Analysis of progeny from interallelic crosses This technical note is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: https://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol6/iss1/16 A adenineless inositolless albino + 8 adenineless + + lysineless The mutations involved are adenineless (ad-3A 38701 ), inositolless (inos 37401 ), albino (undetermined but induced with U. V. ) and lysineless (undetermined but induced with X-rays). All the components of the system possess an identical colonial growth pattern. Heterokoryotic colonies develop on Fries' minimal medium supplemented with adenine. Recessive lethal mutations are scored in the A component of the heterokoryon by the absence of albino colonies when the heterokaryotic colonies ore streaked out on minimal medium supplemented with adenine and inositol. Recessive lethals ccln be tested for reparability by their ability to give albino colonies on complete medium. An additional feature of this heterokaryon is the facility for scoring adenine reversions along with recessive lethal mutations. This feature was included in order that certain problems of mutagen specificity might be studied. The advantages of this system can be listed as follows: (I ) S' lnce the K3/17 strain is associated with high viability, it is unlikely that the reparable mutations will be adversely influenced by the genetic background. (2) The need for sorbose at any stage in the experiment has been eliminated. (3) In contrast to the omycelial marker, the albino marker permits scoring to be done without recourse to the microscope. (4) The technique described by Atwood and Mukai can be abbreviated since the punch tube stage in the experiment is eliminated. (5) Reversion ccln also be studied with this heterokaryon. I om greatly indebted to Mrs. M. Griffiths for supplying me with much of the information concerning the performonce of this heterokoryon under experimental conditions. This work was performed at the Medical Research Council's Mutagenesis Research Unit, West Mains Rood, Edinburgh, Scotland. Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Lacy, A. M. Analysis of progeny from interallelic crosses. One of two general methods is usually employed in estimating the viable and total spore populations plated from interollelic crosses. In the first, the total spore population is estimated by counting the number of spores in an aliquot of the suspension to be plated and the viable spare population is estimated by.counting the number of colonies arising when o suitable dilution of the spore suspension is plated on supplemented medium. In the second method, the number of spores counted in an oliquot of spore suspension is used (II o rough estimate for plating purposes and the total and viable spore populations are determined by direct microscopic observation of germinated and ungerminated spores on the plates after several days' incubation. Experiments with progeny from interollelic td (tryp-3) crosses indicated that different results are obtained when the same cross is examined by both%ethods;In general, much lower and less reproducible estimates of viability were obtained by the first method. The first method provides an estimate of only those spores able to give rise to colonies, while the second gives an estimate of all those able to germinate. The first class of spores may really be much smaller than the second class and more subject to the effect of external factors, but one must consider the possibility of selection for the wild type. Possibly any wild type spore which can germinate will form a colony while not all mutant spores capable of germination ore able to form colonies on the supplemented plates. In fact, if one partulates that any spore that is wild type will germinate and form a colony, then it may be more realistic to base wild type frequencies on the total spore population regardless of the percentage of viable spores. This reasoning is supported by results from interollelic td cresses (Lacy 1959 ph. D. Thesis, Yale University ). Crosses mode at different times between the s&e hvo mutants sometimes give rise to widely differing viable spore percentages. When the wild type frequencies ore based on the viable spore population, they also vary widely. However, when the wild type frequencies we based on the total spore population, they show reassuring similarity. The following crossing and plating method used currently in our laboratory is more a product of evolution than of original creation. The basic crossing method is similar to that originally described by Ryan (1950 Methods in Med. Res. 3:51). One mutant strain is grown for 5-7 days at 25' C on slants of suitably supplemented (see following note on fertility) synthetic crossing medium (Westergaard and Mitchell 1947 Am. J. Bat. 34:573) in tubes which each contain a thin strip of Whatmon #I filter paper running about 80 mm up the tube under the ogor slant. Then conidia from a mutant strain of the opposite mating type are either dusted onto the slant or pipetted onto it as a distilled water suspension. The crosses are placed at 25 .a C and incubated for about 4-6 weeks, at which time they are either plated or stored in the refrigerator until used. Ascospore suspensions are made by adding IO ml of sterile distilled water to each crossing tube and agitating vigorously to remove the spores from the wall of the tube. After perithecia and large hunks of mycelium we removed, the entire IO ml suspension is added to 5 ml of minimal sorbose agor (maintained at 60° C ). The medium used is Vogel's minimal (Vogel 1956 Microbial Gene+. Bull. 13:42) modified to contain 0. I% sucrose and 1.0% sorbose. After thorough mixing, 0.01 ml and 0. I ml samples are pipetted onto glass slides which have grids drawn on the undersides and the agar suspension is distributed in a thin layer over the grid. The total number of spores in each sample is counted under o dissecting microscop> and the average result used as (I rough estimate of the spore concentration of the suspension. The suspension is then distributed evenly among several 50 ml quantities of minimal so&se agar (maintained at 60° C ) so that when each 50 ml is distributed over IO already-layered minimal sorbore agar plates, each plate will contain an average of from 2-6,000 spores. Before plating, the 50 ml spore suspensions ore heat-shocked for 65 min. at 60° C. (To provide a comparison of methods for viable spore estimation, samples of the original suspension are added to several tubes containing 5 ml. of liquified minimal sorbose agor supplemented with 25 /ml. of L-tryptophan. After heat shocking, the contents of the tubes are poured onto plates already layered with the smne medium, incubated, and examined for colonies for 2-4 days.) The plates are incubated for I week (or longer, if being examined for slow-growing pseudo-wild type colonies ) at 25' C or 30' C. (depending on the temperature sensitivity of the mutant strains involved ) and examined nearly every day for the occurrence of prototrophic colonies. Pseudo-wild types and heterocaryotic colonies are usually eliminated by clear-cut differences in morphology or later time of appearance on the plates (most true wild type colonies oppeor during the first 2-4 days ). In questionable cases, the prototrophic colonies are isolated, grown on minimal slants, and tested for the presence of mutant nuclei either by conidial plating or by crossing to wild type and testing for mutant progeny. At the end of 4-6 days, the viable and total spore populations ore determined. Ten fields/plate on 20 plates ore examined under a dissecting microscope and the total number of germinated and non-germinated spores/field are counted. The overage of these 100 counts is multiplied by a factor (the number of fields/average petri dish at 60X magnification on a specific microscope ) to give the total number of spores and viable spores/plate. The difference in counts between sets of IO plates in any one experiment is so small as to muke it unnecessary to count each set. In cases in which many prototrophs are recovered, their even distribution among the sets of plates confirms the validity of this procedure. The estimation of germination percentage is sometimes determined by tabulating the first 100 spores observed on each of 5 plates/experiment. The results from the two methods are in very close agreement. Map distances between allelic td mutants are expressed as the percentage of true wild types among the total progeny from o cross between two mutants. Deportment of Biological Sciences, Goucher College, Towson, Maryland. Lacy, A. M. Attempts to increase fertility Initial attempts at fine structure analysis of the td in interallelic crosses. (tryp-3) locus were frustrated by the almost cornJet, lackspore production from crosses between td mutants. A number of more or less rationally &ied methods for increasing fertility hove been tried and hove met with varying degrees of success (Lacy 1959 Ph. D. Thesis. Yale University). Some of them ore. presented here for the possible benefit of those with


An enzyme "amine transaminase", which catalyzed transamination between amines and ƒ¿-keto acids, was found to occur in certain fermentative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aero genes. Using a partially purified enzyme preparation obtained from cell extract of E. coli, some properties of the enzyme were investigated. ƒ¿-Ketoglutaric acid appeared to be the most efficient amino acceptor and substitution of ƒ¿-ketoglutaric acid by other ƒ¿-keto acid resulted in much lower activity. Putrescine, cadaverine and hexamethylenediamine were found to be active as amino donors, but the other monoamines, diamines and polyamines were inert. Treatment of the enzyme with acid ammonium sulfate resolved the enzyme into apoand coenzyme. The apoenzyme was well reac tivated by pyridoxal phosphate as well as pyridoxamine phosphate. Physiological role of the amine transaminase was suggested in relation to the metabolism of amines in bacterial cells.


traditionai rote as mute objects within a rigid patriarchy My paper seeks to demonstrate that in 'Women of Aigiers in Their Apartment' ; Assia Djebar cornes short of achieving this aim. Not oniy does she fait to develop a type of ecriture to elevate Atgerian wornen above their usual victimisation, but she atso does flot manage to reflect the appropriate means for them to throw off the veit.' I shah argue this position from two perspectives. First, I shah appty a feminist approach which wilt (...)


The neutral decay of the eta' (958) meson eta'..--> omega gamma --> pi../sup 0/..gamma gamma -->..4..gamma.. has been identified. The experiment was carried out in the IHEP 70-GeV accelerator by means of the multiphoton hodoscopic spectrometer GAMS-2000. The measured branching ratio of decay eta'..--> omega gamma.. (BR = 0.0330 +- 0.0036) is in agreement with theoretical predictions.


