acmeology as a new scientific field is based on the tops principle. The present period of the acmeology formation in Russia is characterized by the acmeo-emergence of man development (anthropogenesis) becoming and has three stages.The first stage (1928) is characterized by the introduction of the acmeology concept as the science of mature people development.
The second stage (in the med of twentieth century) contributed to the acmeology place identification in the system of sciences, focusing on the study of ages and phases in individual life as an individual and personality, in the following order: pedology, yuvenology, acmeology, gerontology.
The third stage (in the 70th years of the twentieth century) examined the reality not only as a human pattern reflection of objective reality but within frames of the creative activity improvement.
There were stages of acmeology development as a scientific direction determined. Also there were preconditions of acmeology formation in Ukraine analyzed.
The personality achieving of a acme level acme provides following "actions steps": self- laying on as value-sense existential creativity; self-appeal potentiation, self-mediation; self-determination; self-actualization; self-evaluation; self-appertseption; self-refer back. It is important to identify and examine the conditions and factors that determine physical education specialist's professional development and reaching him the personal «acme».


Azrini Wahidin offers a critical and engaging study of how gender relations shaped key features of the conflict and conflict transition in Northern Ireland. This important book draws on rich interview material with men and women who were active in the Irish Republican Army during the 'Troubles'. Wahidin revisits debates concerning women's roles in war and conflict transformation to interrogate gender stereotypes with regard to the use of political violence. The book also examines the contributions of ex-prisoners to the peace process in Northern Ireland and their transition away from republican armed struggle into electoral and community-based politics.


According to the Hong Kong Cancer Registry, the number of new cancer cases hit a historical high of 30,318 in 2015, with a 2.4% increase from 2014. Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in both genders (16.6% of all new cancer cases).1 There has been a substantial rise in colorectal cancer cases compared with a decade earlier, largely due to an ageing and growing population. More than 90% of newly registered patients were aged 50 years or older. The age-standardised incidence of colorectal cancer in Hong Kong is similar to that of western countries such as Canada and the UK, and some developed Asian countries such as Singapore and Japan.


Previous research comparing various media of prototype presentations has not found differences with respect to user performance or the identification of usability problems. The present study investigated whether effects of medium of presentation would emerge if different task types were separated. Employing a 2 x 3 mixed design, an experimental comparison was made between two different forms of prototype presentation, being used to complete three different task types (exploration task, reading task, navigation task). 65 participants were observed completing these tasks with a web application, either presented as a paper prototype or on a computer screen. Performance data, subjective measures and physiological parameters (heart rate variability) were recorded. For the exploration task, the results showed less active system viewing of participants using the paper prototype than the one presented on screen. For the reading task, there was a clear performance advantage for the paper prototype over the screen. In the navigation task, there was no performance difference for prototype conditions. Finally, there was no impact of presentation media on subjective measures such as perceived usability, system attractiveness, or participants' emotion.


".... We have to balance what is very important: the social need with the availability and sustainability of the fishing resources... inevitably, there has to be a Federal authority, but also, and that is the decision and the federal vocation of my government, to achieve a major concurrence of the state and local authorities in all those decisions that affect the interests of the communities in the states and municipalities... give fishing in Yucatan and all Mexico a great impulse, it has a great future; but we have to do it well, we have to do it with criterion, it is valid to use the word scientific, because we have to take care of this resource in order that it may be useful not only to the fishermen of today, but also the fishermen and Mexicans of tomorrow" (President Ernesto Zedillo's discourse at the isstey Vacation Center in the frame of the Program of giving boats for the Social Sector, July 10, 1997).


The concept of effective bandwidth can be utilized to estimate the amount of bandwidth that should be allocated to a source in order to meet a QoS requirement. Several different effective bandwidth estimators have been defined in the literature; however it is necessary to ensure that these estimators are practically implementable and feasible in realistic network environments. This necessity serves as our motivation to implement several estimators in a realistic network in order to evaluate the use of online measurement-based resource allocation schemes. In this paper, we describe our implementation of three resource allocation schemes within the realtime traffic flow measurement architecture. We compare our results of emulation to previous simulation results in order to compare the accuracy and performance of the schemes. Finally, we demonstrate that these schemes are feasible to be implemented in network hardware to be utilized in self-sizing high-speed networks.


