The aim of this paper is to present changes in diagnostic criteria of alcohol use disorders and some consequences concerning change to therapy and pharmacotherapy approaches. The presented DSM-5 classification features the diagnostic category ''Substance Use Disorder'', which combines DSM-IV ''substance abuse'' and ''substance dependence'' as a single disorder. The definition of alcohol dependence as a set of behavioural and physical symptoms in people who consume large amounts of alcohol, including alcohol withdrawal syndrome, tolerance and craving, has not changed. According to the new version of classification the ICD-11, diagnosis of ''Disorders due to use of alcohol'' includes alcohol intoxication, harmful use, dependence syndrome, withdrawal syndrome and alcohol-induced mental and behavioural disorders. As regards studies on the effectiveness of treatment, issues such as the understanding of addiction mechanisms, basic assumptions and the aims pursued are now being redefined and new treatment strategies are being sought including, presented in this paper, modular psychotherapy utilizing personal resources Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology. * Adres do korespondencji: Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, ul. Krakowska 69, 71-017 Szczecin, Polska. Tel.: +48 91 444 32 40, +48 602 315 835. Adres email: firstname.lastname@example.com (A. Samochowiec). Dostę pne online www.sciencedirect.com


The paper is discussing the progress of anti-tumor effects and its mechanism of diosgenin(Dio) in recent ten years at home and abroad from the anti-tumor effects and its mechanism. Dio is a kind of natural steroidal saponin, and widely available, it shows pharmacological activities such as immunity-regulating, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, the anti-tumor activity had attracted the attention of many scholars, its mechanism demonstrates the features of multiple target points, multiple links and multiple effects, at the same time, the mechanisms of Dio fighting against different types of tumors are different, and their depths are different, therefore, it is necessary to study the effects and its mechanisms completely with modern molecular biology; meanwhile, the studies centered on anti-tumor features of Dio and the combination with other anti-tumor drugs could fully develop the unique roles of traditional herbs fighting against the tumor.


On the fifth day her condition had improved still more, despite the fact that her temperature had risen to 103 F. The pulse was regular and of good volume. She complained of some pain beneath the right breast as well as in the region of the wound. The chest was aspirated and some four ounces of clear brown fiuid were removed from the left pleural cavity. The patient insisted on using a commode and it was necessary to give sodium phenobarbital in frequent doses by intramuscular injection to keep her in bed. X-ray films of the chest revealed some consolidation in the middle lobe of the right lung, as well as in the lower lobe of the left lung. Despite the continued administration of penicillin in massive doses, the pyrexia had increased, so terramycin was given as well. The temperature settled by lysis over the next five days, as clinical evidence of consolidation disappeared.


Disease and its consequences result in social and economic impacts to the US animal livestock industry, ranging from losses in human capital to economic costs in excess of a billion dollars annually. Impacts would dramatically escalate if a devastating disease like Foot and Mouth Disease or African Swine Fever virus were to emerge in the United States. Investing in preventative biosecurity can reduce the likelihood of disease incursions and their negative impact on our livestock industry, yet uncertainty persists with regards to developing an effective biosecurity structure and culture. Here we show the implications of human behavior and decision making for biosecurity effectiveness, from the operational level to the owner/managerial level and finally to the systems level. For example, adjustments to risk messaging strategies could double worker compliance with biosecurity practices at the operational level. The improvement of our risk communication strategy may increase willingness to invest in biosecurity. Furthermore, the adaptation of policies could nudge behavior so that we observe a short disease outbreak followed by a quick eradication instead of a pandemic. Our research shows how the emergence of now-endemic diseases, such as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus, cannot be adequately modeled without the use of a human behavioral component. Focusing solely on any one sector or level of the livestock system is not sufficient to predict emergent disease patterns and their social and economic impact on livestock industries. These results provide insight toward developing more effective risk mitigation strategies and ways to nudge behavior toward more disease resilient systems.


The Peruvian political landscape is dominated by the weakness of party organizations, the continuous rotation of political personalities, and, in turn, high electoral volatility and uncertainty. Nevertheless, we observe patterns of electoral competition that suggest candidates learn to capture the political center and compete over the continuation of an economic model that has sustained growth. We use this information to record the vote intention for the candidate viewed as the lesser evil. Our forecasting results predict a good share of the variation in political support for this candidate. The out-of-sample prediction also comes fairly close to the real electoral results. These findings provide some degree of electoral certainty in an area that, to date, remains understudied.


The Rugby Sevens World Series concludes with the team who accumulated the most points in the season being crowned champions. The objective of every team is to win their matches, but it is questionable whether winning every tournament is essential to winning a Series. The purpose of this study was: i) to determine the number points that must be accumulated in order to win the Series and if the sequence of point accumulation was important; and ii) to determine the performance of the 5 most successful nations between 1999/2000 and 2011/2012. Data collected from the IRB Sevens website included the Series points scored after each tournament and at the end of the season and the tier (Cup, Plate, Bowl or Shield) of the last match played for the Series winner, 2nd and 3rd placed teams and New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, Samoa and England. Winners accumulated 83.5% (± 5.5) of the points available per season, 2nd and 3rd teams had 69.9% ± 8.1 and 61.2% ± 4.6 points respectively. New Zealand averaged 76.9% ± 13.8, Fiji 65.5% ± 12.3, South Africa 55.8% ± 12.1, England 50.8% ± 21.5, and Samoa 49.3% ± 17.5. Winning teams (and New Zealand and Fiji) accrued points faster than other teams with over 50% of points won at halfway point in the season. New Zealand had the greatest probability of winning cup quarter or final matches; Fiji was more likely to win semi-finals. No team has won every tournament during a season but a successful start is vital for a Series winner.


bottle-preparations of the soft parts, and several dry preparations, all of which are in the galleries and osteological cases of the museum. Since the time of Hunter, great advances have been made in cetology. Cuvier, Van B3eneden, Eschricht, and many others, -have worked at the subject; new species have been found almost every year, and are being brought to our knowledge by zoologists of various parts of the world. The cetacea are true mammalia, and their fish-like appearance is only an adaptation by nature to fit them for living in the water. They are a very specialised order, and cannot be mistaken for any other animals; unlike most orders, they present no transitional forms. Their general external fish-like appearance; the large size of the head, placed on the anterior end of the trunk, without the external !.ppearance of the intervention of neck, with one exception; and the posterior end of their body terminating in a horizontally flattened fin, distinguish them from all other animals. Their only external limbs are the anterior ones, which are reduced to paddles, without any appearance of fingers or nails, and with little or no motion of the elbow-joint. Though there is no trace of hind limbs to be seen externally, yet, in some species of whales, they are to be found under the skin in a very rudimentary form. The external surface of these animals is covered over with a smooth shining skin, from which all hair or anything to obstruct their passage through the water is absent. The only portion of the body on which hair sometimes exists is about the mouth; here a feb;.bristles may be found situated at intervals apart. The animal heat, which in most other mammals is principally retained within the body by a coat of hair or fur, is retained within the whale's body by a thick layer of a particular kind of fat called blubber, situated immediately under the skin. Many of the whales possess a dorsal fin, which gives them a still more fish-like appearance. This fin is, however, not a true fin, but only a fold of skin with an intervening layer of blubber; no trace of it is to be seen in the skeleton. The jaws have teeth set in the gums, or a peculiar substance, arranged in plates hanging downwards from each side of the palate, called baleen or whalebone, though structurally it is entirely different from bone. The presence of either teeth or of whalebone is the basis of the classification of the whales into two great groups. All whales possess a blow-hole, which may be single or double, united or separate, satiated on the highest part of the head. Regarding the breathing of whales, erroneous opinions have frequently been entertained. Many persons have imagined that, along with the breath, water is discharged through the Blow-hole, causing what is familiarly known as the spouting of whales. The whale never spouts water through his blow-hole, but only exhales air highly charged with moisture, the same as any other mammal. When the sea is calm, and the weather still and frosty, the expired air can be seen rising at the spots where he comes to the surface to breathe, like puffs of steam. This is due to the air having been heated while in the animal's lungs to a considerably higher temperature than that of the surrounding atmosphere. What has led to the belief that the whale discharges water from his blow-holes, is probably the fact that, not unfrequetly, he expires before his head is entirely above the surface of the water, the result being that water in the form of foam is driven upwards into the air along with the breath; this phenomenon is especially noticeable when the sea is rough. Another circumsttncv which has led to the fallacy is that, when harpooned, the whale frequently spouts blood through the blow-hole. the cause of this is, however, entirely different, as in this case the blood comes from the injured lung. Cetaceans all reed on animal food, principally fish; ailso .on cephalopods, crustaceans, octopuses, etc. Only the grampus will eat the flesh of warm-blooded animals and seals. Whales are to lye found in all seas and in all parts of the ocean., There are some forms which only frequent large rivers, such as the Indus and Amazon.


Highly c -axis-oriented Bi_3.25La_0.75Ti_3O_12 (BLT) films with a homogeneous in-plane orientation were successfully grown on SiO_2/Si(100) and Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si(100) substrates by a sol-coating route. The substitution of lanthanum ions for bismuth ions in the layered perovskite suppressed the formation of pyrochlore phase and enhanced the c -axis-oriented growth. The c -axis-oriented BLT film fabricated on a Pt/Ti/SiO_2/Si(100) substrate showed fatigue-free characteristics with a large remanent polarization of 26–28 μC/cm^2 and the coercive field of 50–75 kV/cm. These features significantly enhance the potential value of the BLT film for the applications to high-density ferroelectric random-access memories devices. In addition, the c -axis-oriented BLT film, with a homogeneous in-plane orientation on an amorphous surface, can be used as a suitable template material for applications to various electro-magneto-optic devices.