Background: Neurotrophic factors such as NT-3 play an important role in spinal cord regeneration, contributing to spinal cord regeneration assisting functional improvement in SCI. ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 , an analog of the N-terminal fragment (4-10) adrenocorticotropic hormone, is one of the neuroprotective compounds that can increase NT-3 levels in brain ischemia. Therefore, we conducted a study with experimental animals to determine the effect of NT-3 expression on ACTH4-10Pro 8 Gly 9 -Pro 10 administration in acute compression SCI. Method: We used Sprague Dawley rats with acute compression SCI model using 20 gr and 35 gr aneurysm clips. ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 was administered intranasally to the treatment group, and 0.9% NaCl was administered intranasally to the positive control group. Both of the groups then terminated at 3 and 6 hours. Results: In rats with mild SCI that were given ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 , the NT -3 expression after 3 hours and 6 hours was 14 (12-17) and 10 (7-13). In rats with severe SCI given ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 , the NT-3 expression after 3 hours and 6 hours was 9 (6-11) and 8 (7-10). Intranasal administration of ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 showed higher NT-3 expression than the group with 0.9% NaCl in mild and severe SCI. Conclusion: Intranasal administration of ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 can increase NT-3 expression in mild and severe acute SCI at 3 and 6 hours. Expression of NT-3 in the group with ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 -Pro 10 mild acute SCI was higher than in the group with severe acute SCI. Further research needs to be done to determine the neuroregeneration effect of ACTH4-10Pro 8 -Gly 9 Pro 10 on SCI.


The invention relates to a treatment method for reducing nitrosodimethylamine in water by catalyzing zero-valent iron through a copper corrosion product. The method comprises the following steps of adding 5 to 10mmol/L of copper corrosion product and 10 to 20g/L of iron powder into water containing the nitrosodimethylamine; adjusting a pH value to be 6.5 to 7.5, placing on a rotating reactor for rotating at the rotating speed of 40 to 80r/min and reacting for 3 to 24 hours, wherein the copper corrosion product is one of copper oxide, cuprous oxide, copper hydroxide, basic cupric carbonate and copper ions. According to the treatment method disclosed by the invention, in the process of using the copper corrosion product to catalyze the zero-valent iron for reducing NDMA (Nitrosodimethylamine), an obvious catalytic effect (the removal rate of the NDMA can reach 99.9 percent) is realized, and the NDMA as a strongly carcinogenic substance in the water can be effectively controlled, so that the safety of drinking water is guaranteed.


The Foundation for Interior Design Education and Research (FIDER) distributed copies of "Standards and Guidelines for the Accreditation of Post Professional Master's Degree Programs in Interior Design" in 1985. Open discussion was encouraged. However, to date there is a lack of activity in the accreditation of grdduate programs with only one graduate program seeking accreditation. Perhaps the lack of activity in accrediting grdduate programs is symptomatic of how little those who developed the FIDER guidelines know about the range of existing programs and the directions for graduate education faculties are finding appropriate to take. The overdll objective of this study was to examine the existing interior design graduate programs in the United States and Canada by surveying schools with interior design graduate programs which had at least one member of the Interior Design Educators Council (IDEC) and to establish a current and comprehensive knowledge base of program similarities and differences. Additionally, there was a pressing need for information on which to base judgements for setting accrediting requirements. Because of the exploratory nature of this research. the research question, "What are the commonalities and differences in graduate interior design programs?" was the impetus for the study. Specific information in four major categories was collected: 1. Program characteristics: 0 list of graduate programs in interior design 0 academic base of programs (human ecology, art. architecture) 0 accreditation status of its under-


Abstract We propose an MPC framework to address impulsive dynamical systems, i.e. systems in which the state trajectories are permitted to have discontinuities (jumps) in response to impulsive controls. We describe how previous results on sampled-data trajectories, invariance of sets, optimal control, and stability in the context of impulsive systems can be used and adapted to a sampled-data MPC framework. We provide sufficient conditions on the design parameters of the optimal control problems that guarantee: (i) feasibility of the sequence of optimal control problems, and (ii) stability of the controlled system.


EMI-BF4-Cl melt has some attractive properties such as a low melting point below room temperature, a low reactivity to air and moisture, a wide electrochemical window of ca. 3V, and a high solubility of metal chlorides. The last one is appropriate to study the electrode reaction of various kinds of metal ions, which are difficult to dissolve in other room temperature molten salts except chloroaluminate melts. Therefore, we have been investigating the electrochemistry of metal ions such as In(III), Sn(II), Pb(II), and Sb(III) in the EMI-BF4-Cl melt, and the results have demonstrated that such metals are each electrodeposited. In this study, the possibility of the electrodeposition of In-Sn alloys was examined.


There are many reasons to cause inflation in China according to the analysis,and the main reason goes to excessive projects and trade surplus for the central bank to be forced to buy back US base money.Thus,moderate appreciation of RMB is the effective measure to reduce the surplus and mitigate inflation.


The paper presents results of model experiment by definition of reclamation efficiency of elemental sulfur of Atyrau oil-gas refining factory on the soda-saline soils. Soda formation in soil of foothill plain of Northern Tien-Shan is an uninterrupted process. Systematic applications of gypsum or phosphor-gypsum are uneconomic and sulfuric acid is unsafe in the ecological relations. That is why our research task is to transform alkalinity soil of high level to its neutral level using elemental sulfur of refinery (more than 8 million tons). The results of lab model experiments showed that at application of 0.221 milligram equivalent elemental sulfur into 100 gram of soil during 30, 60, 90 and 120 days respectively 14, 22, 27 and 32% transform to sulfur trioxide (SO ) which form sulfuric acid, the latter interacting with alkaline salt of sodium (Na CO and NaHCO ) 3 23 3 2-


This paper investigates the synchronization problem of nonlinear multi-agent systems with time-varying control in the presence of transmission delay over a communication network. To facilitate the study, a novel delayed differential inequality with time-varying coefficients is first established. Then, the synchronization problem is recast into the stability problem of a delayed differential system with certain time-dependent parameter. A sufficient criterion is further formulated to guarantee the synchronization. The mathematical proof reveals that the time average of the control strength is crucial for reaching synchronization. Together with the agent dynamics and the topology, this average also governs the largest admissible delay. Moreover, the criterion is applied to synchronization problems with general on-off coupling under data sampling and delayed communications, respectively. Some useful corollaries are consequently deduced. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the validity of our theoretical results.


Conjugate addition of benzylamine to chiral methyl cis-3-aziridin-2-yl-acrylates was successfully proceeded to yield 3-aziridin-2-yl-3-benzylaminopropionates in high yield with high stereoselectivity. The addition products were used for the asymmetric synthesis of vicinal diamine derivatives including 4amino-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 3,4-diaminopentanoate, and 5-chloromethyl-4-alkoxycarbonylmethylimidazolidin-2-one. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Synthesis of stereochemically well-defined 1,2-diamines is still a great challenge to many organic chemists due to their vast utilities as catalysts, metal-ligands, and sub-unit of some natural products. Especially b,c-diamino acids and their cyclic forms like 4-aminopyrrolidin-2-one and imidazolidin-2-one have unique properties as peptidomimetics and as constituents of biologically active molecules including renin-inhibitory statin analogs, antifungal and cytotoxic microsclerodermins, and antipsychotic nemonapride. Furthermore, the reduced form of 4-aminopyrrolidin-2-one provides an entry into the 3-aminopyrrolidine family of alkaloids (Fig. 1). Considering the vast utilities of these compounds, limited methods are available and most of which is based on a-amino acids as starting material through homologations followed by introducing one more amine functionality. These known methods were suffered from the limited sources of starting substrates and the multi-reaction steps including low yield. In this Letter is described a general and facile synthetic method to access enantiomerically pure anti b,c-diamino acids and their cyclic forms using chiral aziridine. During last several years we have shown that enantiomerically pure aziridine-2-carboxylate is a configurationally stable surrogate of aor b-amino acids. Homologation and proper functionalization of carboxylate followed by aziridine ring opening provided many valuable compounds such as unnatural amino acids, sphinganine, phytosphingosine, ceramide analogs, and terminal 1,2-diamines. Homologation by two carbons and introduction of one more amino group adjacent to the aziridine-ring will be able to provide a good synthetic intermediate toward the targeted b,cdiamino acids and their cyclic forms. At first transand cis-3-[{(10R)-phenylethylaziridine}-(2R)and (2S)-yl]-acrylates were selectively prepared from aziridine-2-carboxaldehyde. The reaction of [(1R)-phenylethylaziridine]-(2R)carboxaldehyde with (EtO)2POCH2CO2R yielded trans-3-[{(10R)phenylethylaziridin}-(2S)-yl]-acrylate in more than 95% yield with the ratio of 98:2 regardless of R (methyl and ethyl). The same reaction with Ph3PCH2CO2R leading to alkyl cis-3-[{(10R)-phenylethylaziridin}-(2R)and (2S)-yl]-acrylates, 1 and 2, was also successfully provided in more than 93% yield with the ratio of 88:12 (R = Me) and 86:14 (R = Et). Interestingly, only the cis and trans isomers bearing methyl ester were chromatographically CO2H R NH2


Anomalies observed in electromagnetic generation of ultrasound in aluminum are explained on the basis of known Fermi-surface geometry. At large values of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c} \ensuremath{\tau}$ the topology of the second-zone hole sheet permits only holelike cyclotron orbits, while for small values of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c} \ensuremath{\tau}$ the local curvature of the hole sheet is mostly electronlike. If follows that the effective number of electronlike and holelike carriers must be allowed to vary with magnetic field. These features, together with the Bragg-reflection force (caused by accelerating holes), are incorporated into the theory of electromagnetic generation. The observed anomalies are explained without using any adjustable parameter.