Hydrobaenus birulyai Krasheninnikov, sp. n. is described based on adult males from Yugorsky Peninsula. The new species is similar to H. tumidistylus Sæther, 1976 but differs from latter by long, wide at apex and rounded anal point without microtrichia, by present of 16 weak acrostichals begin at some distance from antepronotum, by massive inferior volsella, and by gonostylus with large median lobe located medially.


A fuel electrode consisting of particles of Ni and mixed conductor, Nd-doped ceria (NDC) has been developed. The electrode resistance decreased with decreasing the oxygen partial pressure lower than 10 −11 atm, where the electronic conduction is predominant for NDC. This decrease in the resistance could be attributed to an increase in the triple phase boundary caused by an increase in electronic conductivity of NDC.


Development of economy of Kazakhstan which are characterizing as dynamically developed sphere where the connection presents itself a developed productive economical complex which is calling to provide rising communicative needs are disclosed in the article by the authors. Production of the country is focused on the construction of post-industrial society, characterized by advanced development and growth of the share of information and communication technologies. Development of the telecommunications market is currently in the country is highly valued as an important factor and the condition of integration into the world community. The centerpiece of the telecommunications services market is rapidly growing mobile market. Market competition becomes tougher, but the demand for these services is growing. Mobile connection with a service of cellular connection of the third generation 3G in regional centers of the republic has an essential meaning. Conditions for development of real competitive environment at the market of tele communicative service are legally created in the republic for today. The role of the state which actively continues participate in the processes of communicative service, as an effective mechanism of increase of economy functioning is determined. Development of mentioned direction of service by the authors defi nes as paramount.


Low-dose 1-µg adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test has generally been the test of choice to evaluate adrenocortical function in neonates with suspected ACTH deficiency. There are limited data about its sensitivity in diagnosing central adrenal insufficiency in this age group. We urge caution interpreting cortisol results in the neonatal period and to maintain a high degree of suspicion for false negative testing.


The influence of the central depression in the density distribution of spherical superheavy nuclei on the shell structure is studied within the relativistic mean field theory. Large depression leads to the shell gaps at the proton Z = 120 and neutron N = 172 numbers, while flatter density distribution favors N = 184 for neutrons and leads to the appearance of a Z = 126 shell gap and to the decrease of the size of the Z = 120 shell gap. The correlations between the magic shell gaps and the magnitude of central depression are discussed for relativistic and non‐relativistic mean field theories.


Recently, Lin, Chung, and Han presented an efficient additive fast Fourier transform based on a novel polynomial basis. This paper explains clearly and proves the convolution theorem of Lin-Chung-Han (LCH) transform. It demonstrates that the corresponding convolutions of LCH transform can be equivalent to cyclic convolutions by preprocessed modulo and polynomial bases conversion. As a result, this paper proposes a fast algorithm for the multiplication of a vector and a circulant matrix. It shows that the algorithm performs very efficient for the encoding of nonbinary quasi-cyclic codes. For an (ne, ke) quasi-cyclic code with circulant size of e, the encoding algorithm needs approximately $\frac {1}{4}n(e+1)\log _{2}^{2}(e+1)+k(n-k)(e+1)$ multiplications and additions, which is much less than the number $(n-k)ke^{2}$ of traditional encoding algorithm.


Objective To investigate the dynamic change of serum levels of IL-6 and NSE after trauma induced by neurosurgery and to investigate if they can be employed to evaluate the extent of operative brain injury Methods Venous samples were obtained pre-operation and at varisons periods from 15 patients with brain gliomas and 14 patients with meningioma. Serum levels of IL-6 and NSE were measured Results Serum levels of IL-6 and NSE were elevated in all of these cases. Both were significantly more elevated in glioma group than that in meningioma group Conclusion Serum levels of IL-6 and NSE can be used to reflect severity of oprative brain injury.


Hydrogen bonding mediated control of photochemical reactions is highlighted with an eye towards the development of Brønsted acid mediated photocatalysis.


