The objective of this study was to estimate the accuracy of 3D printed models and acceleration aging deformity of 3D printed models by calculating the RMS values of original model and 3D printed models with or without acceleration aging. RMS values between original model and four kinds of 3D printed models were 41.60 ㎛ (Polyjet), 44.52 ㎛ (DLP), 48.60 ㎛ (SLA), and 55.46 ㎛ (FDM) in this order. Also, RMS values between original model and four kinds of 3D printed models treated by acceleration aging were 63.56 ㎛ (Polyjet), 68.04 ㎛ (SLA), 72.10 ㎛ (DLP), and 292.48 ㎛ (FDM) in this order. Statistical analysis of both tests results that there was significant differences between each experimental group (P<0.05). Comparison test of RMS values of 3D printed model before and after acceleration aging resulted that all experimental groups showed significant difference between before and after acceleration aging (P<0.05). Within the limitation of this study, most 3D printers except FDM type are expected to be acceptable to prepare the model for preparing clear aligner. Also, immediate model preparation by 3D printer at each stage is recommended to ensure accurate orthodontic treatment with clear aligner.


The objects were found during the recent excavations on the line of the new Havant to Chichester by-pass at the point where it passes the east side of the Roman palace at Fishbourne. Here, the excavations uncovered part of a large semi-formal garden or park on the eastern approaches to the palace. This is at least five acres in extent and possibly much more. Two of the objects (one of each shape) were found in a small pond, while the others were discovered in features which are identified as bedding trenches. These were filled, as they all were, with a mass of rich humus and much broken pottery derived from one of the middens which undoubtedly accumulated in the more remote areas of the palace estate. Two of the objects are lozenge-shaped and two are hexagonal. They appear to have been made in a mould and taper upwards from the base. Each one has a hole in the top measuring 15 mm. in diameter and 18 mm. in depth, which could have been made with a finger (fig. 1). The holes in the two hexagonal ones are at an angle of approximately 35 degrees to the vertical whereas the other two are roughly vertical. Whether this difference is due to a lack of care in the piercing or is deliberate is uncertain. The fabric is hard-fired London clay which has been sand-tempered; it occurs on site and oxidizes to a brick-red, and so far I have not been able to trace any parallels. It seems likely that they were intended for use, either as crude candlesticks for small candles or rushlights or as incense burners. No signs of soot or discolouration that might be caused by burning are apparent, which suggests that they were not used. Their relative crudeness of design seems out of place with the type of artefact usually associated with the palace, but the relationship of the two found in bedding trenches with midden material derived from the palace environs suggests that they were intended for use in that building.


The health status of the subadult skeletal remains from the South Tombs Cemetery at Tell el-Amarna were assessed by examining fluctuations in childhood growth and rates of skeletal indicators of physiological stress within a biocultural framework. The long bone standardization method outlined by Goode et al. (1993) was used to compare the South Tombs cemetery's crosssectional growth data to subadult samples from other cemeteries during which major social, political, and economic changes were taking place. The comparative subadult samples included the HK43 cemetery from Hierakonpolis (Egypt), the African American Cemetery from Cedar Grove (Arkansas), and the St. Martin's Churchyard from Birmingham (United Kingdom). Incidences of skeletal stress markers (cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasias, and porotic hyperostosis) and diseases of malnutrition (scurvy and rickets) were examined to obtain a more holistic representation of the general health of the comparative populations. Result showed that the subadults from the South Tombs Cemetery were under tremendous childhood stress as evidenced by the reduced growth status and high rates of childhood stress indicators. Comparison of the biocultural models indicate that migration, population growth, and manufacturing were parallel factors contributing to the poor health and delayed growth seen in the South Tombs Cemetery and St. Martin's Churchyard samples. ©2018 by Ashley E. Shidner All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements The road to completing any dream is rarely easy. If not for the support and guidance of my colleges, friends, and family, I would not have been able to finish this project. I would like to first thank Dr. Jerome Rose for accepting me as one of his graduate students and for being an incredibly supportive advisor and mentor. His constant support and tutelage has allowed me to grow as both an anthropologist and a scientist. To Dr. Michael Plavcan, thank you for providing me with the statistical knowledge and skills that has allowed me to be a better scientist. To Dr. Peter Ungar, thank you for stepping up at the final hour and becoming a member of my committee so that I could successfully defend. To Dr. Justin Nolan, thank you for your amazing insights and constant support over the years. I would like to thank Barry J. Kemp and the Amarna Project for allowing me the opportunity to conduct my research on the South Tombs Cemetery. To Middle East Studies and Anthropology Departments, thank you for the graduate and research funding that allowed me to travel and complete my analysis. To Dr. Gretchen Dabbs, thank you for your assistance and guidance with my data collection at Tell el-Amarna. To Dr. Megan Brickley, thank you for allowing me to collect the information I needed from the St. Martin's Churchyard data sheets for it greatly enriched the finding of this project. I would also like to give special thanks to Dr. Kate Spradley and Dr. Elayne Pope for their guidance and recommendations that led me to becoming one of Rose's students. Additionally, I would also like to mention my academic colleagues who over the years have provided both friendship and reassurance through this long adventure. To Alissa Bandy, thank you for the laughs and for your insight and knowledge of Egyptian History. To Amy Warren, thank you for our fun conversations and your support for a fellow mother. To Dr. Teresa Wilson, thank you for your advice, encouragement, and assistance throughout this entire process. I would also like to give special thanks to my friend and confidant, Heidi Davis who has provided friendship and years of endless support. Thank you all for being amazing, smart, strong, and beautiful women that I am honored to call my friends. I would also like to thank my family for their love and support. To my mother, Kathleen Davis, thank you for fostering my love for science and history at young age and your unwavering love and support. To my grandmother and papa, Audrey and Paul Wendel, thank you for your love and encouragement through this process. To Jennifer Peters, thank you for being an understanding and remarkable friend for many years. To Alan and Claudia Hogan, thank you for years of love and support. To Yolanda Carlisle and Demetra Williamson, thank for your support and friendship while I was writing. Lastly, I would like to thank my husband, Jacob Shidner, and my daughters, Abigail and Hannah Shidner, whose patience, love, and encouragement gave me the strength when I thought I could not finish. You made me laugh and smile when I needed


Abstract Optimal prediction, filtering, and smoothing for a discrete-time distributed parameter system are approached in a unified manner using the least-squares method. Based on an unibiased, minimum variance estimation error criterion, the optimal filter is derived. Then the optimal prediction and smoothing estimators are derived, including fixed-point, fixed-interval, and fixed-lag smoothers.


From the Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA (VBH); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD (VBH, JGS); Department of Radiologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC (JGS); Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Hospital; Washington, DC (FMM); Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC (EJR)


Oil and gas production and petrochemical plants in the Arabian Gulf are exposed to severe environmental conditions of high temperature and humidity. This makes these plants susceptible to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CSCC). The laboratory testing fails to provide the exact field environmental conditions. A cost efficient field test setup for CSCC was designed and developed for the Arabian Gulf. The setup included designing self-sustained loading devices, samples, and sample racks. The samples were exposed to a stress equivalent to 80% and 100% of their yield strength. This paper describes the developed test procedures to establish testing with high level of accuracy and repeatability. It also discusses the design aspects and the challenges that were met.


LAST YEAR I requested of my graduate students that they ask their pupils "What is reading?" I was saddened but not surprised to find such replies as these: "Reading is homework"; "Reading is so you can finish the reader"; "Reading is finding out about things"; "Reading is when I go to the reading teacher every day"; "Reading is work." Why was it that none of these children perceived reading as enjoyment, as pleasure, as a worthwhile activity to be pursued outside as well as in school? Can children ever learn that reading is pleasurable if they spend a good part of each day on drill-focused activities? Too many teachers seem more concerned with whether children can read than whether they do read. However, if we accept the idea that mere recognition of words is not enough, that reading without involvement is insufficient, that reading must be a stimulating and attractive activity, then we must turn to children's literature to provide material that will foster a love for reading. Children's literature offers provocative material that lends interest and excitement and encourages children to go beyond the superficial, low-level comprehension required in some of the basal readers to a higher level of interpretive and critical comprehension, for reading should be a thoughtful process. Here, moreover, children can become acquainted with authors who are expert at their craft, who create memorable characters, establish captivating moods, and spin compelling plots, who compose poetry or prose of stunning impact. But then, what about the rest of the curriculum? Too often I've heard


A compact memory element based on an electron Y-branch switch has been realised. Memory operation is a result of bilateral feedback coupling of each of the branches to the opposing side-gate. D-flip-flop in addition to RS-flip-flop operation is demonstrated.


Many developing states argue that they should be compensated for the costs of adapting to climate change. They point out that industrialised states are responsible for the bulk of historical greenhouse gas emissions and per capita first world emissions continue to dwarf developing world emissions. Yet, given the substantial internal inequality and rapidly rising emissions within developing states such as China and India, the same arguments that justify international adaptation compensation might equally justify internal redistributive measures. This paper addresses the question of how international institutions that fund adaptation to anthropogenic climate change should be designed. After reviewing both communitarian and cosmopolitan arguments about adaptation assistance we propose that a more just and more effective international agreement on climate change adaptation must achieve a higher degree of consistency between the principles of burden sharing applied internationally and domestically. Adaptation assistance should target human welfare directly rather than through compensation payments between states. The application of these arguments is briefly demonstrated primarily by use of China as an example. Authors Paul G. Harris is Chair Professor of Global and Environmental Studies, and Head of Department of Social Sciences, at the Hong Kong Institute of Education. His most recent book is World Ethics and Climate Change: From International to Global Justice (Edinburgh University Press). This paper was drafted while he was Director of the Centre for Asian Pacific Studies and Centre for the Environmental Studies Programme at Lingnan University. Jonathan Symons is an Associate Lecturer in international relations at La Trobe University in Melbourne (Australia). Research for this paper was conducted during his time as a research fellow in the Hong Kong APEC Study Centre and the Environmental Studies Programme at Lingnan University. 1 The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the Environmental Studies Programme and the APEC Study Centre at Lingnan University, Hong Kong.