A nascent land rental market is emerging in rural China after almost two decades of rural reforms. That the timing of its emergence coincides with the acceleration of an off-farm labor market suggests that the development of one factor market may have induced the emergence of the other. Using a recent farm survey, we are able to show that households with active participation in off-farm labor markets, measured by the number of days worked, have indeed rented less land. Contrarily, our analysis fails to substantiate the hypotheses that administrative land reallocations, which is a property of China's land tenure system, and respectively grain quotas, tend to hamper the development of land rental transactions. J. Comp. Econ., June 2002, 30(2), pp. 395–414. Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. © 2002 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J22, J43, O12, O53, P23, P36.


The Flemish Center for the study of popular culture was founded in 1999 to conduct interdisciplinary research in the domain of culture studies, folklore, local history, European etnology and the everyday life of people. It also supports other organisations that are active in this sector. The center has a library and publishes its own bibliography and a periodical: Mores: tijdschrift voor volkscultuur in Vlaanderen. It is working hard to create a website (www.voikscultuur.be) that can serve as a platform for the sector and as a means of communication with the public. The center promotes the idea of an integrated local cultural policy. In this regard it favors cross-over collaboration between local public libraries and cultural heritage organisations to create local or regional historical documentation or cultural heritage centers.


Fred Schauer thinks our conception of democracy is too delibera tive. Joseph Bessette thinks it not deliberative enough. Jack Knight thinks the conception may be just right, but its justification is not procedural enough. We think both the conception and justification can withstand the objections these critics present, and in explaining why we think so, we shall try not only to correct some misunder standings but also to develop our theory further. We welcome the thoughtful challenges the critics present, and respond in the spirit of continuing a mutual effort to advance the understanding of delibera tive democracy. In the course of his probing analysis, Schauer in effect poses a dilemma that he believes our theory cannot resolve. Insofar as our theory is to be applied under favorable (ideal) conditions, delibera tion is not necessary, but insofar as the theory is applied under less favorable (non-ideal) conditions, deliberation may be undesirable. Under favorable conditions, Schauer believes, all disagreement would be reasonable? "untainted by prejudice, selfishness and related pathologies"?and deliberation would therefore not be needed to produce reasonable results. Almost any decision procedure would do as well. Although (as he recognizes) our theory is not primarily intended for ideal conditions, we agree that imagining how it would apply under such conditions can clarify the relation between deliberation and disagreement. However, Schauer forgets that on our view deliberation serves more purposes than merely eliminating unreasonable disagreement. In Democracy and Disagreement, we suggest sev eral other purposes (pp. 41-43). For example, laws that are adopted after mutual consideration of conflicting moral claims are more likely to be seen as (and to be) more legitimate than those enacted after only strategic calculation of the rei ative strength of competing political interests. Such enhanced legitimacy would be necessary and valuable even under ideal conditions. Schauer might be assuming that under ideal conditions citizens would be so public-spirited that they would read ily accept as legitimate any decision within the range of reasonable disagreement. But selfishness and related "pathologies" (what Hume called "limited generosity") are not the only sources of moral disagreement. Scarce resources, conflicts among moral values themselves, and incomplete moral understanding, as we show in Democracy and Disagreement (pp. 18-26), would give rise to deep and persistent disagreement. Schauer surely would not define ideal conditions so as to exclude all of these circumstances, and so long as they exist, deliberation would still have plenty of work to do. Is our theory nonetheless impaled on the other horn of the dilemma Schauer has posed? Under non-ideal conditions such as those that prevail in the United States today, deliberation may not advance the values of democracy such as liberty, opportunity and deliberation itself. "A decision to prefer a talk-based decision proce dure," Schauer warns, "... runs the risk ... of producing less rather than more ... idealized deliberation." Some kinds of talk, indeed perhaps the dominant forms in today's political discourse, do not advance democracy, and indeed may be worse than other procedures such as voting. But deliberative democrats are not committed to pre ferring talk-based procedures if they lead to less genuine delibera tion. Indeed, a deliberative theory is better equipped to criticize deficient political talk than a theory that relies mainly on voting, and is therefore less likely to address the problem of talk at all. It is important to distinguish between a theory or conception of deliberative democracy, and the process of deliberation itself. Our conception of deliberative democracy includes other values besides deliberation, and does not hold that the process of deliberation is always or even usually the best way to make a political decision. As Schauer notes, we argue for "a particular form of deliberation ... that is constrained not only by the substantive requirements of basic liberty, basic opportunity, and fair opportunity, but also by the procedural mandates of publicity, reci procity, and accountability." Thus, each princi ple?not only public deliberation?is indepen dently valuable. If among available procedures judicial review, for example, best protects certain basic liberties, then our conception of delibera tive democracy would consistently recommend judicial review in those cases. It would of course take another kind of investigation?far more contextually specific and empirically oriented than we undertook in Democracy and Disagreement?to determine in what kinds of cases judicial review (or any other procedure) does in fact best protect basic liberty today. We not only agree with Schauer that "choosing decision procedures in a non-ideal world should involve some empirical evaluation of the likely consequences and outcomes of the alternatives " we also identify and defend the moral standards that Some kinds of talk, indeed perhaps the dominantforms in today s political discourse, do not advance democracy, and indeed may be worse than other procedures such as voting.


A new type of magnetoresistive memory using spin-valve multilayers composed of semi-hard magnetic layers and soft magnetic layers separated with nonmagnetic layers was developed. The fabricated memory element was composed of a word line of Au film and a magnetoresistive sense line of [{CoPt/Cu/NiFeCo}/Cu]N multilayers. This spin-valve memory has nonvolatile and nondestructive readout properties.


Virtually every existing adaptive attitude control solution is based on the certainty-equivalence principle, which permits the adaptive controller structure to be based upon the deterministic feedback control algorithm (controller design based on nominal system information without any inertia-parameter uncertainty) and to be used in conjunction with a suitable adaptive parameter-estimation algorithm. However, one of the main drawbacks of the certainty-equivalence-based adaptive control methodology is the arbitrary degradation in closed-loop performance due to the adaptation (parameter-estimation) process, which acts like a forcing disturbance (uncertain parameter effect) imposed onto the deterministic closed-loop control dynamics. In this paper, we significantly deviate from the classical certainty-equivalence-based adaptive control framework and develop, for the first time (to our best knowledge), a noncertainty-equivalent adaptive attitude control algorithm. This novel control design process eliminates the deleterious performance-degradation effects of the certainty-equivalence controller through the introduction of a stable attracting manifold into the adaptation process, such that the resulting closed-loop adaptive attitude control dynamics recover the deterministic (ideal) case of closed-loop attitude controller performance (i.e., no uncertain parameter effects). In addition to detailed derivations of the new controller design and a rigorous sketch of all the associated stability and attitude error convergence proofs, we present numerical simulation results that not only illustrate the various features of the new noncertainty-equivalent controller design methodology but also highlight the ensuing closed-loop-performance benefits when compared with the conventional certainty-equivalence-based adaptive control schemes.


A total of 48 sediment samples, comprising both black shales and associated organic-poor interbeds, were examined from Toarcian organic-rich sections throughout Europe. Despite being contemporaneous deposits of a single oceanic anoxic event (OAE), the molecular organic geochemical characteristics, particularly the steroidal hydrocarbons, of the black shales are highly variable. This suggests different depositional environments in different regions. Although the sedimentary organic matter is dominantly of marine origin in all areas, environmental conditions apparently varied considerably, arguing against a simple oxygen-minimum layer model for the accumulation of organic-rich sediments. Furthermore, molecular evidence of hypersaline conditions at two sites suggests that salinity stratification may have been an important factor for black shale deposition in some areas. A more complex model for the widespread deposition of organic-rich sediments during the Toarcian OAE is presented in the light of results arising from the present organic geochemical investigation.


Due to soil disturbance during the construction of metro stations, the initial stress of the stratum is modified, leading to ground settlement within a particular range, fracturing the surrounding buildings and even causing significant ground deformation and building collapse. This paper employed the Pile-Beam-Arch method to assemble the Daguanying Station of Beijing Metro Line 7 as the engineering background. The numerical calculation method was used to study the regulations of ground settlement and structural deformation throughout the construction stage. Meanwhile, the effect of surface loading was taken into account and surface settlement control strategies were suggested. Finally, the Stochastic medium theory was used to predict surface settlement. It was evident from the study's findings that the pilot tunnels excavation and the arches installation accounted for 67% and 23.1% of the total surface settlement, respectively, and produced the most surface settlement. Surface settlement can be significantly reduced by utilizing grouting reinforcement technology and the pilot tunnels excavation approach of "upper first, then lower and side first, then middle". The structure was much less stressed during the pre-construction stage, with the maximum principal stress ranging from 1 to 5 MPa; after construction was finalized, the maximum principal stress reached 14.203 MPa, concentrating mostly in the middle column part, which was the consequence of the combined action of the upper load and the lower soil uplift. Additionally, there was a linear relationship between the surface load and ground settlement. The bottom slab and the middle column were situated where the structure's most unfavorable components were concentrated. The conclusions of the surface settlement prediction demonstrated that there were discrepancies between the theoretical calculation and the simulated; thus, the prediction results were more conservative. The study results can serve as a reference for construction sites.