We examined tree species diversity, density, dispersion patterns and size class distributions in Brachystegia woodland of Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. The metrics varied with human disturbance (disturbed versus relatively undisturbed areas). Julbernardia magnistipulata Harms occurred only in the undisturbed site. Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. had the highest importance value (IV) at both study sites, whereas the IVs for the other tree species were greater within the undisturbed than the disturbed sites. Simpson's Diversity Index and tree densities were greater in the undisturbed site than in the disturbed site. All seven tree species exhibited random dispersions in the disturbed site, but three species were clumped in the undisturbed areas. Smaller individuals of B. spiciformis were over-represented in the disturbed habitat relative to the undisturbed habitat. In contrast, J. magnistipulata, Lannea schweinfurthii Engl. and Mimusops obtusifolia Wall. exhibited a greater proportion of smaller trees in the undisturbed site. The tree size class distributions may provide an index of regeneration for these four tree species in the disturbed and undisturbed sites respectively. Active management and restoration may be desirable for J. magnistipulata but appears unnecessary for the remaining common tree species. Illegal logging has persisted in the forest despite its conservation status over many decades. If logging activities cease, it would be instructive to document changes in vegetation composition and structure over time.

Resume

Nous avons examine la diversite, la densite, les schemas de dispersion et la distribution des classes d'âge de differentes especes d'arbres dans la foret aBratystegia d'Arabuko-Sokoke, au Kenya. Les donnees mesurees varient avec les perturbations humaines (zone perturbee vs. relativement non perturbee). Julbernardia magnistipulata Harms ne se trouvait que dans la zone non perturbee. Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. avait l'Importance value (IV) la plus grande dans les deux sites d'etude tandis que l'IV des autres especes d'arbres etait plus grande dans le site non perturbe que dans le site perturbe. L'Indice de diversite de Simpson et la densite des arbres etaient plus grands dans le site non perturbe que dans le site perturbe. Les sept especes d'arbres presentaient des dispersions aleatoires dans le site perturbe, mais trois especes poussaient en groupes dans le site non perturbe. Les individus plus petits de B. spiciformisetaient sur-representes dans l'habitat perturbe par rapport a l'habitat non perturbe. Par contre, J. magnistipulata, Lannea schweinfurthii Engl. et Mimusops obtusifolia Wall. presentaient une plus grande proportion de petits arbres dans le site non perturbe. La distribution des classes de taille d'arbres peut donner un indice de la regeneration de ces quatre especes dans les deux sites respectivement. La gestion et la restauration actives peuvent etre souhaitables pour J. magnistipulata mais ne semblent pas necessaires pour les autres especes communes d'arbres. La coupe d'arbres illegale se poursuit dans la foret malgre le statut de conservation dont elle jouit depuis des decennies. Si ces activites cessaient, il serait instructif de documenter les changements de la composition et de la structure de la vegetation avec le temps.


Immediately after World War II, the literary field is dominated by the conflict between two groups both interested in imposing their vision of the relations between literature and politics: on one side, the Communist Party's writers, who had joined the ranks of socialist realism; on the other side, the believers in "committed literature," such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus and Roland Barthes. This article aims at showing how these authors used socialist realism as a foil, in order to make commitment accepted as a conception of literature half way between a sterile esthetical purism and propaganda writing. Between 1944 and 1953, discursive and rhetorical strategies aiming at downgrading socialist realism thus take place; these strategies have largely contributed to forge the traditionally accepted representation of socialist realism: denunciation of its aesthetic paradox and, at the same time, assimilation of formalism; underlining an aesthetic conformism supposedly betraying the conservative aspect of stalinist communism.


Anthropologists and cross-cultural psychiatrists have examined mental health in cross-cultural contexts by documenting not only symptoms and treatment, but also idioms of distress, culture-bound syndromes, and meanings attributed to brain and mind dysfunction. Anthropologists have explored the intersection of social suffering and individual mental illness. Others in the field have critiqued how behavior becomes labeled and often stigmatized as mental illness in psychiatric practice in Western, high-income countries. Cross-cultural psychiatrists typically have incorporated this information into developing community and clinic-based treatment approaches for refugees and immigrants. Increasingly, anthropologists and cross-cultural psychiatrists have examined how psychiatry is applied in low- and middle-income countries in the movement for global mental health.