The invention discloses a method for plating silver on the front side of a silicon wafer, which comprises the following steps of: coating photoresist on the front side of the silicon wafer for the first time, and performing exposure on the full silicon wafer; coating the photoresist for the second time, and performing the exposure for the second time by using a photoetching mask; developing, so that the retained photoresist forms an inverted trapezoid graph; depositing the silver on the silicon wafer by an evaporation coating technology, wherein the thickness of the silver is less than that of the retained photoresist; laminating on the silicon wafer and stripping by a laminating and film stripping technology, so that the silver on the photoresist is stripped with a film; and removing the residual photoresist.


In the present work, we have developed interactive mathematics learning modules in the form of mobile applications (apps) for Grade 11 and 12 students using Quanser's trademarked qdex™ app development platform. The mobile apps are simple to use and interactive, and students can understand complex mathematics concepts easily and quickly. The goal of these apps is to prepare students to succeed in postsecondary STEM studies.


Polyamine oxidation and tryptophan degradation were assessed as potential oxygen-independent anti mycobacterial mechanisms of guinea-pig alveolar macrophages. Products of polyamine oxidation other than hydrogen peroxide had bactericidal effects on all the tested strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the most virulent strains showing the greatest degrees of resistance to products of polyamine oxidation. However, no significant correlation was found between the susceptibility of strains to products of polyamine oxidation and their virulence in the guinea-pig. Levels of polyamine oxidase were found to be significantly higher in the lung tissue from guinea-pigs vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG compared with lung tissue from non-vaccinated animals. This indicates that polyamine oxidation may play a part in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in the guinea-pig. Alveolar macrophages from vaccinated and non-vaccinated guinea-pigs were found to degrade tryptophan to a similar extent, which suggests that tryptophan degradation is not involved in the antimycobacterial activity of these macrophages. Investigation of the hydrophobicity of different strains of M. tuberculosis found no evidence that the hydrophobicity of a strain contributed towards its virulence in the guinea-pig. Initial analysis of culture supernatants from M. tuberculosis 12646 suggested that this organism produced a substance similar to the homoserine lactone family of autoinducers found in Gram-negative bacteria. Two fragments of DNA from Mycobacterium smegmatis were isolated which appeared to code for a mycobacterial autoinducer synthase. However, after further investigation both fragments were discounted as containing a mycobacterial autoinducer synthase. Further analysis of mycobacterial supernatants found no evidence for the presence of homoserine lactone based autoinducer.


Adopting dynamic head-space and GC-MS, volatiles of wood of Chinese fir in nature were successfully collected and analyzed.It contains 35 terpenoid,15 aliphatics and 5 aromatic compounds,in which the MS intensity of terpenoid is the highest.Meantime,effect of volatiles on physiology and psychology were analyzed from angle of drug physiology and aromatherapy.The results showed that some of volatiles of wood of Chinese fir were useful for human health,especially terpenoid being of good physiological activity and aromatherapy function,such as sterilization,diminish inflammation,codein,and making people feel easy,comfort,pleasant,and so on.Therefore,based on preliminary analysis of this paper, volatiles of wood of Chinese fir could ameliorate indoor air quality and regulate human body and mind health.


NGC4650A is a polar disk galaxy: this is a peculiar object composed by a central spheroidal component, the host galaxy (HG), and an extended disk made up by gas, stars and dust, which orbits nearly perpendicular to the plane of the central galaxy. The existence of two decoupled components of the angular momentum makes this object an ideal laboratory i) to study gravitational interactions and merging and ii) to constrain the 3D shape of its dark matter halo. In view of these applications, I will present two ongoing projects which aim to constrain i) the formation scenario for polar disks and ii) the dark halo content and shape, through a detailed analysis of the observed structure, metallicity and dynamics of NGC4650A.


It is often implied, suggested, or presupposed that science and values are rather like oil and waterdistinct sorts of things that are not expected to mix. The relation of values to science either does not exist or is highly problematic. Without denying the problematic nature of this relation-and with the hope of clarifying or beginning to clarify itI will suggest in this essay another way of thinking about some of the issues included under the rubric of "science and values." Loren Graham, in his book Between Science and Values,' has addressed the impact on and relevance to human cultural and personal values of twentieth-century scientific theory. I shall, in this essay, instead raise some questions concerning the reverse relation: how do human cultural and personal values relate to scientific practice (and, indirectly, to the results of that practice). I will not defend any particular theses about the integrity and autonomy of science from social and other values or about the lack thereof, but do seek to foster some skepticism toward conventional understanding of these attributes.


THE primary feature of traumatic shock is the low blood pressure and in recent years this has mainly been attributed to oligaemia rather than vasomotor paralysis. This oligsemia is held by many observers to be the result of a localized extravasation of blood and plasma into the traumatized zone and adjacent soft tissues-Smith [1927-8], Blalock [1930], Parsons & Phemister [1930], Freelander & Lenhart [1932] and Holt & Macdonald [1934, 1935], and not due to a generalized filtration out ofthe vessels as visualized by Malcolm [1909]. Starling [1918] held the view that the blood tended to be stagnated in the vascular bed of the voluntary muscles. More recently it has been suggested that the effect of this loss of blood volume at the site of trauma is reinforced by a discharge of nerve impulses from the traumatized area-Simonart [1930], O'Shaughnessy & Slome [1934-5, 1935]. The toxaemic theory, introduced by Quenu [1918], by Cannon & Bayliss [1919], and supported by numerous other observers in the Great War to explain the hypotensive effects of trauma, has not found favour in recent years although still upheld by many of its original exponents. The observations of Barsoum & Gaddum [1935-6] on the rise of blood histamine in cases of extensive cutaneous lesions at about the time when secondary shock is liable to develop are of interest, although not necessarily bearing on the cause of mechanical shock. Cannon & Bayliss appreciated the fact that local loss of blood and fluid into the damaged tissues, even when slight, might be a contributory factor, although their method of comparative weighings failed to give a true picture of the extent of the extravasation and haemorrhage. They also considered that there was no essential relationship between the production of shock and an excessive stimulation of the nervous system, but here their evidence is unconvincing. Parsons & Phemister [1930]


According to the Erd\H{o}s-Szekeres theorem, for every $n$, a sufficiently large set of points in general position in the plane contains $n$ in convex position. In this note we investigate the line version of this result, that is, we want to find $n$ lines in convex position in a sufficiently large set of lines that are in general position. We prove almost matching upper and lower bounds for the minimum size of the set of lines in general position that always contains $n$ in convex position. This is quite unexpected, since in the case of points, the best known bounds are very far from each other. We also establish the dual versions of many variants and generalizations of the Erd\H os-Szekeres theorem.


An image can be basically defined as an object that represents visual observation, which can be created and stored in the electronic form, produced from an optical device. When we take a photograph, there can be many problems associated with that particular image. Among them, one of the main issue is the blur of the image. Blur can be defined as something which will become vague or less distinct. A blurred image looks sharper or more detailed, if we are able to perceive all the objects and their shapes correctly in it. The main cause for blur is the out of focus issue of the camera/sensor. An image which is in out of focus will appear in a blurred state. Even if, at the present time, with an auto focus facility, sometimes we will not get the image in the correct focus. Most probably, a part of the image will be crisp and clear, however rest will be ill-defined. Image deblurring is a common and important process in fields like digital photography, medical imaging and astronomy. Hence, removing or dropping the total amount of blur is the most important task before being applying to the image analysis techniques. In this paper, a colour image deblurring algorithm based on the concept of least squares is proposed. The 1D least square based deconvolution technique is extended to colour image deblurring. The proposed approach is experimented on standard test images and the results are compared with classical total variation image deblurring algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of standard quality metrics such as PSNR and SSIM.


This paper proposes a new planning strategy based on a stochastic optimization method namely the Arithmetic optimization Algorithm (AOA), to solve the optimal power management problems such as the improvement of total cost, the minimization of the total power losses, the reduction of voltage deviation, and reducing the emission of thermal generators. A comparative study between the AOA and moth flame optimizer (MFO), the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA) is elaborated. The particularity and efficiency of these selected metaheuristic algorithms in terms of convergence behaviors and the solution quality have been validated on the standard IEEE 30-bus electric system. The obtained results compared to other algorithms demonstrate that the proposed AOA is an effective algorithm and may be considered as an alternative tool for solving various practical power management optimization problems.


One potential problem in the hydrogen production system coupled with the high-temperature gascooled reactor (HTGR) is transmission of tritium from the primary coolant to the product hydrogen by permeation through the heat transfer tubes. Tritium accumulation in the process chemicals in the components of a hydrogen plant, a thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur (IS) process, will also be a critical issue in seeking to license the hydrogen plant as a non-nuclear plant in the future. A numerical analysis model for tritium behavior in the IS process was developed by considering the isotope exchange reactions between tritium and the hydrogen-containing process chemicals, i.e., H2O, H2SO4 and HI. The tritium activity concentration in the IS process coupled with the high-temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR), the HTTR-IS system, was preliminarily evaluated in regard to the effects of some indeterminate parameters, i.e., equilibrium constants of the isotope exchange reactions, permeability of tritium through heat transfer tubes, tritium and hydrogen concentrations in the secondary helium coolant, and the leak rate from the secondary coolant loop. The results describing how the tritium activity concentration changes with variations in these parameters and which component has the maximum tritium activity concentration in the IS process are described in this paper.