S lides are static things, save when we move them around the stage. The motion of cells, or their impact on surrounding structures can only be inferred, not observed. Few dermatopathologists still use terms such as ''junctional activity,'' but many speak or write of ''upward migration of melanocytes,'' ''maturation with descent,'' and ''expansile nodules.'' Some inference is necessary; otherwise, in a purely reductionist mode we can only really describe colored blobs. Some clues to diagnosis rest with the seeming ascent of cells or fibers within the epidermis. Examples of this range from the obvious (pagetoid spread of the cells of melanoma) to the sometimes subtle (elastic fibers in elastosis perforans serpiginosa). An often overlooked clue in this vein is pictured herein (on the cover, and Figure 1). Cytoid bodies in the upper reaches of the epidermis in lichenoid drug eruption were first noted by Lachapelle and colleagues. They compared the histopathologic findings in 15 cases of idiopathic lichen planus with those of 15 cases of lichenoid drug eruption. Along with focal parakeratosis and focal interruption of the granular layer, they noted cytoid bodies in the cornified and granular layers in lichenoid drug eruption; they found the latter in 9 of their cases, but not in idiopathic lichen planus. A study that I participated in published a year later did not note this finding, but subsequent experience gives me the impression that the observation is sound. Why is the differential diagnosis between lichenoid drug eruption and idiopathic lichen planus important? Often, the patients in whom the question arises are older, and on medications for cardiovascular disease—beta-blockers, antihypertensive agents, diuretics, and the like. While the comment ''I cannot rule out a drug eruption'' may reassure a pathologist, it can unsettle a clinician. Imagine the patient with an unstable heart rhythm, a bit of congestive failure, and hypertension. The cardiologist may have just barely gotten to a point at which he or she can relax for a bit, and here comes the dermatologist with the news that the patient's medications need to be withdrawn, one at a time. In these circumstances, one needs to be as sure as one can about the possibility of a lichenoid drug eruption. Some other things to keep in mind are: lichenoid photodermatitis is more apt to look like lichen planus under the microscope than a generalized lichenoid drug eruption is extensive parakeratosis and an interrupted cornified layer, involvement of the deep plexus, and the presence of more than rare neutrophils, eosinophils, or plasma cells are more common in a lichenoid drug eruption than in lichen planus; conversely, wedge shaped hypergranulosis and compact hyperkeratosis are more common in lichen planus confluent masses of many colloid bodies are more common in lichenoid drug eruption than in idiopathic lichen planus eosinophils can be plentiful in hypertrophic lichen planus plasma cells can predominate in a variant of lichen planus the onset of the eruption may be long after the introduction of the drug, and its resolution can be delayed as well. Some clinicians may well need to be reminded of this, as the temporal characteristics of lichenoid drug eruption often differs from that of urticarial or morbilliform drug eruptions. They may wrongly dismiss the possibility of a lichenoid drug eruption if medications have not been changed for a year or two. Why do the dead keratinocytes in lichenoid drug eruptions sometimes veer up as well as down? It is tempting to speculate that lichenoid drug eruptions may have more vigorous epidermopoiesis, and that the parakeratosis that one sometimes sees is related to this as well. A caution is that this mechanism is sometimes responsible for upward migration, but that the process is more complex than that. In acral nevi, there is no evidence that brisk epidermopoiesis accounts for the presence of melanocytes above the basal layer. The interaction of melanocytes with keratinocytes and the factors that normally tether melanocytes to the basal layer are only now being elucidated, and are quite complex. It is unlikely that such factors as cadherins and integrins will be without a role in this drama. While Gougerot and Civatte once believed that colloid bodies derived from dermal structures, we now know that they are composed of fibrils from dead keratinocytes. Whether, and how the dead* communicate with the living is a matter for future investigators to study.


This talk will describe the physics of driven nucleation and growth in battery materials. The resulting nonequilibrium pattern formation may be either reaction-limited or transport limited. Examples of the former include driven phase separation in Li-ion batteries, electrodeposition in Li-air batteries, and Li plating in Li-ion batteries, controlled by electro-autocatalysis and competing electrochemical reactions. Examples of the latter include stable electrodeposition in Li-metal batteries with charged porous separators, controlled by deionization shock waves.


In Israel, all four medical schools offer courses in the behavioral a nd social sciences (BSS),but there are some difficulties and problems in impleme ntation process.This article describes the general situation on BSS education to medical stuclents, faces barriers , and proposes the approaches to overcome them.


The security and privacy of the Internet of Things has an impact on the involved stakeholders. Measures ensuring the architecture's resilience to attacks,data confidentiality,access control and client privacy need to be established.A novel transmission model of IoT is proposed with trusted computing technology.And signcryption schemes from bilinear pairings,which realizes the security requirement of IoT in ONS query and object information transmission.A security architecture and security protocols in the EPC ONS query system have been designed in this model.Root-ONS can authenticate the identities and platform creditability of local ONS servers (L-ONS) by trusted authentication server(TAS),and the TAS give a temporary certificate to validated L-ONS who can apply for enquiry services many times with the certificate in the validated time.A security ONS query service with anonymous authentication provides only to those authorized and trusted L-ONS,which prevents the illegal ONS to enquire information of things.In the transmission process,Remote Information Server of Things(R-TIS) wraps the information of things into multiple encryption layers with the routing node's public key according the order of responded nodes from the end to the start.The encryption data is decrypted the outer layer at each routing node,until the Local Information Server of Things(L-TIS) receives the plain text. Meanwhile,the responded nodes can check the integrity of received data and the creditability of routing path in the transmitting procedure.The analysis shows that the novel transmission model of IoT has many properties,such as security,anonymity,trustworthy and attack-resistant.


The environmental effects of different building structures were analyzed using environmental impact assessment model based on the building environmental performance analysis system(BEPAS)and the building health impact analysis system(BHIAS).The impacts of three different structures(frame shear wall structure,frame structure and brick masonry structure)in 17residential buildings were assessed to show that residential buildings have greater effect on ecosystem rather than on resource and human health. Structural type significantly affects the building environmental impact.The WTP(willingness-to-pay)of the frame shear wall structure is 60% higher than that of the frame structure and is twice that of the brick masonry structure. The main environmental effects are due to the reinforced concrete and earthwork.The main loads for all three structures are the concrete,diesel and electric consumption.


Delonix regia (Bojerex Hook.) Raf., Popularly known as Flamboyant is a tree species, widely used in Brazil and of high ornamental value, belonging to the Fabaceae family, native to 1 Graduando em Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, email@example.com 2 Engenheira Florestal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, firstname.lastname@example.com 3 Estatística, Doutora em Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, firstname.lastname@example.com 4 Eng o Agr o , Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, email@example.com 5 Eng a Agr a , Doutora em Agronomia da UNESP, Professora na Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, firstname.lastname@example.com Madagascar. The forest species have low percentages of germination and the presence of microorganisms can cause anomalies and lesions in the seedlings, as well as the deterioration of these seeds, affecting the sanitary, physiological and physical quality of the seeds. In this way, sanitary quality assumes an important role, as it reflects in the production of good quality seedlings. Therefore the present work had the objective of analyzing the influence of the sanitization of seeds with sodium hypochlorite on seed germination and seedling quality of Delonix regia. The seeds were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in two concentrations (2.5 and 5%) in two immersion times (5 and 10 minutes), in addition to a control treatment, whose seeds were not sanitized. The experimental design was a completely randomized design and the several characteristics studied were analyzed according to a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. In the laboratory and nursery the percentage of germination, first count, germination speed index, shoot length, root main and total, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. In the nursery it was also evaluated the collection diameter and number of leaves. There was no effect of NaClO in the variables analyzed for flamboyant seedlings in the laboratory, since the seedlings seedling emergence velocity, first count, shoot length and total length, obtained better results when NaClO time of 10 minutes.


The study is backgrouded by the low quality of education in Indonesia which is caused by some factors, such as the issue of uncomplitely facilities. It is the teaching material. This study is purposed to know the using of teaching material in eleventh social class SMA Negeri 18 Surabaya and decent of it in the teaching activity. The approach of study is descriptive study with quantity approach. The study instrument are using interview and expert review of sheet questionnaires. The result of expert review is obtained based on scored accounted of likert scale. The result of this study said the teaching material applied in SMA Negeri 18 Surabaya is LKS printing of Kharisma. The result of a teaching material's expert said that a teaching material in Kharisma LKS has decented to be used in learning teaching process. Keyword : Teaching Material


Objective: To assess the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in &bgr;-thalassemia major and correlate it with chelation therapy. Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven subjects with &bgr;-thalassemia major, aged 1 to 20 years, were enrolled in our prospective cohort. Clinical details were recorded. Baseline oral glucose tolerance test, serum insulin, C peptide, and insulin resistance were measured. The biochemical profile was repeated after 6 months. Results: The mean age of subjects was 7.43±4.48 years. Eight (11.9%) subjects had impaired fasting glucose, 7 (10.4%) had impaired glucose tolerance, and 1 (1.4%) subject had diabetes at baseline. Subjects with abnormal glucose profile had longer disease duration (95% confidence interval [CI] of difference=−6.64 to −0.68; P=0.019) and higher fasting blood glucose (95% CI of difference=−32.1 to −10.5; P=0.001) and serum ferritin (95% CI of difference=−219.8 to −3.4; P=0.001) than normoglycemic subjects. Insulin resistance and serum ferritin showed significant increase at 6 months (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). Patients on deferiprone alone significantly improved glucose homeostasis on follow-up than those on desferrioxamine or combination therapy of desferrioxamine and deferiprone (P<0.05). Conclusions: Prolonged disease duration and higher serum ferritin adversely affects glucose homeostasis in thalassemic children. Deferiprone was the most effective chelator to improve glucose homeostasis in chronically transfused thalassemics.