This paper presents an ultrasonic testing system design for diffusion bonding between two identical Ti-6Al-4V alloys with different bond qualities. The method requires a single normal-incidence ultrasonic immersion focusing system. A narrow pulse width and high frequency of the transducer has been selected. The displacement of transducer in X- Y-Z directions is precisely manipulated by a step-controlled system to ensure the accuracy of focus length and repetition of measurement. Optimised testing parameters, such as crystal diameter, focus length, diameter of focal column, and length of focal column were selected to obtain good reflections from tested samples. Three diffusion bonding samples with perfect bonding, bad bonding and a rough bonding face are tested using the above system and ultrasonic signals have been analysed from the time and frequency domains. The ultrasonic echo from the bad bonding is most smooth while the echo from the rough surface is distorted; the echo from the perfect bonding is in the middle. When the diffusion bonding is perfect, the reflected ultrasonic energy is mainly distributed in the frequency zone, from 6.95 MHz to 23.5 MHz. For the bad bonding quality, the energy concentrates over the range 10.0 MHz to 22.3 MHz. For the rough bonding face, the energy scatters over a wide range of the frequency domain from 12.2 MHz to 22.9 MHz, 28.8 MHz, 43.9 MHz and 48.3 MHz.


We have further developed a computational load pull simulation technique inTCAD. It can be used to study the Class-D, E & F switching response of the transistors. Westudied our enhanced version ...


The additives change the conductance of the metal oxide chemiresistor gas sensor. A model based on the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, giving a power law relation between the electrical conductance of the gas sensor and the concentration of the target gas, describes the steady state response of the metal oxide chemiresistor gas sensor in the best manner. In this paper, the effect of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) on various tin dioxide (SnO2) nanostructures are analyzed and the model parameters are evaluated for the conduction model based on adsorption. The model parameters are fitted using the data extracted from different papers that report the effect of additives to tin dioxide (SnO2) in sensing gases like hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO2), or ethanol (C2H5OH). The model parameters are evaluated for the sensing material with and without the additives. The result shows that not only the exponent but also the pre-exponential coefficient, of the power law relation, is changed when doping is done to the sensing material. The major amount of conductance change is observed to be due to the power law exponent when SnO2 with Pt is used for detecting gases like CO, NO2, and H2, etc., while the pre-exponential factor controls conductance change when SnO2 with Pd is used in detecting H2. Even though this study is done on SnO2 with palladium or platinum, it can be shown that the steady state response of most of the metal oxide chemiresistors with additives can be modeled by the method proposed.


Speakers of two or more languages have several perhaps conflicting language systems to build upon. Psychotypology, the perceived language similarity between the source and target languages, might guide the language learner in the degree of which features of the source languages are transferred to, or used in the target language. In order to explore whether psychotypology influences the degree of conceptual cross-linguistic influence, 15-year-old Finland-Swedish functional bilingual speakers of Finnish and Swedish (N=41) were tested using a word pair similarity perception task with items where a single translation equivalent in Finnish exists for two words in English.


Web 2.0-based cultural diffusion occurs not only through viral word-of-mouth communication but also through Internet memes in which cultural consumers review, resemble, and recreate old cultural components, resulting in the creation of new cultural forms. YouTube features a platform for memetic creation with a host of user-generated parodies, reviews, and mashups derived from viral videos. This study examines the cultural ecosystem of YouTube memes inspired by Korean artist Psy's viral production "Gangnam Style." The study focuses on the salience of various genres of YouTube memes and structural connections between memetic videos. According to the results, the viral video of "Gangnam Style" sparked a sizable amount of user creativity, including remixes, parodies, self-directed performances, and reviews, among others. A network analysis of connections between memetic videos shows that various memetic genres drew different levels of audience attention and actions across various stages of the 3-month-long diffusion process. In addition, the content of the traditional mass media played a key role in giving the viral video wider publicity and acknowledgement, but this role was later shared by user-generated content.