Abstract In recent years, rubber plantations have been strongly promoted in the northern uplands of Vietnam–especially in the northwest, where it is an ill agro-ecological fit–with an aim to improve ethnic minority livelihoods and to modernize peasants by transforming them into rubber workers. A large area of land has been taken away from farmers to make way for rubber plantations. This land acquisition and agrarian transformation have impacted local people and their livelihoods in various ways. Drawing on ethnographic research, in combination with interviews with authorities and studying related documents, this article focuses on the gendered consequences of rubber plantation in northern uplands Vietnam. It argues that the process of becoming a rubber worker and adapting to the new way of living has indeed added new roles and responsibilities for women. At the same time, it has undermined men's values and reshaped gender relations both within and outside the home.


313 Background: There is a paucity of data regarding the challenges associated with the timely and accurate diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and its effective multidisciplinary management. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and skills of healthcare providers (HCPs) managing and coordinating the care of patients with advanced RCC (aRCC) across multidisciplinary teams. Methods: A sequential mixed methods needs assessment was conducted across the United States with medical oncologists (ONCs), nephrologists (NEPHs), physician assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), and registered nurses (RNs). Interviews, transcribed and thematically analyzed, and online surveys, statistically analyzed, were triangulated. Results: A total of 305 HCPs completed an interview (n=40) or the survey (n=265): 78 ONCs, 62 NEPHs, 57 PAs, 55 NPs, 53 RNs. One third (33%) of HCPs reported suboptimal skills in adjusting the dose of a treatment for aRCC in the event of adverse reactions. Interviews underscored a lack of clarity for HCPs on when to reduce the dose or when to discontinue and/or switch to other drugs. Suboptimal knowledge and skills related to toxicities were found (Table). Breakdowns in communication across multidisciplinary teams were identified by 46% of HCPs. Of those, 61% occurred when monitoring side effects and 48% when referring to ONCs. Some NEPHs reported never, rarely, or sometimes being involved with ONCs in the management of nephritis (25%), chronic kidney disease (19%), or acute renal failure (24%). Interviews suggested the role of NEPHs in the care of aRCC is poorly recognized and that NEPHs are perceived to have limited time to spend in the care of cancer patients. Few NEPHs reported gaps in knowledge/skills managing key renal complications such as nephritis (13%/15%), chronic kidney disease (6%/15%), and acute renal failure (9%/9%). Conclusions: This study identified a need to improve HCPs' knowledge of the signs/symptoms of treatment side effects, skills in identifying/referring patients to appropriate specialists, and skills in managing adverse events. Barriers to involving NEPHs in the co-management of aRCC included a lack of recognition of their role in managing treatment-induced renal complications.These results should inform educational interventions for professionals caring for aRCC patients.[Table: see text]


This paper focuses on multistability theory for discontinuous dynamical systems having a set of multiple isolated equilibria and/or a continuum of equilibria. Multistability is the property whereby the solutions of a dynamical system can alternate between two or more mutually exclusive Lyapunov stable and convergent equilibrium states under asymptotically slowly changing inputs or system parameters. In this paper, we extend the definition and theory of multistability to discontinuous autonomous dynamical systems. In particular, nontangency Lyapunov-based tests for multistability of discontinuous systems with Filippov solutions are established. The results are then applied to excitatory and inhibitory biological neuronal networks to explain the underlying mechanism of action for anesthesia and consciousness from a multistable dynamical system perspective, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for general anesthesia using the network properties of the brain.


Palm cooking oil is a food ingredient with a main composition of triglycerides, with or without chemical changes. The amount of free fatty acids determines the quality of cooking oil, which can have bad effects on humans. This study aims to determine the quality of oil in packaged cooking oil and bulk cooking oil with treatments based on acid number, acid content, and degree of acidity. Commercial and bulk packaged cooking oils were used in this study. This research method uses acid-base titration with phenolphthalein (PP) as an indicator. The results of this study indicate that the ingredients of bulk cooking oil and packaged cooking oil, when determining the acid number and free fatty acid content, meet the quality standards of SNI 01-3741-2013, namely each acid number 0.6 mg KOH/g and acid content 0.3%.


The main objective of this work was to study the influence of different extrusion conditions on thermal and rheological properties of biopolymers of wheat gluten plasticized with glycerol. The temperature of the heating zones of the extruder co-rotating twin screw influences the rheological and thermal properties of biopolymers. Temperatures between 55 C and 60 C produced extrudates with good looks and low roughness. The extrudates showed high values of G' and G'' and shaping the extrusion process showed that the change in configuration of the heating zones mainly influences the location of the deformation along the extruder.


Background: Cecal volvulus is a rare condition in which the bowel twists around its mesenteric axis and can lead to gangrene of the bowel. Whereas it may be clinically indistinguishable from bowel obstruction, its treatment is different, and therefore, warrants accurate, early diagnosis. Case: A 48-year-old woman with symptomatic leiomyomata and adenomyosis underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and right salpingo-oophorectomy. She was diagnosed with a cecal volvulus on postoperative day 3. Colonoscopic decompression was attempted unsuccessfully, and the patient underwent a right hemicolectomy. Conclusions: Increased awareness and a high clinical index of suspicion are necessary for the diagnosis of cecal volvulus, particularly in the postoperative period, as it clinically resembles bowel obstruction. Early diagnosis is imperative because of the risk of gangrene.


Abstract : The field investigation was undertaken in accordance with the Corps of Engineers obligations to inventory and assess all cultural resources within its jurisdiction. The Phase II intensive test excavations were initiated for the purposes of: delineating the spatial distribution, horizontal and vertical, of each site; determining the respective integrity of these loci; and, where possible, the establishment of the general cultural affiliation and probable function of each cultural resource based upon the analyses of recovered data. Site 32BA415 has a Plains Woodland cultural affiliation, although this locus contains a low density of cultural materials. 23A428 contains materials of Late Plains Archaic cultural ascription. This locus has been virtually destroyed through cultivation and related agricultural activity. None of the cultural resources examined fulfill the necessary eligibility criteria for nomination for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Consequently, sites 32BA415, 32BA428, and 32GG5 are not recommended for migration. Keywords: American Indians, Sites, Sampling.


Introduction The "Zimbabwean crisis" of the past decade in the new millennium (which bests manifests in the world inflation record for countries not at war) changed lives, social and cultural codes in the most remarkable of ways. For the ordinary family unit as was for the larger extended family, the day to day chores revolved around a fixed locus of survival mechanisms and stop-gap measures in resistance against the ever threatening tide of starvation and extinction. In such excruciating circumstances, the male father figure's culturally assumed role as the family breadwinner and caretaker came under acute exposure as the crisis hit hard on the hinges supporting the father's capacity to sustain his family. The father's vulnerability and susceptibility to the crisis is rendered all the more problematic by the very fact that the economic and political forces informing that crisis are well beyond his spheres of influence. Slowly but surely, the challenges of everyday life loosened the father's grip on the citadel of his familial authority and exposed him to opposition from the disgruntled members of his family. The sons, realizing their father's maladroitness in responding to the newest form of threat to the family seize upon the opportunity to show their intent to take over the reins of power. This paper explores literary representations of "fatherhoods" under siege with special emphasis on the dynamics of the familial change process; the political and economic circumstances informing the father's ineptitude and the reactionary tendencies of the endangered father. It seeks to add valence to grammars that seek to communicate this fluidity in the public sphere and thereby also show the "multivoiceness" of literary Actions. This form of communication through imaginative literary texts has become an alternative discourse in articulating disclosures aimed at making accessible certain elusive realities which are often difficult to pin down during moments of accelerated change like the one we are witnessing in the new millennium. Therefore by managing to "freeze moments", there is an ability by the fiction writers to open fissures which allow for a wider and closer scrutiny, thereby enriching our understanding of our present realities and the unavoidable transformations we must register in our social and literary interpretation of life. Feckless fathers The socio-cultural identification of masculinity with the breadwinning act spans historic milieus and transcend geographical and cultural boundaries. Breadwinning fathers evolved with the capitalist notion of paid labour where the father's biological and physical superiority over his female counterpart put him at the forefront of capitalist exploitation as a petit earner, consequently propelling him to the apex of the familial power hierarchy as the family's guardian. The father, a de facto leader of the family institute is therefore identifiable first and foremost by his capacity to provide the basics of his family's needs. In Zimbabwe, the father's occupation ranged from paid work to self-help small to medium business enterprises. The economic cataclysm of Zimbabwe's past decade, however, disrupted whatever earning opportunities were open to the father--from the agriculture sector where many lost jobs to the land reforms, to the industries where companies (most of which were owned by foreign investors) closed shops, leaving many without alternate means to livelihood. Entrepreneur fathers were not spared in the meltdown as they too succumbed to the dwindling income in their traditional clientele. The changing fortunes of the father called for a change in the family system, particularly its status quo and this reduced the father's life to one long struggle against the odds threatening his traditional reign on the family. The father's new struggle stems from his defiant conservative spirit that is inimical to the imminent change in the familial status quo and one that constantly spurs him to endeavour the herculean to save a role assigned to him by age's long traditions. …


The US dollar is not like any other national or regional currency; it is also an international one. More precisely, it BECOMES an international currency each time it is transferred by a US resident to a non-resident. This paper analyses all the transactions that are summarized in the US balance of payments, which is presented as the balance sheet of a bank that creates money. It also contrasts these money-creation mechanisms with the conventional intermediation mechanisms. The analysis is then carried to the level of stocks that appear in the International Investment Position of the United States. Finally, this paper presents the evolution of the flows and stocks of the creation of the US international currency, notably in the context of the effects of the 2008-2009 financial crisis.