For non-uniformly expanding maps inducing with a general return time to Gibbs Markov maps, we provide sufficient conditions for obtaining higher-order asymptotics for the correlation function in the infinite measure setting. Along the way, we show that these conditions are sufficient to recover previous results on sharp mixing rates in the finite measure setting for non-Markov maps, but for a larger class of observables. The results are illustrated by (finite and infinite measure-preserving) non-Markov interval maps with an indifferent fixed point.


Holonomies of the Ashtekar-Barbero connection can be considered as abstract elements of a Lie group exponentially mapped from their connections representation. This idea provides a possibility to compare the geometric and algebraic properties of these objects. The result allows to identify the next-to-the-leading-order terms in the geometric expansion of the holonomy with a simple polynomial structure of connections. This relation takes the form of the Maurer-Cartan equation. In consequence, it leads to an algebraic constraint on the geometrically-motivated operations of fixing and perturbing local gauge symmetries.


This article assesses to what extent the enlargement of the EU towards Spain has impacted the reform of social policies up to the present. Despite the fact that the norms issued by the European Union regarding the regulation of social-protection policies is scant, becoming a member of such a supranational institution can be expected to have influenced the redesign of welfare states either directly or indirectly, thus contributing to the overcoming of path dependence. The article analyses the influence of EU accession on both procedural and substantive aspects, i.e. on the policy-making process and institutional remodelling, and on the design and content of social policies respectively. The article discusses the influence of the EU as compared to that of domestic politics and other international organizations on the redesign of the Spanish welfare state. It concludes that a significant process of 'cognitive Europeanization' may be ascertained.


(57) Abstract: This application envelope glycoprotein of retroviruses, vesicular stomatitis G glycoprotein derived from retrovirus replaced by protein vector viruses and a wide variety of non-mammalian cells of the organism, in the case of transferring an exogenous gene, it is to disclose the use of such vectors. Moreover, the a method of producing high titers of retroviral vectors disclosed, stable recombinant host cell line is provided harboring a retroviral vector that is intended thereby without envelope protein. Production of retroviral vectors high titers is initiated by introducing a nucleic acid encoding a functional membrane-associated protein in a cell line. Vectors disclosed in this application, can be concentrated to titer exceeding 10


The detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the point of care (POC) remains one of the most valuable advances in the healthcare. To enrich and broaden POC technologies for viral diagnosis, several technologies have been developed for virus detection utilizing electrical, optical, and acoustic sensing methods such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), nanowires and impedance analysis. Among these approaches, photonic crystal biosensors offer a rapid and sensitive optical detection method for biomolecules, cells, and viruses by monitoring the dielectric permittivity changes at the interface of a transducer substrate and the analyte. Photonic crystals (PCs) are macroporous materials that possess a periodically modulated dielectric constant, with the properties of confining and controlling the propagation of light owing to the existence of photonic band gap, a band of frequencies in which light propagation in the photonic crystal is forbidden. The capabilities of photonic crystals have a potential to meet the growing demand of simplified and improved point of care HIV diagnostics tools without compromising quality of patient care. This work focuses on examining the biosensing capabilities of a photonic crystal-based platform that can capture HIV in the presence of HIV antibodies. The preliminary data revealed that HIV was detected on the photonic crystal-based platform. These findings demonstrate that photonic-crystal based technologies are eligible devices to be used for point of care detection of viral infections. Further work is still required to determine its specificity as well as its capabilities for quantitative analysis, where it can be used for viral load measurements.


AIM
To establish a new method for protein mannosylation, which will facilitate the study of antigen presentation mediated by mannose receptor.

METHODS
Recombinant HER-2/neu ligand binding domain 2 (LBD2) was purified through DEAE sepharose FF column and cobalt-based affinity resins. LBD2 protein was mannosylated in-vitro,and then analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS and resorcinol-sulfuric acid method.

RESULTS
The purity of LBD2 obtained was 90%. Analysis of MALDI-TOF-MS and resorcinol-sulfuric acid method suggested LBD2 was mannosylated.

CONCLUSION
LBD2 neoglycoprotein has been obtained, which lays the foundation for the study of antigen uptake and presentation mediated by mannose receptor and the development of tumor vaccine.


(Hyphomycetes from water and soil at the Dois Irmaos Forest Reserve, Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil). To increase our knowledge regarding fungal diversity in aquatic environments, water and soil were collected at the edge of two dams (Acude do Vale do Prata and Acude do Meio) at the Dois Irmaos Forest Reserve, Recife, Pernambuco state. Five uncommon species of Hyphomycetes were found, among others. Water samples were collected below the water surface and soil samples from the shores of these dams. Soil samples were diluted to 1:10000, and 1 mL of each suspension was plated in Martin's medium with 50 mg/L chloranphenicol. Water samples (1 mL) were plated in the same medium. The plates were left at room temperature (27 oC ±2) for 3-4 days, for colony development and subsequent species isolation. Among the identified species, Curvularia tuberculata Jain, Dendrosporium lobatum Plakidas & Edgerton ex Crane, Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaearum (Rand) M.B. Ellis, Phaeoisaria glauca (Ellis & Everh.) Hoog & Papendorf and Trichurus spiralis Hasselbring have rarely been cited and have yet not been described in Brazil.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to uncover arguments over rationing health care as outlined in the British broadsheets. Following a brief introduction to the development of rationing in Britain, it considers the role of the media in society and looks at the arguments developed by the right wing media and contrasts these with the perspectives of the center left. It is argued that although these two perspectives have things in common, they differ significantly in the ways they view the social responsibilities of the state and in the way they interpret the health needs of the nation.


It was very critical and interesting historical event was happened from King Hari Singh to pm Narendra Modi. All the political parties were having different stand on removal of article 370. This research paper includes positive and negative point of views from the different parts of the society like politician from ruling and oppositions, journalist, economist, Kashmiri's, Businessman. Everyone is having his own views from his one prospective.


The building industry depends for its input of mental skills upon the work of professionals and of technicians, and the training as well as the functions of both groups are to be seen as complementary. The paper concentrates upon the education and training of professional engineers. The industry is characterised by many small operational units as well as large ones, and is in overall a large industry. Education and training aspects have to be reviewed in the context of this whole. The objectives of University engineering education are noted in relation to the intellectual nature of professional functions, particularly that part of them concerned with the development and establishment of scientifically based approaches and methods, where education bears most directly on industrial efficiency. Aspects of some current University engineering courses are discussed and areas of omission noted in the context of building. Similarly, postgraduate practical training is reviewed and a brief reference is made to relevant university research. Finally conclusions are summarised and some suggestions made.


In Classical Athens athletics consisted of the sporting contests that were staged as part of festivals and the classes of an athletics teacher. Lessons in the standard sporting events were given only by these teachers, whose classes doubled up as the sole opportunity for boys and men to perfect them before competing in games. Thus the participation of individuals in athletics depended on their schooling. Because the Classical Athenians decided against publicly funding education, they did not enjoy equal access to it. Poor citizens could afford only the lessons of a letter teacher. It was only wealthy boys who were educated in the three traditional disciplines of athletics, music, and letters. As poor Athenians did not attend the classes of an athletics teacher, they would have done badly, if they entered games, and so were hesitant about doing so in the first place. Thus the athletes of democratic Athens came exclusively from the wealthy.


Experimental work in the area of the ambient-temperature, steady-state behavior of the lithium electrode was completed. The following conclusions were drawn: 100 percent coulombic efficiency may be approached over a wide range of concentrations, flow conditions, and current densities; coulombic efficiency is approximately equal to I/sub e//I/sub l/, and I/sub e/ is the current in the external circuit, and I/sub l/ is the diffusion-limited current. Li electrode resistivities of (0.4 to 1.0) x 10/sup -4/ ..cap omega..-m/sup 2/ were obtained, and thus the plane-parallel configuration is suitable for batteries of the lithium-water type. Work on the characterization of Li/I/sub 2/ and Li/Br/sub 2/ analog batteries was begun. (RWR)


We study the past for its interest and in expectation of enlarging our understanding and increasing our powers of appreciation. Like all worthwhile achievement, appreciation requires practice. Long ago I wrote that some people were "in danger of arriving in paradise so unpractised in appreciation as to fail to recognise perfection." There is a great deal in the performance of doctors in the past and outside their own field of medicine to kindle our admiration and sharpen our appreciation. Doctors are well placed in the effort to restore sanity to our way of life, standing as they do at the focus of science and the humanities. In the modern way they exercise technical skills, employ knowledge of many branches of science, and manipulate elaborate and complex apparatus. At the same time, in traditional manner, they struggle to understand disease processes compounded of a tangled web of incitements and reactions while enjoying a privileged and highly personal acquaintance with the human predicament. The harmonious association of art with science is an essential part of progress in understanding. We would make no headway if we had to rely solely on an aloof, impassive technology, for advance comes through flashes of artistic insight, which, when they impinge on prepared minds, may suddenly illuminate new corners of our understanding. A necessary part of progress is appreciation, recognition of the appropriate, the pertinent, the felicitous. Historians who have tried to coerce the flowing sequence of events into defined systems and to persuade us of their periodicity in order to show pattern and meaning in the progress of human affairs have come up sharply against the wilful unpredictability of events and the capricious inconsequence of man. They are confronted by the irksome fact that history is about people and that the prodigality of genetic combination has seen to it that each one of us is unique. Thomas Carlyle said, "History is the essence of innumerable biographies." When we turn in appreciation to look at some unusual doctors from the past we can properly claim to be engaged in a study of history. Those of you who may have expressed regret for the loss of fine eccentrics from medicine, those unusual, strange, or even bizarre characters whom you knew in your youth, should hear what your own students have to say about you. That grand individual, Sir Clement Price Thomas, the 1961 Vicary lecturer, with whom for a while I so happily shared a joint consultation clinic, evoked the essence of medical education when he said to his registrar, "If you are not better than I am boy there is something wrong with both of us." Today we are to consider some aspects of English literature by taking a brief look at just a few selected individuals, differing vastly


An erratum is presented to include conflict of interest disclosures that were unintentionally left out of our recent Letter [Opt. Lett.40, 2305 (2015)10.1364/OL.40.002305OPLEDP0146-9592].