Parkinsons disease (PD) diagnosis is challenging due to subtle early clinical signs. F-DOPA PET is commonly used for early PD diagnosis. We explore the potential of machine-learning (ML) based EEG features extracted from single-channel EEG during auditory cognitive assessment as a noninvasive, low-cost support for PD diagnosis. The study included data collected from 32 participants who underwent an F-DOPA PET scan as part of their standard treatment and 20 cognitively healthy controls. Participants performed an auditory cognitive assessment recorded with Neurosteer EEG device. Data processing involved wavelet-packet decomposition and ML. First, a prediction model was developed to predict 1/3 of the undisclosed F-DOPA results. Then, generalized linear mixed models were calculated to distinguish between PD and non-PD subjects on the frequency bands and ML-based EEG features (A0 and L1) previously associated with cognitive functions. The prediction model accurately labeled patients with unrevealed scores as positive F-DOPA. Novel EEG feature A0 and the Delta band showed significant separation between study groups, with healthy controls exhibiting higher activity than PD patients. EEG feature L1 activity was significantly lower in resting state compared to high-cognitive load. This effect was absent in the PD group, suggesting that lower activity in resting state is lacking in PD patients. This study successfully demonstrated the ability to separate patients with positive vs. negative F-DOPA PET results with an easy-to-use single-channel EEG during an auditory cognitive assessment. Future longitudinal studies should further explore the potential utility of this tool for early PD diagnosis and as a potential biomarker in PD.


As the final report of Project 158 of the International Geological Correlation Programme (Fluvial Processes in the Temperate Zone during the last 15000 Years), this work is to be commended for the continuing sympathy of the publisher for the cause of fluvial geomorphology, and for the assiduity of the editors in assembling a far-ranging series of contributions. There are three introductory chapters, 14 regional case studies, six chapters on perspectives, and an end-note on frequency of publications. It is impossible here to deal with the chapters individually. Suffice it to say that the case studies are all European, except for one from western Siberia (which could usefully have made more of the work of I. A. Volkov). There is nothing from North America or from Australia, although the general review chapter by Starkel (Ch. 21) goes some way to remedying this deficiency. Some of the authors of case studies have been perforce constrained by regional settings, but have met the difficulties effectively; thus, Chapters 4-6 and 16 treat formerly glaciated areas, in which postglacial rebound is important. Somewhat specialized studies include those of forealpine Swiss lakes (Ch. 13), the lower Danube delta (Ch. 15, a largely morphological study), glacier fluctuations in Scandinavia (Ch. 18), and the palaeogeography of limestone areas (Ch. 19). It will already be clear that the narrow reading of temperate zone is countered by a broad interpretation of palaeohydrology. Indeed, if hydrology is the study of water quantity, then palaeohydrology is the study of former water quantity. Some contributions seem not to address this topic, concentrating instead on the history of sedimentation and/or erosion. Such is the case with Ch. 7 (Sussex Ouse), where earlier literature is dealt with uncritically, and later literature in part disregarded. The chapter on the Severn ignores the middle reaches, where Osage-type underfitness was first identified in Britain, REFERENCE


Introduction: Nigella Sativa or Black Cumin is an annual flowering plant that can be used for wound treatment. In the treatment for wound healing, this plant contains many beneficial components that can help with the treatment but this plant utilisation in the medical field is still limited. This review will provide an overview of the advantages when this plant is used in the wound healing treatment. Method: The review was based on the ROSES protocol, and the databases used were ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. After the search, only 11 papers had been chosen to be included in the results and they were divided into four main themes that were used for the analysis of the results. Results: The themes were gross analysis, microscopic analysis, biochemical analysis and antimicrobial analysis. Conclusion: In conclusion, the black seed extract contains several valuable properties, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which help improve the wound healing process. Further study needs to be done to discover more potential of Nigella Sativa in treating the wound. ARTICLE HISTORY: Received: 29 January 2021 Accepted: 14 June 2021 Published: 31 July 2021


Aim: The authors hereby present a case of giant frontal-ethmoid sinus osteoma which is not so rare but in the present case, the size and orbital involvement of this tumor make it a unique case. Introduction: Paranasal sinus osteoma most commonly presents in frontal sinuses. Their growth is slow, and patients usually seek physician's advice only for cosmetic reasons. Case Description: A 20-year-old female presented to us with the complaint of proptosis of left eye near medial canthus for last 6 months. After investigations, she was diagnosed with frontal-ethmoid sinus osteoma, which was excised by endoscopic approach. There was dense, compact bone and broad trabeculae of mature bone i.e. compact osteoma which was confirmed on histopathology. Conclusion: Paranasal sinus osteomas are slow-growing bony tumors, which are amenable to complete cure provided adequate preoperative planning and conscientious surgical technique is used.


The general aim of this research is to develop techniques which characterize venous blood flow from the brain during elevated intracranial pressure from an analysis of the physiologic signals provided by the bedside monitor. The specific aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that during intact regulation of cerebral blood flow, change of intracranial blood volume is synchronized with jugular pressure changes associated with positive pressure ventilation. As a corollary to this hypothesis, when regulation of cerebral blood flow fails, changes of intracranial blood volume are not synchronized with the respiratory cycle. With the use of a laboratory model, arterial, intracranial, and jugular pressure signals were digitally recorded during regulation and deregulation of cerebral blood flow. Comparison of these signals for the two conditions reveal that during regulation of cerebral blood flow changes of cerebral btood volume are synchronized with the two phases of ventilation. In contrast, during deregulation of cerebral blood flow variations of cerebral blood volume are not synchronized wilh ventilation.


A challenging problem of today's ADC design is a development of low voltage, low power and possibly high performance converters. The ever growing demand for decreasing the supply voltage of semiconductor devices due to scaling the feature size of VLSI technology has pushed the design of analog integrated circuit to its limits. The same problem concerns the analog-to-digital converters since lowering supply voltage results in a reduction of a voltage increment corresponding to the least significant bit (LSB) in signal amplitude quantization. In the paper, an important alternative to conventional ADCs is presented. To overcome problems with decreasing accuracy of amplitude quantization, a new class of asynchronous ADCs is discussed where the mapping of an analog signal into time domain rather than into amplitude domain is used. The asynchronous ADCs are not controlled by any global clock but self-timed. The local reference clock is used only to quantize time intervals that represent the converted signal amplitude. The design of asynchronous Sigma-Delta analog-to-digital converter (ASD-ADC) with serial output interface is discussed in details. The ASD-ADC together with the loss-free asynchronous analog signal recovery method developed recently provides possibility to establish the asynchronous digital signal processing chain.


This chapter examines cultural responses to roads in medieval Wales and shows that there is a growing body of evidence that roads were constructed in medieval Wales before the Edwardian conquest, despite a popular belief that roads in pre-modern Wales are scarcely worthy of note. It is argued on the basis of a variety of Welsh-language texts that roads played a significant part in the construction of identity in medieval Wales. The texts examined including native tales, the laws of Hywel Dda, and pre- and post-conquest poetry, including that of Dafydd ap Gwilym. It is argued that the road-building undertaken by Edward I's armies resulted not only in a changed physical landscape but also in poetic reimaginings of the relationship between the Welsh community and its environment.


In the atmosphere of the Sun the major interaction between the matter and the radiation is through light absorption by ions (predominantly the negative ion of hydrogen atoms), neutral atoms and a small amount of polar molecules. The majority of stars in the universe are, however, cooler and denser than our Sun, and for a large fraction of these, the above absorption processes are very weak. Here, collision-induced absorption (CIA) becomes the dominant opacity source. The radiation is absorbed during very short mutual passages ("collisions") of two non-polar molecules (and/or atoms), while their electric charge distributions are temporarily distorted which gives rise to a transient dipole moment. We present here a review of the present-day knowledge about the impact of collision-induced absorption processes on the structure and the spectrum of such stars.


In developing countries, political business cycles may have implications not only for incumbent governments and their electorates but also for foreign actors involved in allocating credit and pricing it appropriately for investment. We examine this proposition with data on major credit rating agency sovereign risk ratings and market-determined credit spreads on bond yields for developing countries holding presidential elections in the 1980s and 1990s. We find that agency sovereign risk ratings decrease and bond spreads increase for developing countries during election periods. Both agencies and bondholders appear to view elections in developing countries negatively, and impose additional credit costs.


The polarity of GaN surface may have a substantial influence on its electronic structure, So the (0001) and (112̄0) surfaces and their electronic structures are studied based on density-functional theory using the local-density approximation (LDA) as well as the hybrid functional approach were studied by First-principles study. It presents the change of surface atoms position and analyses the surface electronic structure. Also the obvious relaxation appears which effects the electric field polarization direction a lot, that is the reason why our chip grown along (112̄0) surface has better property. The band gap of GaN (0001) surface is obviously narrower than that of GaN (112̄0), leading to the luminescence spectra shift red also.


This paper debates some new additional arguments that support the long quality of the final nominative, vocative and accusative singular forms of the -u neuter nouns of the fourth Latin declension. The author reaffirms his previous view that these forms
have short -u .