A vast body of research has been developed addressing how the life-science research commons should be governed, in the context of a globalized intellectual property regime. Scholars revised the basic concepts of research on the commons to adapt it to the realm of knowledge and information. In particular, the collective action problems analyzed in the context of the natural resources were reformulated in a manner more appropriate to the study of the global sharing of biological materials (Hess and Ostrom 2006). The goal of this introduction to the special issue is to advance this research agenda by outlining the structure, the function and the role of two cases of new global genetic resource commons: the microbial commons and the plant genetic resources commons.


Radionuclides released during core-concrete interactions (CCI) can make a major contribution to the severe accident source term. Despite recent advances in understanding, significant uncertainties remain in the prediction of these releases. In the present paper, selected chemical issues that play an important role are discussed and their impact upon some typical calculations using the CORCON and VANESA codes are evaluated. It is shown that the uncertainty in the oxygen potential of the oxidic phase of the melt can lead to uncertainties of one to over two orders of magnitude in the release fractions for Ba, Sr, La, and Ce. Using La and Ce as examples, it is shown that questions involving speciation in the condensed phase are also capable of affecting the calculated release by one or more orders of magnitude. An activity coefficient model for cerium is introduced which reduces calculated cerium release by up to two orders of magnitude for the accident sequence considered. Some additional chemical issues are examined, including the coking reaction; the effect of the latter on the calculated releases is not large.


This document contains a range of needs and requirements concerning the construction of a light control system for a floor of a university building. A description of the building architec- ture and of some pre-installed (light-)hardware is included. This problem description was the com- mon input for all participants of the requirements engineering case study "Light Control".


ower gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a nonspecific common symptom of both acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). The possibility of GISTs is rarely considered in patients with APL when intestinal hemorrhage occurres. We treated a case of GISTs coexisting with APL in July 2006. The diagnosis of GIST was verified through surgery and pathological examination of the resected intestinal mass.


Abstract A specimen referable to an Early Jurassic ammonite, Cleviceras cf. chrysanthemum (Yokoyama, 1904), was discovered from a limestone conglomerate layer of the Kuzu Complex in the Ashio Belt, central Japan. Cleviceras chrysanthemum, a species comparable to the present specimen, is a diagnostic ammonite of early Toarcian age in the Circum-Pacific. The limestone conglomerate layer in question is a part of a sequence composed of, from top to bottom, siliceous shale, limestone conglomerate itself, calcareous sandstone, and again siliceous shale. The siliceous shale above and below the ammonite-bearing conglomerate bed carries radiolarian fossils which indicate the Unuma echinatus Assemblage Zone or Tricolocapsa plicarum Zone of Middle Jurassic age. The whole sequence is judged to be normally superposed by frequently observable normal graded bedding. Thus, the age indicated by the fossil ammonite for the limestone conglomerate is in contradiction with the age of the overlying and underlying beds. These facts suggest that the ammonitebearing pebble of Early Jurassic age is a fragment transported from elsewhere and redeposited in its present position during a Middle Jurassic time. The description of the ammonite is given.


The objective of the study. To identify the prospects for the use of humic preparations for the restoration of disturbed coal-mining areas, by assessing the relationship between their biological activity and the structural-group composition.

Location and time of the study. The study was carried out in the Novokuznetsk district of the Kemerovo region (N 54.14o N and E 87.10o E) in 2020.

Methodology. The study of the structure-group composition of humic preparations was carried out by the 13C NMR spectroscopy. Evaluation of the effect of humic preparations was performed in a series of plot experiments setup in the reclaimed and non-reclaimed areas of the coal mining spoils. The properties of the soils substrates of the technogenic landscapes were determined by traditional soil methods. The effect of the preparations was assessed by the dry phytomass production and pod yields of Vícia villósa vetch, as well as the phytomass production of the Avéna satíva + Vícia villósa mixture. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out by the principal components analysis.

Main results: Comparison of humic preparations obtained from brown coals of the Tisulsky (Kansk-Achinsky basin) and Tyulgansky (South Ural basin) deposits showed that, in general, all preparations positively affected phytomass production and pod yeild. However, in different conditions of technogenic landscapes and in relation to different plant species, the effect could manifest itself in different directions.

A stable positive effect from pre-sowing seed treatment was achieved only with substrates depleted in natural humic substances (humus and peat), and with optimal moisture. Under such conditions, the greatest influence was exerted by preparations obtained from brown coals of the Tisulsky deposit of the Kansk-Achinsky basin, and their naturally oxidized form, which are characterized by a high proportion of oxygen-containing aliphatic (CO-Alk-O), as well as aromatic (СAr) groups. At the same time, under moisture deficit, the indicated chemical properties negatively affected the yield. In stony areas of technogenic landscapes, a positive effect was manifested only by preparations with a maximum proportion of aromatic hydroxide-containing groups (СAr-ОН). Enrichment of humic preparations with microelements (Zn and Cu) did not result in either positive or negative consequences.

Conclusion. The use of humic preparations obtained from brown coals for restoring technogenic landscapes is justified only in areas composed of loamy rocks with a low content of humic substances of humus and peat. The noted multidirectional action of humates, which manifests itself depending on their structural and group composition, properties of substrates and plant species used at the biological stage of reclamation, indicates that using the same standardized preparations for the reclamation of various technogenic objects may not be reasonable.


" Everything that can be counted does not necessarily count; everything that counts cannot necessarily be counted. " (Albert Einstein)


Foresight is "a university human capacity which allows people to think ahead and consider, model, create and respond to, future eventualities" (Foresight International, 2006). Foresight is, however, usually an unconscious thinking process – we all think about the future, but often do not recognise that we are engaging in foresight. In an organisational context, foresight is not necessarily recognised or universal, and overt processes generally need to be put in place, supported by specific methodologies, in order to develop an organisational capacity for foresight.


This paper examines historical images of the unity of science and makes a case for a contemporary conceptualisation of this project for our own times. It argues that, to overcome the fragmentation of knowledge, it is necessary to have an adequate and appropriate philosophy. This paper outlines the parameters of such a philosophy.


In this research the influence of the current density and the concentration of
chromic acid on the thickness and adhesion of the layer of chromium in the steel ASTM
A36 previously copper plating and nickel, in the Laboratory of coatings electrolysis
studied UNT, in order to increase knowledge of decorative chrome steel specifically
made on ASTM A36.
Current density variable was evaluated in levels of 8, 14 and 20 A/dm2, the
variable concentration of chromic acid was evaluated in levels 170, 270 and 370 g/L.
Also, 3 replicates was performed, making a total of 27 tests. Each specimen had an area
of 0.083 dm2.
The results indicate that a current density of 14 A/dm2 and a concentration of
chromic acid of 170 g/L and the best thickness of the adhesion layer of chromium is
100% are obtained.
It is concluded that as the current density increases, the decorative chrome layer
thickness increases. On the other hand, as the concentration of chromic acid decreases,
the thickness of the decorative chromium layer increases, in the case of adhesion as the
current density increases, the percentage of adhered area decreases. Finally, at a 95%
confidence level, the analysis of variance ratifies that the 2 variables under study do
have significant influence; while the interaction only influences significantly on the
thickness.


The Washington Declaration on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest was drafted at the Inaugural Global Congress on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest. The Inaugural Global Congress convened over 180 experts from 32 countries and six continents to re-articulate the public interest dimension in intellectual property law and policy. The Congress adopted a series of specific recommendations for action by a global network of public interest scholars and advocates, which are expressed below.


Abstract EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR PTSD: PRACTICE GUIDELINES FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR TRAUMATIC STRESS STUDIES. Edited by Edna Foa, Terence M. Keane, and Matthew J. Friedman. The Guilford Press, 379 Pages. ISBN 1-57230-584-3, List Price: $44.00. Reviewed by Charles R. Figley. COUNSELING FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER. J. M. Scott and S. G. Stradling, (2001). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 141pps. ISBN 0-80398-409-X. List prices: $74.00 (hardcover) and $24.95 (paperback). Reviewed by Joan M. Cook. THE STRANGER IN THE MIRROR: DISSOCIATION: THE HIDDEN EPIDEMIC. M., Steinberg, & M. Scnall. Cliff Street Books. 2000, 304 pp. ISBN 0060-195649, List price: $25.00 (hardcover). Reviewed by Pamela E. Hall. EGO STATES: THEORY AND THERAPY. John Watkins and Helen Watkins. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997,272 pp., $35.00 hardcover, ISBN 0-393-70259-6. Reviewed by Maureen Kenny.


It is shown that when due account is taken of the Coulomb interactions between electrons, a theory of superconductivity which gives a satisfactory account of the Meissner effect in the London gauge can be extended to give a satisfactory account in any other gauge. Calculations based on the Bardeen-Pines collective treatment of the electron-phonon system show that in the long wave length region (k ≲kc ≅r s −1 wherers is the interelectronic spacing) only the plasmons respond to a longitudinal vector potential. Their response is such as to maintain gauge invariance. The individual electrons are surrounded with a screening cloud of virtual plasmons in such a way that they carry no longitudinal current to order (k2/k c 2 ), and are hence unaffected by a longitudinal vector potential to this order. The introduction of the screening cloud is shown to correspond closely to the backflow introduced byFeynman andCohen to guarantee longitudinal current conservation for the excitations in liquid helium. The calculations are carried out to orderm/M andk4/k c 4 , and involve the use of the random phase approximation for terms which couple plasmons and electrons. For the wave lengths of importance in the Meissner effect (k ≪kc), these approximations are well-justified. An explicit prescription is given for extending the Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer derivation of the Meissner effect to an arbitrary gauge, and their results are shown to be essentially unaltered.