This study was carried out on grafting plum rootstock (Marianna) ( P. Cerasifera x P.munsoniana ) at El-Kanater Horticultural Research Station "Kalubia Governorate", during two successive seasons 1997 /1998 and 1998/1999 Two grafting methods were used for hardwood cuttings of Beauty cultivar ( Prunus triflora , L.) on Marianna hardwood cuttings treated with 3000ppm IBA for 10seconds Results revealed the following:


High capacitance X5R MLCCs based on BaTiO₃ ceramic dielectric layers exhibit a single broad, asymmetric arc shape impedance and modulus response over the wide frequency range between 1 MHz to 0.01 Hz. Analysis according to the conventional brick-layer model for polycrystalline conductors employing a series connection of multiple RC parallel circuits leads to parameters associated with large errors and of little physical significance. A new parametric impedance model is shown to satisfactorily describe the experimental spectra, which is a parallel network of one resistor R representing the DC conductivity thermally activated by 1.32 eV, one ideal capacitor C exactly representing bulk capacitance, and a constant phase element (CPE) Q with complex capacitance A(iω) α?1 with α close to 2/3 and A thermally activated by 0.45 eV or ca. 1/3 of activation energy of DC conductivity. The feature strongly indicate the CK1 model by J. R. Macdonald, where the CPE with 2/3 power-law exponent represents the polarization effects originating from mobile charge carriers. The CPE term is suggested to be directly related to the trapping of the electronic charge carriers and indirectly related to the ionic defects responsible for the insulation resistance degradation.


The objectives of this study are to canvass the affect of polyester/polyethylene and polyester/acrylic between the soft and hard board. The resin is to be the interfacant and to be the acoustic board. And we try to change the piece of to convass the factor of acoustic effect: young modulus vibration resonant and using the relation of them convass the acoustic effect. We can know with the result that the piece of PE increase, the young modulus decrease; the piece of PE increase, damping ration decrease; the piece of PE increase, the resonant result decrease; damping ration decrease, the acoustic effect is worst to worst.


The design, modeling, and control of a new class of modular aerial robots, obtained by rigidly interconnecting a number of ducted-fan aircraft, are presented in this paper. A remarkable feature of the proposed class of vehicles is the fact that different dynamical behaviors, ranging from underactuated to fully actuated, can be obtained by adopting a suitable interconnection topology. To exploit this variety of actuation scenarios, a combination of control allocation and feedback control algorithms is proposed. The control allocation module exploits actuator redundancy by identifying the directions in the input space that affect the vehicle dynamics, whereas the feedback controller provides stabilization of the actuated degrees of freedom over desired attitude and position trajectories. A physical prototype, realized by interconnecting two ducted-fan vehicles, is employed to experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.


Route Deviation Bus Lines (RDBLs) constitute a hybrid between traditional fixed-route bus lines and demand responsive, dial-a-ride systems; they are viewed as a promising way to combine responsive transportation services with high productivity. We investigate the performance of Route Deviation Bus Lines through development of some simplified probabilistic models. The dependence of performance on such parameters as the demand intensity at checkpoints, the magnitude and distribution of headways and the number of checkpoints are explored. This study begins by describing the problem and then identifies the different issues in the probabilistic analysis of RDBLs with emphasis on the two generic processes of bus systems: the arrival process of passengers, and the service process. We derive closed form expressions for the one call box case (Chapter III) and describe the way of solving the two call boxes cases (Chapter IV) and then the n call boxes case (Chapter V). Throughout this work we assume homogeneous Poisson arrivals at the call boxes and independent and identically distributed headways between buses. Our analysis clearly demonstrates that relaxation of these assumptions would have a major negative impact on the mathematical tractability of our models. Several interesting questions for further research are also identified. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Amedeo R. Odoni Titles: Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Professor of Civil Engineering


To describe the issue and the current treatment options of Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with a focus on the application of drugs into the vitreous body. Find out what other treatment options are and to map out the attitudes and knowledge of patients about diseases and treatment of AMD.


The purpose of the present investigation was to construct a short test of aphasia on the basis of factor analysis and to examine its clinical usefulness.As a first step, we performed the factor analysis of the test scores obtained from the administration of the long test to 180 consecutive patients, which resulted in the identification of the following factors; F1: Word Comprehension, F2: Language Behavior, F3: Phonological Processing, F4: Motor Functions of Speech Organs, F5: Visuomotor Ability, F6: Numerical Concept, F7: Calculation, and F8: Fluency.Secondly, in accordance with the rules of reducing the size of a test battery without transforming the factor structure of that battery, we reduced 56 subtests in the original version to 16.The test scores of the 180 patients on these 16 subtests, then, were put into another factor analysis. The results showed that the factor structure obtained with the shortened test was highly similar to that obtained with the original, longer battery.Examination of clinical usefulness of the shortened test in terms of its ability 1) to classify the patients into major clinical types and 2) to evaluate their severity levels indicated that the short test is quite similar to the original long test in both of these abilities.On the basis of these findings it was tentatively concluded that the new short test of aphasia was a useful tool for screening aphasic patients in a relatively short period of time (approx. 30 min.) as well as for malting a rough estimation on major clinical types and severity of aphasic impairments.


The topic of this research paper is the applicability of full-depth pavement method for airport paving. The materials, recycled asphalt mixtures as well as recycled asphalt binder were evaluated in laboratory setting considering age hardening. A field study constructing experimental pavements confirmed the efficiency of the thick lift method; and structural evaluation of the full-depth pavement method was also investigated comparing it to ordinary airport pavements that have granular materials in the subbase course. Based on the results of these tests, a large scale runway construction using pavement wastes and the thick lift method was conducted at the Tokyo International Airport. The advantages on economy and paving efficiency were confirmed from the actual construction data.


By briefing the underlying reasons of Su Guo's success,the author thinks that,among all the descendants of "Three Sus"(Su Xun,Su Shi and Su Zhe),Su Guo was the most outstanding successor of the family's characteristics and that his works as well as his life experience should have aroused more attention.But unfortunately,the academia has paid little attention.Therefore,this paper,from the aesthetic perspective,analyzes the topics and objectives of his work Xiechuan Collection and reveals the aesthetic connotation of his poems and essays which are charged with sorrows,worries,integrity and righteousness.Su Guo's aesthetic life from "plainness and simplicity" is,thereby,fully displayed.


A 2-18-GHz phase splitter network has been designed and developed to provide two outputs 180 out-of-phase, with a low insertion loss. The network consists of an active, 2-20-GHz, in-phase power divider, implemented in MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit), the two outputs of which feed bandpass filter networks which have identical amplitude response, but are 180 degrees out-of-phase. The filter network has been modified in a novel fashion to make it MMIC-compatible. The network has applications in double-balanced mixers, Class AB power amplifiers, push-pull amplifiers, etc.<<ETX>>


We are living very difficult times. The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is rapidly affecting the delivery of care for children with cancer around the world. We have written this commentary to facili-tate the dissemination of helpful information and useful links, and to placeinperspectivewhatwedoanddonotknowabouttheCOVID-19 pandemic and its impact in the practice of paediatric oncology. Generally speaking, the impact that this virus may have on the paediatric population, and the management of children with cancer, remains unclear and poorly documented. The next two sections out-line what has been published or communicated via academic websites, both in children and adults with cancer.


MORUS is one of the finalists of the CAESAR competition. This is an ARX construction that required investigation against rotational cryptanalysis. We investigated the power of rotational cryptanalysis against MORUS. We show that all the operations in the state update function of MORUS maintain the rotational pairs when the rotation distance is set to a multiple of the sub-word size. Our investigation also confirms that the rotational pairs can be used as distinguishers for the full version of MORUS if the constants used in MORUS are rotational-invariant. However, the actual constants used in MORUS are not rotational-invariant. The introduction of such constants in the state update function breaks the symmetry of the rotational pairs. Experimental results show that rotational pairs can be used as distinguishers for only one step of the initialization phase of MORUS. For more than one step, there are not enough known differences in the rotational pairs of MORUS to provide an effective distinguisher. This is due to the XOR-ing of the constants that are not rotational-invariant. Therefore, it is unlikely for an adversary to construct a distinguisher for the full version of MORUS by observing the rotational pairs.


The first Southern African cartoonists were probably the Stone Age Bushman whose drawings adorn rock faces in this part of the continent. Modern cartoonists may use more sophisticated equipment but their drawings, although on recyclable print, also reflect a particular part of our history. The following view of Schoonraad et al (1989:15: "A collection of cartoons covering a particular period, will present an unequalled graphic history of political and current events" They also add that the state of any nation is reflected by its newspaper cartoons Geipel 1972 argues that to the historian, cartoons represent priceless primary source of information about fleeting modes and morals of the passing generations. Few commentators Pretoria will disagree that the run-up to the 1994-election can be regarded as one of the most crucial moments in South African history. The focus will only be on the editorial cartoon usually found on the centre pages of Sunday and daily newspapers and not on comic strips of which the majority are from US-syndications. The only local comic strips that provide (198 social and political commentary are "Ben, Babsie en Famille" and "Louis die Laeveld Leeu".