The purpose of the "Medicine in Challenging Environments" app, published in 2014 by the Mayo Clinic, is stated as ". . . to provide practical, evidence-based multi-specialty knowledge . . ." for the primary care physician to provide guidance for their patients who engage in high adventure activities and to assist high adventurers in their planning for such activities. The app editors are 3 Mayo Clinic physicians: Dr. Jan Stepanek (internist and aerospace medicine), Dr. Robert Johnson (pediatrician) and Dr. Daniela Cocco (Mayo Clinic Aerospace Medicine and Vestibular Research Laboratory researcher). The content of the application is organized in 3 main sections with multiple chapters in each section: Environments, Specific Clinical Problems and Special Considerations. This "app" is essentially a book. Navigation through the app is similar to most book-type apps. The "Home" tab leads to an introduction and hypoxia, temperature and wind/pressure calculators. The "Chapters" tab leads to all the book chapters. Each chapter is broken down into subsections. Swiping up/down scrolls a single page and swiping left and right changes pages, sections and chapters. The app is searchable by keyword. The only interactive aspects of the app are the hypoxia, temperature and wind/ pressure calculators. The content of the "Environments" section focuses on the human physiology and medical/clinical considerations as related to exposure to extremes of environmental conditions including hyper/hypo-gravity, altitude, hydration, ionizing radiation, thermal, etc.. There is also a chapter on motor sports but there is no specific chapter or content dedicated to undersea/hyperbaric medicine. The content of the "Specific Clinical Problems" focuses on medical sub-specialty specific management of travel-related medical problems and is not really related directly to the "Environments" section of the app. Each chapter has "Clinical Vignette(s)" which describes a clinical case(s) that a clinician may encounter, which enhances the practical aspect of the app. The content of the "Special Considerations" section has chapters focusing on survival strategies. For the clinician without knowledge or previous experience in guiding patients who might be facing extreme environmental conditions, this app would be a very good basic reference. The editors do attempt to make the information practical by including clinical cases ("Clinical Vignettes"). However, the challenge with any clinical reference is that it is difficult to anticipate every clinical scenario that one may face and every chapter of book could be a book in and of themselves. Moreover, clinical practice can change very quickly, so the information needs to be updated frequently. The most useful section of the app, as it relates to the title of the app, is the "Environments" section. The "Hydration" and "Thermal" chapters of this section, written by Dr. Stephen Cheung of Brock University (Canada), and Dr. Christopher Tyler of Roehampton University (UK), 2 physiologists with extensive research background in the fields, are very thorough and provide very practical information related to strategies for managing one's hydration and how to deal with heat and cold stress, respectively. The "Specific Clinical Problems" section is essentially a Travel Medicine reference. The "Special Considerations" section has survival strategies chapters. Some added interactivity within each chapter would make the app more interesting. Medicine in Challenging Environments is available in the Apple App Store, and is compatible with iPad but not iPhone or Mac OS. Currently $CAN 9.99, the app is reasonably priced.


We studied experimentally the post ischemic effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia in 20 rats. Arteria mesenterica was clemped in all animals for 180 minutes ischemic period. At the end of ischemic period, 0.9% NaCI (25 ml/g/h) olution was started to infuse via jugular catheter for total 60 minutes in control group (n=10). A solution that containing 2 ngr PGE1 in 0.9% NaCI (50 ngr/kgr/h) for 60 minutes in PGE1 group (n=°10). After 24 hours observation perriod, ischemic intestinal segment was examined macroscopically and microscopically in both groups and serum ceratin phosphokinase (CPK) lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and inorganic phosphorus levels were measured at 0th and 24th hr. Edema and mucosal epithelia fading lesser in severity in PGE1 group than control group, but not statstically significant (p>0.05) Congestron and hemorrage less severe in PGE 1 group than control group and statistically significant. CPK, LDH and inorganic phosphorus levels at 0 and 24th hr were not stastically significant in both groups and were increased significantly at 24th hour (P<0.01). In cocclusion, exogenous PGE1 protects ishemic intestine by dilation of mesenteric vasculature, arrangement of trombocyte formation; and decreament of lysosomal enzymes. [Turk J Med Res 1995; 13(5):169-173]


Investigating the permeability and porosity of geological samples is a routine element of geological studies, and of particular interest to the oil and gas industry. Core-flood experiments are commonly performed on rock samples to measure transport characteristics in the laboratory. This paper reports the design and implementation of a high resolution distributed pressure measurement system for core-flood experiments. A series of microfabricated pressure sensors are embedded in bolts housed within the pressurized polymer sheath that encases the rock core. A feedthrough technology has been developed to provide lead transfer between the sensors and system electronics across a 230-bar pressure difference. The system has been successfully benchtop tested with fluids such as synthetic oil and/or gas. Pressure measurements were recorded over a dynamic range of 20 bar with a resolution as small as 0.3 mbar.


measured in skin by this technique. Regardless of the ability of the commercial product's moisturizing base to aid penetration of tyrosine to the basal cell layer of the epidermis where melanocytes cluster on UV irradiation, no increased tanning was found. In fact, the pretan product containing .05% tvrosine worked less well than did the experimental formula containing .01% tyrosine. Additional interpretations can be made. That the groups receiving topical tyrosine plus irradiation tanned less well than the glycine group may have been due to tyrosine acting as a sunscreen in some way. Other compounds applied topically with related structures have been found to have sunscreening capabilities, for instance, caffeine and theophylline. Oral butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) has been shown to protect against UV damage to skin. Another possibility is that excess tyrosine actually inhibits pigmentation by being specifically toxic to melanocytes because they possess tyrosinase activity. Melanocytes may be able to control such toxicity in vivo under normal physiological conditions, but may not be able to control excess tyrosine applied daily. Alternatively, tyrosine may just be cleared so fast from the cell that there is never a buildup that could be used to enhance tanning. However theresults are interpreted, it is clear that tyrosine given orally or topically did not result in enhancing melanin formation in pigmented hairless mice.


Medusagyne oppositifolia Baker is the sole member of Medusagynaceae Engl. & Gilg and its phylogenetic position has been unclear. Analysis of rbcL sequence data indicates a close and strongly supported relationship to Ochnaceae and Quiinaceae, but does not resolve the relationships between these taxa. Together the three families form a monophyletic group with a somewhat more distant relationship to other linalean groups including Malpighiaceae, Linaceae and phyllanthoid Euphorbiaceae.


. In this paper we investigate the reconstruction of compressed sensed ECG signals using patient specific dictionaries and several types of projection matrices (matrices with random i.i.d. elements sampled from the Gaussian or Bernoulli distributions, and matrices optimized for the particular dictionary used in reconstruction by means of appropriate algorithms). We analysed two ways of building dictionaries used in the reconstruction phase, i.e ., with and without centered R -wave. The best results were obtained with optimized projection matrix with respect to the dictionary and patient specific dictionary with centered R -wave.


In this paper, dynamics of a high-penetration, no-storage wind-diesel (HPNSWD) system subjected to line faults are studied. It is found that the effect of induction generator electrical parameters on generator electromagnetic torque, system frequency and generator terminal voltage is significant, especially for the rotor resistance, which is able to significantly affect all the three target performances. Therefore, it will be the most effective way to improve the system dynamics by controlling the rotor resistance. It is also found that the system dynamics would be significantly improved by disposing a distribution transformer. However, the effectiveness depends on the installation position. A distribution transformer installed at the generator side will just reduce the generator terminal voltage and electromagnetic torque disturbance. If it is installed at the load side, all of the three system performances can be significantly improved.


A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system, with N transmit and two receive antennas, is considered with transmit beamforming and transmit antenna selection. We select best two out of N antennas using delayed channel state information (CSI). Then, transmit beamforming is carried out using the same delayed CSI. A closed form expression of bit error rate is derived in simple form for BPSK modulation. The expression was derived as a function of of correlation coefficient (p) between perfect CSI available at the receiver and delayed feedback of it, which is used for antenna selection and transmit beamforming. We observe that the bit error rate (BER) performance degrades, when correlation ρ decreases from one. We present simulation results and compare with the analytical results. We also derive some special cases of the proposed system and compare the results available in the literature.


Study on production optimization and scheduling has always been the focus of attention and research by the scholars in manufacturing industry. After analyzing research achievements in manufacturing production informatization of several scholars at home and abroad, this paper regards the production schedule arrangements of small and medium-sized automobile parts enterprises as research object and uses popular economical knowledge--Excel to establish an application model which can be used to achieve an optimum production arrangement, in order to reduce the production cost and improve the production efficiency. Then taking Sanai automobile parts Co. LTD for example, we carry out positive analysis and verification.


Abstract The pseudo-shock wave (PSW) region of flow diffusion, which appears when a supersonic flow in a duct decelerates to a subsonic flow, is a complicated process involving a multi-faceted interaction between the duct's peripheral boundary layer and the central shock-wave field. It is made up of an upstream shock train region, comprised of lambda and oblique shock waves, and a downstream mixing region, both of which significantly influence the effective performance of the desired flow diffusion process. In this article, the PSW in two variable-cross-sectional ducts, edge- and corner-varied in transforming from a rectangular to a circular duct moving downstream, was researched through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation. The PSW flowfields in circular and rectangular ducts were also computed to be counterparts. The identical inflow parameters (Ma = 2.0, T0 = 298 K and P0 = 100 kPa) in combination with different pressure ratios (Pb/ Pi = 2.8—3.8) were considered. The characteristics of the PSW phenomenon, such as the leading edge of the PSW, length of the shock train, mass-weighted average parameters at the exit, and so on, were analysed. For these cases, with the same pressure ratio Pb/ Pi = 3.8, the shock train length in the corner-varied duct is the shortest, and its capability of supporting backpressure is the weakest of the four ducts. For these cases, with the same leading edge of the PSW at X = 0.167L, a shorter and wider corner flow separation region appears in the variable-cross-sectional edge-varied duct in comparison with the rectangular duct. With regard to the length of shock train, level of internal drag, and capability to support backpressure, the edge-varied duct is the superior design choice. An advantage of the edge-varied duct is the improved internal drag: an additive thrust is produced to partly offset the drag due to the duct's axial divergence-angle setting. Based on an analysis of the PSW flow pattern in these ducts, it has been established that the wall-pressure distributions of the shock train can be well predicted by the modified Waltrup formula after the introduction of an equivalent diameter and an exponent α for Reθ.