Second harmonic generation (SHG) of picosecond pulses in type II phase-matched nonlinear optical crystals is not widely employed because of the lower efficiencies compared to the type I phase-matching scheme. The limited efficiencies come from the difference between group velocities (GV difference) of the ordinary and extraordinary polarized input pulses. However, if the input pulses are delayed before the nonlinear crystal, a short second harmonic pulse can be generated with a slowly widening temporal overlap. Furthermore, this GV difference can be controlled by the tilting of the pulse fronts, and optimal GV difference can be obtained to achieve powerful output pulses with durations an order of magnitude lower than those of the input pulses. In this work, we present numerical results of SHG pulse compression in a beta barium borate (BBO) nonlinear crystal, which is ideal for SHG of high-power 1030 nm thin-disk lasers. The pulse compression is controlled by predelay and tilting of the pulse fronts. We find optimal parameters to achieve five-fold increase in output power and 20-fold pulse compression of 1.7 ps input pulses. Finally, we consider the experimental aspects of the group velocity control.


M Y three-year term as the Editor-in-Chief (EIC) of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING (TSP) will end on December 31, 2011. It has been a tremendous honor for me to serve the IEEE Signal Processing Society in that capacity and to interact with many brilliant Editorial Board members and authors. I was very pleased to see that Dr. Zhi-Quan (Tom) Luo of the University of Minnesota has been appointed to be my successor. Dr. Luo is a highly accomplished researcher in the area of signal processing, and I am confident that he will serve the journal well. The IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING is the premier publishing venue in the area of signal processing. For three years in a row, it has been the IEEE journal that has received the highest number of submissions. In 2009, we received 1594 new submissions, 17% more than in 2008. This submission volume put a strain on the Editorial Board of 70 Associate Editors (AEs), as they were given the task of peer reviewing nearly every paper while still remaining selective with their reviewer choices. In order to make the best use of editorial and reviewer resources, we established a new review model that calls for a two-tier review process. According to that model, all submitted manuscripts are prescreened according to IEEE guidelines to determine whether they are comprehensible, fall within the scope of the periodical, and meet a minimum criterion for technical substance. Only the manuscripts that meet these criteria are sent to peer review. This prescreening process is coordinated by eight members of the Editorial Board, called Area Editors, and is conducted within the Editorial Board. Papers that do not successfully pass the prescreening processes are immediately rejected by the EIC on the recommendation of the Area Editor. The rest of the papers are assigned to AEs based on EDICS and AE availability. This new model, now in its second year, sends to peer review only the best two thirds of the submitted papers, thus reducing the number of needed reviews in 2010 by 1125. It also significantly reduced the AEs' workload and afforded them the time to pay closer attention to the papers that they handled. Meeting our goals, the paper processing time has been significantly shortened. Upon acceptance, a paper is pre-posted on IEEE Xplore immediately. The average time from submission


ABSTRACT The enhancement of cases of acute hepatitis in children in indonesia encourages the importance of early training detection for parents. Training this gives information about signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis in children and necessary steps taken if a child is suspected of having acute hepatitis. Besides that, training also helps parents prevent transmission of acute hepatitis in children by giving information about ways to avoid the risk of getting hepatitis.The objective of devotion to the public is to increase the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of mothers and toddlers in the detection of early acute hepatitis in children. Methods devotion to a society used is training involving 35 participants consisting of parents, cadres posyandu, village heads, secretaries, employees ward, and nurse health centre, as well assisted by 6th-semester students from the D.III Midwifery, D.III Nutrition, and D.III Nursing study programs. Devotion steps cover identification problems, development of community service programs, program implementation, program evaluation, dissemination results dedication, coaching, and development capacity society.Results of dedication to the public show that team training increases participants' knowledge. The difference in the average pre-test and post-test knowledge is -27.7, and the effect size is -2.16, which is very significant. Besides that, intervention detection of early hepatitis in children also successfully increases the respondent's attitude with the difference in the mean attitude of -17.5 and an effect size of -1.00, which shows a strong influence in increasing attitude. The data also shows a significant difference between the mean psychomotor scores pre and post-with an effect size of -1.00, indicating successful intervention in increasing psychomotor participants' skills. Training conducted on research this success increases the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of psychomotor participants related detection of early hepatitis in children. However, it is recommended to do an advanced study with notice that other possible factors influence results intervene and expand the sample and research area for more representative results. Study continuation to notice aspect qualitative for obtain more understanding good about influence intervention in period longer time. Keywords: Early Detection, Child Hepatitis, Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills, Dedication To Public


Humanistic quality education is a key to reform in medical education system.Teaching of diagnostics is a bridge between basic courses and clinical courses.Carrying out the idea of the humanistic quality education in diagnostics teaching not only increases significantly the effect of teaching but also cultivates high quality medical talents.


Several noninvasive risk factors (NIRFs) have been proposed for sudden cardiac death risk stratification in post‐myocardial infarction (post‐MI) patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF). However, it remains unclear if these factors change over time.


A smart contract can be used for automating business processes triggered by specific events caused by IoT sensors, data feeds, or other applications. A blockchain-based smart contract management system is an innovative technology foreseen to automate future business-to-business (B2B) processes. By optimizing business workflow operations, especially in multi-party arrangements, blockchain can play central role in business process re-engineering. In this paper we present a multi-organizational smart contract management system in which a user can create, deploy, and execute smart contracts. This research article consists of two parts; in the first part, we have compared existing smart contract management systems based on different characteristics that can play a vital role in selecting a particular system for a specific business need. In the second part, we have proposed a framework for a blockchain-based smart contract management system. It is a unified architecture that supports both DAO and organizational level blockchain-based smart contract execution. There are two types of separate blockchains used in the proposed framework; SBlockchain and TBlockchain. SBlockchain is used to store smart contracts, whereas all the data generated by the smart contracts stores inside the TBlockchain. In addition, each smart contract has some terms and clauses which are necessary for some event execution. Various components of the framework and their implementation have been described in detail with the help of relevant use-cases.


The efficiency of bidirectional inductive power transfer (BIPT) systems is strongly dependent on the load. Besides, the soft-switching operation of power switches is critical to high-frequency converter in the BIPT systems. In this paper, a triple-phase-shift (TPS) control strategy is proposed to achieve load matching while realizing zero voltage switching (ZVS) for all power switches within the entire power range. The load matching condition of the BIPT system with double-sided LCC compensation network is analyzed. And a dual side phase shift control is proposed to adjust power flow while realizing load matching. To realize ZVS operation, the third phase shift between primary and secondary side is introduced as an extra control variable. A time domain model of double-sided LCC compensation network is established to analyze the ZVS range. With the proposed TPS control, wide ZVS operation range of the system can be achieved while maintaining load matching. At last, a scale down prototype of 1 kW BIPT system is developed. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical analysis, all switches realize ZVS within the entire power range and a peak efficiency of 94.83% is achieved.


There is a need for the identification of environmental best management practices (BMPs) to aid in responsible and cost-effective operation of winter maintenance programs. State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) are continually challenged to provide a high level of service on winter roadways and improve safety and mobility in a cost-effective manner, while at the same time minimizing adverse effects to the environment, vehicles, and transportation infrastructure. Understanding and minimizing the negative impacts of deicers is critical to effective and responsible winter maintenance operations. Increasing contamination from the continued use of snow and ice control products has become a significant environmental concern that has detrimental effects on air, water, soil, vegetation, humans, and wildlife. Snow and ice control BMPs have been developed in all aspects of winter maintenance operations. This paper will focus on snow and ice control BMPs with the greatest potential to decrease the environmental impacts of winter maintenance operations including proper material storage and handling, applying the right amount of material in the right place at the right time, and facility management and post storm clean-up. By utilizing the identified best practices, an organization can realize cost and material saving, reduced person and vehicle hours and emissions, and realize a reduction in the impacts of snow and ice control operations on the environment.


In order to assess the contribution of each existing and new power supply technology to the power system adequacy, a study is conducted based on a scenario of the Bulgarian national plan for energy and climate. For this purpose, a methodology for assessing the adequacy and approaches for modeling the individual existing and new technologies developed by the Bulgarian transmission system operator has been used.


The clinical features of typical Kawasaki disease (KD) are well known and complications such as hydrops of the gallbladder, arthritis and aseptic meningitis have also been commonly described. Epididymo-orchitis is an extremely rare manifestation of Kawasaki Disease and there has only been, from our literature search, one report by Connolly in 1979. We describe the clinical presentation and management of a five-year-old boy with recurrent KD complicated by epididymo-orchitis. The patient was diagnosed with atypical KD and subsequently developed coronary aneurysms. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, recovered well, and was placed on maintenance warfarin and aspirin. In the next two years, he developed two relapses. He presented four days after apparent remission of his 2nd recurrence with acute left testicular pain. This responded dramatically to intravenous hydrocortisone, and his symptoms abated within 24 hours. The occurrence of epididymo-orchitis in KD, along with the use of steroids in the treatment of extra-cardiac manifestations, is highlighted in this report. As this is a rare complication of KD, treatment protocols have not been widely formulated. Further studies to elucidate the immuno-pathogenesis of this manifestation would be necessary to define the role of steroids and to establish further treatment strategies for this interesting manifestation.