It is important to study innovative approaches that consider real-world data to predict energy consumption, especially in existing buildings. This paper presents a data-driven model to predict energy consumption using Bayesian Networks. Monthly energy bills over three years were obtained from 90 public schools in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. Information such as floor-plan area, number of students, type of education, number of floors and occurrence of events were gathered for each building. The network output indicator was assessed using Energy Use Intensity based on floor-plan area or number of students. Three types of discretization methods and three network structures were tested, generating eighteen networks. A performance analysis comparing predicted as well as real Energy Use Intensity determined the Normalized Root Mean Square Error for each network and pointed out Equal Width Discretization as the best method and Naïve-Bayes as the most advantageous structure type. The discretization method had a high impact on the network performance. In addition, the Energy Use Intensity based on floor-plan area was more reliable than that based on the number of students.


Winter report of birds contributed by Raymond L. Cummins, February 27, 1983. This item was used as supporting documentation for the Iowa Ornithologists' Union Quarterly field report of winter 1982-1983.


This study aims to know and to do the implementation of local and national government fund program towards the performance of senior high school city level in samarinda has been running with applicable regulation or not and also to find out the financial management in this case the expenditure. This research is about 18 senior high school level in Samarinda City. In this study using descriptive research with a quantitative approach. This study shows the results that the Implementation of the National School Operational Assistance Program (BOSNAS) and Regional Middle School Operational Assistance (BOSDA) in Samarinda City have met the stipulated regulations. Financial management in this case is the expenditure / realization of the National School Operational Assistance Program (BOSNAS) and Regional Operational Assistance (BOSDA) impacting the performance of State High Schools in Samarinda City. Funds allocated for 18 schools in Samarinda city sourced from BOSNAS and BOSDA amounted to Rp. 27. 917,500,000 while the realization was Rp. 24,586,745,984 or 88%. Funds that cannot be used are Rp. 3,330,754,016 (22%), this amount, if it can be utilized optimally, will certainly further increase the benefits of BOS budgeting objectives, namely to improve the quality of education services, especially those directly related to teachers, education staff, administrative staff and students school.


We have described resonator designs for stable and high- brightness beam generation by intracavity frequency doubling. The combination of a novel pump configuration and the bifocusing compensation resonator design provides efficient and stable harmonized beam generations with good beam quality.


The purpose of this study was to estimate the sodium and potassium intakes of university students in Korea and to evaluate the relationship between blood pressure and related variables. Two hundred and eighty five subjects were selected from among healthy university students aged 17 to 28. The urinary (sodium, potassium urea nitrogen and creatinine) excretions in 24 hrs. were evaluated from the analysis of urine samples gathered for 12hrs. At the same time, dietary intakes of sodium and potassium were assessed by the modified convenient method with the same subjects. The results were as follows : 1) The urinary sodium excretions of male and female students in 24hrs. were estimated at 199.1mEq and 174.5mEq respectively. Daily sodium intakes by the questionnaire were calculated to be 218.5mEq for male students and 218.1mEq for female students. 2) The urinary potassium excretions in male and female students were 48.3mEq/24hr and 43.9mEq/24hr. respectively, and the potassium intakes 48.6mEq/24hr. and 47.4mEq/24h. each 3) No correlations were found between blood pressure and the urinary excretions of sodium potassium or urinary Na/K ratio in college students.


SUMMARY This paper is an introductory review of a complex area of development and pathology. Psychoanalytic thinking about the mind-body relationship originated in Freud's studies of hysteria, in which the patient's body exhibited the unresolved mental conflicts. Subsequent psychoanalytic research into early development focused on the emergence of the psychological self from the early mother-infant relationship with its predominantly bodily experiences. The vicissitudes of the mind-body relationship have to be considered within the context of development of object-relationships and affect regulation.


The applications of battery storage are largely known to cover the fluctuations of renewable energy sources. A further application of battery storage is the coverage of the energy variations appearing from the scheduled production (in the day-ahead electricity market) to the actual production of a combined heat and power (CHP) system. This paper discusses the use of the charging and discharging of a properly sized battery storage system to cover the variations due to the mismatch between the scheduled and actual CHP production. This mismatch, if not reduced, would lead to the payment of penalties, thus affecting the economics of energy delivery.