Motivated by a distributed task-encoding problem, two closely related families of dependence measures are introduced. They are based on the Rényi divergence of order α and the relative α-entropy, respectively, and both reduce to the mutual information when the parameter α is one. Their properties are studied and it is shown that the first measure shares many properties with mutual information, including the data-processing inequality. The second measure does not satisfy the data-processing inequality, but it appears naturally in the context of distributed task encoding.


FIELD: mineral fertilizers. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to method of producing urea granules from urea melt or solution for using as fertilizer either by itself or in combination with mineral additives. Invention consists in that, before granulation procedure, urea melt or solution is supplemented by granulation additive selected from the group comprising formaldehyde, methylthiourea, urea and formaldehyde condensation products, and hexamethylenetetramine at such a moment as to provide additive and urea melt or additive and urea solution contact time at least 20 s but not longer than 20 min. Granulation is performed by spraying urea particles in the form of small droplets into fluidized bed of urea particles. EFFECT: facilitated granulation procedure. 6 cl, 1 dwg, 1 tbl


In the experimental teaching of Principles of Political Science,PBL method(Problem-Based-Learning,PBL) adopts the mode as follows: problems are the keys to guide students to carry out self-teaching before class;students are subjective on the main issues for discussion,students gradually change from passive learning to initiative learning.The result shows that there are obvious positive effects on the introduction of PBL in the teaching of Principles of Political Science,which is superior to traditional teaching methods on the whole.Students' learning interests,learning initiative and thinking ability,self-learning ability,language ability and cooperation with others are all enhanced.


In Hydra, head regeneration and bud formation appear to be very similar processes. The fact that there are genes whose expression is specific for one of the two processes suggests that they do not have identical molecular bases. We analyzed the signal transduction pathways regulating bud development using inhibitors of protein kinase C, Src, PI3K and ERK. The four inhibitors reversibly blocked bud formation in Hydra when applied before stage 1. Once the bud reached stage 3, three of them had no effect and the bud developed normally. The inhibitors blocked the expression of Budhead, an early head marker, and of CnOtx which are specific for bud formation. The results are in agreement with the central role of a signaling pathway mediated by Src on bud development. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


Objective
To investigate the changes of thyroid autoantibody (TAA) in children with Turner syndrome(TS), and its association between TAA and thyroid dysfunction, age, karyotype and dyslipidaemia.

Methods
Thirty-two patients with TS diagnosed by chromosome analysis hospitalized at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University from July 2007 to July 2015 were divided into 2 groups based on TAA-positive or TAA-negative, then the thyroid dysfunction, the age, the karyotype and the lipid metabolism were compared between 2 groups.

Results
Of the 23 cases of TAA-positive girls(23/32 cases, 71.88%), 9 girls(39.13%) suffered from thyroid dysfunction; of the 9 cases of TAA-negative girls (9/32 cases, 28.12%), 3 girls(33.33%) had thyroid dysfunction.As compared with the girls in TAA-negative group, the age in TAA-positive group was significantly higher[(12.08±2.90) years old vs.(8.89±4.17)years old], and the difference was significant(t=101.500, P=0.047). The patients were divided into 4 age groups: 0-5 years old, >5-10 years old, >10-15 years old and >15 years old; the rates with TAA-positive were 25.00% (1/4 cases), 75.00%(6/8 cases), 82.35% (14/17 cases) and 66.67%(2/3 cases) respectively.Twenty patients received the lipid metabolism test, and 11 cases(11/20 cases, 55.00%) of them suffered from dyslipidaemia, 9 cases of them were TAA-positive (9/11 cases, 81.82%), and 2 cases were TAA-negative(2/11 cases, 18.18%). The differences in the prevalence of dyslipidaemia between the 2 groups were significant (χ2=4.848, P=0.028). There was no significant difference in the numbers of TAA-positive cases among different karyotypes(χ2 =4.246, P=0.120).

Conclusions
Patients with TS are prone to suffer from thyroid dysfunction and dyslipidaemia.Timely detection of TAA and thyroid function is recommended, as well as the lipid metabolism if necessary.

Key words:
Turner syndrome; Thyroid autoantibody; Dyslipidaemia


Research Aims: According to the present research concerning organizational training, managers' communication are often seen as a critical training management issue that may help to maintain and enhance organizational competitiveness and performance in a borderless world and era of globalization. In this study, the relationship between managers' communication, motivation to learn and training application was evaluated at military hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: The SmartPLS path model analysis was utilized to examine the research hypotheses and evaluate the validity and reliability of instrument used. Research Findings: The results demonstrate that the capability of managers to communicate the training courses information will strongly invoke employees' motivation to learn. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: As a result, this motivation may lead to an improved training application in a military health context. Managerial Implication in the South East Asian context : Managers play a critical role in dissemination of the organisation's aspiration to the rank and file. Research limitation & I mplications : The conclusion of this study should be taken carefully with some methodological and conceptual limitations.


Teaching less material to students in an introductory psychology course may lead to greater depth in each topic and ideally, greater understanding (Wade, 1998). To explore this theory, 2 classes of introductory psychology students were administered a pretest consisting of basic concepts and ideas that are generally learned in an introductory psychology course. One class was then taught 8 chapters of the textbook, whereas the second class was taught all 16 chapters. Although a posttest administered at the end of the semester to assess the amount of knowledge retained failed to significantly differentiate between the two classes, students in the 8-chapter class expressed greater satisfaction with the instructor. Course planning is a difficult task for both novice and experienced instructors alike. Determining the pace of the course seems to be one of the most difficult challenges. Some teachers feel obligated to cover as much material as possible "to get the most from your academic buck," whereas other teachers find it almost impossible to reach any depth on any topic when they cover an entire textbook. The proverbial pendulum seems to have shifted to depth rather than breadth in planning courses. For example, Wade (1998) encouraged teachers to accentuate the "fundamentals" of psychology rather than lecture on every finding psychology has thus far uncovered. She believes that "teaching less is teaching more." The issue of balancing depth versus breadth has had increasing coverage in the psychological and teaching literature (e.g., Brewer et al., 1993). The difficulty in determining "how much" to teach generally centers around time availability issues. Most teachers realize the difficulty of planning coverage of an entire textbook into the span of a 16-week semester; inevitably, some material is compromised. Rather than briefly touching on a comprehensive list of topics to cover (breadth), the current authors chose to selectively cover fewer topics on a much more detailed level (depth). This approach was intended to help address the time availability problem. When the instructor is freed from "getting through" the textbook from cover to cover, more time can be allocated for discussions, demonstrations, and videos. This use of multiple media not only helps students learn in different modalities, but it also makes for a more enjoyable class setting for students and teacher (Mathie et al., 1993). Having more time in the classroom allotted to "showing" the students the concepts rather than "telling" them about the concepts allows for a more active role for both teacher and students. Active learning (Mathie et al., 1.993) brings the concepts to life and, therefore, aids in retention of knowledge, which is arguably the end-goal of teaching. Teachers can also use other strategies to aid in retention: lessening anxiety levels (Naveh-Benjamin, Lavi, McKeachie, & Lin, 1997) and teaching concepts in the context of their practical applications in the world (Perkins, 1987). On the other hand, critics might be quick to ask what is lost by not covering all the material in a textbook. How much will it hurt students not learn every angle of Freud's theory? How much do psychology students need to know about personality? What is essential for the introductory course? Such considerations pose major challenges to teachers who plan to cover material in depth rather than breadth; determining which topics to omit is a difficult task, indeed. In perusing an introductory textbook (e.g., Davis & Palladino, 1997), it became evident that the chapters fell into either the natural science or social science categories. Because both natural and social science are important to psychology as a science, an even representation of each seemed necessary to provide "a broad and deep knowledge base" to the students (Brewer et al., 1993, p. 170). Brewer and his colleagues (1993) also suggested topics that may not be as necessary for the introductory level psychology course. …


We explore the possibility to explain the properties of the Be/X-ray pulsars observed in the Small Magellanic Cloud within the magnetic levitation accretion scenario. This implies that their X-ray emission is powered by a wind-fed accretion onto a neutron star (NS) which captures matter from a magnetized stellar wind. The NS in this case is accreting matter from a non-keplerian magnetically levitating disc (ML-disc) which is surrounding its magnetosphere. This allows us to explain the observed periods of the pulsars in terms of spin equilibrium without the need of invoking dipole magnetic fields outside the usual range ~ 10^11- 10^13 G inferred from cyclotron features of Galactic high mass X-ray binaries. We find that the equilibrium period of a NS, under certain conditions, depends strongly on the magnetization of the stellar wind of its massive companion and, correspondingly, on the magnetic field of the massive companion itself. This may help to explain why similar NSs in binaries with similar properties rotate with different periods yielding a large scatter of periods of the accretion-powered pulsar observed in SMC and our galaxy.


Disease management is a continuous, coordinated health care process that seeks to manage and improve the health status of a carefully defined patient population over the entire course of a disease. A data warehouse is a computer system designed for archiving and analysis of historical data. This paper addresses the development of a data warehouse for Primary health centres in Nigeria Local Government Areas. The data warehouse integrates data from the various primary health centers. The analytic reports from the system are accessed by the Local Government Areas officials for on-ward transmission to the State Government officials. The system is a good application that can be adopted by developing countries.