A comprehensive understanding of natural disasters requires understanding their environmental consequences. I examined the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the urban birds of New Orleans, USA. I counted resident land birds on a network of transects established after Katrina's August 2005 landfall. One hundred of these were randomly located and surveyed ten to fourteen weeks after the storm, and 150 more in five focal neighborhoods were surveyed from November 2005 through the fourth winter. Bird numbers on the 100 transects were lower on transects with higher Katrina wind speeds but not on those that flooded by more than 3 ft. The five focal neighborhoods maintained similar bird numbers relative to each other over the duration of the study. Bird numbers in the neighborhood impacted by the Murphy Oil spill were low but not lower than in some areas not contaminated by oil. Reproduction did not appear to be reduced in the oil spill relative to other neighborhoods. Creation of open land by removal of houses appeared to have little effect on bird numbers. However, another 2 km2 area of the city that was converted to open land and seldom mowed attracted a notable concentration of birds of prey in 2009. Focal neighborhoods farther west and therefore exposed to weaker winds tended to have more birds, possibly because of both reduced direct storm impacts and proximity to relatively high populations that could supply immigrants. Neighborhoods closer to nonflooded sources of immigrants in some cases had more birds, as did individual transects within one neighborhood.


The author takes the ways of literature researching,questionnaire collecting and experts interviewing to investigate and analysis the present conditions of volleyball elective courses of physical education department,Nanjing Kinesiology Institute.The research has found that the motivation of students for choosing volleyball class could be ascribe to two main reasons,the requirement of present society and their own interests or hobbies.Here we try to get deep analyses through some factors like the subject characters,college background,and social demanding.


I want to acknowledge and give a special thanks to my academic mentor Prof. Laila El-Baradei, PhD, associate dean of the School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, and my advising committee members, Prof. Hamid Ali, PhD. and Prof. Timothy Dolan, PhD. I appreciate all of your hard work, dedication, and commitment in helping me come up with my dissertation. Your patience and encouraging remarks were the reason I was able to succeed in the program. I would also like to acknowledge and thank the Dean of the School of Global Affairs and Public Policy (GAPP), H.E. Ambassador Nabil Fahmy for his generous support. Special thanks are due to Prof. Jennifer Bremer, Chair of Public Policy and Administration Department, for her precious guidance. Finally, thanks to Mr. Amr El-Sayed, researcher at the Social Research Center for his guidance and support during my wrap up of thesis findings. They did all add a lot to make my scientific journey so enjoyable and successful.


The double phase-conjugate mirror (DPCM) is an oscillator in the framework of a one-dimensional theoretical model. The results of a more consistent two-dimensional approach qualitatively differ from those of a one-dimensional analysis, indicating that the DPCM is a convective amplifier. Predictions of both one- and two-dimensional models are presented and compared. A correct physical picture of scattering development is revealed, and transverse profiles of scattered beams and the dynamics of nonlinear reflectivity are calculated.


There are numerous qualities that define a good manager or business leader, but nothing can take the place of courage in helping them develop staff, building a brand and gaining consumer confidence. It's well worth taking a closer look at the makings of a leader and the inner qualities needed to allow them to overcome adversity and reach their goals.


According to the adaptability and growth performance of different seed sources and clonal population of Sequoia sempervierens under different ecological environment, the groups were classified into four ecological adaptations. The appropriate adaptations should be planted in the appropriate site. For those sites, where the vegetation is evergreen broadleaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest, and warm coniferous forest located in the middle subtropical to higher subtropical area, is suitable for planting warm-moist ecological adaptation. The sites, where the vegetation is deciduous broadleaved forest, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, and some middle wet shrubs in the middle subtropical to higher subtropical area, is suitable for warm semi-moist adaptation. The sites, where the vegetation is coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, coniferous forest and some shrubs, is suitable for planting cool-dry adaptation. The adaptation, which can resist low temperature, survive in high altitude dark coniferous forest of yunnan province, and get some growth volume, deserves advanced studying. Some broadleaved forest and coniferous forest such as Picea spp.forest, Abies spp.forest, Tsuga spp.forest, and Quercus spp.forest, are suitable sites for this adaptation. There are many low yield forest and bald mountain in yunnan, including the conditions of all the adaptations. Developing plantation of Sequoia sempervierens and improving the low yield forest, will make the land resource be used more efficiently and greatly improve the economic benefit and ecological benefit of these area.


Background. The importance of antenatal education for supporting and advising women about diet and physical activity for weight management has been highlighted in recent guidelines. However, little is known about how midwives (through routine instruction) aim to influence maternal motivation for healthy behaviours. Aim. To explore the motivational content of routine antenatal instruction provided by midwives relating to diet, physical activity and weight management as a means of identifying any strengths, weaknesses and deficits. Method. A non-participant, semi-structured observation approach was undertaken. All written and verbal instruction relating to diet, physical activity and weight management was collected through a semi-structured observation schedule. Barron and Harackiewicz (2000) conceptualisation of goals was chosen as a framework for analysis. Content and thematic analysis was undertaken to identify key patterns or themes that emerged from the data. Key Findings. The type and frequency of the goals communicated to women about diet and physical activity during pregnancy varied considerably, depending on the individual midwife, with no apparent standardised procedure being followed. There was evidence of midwives strongly communicating the value of these behaviours. However, three motivational deficits were identified: lack of purpose goals within verbal instruction; lack of performance feedback indicators; and target goals often lacked specificity and relevance. Conclusions. Findings suggest that the motivational potential of routine antenatal instruction is yet to be fulfilled. Although a purpose goal and target goal structure was evident, several motivational problems have been identified. Lack of purpose goals in verbal instruction and almost non-existent feedback prevent antenatal education from fulfilling its potential to motivate women. Implications. Now that these critical gaps have been identified, they can be addressed in order to create an optimally motivated environment that supports women in making healthy lifestyle choices. Midwives and other healthcare professionals would benefit from training and sufficient resources in order to empower them with the knowledge and skills that they need to effectively communicate and support women in their care.


This paper summarizes the current state of the art on uniform random number generation for stochas tic simulation It recalls the basic ideas discusses some linear methods and their theoretical analysis and provides pointers to further details and to rec ommended implementations


Text Mining is a relatively new area of research, very interesting for both computational linguists and data miners. It involves collecting and analyzing quantities of textual data by domain experts, whose main task is the manual revision of markup. We describe a suite of tools used to simplify the process: the Parmenides System that consists of data warehouse, ontology, semi-automatic information extraction and data mining tools. Here we focus on the Annotation Editor which incorporates linguistic tools that initialize the markup automatically.


New Orleans has jailed people for almost as long as the city has existed. Beginning from the first incarnation of Orleans Parish Prison in 1721 by Jean-Baptiste de Bienville at Jackson Square to its current iteration under federal court supervision near the criminal courthouse at Tulane Avenue and Broad Street, the jail has imposed inhumane conditions on the people detained there. But the conditions in the jail not only affect those detained, but our community as well. Modern accounts of Orleans Parish Prison (OPP), recently renamed the Orleans Justice Center, have focused on the impact of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and its aftermath, with little attention to centuries of detention that came before.
This article links the current conditions in the jail to the jail's historical role in New Orleans to explore the extent to which detention in the New Orleans jail has contributed to racial inequality in New Orleans today. A historical account of the jail is important to understand the centuries of inhumane conditions imposed overwhelmingly on African American members of our community. Written accounts from the 1800s to present describe dangerous, unsanitary, and torturous conditions for Orleans parish detainees. As recently as 2013, Federal District Court Judge Lance Africk described the conditions in the jail as "an indelible stain on the community."
These dehumanizing conditions are disproportionately imposed on African Americans. Local, state, and federal legislative reforms of criminal justice policies have focused on the drivers and outputs of incarceration, but have largely ignored the conditions of confinement themselves. In so doing, these reform efforts ignore the devastating and lifelong effects on detained individuals and our community. This essay concludes by highlighting the importance of community engagement in improving conditions at the jail.


The purpose of this study is to compare the style of clothing by type of the Goguryeo and Xianbei Tribe based on the examination of the literature centered on the historical relationship between Goguryeo and Xianbei Tribe. The research results are as follows. First, it was found that both the apparels of Goguryeo and Xianbei Tribe had hemp cloth with the V-neckline with the blocked front part and hemp cloth with the open front that is worn by overlapping the straight collars of the upper garment. Both men and women wore the garment of the straight line collar that is worn by folding towards the left or right, or upper garment of the round shaped collar. Women wore an upper garment with short sleeves on top of the upper garment of Korean traditional clothes while men wore pants for the lower garment, and women wore skirt and apron with triangular cloth decoration on top of the skirt. Second, Goguryeo Anak Tomb No. 3 mural painting(year 357) shows that apparel worn by the lady who is the wife of the owner of the tomb is similar to the apparel worn by the lady in the lacquer painting for folding screen of the Sima Jinlong Tomb ancient painting on the woman of chaste reputation in terms of the form and structure.