Self-directed learning, "an approach enabling to engage learners in the learning process "to acquire higher-order thinking outcomes" (Borich , 2004 : 294), should be the primary focus at higher maritime education and training. This focus could be attributed to such peculiar characteristics of adult learning as the willingness to put the knowledge and skills gained immediately into practice, the high interests in learning the subject matters directly related to their profession, the wealth of experience already owned, and enthusiasm in conducting their own cognitive strategies up to metacognitive levels resulting in "higher-order thinking" and "life long learning". This study aims to seek possible means of engaging adult learners at higher maritime education and training in the learning process through effective use of self-directed learning strategies so as to promote their metacognition. The problem based discussion sessions are thought to provide the promising environment for this purpose. Hence, the practices conducted at the higher maritime education and training institution, where the authors teach, are analyzed, which will include the learners' perceptions. The study comprises four parts. The first part highlights the basic requirements in effective adult learning. The second part focuses on the importance of raising cognitive strategies up to metacognitive levels. The third part analyzes the practices experienced, which includes learners' perceptions through "Higher-order Thinking and Problem Solving Checklist." The fourth part highlights the results of accompanying discussions on the aspects that need to be improved. 1. Basic Requirements in Effective Adult Learning The extensive and prevalent changes in technology, the extraordinary speed in exchange of information and widespread knowledge, seem to have given birth to the emergence of new approaches, in education favoring life-long learning. "As we approach the 21PP century, education has become a life-long activity." (Smith and Pourchat, 1998 : 6). Rather than confide education to schooling alone, the new approach gives priority to acquiring certain basic competence over graduation (Davies, 1998 : 3-4), having enhanced the requirements for effective self-directed learning. Such noticeable changes in the overall outlook on teaching and learning issues have brought about certain shifts from behavioristic to cognitive approach. Both conceptual and empirical studies, having emerged in cognitive psychology, seem to have emphasized the use of pre-existing knowledge as the initial basis of learning, integrating the new knowledge with the existing one , restructuring it, and, while doing this most challenging part of the process, using deep processing approach (Brown and Atkins , 1994 : 150-156) The search for more effective education, triggered in mid 20PP century, have also shed lights on the distinction between child learning (pedagogy) and adult learning (andragogy), though "the earliest roots of educational psychology's interests in adult learning can be traced to the World War I" (Smith and Pourchat, 1998: 3). The issue has been focused more since the last quarter of the century through the certain learning theories developed by such educational physiologists as Knowles (1980), Smith (1982), Houser (1985) and Boltan(1985). The distinctive characteristics of adult learners underlined in the relevant studies could be highlighted on such basic concepts as experience, awareness, practice and motivation. In other words, adults have a relatively great wealth of experience and background which is likely to be exploited in promoting the learning quality. Besides, adults are well aware of the actual need for improving their learning in certain particular respects, which could be attributed to the benefits of getting promoted in their profession or access to better living conditions. Furthermore, adults are usually willing to put any knowledge gained into practice so as to enjoy the awards as early as possible. Such willingness is thought to be setting the sound basis for intrinsic motivation, a must for effective learning to take place. Considering the above mentioned basic distinctive characteristics of adult learners, Smith and Pourchot (1998:8-9) draw such a conclusion that " adults generally have greater metacognitive knowledge and are better able to regulate their cognitive skills than children". The overall conclusion also covers that "personality traits, interests and motivational skills are three domains that are likely to have some influence on adults' intellectual abilities." Schommer (1998, 140), who discusses adults' beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning or epistemological beliefs, states that "there is enough evidence to make it clear that epistemological beliefs are an integral part of being an adult and dealing with the complexities of an adult life." Having emphasized the role of developing sophisticated epistemological views in cognitive development, Schommer claims that epistemological beliefs guide individuals to cope with complex, contradictory, and illusive knowledge that allows them to think dialectically play a substantial role in the regulation of cognition ...and may comprise an executive control system that "guides one's planning for strategies, their monitoring of ongoing comprehension, and the evaluation of their accuracy of comprehension." Another distinctive characteristic of adult learning could be attributed to the fact that "practical" abilities grow over the years (Torff and Sternberg, 1998 : 112-113). In other words, the more the individuals are experienced the more able they are to think, reason, and solve problems. Torff and Sternberg, in their study, relate this advantage adults might utilize with the practical intelligence maintained or increased through late adulthood which covers particularly those problems that are "often unformulated or in need of formulation, of personal interest, lacking information necessary for solution, related to everyday experience, poorly defined, characterized by multiple correct solutions, and endowed with multiple methods for arriving at a solution" (Torff and Sternberg 1998 : 117). This intelligence is also believed, through the same study, to be covering the tacit knowledge "practical know-how that is usually not directly thought or even openly expressed or stated"... with three such characteristic features as "taking the form of 'knowing how' (procedural knowledge) rather than 'knowing that' (declarative knowledge) ; directed toward attainment of goals that people value; and acquired under conditions of low environmental support... without much direct instruction." Considering the characteristic features of adult learners, the studies on androgogic approach highlight the specifications of adult learning in such a seven-element process (Cerit 2004, Knowles 19791980, Howser 1985, Bolton 1985): The teaching and learning environment should provide a decent medium for interpersonal respect, support, openness, sincerity, trust, and confidence; cooperation and collaboration; enjoyable, encouraging and humane. In other words, adult learners should feel at rest, comfortable, free from anxiety and safe while studying. Adult learners should be allowed and encouraged to get involved in the prevalent planning process. Adult learners should be encouraged to set their own needs which would act as a basis for the learning objectives. Adult learners UdoU want to formulate their own learning objectives. Adult learners UdoU prefer to design themselves the pacing schedule/syllables to be implemented. Adult learners would appreciate being guided and scaffolded rather than directed and instructed, while implementing the pacing schedule agreed on. Adult learners should be encouraged to get involved in the overall assessment/appraisal process. 2. Raising Cognitive Strategies upto Metacognitive Levels The basic elements required with the medium of adult learning imply that the cognitive strategies the learners have already gained are to be promoted to metacognitive levels. In other words not only "what strategies are to be employed?" but also "how to use such and such strategies?" should be considered. Schraw (1998; 90) terms the former as "knowledge of cognition" and the latter as "regulation of cognition". Schraw clarifies the former, highlighting its basic components as declarative knowledge which includes knowledge about ourselves as learners and what factors influence our performance; procedural knowledge which refers to knowledge about strategies and other procedures; and conditional knowledge which refers to knowing why and when to use a strategy. In order for learning to be improved, knowledge of cognition must be utilized through planning, monitoring and evaluation. In other words; it needs to be regulated. Schraw (1998,90 91) clarifies these steps of regulation by specifying the contents of each as follows; "planning involves the selection of appropriate strategies and the allocation of resources, and budgeting time; monitoring includes self-testing skills necessary to control learning and evaluation refers to appraising the products and regulatory process of one's learning." How and to what extent knowledge of cognition is regulated seems to be based on the methods of teaching and learning rather than the existence of any certain abilities or domain knowledge, as a prerequisite. Nor is it thought to be innate. Schraw refers to a number of studies (such as Brown 1987, Garner 1987, Garner and Alexander 1989, Swanson 1990) while suggesting that, "Studies examining younger children typically report poor metacognitive regulation. In contrast, studies of older children and adolescents report a far greater degree of metacognitive regulation as well as some explicit metacognitive knowledge about learning... Children seem to acquire this knowledge through reflection on extended practice and observ


The drive towards lunar colonization and resource extraction and utilization, and beyond that the exploration and colonization of Mars and other extra-Terran bodies and volumes, requires the building and construction of Human shelters and habitats. Several methods have been proposed and are under investigation. These range from inflatable and 'pre built' habitats that are constructed or assembled, excavated in-crater and below surface (etc.) shelter structures that are then sealed and reinforced and made air-tight, and recent proposals such as 3D builds of habitats structures from cementious and regolith mixtures, these proportions ranging from zero additives purely regolith to binding agents introduced to control quality. In the letter we propose an alternative or additional approach, that of the Rammed Regolith™ extra-Terran parallel to the Rammed Earth (also known as Taipa in Portuguese, Pise in French and Italian, and Hangtu in Chinese) well know method of construction of habitat structures on Earth. Also in parallel to the well know variations on rammed earth, that of Compressed Earth Block (CEB) and compressed earth slabs either as made or as cut from large molds for slabs, we propose the Compressed Regolith Block (CRB)™. This in its various configurations.


This study aims to determine the increase in the speed of nare chagi kicks after being given treatment with ankle weight and resistance band weight training models. The research method used is a quasi-experimental method, with a pre-test and post-test research design, a sample of 30 athletes divided into 3 groups, namely two experimental groups and one control group with ordinal pairing technique. The instrument used is kicking nare chagi for 10 seconds. The results of this study: 1) there is a significant effect of ankle weight training on increasing nare chagi kick speed with data analysis t count 24,683> 1,812 from t table 2) there is a significant effect of resistance band weight training on increasing nare chagi kick speed with data analysis t 20,886> 1,812 from t table 3) Ankle weight training has a greater effect than resistance training band and exercise without using weights on increasing the speed of the nare chagi kick with an average ankle weight exercise posttest greater than the resistance band exercise , namely 28.2 > 25.6 .