Sum-Product networks (SPNs) are generative probabilistic models that use a deep architecture comprised of alternating layers of sum and product nodes to compactly represent a high-dimensional joint probability distribution. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning robust SPNs from the lens of distributionally robust optimization (DRO) under the Wasserstein metric. We show that SPNs learned by maximizing likelihood exhibit poor performance when data is subject to noise/corruptions. To address this issue, we construct probabilistic uncertainty sets and leverage the tractability of SPNs to efficiently learn distributionally robust SPNs. We show our proposed approach's efficacy on a collection of benchmark datasets.


This chapter proposes an Input-Process-Output framework for understanding what impacts the effectiveness of teamwork when higher education students are collaborating on design assignments. Theframework can help design educators integrate teamwork into their courses and better evaluate learning outcomes, and may also elucidate good practice for professional design teams. Explaining the genesis ofthe framework, the literature is assimilated on team effectiveness and predictors of team performance, including: definitions, dimensions and frameworks of team effectiveness in contexts far wider than designeducation. Informed by the challenges specific to teaching design, a 22-factor framework is proposed. The paper concludes with recommendations for teachers informed by the framework. The viability ofthe 22-factor model of team effectiveness is evidenced by national surveys across Australia, which are reported in summary here.


Effects of sodium citrate dosage and current density on composition and phase structure of nanocrystalline CoFe thin films were systematically studied. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed when sodium citrate dosage in the bath was less than 10 g/L, with increasing citrate in the bath, iron content in the deposited films remarkably decreased. However, sodium citrate dosage more than 20 g/L had no effect on composition of the deposited films. In low current densities, cobalt content decreases and iron content increases, as the current density increases. The current density of 15 ma/cm2 could be considered as alloy limiting current density. The XRD analyses showed that only BCC and/or FCC formed in the deposited films and average grain size, estimated by Scherrer formula, were below 55 nm. The results indicated that phase formation in the electrodeposition of CoFe deviated from equilibrium conditions and was controlled by kinetic conditions. The lattice constants for BCC and FCC phases in CoFe films were close to those of BCC iron and FCC cobalt, respectively.


Abstract Objective Several studies have suggested that testosterone exerts a growth-promoting effect in the heart. Limited data are available regarding interactions between possible endocrine/paracrine effects in response to exercise training. Therefore, we examined supraphysiological testosterone-induced heart hypertrophy and cardiac insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 content in sedentary and exercise-trained rats. Design Male Wistar rats (n=33) were randomly allocated to groups with a 6-week endurance training with or without testosterone, and sedentary animals with or without testosterone. The hormone (20 mg/250 g body weight was administrated once a week for six weeks. After six weeks the animals were anesthetized, euthanized and the heart was excised and weighed. The left ventricle was separated for biochemical analyses. Results Testosterone-treated animals showed significantly higher cardiac IGF-1 content compared to untreated control and trained groups (p=0.01). The administration of supraphysiological testosterone significantly increased the heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW, p<0.01). A significant positive correlation was seen between IGF-1 levels and the HW/BW ratio (p=0.002; r=0.50) and between serum total testosterone levels and HW/BW (p=0.000; r=0.79). Conclusions The results demonstrate that increased cardiac IGF-1 content in response to higher serum testosterone might be responsible for heart hypertrophy observed in both sedentary and endurance-trained animals.


This paper proposes a two-step based real-time voice adaptation system in the field of speech processing. Step one combines recording and pre-processing to construct a voice profile. Secondly is the real-time raw input of the voice's adaptation to a target voice. The fact that individual voices' structure are habitually varying, we suggest a method for converting into a comparable format. The new method is called abstract normalization which cuts the voice data into smaller sounds and generate an abstracted, simplified version of the data using a level of abstraction along with parameter fitting. The normalized data is used to generate a sound-index which is a sequence hash that represents the data in a simpler fashion. The indices are used to compare different sounds/voices for adaptation. This effectively transforms the speech-related challenges into a search problem rather than a biometric one. To assess the approach, voice profile data are compared against each other as a method to verify the sound-index. Ultimately, a real-time voice input using alternating levels of abstraction is run against a Norwegian voice profile. The degree of adaptation success is measured in percentage, and experimental results show that while accuracy is not yet excellent, the concept was validated.


Existence theorems for endowment economies with growth and sophisticated recursive preferences have proven difficult to come by. We offer a simple proof technique that covers many models of interest, such as the Bansal-Yaron long-run risk model, models with stochastic volatility and jumps, models with volatility of volatility and models with consumption disasters and time-varying intensities. We also prove existence for models with smooth ambiguity aversion and learning. Collectively these results cover many of the leading asset pricing models today.


The present invention relates to a transport and / or transportable structure and method of lifting large generators. Specifically, a transport structure (4), a generator for transport and / or lifting large generator (5), in particular a wind turbine. Said transport structure comprises: operating a base (3), having an upper side and a lower side (L) and a first longitudinal end (E1) and a second longitudinal end (E2 of); and the operation of the base (3) at the interface mechanism (17), which is implemented so that the generator can be releasably attached to the operating base (3) in the direction of the upper side (U) is. The present invention further relates to a method for transporting and lifting a large generators (5).


This paper represents a method of image filtering through multiple fractal denoising for carbon steel metallographic images.Based on Fractal Theory,image edge detection is introduced.Characteristic parameters such as graphitized area,graphitic chain length,graphitic content,equivalent area,fractal dimension etc,are defined.Quantitative criterion for Metallographic image is measured,transferring the carbon steel graphitization degree standard from qualitative description to quantitative,which lays the foundation of quantitative measurement of carbon steel graphitization.


Philosophers have explored objective interpretations of probability mainly by considering empirical probability statements. Because of this focus, it is widely believed that the logical interpretation and the actual-frequency interpretation are unsatisfactory and the hypotheticalfrequency interpretation is not much better. Probabilistic assertions in pure mathematics present a new challenge. Mathematicians prove theorems in number theory that assign probabilities. The most natural interpretation of these probabilities is that they describe actual frequencies in finite sets and limits of actual frequencies in infinite sets. This interpretation vindicates part of what the logical interpretation of probability aimed to establish.


This article explores the enactment of scientific knowledge within a grassroots organization. It describes the highly distributed nature of the organization's resources and frames members' knowing in terms of traversals, movements across boundaries on the landscape and within institutions, and in terms of hybrid spaces. It was found that through their interactions with others, objects and discourse emerge that are hybrids between formal scientific and local situated concerns. The authors conclude by relating members' knowledgeable movement to the emergence of a new community.


To investigate the influence of 153Sm-EDTMP on the immunological functions in the patients with bone metastases, compare the differrences between the effective and the ineffective patients and reveal the relations between the immunological indexes and prognosis. 59 patients who were diagnosed by clinic were treated with 153Sm-EDTMP. The CD4+, CD8+, TNF-α(tumor necrosis factor-α) were detected before the 153Sm-EDTMP treatment and at the 3rd month after the therapy, as well in 20 controls. The differences of immunological indexes between the effective and the ineffective patients were also compared. The indexes between the patients and controls before therapy were different significantly (P 0.01). After treatment, the indexes of the ineffective patients were differ obviously to those of the effective ones, too (P 0.05). [Conclusion] The immunological functions in the patients with bone metastases were inhibited obviously. Treating with 153Sm-EDTMP can improve their functions to a certain extent. The recover level of the ineffective patients was lower than that of the effective ones.


This paper considers the scourge of vaccine nationalism as it applies to the geopolitical/geoeconomic context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It identifies the frightening challenge that vaccine nationalism poses to global public health outcomes, and particularly so in the developing world. It reviews the literature and the growing call for a rejection of this specific form of zero-sum nationalism that wields consequences for countless lives around the world.


Birds produce a wide variety of songs, but we know little about how they perceive this variation and use it to form categories that are important to them (e.g. own species versus different species, neighbors versus strangers, song type A versus song type B, etc.). Birds can categorize songs according to the classifications of song types developed by ornithologists (Shy et al. 1986, Falls et al. 1988), but we do not know how this is done. Weary (1990) examined the features birds use to categorize the separate components of their song and found that Great Tits (Parus major) categorize individual song notes primarily on the basis of frequency (relative to amplitude, duration, and the rapid, repetitive modulations in amplitude and frequency). However, Great Tit songs consist of more than a single note. The songs consist of repetitions of an identical phrase, with phrases consisting of groups of different notes (typically 1-3 notes per phrase; McGregor and Krebs 1982). My earlier study did not consider changes that occur over the course of the song. In this experiment I used an operant procedure to determine how song features are used by Great Tits to categorize their songs. I played birds entire songs composed of repetitions of a single note (i.e. a onenote phrase). I modified these songs by changing either features of the repeated note or features of the whole song. In this way I could assess the importance of song-note features relative to features that must be evaluated over more than one note. The song-note features I varied were frequency and duration. The whole-song features were the number of notes in the song (song duration), and the progressive lengthening of the interval between notes during the song (song drift, see Lambrechts and Dhondt 1986). Weary (1990) found that frequency was the most important feature, and duration the least important, in the categorization of natural song notes. Thus, I used these features as a reference to judge the importance of whole-song features. I used song duration and drift as whole-song features because song duration could only be evaluated over the course of the entire song, and drift changed over the course of the song. Also, Lambrechts and Dhondt (1986) argued that song duration and drift are important indicators of male quality in Great Tits, and thus should be of special importance in this species. The actual values of the song and note features I used were determined on the basis


In this paper, we deal with the action control of robots. The team of robots is formed by homogeneous model. They are controlled by an identical controller, which is represented by Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The connection weights of ANN are optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In real environments, the fitness values fluctuate even if the robots are controlled under the same condition. This phenomenon results from the instability of sensor inputs and motor outputs. Therefore, the search does not work well in such noisy environment. In this paper, we propose noise-resistant PSO. All particles are evaluated once every iteration. In addition, if there exist promising particles, whose fitness is better than their own personal bests' values, they have additional evaluations. By using this method, the stability of the fitness values is improved while constraining the increase of the number of evaluations. As the results of experiments, our proposed method showed higher resistance to noise and better search efficiency.