The solidification structure of remelt ingots of IN718 has been modeled by many authors using a number of different computation techniques. The models have generally been validated by comparing the computed liquidus line with the "pool profile" as outlined by a variety of techniques in industrial ingots. Recent models have also been validated by comparing the dendrite spacings predicted by the computed solidification parameters to those derived from laboratory directional solidification experiments. Both these methods have strong drawbacks. The "pool profile" is almost certainly not the liquidus line in a practical ingot due to supercooling and to momentum transfer from the bulk liquid to the interdendritic liquid in the region where the solid fraction is small. In the case of the dendrite spacings, the nature of the spacings' dependence on the solidification parameters means that the variations expected in practical ingots are close to the precision with which the spacings can be determined. We therefore lack sufficient means to properly test the computed ingot structures against actual practice. A further test of computed ingot thermal conditions has been used. In this test, the average size of primary NbC precipitates is used as the solidification monitor. Laboratory directional solidification experiments have shown that this parameter is sensitive to the local solidification time and can thus be used to check the computed position of the solidus relative to the computed liquidus. The purpose of the present work is to determine the extent to which this method is valid over the range of compositions which are use for alloy IN718. We find that the method is valid provided that the correct relationship is used for the alloy composition in question. The method, however, is difficult to implement in practice due to the problem of determining exactly which carbides in the microstructure are the appropriate primary particles. This difficulty reduces the method to one which is of the same order of precision as the one which uses dendrite spacings. Nonetheless, the method is a useful additional determination of the solidification parameters.


The clandestine involvement of military folk in the political and industrial affairs of the nation has a long history. Dissenting organisations should adopt counter-intelligence measures 'Oppositional, dissident organisations owe it to themselves and their supporters to adopt counter-intelligence procedures.' Photograph: Guardian Australia Allegations this week that the anti-mining camp at Maules creek in NSW was infiltrated by corporate spies should come as no surprise. While one activist told the Guardian Australia she felt "a sickening feeling of betrayal", in reality this is the Australian way. The clandestine involvement of military folk in the political and industrial affairs of the nation, done with staggering panache and ruthlessness, has a long history.


Objective To evaluate the changes of enzyme for acute damage to liver function during the treatment of big hepatic carcinoma by Lipiodol Transcatheter Arterial Embolization (LP TAE) and analize the influence to acute liver function change concerned with different doses of Lipiodol (LP). Methods 30 patients of big hapatic carcinoma diagnosed by CT, MRI, DSA etc. were collected with the venous blood samples before and the third day after by Lp TAE treatment together with analyses of the relation between the changes of enzyme and the doses of Lipiod ol (LP). Results All cases suffered from acute liver dysfunction to a greater or less extent correlative with different doses of lipiodal.Conclusions The proper proportion of doses between lipiodal and anticancerous drugs should be emphasized during treatment of LP TAE in big hepatic cancers for prevention of liver disfunction, furthermore with hope to have a rule for lipiodal dosage.


Abstract : The Norwegian Air Force and the Norwegian Navy both use the Norwegian developed Penguin surface-to-surface missile (SSM) but they use different tactics for launching it. The Navy recommends many attack directions, whereas the Air Force has the missiles approach the target area along a single axis. This thesis investigates the effectiveness of different attack geometries using a discrete event simulation model that captures objects in motion, the detection of targets, the distribution of information, and the engagement procedures. The model includes ships, sensors, a data-link, missiles, missile batteries, air-target trackers, guns and the anti-air-warfare organization. Based on data from open sources, the simulation model of this thesis demonstrates that having all missiles approach the target area along the same bearing is the preferred SSM launch tactic under a variety of circumstances.


This paper discusses the reformation of the underground mine concrete batching-making system and draws the following conclusions:1.expanding the loading range of the batching plant, investing less and reforming easily;2.for the better equipment stability and the convenient services, having electric rollers underneath during the design of the mobile upward short-belt conveyor. This provides references for the similar concrete batching-making system.


My thesis deals with new ways of check-in in ITS. The first chapter describes basic theory of ITS, kinds of check in, companies dealing with check in and model ITS´ analysis. The second chapter focuses on research and development in current check in. The third chapter evaluates the questionnaire and practical research in the region of South Moravia. The last chapter suggests new ways of the introduction of optimal check-in system.


Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a form of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) technique (Ishikawa et al., 2003). RFID is recently being used in a wide range of areas such as Supply Chain Management (SCM), health care, traffic monitoring, retail, and access control (Polniak, 2007). The ability to store large amounts of data and identify items which are not in the line of sight has given RFID technology an edge over other automatic identification approaches such as the barcode based systems (Ishikawa et al., 2003) and optical character recognition systems (OCR) (Phoenix Software International, 2006). As an example, RFID technology integration in SCM systems has resulted in the reduced losses and improved visibility in various stages of supply chaining (Sheng et al., 2008), reduced numbers of data entry errors, efficient inventory management, and lower human labor costs in distribution centers (Tutorial-Reports, 2007). A binary code comprising a field of bars and gaps arranged in parallel configuration is used by the barcode based identification systems. The analysis of the reflected beam on the bar gaps, allows the numerical and alphanumerical interpretation of the barcode sequence made up of narrow and wide bars. The interpreted value obtained specifies a unique code that is used for object identification. The disadvantage of the barcode system is that the barcode needs to be aligned in order to be read by the laser scanner (Ishikawa et al., 2003). The OCR based systems consist of optical machine readers used to recognize alphanumeric codes which are placed on the objects to be uniquely identified. The drawbacks of this system consist of the cost of operation, and the complexity of the OCR readers (Phoenix Software International, 2006). The RFID systems basically consist of three elements: a tag/transponder, a reader and a middleware deployed at a host computer. The RFID tag is a data carrier part of the RFID system which is placed on the objects to be uniquely identified. The RFID reader is a device that transmits and receives data through radio waves using the connected antennas. Its functions include powering the tag, and reading/writing data to the tag. As shown Fig. 1, the signals sent by the reader's antennas form an interrogation zone made up of an electromagnetic field. When a tag enters this zone, it gets activated to exchange data with the reader (Al-Mousawi, 2004). Later, the identification data read by the RFID reader is processed by the software system, known as the RFID middleware. The RFID middleware manages readers, as well as filters and formats the RFID raw tag data so that they can be


Coding and diversity are very effective techniques for improving transmission reliability in a mobile wireless environment. The use of diversity is particularly important for multimedia communications over fading channels. In this work, we study the transmission of progressive image bitstreams using channel coding in a 2-D time-frequency resource block in an OFDM network, employing time and frequency diversities simultaneously. In particular, in the frequency domain, based on the order of diversity and the correlation of individual subcarriers, we construct symmetric ra-channel FEC-based multiple descriptions using channel erasure codes combined with embedded image coding. In the time domain, a concatenation of RCPC codes and CRC codes is employed to protect individual descriptions. We consider the physical channel conditions arising from various different coherence bandwidths and coherence times, leading to various orders of diversities available in the time and frequency domains. We also study the tradeoffs and the relative effectiveness associated with the use of erasure codes in the frequency domain and convolutional codes in the time domain under different physical environments.


The inquiry learning is a kind of modern education idea,which is the key to realize the training of innovative talent.Having participated in the students' inquiry learning activities,the author studied the principles of research learning about sports.Studies suggest that: 1,the developmental features of the sports undergraduates and the time-background decided that they need to pay more attention to the research study.2,to carry out the research study need to follow three main principles: combining opening content with various forms;integrating constructing process with generating results;consisting arousing internal factors with adjusting external factors.


Objective To explore the relationship between microsatellite instability and clinico pathological features in gastric cancer and its clinic significance. Methods Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumor specimens and matching normal tissues of 65 cases with gastric carcinoma were retrieved from Ruijin Hospital. DNAs were extracted from tissue sections using phenol chloral isopantyalcohol. DNAs from gastric tumors and paired normal DNAs were amplified by PCR based SSCP (simple strand conformation polymorphism) at five microsatellite loci for microsatellite analysis. Results The tumors were classified as being microsatellite stable (MSS) or having a low frequency of MSI (MSI L, one marker positive ) or a high frequency of MSI (MSI H, two or more markers positive). The results demonstrated MSI L in 11 cases (18.0%), MSI H in 12(19.7%) and MSS in 38(62.3%). There were no significant differences in clinicopathological parameters between MSI L and MSS cases. Significant differences were found between MSI H and MSS or MSI L cases in tumor site, Lauren histological type, lymph node metastasis and tumor stage (P 0.05). MSI H cases showed a predominance of gastric antral cancer, negative lymph node, intestinal type and early stage, but appeared not to be significantly associated with age, gender, and tumor size (P 0.05). Conclusions Gastric cancers of MSI H have different clinicopathological features from those of MSI L and MSS, and the patients with MSI H tumors have a relatively better prognosis than those with MSI L and MSS. The MSI H gastric carcinomas may develop through a distinct pathway.


The clear height of Xinjiang Mansion' banqueting hall is 8.9 m,the hall' top is steel structure. We use two different support systems in girder nodes and concrete crest slab in order to support the load of girder to ensure a secure structure.


It is important title for petrochemical ,power and nuclear industries to research and develop compacted, efficient heat exchanger.The author did the experimental research by setting the round ball inside tube as elastic inducing component in tube, and this not only increased the heat exchanging coefficient,but also had the ability of anti-fouling,prolonged the heat exchanger efficiently running.