Multicultural education grew out of the civil rights movement and, as such, is grounded in a vision of democracy, social justice, pluralism, and equality-ideals that have yet to be realized in U.S. society and its schools. For the past 25 years, multicultural education has served as a mobilizing focus for struggles to articulate visions of schooling that are consistent with the ideals of the U.S. and for the development of theory and research that offer a countervision to the way that schooling is usually conducted, particularly for children from historically marginalized groups. As this body of theory and research has grown so also have the implications for restructuring various dimensions of the education enterprise. Mathematics is one such dimension and is the focus of this article. First, however, I contextualize the discussion that follows within a vision of what multicultural education means. Multicultural education advocates teaching in a way that cultivates the intellectual capabilities of children from a variety of marginalized sociocultural groups. Historically, children of color, children whose first language is not English, children from low socioeconomic backgrounds, and, in some respects, girls have been served less well in schools than have children who are White, native English speakers, and of middleto upper-class backgrounds. In the 1960s and 1970s, the practice of rationalizing this differential teaching on the basis of presumed "cultural deprivation" produced outrage that led to the formation of multicultural education as a field of study. Today a rich body of theory and research documents how effective education, framed within high expectations for learning, builds on the cultural, experiential, and linguistic resources that children bring with them to the classroom (e.g., Arias & Casanova, 1993; Belenky et al., 1986; Ford, 1996; Gandara, 1995; Ladson-Billings, 1994; McLeod, 1994; Shade, 1989). Multicultural education advocates restructuring school processes around pluralismwhat Grant (1978) has called "an education that is multicultural." Ideally this entails a holistic restructuring of such processes and structures as curriculum, teaching strategies, grouping of students, assessment of students, and relationships with communities. For example, Banks (1993) examined the knowledge-construction process that frames curriculum in schools, differentiating among various forms of knowledge (personal knowledge, popular knowledge, mainstream academic knowledge, school knowledge, and transformative knowledge) constructed from different social locations (such as Western tradition, an Afrocentric location, a feminist location, or a multicultural


The cover image illustrates the effect of microstructure on the hardness and wear properties of 45 steel after induction hardening. The formation and re fi nement of martensite improve the hardness and wear resistance. In this work by Lin Liu and co-workers, article number 2000540, the mechanism of 45 steel microstructure from austenite to martensite during the induction hardening was explored. Nozzle Clogging – Structure the Continuous Steel This study shows prediction of nozzle clogging through analysis of fl uid – structure interaction in the continuous steel casting process. Simulation is performed for the vibration char-acteristics of a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) interacting with turbu-lent molten steel fl ow. Results are shown for dominant frequency and equivalent stress for varying clog mass and location in a SEN.


Introduction Placebo research investigated the underlying mechanisms of placebo effects, but they are rarely used to optimize treatments. Ethical and legal concerns have been raised, but research demonstrated that placebo mechanisms can be used without patients' deception: Experimental studies showed that half of drugs in treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) combined with open-label placebos could be as effective as standard medication to reduce ADHD symptoms. Objectives To estimate the health economic advantages of harnessing the combination of open-label placebos with standard medication in ADHD. Methods For preliminary estimation of the mean treatment costs, the 12-months prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents aged 5 to 14 years as well as the percentage of medication treatments were extracted from the literature. Mean treatment costs per patient and year were calculated for four treatment plans (different drugs and dosages) with both treatment with standard medication and half of drugs in combination with placebos. Results A 12-months prevalence of 4.3% equals around 260,000 children and adolescents with a compulsory health insurance in Germany. Of those, around 40-50% are equally treated with two standard drugs and two different dosages. Full standard drug treatments cost around 119 million EUR, and treatment with half of drugs in combination with placebos cost around 66 million EUR. Conclusions The combination of open-label placebos with half of standard medication could considerably reduce health costs. Reduction of side effects still must be considered. However, current studies are of experimental nature and lasted for no longer than two weeks.