New tricomponent composite scaffolds with high porosity (82.82% for oxidized carbon nanotube (fMWCNT)–gellan–hydroxyapatite (HAP) and 91.76%for fMWCNT–amylopectin–HAP) were prepared by a freeze drying method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Further, their ability to promote cell proliferation of the MG 63 cell line for bone regeneration was studied. In vitro MTT assays with the MG 63 cell line demonstrated better cell proliferation on both the fMWCNT–gellan–HAP and fMWCNT–amylopectin–HAP scaffolds. The cell adhesion of the MG 63 cells on the scaffolds after four days was confirmed by fluorescence imaging using Hoechst and Acridine Orange dye staining. Enhanced mineralization over time was observed in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. A higher compressive strength (222.60 ± 8.4 kPa) was observed for fMWCNT–gellan–HAP, when compared to fMWCNT–amylopectin–HAP (57.32 ± 2.4 kPa). This may be due to the lower porosity of fMWCNT–gellan–HAP. These results ascertained that the prepared tricomponent scaffolds can be used as promising materials in bone tissue engineering.


Operating experimental accelerator targets for radioisotope production requires a system which permits manipulation of the apparatus from a position adjacent to the targets during setup, and from the accelerator operating console during irradiation. Targets for producing different radioisotopes are mounted vertically on a target exchanger with vertical motion. These targets produce short-lived radioisotopes that are the basis for synthesizing the tracers used in positron emission tomography. Targets for radioisotope production are filled to specific volume and pressures from as many as five different tank gases, imposing the need for a reliable control of valves with continuous visual monitoring of the valve state. Appropriate signals to indicate the status of the controlled apparatus must be presented visually at both locations. The transient nature of experimental setups requires a highly adaptable control system. Apparatus setup suitable for the system herein described are readily adaptable to microprocessor control, once the operational procedure is developed using this system.


This chapter explains the political reality of sectarianism as a political discourse that transforms even the majority group into a ta'ifa, which is a new phenomenon. It observes that this is the product of the crisis of the Arab state and that the issue lies not with confessional or religious diversity per se but with the failure of the process of building states on the basis of citizenship. This chapter further argues that the adoption of Ibn Khaldun's concepts to explain the ascendance of despotic regimes in Arab states through sectarian 'asabiyya is not a helpful theoretical framework. Ibn Khaldun's work describes how dynasties took power by making use of the close-knit solidarity of the tribe, before the emergence of modern states. Modern despotic regimes are not produced by 'asabiyya, but, in fact, they produce it.


Wood, a sustainable and renewable resource, has been used by mankind for many years in several purposes, especially in construction and manufacture. Considering the predatory harvesting, it is necessary to characterize unknown species as an alternative for human use. In consequence, there are a considerable risk of shortage of this woods. This research aimed to determine, following the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 7190, physical and mechanical properties of Louro Preto wood ( Ocotea sp ), and with the analysis of variance (ANOVA), handling the regression models, estimate the values of strength and stiffness in function of apparent density. Twenty-one models were used for each test, totalizing 315 experimental results. The mechanical properties of Ocotea sp presented on tests demonstrated compatible performance with common wood species used in civil construction. According the regression models, only one property were considered significant with apparent density estimation.


Africa's under-developed railway infrastructure has the opportunity to use best practice from more advanced regions to become one of the most eco-friendly networks in the world


Being able to estimate the electron mobility of colloidal quantum dot films is of great importance for determining their suitability to specific applications and would lead to huge savings in terms of time and resources that may otherwise be wasted trying to build and optimize a device whose transport characteristics can be predicted to be poor from the outset. This task is however complicated by the complexity of the system and the large number of parameters that can potentially affect the final result. Here, we derive a simple, fitting-parameter-free, order-of-magnitude-accurate expression to estimate the dark mobility of such 2D structures and validate it by applying it to real systems and comparing its predictions with those of other recently proposed approaches and with available experimental data. The results quantify the superiority of our expression to estimate mobilities in colloidal quantum dot films.


Modern development environments integrate various static analyses into the build process. But, analyses that analyze the whole project whenever the project changes are impractical in this context. We present an approach to automatic incrementalization of analyses that are specified as tabled logic programs and evaluated using incremental tabled evaluation, a technique for efficiently updating memo tables in response to changes in facts and rules. The approach has been implemented and integrated into the Eclipse IDE. Our measurements show that this technique is effective for automatically incrementalizing a broad range of static analyses.


Abstract : Lord Charles Cornwallis' failure to exercise the competencies expected of senior strategic leaders resulted in the loss of the American colonies to the British Empire. Why did Cornwall's surrender at Yorktown in October of 1781 when a large British relief force (under Sir Henry Clinton) was in route from New York? Is it possible that Cornwall's, regarded as the best British commander in America, simply did not comprehend the strategic importance of this battle in determining the outcome of the war and American independence? The purpose of this paper is to examine Lord Charles Cornwall is as a 'failed' practitioner of the strategic leadership competencies as they are defined in the U.S. Army War College's Strategic Leadership Primer. Using the framework of the competencies overlaid on Cornwall's' Revolutionary War career, this paper will illustrate that the development of great strategic leaders can be a dangerous learning process fraught with costly errors in judgment, particularly while operating within the fog of war. The relevance of this examination is that it provides a vehicle from which developing senior leaders can gain insight into the strategic leadership competencies by studying the early strategic failures of a future British Military/political 'superstar' who was thrust into a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment in the American colonies.


Let A be a matrix of size n× n over an algebraically closed field F and q(t) a monic polynomial of degree n. In this article, we describe the necessary and sufficient conditions of q(t) so that there exists a rank one matrix B such that the characteristic polynomial of A+B is q(t).


Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is one of the most versatile super-resolution techniques. Yet, its application to live imaging has been so far mainly limited to fluorescent and stationary specimens. Here, we present advancements in SIM to jointly tackle all the challenges of imaging living samples, i.e., obtaining super-resolution over an undistorted wide-field while dealing with sample motion, scattering, sample-induced optical aberrations and low signal-to-noise ratio. By using adaptive optics to compensate for optical aberrations and a reconstruction algorithm tailored for a moving and thick tissue, we successfully applied SIM to in vivo retinal imaging and demonstrated structured illumination ophthalmoscopy for high contrast super-resolution in vivo imaging of the human retina.


OBJECTIVE To explore the nursing related factors of the neurosurgery hospital infection to reduce the morbidity of hospital infection in neurosurgical unit,and find out the better measurement for infection control.METHODS We analyzed the nursing related factors of hospital infection,including respiratory infection,urinary tract infection,alimentary infection and intracranial infection,in neurosurgical unit of our hospital.We also summarized effective nursing measurement correspondingly.RESULTS There were 166 cases occurred in nosocomial infections,and the magor infected site was lower respiratory tract,accounting for 41.57%,the next was urinary tract,accounting for 28.31%,the third was gastrointestinal tract,accounting for 12.65%;through appropriate use of nursing procedure,strengthening the nursing management,the infection rate in department of neurosurgery was effectively.CONCLUSION Correct nursing interventions is effective for infection control in neurosurgical unit.


This research aim ed to determine the steps for the development and feasibility of bilingual Pop-up Book learning media for fairy tale material. The research method was Research and Development (RD the linguist validation score was 79% with feasible category ; the media expert validation score was 89% with very feasible category ; and the assessment score in limited trials was 82% with very good category. Based on the research results, it was concluded that bilingual pop-up book media was suitable for learning to read fairy tales.


West Bengal is a traditional silk production centre and stands 3rd in Indian mulberry silk map.The cocoon marketing centres are situated in Malda(Kaliachak, Chanchal, Mothabari&Amrity), Murshidabad (Sagarpara, Panchgram&Berhampore) and Birbhum (Bhadrapur) region; however these markets are not as organised as cocoon markets in southern India.Kaliachak market is a major and very active through-out the year.Typically, marketing channels in the state include "seed rearers -registered seed producers (RSPs/DoS/CSB) commercial rearers middlemen -reelers/societies (cocoon markets)".If silk cocoon fails to fetch remunerative price,commercial rearersusuallyreel the cocoons on their own and market the silk (end product). In the interest of commercial rearers in Malda region, current study aimed atdiscerningand forecastingmulberry silk cocoon prices in Kaliachakmarket. Data pertaining to cocoon pricesand arrivals across the seasons (2016-2019) were collected and analyzed.The cocoon bidding prices werefound highest in favourable seasons(Rs.316±50) as compared to cocoons produced in unfavourable seasons(Rs.189±30). The relationship between cocoon arrivals and cocoon prices were found to be positive and significant. The prominence of seasonality in cocoon prices was observed withnegativeCGR (-2.96%), which was confirmed with traditional time-series analysis. Mulberry cocoon priceup toAgrahayani2019 season in Kaliachak market were projectedusing quadratic trendequation [highestR2 (0.87) & least RMSE (4.04)].