This paper involves the study of volcanic fluid inclusions in Chanle-Linqu area, Shandong Province. Large amount of fluid inclusions are found in olivine and pyroxene, indicating that the fluids might come from upper mantle. Laser Raman spectroscopy was used to analysis the composition of volatiles in the fluid inclusions. The results show that the magmas in this area contain mainly CO2, water, and other volatiles. CO2 is the dominating component of the gaseous phase in the inclusions. There are also some reducing gases in the inclusions, such as H2, CO, H2S and CH4, which implies that the fluids of the inclusions may have formed under reducing conditions. In addition, some lowcarbon hydrocarbons also appear in the inclusions, a piece of evidence revealing the natural gas being formed by inorganic process.


This bachelor thesis examines and clarifies a current situation in so-called multicultural Britain, the situation of the 21st century where the government had taken a completely different position than the one it took in the early 1950s after the great wave of post-war immigration. It is talked about a decline or demise of the concept. What caused the extinction and what is the new approach? This work also focuses on clarifying other government policies and approaches to immigration, brief history of immigration and what the term multiculturalism means as such. The thesis also examines life and status of minorities in political, economic and social sphere.


..........................................................................................................................v List of Figures ..................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 Statement of Problem(s) ............................................................................................1 Significance of the Study ...........................................................................................2 Problem(s) ............................................................................................................3 Purpose of Study ..................................................................................................4 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................... 6 Chapter 3: Methodology ..................................................................................................13 Participants........ ........................................................................................................14 Instruction.................. ................................................................................................16 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................19 Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations ..........................................27 Discussion ..................................................................................................................27 Limitations ................................................................................................................. 31 Procedure........... ........................................................................................................15


Researchers have placed the number of expatriates in the world at between forty and sixty million people in the years 2010 through 2013 (Finaccord, 2014; Firth, Chen, Kirkman & Kim, 2014). One segment of the ever-expanding expatriate population is that of international school leaders who guide learning for a culturally diverse community of expatriates around the world. The International School Consultancy Group (2014) estimated that there were upwards of 3.5 million students being educated in over 7,000 international schools. As the number of expatriates and expatriate families with school-age children increases, this challenge of leading education for a diverse international school community also increases. This ethnographic case study analyzed transition stories from international school leaders at one international school and addressed the following questions: ● How do international school leaders make their own journey to cultural awareness? ● How do international school leaders make sense of and identify the culture of their schools? ● How do international school leaders recognize beliefs and practices in their schools? Thematic analysis based on Boyatzis's (1998) Prior Research Driven Approach was used to analyze data. The findings are shared through a two-article manuscript style dissertation. The research produced findings that indicate that while local and expatriate international school leaders recognize international school culture as unique and follow similar patterns of reactions in their transitions, they do not perceive school culture through the same lens nor do they experience the same support in their cultural transitions. Making Sense of a New Culture: Transition of International School Leaders Megan Patricia Maher GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT Researchers have placed the number of expatriates in the world at between forty and sixty million people in the years 2010 through 2013 (Finaccord, 2014; Firth, Chen, Kirkman & Kim, 2014). One segment of the ever-expanding expatriate population is that of international school leaders who guide learning for a culturally diverse community of expatriates around the world. The International School Consultancy Group (2014) estimated that there were upwards of 3.5 million students being educated in over 7,000 international schools. As the number of expatriates and expatriate families with school-age children increases, this challenge of leading education for a diverse international school community also increases. This study analyzed transition stories from international school leaders at one international school and addressed the following questions: ● How do international school leaders make their own journey to cultural awareness? ● How do international school leaders make sense of and identify the culture of their schools? ● How do international school leaders recognize beliefs and practices in their schools? The findings of this research study are presented through two articles. The research produced findings that indicate that while local and expatriate international school leaders recognize international school culture as unique and follow similar patterns of reactions in their transitions, they do not perceive school culture through the same lens nor do they experience the same support in their cultural transitions. These findings can be used to guide international leaders through future transitions and help international school plan transition support for new leaders.


ABSTRACT South Korea has never had a substantial population of ethnic Korean Muslims. Nevertheless, it has experienced significant growth in anti-Muslim racism in recent years. Considering that the literature on Islamophobia has largely focused on its evolution in Western countries, this study examines the rise of Islamophobia in South Korea, particularly after the arrival of Yemeni refugees in South Korea's Jeju Island in 2018. With the media's strong influence in framing public discourse, the recent government policy regarding the entry of Yemeni refugees has sparked considerable debate on human rights, public policies, and religion. Analysing the results and the influence of public petitions to the South Korean government and opinion polls conducted in 2018 on the Yemeni refugee situation, this study claims that the rise of Islamophobia in South Korea has transformed the refugee issue from one concerning human rights into one concerning religion. Islamophobia is likely to strengthen over time by influencing discussions of, or even Islamising, non-religious issues within the socio-political landscape of South Korea.


The purpose of this study was to measure temperatures of cotton and polyester woven fabrics in wetting and drying process by thermocouples placed on them. It also discussed temperature distribution caused by difiusion and evaporation at difierent relative humidity. The measurement points of thermocouples were located at two concentric circles with radius of 3 cm and 6 cm. The temperatures were measured by covering the same fabric when a droplet of water dropped on the center of circle at 20%RH, 65%RH and 80%RH environmental moistures, respectively. The results showed that because of difiusion determined by distance, it was difierent of temperature changes of every point. As the center of circle, at difierent humidity, temperatures when reached dynamic heat balance were difierent. The drying process of cotton showed consistency with temperature recovery. At 20%RH, it is the shortest for temperature returning to environmental temperature because of difiusion speed caused by steam content of environment. It can be applied to performance assessment for fabrics that liquid water absorbing function is required. It also can be used for evaluation of discomfort of wet fabrics by temperature decline with the wetting.


Non-coherence in system reliability refers to the fact that absence of a component from the system creates a more reliable system state or provides a higher system reliability level. This phenomenon may exist in transmission systems. Unfortunately, it has not been sufficiently recognized in the power industry. This paper explains the basic concept of possible non-coherence in transmission systems and provides a case study where compared to a single transmission line structure with loop-in connection, a double transmission line structure with tap-connection not only requires one more line but also has a lower reliability level. This is contrary to intuition since transmission planning engineers normally make an opposite judgment. The example given in the paper is an actual application in a utility of Canada. It also has a general significance because the similar double-line arrangement with tap-connection is a popular choice of many utilities for power supply from two-end substations. If the non-coherence feature that could exist in transmission systems can be recognized and identified using quantified reliability evaluation, this will help improve system reliability while avoiding unnecessary transmission components and saving capital investment.


Shape variations are linked with the development of osteoarthritis in various joints, but the correlation between morphologic variations and osteoarthritis in the first carpometacarpal joint is not yet proven. The purpose of the present work was to find morphologic variations in the first carpometacarpal joint, composed of the first metacarpal and trapezium, that could be correlated with the development of osteoarthritis. This was achieved by using multi-object statistical shape modelling to analyse the variation in shape within, and between, three populations, including two pathological populations: a progressive one, where the osteoarthritis level increased from I to II over time; and a stabilised population where the osteoarthritis remained in stage I through time. The control group consisted in a healthy population that did not develop osteoarthritis over time. The analysis of the differences amongst populations was conducted by a qualitative and quantitative approach. The qualitative approach aimed to compare two bone models based on a distance map that point out the sites where there were differences. The quantitative approach resulted in the measurement of four morphologic parameters, namely the tilt angle, torsion angle on the first metacarpal and width and length on the trapezium. Despite the variability in bone shape, pathological people tended to have the first metacarpal shorter and thicker and the articulating surface of the trapezium more convex. Regarding the morphological parameters, the tilt angle was found to be significantly different between healthy and stabilised populations, which supports the hypothesis that bone shape may help predict osteoarthritis.


L-arginine (L-arg)?is an amino acid that has been used to induce acute pancreatitis (AP) in mice. Curcumin is an active ingredient constituent of rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa Linn. It has been used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and shown to exhibit a variety of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant. The present study aims to examine the effects of curcumin on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in AP. Male ICR mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. 1) Control group, mice will be received i.p. of 1% DMSO as a vehicle. 2) AP group, mice will be received two i.p. of L-arg 450 mg/100 g BW?at an interval of 1 h apart. 3) AP + low dose curcumin group, mice will be received curcumin 50 mg/kg bw by i.p. 1 h before L-Arg injection and then once daily for 3 days. 4) AP + high dose curcumin group, mice will be received curcumin 200 mg/kg bw by i.p. 1 h before L-Arg injection and then once daily for 3 days. The mice were sacrificed at 72 h. The pancreatic tissue was fixed for histological evaluation and for NF-kB, apoptosis and MPO immunohistochemistry. The second part was frozen until using protein extraction for 4-HNE examination. Blood sample will be collected for amylase analysis. In AP group, body weight was significantly reduced than control group. While in curcumin group, body weight was maintained. The serum amylase, number of MPO positive cells, NF-kB positive cells, TUNEL positive cells, and 4-HNE expression were increased significantly in AP group when compared with control group, while decreased in low and high dose of curcumin group. Moreover, the AP group showed inflammation, edema and fat necrosis of severe activity of AP. While curcumin low and high dose group showed significantly attenuating histopathological score. However, there is no significant difference between low and high dose of curcumin. In conclusion, curcumin could attenuate AP?via anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis property leading to improve pancreatic damage.?