Hakkanese culture relic's museums are cultural centers of Taiwanese counties and cities but also venues for holding cultural activities. The museums collect and revitalize local cultural resources. They can act as local museums, show halls or exhibition halls, and bring job opportunities and economic benefits; however, many museums are restricted to existing spatial planning, or have insufficient space or cannot meet needs in response to diversified development trend. Even worse, some of them museums lack management and have weaknesses after going into operation. In order to understand current situations and future development trend of Hakkanese culture relics museums of Hualien County Government of Taiwan, this study conducted literature collection, review and analysis. It also adopted bottom-up model and interactive model in local informal discussion, workshops and in-depth interview so as to deeply discuss internal and external environment of the Hakkanese culture relics museums, and collect industrial, governmental and academic opinions. We also conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis, SWOT analysis, TOWS analysis, Analytic Network Process and BCRU (The Business model of Culture Relics Museums) established by using SAW to analyze external environment and threats of the Hakkanese culture relics museums, and deduce WT strategies, WO strategies, ST strategies and SO strategies of Hakkanese culture relics museums. The BCRU is feasible after numerical example and expert discussion. It can be used in empirical analysis of the Hualien Hakkanese culture relics museums in Taiwan, providing reference for formulation of business strategies of other Hakkanese culture relics museums in Taiwan or other similar cases in other countries.


The results of this work show a new asymmetric membrane very performant, characterized by an exceptional deformability, a good pressure strength, a high permeability and a satisfactory permselectivity.

Its interesting specific anticoagulant activity is a contribution to the realization of a "new bio-artificial pancreas".


In the present paper the asymptotic formulae for the first moment of the Riemann zeta-function on the critical line is proven under assumption of the Riemann Hypothesis.


themselves from it; situations and emergencies will soon arise to force them back into the road on which they have travelled for ages.,,207 The French should accept their political heritage, working to build a responsible "gouvernement 1ibre" with the monarchy as the basis. One of the basic elements of such a government is the development of political parties. Strong political parties are necessary for 1ib erty whether the government be a republic or a monarchy with a par1ia ment. 208 "In a free country, or in one struggling to become free, the elements of political society are political parties, in the widest and highest acceptation of the term."209 Political parties are not easy to form, even if the people are desirous of liberty. "I know not [som p1ained Guizo!7 which is the most difficult undertaking,--to transform the functionaries of absolute power into the supporters of a free Government, or to organize the friends of liberty into a political party. 210 The difficulty is that there is a tendency toward faction alism when men are formed into opposing groups. Guizot recognized "no 206Guizot, Memoirs, II, 24. 207Ibid., I, 113. 208Guizot, M~moires, VIII, 7. 209Guizot, Democracy, p. 48. 210Guizot, Memoirs, I, 201. 73 greater danger to free institutions than that blind tyranny which the habitual fanaticism of partisanship, whether of a faction or a small segment, pretends to exercise in the name of liberal ideas ...2ll Guizot saw the danger as particularly strong among the French, among whom he saw a tendency to hold on to principles with a firmness bordering on fanaticism. 212 "Politics require a certain mixture of indifference and passion, of freedom of thought and restrained will, which is not easily reconciled with a strong adhesion to general ideas." For liberty to be assured, its advocates must have a "sincere intent to hold a just bal lance between the many principles ~eld by different segments of societIJ and interests of society.,,213 Political parties must have, as their basis, a Ucertain measure of faith in ideas, and of fidelity to persons. u Without both, they degenerate into factions. 2l4 Political parties must be embodied with political spirit, which "shows itself in the will and the power to take a regular and active part in public affairs, without 2ll!!?i:£., I, 46. 2l2Guizot is not alone in this. See Andr~ Siegfried, "Approaches to an Understanding of Modern France," in Modern France: Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics, ed. Edward Mead Earle (New York: Rus sell & Russell, 1964). 2l3Guizot, Memoirs, I, 172. 2l4Guizot, English Revolution, p. 54. Alexis de Tocqueville pointed to the dangers of the opposite extreme, as manifested during the July Monarchy in the French parliament: "As all business was discussed among members of one class, in the interest and in the spirit of that class, there was no battlefield for contending parties to meet upon. This singular homogeneity of position, of interests, and consequently of views, reigning in what M. Guizot had once called the legal country, de prived the parliamentary debates of all originality, of all reality, and therefore of all genuine passion." The Recollections of Al'exi's de TocqU:eviiie', ed. J. P. Mayer (Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1959), p. 7. 74 employing violence or risk of disturbance.,,215 Liberty, says Guizot, is a proud and jealous mistress, "qui sait ce qu'elle vaut et ne se donne qu'~ ceux qui, l leur tour, se donnent'a. elle tous et tout· entiers.,,216 To give one's all to liberty means, on many occasions, to restrain one self, to allow oneself to be constrained by the needs of society. The most obvious means society has to restrain its citizens is law, the object of which lIis to provide what is necessary, not to step in advance of what may become possible; their l!aws~ mission'is to reg ulate the elements of society, not to excite them indiscriminately.,,217 Their mission is a conservative one, primarily negative in function. "Preventive and general intimidation is the great and predominating object of penal 1aws." If this were not the case, honest rather than dishonest people would be intimidated. 218 Guizot was always quick to see conspiracies, which were, in fact, numerous during the Restoration and the July Monarchy. Conspiracies were a prime target for Guizot's notion of law. "Under a system of legality and liberty, judicial re preSSion is the only effectual weapon to employ against conspiracies. It is necessary that plotters should fear the law and its interpre ters."219 Obedience to law must be complete. Guizot had more confidence in law than in men. liCe n'est pas 1a vo10nt~ des hommes, c'est 1a justice et 1a sagesse intrins~ques des lois et du pouvoir qui fait leur 215Guizot, Democracy, p. 78. 216Guizot, Histoire Par1ementaire, I, cxxii. 217Guizot, Memoirs, III, 63. 218Ibid., II, 295-296. 219 ' , ~., II, 194. 75 droit ~ l'ob~issance."229 Society must be careful not to undermine its laws by evading the enforcement of them or by using them to handle problems they were not meant to handle. "It is better to suspend openly, and for a given time, a particular privilege, than to pervert, by encroachment and subtlety, the fixed laws, so as to adapt them to the emergency of the hour."221 On the question of the liberty of the press, Guizot was consis tently liberal, to the consternation of many of his contemporaries. "Free nations and governments [guizot sai9] have but one honourable and effective method of dealing with the liberty of the press,--to adopt it frankly, without undue complaisance." To do otherwise would allow people who want to cause trouble to make an issue of it. ffLet them not make it a martyr or an idol, but leave it in its proper place, without elevating it beyond its natural rank."222 Only as it begins should a government worry about the press: In a well-established government, solidly constituted, the danger against which the friends of liberty have to contend is oppression: all is there combined for the maintenance of law; all tends to support vigorous discipline, against which every individual labours to retain the share of freedom which is his due; the function of government is to support order; that of the governed to watch over 1iberty.223 In a government just commencing, care must be taken that liberty does not become license. In extraordinary circumstances, the press may then be restrained. Once the government is well established, the press must 220Guizot, Histoire Parlementaire, I, xx. 22lGuizot , Memoirs, I, 114-115. 222I bid. , I, 49. 223~., I, 394-395. 76 not be tampered with. Guizot does not believe that the press will always be right, because human nature is not always enlightened. "The liberty of the press is human nature displaying itself in broad day light, sometimes under the most attractive, and at others under the most repelling aspect." It is the "wholesome air that vivifies, and the tempest that destroys, the expansion' and impulsive power of steam in the intellectual system." On the whole, a free press will be "more useful than injurious to public morality.,,224 On this question, as on many others, Guizot was a liberal for rather conservative reasons. Guizot advocated a free press not because he was confident that it would improve man and society. Rather, he feared that to deny freedom to the press would be to make it a cause or a martyr to those elements in society which were always bent on revolutionary activity. A free press would do less harm to society than would the revolutionaries if given the opportunity. In effect, he was co-opting a liberal cause for con servative reasons. In education, Guizot was more openly conservative. 225 The "grand problem of modem society is the government of minds," says Guizot. "It has frequently been said in the last century, and it is often repeated now, that minds ought not to be fettered, that they should be left to their free operation, and that society has neither the right nor the 224I bid., I, 170. 225C,"sar Grana argues that "when he {§uizoS.] advised borgeois parents to promote an academic education among their sons, he wanted to impress on them the revolutionary power of modern ideologies could only be contained, by intellectual dedication to the proper social order." Grana, Modernity and Its Discontents, p. 12. 77 necessity of interference." Experience has proven this "haughty and precipitate" claim to be false. "It has shown what it was to suffer minds to be unchecked, and has roughly demonstrated that even in intel lectual order, guides and bridles are necessary."226 One of the guides~ probably the most important, is religion. "Popular education ought to be given and received in the bosom of a religious atmosphere, in order that corresponding impressions and habits may penetrate from every side. u227 The authorities on the question of popular education should be the family, the state and the church. In a speech given in the Chamber of Deputies on January 31, 1846, Guizot put the family first. ilLes enfants appartiennent ~ 1a famille avant d'appartenir a 1,Etat. u228 Much of the child's education must come from the family, especially the religious aspect. It is "Ie droit des parents de faire ~lever leurs enfants dans leur foi, par Ie ministres de leur foi.,,229 In 1850, refusing an ap pointment to a committee on education, he expanded on the point. "Les 'tab1issements d'education ext~rieurs ~ la famille n'existent que pour 1a supl~er et pour faire ce qu'elle ne peut pas ou ne veut pas faire elle-m~me.,,230 In a July address to the Institut that same year, Guizot J discussed the two "grands suppleants, deux grands auxiliaires natureIs 226Guizot, Memoirs, III, 14. 227Ibid., III, 66. 228Guizot, M'moires, VII, 378. 229Ibid., VII, 379. 230Lettres, p. 291. 78 de la famille, l'Eglise et 1,Etat. u23l The Church is important because "l'enseignement religieux lui appartenant de droit, elle est naturelle ment pro