Concrete steam curing under atmospheric pressure provides moisture and increases the temperature up to 100 o C for accelerating the curing process. This research identifies and optimizes steam curing parameters for producing precast electrical poles in a Sudanese industrial entity. These parameters include a delay period after casting (DT) of 0, 2, 3, 4 & 6 hours, a maximum curing temperatures (T) of 50, 60 &70 o C maintained for a specific curing period (CT) of 2, 3, 4 and 5 hrs. To attain this aim, several laboratory experiments have been carried out to measure compressive strengths after 7 days of the above curing regimes that are compared to values of specimens subjected to conventional water curing method. Then Taguchi methodology has been utilized to identify DT=3hrs, CT= 4hrs and T= 70 o C as the optimum curing regime and DT as the most effective parameter. Furthermore, specimens cured under this optimum cycle have further tested for flexural strength and durability performance (sulphate and chloride ingress for periods up to 12 months) and compared with water-cured ones. The results show that the steam-curing provides better performance at 3 days for flexural strength and similar or superior long-term durability of concrete compared for water-curing


Accurate knowledge of reservoir fluid properties, especially reservoir saturation pressures and reservoir type, is paramount for the estimation of reservoir volumetrics, well design and placement, well and reservoir performance management, field development planning and ultimately economic evaluation of the reservoir. However, most of the existing methods such as PVT fluid sampling, compositional grading, and empirical models have proven to be either ineffective or expensive and sometimes, leads to ungeneralizable results.
 This paper discusses the application of machine learning (ML) techniques to develop a robust model for prediction of reservoir fluid properties such as saturation pressures in a Niger Delta Field and the subsequent classification of the reservoirs as under-saturated or saturated. Reservoir data including the PVT data, compositions (C1-C7+), temperature & pressure data, fluids contacts of known reservoir type were considered initially in order to train a model using a multi-features regression ML algorithms for the determination of the saturation pressure and a Two-class boosted decision ML algorithms to determine the determine the type of reservoir (saturated or undersaturated). Of the 34 parameters considered, it was found that the reservoir fluid composition has significant impact in determining the accuracy of the Pb-hypothesis. The key performance indicators such as MAE, RMSE, and RSE are within 0.02-0.05 and Co-efficient of determination of about 95% for Pb determination. When compared with the Standing, Glaso, Petrosky-Farshad etc. correlation, the AAE was significantly less than both cases. AAE for the Standing and Glaso correlations were respectively18.5% and 25.1% while that of the ML model was 2.3% using both the data from training set and test set. For the classification algorithms in determining type of reservoir, the model performed within the 73-100% accuracy, precision & recall. The Area under the curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) chart of approximately 97% indicated the robustness of the model. The results showed that the use of a properly trained and accurately validated ML model can deliver better predictions of reservoir fluid properties and subsequent reservoir type when compared to conventional methods.


In the light of the transformation of knowledge structures in social sciences and the growing globalizing inertia, the studies of culture and communication during the 1990s have acknowledged the need to rethink some approaches to the study of both culture and communication. This work presents a brief revision of the sociology of culture, same which constitutes one of the main sources of communication studies in Mexico and Latin America in the past decades.


We review our recent work on energy transfer and trapping in antenna systems of photosynthetic purple bacteria. First we describe the fast energy transfer between neighboring bacteriochlorophyll molecules within an individual pigment–protein complex, and we continue with the somewhat slower processes, which involve several energy transfer steps, of energy equilibration between different antenna pigments and trapping of the energy by the reaction center. Particularly relevant to the trapping process are the function and nature of an energetically low-lying minor antenna component, which we discuss. Finally, the nature of the exciton transport is discussed, and we compare the photosynthetic systems with some chemical model systems.


FOLLOWING the discovery of oncornavirus in mammary carcinoma of rhesus monkey (Mason-Pfizer monkey virusMPMV) (Chopra & Mason, 1970) viral involvement in mammary cancer of animals other than mouse has been studied with renewed interest. Type-C virus, designated R-35, has been described in rat mammary neoplasms (Chopra et al., 1970) and intracisternal type-A particles have been reported in feline malignant mammary tumours (Feldman & Gross, 1971; Calafat et al., 1977). However, the role of these viruses in the aetiology of mammary neoplasia has not been established. In their ultrastructural stuidy of 11 canine mammary tumours, Feldman & Gross (1971) have searched for virus particles but failed to detect any. The purpose of this communication is to describe preliminary observations on oncornavirus-like particles chemically induced in a cell line established from canine mammary carcinoma. The cell line designated as canine mammary tumour-14B (CMT-14B) was developed in our laboratory from a primary neoplasm involving the right 4th and 5th mammary glands of a 9-year-old Dachshund bitch (Watrach et al., in preparation). The original tumour was a carcinoma of the solid type, "clear"-cell subtype. The cell line was purified in its Accepted 16 August 1978


Focused high amplitude ultrasonic shock pulses are used in lithotripsy for the disintegration of concrements. In the focal zone of a shock wave source like that of the Siemens Lithostar with a fundamental center frequency of .16 MHz, higher harmonics were created due to the nonlinear behavior of the propagation medium. The spectral components of the pulses were measured in the focus for different shock parameters sigma at therapeutic levels. With a broadband, long-term stable PVDF hydrophone, the lateral and axial pressure distributions are measured up to the 50th harmonic. For focal pressure amplitudes of 49 MPa ( sigma =2.5) the energy contents above the 10th (20th) harmonic contribute only up to 5% (approx. 1%) to the focal energy and thus to the disintegration efficiency.<<ETX>>


Based on the laboring structure and working elements of the ammunition handling of the self-propelled artillery, the dynamic mathematical model of the hydraulic system for self-propelled artillery was established by means of power bond graph. The model deduced the system, then set the restriction conditions and simulated the system dynamic characteristics based on Matlab-Simulink. The simulation results matched the face. The results could provide a foundation for the detection and diagnosis of the hydraulic system.


This chapter examines Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo's literary history, which describes the literatures of Latin America as an extension of Spain. Menéndez Pelayo proposed, in the Antología de poetas hispano-americanos, a narrative that was primarily aimed to recover the literary production of the colonial times. This recovery was not only limited to archival research, but also included the symbolic redistribution of the Spanish cultural capital, assigning texts to the new Latin American literatures that had previously been exclusive parts of the Spanish literature. The consequence was a broadening of Latin American literary canons to embrace the colonial tradition as a foundational moment in their cultural production. But what did Latin Americans have to gain by embracing a cultural discourse like Menéndez Pelayo's, not without colonial anxieties? Alongside Spanish efforts to achieve cultural hegemony over the new national realities of Latin America, we also find a local quest, one that attempted to formulate a foundational discourse for the cultural production of each of the young countries. Through Hispanism the Creole elites renewed their arguments to establish their own national hegemony against the less Hispanicized sectors of the population.


Dealing with urban water supply network tube rupture accident by using geographic information system can repair timely,reduce losses and provide analytic and decision-making function for scientific management of water undertaking.It is about the research on logical network,pipe burst detection,valve-turnoff analysis and so on.Firstly,it is about the establishing of logical network,constructing pipe network models based on the basic principles of graph theory,and adopting adjacent list to store data.Then,it is about pipe burst detection,establishing detection model by employing flow equilibrium method and making discussion and analysis on the model.Finally,it is about valve-turnoff analysis.Employ breadth-first traversal algorithm and recursive function theory to draw valve-turnoff plan,carry out analysis on expanded valve-turnoff and user influence and offer specific examples.The research content of the article can play an instructional role on pipe burst accident treatment of urban water supply pipe network.


3-(Diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one(DEPBT) condensation developed by our group is an effective organophosphorus condensation reagent for the synthesis of protected peptides containing Tyr,Ser and Thr with unprotected hydroxyl group on their side chain.Thus,DEPBT is useful for the synthesis of peptide alcohols,which have attracted much attention not only as the ligands but also as the enzyme inhibitors.A side reaction of DEPBT was found in the synthesis of Boc-β-Ala-HisOMe with unprotected imidazolyl group.In this paper,the discovery of this side reaction and the confirmation of the structure of this side product were reported.In addition,the influence of different reaction conditions on the side reaction were studied.Imidazolyl group was a key factor to cause the side reaction,excess DEPBT and high reaction temperature promoted the side reaction.


The article discusses the features and differences of motivation in young athletes involved in various sports. The reasons why an athlete engaged in a particular sport can be very different, and difficult to reduce to some clear principles


A simulation study of double-gate SiGe channel based metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (DG-MOSFET) for low power analog/RF circuits is presented. The proposed device has two gates which are taken in trenches vertically to form two channels to improve output drive current (I<inf>D</inf>). In addition to this, the DG-MOSFET also achieves substantially enhancement in transconductance (g<inf>m</inf>) and frequency characteristics (f<inf>t</inf> and f<inf>max</inf>). The simulation results of DG-MOSFET are compared with its conventional counterpart. At a gate-length of 60nm, DG-MOSFET gives 3.1 times improvement in I<inf>D</inf>, 2.9 times higher peak g<inf>m</inf>, 2 times increase in f<inf>t</inf> and 2.6 times higher f<inf>max</inf> as compare to conventional planar-counterpart (CP-MOSFET).