Urbanized area has complex terrain with many flow paths. Almost stormwater is drained through pipe network because most area is impervious. And overland flow from the pipe network reform the surface flow. Therefore, it should be considered the drainage system and surface runoff both in urban inundation analysis. It is analyzed by using MIKE FLOOD integrated 1 dimension - 2 dimension model about Incheon Gyo urbanized watershed and compared with the results of 1 dimension model and 2 dimension model. At the result this approach linking of 2 dimension and 1 dimension pipe hydraulic model in MIKE FLOOD give accuracy that offers substantial improvement over earlier approach and more information about inundation such as water dapth, velocity or risk of flood, because it is possible to present storage of overland flow and topographical characteristic of area.


This paper presents a semi analytical technique for estimating the effects of intra-die process variations on the performances of an nMOS transistor. The intra-die process variability sources considered in the work are Random Discrete Dopants (RDD), Channel Length Variation (CLV), Oxide Thickness Variation (OTV) and Mobility Fluctuation (MF). The analog performances which are studied are transconductance gm, intrinsic speed ft , thermal noise spectral density Sn and flicker noise spectral density Sf. The estimation technique is based on BSIMIV-SPICE process parameters. The mean and standard deviation of the performance variations are estimated. The estimated results are verified through Monte Carlo (MC)-HSPICE simulation results.


The article discussed several meanings of thought discussion.It states briefly that the unavoidable ignorance of mankind should be remedied through discussion.Discussion could help people with genuine knowledge thus to accomplish one's faith,it could also reveal one's ignorance and enhance understanding other.It is helpful to the development of one's intelligence and virtuous.


The aims of these guidelines are to improve the inpatient experience and safety for people with diabetes through effective self‐management. The guidelines are aimed primarily at healthcare professionals working in hospitals, although some aspects are relevant to staff involved in pre‐admission preparation. The guidelines suggest an approach to providing patient information, the circumstances in which self‐management is appropriate, the development of care plans and the elements needed for effective self‐management. This document is an abridged and modified version of 'Self‐management of diabetes in hospital' adapted specifically for Diabetic Medicine. The full version can be found online at: www.diabetes.org.uk/joint-british-diabetes-society or https://abcd.care/joint-british-diabetes-societies-jbds-inpatient-care-group.


The present invention provides a method and apparatus for admission control in a communication system. An Access Network (AN) element determines available resources. When available resources are sufficient to support the requirements of a requested application flow, the AN admits the application flow. The AN periodically, and on trigger events, updates a measure of available resources. The admission control may operate in coordination with a scheduler applying a compensation factor to each flow type, and a compensation factor for aggregate flows of a given user.


Young tableaux is a combinatorial object which has remarkable applications in representation theory and algebraic geometry. What makes it even more remarkable is that at first sight Young Tableaux does not seem as a serious mathematical object at all. In this talk I'll give a brief overview of how Young tableaux is related to representation theory of Lie algebras and quantum groups. It is a primary example of combinatorial representation theory.


In several colloquial dialects of Tamil there are two types of nasalised vowels—those which are phonemically distinct from the oral vowels and those which are the result of accidental nasalisation of oral vowels under the influence of adjacent nasal consonants. For the sake of convenience, the former are called N A S A L vowels and the latter[NA S A L I S E D vowels in this study. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the phonemically distinct nasalised vowels (in other words, the N A S A L vowels). The apparatus used for this investigation is the K a y Sonograph.


This paper presents a hydrogen gas leakage monitoring system in electrical vehicle (EV) fuel cell pack by source reconstruction algorithm. A distributed array of catalytic type H2 sensors is considered and a reconstruction approach for precise gas emission source location inside a fuel cell pack enclosure. The reconstruction algorithm is based on a fast interpolation technique suitable for real-time data processing. Estimation of reconstruction method accuracy is made by computational model of hydrogen gas diffusion in air. Sensitivity and sensing upper range analysis of single sensor and sensor array have been performed.


Although the Consumers Union is primarily known for Consumer Reports magazine, with its expert evaluations of electronic devices, automobiles, and household appliances, we have always been active in the health arena as well, since the magazine was founded in 1936. The monthly newsletter Consumer Reports on Health has been around since 1989. More recently, we have established two health-related Web sites. BestBuyDrugs.org was the first and remains free to all comers. Based on the Drug Efficacy Review Project developed in Oregon, it offers consumers what we consider to be the best buys in each of fourteen different drug categories, based not only on efficacy and safety but also on price. Our other online effort is a joint venture with the British Medical Journal, called Consumer Reports Medical Guide. This is an online medical encyclopedia in which we rate treatments for many diseases, primarily on how solid the evidence base is for that treatment. Here I will address direct-to-consumer ("DTC") advertising of prescription drugs and its relationship to drug safety. This is a subject that Consumers Union has been interested in for many years. It is a virtually unique form of advertising because the consumer to whom it is directed does not control the purchase of the advertised product. The only other commercials of this kind are the breakfast-cereal and junkfood ads that interrupt the cartoons my grandson watches on any Saturday morning. In both instances, an intermediary is necessary—in one case a parent who has the money and, in the other case, a physician who has the prescription pad.


Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) is spread around 713 Sq. Km area with total population of 1.3 Crore, generates around 4,500 Metric tons per day of domestic solid waste at an average of 309 grams in city and from slum is 300 grams per day. In metropolitan areas, a huge quantity of household solid waste is generated, which contains a variety of materials such as organic wastes, paper, plastic, metal, glass, and so on. To promote this process, the government developed the concept of waste segregation encouraging people to dispose trash separately for efficient waste management. Because of no proper segregation at source, currently 15% of garbage is treated and remaining is being dumped into landfills. Considering above problem, the proposed system will have track on whether collected domestic waste is segregated or not. To have track on waste segregation we have designed QR code tags and smartphone application. QR tags contain information of electric meter number, using smartphone application waste collector can scan the QR tags to fetch the electric meter number, in the designed application dashboard it contains fields like kind of waste, segregation status and so on. According to the segregation status waste collector should upload photo of the waste to have proper tracking. If waste is not segregated processing become tedious and waste will be dumped into landfills. Pollution of air, water and soil can be considerably reduced when waste is separated and treated.


Translation has always been one of the critical means to understand and use a foreign language. In this regard, understanding the use of translation in second language (L2) production is a topic worth investigating. The purpose of this study is to identify the main areas where students have difficulties in L2 production tasks and determine in what typical cases they refer to first language (L1) while they are working on speaking and writing tasks. The study also explores to what extent age, gender and field of study relate to the participants' use of translation in L2 production. The study was conducted with 144 students studying at English-major and non-English major departments at two state universities in Turkey. Data were collected using the ITLS Inventory for Translation as a Learning Strategy and Think-aloud protocols for speaking and writing tasks. Although the data obtained from the inventory showed that field of study, age and gender do not have statistically significant effects on the learners' choice of translation, data obtained from the think-aloud protocols revealed that both English-majors and non-English majors use translation strategies for various purposes, but the groups differed in the use of translation in L2 production. Keywords: Translation in L2 Production, Foreign language learning, Think-aloud protocol, Translation Strategies


We study a generalization of Pell's equation, whose coefficients are certain algebraic integers. Let $X_0=0$ and $X_n=\sqrt{2+X_{n-1}}$ for each $n\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 1}$. We study the $\mathbb{Z}[X_{n-1}]$-solutions of the equation $x^2-X_n^2y^2=1$. By imitating the solution to the classical Pell's equation, we introduce new continued fraction expansions for $X_n$ over $\mathbb{Z}[X_{n-1}]$ and obtain an explicit solution of the generalized Pell's equation. In addition, we show that our explicit solution generates all the solutions if and only if the answer to Weber's class number problem is affirmative. We also obtain a congruence relation for the ratios of the class numbers of the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-extension over the rationals and show the convergence of the class numbers in $\mathbb{Z}_2$.


The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of the linguistic and the no n- linguistic factors on Chinese college-level students' English writing abili ty.The study finds that students' linguistic variables including grammar,English expressing ability,structure arrangement and so on.In addition,some non-lingui stic factors such as the cultural difference and writing strategies also have ef fects on students' English writing ability.The study indicates that an investiga tion on effects of factors on students' writing ability is much help to the furt her researches into approaches to the improvement of Chinese students' English w riting ability.


In this paper implementation and usage of a turtle graphics in (pure) functional programming language - LispKit Lisp is described. With all basic graphics functions available, implementation of a turtle graphics is enabled. Since turtle graphics is second most common way of using graphics, this implementation is a significant improvement of LispKit Lisp abilities. All necessary functions of a turtle graphics are implemented in LispKit Lisp, and they simply should be appended to any program which uses them.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) mediates severe respiratory illness in infants and young children worldwide, and it is also a significant pathogen of the elderly and immune compromised. Due to the low infectious dose and high infectious rate of RSV, remarkably rapid and sensitive RSV detection is important for infection control and discovery of antiviral drugs. In this work, we described a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of RSV. Gold nanoparticles were used as carriers of the signalling antibody anti-RSV–HRP (horseradish peroxidase) in order to achieve an amplification of the signal. Compared to conventional ELISA procedures, this assay resulted in higher sensitivity and shorter assay time in the range between 0.5 and 50 pg mL−1. The application of AuNPs to the enhanced ELISA showed acceptable reproducibility, stability, and could be readily applied to determination of other pathogens in clinical diagnostics.